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111 leavera, Lili's Line. All tººlkºdºk 1Alaue lil vals
Portuguese house of peers yesterday
that President McKinley had called
upon Portugal to obtain the departure
of the Spanish squadron from St. Vin-
cent, Cape Verde Islands, adds: “Pres
ident McKinley's notification is under-
stood to have threatened, unless the
Spaniards were ordered to leave St.
Vincent, that the United States would
regard Portugal as an ally of Spain;
and treat her accordingly.”
St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands;
April 29, 3:08 p. m.—Although the
Spanish squadron is still at anchor
here, it is believed the war ships will
probably sail tomorrow, as the pay-
masters have been settling up accounts
today. - S.
Plymouth, England, April 29—A
steamer which arrived here today from
St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, re-
ports that the Spanish war ships there
are unable to get half the amount of
coal which they require te fill their
bunkers,
London, April 29.-Lloyd’s advices
from Manila say the American bark
Saranac, owned by William Simpson,
Jr., of New York, which was captureſ
at Iloilo, Philippine islands, by the
Spanish gunboat El Cano, was seizes
after she had unloaded her cargo of
coal at that port, which was her desti.
nation, * ~
. Spaniards still Confident. §
Madriá, April 29–The perfect con:
fidence which appears to be felt here
at the outcome of the war between
Spain and the United States is reflecte:
by the Liberal (moderate republicaiſ)
Which, contrasting “Spanish calm and
American excitability,” says today;
“Spain is patiently awaiting the attack
which America is noisily threatening
to make simultaneously on Cuba, Por:
to Rico and the Philippine Islands with
her undisciplined forces, while he
preachers and merchants, findin;
the task more difficult that
hey had calculated, are already
ising the Bible to prove that peace
I thing for civilized nations
*** ~ * ~ - 4 - - - - -- ~ *- ~~~~~ --- ~~~~









COMPANY A.
How Our Soldier Boys Are Enjoying
Thermselve s at Camp Eaton.
Camp Eaton, Island Lake, April 28.
Editor Times:
Perhaps never since the stirling times
Of the Civil War has such a tremen.
dous demonstration been created by a
military Organization in Ann Al bor
as on Tuesday, when Company A de-
parted for Island Lake, The great
loyal crowd of patriotic friends and
sympathizers gave the boys additiona
courage and determination. It inn.
pressed them with the gravity of their
position and rendered the final parting
n One the less difficult. There is no
doubt, however, that they enjoy the
prospect Of an active campaign in Cuba
much better than the friends and deal
ones whom they leave behind. Aftel
many a hearty handshake and parting
good-bye, the Special train—#oiled Ou
of the depot annid a ſlutter of banner:
and handkerchiefs. All were greatiy
impressed, for it seemed to each mar
that every acquaintance and frienc
had come to bid him God-Speed in his
WOrk Of humanity.
At last the members of Çompany A
settled down in their seats, some with
a sigh of relief that the parting Ordea
was over; others with a tinge of sad.
ness On their sober faces. HOW ever
the “raging” Huron h, td. bºeri barely
passed when the spell was broken and
All settled down for a move Or ies:
enjoyable ride. It was by no mean'
the riol.sy, vociferous CrO WCi O. the Surn
mer trip, how ºver, for each man Wel
understood the reasons for 'his call a
this time. The laxiuy and abandon men
! t ºr stºc trip were entirely want
Ing. Every man is ir. dead earnesſ
and if evel y OI) e does • O O J Tesk) OI!".
when the call 13 made for volunteers
it will be because of his paysical in
capacity rather than lack Cf bellicos
Spirit g
All along the line the blue jacket
and brown service hats in the Car Wiri
dows, the pickets on the platform;
and the banner on the train told º
own story only too plainly tº the WO
dering farmers and villagers, and a
vied with each other in doing us hono)
looked with open-mouthed
the soldiers whirled a loſſ

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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA
PRACTICAL INFORMATION



UNIVERSAL FORMULARY.
A BOOK OF READY REFERENCE
IPOB EVERY
OCCUPATION TRADE AND PROFESSION.
BY
ROBERT BRADBURY. M. D.,
_A-"J"ºne-EOIE OF
BRADBURY's MEDICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA, Cox’s PHYSIOLOGY, ETC., Bho.,
AND LATE PROFESSOR IN THE MANCHESTER LITERARY
AND MECHANIOS' INSTITUTE, ENGLAND.
IBIG-BIT V OLTU IMIES IN ON E.
CHICAGO :
1889.
F. S. & H. OOMIS,
arian at Washington, D. C. All ri

$owtowto.
Jſedical 90hattment.
3%ades 90hattment.
ºpticultułaſ 9ehattment.
&tousehold 90hattment.
&usineſ, 90hattment.
Jſmetal 90hattment.
ğducational 9ehattment.
Jſſºceſſaneous 3%hałłment
Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1888, by
& F. S. & H. G. LOOMIS,
in the office of the Librarian at Washington, D. C. All rights reserved.
i
ss
gº
©
&r. § º
& *Tsº
<=#s FFRE FA CE. ex: sº
*º- C. Fº ºf F - C : sº
e-cº º gº ºr -º sº-
Universal Formulary, was convinced that a real necessity existed for its production,
and after many months of constant labor, sends it forth, believing that it will fill
a place in every library that at the present time remains unoccupied.
: Knowledge is the common property of the human race. Science has lately become dissemi-
nated among the great masses of the people, far beyond the dreams of the most sanguine.
Great truths and the teachings of the sages remain no longer peculiar to the savant, and the
property of the few. The public press has become a mighty power in the land, throwing off
and scattering abroad the mature thoughts of the Scientist, and daily becoming more and
more a blessing to the nation.
Huxley, Darwin, Spencer, and Tyndall have contributed their mite to the world's progress,
writing and spreading abroad in plain and unmistakable English, the deepest thoughts of the
brightest minds. No topic that is elevating to this generation is thought unworthy of notice, and
sealed books, heretofore accessible to none but the favored few, have been opened, the store-
houses of learning have disclosed a wealth free to all; so that now every man who thirsts
may drink freely from the fountains of knowledge, and be satisfied.
The compiler of this work unhesitatingly recommends the pages of his book to every workman
in the country, as a ready reference in every emergency, and as a work containing such an
amount of information and congregated mass of scientific facts which were at one time only
obtainable at the feet of the Sage or Votary in the temple of Science. To produce a work of this
description in one volume, that should contain such formulae as have a bearing upon the
different trades and professions—a book that should be at the same time easy of access, with
formulae sifted and perfectly reliable, was a task of no ordinary nature.
The best writers have been consulted and leading authorities freely examined touching the
many different branches of the useful arts and professions, and as a necessary Consequence,
works native and foreign, works expensive, and such as usually occupy the library of the wealthy
only, have been consulted in this compilation, and where necessary, a synopsis bas been made
of articles and contributions from the pens of men of acknowledged ability, to whom we are
greatly indebted. -
It will be observed by the intelligent reader that our aim throughout the work hos been to
avoid as much as possible all unnecessary abstractions, such as usually enter into the body of
works of this description. We have chosen rather to make the book in every sense a truly
- # `. *Tº §T), § S º
2: 35% º {}

4. P. R. E. F. A. O. E.
practical work, always attempting the briefest form of expression consistent with clearness and
accuracy, and an avoidance of all technical terms and phrases that usually act as an impassable
barrier to the unscientific.
Our aim has been to bring the book within the means of the artisan and mechanic, and in
typography and general execution worthy of a place in every man's library.
The subjects treated upon are such as command universal interest and acceptance, and at the
same time an endeavor has been made to help forward an already rational and comprehensive
plan of education for all classes of workmen, artistic or scientific.
Formulas and items of interest in every trade and profession, as will be seen, exhibit a form of
$orylateness, and of such a business character as can not be found in any published work
before the public.
Its bearing in the various branches of the industrial arts, whether it be pertaining to hus-
bandry, the Smith, the carpenter, the engineer, the mason, the iron founder, brass founder,
or workers in steel and iron, each department will be found rich in good business formulas
and practical advice.
Typographical errors have been avoided as much as possible, and every endeavor put forth
to make it useful, and a welcome guest in every family.
Respectfully,
ROBERT BRADBURY, M. D.
* * .* *=" * * * *msº *
DiSC336 in the Family, and HOW UO Treat It.
--mºº –G
Terms Used in Medicine,
É ENTHELMINTICS are medicines which
º § have the power of destroying or expell-
iſ ing worms from the intestinal canal.
ANTISCORBUTICS are medicines which
prevent or cure the scurvy.
ANTiSPASMODICS are medicines given to
relieve spasm, or irregular and painful action
of the muscles or muscular fibres, as in Epi-
lepsy, St. Vitus' Dance, etc.
AROMATICs are medicines which have a grate-
ful smell and agreeable pungent taste.
ASTRINGENTs are those remedies which, when
applied to the body, render the solids dense
and firmer.
CARMINATIVES are those medicines which dis-
pel flatulency of the stomach and bowels.
CATHARTICs are medicines which accelerate
the action of the bowels, or increase the dis-
charge by stool.
DEMULCENTs are medicines suited to prevent
the action of acrid and stimulating matters
upon the mucous membranes of the throat,
lungs, etc.
DIAPHORETICS are medicines that promote or
cause perspirable discharge by the skin.
DIURETICS are medicines which increase the
flow of urine by their action upon the kidneys.
EMETICs are those medicines which produce
vomiting.
EMMENAGOGUES are medicines which promote
the menstrual discharge.
EMOLLIENTS are those remedies which, when
applied to the Solids of the body, render them
Soft and flexible.
ERRHINEs are substances which, when applied
to the lining membrane of the nostrils, occasion
a discharge of mucous fluid.
EPISPASTICES are those which cause blisters
when applied to the surface.
ESCHAROTICs are substances used to destroy
a portion of the surface of the body, forming
sloughs.
EXPECTORANTs are medicines capable of facil-
itating the excretion of mucous from the chest.
NARCOTICs are those substances having the
property of diminishing the action of the nerv-
ous and vascular systems, and of inducing
sleep.
RUBEFACIENTS are remedies which excite the
vessels of the skin and increase its heat and
redness.
SEDATIVEs are medicines which have the power
of allaying the actions of the systems generally,
or of lessening the exercise of some particular
function.
SIALAGOGUES are medicines which increase
the flow of the saliva.



6 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
STIMULANTs are medicines capable of exciting
the vital energy, whether as exerted in sensa-
tion or motion.
Tonics are those medicines which increase
the tone or healthy action, or strength of the
living system.
Rules for the Preservation of Health.
Pure atmospheric air is composed of nitro-
gen, oxygen and a very small proportion of
carbonic acid gas. Air once breathed has lost
the chief part of its oxygen, and acquired a
proportionate increase of carbonic acid gas.
Therefore, health requires that we breathe the
same air onçe only.
The solid part of our bodies is continually
wasting and requires to be repaired by fresh
substances. Therefore, food, which is to repair
the loss, should be taken with due regard to
the exercise and waste of the body.
The fluid part of our bodies also wastes con-
stantly; there is but one fluid in animals,
which is water. Therefore, water only is neces-
sary, and no artifice can produce a better drink.
The fluid of our bodies is to the solid in pro-
portion as nine to one. Therefore, a like pro-
portion should prevail in the total amount of
food taken.
Light exercises an important influence upon
the growth and vigor of animals and plants.
Therefore, our dwellings should freely admit
the sun's ray8.
Decomposing animal and vegetable substances
yield various noxious gases, which enter the
lungs and corrupt the blood. Therefore, all
impurities should be kept away from our abodes,
and every precaution be observed to Secure a
pure atmosphere.
Warmth is essential to all the bodily func-
tions. Therefore, an equal bodily temperature
should be maintained by exercise, by clothing,
or by fire.
Exercise warms, invigorates and purifies the
body; clothing preserves the warmth the body
generates; fire imparts warmth externally.
Therefore, to obtain and preserve warmth, exer-
cise and clothing are preferable to fire.
Fire consumes the oxygen of the air, and
produces noxious gases. Therefore, the air is
less pure in the presence of candles, gas, or
coal fire, than otherwise, and the deterioration
should be repaired by increased ventilation.
The skin is a highly-organized membrane,
full of minute pores, cells, blood-vessels, and
nerves; it imbibes moisture or throws it off
according to the state of the atmosphere or the
temperature of the body. It also “breathes,”
like the lungs, (though less actively). All the
internal organs sympathize with the skin.
Therefore, it should be repeatedly cleansed.
Late hours and anxious pursuits exhaust the
nervous system and produce disease and pre-
mature death. Therefore, the hours of labor
and study should be short.
Mental and bodily exercise are equally essen-
tial to the general health and happiness. There-
fore, labor and study should succeed each other.
Man will live most happily upon simple
solids and fluids, of which a sufficient but tem-
perate quantity should be taken. Therefore,
over-indulgence in strong drinks, tobacco, Snuff,
opium, and all mere indulgences, should be
avoided.
Sudden alternations of heat and cold are
dangerous (especially to the young and the
aged). Therefore, clothing, in quantity and
quality, should be adapted to the alternations
of night and day, and of the Seasons. And
therefore, also, drinking coid water when the
body is hot, and hot tea and Soups when cold,
are productive of many evils.
Never visit a sick person (especially if the
complaint be of a contagious nature) with an
empty stomach, as this disposes the System
more readily to receive the contagion. And in
attending a sick person, place yourself where
the air passes from the door or window to the
bed of the diseased; not between the diseased
person and any fire that is in the room, as the
heat of the fire will draw the infectious vapor
in that direction. -
General Rules for Treating Diseases.
Rule 1.—In every complaint, whatever it may
be called, if you find the pulse quick, hard,
full, and strong, the head aching, tongue foul,
skin hot, or those marks which denote it to be
of an inflammatory nature, remember the plan
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 7
is to reduce excitement by purging, low diet,
drinking plentifully of cold water and lemonade,
rest, etc.
Rule, 2.-If, on the contrary, the pulse be
small, soft, feeble, and intermitting, the tongue
dark, and great debility or weakness is evident,
reverse the whole plan; the diet must be gen-
erous and nourishing, the bowels opened with
gentle laxatives, and the strength supported by
bark, Sulphate of quinine, wine, and tonics of
various kinds.
It is necessary, however, to be careful in
distinguishing the weakness which is here
meant, from that state of debility which arises
from excessive action, from the stuffing up of
the vessels, and which requires the lancet. As
a mistake might prove fatal, attention should
be paid to the pulse, by which they can be
known. In that state which requires tonics,
the pulse is Small, Soft—sometimes like a
thread, and quick. In the other, it is slower
and full, giving considerable resistance to the
pressure of the finger.
Rule 3.−If, in addition to those symptoms
mentioned in the second rule, the tongue be
covered with a black coat—foul, dark-looking
Sores form about the gums and insides of the
cheeks—the breath be offensive, etc., the same
class of remedies is to be vigorously employed,
with a free use of acids and other antiseptic
articles.
Rule 4.—Incessant and earnest entreaties on
the part of the sick for, or longing after, any
particular article of diet, if steadily persevered
in, may be safely indulged, whether the use of
it agrees or not with our preconceived ideas on
the subject.
Rule 5.—In all fevers, where the pulse is
quick, full and strong, the skin burning to the
touch, and there is no perspiration, apply
gently cold water over the head and limbs of
the patient, wipe him dry and cover him in
bed. If, in consequence of this, a chill be
experienced, and the pulse sink, give warm
wine, etc., and omit the water for the future.
Should a pleasant glow, over the whole frame,
follow the affusion, and the patient feel re-
lieved by it, repeat it as often as may be
necessary. . W
Rule sºobserve carefully the effects of
various articles of food, as well as physie,
upon your own body, and choose those which
experience proves to agree best with you. It
is a vulgar, but true saying, that “What is one
man's meat is another's poison.” When, how-
ever, the stomach is out of order, do not con-
clude hastily that a particular article is inju-
rious; as, at such a time, everything may seem
to disagree, and the simplest things are then
the best.
Rule 7.—Keep a sick room always well venti-
lated. Plenty of fresh air is an important
remedial agent in all diseases.
It is not meant by this that the patient
should be exposed to a direct current of air,
which should be always avoided by well and
sick. . -
Every time the heart contracts, a portion of
blood is forced into the arteries, which dilate
or swell to let it pass, and then immediately
regain their former size, until by a second
stroke of the same organ, a fresh column of
blood is pushed through them, when a similar
action is repeated. This swelling and contract-
ing of the arteries then constitutes the pulse,
and consequently it may be found in every
part of the body where those vessels run near
enough to the surface to be felt. Physicians
look for it at the Wrist from motives of con-
venience.
The strength and velocity of the pulse vary
much in different persons, even in a state of
perfect health. It averages about seventy beats
a minute in adults. It is much more frequent
in children than in adults; and in old men it
grows more slow and feeble, owing to the de-
creased energy of the heart. The pulse is
increased both in strength and velocity by run-
ning, Walking, riding and jumping; by eating,
drinking, singing, speaking, and by joy, anger,
etc. It is diminished, in like manner, by fear,
Want of nourishment, melancholy, excessive
evacuations, or by whatever tends to debilitate
the system.
In feeling the pulse, then, in sick persons,
allowance should be made for these causes, or,
What is better, we should wait until their tem-
porary effects have ceased.
A full, tense, and strong pulse is when the
artery SWells boldly under the finger, and resists
8
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAT, INFORMATION.
its pressure more or less; if, in addition to
this, the pulsation be very rapid, it is called
quick, full and strong; if slow, the contrary.
A hard, corded pulse is that in which the
artery feels like the string of a violin, or a
piece of tightened cat-gut, giving considerable
resistance to the pressure of the finger.
The Soft and intermitting pulses are easily
known by their names. In cases of extreme
debility, on the approach of death, and in some
particular diseases, the artery vibrates under
the finger like a thread.
In feeling the pulse, three or four fingers
should be laid on it at once. The most com-
venient spot to do this, as already mentioned,
is the wrist, but it can be readily done in the
temple, just before, and close to the ear, in
the bend of the arm, at the under part of the
lower end of the thing, among the hamstrings,
and on the top of the foot.
There are two kinds of large blood-vessels in
the human body: arteries and veins. The arte-
ries carry the blood from the heart to the
extremities of the body, where they are con-
nected through the capillaries with the veins
which bring it back again. An artery pulsates
or beats; a vein does not.
We may sum up the rules as follows:
1. Take note of the temperature and dryness
of the skin.
2. Find whether the pulse beats slow or
quick, weak or strong.
3. Enquire as to the state of the bowels and
kidneys.
4. Enquire concerning the patient's appetite.
. Examine the appearance of the tongue.
. General appearance of the patient.
. Size, whether thin or corpulent.
. Expression.
. Changes of color or skin.
10. The position or posture.
11. If the patient is in bed, observe the
position, manner of lying, whether on the back
or side, quiet or restless.
12. If the patient is out of bed, observe his
posture, gait, stiffness, loss of power of his
limbs.
13. The sensations of the patient.
:
*E=E=º-
Rules for Prescribing Medicines.
In prescribing a medicine the following cir-
cumstances should always be kept in view:
Age, Sex, Temperament, Habit, Climate, the
Condition of the Stomach and Idiosyncrasy.
Sea.—Women require smaller doses than men.
They are more rapidly affected by purgatives
than men; and the condition of the uterine
System must never be overlooked.
Temperament.—Stimulants and purgatives
more readily affect the sanguine than the phleg-
matic, and consequently the former require
Smaller doses.
Habits.-The knowledge of habits is essential,
for persons in the habitual use of stimulants
and narcotics require larger doses to affect them
when laboring under disease; while those who
have habituated themselves to the use of saline
purgatives are more easily affected by these
remedies. Persons, however, who have habitu-
ated themselves to the use of opium do not
require larger doses than usual of other nar-
cotics. -
Climate.—Medicines act differently on the
same individual in Summer and in winter, and
in different climates. Narcotics act more power-
fully in hot than in cold climates; hence
smaller doses are required in the former; but
the reverse is the case with respect to calomel.
Condition of the Stomach and Idiosyncrasy.—
The least active remedies operate very violently
on some individuals, owing to a peculiarity of
stomach, or rather disposition of body uncon-
nected with temperament; this can be discov-
ered by accident or time; but when it is known
it should always be attended by the practioner.
In prescribing, the practitioner should always
so regulate the intervals between the doses that
the next dose may be taken before the effect
produced by the first is altogether effaced, for
by not attending to this circumstance, the cure
is always commenced, but never proceeded.
Remember that the mercurial Salts, arsenic,
etc., are apt to accumulate in the system, and
elaterium and digitalis continue their action
long after the remedy is left off.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PBACTICAL INFORMATION. 9.
Asthma.
Symptoms.-Difficult breathing occurring in
paroxysms, accompanied by a wheezing Sound,
a great desire for fresh air, difficulty of breath-
ing increased by violent emotions or damp
atmosphere; an endeavor to expand the chest
mechanically by every possible means; hands
and feet are cold, the body wet with perspira-
tion, the pulse irregular.
Cause.—This troublesome complaint is caused
by a spasm of the muscular fibres encircling
the bronchial tubes, especially the Small
branches.
The action of the diaphragm is imperfect,
as well as the walls of the chest.
If the symptoms of this complaint subside
without expectoration, it is called dry asthma,
but when any phlegm is raised, it is known as
humoral asthma. There is also a third kind
called hay asthma or hay fever, occurring in
Some persons during hay-making. It combines
the peculiarities of asthma and coryza. The
paroxysms occurring during the day. It is a
distressing complaint.
ASTEIMA.
Fluid Extract of Skullcap, 1 drachm.
Fluid Extract of Skunk-cabbage, 1 & 4
Spirits Lavender Compound, 2 ounces.
Tincture Valerian, 1 drachm.
Mix. Dose—20 drops.
ASTHMA.
Elecampane Root, bruised, 1 ounce.
Angelica 6 & & 6 1 ounce.
Comfrey, 6 & 66 1 “
Spikenard, 66 66 1 “
Horehound Tops, 1. “
Steep in Honey, 1 pint.
Dose.—Tablespoonful taken bot.
Intermittent Fevers.
Symptoms.-Cold stage—Yawning, stretching
of the limbs, headache, sickness and sometimes
vomiting, nails blue, gooseflesh, shivering,
back-ache. The chill lasts from a few minutes
to several hours. Hot stage—Fever comes on
gradually, head-ache increased; skin hot; some-
times lasts three to twelve hours. Sweating
stage—This increases from a mere moisture to
a profuse perspiration. After this the body
returns to its natural temperature, and appa-
rent health returns.
Formulase
COLD STAGE.
Treatment.—Nitrate of Amyl, 4 drops. Drop
the Nitrate on a silk handkerchief and allow
the patient to inhale; when a warm glow will
suffuse the whole body. Be careful and use
this agent carefully. -
HOT STAGE.
Powdered Nitrate of PotasS., 1 drachm.
Tartar Emetic, 1 grain.
Calomel, 6 grains.
Mix. Make six powders.
Dose.—One every two hours. -
If the patient suffers with severe headache,
administer the following:
Bromide of Potass., 2 drachms.
Sulphate of Morphia, 1 grain.
Tincture Weratrum Viride. 20 drops.
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Tablespoonful every two hours.
SWEATING STAGE.
During the sweating stage the patient should
be wiped off with dry flammels, and at its con-
clusion, the wet clothing should be exchanged
for clean and dry garments, and the body
sponged with tepid water.
Now is the time for administering the fol-
lowing:
Peruvian Bark, 2 ounces.
Wild Cherry Bark, 1 ounce.
Cinnamon, 1 drachm.
Capsicum, 2 drachms.
Sulphur, 1 ounce.
Port Wine, 2 quarts.
Pulverize the drugs, add the wine and let
stand a day or two.
Dose.—A Wine-glassful every two or three
hours.
The following will be found useful:
Sulphate Quinine, 20 grains.
Dover's Powder, 10 “
Sub-carbonate of Iron, 10 **
Gum Arabic, Sufficient.
Mix. Divide into 20 pills.
Dose.—One night and morning.
10
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Bilious Fever.
º Symptoms—Chills, followed by fever and sweat-
ing; no complete intermission, all the other
Symptoms of ague or intermittent fever are
present; sometimes jaundice; remittent fever
may either follow or terminate in ague. There
is a sense of languor and debility, slight head-
ache, lack of appetite, furred tongue, bitter
taste in the mouth, pain in the joints, and
through the whole body. Usually there is but
One Well-marked chill; the paroxysms of fever
returning subsequently, and seldom preceded
by a cold stage.
The symptoms of this disease intensify at
certain periods of the day; preceded occasion-
ally, but riot generally, by a chill. Between
this period of severity in the febrile systems
and a similar period following there is gener-
erally a decrease in the violence of the syp-
toms during which the fever moderates, but
does not, as in intermittent fever, totally dis-
appear. It remits in severity, and hence the
name. The pulse in the hot stage ranges from
One hundred to one hundred and thirty. The
pains in the head, back, and limbs are almost
insufferable. The covering of the tongue is
yellowish or dirty white, and in severe cases,
in the advanced stage, the tongue is parched,
brown or nearly black in the centre, and red
at the edges. Food is distasteful, and nausea
and vomiting ensue, with frequently pain, upon
pressure, in the epigastrium. The bowels are
at first costive, but become loose, and the faces
are dark and offensive.
Treatment. —Give an emetic or cathartic in
the formative stage. When the disease is fully
developed, sponge the body all over Several
times a day with cold or tepid water, which-
ever is most grateful to the patient, and give
cooling drinks, as the effervescing draught.
When the fever is high, moderate it with tinc-
ture or fluid extract of green hellebore, in doses
of from three to ten drops. Dover's powder
should be given as a diaphoretic. Ice-Water
can be drank at pleasure. A mustard poultice
should be placed over the pit of the stomach
whenever tenderness exists.
is the great remedy in this disease
also, and should be administered in the same
mamner as advised in fever and ague. It is to
be given in a remission. Whenever the fever
has been subdued by large doses of quinine,
its administration should not be abruptly ceased,
but be continued in smaller or tonic doses for
Several weeks afterward.
There is a form of fever called Congestive.
It is also called pernicious fever. It is not
essentially remittent, but may also be inter-
mittent in character. The congestion may only
Operate upon one of the internal organs, or
upon all of them. Congestion may ensue in
the earlier or later stage of the disease. There
is usually congestion of the brain, and profound
stupor follows. It assumes all types of periodic
fevers, but is more frequently quotidian or
tertian. The first attack generally simulates a
simple attack of intermittent, and excites but
little attention. The second attack is severe,
producing great coldness, and the patient has
a deathlike hue of face and extremities. As
the disease advances, the heat of the skin
becomes pungent. The skin also becomes dry,
husky, and parched, followed, after a time, by
a cold, clammy sensation. The eyes are dull
and watery, and at times glassy, chills longer,
and harder stupor, ending with sweat, hemor-
rhage from bowels, congestion of the lungs,
pleurisy, jaundice, etc.
Formula, No. 1.
Sulph. Quinine, 1 drachm.
Calomel, 15 grains.
Capsicum, 5 “
Mix. Make 12 powders.
Dose.—One powder every three hours.
, Formula, No. 2.
Sulph. Quinine, 15 grains.
Nitrate of Potass., 6 “
Elixir of Vitriol, 20 drops.
Water, 1 ounce,
Dose.—One teaspoonful every three hours.
Formula, No. 3.
Powdered Nitrate Potass., 1 drachm.
Tartar Emetic, 1 grain.
Calomel, 6 grains.
Mix. Make 6 powders.
Dose.—One every three hours.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. II
Retention of Urine.
Symptoms. –Pain and swelling of the bladder;
violent and fruitless attempts to make Water,
attended with excruciating pain, etc.
Treatment.—As a total retention of urine is
always attended with considerable danger, there
should be no delay in endeavoring to remove
it. The first step is to place the patient im-
mediately in the warm bath. While he is there
a laxative and anodyne clyster must be got
ready, which is to be given as soon as he leaves
it, and soon repeated. In the mean time the
warm formentations and bladder of hot water
must be kept applied, and the mixture below
be taken every three or four hours. If there
be any difficulty in procuring it, twenty drops
of laudanum in a little warm barley or rice-
water, or a decoction of the dandelion, will
answer instead. Warm sweet oil, or milk and
water may be injected up the urethra, and
three or four grains of camphor, in a little milk,
be taken every hour.
If no relief is obtained by these means, leech
the perineum, apply Snow or ice to the blad-
der, or make the patient stand on a cold brick
or stone pavement, and dash cold water over
his thighs, and, if this fail, try the tobacco
clyster, which sometimes succeeds after every-
thing else has been resorted to in vain. If a
catheter can be procured, try gently to pass it
into the bladder while in the bath. If the
patient himself cannot do it, let a handy friend
attempt it; if foiled in one position, try another.
Success is of the utmost importance, for there
is nothing but an operation, in the event of its
not being obtained, that can save life.
In every case of retention of urine the order
of remedies then is: the warm bath, laxatives
and anodyne clysters, fomentations or bladders
half filled with warm water over the lower
belly, camphor and milk every hour or every
three hours, passing the catheter, leeching,
dashing cold Water over the thighs and legs, or
applying Snow or ice to the bladder, and, lastly,
the tobacco clyster.
Mixture.—Mucilage of Gum Arabic, 1} ounces;
Olive Oil, 2 drachms. Rub them well together,
and add Ether, 1 drachm; Laudanum, 30 drops.
Ischuria, or Suppression of Urine.
This frequently attends inflammatory diseases,
especially acute nephritis. It may either arise
from an irritation of the kidney beyond the
point of secretion, or from a torpor or paraly-
sis of the kidneys. It is important to distin-
guish it from retention of urine. It is sometimes
very dangerous, being attended with vomiting,
drowsiness, coma and convulsions. A vicarious
secretion from the skin, bowels, etc., is also
often established. It is evidently due to a sort
of paralysis of the nerve centres.
Treatment.—Leeches may be placed over the
loins, and digitalis or squill administered. The
demulcent drinks should be freely used. If uric
acid is in excess, some carbonate may be given.
If dependent upon torpor, the stimulating diu-
retics, as turpentine, should be used. Frequent
hot sitz-baths are also beneficial.
Incontinence of Urine (Enuresis.)
This is often associated with some constitu-
tional weakness. The bladder may be exclu-
sively irritated and not be able to hold the
urine, or the little circular muscle at the neck
of the bladder may be debilitated or paralyzed,
Owing to acridity of the urine. In some cases
it may be owing to debility of the kidneys.
Treatment.—A course of tonics, sea-bathing,
Cold baths, warm clothing, etc., together with
astringents and stimulating diuretics, will usually
cure it. Small doses of the Extract of Bella-
dona will also afford relief. In case of paraly-
sis of the bladder, nux vomica, electricity,
counter-irritant application to the spine, and
local irritants, are necessary.
Cystitis-
This is an inflammation of the bladder. The
Symptoms are pain above the pubes, tenderness
on pressure, the pain extending into the penis,
Scrotum and perineum, producing straining and
pain in urination; sometimes pain over the ab-
domen, which is swollen, or the inflammation
may extend to the peritoneum, causing perito-
nitis. It may terminate in suppuration, the
pus appearing in the urine, or, if the abscess
occurs in the coats of the bladder, it may open.
suddenly. It is caused by direct irritation as
by a catheter; also by gonorrhoea, difficult labor,
turpentine, cantharides, etc. When the inflam-
*
12
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
mation becomes chronic it is called “Catarrh
of the Bladder.”
Treatment.—Mucilaginous drinks should be
freely used, such as decoctions of marshmal-
low, uva ursi, etc. Dover's powder may be
given to relieve the pain. About three grains
of populin and one-fourth of a grain of gelsem-
inum given three or four times a day, exerts a
marked beneficial influence in this disease; lin-
Seed oil and essential tincture of hydrangea
are also remedies of great value. The chronic
form will require special treatment, in accord-
ance to condition and nature of each case.
Inflammation of the Stomach–Gastritis.
Symptoms.-Pressure and fullness at the stom-
ach after eating, flatulence, heartburn, water
brash, slimy tongue, headache, delirium, SWal-
lowing becomes difficult, pains in the limbs and
face, sleeplessness.
This disease is much more common than is
supposed, and may be often confounded with
dyspepsia, but may be known from dyspepsia
in their being more pain at Some particular
point, and more frequent vomiting after taking
food.
Gastritis is often long continued, from which
a thickening of the mucous membrane of the
stomach occurs; gastric ulcers, contraction of
the pylorous, and enlarged stomach, and
consumption itself, very frequently follows
chronic gastritis.
Treatment.—In the acute form, having got
rid of the poison or irritating substance, when
thus caused, apply mustard poultices over the
stomach, along the spine, and to the extremities;
also hot fomentations and poultices of hops or
stramonium (Jamestown weed). Give ice by the
mouth in small pieces, or iced water, in half
to teaspoonful doses, or lime water and SWeet
milk (in equal quantities), in similar manner,
to quench thirst, with one to three drops of
tincture of aconite root, or veratrum to control
the pulse and fever.
The diet cannot be too carefully managed
while there is considerable tenderness. The
nourishment must be of the most simple and
unirritating kind; consisting of little more than
the most bland nutritive drinks, and even this
should be taken in small quantities at a time.
Gum Arabic water, rice water, barley water,
arrow-root, gruel, tea, toast without butter,
will be sufficient, and in two or three weeks a
more nourishing diet may gradually be resumed
Formula, No. 1.
Pepsin, 64 grains.
Water, 2} ounces.
Hydrochloric Acid, # drachm.
Glycerine, 1} ounce.
Mix and filter.
Dose.—Teaspoonful.
Formula, No. 2.
Pepsin, 2 drachms.
Dilute Hydrochloric Acid, 1 drachm.
Mint Water, 3 ounces.
Syrup of Orange Peel, 1 ounce.
Dose.—Teaspoonful in equal quantities of
water, directly after eating.
Formula, No. 3.
Extract of Lupulin, 1 drachm.
Nitrate of Silver, 10 grains.
Submitrate of Bismuth, 1% drachms.
Sulphate of Quinine, 40 grains.
Mix, and make 40 pills.
Dose.—One three times a day.
Formula, No. 4e
Extract of Hyoscyamus, 15 grains.
Extract of Stramonium, 4 grains.
Extract of Hops, 1 drachm.
Sulphate of Morphia,
Mix. Make, 30 pills. -
Dose.—One every half hour till easy.
1} grains.
Erysipelas,
This disease commences with languor, ach-
ing or soreness of the limbs, chilliness, alter-
nating with flushes of heat. The pulse is
quick, skin hot, tongue foul, appetite gone,
thirst, nauSea sometimes; vomiting, headache,
restlessness, sore throat, swelling and tender-
ness of the glands of the neck, arm-pits, or groin,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 13
according to the seat of the cutaneous inflam-
mation. The eruption usually makes its appear-
ance about the third day of the fever, in the
form of a small reddish spot, somewhat eleva-
ted, painful or tender to the touch. This
occurs most frequently upon the face, especially
on the side of the nose, cheek, or rim of the
ear. In some instances the inflammation ad-
vances slowly, in others it spreads quickly over
large portions of the body, accompanied by
tumefaction, and a burning and stinging pain
in all cases. About the third day of the
inflammation small blisters, filled with yellow
serum, appear, which break about three days
afterward. On the fifth or sixth day they begin
to dry, and on the seventh or eighth form
crusts or Scales, which desquamate, and a new
skin forms. In phlegmonous erysipelas the
inflammation involves not only the skin, but
the subcutaneous tissues also, and the symp-
toms are all severer. It often assumes a very
malignant type, and is then a disease of a
most fatal character. It is liable to attack
wounds; and those who are fmursing patients
suffering with erysipelas should never wait
upon a woman who has been but recently con-
fined, as she will be very liable to contract
puerperal peritonitis, a very fatal disease.
Treatment.—Give a lobelia emetic, a mild
purge, and a hot bath at the commencement.
In the mild form cover the inflamed patch
with collodion, and renew every two or three
hours. The emetic and purge should be fol-
lowed with quinine in two or three grain doses
every three hours. The inflamed surface should
also be washed with a decoction of the bark,
or a solution of quinine. Bruised cranberries
are a good application. Cloths wrung out of a
hot decoction of white-oak bark and golden-
seal should be applied to the inflamed part to
prevent spreading. In wounds apply lint
saturated with compound tincture of myrrh and
capsicum. If the fever is violent, treat it as
in all the febrile cases, and administer the fol-
lowing:
Formula No. 1.
Sulphate Quinine, 30 grains.
Extract of Belladonna, 8 & 6
Mix. Make into ten pills and give one every
six hours.
Formula No. 2.
Chlorate of Potash, 2 drachms.
Muriate Tincture of Iron, 3 6 &
Sulphate Quinine, 30 grains.
Simple Syrup, 1 ounce.
Water, 3 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every two or three
hours.
Cholera, Morbus.
Symptom.—A violent vomiting and purging
of bile, preceded by a pain in the stomach and
bowels; quick, weak, and fluttering pulse ; heat,
thirst, cold sweats, hiccups, and Sometimes
death in a few hours.
Treatment.—Bladders or bottles containing hot
water should be applied to the feet, and flannel
cloths wrung out of hot spirits, or a mustard
plaster, be laid over the stomach. When it is
supposed that the stomach is sufficiently cleared,
give two grains of solid opium in a pill, and
repeat half the quantity every few hours, as
tke case may require. If the weakness is very
great, and the spasms so alarming as to cause
a fear of the immediate result, the quantity of
opium may be increased carefully. If the pill
will not remain in the stomach, give eighty or
ninety drops of laudanum, in a tablespoonful
of thin starch, by clyster, and repeat it as
often as may be necessary. Fifty or sixty drops
of laudanum in a small quantity of strong mint
tea, or the effervescing draught, will frequently
succeed in allayin] the irritation. If all these
means fail, apply a blister to the stomach.
For thirst, give ice, a little at a time. To com-
plete the recovery, and to guard against a
second attack, a complete casing of flannel is
requisite, together with the use of vegetable
bitters and tonics. Persons subject to this dis-
ease should be cautious in their diet and avoid
exposure to moist, cold air.
Any of the following may be given:
Formula, No. 1,
Chloral Hydrate, 3 drachms.
Sulphate of Morphia, 4 grains.
Laurel Water, 1 ounce.
Mix. From 15 to 20 minims injected under
the skin hypodermically.
14 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Formula, No. 2.
Tincture of Camphor, 1} ounces.
Tincture of Capsicum, # ounce.
Spirits of Lavender Comp., 1 ounce
Tincture of Opium, 1 “
Mix.
needed.
Dose.—From 20 to 40 drops, as may be
Typhoid Fever.
This is a febrile disease, and very insidious
in character, its commencement being scarcely
perceptible. The patient has a sense of indis-
position, but is unable to describe his condition;
there is lassitude, headache, irregular chills,
irritability of disposition, pain in back and
limbs, looseness of bowels, as the disease ad-
vances, more or less delirium in severe cases;
the tongue is but slightly coated, and the appe-
tite often remains until the disease is fully
developed. After the full development, a num-
ber of small vesicles, called Sudaminae, may be
observed on the abdomen. They are small and
may escape notice, unless carefully observed.
On the fifth day after the occurrence of these,
another eruption occurs, which consist of small
red or purple spots, resembling flea-bites. These
spots are called petechiae. If these are observed
the disease is unmistakably typhoid fever.
Typhoid fever is often indicated by the ther-
mometer, which often shows a temperature of
106° or 107°, when the case may be considered
a very dangerous one.
Complications often greatly increase the
severity of the attack, the most serious of which
are pneumonia, inflammation of the parotid
glands, mumps, etc. The duration of the dis-
ease is generally from two to four weeks.
Treatment.—If the bowels be costive give some
gentle laxative, as rhubarb or castor oil. As
soon as this has operated, or even before (if
the weakness of the patient seem to require it),
exhibit wine whey and beef tea, always remem-
bering that if the strength of the patient be
not supported by these means, he may die of
debility.
body is a remedy in this disease, of great value.
If delirium or insensibility come on, shave the
head and apply a blister to it, or cloths wrung
out of iced vinegar and water. If a copious
purging ensue, it must be stopped, or it will
Applying cold water gently over the
*-*
prove fatal; this may be done by the mixture of
No. 1, or by opium. Musk mixture, No. 2, and
the camphor mixture, No. 8, will also be found
useful. Great reliance is sometimes placed
upon the sulphate of quinine, which may be
taken in doses of two or three grains four times
a day, dissolved in a little gum arabic tea, or
in pills.
The order of remedies, then, in typhoid fever,
is to open the bowels with the mildest laxatives,
to use wine or sometimes brandy, to apply cold
water over the body, to give milk, chicken Soup,
jellies, tapioca, Sago, etc.; to check purging,
keep the room cool and clean, use the quinine
mixture, one or all of the different mixtures of
camphor or musk, and if the delirium come on,
to apply blisters to the head.
Formula, No. 1.
Chalk Mixture, 4 ounces.
Tincture of Kino, 1 drachm.
Tincture Lavender Comp., 1 drachm.
Laudanum, 30 drops.
Dose.—A tablespoonful as may be required.
Musk Mixture No. 2.
Musk, 1 drachm.
Gum Arabic, Powdered, 1 6 &
Loaf Sugar, 1. & 4
Water, 6 ounces.
Rub up the Musk, Sugar, and Gum Arabic,
adding the water very gradually. The dose is
a tablespoonful every two hours.
Camphor Mixture.
Camphor, 30 grains.
Powdered Gum Arabic, 2 drachms.
Loaf Sugar, 1} 6 &
Peppermint Water, 6 ounces.
The Gum Arabic and Sugar beat to a paste,
add the Camphor, and pour in the water grad-
ually. The dose is a tablespoonful every two
or three hours.
In the Delirium of Typhoid.
Tartar Emetic, 1 to 2 grains.
Sulph. Morphia, 1} & G
Cherry Laurel Water, 1 ounce.
Mix. Take a spoonful every two or three
hours.
AN ENOYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 15
Inflammation of the Lungs—Pneumonia.
Symptoms.-Pains in the side, difficult breath-
ing, a cough, at first dry, but soon accompanied
by bloody phlegm, pain in the chest of a piercing
or stabbing character, a rapid pulse, from 90
to 150 beats per minute; redness of cheek on
the affected side; eruption upon the lips; a
crackling sound heard upon placing the ear to
the affected side.
Treatment.—Dr. Wells, of New York, states
that in his practice ergot has yielded better re-
sults than any other treatment. In ten cases
in which he employed this drug, the “rusty”
sputa was speedily and permanently arrested,
and the attack in half the cases averted; in
others so shortened as to recover in six or
seven days. Ergot will remove the intense
congestion of the lungs, the cause of that rusty
Sputa.
The following is the prescription:
Fluid Extract of Ergot, 4 drachms.
Tincture of Digitalis, 1 drachm.
Acetate of Lead, 6 grains.
Aqua Cinnamon ad., 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose—Tablespoonful every two hours,
until, bloody Sputa stops; then twice a day.
Dr. Wells begins his treatment by adminis-
tering large doses of Quinine.
Carbonate of Ammonia, 5 grains.
Tartar Emetic, 1-6 grain.
Nitrate of Potass., 10 grains.
Chloroform, 15 drops.
Mix. To be taken every four hours.
Every night and morning give
Calomel, 8 grains.
Opium, 1 grain.
From the beginning to the end of the disease
great benefit will be derived from hot fomenta-
tions.
Tincture Aconite Root, 16 drops.
Syrup of Ipecac, 2 drachms.
Syrup of Tolu, to make 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Half a teaspoonful every two or
three hours to a child five years old.
Dysentery-Colitis.
Symptoms.-Diarrhea, chilliness, followed by
fever, severe pain in the bowels, constant desire
or stool, burning pains in the rectum, pas-
—-º-
sages usually small in quantity, and composed
of mucous mixed with blood, severe griping,
sickness and vomiting, a thread-like pulse, jaun-
dice, headache, tongue at first white, afterwards
Smooth and slimy, and inability to sleep.
Formula, No. 1.
Nitric Acid, 8 drops.
Tincture of Opium, 40 drops.
Camphor Water, 8 ounces.
Mix.
Dose.—One teaspoonful, several times a day.
Formula No. 2,
Syrup of Acacia, 2 ounces.
Submitrate of Bismuth, 2 drachms.
Tincture of Opium, 2 6 &
Oil of Turpentine, 1} & 6
Peppermint Water, 2 ounces.
Mix.
Dose.—Teaspoonful every three hours.
Formula, No. 3.
Chloral Hydrate, 5 grains.
Starch Gruel, 2 ounces.
Mix. Throw it into the rectum, and repeat
as often as necessary,
Formula, No. 4.
Powdered Ipecac, 1} drachms.
Fluid Extract Gelseminum, 12 drops.
Calomel, 10 grains.
Sulphate of Morphia, 1} grains.
Mix.
Divide into twelve waters.
Dose.—One every two hours.
Pleurisy.
Symptoms.-Chilliness, fever, sharp pain or
stitch in the affected side, generally located
below the nipple; cough, lying on the affected
side and motion increases the pain. The cough
is short and dry, though a little frothy mucous
may be expectorated; hard breathing, urine
Scanty and high colored.
Treatment.—Commence with a mild cathartic
and encourage sweating; confine your patient
to bed; hot fomentations to the seat of pain.
16
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Formula, No. I O
Iodide of Potassium, 1 drachm.
Water, 4 ounces.
Mix.
Dose.—Tablespoonful three times a day.
JFormula, No. 2.
Citrate of Iron and Quinine, 640 grains.
Simple Elixir, 1 pint.
Dose.—Teaspoonful three times a day.
Cholera Infantum-Summer Complaint.
Symptoms.-Womiting and diarrhea, stomach
irritable, vomiting immediately after drinking;
the matter vomited is tinged with bile and pre-
sents a greenish hue. The discharge from the
bowels consist of a colorless, or sometimes
greenish, inodorous and watery fluid; occasion-
ally with shreds of mucous mixed with it;
stools without effort; considerable pain; plain-
tiff cry; extreme languor and prostration and
very rapid emaciation.
Formula—for Diarrhea.
Submitrate of Bismuth, 3 grains.
Cakomel, 1-6 grain.
Acetate of Lead, # grain.
Creta Preparata, 8 grains.
Mix. Administer the above dose twice a day.
Formula, No. 2-for Vomiting.
Acetate of Lead, 5 grains.
Acetic Acid, 5 drops.
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful often repeated.
Formula No. 3—for Griping-
Mucilage of Acacia, 3 ounces.
Pure White Sugar, 3 drachms.
Spirits of Turpentine, 2 & 6
Calcined Magnesia, 15 grains.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every three or
four hours.
Dropsy-
Symptoms.-Abdomen enlarged, skin tense and
shiny; a sensation of fluid when felt by the
hand, short breath, swelling of the lower ex-
tremities, sleeplessness, inability to lie down.
on account of disturbed breathing, weakness,
emaciation.
Formula, No. 1.
Extract of Conium, 1 drachm.
Powdered Cantharides, 40 grains.
Hydrarg. Submur. 30 “
Powdered Ipecac, 20 “
Mix. Make forty pills.
Dose.—Take one three or four times a day.
Formula, No. 2.
Extract of Taraxacum, # ounce.
Carbonate of Soda, 2 drachms.
Tartrate Potassa, & 6 66
Tincture of Rhubarb, 8 66
Tincture of Henbane, 14 ounces.
Infusion of Dandelion, 8 & 6
Mix. Dose.—Tablespoonful every two hours.
Formula No. 3.
Acetate Potassa, 1} drachms.
Extract of Fox-glove, 6 grains.
Winegar of Squill, 2 drachms.
Syrup of Ginger, 6 & 6
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every three hours.
The above will be found useful in dropsy fol-
lowing scarlatina.
Formula, No. 4.
Powdered Jalap, 50 grains.
Gamboge, 30 & 6
Podophyllin, 20 66
Elaterium, 12 “
Aloes, 30 66
Cayenne, 35 66
Mix. Form into a pill mass by using thick
mucilage, and make pills of three grains each.
Dose.—One pill every two days.
Bad Breath.
Scarcely anything is more disagreeable than
bad breath. The real cause of bad breath may
generally be traced to a diseased stomach or
decayed teeth. When the former is the ease,
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PEACTICAL INFORMATION.<
17
mild aperients should be administered, and if
these do not succeed, an emetic may be given,
followed by an occasional dose of abernethy
medicines. When rotten teeth are the cause
they should be thoroughly cleaned and then
stopped; or better still, have them removed.
In other portions of this work very excellent
formulas are given for mouth washes. Ordi-
marily a little Chlorate of Potash or Tannic
Acid in the form of a mouth wash will be
found serviceable.
How to Cure a Cold-Catarrh.
This treatment refers to that particular form
of cold characterized by running from the nose
and eyes, accompanied with fever. We base
our treatment on the principle of restoring the
natural functions of the skin, which a chilling
wind or other atmospheric influence, on per-
sons with lowered vitality, has wholly or par-
tially suppressed.
Give small doses of morphia and antimony
every three or four hours, until the Sneezing
and defluxion cease, which, with ordinary pre-
caution, results after the third or fourth dose.
Our formula is as follows:
Morphia, P. B., 40 minims.
Wine of Antimony. 30 minims.
Citrate of Potass., 40 grains.
Syrup of Orange Peel, 3 drachms.
Water sufficient to make 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Take two teaspoonfuls every three
or four hours.
Consumption.
Consumption is one of the most common and
greatly dreaded of all constitutional diseases.
Its approach is frequently insidious, and its
development, though often slow, is sure and cer-
tain, unless arrested in the earlier stages.
Causes.—It may be inherited, like scrofula, or it
may occur as a subsequent form of that disease.
It may also be occasioned by a too rapid growth
among the young, scanty and improper food, im-
proper dressing, damp dwellings, want of out
door exereise, severe exposure, neglect of slight
colds, and in Women, frequent child bearing and
nursing. 2
Symptoms.-The disease develops, most fre-
quently, between the ages of fifteen and thirty,
and is characterized by deposits on tubercles
among the tissues and organs; most generally the
lungs. It does not manifest itself by any positive
symptom at first, and there may be noticed little
more than an imperfect nutrition and a general
debility. As the disease advances, the Symptoms
become more marked: frequently there is a dry,
hacking cough, (though in some cases, this may
be wanting); the voice grows husky, there is a
shortness of breath and tenderness of the lungs;
the expectoration consists of lumpy, calcareous
matter, frequently streaked with blood; the diges-
tive functions become impaired, and diarhoba
occurs, the pulse is frequent and feeble, with dry-
ness of the skin, and, often, a slight fever, followed
by night-sweats. These symptoms usually pre-
cede the third, on ulcerative stage, by which time,
it is often too late for successful treatment of the
disease.
Treatment.—Cases of suspected, or established
consumption should be promptly placed under
the charge of the family physician, and should
command his greatest care and skill. When this
is done in time, his efforts may be rewarded with
the prolongation of the patient's life, and possibly,
by his final restoration to perfect health. While
this is true, it is equally true, and just as impor-
tant, that all known means be adopted to prevent
the inception of the disease.
First, forbidding the marriage of persons sus-
pected of Serofulous, or consumptive tendencies.
Second, by paying attention to the correct devel-
opment of childhood, and insisting that physical
laws are properly obeyed by the young; allowing
them proper food and clothing, moderate study,
and sufficient exercise in the open air. The uter-
ine System of girls, should receive the attention
of mothers it frequently requires, and a prompt
Yeto placed on much of the nonsense composing
the supposed requirements of “society.”
Third, if, in spite of all precautions, the disease
seems likely to develop, a change of climate will
often be found beneficial, if not absolutely necess-
3ry; and in no case should there be any delay.
A dry, salubrious atmosphere will prove the
best. Such can always be found upon the south-
Western plains and plateaus of America, at an
altitude of from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea
level. At a greater elevation than this, the
atmosphere is too light, and the change would
frequently be for the worse.
I8
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Colic.
Symptoms.-Griping, tearing, gnawing, or
shooting pain in the bowels; chiefly confined
to the region of the naval, generally attended
with a painful distension of the belly, with
spasmodic contraction, sometimes vomiting with
looseness of the bowels.
Formula No. 1.
2 drachms.
# ounce.
& 6
Tincture of Opium,
Spirits of Camphor,
Tincture of Capsicum, #
Tincture of Ginger, 1
Essence of Peppermint, 2 ounces.
Hoffman's Anodyne, 2 & 6
Mix. Dose.—Ten to twenty drops every twenty
minutes.
& 6
Formula, No. 2.
Chloroform, 3 drachms.
Tincture of Camphor, 1 ounce.
Tannic Acid, # & ©
Sulph. Morphia, 1} grains.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, in Water or Syrup,
every hour, or oftener, if needed, till pain
Cea,SéS.
In printers' and painters' colic, use either of
the foregoing formulas, and apply, externally,
the following limiment freely, over the abdomen.
Formula No. 3.
1 drachm.
66
Chloroform,
Tincture of Aconite, 1
Tincture of Opium, 1 66
Soap Liniment, 3 drachms.
Mix.
Formula, No. 4.
To eliminate lead from the system, employ
Tincture of Iodine, 1 ounce. Drop ten drops
in wineglass of cold water, and take three times
a day.
Diphtheria.
Symptoms.-Slight fever, dryness in the throat,
with slight pain on Swallowing, glands of throat
swollen, lassitude, headache, loss of appetite,
i
chills, quick pulse, a furred tongue, a hot, dry
and pungent skin, mind confused, one or more
whitish patches in the throat, breath offensive.
Cause.—The immediate exciting cause of this
disease seems to be a vast number of minute
organisms or germs, which find ready access to
the throat and cavity of the nose, during the
act of respiration. It is the enormous number
of these germs, and their extraordinary activity
which gives to diphtheria its dangerous char-
acter.
Treatment.—Dr. Baynes says, in Canada Med-
ical Record: “In the first place, a very impor-
tant part of any treatment is, when examining
the throat, not to weary your patient. The
patient should be kept quiet, never use a brush
or swab to apply a solution to the throat. Not
only are they very disagreeable to the patient,
but if you brush off the membrane you simply
leave a raw surface, and it will necessarily take
deeper root. I have no hesitation in Saying
that the patient stands a better chance for life
if not treated at all, than if he has his throat
swabbed or brushed out. -
“The best means of applying a solution to
the throat is by means of an atomizer. The
tube is put in the mouth, and a few Squeezes
of the ball insures a complete coating of all
parts of the throat.” so
Formula. No 1.
4 drachms.
8 ounces.
Lactic Acid,
Lime Water,
Mix, and apply by means of the atomizer.
If the nares (nose) are involved, Syringe the
passages every two or three hours.
The diet should consist of milk, to which add
a little lime water, beef tea, beef juice, eggs
beaten up with milk. Drink lemonade.
Formula, No. 2,
Bromine, 5 grains.
Bromide of Potassium, 2 66
Water, 1 ounee.
Mix. Apply by means of antomizer.
AN ENOYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 19
Formula, No. 3.
Hyposulphite of Soda, 1 drachm.
Chlorate of Potass., 2 drachms.
Muriate Tincture of Iron, 3 6 &
Sulphate of Quinine, 15 grains.
Water, 4 ounces.
Mix. Teaspoonful every two hours, and
drink no water for some time after.
Formula, No. 4.
Bisulphate Soda, 4 drachms.
Tincture of Orange Flowers, 1 ounce.
Water, 4 ounces.
Mix. Give a child a teaspoonful, and a
grown person a tablespoonful.
Jaundice.
Symptoms.-The most prominent symptoms
of this disease are yellowness of the skin and
whites of the eyes, Saffron colored urine, and
whitish or clay-colored stools; also, impaired
appetite, a loathing of food, the sourness of
stomach, sometimes sickness and vomiting, a
bitter taste in the mouth, disinclination to move
about, sleeplessness, a dull pain in the right
side, which is increased by pressure.
Treatment.—Stimulate the liver to action by
the application of an irritating plaster over the
region of the liver, and give the following:
Formula.
Nitro Muriatic Acid, 2 drachms.
Ext. of Dandelion, # ounce.
Spirits of Chloroform, 1% drachms.
Water, 8 ounces.
Dose.—Two tablespoonfuls three times a day.
Scarlet Fever.
Symptoms.-The disease begins with nausea,
vomiting, convulsions, fever, tongue coated,
lassitude, headache.
On the Second day the eruption appears in
the form of numerous minute dots of a bright
scarlet color, which rapidly run together, nd
soon cover the whole body.
Scarlet fever has not till recently been recog-
nized as an intensely contagious and infectious
disease. The first symptoms of this malady is
observed from four to seven days after expo-
sure. The tongue has a strawberry color, and
throat exhibits inflammatory symptoms. The
glands under the jaw are swollen.
This complaint is difficult to manage, and
always requires the presence of a physician.
Its complications are numerous, among which
may be noticed inflammation of the ears, in-
flammation of the bowels and joints, kidneys
affected, giving rise to dropsy. It is very fatal
to young children.
The following will show the difference between
Scarlet fever and measles:
In Scarlet Fever.
The eruption is bright scarlet.
It appears on the second day.
Is quite smooth to the touch.
Is in Small round spots.
Disappears on pressure.
The face is quite dry.
In Measles.
The eruption is dark-red color.
Does not appear till the fourth day.
Is larger and crescent-shaped.
Does not disappear.
Face swelled; running from the eyes and nose
Treatment.—This should be cooling in its na-
ture, cooling drinks, Sponging with cold water,
etc. In ordinary cases little more is required,
excepting a few drops of Tincture of Belladonna
may be given several times per day. When
high fever exists, give the remedies advised in
measles. Hot foot-baths are advisable. As this
is a prostrative disease, beef tea and the ordinary
stimulants should be given from the first. What
is called malignant Scarlet fever is only a severer
form than the above. Gargles of sage and
Cayenne pepper are used to allay the throat
affections. The abscesses in the region of the
ear, and consequent deafness, can be obviated
by subduing the inflammation of that part by
the usual methods.
The following have been found useful
20 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
In Scarlatina.
Chlrate of Potass., 10 grains.
Tinct. Muriate of Iron, 5 drops.
Syrup of Ginger, 1 drachm.
Water, # ounce.
Mix. Take every four to six hours, for a child
from 8 to 10 years.
Prevention of Pitting in Small-Pox.
There are many applications to prevent pit-
ting in cases of small-pox, but none from which
I have derived such manifest good results as
from linseed meal poultices, assiduously applied
to the face from the moment the eruption
shows itself until the fever begins to decline.
Among the many advantages that the poultices
possess over other applications, is the by no
means unimportant one, of softening and deter-
mining to the skin, and thus aiding the develop-
ment of the pustules, and in this way reliev-
ing the system of the strain placed upon it.
Any one who has seem much of Small-pox,
must have learned to look with anxiety for the
appearance of well thrown up pustules on the
face, knowing well the likelihood of a co-incident
relief to respiration and decline of temperature.
This the poultices hasten, I had almost said
effect; while, more than this, they exclude the
light and completely prevent subsequent pit-
ting. My mode of proceeding has always been
to have a sauce-pan with linseed meal and
water on the fire in the bedroom and as soon
as the poultices dry on the patient's face—and
this in severe cases they do very speedily—I
direct the attendants to take Some of the lin-
seed meal paste from the Sauce-pan and apply
it as a fresh poultice. In this way the poul-
tice is always ready. It may be said that this
application would be offensive; but let any one
try it in a really serious case of commencing
confluent small-pox, where the skin of the face
burns with the deterioration of blood caused by
the effort to throw out the eruption, and I am
sure that however disagreeable it may appear
in description, in practice it gives almost
heavenly relief. I do not question the advis-
ability of bathing the face with a carbolic wash
between each poultice; but contrasted with the
poultice application, I doubt if carbolic acid
alone would be equally Satisfactory.
Small-Pox—Variola.
The symptoms are divided into four periods.
The period of invasion occupies about three
days, and is marked by languor, lassitude, rest-
lessness, stretching, gaping, petulance, Sullen
mood; these are followed by chills and rigors.
Towards evening the skin becomes hot and dry,
pain attacks the head, loss of appetite, nausea,
and frequently lumbago. On the third day,
heat, fever, flushed face, headache, and in chil-
dren sometimes convulsions. The period of
eruption commences on the fourth day (often
on the third), with the appearance of a series
of Small red circular points (papula”). They
do not rise above the surface then, but can be
seen in it and felt by the finger. They are sit-
uated in the substance of the skin, and roll
about under the finger, the size that of a small
pin's head. These gradually enlarge, the patient
in the mean time suffering severely, until the
period of suppuration arrives. The fever is
now great, the hands, feet and face swell, and
salivation is profuse and constant. There is
hoarseness and pain, and the Saliva emits a
most disagreeable odor. Then comes the period
of recovery. The pustules scab, the fever and
other unpleasant symptoms gradually disappear,
and, if all goes right, the danger is over from
the twelfth to the fifteenth day after the
eruption.
What is known as confluent small-pox is when
the pustules are very numerous and running
together; and when all the symptoms are very
severe, the disease is known as malignant.
Variola patients emit a peculiar fetid odor,
which is characteristic, and distinguishes it from
Varioloid.
Treatment.—An active purge should be given
at the OutSet and the patient kept in bed.
Give such food as is easy of digestion.
As the disease cannot be broken up by any
known remedy, my plan of treatment consists
in painting every part of the skin where the
eruption appears with one part of carbolic acid
dissolved in from eleven to fifteen parts of
glycerine, and repeating the application night
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 21
and morning.
with great care, as it often happens that the
carbolic acid becomes absorbed and makes its
presence known in the urine by giving the
fluid a dark smoky appearance. If this be
observed, the application must be made less
frequently, or a weaker solution of the acid
employed, as it may act too severely as a
depressing agent, though I never knew this
actually to result from the use of even the
more concentrated Solution.
The employment of carbolic acid in this Way
has other advantages besides those already
mentioned. It acts as a disinfectant, and it
prevents pitting to a very great extent. The
latter effect is due to the fact that Suppura-
tion does not run the same lengthened course
as it does when no carbolic acid is employed,
and thus the skin is not destroyed to such a
depth as it would otherwise be. I could
enumerate many of my patients who have
suffered from what might have been called very
severe attacks of small-pox, and yet now they
present not the slightest trace of having had
the disease.
Tonsillitis-Quins.y.
Symptoms.-This is an inflammation of the
tonsils. It is usually accompanied with acute
inflammation of the pharynx or soft palate,
and hence is accompanied with nearly all the
symptoms mentioned as characteristic of the
latter affliction. On account of the more ex-
tensive swelling of the tonsils, there is much
greater pain than usually accompanies a com-
mon catarrh. There is a constant disposition
to swallow in order to free the fauces from a
tenacious colorless mucous which adheres to
that part. From the commencement there is
fever, severe headache and a rapid pulse.
The termination is usually an abscess, which
at length opens, and a discharge of very fetid
pus ensues, which affords relief. The duration
of the disease is usually about a week, and is
scarcely ever fatal.
Treatment.—During the first stage of the
disease benefit may be derived from holding
pieces of ice in the throat and packing the
throat with pounded ice wrapped in a towel.
Inhalation of steam and hot formentations ap-
plied to the throat instead of the ice-pack.
The urine must be watched
Formula No. 1.
Alum, 20 grains.
Tannic Acid, 20 “
Sulphate of Zinc, 20 **
Sulphate of Copper, 30 “
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix. Inhale the vapor or use in an atomizer.
Formula No. 2.
Tannic Acid, 6 drachms.
Gallic Acid, 2 & 4
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix. Use as a gargle.
Formula, No. 3.
Liquor Permanganate of Potash, 1 drachm.
Distilled Water, 10 ounces.
Mix. As a gargle.
Cholera, Infantum.
Symptoms.—This is a complaint which usually
attacks children between the ages of two months
and three years; it occurs in the warm season,
and is chiefly confined to cities. It is very
fatal. It commences with a profuse diarrhea,
stools thin and variously colored. The stomach
becomes irritable, and rejects everything. Loss
of flesh, languor and prostration follow, and
stools become colorless and odorless; skin is
dry and harsh, head and belly hot; thirst is
great, and fever at mightfall. Delirium is
present in many cases, indicated by violent
tossing of the head, etc.
Treatment.—The child should be removed to
a vicinity abounding in pure air, if possible;
otherwise, in a large and airy room, and may
even be taken into the open air occasionally.
Its food should consist of the farinaceous arti-
cles of diet, if weaned; otherwise, of its
mother's milk; mucilaginous drinks can also
be given. If vomiting be obstinate, give cam-
phor or a little opium, or combined, as in par-
egoric. The astringents must be given to check
the diarrhea. Rhubarb is a good remedy.
Charcoal is the proper remedy when the stools
are very offensive.
Any of the following formulas will be found
Serviceable:
%2 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Formula, No. 1.
Nitrate of Silver, 1 grain.
Dilute Nitric Acid, 8 drops.
Deodorized Tinct. of Opium, 8 drops.
Mucilage of Acacia, # ounce.
Simple Syrup,
# ounce.
Cinnamon Water, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Dose.—Teaspoonful every three, four
or six hours, to a child one year old.
Formula No. 2.
Sulphate of Copper, 1 grain.
Deodorized Tinct. of Opium, 8 drops.
Water, 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every two, three or
four hours.
Face Ache or Facial Neuralgia.
Symptoms.-This is one of the most common
forms of neuralgia. The pain is usually con-
fined to one side of the face. It may be excited
by cold, by decayed teeth, or by causes which
are unknown. In some cases the pain is at-
tended by contraction of the muscles of one
side of the face, whenit is termed tic douloureux.
This form of disease generally occurs in persons
considerably advanced in years.
Treatment.—Hot applications to the face
together with hot foot or sitz bath and the use
of electricity, are the most useful measures.
The application of cold to the seat of pain
sometimes give relief, when hot applications
are ineffectual. Sometimes an injection of a
few drops of chloroform beneath the skin, just
in front of the ear, has proved of great value.
The following formulas for this distressing com-
plaint will be found valuable:
Formula, No. 1.
IExtract of Hyoscyamus, 15 grains.
Extract of Stramonium, 4 grains.
Extract of Humulus, 1 drachm.
Sulphate of Morphia, 1} grains.
Mix. Divide into 30 pills.
Dose.—One every half-hour till relief is felt.
Formula, No. 2.
Sulphate of Quinine,
Sulphate of Morphia,
Make 30 pills.
Dose.—One as often as may be required.
40 grains.
10 grains.
Formula, No. 3.
Extract of Hyoscyamus, 30 grains.
Sulphate of Morphia, 8 grains.
Strychnia, 1 grain.
Powdered Capsicum, 80 grains.
Sulphate of Zinc, 15 grains.
Mix. Make 30 pills.
Dose.—Take one three or four times a day.
Diarrhea.
Is a purging looseness of the bowels. The
causes of diarrhea are various, but among the
most common are the presence of irritating
matter, worms or acidity of the stomach or
bowels, and exposure to cold, especially cold to
the feet or sudden changes of climate or tem-
perature.
Treatment.—In general, it will be proper to
administer a mild aperient, for which purpose
rhubarb or castor oil is usually preferred. The
dose of the first may be from 20 to 30 grains,
in sugar, or made into a pill; that of the Sec-
ond from 2 to 4 teaspoonfuls, with a little pep-
permint water. After due operation of this
medicine, opium astringents may be taken with
advantage, but not in excessive doses, as is
commonly the practice.
The first and second are indicated when great
irritability exists, and the third in cases arising
from the presence of acidity.
In bilious diarrhea, characterized by the
bright yellow brown color of the dejections, a
dose of blue pill or calomel, assisted by mild
dilutents and demulcents, and warmth gener-
ally proves efficacious. Small doses of opium
are also useful in some cases.
The following formulas will be found good:
Formula No. 1,
Submitrate of Bismuth, 2 drachms.
Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid, # drachm.
Mucilage of Acacia, 2 ounces.
Peppermint Water, 2 & 6
Mix. Dose.—Tablespoonful three times a day.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 23
Formula, No. 2.
Submitrate of Bismuth, 20 grains.
Mucilage of Tragacanth, # ounce.
Tincture of Cinnamon, 10 drops.
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix. Take at one dose.
Formula, No. 3.
Submitrate of Bismuth, 80 grains.
Paregoric, 2 drachms.
Chalk mixture, to make 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful to a child.
Bronchitis,
This is an inflammation of the mucous lining
of the bronchia or smaller ramifications of the
windpipe. In its milder form it is popularly
called a cold on the chest.
Symptoms.-The usual symptoms are hoarse-
ness, dry cough, and a slight degree of fever,
followed by expectorations of mucous, at first
thin and afterwards thick and copious. In the
severer form there is more fever, cough, and
oppression at the chest.
Treatment.—It generally yields to small and
repeated doses of ipecacuanha and antimonial
diaphoretics, a light and mild purgative being
at the same time adopted, but in every case it
is safer to have recourse to medical aid.
Formula, No. 1,
Sulph. Morphia, 8 grains.
Tinct. Sanguinaria, # ounce.
Wine of Ipecac, } & C
Syrup of Wild Cherry, 5 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, twice or three times
a day.
Formula, No. 2.
Wine of Antimony, # ounce.
Syrup of Tolu, # “
Syrup of Squill, # & 6
Mucilage of Acacia, 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, two or three times
a day.
Formula, No. 3.
Compound Spirits Ether, 1 ounce.
Spirits of Squills, 1} ounces.
Solution of Morphia, 1 ounce.
Camphor Water, 1 & 6
Mucilage of Acacia, 1 66
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, to a tablespoonful,
according to the severity of the attack.
Rheumatism.
This very painful affliction is most frequently
brought on by exposure to wet and cold, after
violent and fatiguing exercise of the muscles.
There are two forms of this complaint, the
acute and chronic. --
Symptoms.-Acute rheumatism is ushered in
by slight chilliness, followed by fever, pain in
One or more joints, most frequently in the
knee, ankle, wrist, or shoulder, which increases
rapidly and becomes very severe; great tender-
ness of the affected joints, pain greatly in-
creased by motion, pulse 90 to 100 a minute,
considerable thirst, tongue coated.
The chronic form may follow the acute, but
is more often an independent disease, the
fingers and limbs are often rendered useless by
the great distortion. It is said to be due to
the presence of lactic acid in the blood.
Formula No. 1,
Win. Colchicum, # ounce.
Powdered Nitrate of Potash, 1} drachms.
Syrup of Morphia, 1 ounce.
Syrup of Tolu, 8 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every five hours.
Formula, No. 2.
Salicylic Acid, 80 grains.
Acetate of Potassium, 160 “
Glycerine, # ounce.
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful four times a day.
24 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Formula No. 3.
Salicylic Acid, 20 grains.
Bi-carbonate of Soda, 20 “
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix. Take at one dose.
Formula No. 4,
Salicylic Acid, 2 drachms.
Solution of Acetate Ammonium,2 ounces.
Water, 6 ounces.
Dose.—Tablespoonful, often repeated.
Convulsions.
Symptoms.-Spasmodic contraction of the
muscles producing motions of the limbs, gen-
erally accompanied with unconsciousness.
Convulsions occur at all periods of life, but
in adults they are only symptoms of other
diseases. In children they are very common.
They are of frequent occurrence in teething;
and a swollen and inflamed state of the gums
is said to excite them; they may be brought
on by improper food, such as the milk of a
nurse suffering from some violent emotion. At
the siege of Berlin, nearly all the sucking
children died of convulsions. They may also
be induced by feverish attacks, whooping cough,
strong purgatives, or suppressed eruptions.
Treatment.—In the case of a dangerous attack
of convulsions no time should be lost in send-
ing for a medical practioner. Pending his
arrival, the patient should be placed as promptly
as possible in a hot water bath. A better plan
is to loosen all the dress, to place the child
across the arms and Sway it up and down
gently, and to allow cool air to play on the
face and chest; give an injection of Soap and
warm water and apply mustard plasters, for a
few seconds only, to the pit of the stomach;
if these fail to give relief, apply cold water to
the head and leeches to the temples. Lance
the gums if inflamed. When the fit is over
keep the head cool.
The following will be found valuable reme-
dies in convulsions.
Formula No. 1.
Bromidia, 1 ounce.
Dose.—For an adult, one-half teaspoonful
every twenty minutes; and for a child, from 5
to 15 drops every hour.
Formula, No. 2.
Bromide of Ammonia, 2 drachms.
Bromide of Potassium, 3 ounce.
Syrup of Ginger, 1 ounce.
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—One teaspoonful, diluted.
Croup.
Symptoms.-A permanent laborious and Fºfo.
cating breathing, accompanied by wheezing,
cough, a peculiar shrillness of the voice, and
more or less expectoration of purulent matter,
which continually threatens suffocation. There
are two varieties, acute and chronic. The latter
is very rare.
Treatment. An early and effective emetic is
indicated in all cases (Formula No. 1); flaxseed
poultice to the throat, inhalation of vapor from
hot water and mullein leaves is of great service.
The bowels should be kept regular.
Formula, No. 1.
Tartar Emetic, 1} grains.
Syrup of Ipecacuanha, 1 ounce.
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every ten minutes
till vomiting ensues. Repeat as often as may
be deemed necessary.
Formula No. 2.
Oil Stillingia, 1 drachm
Oil Cajeput, 1 drachm
Tinct. Lobelia, # drachm.
Tinct. Lavender, # drachm,
Oil Cinnamon, 10 drops.
Alcohol, 1 ounce,
Dose.—One to two drops or sugar,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
25
On the Treatment of the More Common Forms of
Skin Diseases.
ECZEMA—(An Eruption on the Skin)—Is by
far the most common disease met with, both in
its acute and chronic forms. The local treat-
ment I have found most efficacious, consists in
keeping the affected part moist, with lint or
linen saturated in a very weak alkaline solu-
tion, consisting of soda subcarb. 4 drachm to
a pint of water. For this purpose it is neces-
sary to cover the moistened lint with oil silk,
or gutta percha sheeting, which should well
overlap the lint below, so as to prevent evapo-
ration. The usual effect is soon to remove all
local irritation, and especially the itching or
smarting so distressing to the patient; to keep
the surface clean and prevent the accumulation
of those scabs and crusts, which in themselves
often tend to keep up the disease. After a time,
even the indurated parts begin to soften, the
margins of the eruption lose their fiery red color,
and merge into that of the healthy skin, and,
finally, the whole surface assumes its normal
character. I
HERPEs—(Ringworm, Shingles and the like.)—
This disease generally runs its course in about
fifteen days, and requires no treatment what-
ever, further than an acetate of lead lotion to
allay the Smarting. It is not very common.
SCABLEs—(Itch)—Occurs very frequently, and
is cured by a host of remedies. A strong lather,
of common soft soap and Warm water, twice a
day answers very well. The question with
scabies, is not what remedy is useful, but which
will cure it in the shortest period. The most
extensive experience has shown that the sul-
phur and alkaline cures itch, on an average, in
seven days. That Sulphur, however, is not the
active remedy, I have Satisfied myself, by ex-
periment. Soft Soap, as we have seen, which
contains alkali, and even simple lard, if pains
be taken to keep the parts constantly covered
with it, will cure the disease as soon as sul-
phur ointment.
PEMPHIGUS.—This is rather a rare disease,
and when chronic, coming out in successive
crops, is very rebellious. Two cases were cured
in a few weeks by the weak alkaline wash,
applied as in the case of eczema, combined with
generous diet.
usual occupations.
Impetigo—A Pustular Eruption.
This affection in all its forms is very com-
mon, and is best treated by the weak alkaline
wash, exactly the same as in eczema. In the
chronic forms which attack the chin of men,
constituting one of the varieties of mentagra,
the same treatment cures the most rebellious
cases if the moisture be constantly preserved.
For this purpose the hair must be cautiously
cut short with sharp scissors, and the razor
carefully avoided. If the side of the cheek cov-
ered with the whisker is attacked, removal of
the hair from thence also is essential to the
treatment. A bag or covering accurately
adapted to the part affected must be made of
gutta percha sheeting, and tied on with strings.
This may be covered with black silk, to allow
the individual to go about and carry on his
In this way I have fre-
quently seen chronic impetigo of the chin, of
from eight to ten years' standing, completely
removed in a few weeks. But then the surface
must be kept constantly moist, a circumstance
requiring very great care and determination on
the part of the patient. When it becomes nec-
essary to shave, flour and warm water, or paste
should be used, and not soap. Alkalies ap-
plied from time to time only, as in the form
of Wash or soap, always irritate, although,
when employed continuously, they are soothing.
ETCHYMA—(large round pimples inflamed at
the base)—Is not a common disease, and usually
presents itself, as the E. cacheticum, requiring
in addition to the alkaline wash locally, a gen-
erous diet.
ACNE–Is a disease always requiring constitu-
tional rather than local remedies. Although
not uncommon in private, it is rare in hospi-
tal practice. Careful regulation of the diet,
abstinence from wine and stimulating articles
of food, Watering-places, baths, etc., etc., con-
stitute the appropriate treatment.
RUPIA.—This disease I have never seen occur
but in individuals who have been subjected to
the influence of mercurial poisoning. Hydrio-
date of potassium and tonic remedies, with
careful avoidance of mercury in all its forms,
is the treatment I have found most successful.
LICHEN AND PRURIGo—(A Cutaneous Eruption
of a Pricking and Tingling Nature).-In both
these affections constant inunction with lard is
26 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
as beneficial as constant moisture in the ecze-
matous and impetiginous disorders. In the
prurigo of aged persons, the Ung. Hyd. Precip.
Alb. is a useful application, although the dis-
ease is not unfrequently so rebellious as only
to admit of palliation. The chronic papular
diseases often constitute the despair of the
physician.
PSORIASIS-And that modification of it known
as Lepra-are very common diseases, and are
uniformly treated by me externally with pitch
ointment. I have satisfied myself, by careful
trials, that it is the pitch applied to the part
that is the beneficial agent, as I have given
pitch pills, and infusion of pitch, largely inter-
nally without benefit. With the hope of obtain-
ing a less disagreeable remedy, I have fre-
quently tried creosote, and naphtha ointment
and washes, but also without benefit. Lastly,
I have caused simple lard to be rubbed in for
a lengthened time, but without doing the
slightest good. The oil of cade is also very
useful, especially in psoriasis of the scalp. In-
ternally, I give five drops each of Fowler's
solution, and of the tr. cantharides. It is rare
that the internal treatment alone produces any
effect on a case of psoriasis of any standing.
If a case resists this conjoined external and
internal treatment, I have always found it
incurable.
LUPUs—(A sort of Cancer)—Is a constitutional
disease, and must be treated by cod-liver oil,
and all those remedies useful in scrofula, of
which it is a local manifestation. The external
treatment is Surgical, consisting of the occa-
sional application of caustics, red lotion, oint-
ments, etc., according to the appearance of the
SOre.
FAVUS--(A pustular Disease of the Scalp)—Is a
very common disease, and is most readily re-
moved, first, by poulticing the crusts till they
fall off, and the skin presents a smooth, clean
surface; secondly, by shaving the hair; and
thirdly, by keeping the Scalp continually cov-
ered with oil, so as to exclude the atmosphere
and prevent the growth of the parasitic fungi,
which constitutes the disease. For this purpose,
a gutta percha or oil silk cap must be con-
stantly worn. A continuance of this treatment
for six weeks produces a cure in young persons
combined with cod-liver oil, generous diet, and
anti-scrofulous remedies internally. I have
tried the lotion of sulphurous acid and found
it successful in a few cases, but the treatment
by oil is so easy as to be far preferable to it.
Very chronic cases are cured with difficulty,
but so long as the oil is applied the disease
never returns, and mere freedom from the dis-
gusting crusts is a great gain.
SCALP DISEASEs must be treated according as
it depends on eczema, impetigo, psoriasis, or
favus, in all cases first removing the crusts
with poultices, then keeping the head shaved,
and, lastly, applying alkaline washes, pitch
ointment, or oil, according to the directions
formerly given. Ringworm is a disease I have
never seen in Edinburgh, and of what it con-
sists I am ignorant. Some writers apparently
consider it to be favus, and others a form of
herpes. On two or three occasions I have seen
a scaly disease of the scalp, in the form of a
ring—that is lepra, which I have cured by pitch
ointment, or oil of cade. My friend, Dr. An-
drew Wood, informed me some time ago, that
he banished it from the Heriot's Hospital School
by condensing on the eruption the fumes of
coarse brown paper, and thus causing an
empyreumatic oil, or kind of tar, to fall upon
the part. This has led me to suppose that it
is a scaly disease, and a form of lepra or
psoriasis.
So-called syphilitic diseases of the skin are, in
my opinion, the various disorders already al-
luded to, modified by occurring in individuals
who have suffered for periods more or less
long from the poisomous action of mercury. A
longer time will be required for their cure, but
the same remedies locally, conjoined with
hydriodate of potassium, in Smaller doses, with
bitter infusions, tonics, and a regulated diet,
offer the best chance of Success.
The great difficulty in the treatment of skin
diseases generally consists in their having been
mismanaged in the early stages—a circum-
stance I attribute to their not having, until a
recent period, been much studied by clinical
students. Many chronic cases of eczema are
continually coming under my notice, which, in
their acute forms, have been treated by citrine
ointment, or other irritating applications, which
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
27
invariably exasperate the disorder. I shall not
easily forget the case of one gentleman, covered
all over with acute eczema, who had suffered
excessive torture from its having been mistaken
for psoriasis, and rubbed for some time with
pitch ointment. In the same way I have seen
simple herpes, which would have readily got
well if left to itself, converted into an ulcera-
tive sore, by the use of mercurial ointment.
Nothing is more common than to confound
chronic eczema of the scalp with favus, although
the microscope furnishes us with the most
exact means of diagnosis. I need scarcely say
that the correct application of the remedies I
have spoken of can only be secured by accurate
discrimination, in the first instance, of the
diseases to which they are applicable.
The general constitutional treatment in all
these cases seldom demands aperient or lower-
ing remedies except in the young and robust
individuals with febrile systems. In a great
majority of cases, cod-liver oil, good diet, and
tonics are required. In a few instances, seda-
tives, both locally and internally, are necessary
to overcome excessive itching and irritation.
These the judicious practitioner will readily
understand how to apply according to circum-
stances.
IDISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMI.
Inflammation of the Brain–Cerebritis.
This consists of inflammation of the cerebral
substance, and due to long exposure to a vertical
sun, the inordinate use of ardent spirits, cold,
fright, external injury, the sudden disappear-
ance of an old discharge, and it sometimes
occurs as a consequent on Small-pox, or erysi-
pelas of the face and scalp, and fevers. The
symptoms are violent inflammatory fever, hot
and dry skin, flushed countenance, suffused
eyes, quick and hard pulse, the arteries of the
neck throb, and delirium. The senses are mor-
bidly acute, there being intolerance of light and
Sound. The person is extremely restless, the
muscles of the face are spasmodically contracted,
the upper eye-lids hang down, and as the dis-
ease progresses, blindness and deafness ensue.
The countenance is vacant or idiotic, the eye
loses its lustre, the pupils become dilated, and
the eyes often squint. In the still more ad-
vanced stage the discharges pass off involun-
tarily, the countenance becomes pale and sunken,
the pulse weak and irregular, the coma more
profound, and death soon closes the scene. It
is commonly called “Brain Fever.”
Treatment.—This should be most energetic.
Bleeding to fainting has been the practice of
many physicians, but I deem it unnecessary, as
revulsion can be made by other means. Leeches
may, however, may be applied to the Scalp.
The hair should be closely shaved from the
head, and ice, alcohol or ether, with water, applied
to the head. The decoction of Lady's Slipper
should be given internally. At the outset pur-
gatives should be given. Those that act thor-
oughly, sach as gamboge, colocynth, etc., are the
best. The bladder should be emptied every day.
In the stage of collapse, stimulants may be given.
Apoplexy.
This is a condition in which all the functions
of animal life are suddenly stopped, except the
pulse and the breathing. There is neither
thought nor feeling, nor voluntary motion, and
the patient suddenly falls down, and lies as
if in a deep sleep. The disease assails in three
different ways. The first form of attack is a
sudden falling down into a state of insensibility
and apparently deep sleep, the face being gen-
erally flushed, the breathing stertorous, or
Snoring, the pulse full and not frequent, with
occasional convulsions. From this mode of at-
tack death often occurs immediately, but in
Some cases recovery occurs, with the exception
of paralysis of one side, or the loss of speech,
or some of the senses. The second mode of
attack begins with Sudden pain in the head,
and the patient becomes pale, faint, sick, and
vomits. His pulse is feeble, has a cold skin,
and occasionally some convulsions. He may
fall down, or be only a little confused, but soon
recovers from all the symptoms except the
headache; this will continue, and the patient
Will sooner or later become heavy, forgetful,
unable to connect ideas, and finally sink into
insensibility, from which he never rises. This
mode of invasion, though not so frightful as the
first, is of much more serious import.
The third form of attack is where conscious-
mess is retained, but power on one side of the
28 AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
body is suddenly lost. The patient retains his
mind, and answers questions rationally, either
by signs or words. He may either die soon,
or live for years with imperfect speech, or a
leg dragging after him, or an arm hanging
loosely by his side.
Those persons who have large heads, red
faces, short and thick neeks, and a short,
stout, square build, are more predisposed to
this disease than thin, pale and tall persons.
Literary men, especially editors, lawyers, doc-
tors, etc., are subject to this disease, owing to
mental overwork.
The symptoms preceding an apoplectic attack
are headache, vertigo, double vision, faltering
speech, inability to remember certain Words,
sometimes forgetfulness of one's own name, a
frequent losing of a train of ideas, and
occasionally an unaccountable dread. It is
caused by whatever hurries the circulation, as
strong bodily exercise, emotional excitement,
exposure to the sun or severe cold, tight cra-
vats, etc.
Treatment.—If the face is turgescent and red,
and the temporal arteries throb, and the pulse
full and hard, the patient should be placed in
a semi-recumbent position, with his head raised,
his clothes loosened, particularly his neckband
and shirt collar, and then, quickly as possible, |
cold water or ice should be applied to the head,
leeches to the nape of the neck, and mustard
plasters to the calves of the legs. Tight liga-
tures may also be tied around the thighs suffi-
ciently tight to arrest the venous circulation;
they should be removed gradually as conscious-
ness returns. Administer a stimulating purgative,
as a few drops of croton oil. Injections may also
be given.
If the patient is old, and the pulse feeble, the
ice applications, ligature, etc., may be omitted,
and instead apply warm flannels and Warm
bricks to the body, and administer camphor.
To prevent future attacks, gentle tonics should
be given, and the skin kept healthy by daily
bathing and friction. The bowels must not be
permitted to become costive. The diet should
be well regulated. The mind should be kept
cheerful and hopeful, and free from all excite-
ment. Intoxicating drinks should be totally
avoided, and sexual congress should be of rare
occurrence. In fact everything that might pro-
voke an attack should be avoided.
Dr. Strickland’s Advice to Mothers.
There are no diseases more distressing or
common than those known as female com-
plaints, and none more neglected. They are
always aggravated and prolonged, if not gen-
erally produced by neglect. This is not the
case with the young alone, but also with the
middle aged women, both married and single.
a slight cold will often produce the most seri-
ous results, if not taken in time, when the
monthly discharges, or menses, are obstructed
or profuse or painful. You must know there
is a cause for it, and it is your duty to take
some course immediately to remedy the ill,
either by applying to a physician or making
use of the following:
Obstructed Menstruation,
Formula, No. 1,
Sulphate of Iron, 30 grains.
Subcarbonate of Potass., 30 6 &
Myrrh, 60 66
White Sugar 30 “
Mix, and make into pills 8% grains each.
Take two, three times a day.
Formula, No. 2.
IPowdered Myrrh, 60 grains.
& 6 Rhubarb, 60 & 6
Extract of Aloes, 20 66
Extract of Chamomile, 2 drachms.
Gum Acacia, sufficient.
Mix. Make into pills of 8% grains each.
Dose.—Two, three times a day.
In Obstinate Cases of Constipation,
Extract of Henbane, 80 grains.
66 Colocynth, 20 & 6
66 Nux Womica, 10 & 6
Mix. Work into pill mass, and form 15 pills.
Dose.—One pill, every might and morning.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 29
Cholera-
This much-dreaded disease is undoubtedly
contagious, and is frequently communicated
from one person to another, not through con-
tact of the body, but by the discharges of the
bowels, that are supposed to contain the specific
germ that propagates the disease, which some-
times rages as an epidemic.
Causes.—Asiatic cholera is most frequently
caused by the use of impure drinking water,
excessive use of alcoholic liquors, eating unripe
or stale fruit, exposure to sudden changes of
temperature, general imprudence, etc.
Symptoms.-The attack is frequently preceded
by a diarrhea, as a premonitory symptom ; but
sometimes comes on suddenly, with vomiting
and purging, stools resembling rice-water;
cramps in abdomen and lower limbs; skin cold;
lips and skin blue, features pinched, extreme
thirst, feeble pulse, and, toward the last, drowsi-
ness, collapse.
Prevention.—The disease is easier prevented
than cured. During cholera epidemic, persons
should eat and drink with moderation, preserve
regularity of habits, and strive to keep the mind
free from fear and anxiety; the chances being
that they will escape.
Treatment.—When cholera symptoms actually
appear the patient should go to bed at once,
and a physician be called. In the meantime,
small doses of opium and camphor may be
given, and broken ice may be fed the patient
to allay thirst and check vomiting. Give plenty
of fresh air, and if the patient becomes cold
he should be vigorously rubbed with dry flan-
nels and hot bricks applied. It is important
that the bowel discharges be promptly removed
from the room, and disinfected by means of
sulphate of zinc or copperas dissolved in water.
During convalescence great care should be given
the patient to prevent a relapse.
Cholera Morbus, or milder form of cholera,
originates from much the same causes, and
requires the same treatment. It is not conta-
gious.
Formula.
Tinct. Opium,
Tinct. Camphor, 1
Tinct. Capsicum, 1 sº
Spirits Ether, Comp., 1 sº
1 ounce.
66
Mix. Take 10 to 20 drops, as a preventive,
and increase the dose to 40 or 60 drops, if re-
quired, in actual attack of cholera.
Vaccination.
The plan of vaccination, as a prevention
against small-pox, has been known to Science
for many years; but it is only recently that it
has been largely practiced, and its efficacy gen-
erally admitted. In America, particularly, a
country that is constantly receiving a foreign
emigration frequently infected with Small-pox,
it is important that vaccination should be
universally practiced, as the only method of
arresting the spread of that terrible Scourge
through all the highways of travel.
The usual place for vaccination to be per-
formed is on the outside of the left arm, above
the elbow. It is usually done by a physician,
but in case of an emergency, can be performed
by almost any one. The bovine, or kine mat-
ter, is the safest to use, and can usually be
obtained on quills or ivory points. Take one
fresh ivory point and, having scarified a small
place on the arm until it is just ready to bleed,
moisten the point in water for a moment, and
rub the lymph contained on the point well into
the arm, and the work is done. If the bovine
matter cannot be obtained, a fresh crust from
the arm of a healthy infant may be used.
Never use two points in vaccination. If the
matter is fresh, one is sufficient. Never use
matter from the arm of a person that has had
syphilis, in however mild a form, it is sure to
become communicated. During the first few
days after vaccination has been performed, if
the itching and burning is intense, it may be
alleviated by Washing the part in a weak solu-
tion of Sugar of lead, or a few drops of car-
bolic acid in rain water. Avoid taking cold.
Vaccination should be performed in infancy,
and once every seven years thereafter. It is
erroneous to suppose that vaccination will hold
good as long as the scar remains. Whenever
vaccination will take, the person would be liable
to contract small-pox.
30 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
PHYSICIANS” FAVORITE PRESCRIPTIONS.
Ague, Chills, and Fever.
Sulphate of Quinia, 20 grains.
Bicarbonate of Soda, 30 “
Fluid Extract of Licorice, 3 drachms.
Peppermint Water. 12 6 &
Mix. Teaspoonful, three or four times a day,
to young children; as the bitter taste of the
Alkaloid is completely disguised.
Tasteless Solution of Quinine for Children, in
Ague.
Sulphate of Quinine, 15 grains.
6 & Cinchonia, 10 6 &
Tannic Acid, 10 & ©
Simple Syrup, 6 drachms.
Syrup of Orange Peel, 6 & &
Aqua Cinnamom, 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—One teaspoonful, three times a
day.
Toothache Drops.
Chloroform, 1 ounce.
Laudanum, 1 & 6
Tincture of Benzoin, 4 ounces.
Mix, and apply on a little cotton.
Dyspepsia Pills.
Sulphate of Zinc, 4 grains.
Extract of Nux Womica, 4 “
Podophyllin, 2 “
Extract Rhei, 24 “
Divide into 16 pills. Dose.—One pill three
times a day.
In Secondary Syphilis.
Hydrarg., Chloridi Cor., 2 grains.
Chlor. Ammonii, 120 grains.
Tinct. Chlo. Ferri, 180 minims.
Syrup, 1 fl. ounce.
Aqua Cinnamon q. S. to make, 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, in Water, three
times a day.
Epilepsy.
Bromide of Soda, 8 ounces.
Sulphate of Strychnia, # grain.
Aqua Pura, 1 pint.
Mix. Take one teaspoonful three times a
day.
Cough Mixture.
Mist. Glycyrrh. Comp., 4 ounces.
Syrup Pruni Virg., 2 ounces.
Syrup Senega, 5 drachms.
Chloride of Ammonia, 2 drachms.
Sulph. Morphia, 2 grains.
Syrup of Acacia, 8 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Desertspoonful every three hours.
For Neuralgia of the Gºterus.
Tincture Aconite Root, 1} drachms.
Ammonii Chloride, 2 drachms.
Ammonii Iodide, 1 drachm.
Tincture Card. Comp., 1 ounce.
Syrupi Aurant. 4 ounces.
Aqua Anisi q. S. to make, 8 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every four hours;
also give, before each meal, a teaspoonful of
the syrup of the phosphates of iron, quinine
and strychnia.
In Syphilis.
Hydrarg., Iodidi Wir., 12 grains.
Extract Cannabis Indicus 6 “
Extract Conii, 12 “
Lupulinae, 12 “
Divide into 12 pills.
Mix. Take one pill three times a day.
Cough Mixture in Consumption.
Mist. Glycyrrhiza Comp., 4 ounces.
Syrup Pruni Wirg., 2 ounces.
Sulphate of Quinine, 82 grains.
Sul. of Morphia, 2 grains.
Elixir Taraxaci Comp., 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.-Dessertspoonful every four hours.
Acute Rheumatism.
The Alkaline treatment is the one most gen-
erally adopted in the medical wards of London
and New York. Here is a good one:
Soda Bicarb., 14 ounces.
Potass. Acetat, # ounce.
Liquor Ammon., Acetat, 8 fl. ounces.
Aqua q. S. ad. 1 pint.
Mix. Dose.—One to three teaspoonfuls.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PBACTICAL INFORMATION. 31
Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis.
Potassii Bromidi, 2 drachms.
Fl. Ext. Ergot, 8 drachms.
Tinct. Belladonna, 1 drachm
Tinct. Aconite Root, 12 drops.
Curacoa Cordial, sufficient to make 3 ounces.
Mix. Dose.-Dessertspoonful every 3 hours.
For Caseous Pneumonia.
Acidi Nitrici, 20 grains.
Potassi Cyanidi, 5 “
Morphia Sulph., 2 “
Tinct. Hyoscyami, 1 drachm.
Syrupi Tolutani, 4 ounces.
Syrupi Picis Comp., 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Take a teaspoonful every three
hours.
For Puerperal Convulsions.
Potassi Bromidi, 1 drachm.
Chloral Hydrate, 1 & C
Camphor, 6 grains.
Tinct. Card. Comp., 6 drachms.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, diluted, every half
hour until relieved.
Gonorrhea.
Balsam Canad., 1 ounce.
Spirits of Nitre Dulc., 4 ounces.
Oil of Turpentine, 2 drachms.
Powdered Camphor, 1 drachm.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful three times a day.
Inject the following every six hours:
Fl. Ext. Hydrastis Canadensis, 1 ounce.
Sulphate of Zinc, 8 grains.
Mix.
Erysipelas.
Tinct. Mur. Ferri, 2 drachms.
Chlorate of Potass., 2 & &
Aqua and Syr. to make 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Tablespoonful every four hours.
As an external application use the following:
Acetate of Lead, 2 drachms.
Tinct. Opii., 4 drachms.
Aqua, # pint.
Mix. Apply often.
hours.
Infantile Diarrhea.
Syr. Rhei. Arom., 1 ounce.
Mucilage of Acacia, 1 ounce.
Submitrate of Bismuth, 1 drachm.
Spts. Ammonia Arom., 20 drops.
Syrup of Ipecac, 20 drops.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every three hours
to a child one year old.
For Rheumatism,
Iodide of Potassium,
Tincture of Cimieifuga,
Wine of Colchicum Seed, 1 fl. ounce.
Fl. Ext. Henbane, # “
Simple Syrup, 1 © (;
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful, copiously diluted
with water, every four hours.
24 drachms.
1; fl. Ounces.
Intermittent Fever,
Sulphate Quinine, 1 drachm.
Reduced Iron, 1} drachms.
Strychnia, 2 grains.
Confection of Roses sufficient to make sixty
pills.
Mix. Dose.—One pill every three hours, in
absence of fever.
A Remedy for the Eruption of Poison Oak, Ivy,
Sumac, etc.
Bromine, 20 drops.
Olive Oil, 1 ounce.
Mix. Rub gently on the affected part three
or four times a day.
Wash off the oil twice a day with castile
Soap. Renew the Bromine every twenty-four
It is best to stand the bottle on its
cork end in the interval of application.
Facial Neuralgia.
Nitrate of Amyl, 5 drops.
Drop on blotting paper and inhale the vapor.
If the pain returns, repeat the process.
92 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTIONAL INFORMATION.
Diphtheria,
Formula, No. 1.
Chlorate of Potassa, 1 drachm.
Muriate Tincture of Iron, 1 drachm.
Sulphate of Quinine, 15 grains.
Hyposulphite of Soda, 1 drachm.
Water, 7 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful to dessertspoonful,
to be used three times a day. Administer as
well to all who are exposed to the disease.
Formula, No. 2.
Acid Phos. Dilute, # ounce.
Tinct. Chloride of Iron, 3 ounce.
Spts. Lemon, 2 drachms.
White Sugar, 2 drachms.
Water, 6 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every two or three
hours in a little Water.
Intermittent Fever.
Sulphate Cinchonidia, 80 grains.
Tincture Chloride of Iron, 30 drops.
Tincture Nux Womica, 10 drops.
Aqua Distill, 1 ounce.
Podophyllin, 2 grains.
Syr. Simplex q. S. to make, 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful four times a day.
Headache.
Potassi Bromidi, 2 drachms.
Morphia Sulph. # grain.
Tincture Werat. Wirid, 10 drops.
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix. Dose.-Dessertspoonful, in Water, every
hour or two until relieved.
Thrush,
Chlorate of Potass., 1} drachms.
Sulphite of Soda, 1} “
Sodae Bibor, 1} & 6
Glycerine, # ounce.
Aqua, to make, 2 ounces.
Mix. Swab the mouth often.
Scarlet Fever,
Saturated Solution of Bromide Potass.,2 ounces.
Bromine, 1 drachm.
Add the bromine very slowly, shaking the
bottle constantly; when dissolved add water
till a four ounce mixture is obtained.
For internal application one drachm of this
solution is put in one ounce of water, and of
that a teaspoonful is given in a tablespoonful
of Sweetened Water, as necessary.
Asthma,
Camphor Water, 8 ounces.
Bromide of Potassium, # ounce.
Bromide of Ammonia, § “
Tincture of Lobelia, 1 66
Tincture of Stramonium, 1 66
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, every three hours.
Shortness of Breaths
Oil of Stillingia, 1 drachm.
“ Cajeput, 1 : “
* Lobelia, # 66
** Lavender, 3 “
* Cinnamom, 10 drops.
Alcohol, 1 ounce.
Mix. Dose.—One or two drops on sugar.
Chronic Bronchitis.
Bals. Copaiba, 4 drachms.
Liq. Potassi, 1 drachm.
Pulv. Ext. Glycyrrhiza, 2 drachms.
Syrup Scilla, 1 ounce.
Oil Amygdalae Amar., 10 drops.
Paregoric, 1 ounce.
Syrup of Acacia q. S., to make, 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, every three or four
hours. -
Dysentery.
Pill Hydrarg., 12 grains.
Pulv. Ipecac, 12 “
Gelseminum, 2 “
Mix. Divide into 12 pills. Dose.—One every
three or four hours, until the effects of the
gelseminum is manifest in debility of the eye-
lids, and then discontinue.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
33
In Fevers.
The following as a diaphoretic will be found
excellent:
Liq. Ammonia Acet., 6 ounces.
Spirits of Nitrous Ether, 3 ounce.
Ant. et PotasSæ Tart., 1 grain.
Morphia, 1 “
Syr. Acidi Citrici, § ounce.
Mix. Dose.—Tablespoonful, every three hours.
In Phthisis.
Pulv. Digitalis, 10 grains.
Sulph. Quinine, 10 & 6
& 6 Iron, 5 66
Ext. of Conium, 25 & 6
Mix. Make 10 pills. Dose.—Take one every
four hours.
In Carditis.
Hydrarg., Chlorid Mitis, 10 grains.
Camphor, 10 & 6
Ext. of Hyoscyamus, 30 “
Mix. Make 10 pills. Dose.—One every four
hours.
In Dyspepsia.
Ext. Nucis Womicae, 1} grains.
Argenti Nitrate, 2 4 &
Ext. Lupuli, 12 & 6
Mix. Make 6 pills. Dose.—One every four
hours.
In Rheumatic Dysmenorrhoea:
Salicylic Acid, 3 drachms.
Bicarbonate Soda, 2 & ©
Tincture Stramonium, 4 6 &
Wini Colchicum Root, 4 & 6
Glycerine, 1 ounce.
Water, 8 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful four times a day.
Congestive Dysmenorrhoea.
Fluid Ext. Ergot, 7 drachms.
Tincture Gelseminum, 1 drachm.
Tincture Aconite Root, 16 drops.
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful every four hours
er oftener.
In Anaemia, with Amenorrhoea.
Arsenic, 1 grain.
Sulphate of Iron, (powdered), 3 drachm.
Powdered Black Pepper, 1 “
Pill Aloes and Myrrh, 1 & 6
Mix. Make sixty pills. Dose.—One twice a
day after meals.
Diuretic in Cardiac Dropsy.
Infusion Digitalis,
Acetate Squill,
Mix.
day.
3} ounces.
# ounce.
Dose.—A tablespoonful three times a
Diphtheret Croup.
Chlorate of Potash, 2 drachms.
Syrup of Lemon, 1 ounce.
Water, 8 ounces.
Dose.—If under two years, 1 teaspoonful;
from two to ten, 2 teaspoonfuls; over ten, a
tablespoonful, given every three hours.
In Bronchial Catarrh.
Acetate of Squill, # ounce.
Fl. Ext. Ipecac, # drachm.
Tinct. Opium, Deodorat, 1 & 6
Syrup Tolu, 10 drachms.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every two, three or
four hours.
Pneumonia.
Ammonia Muriatis, 3 drachms.
Antim, et Pot. Tartrat, 2 grains.
Sulph. Morphia, 3 “
Syrup Glycyrrhizae, 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every two hours.
Hydrag. Chlor. Mitis, 6 grains.
Ipecac Pulveris, 6 “
Opii Pulveris, 3 *
Sacchar. Alb., 90 “
Mix; make six powders. Dose.—One powder
every four hours, alternately with the preced-
ing prescription. At the same time cover the
• chest with emollient poultices. At the end of
twenty-four hours omit the powders, and
8
34 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PBACTICAL INFORMATION.
if the bowels have not been moved, give a
mild laxative. If the symptoms are not favor-
ably modified in three or four days, a blister
is placed on the side of the chest most affected.
Convulsions.
Musk, 6 grains.
Sesquicarb. Ammonia, 4 & &
White Sugar, 3 drachms.
Mix thoroughly and add
Aqua Elder Flowers,
Dose.—Teaspoonful every hour.
2} ounces.
Dropsy (following Scarlet fever.)
Tinct. Digitalis, 16 drops.
Potass. Acet., 80 grains.
Syrup of Squills, 1 fl. ounce.
Acetate of Squills, 3 fl “
Aqua Mentha Pip., A fl “
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, to a child, every
two hours.
Whooping Cough.
Formula, No. 1.
Sulph. Zinc,
Pulv. Myrrh,
Confect. Rosarum, q. S.
Make twenty pills. Dose.—One pill.
10 grains.
1} drachms.
Formula, No. 2.
Ext. of Belladonna, 2 grains.
Aqua, "2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Five or six drops four times a
day.
Formula, No 3.
Chloral Hydrate,
Simple Syrup,
1 drachm.
4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, according to Be-
verity.
Formula, No. 4.
Acid. Nit. Dil., 12 drachms.
Tinct. Card. Comp., 3 & 6
Simple Syrup, 34 ounces.
Aqua, 1 ounce.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every hour, or Sec-
ond hour, with soda gargle immediately after
administering.
Cholera, Infantum.
Formula No. 1.
Creosote, 3 drops.
Chalk Mixture, 1} ounces.
Acetate of Lead, 15 grains.
Acacia. # ounce.
Form into an emulsion. Dose.—Thirty drops
every two or three hours.
Formula, No. 2.
Calomel, 10 grains.
Sub. Nit. Bismuth, 20 “
Powdered Opium, 1 grain.
Pepsin, 20 grains.
Make thirty powders. Dose.—One every three
or four hours, or oftener if needed.
Cough.
Aq. Foeniculi, 4 drachms.
Wine of Antimony, 1 drachm.
Ext. Hyoscyamus, 8 grains.
Syrup Althae, 13 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful, every two hours,
to an infant from six to twelve months.
Infantile Diarrhea.
Acetate of Lead, 2 grains.
Opium, # grain.
Camphor, 1 “
Sugar, 8 grains.
Mix. Divide into 12 powders, and administer
one as often as needed.
Croup.
Oil of Stillingia, } drachm.
“ Cajeput, # & 6
* Lobelia, 3. “
** Lavender, # 66
“ Cinnamon, 10 drops.
“ Alcohol, 1 ounce.
Mix. As soon as a croup eough is noticed,
rub a small quantity on the throat, and repeat
every hour as long as needed. If the case is
very bad, administer one or two drops, on
sugar, every hour or two.
Lotion in Acne.
Hydrarg. Chlor. Cor., 1 scruple.
Glycerine, # ounce.
Rectified Spirits of Wine, 8 ounces.
Spirits Rosemary, , 4 drachms.
Mix. Use as a lotion.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 85
Chronic Alcoholism.
Oxide of Zinc, 1 drachm.
Piperin, 20 grains.
Mix. Make 20 pills. Take one pill three or
four times a day.
Amenorrhoea.
Arsenic, 1 grain.
Sulph. Ferri. (exsiccat), 3 drachm.
Pulv. Pip. Nig., 1 drachm.
Pil. Al. et Myrrh, 1 & 6
Mix. Divide into 40 pills. Dose.—One twice a
day after meals.
As An Aphrodisiac.
Ergotin, 20 grains.
Sanguinaria, 2 & 6
Mix. Ft. pil. No. 20. Dose.—One three times
a day.
Loss of Appetite.
Sulph. Quinine. 8 grains.
Acid Nit. Dil., # drachm.
Tinct. Aurantii, # ounce.
Syrup Aurantii, 1 “
Aqua Ad., 8 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Two tablespoonfuls, three times
a day.
Hay Asthma.
Iodide of Potass., § ounce.
Liq. Potass., Arsenit, 1 drachm.
Aqua, 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every four hours.
Cerebral Congestion.
Bromidi Sodii, 1 ounce.
Fluid Ext. of Ergot, 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Tablespoonful three times a day.
Asthmatic Fits of Emphysema.
Tincture of Opium, 1 drachm.
Ether Sulph., 2 drachms.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful every twenty min-
tutes. To each dose may be added
Tinct. Lobeliae Aetherae Gtt. XX.
Diphtheric Croup.
Potassii Chloratis, 2 drachms.
Syrupi Limonis, 1 ounce.
Aqua Pura, 3 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—According to age. If under two
years, a teaspoonful; from two to ten, two tea-
spoonfuls; over ten, a tableSpoonful, given
every three hours.
Toothache Remedy.
Chloral Hydrate, 1 drachm.
Camphor, 16 drachms.
Morphia Sulph., 2 grains.
Oil Peppermint, 2 drachms.
Rub solids in a mortar until they liquify, then
add the Oil Peppermint.
Apply on cotton.
º Hemorrhages,
Acidi Gallici, 1 drachm.
Glycerini, # ounce.
Aqua Destillata, 6 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Two tablespoonfuls three times
a day.
Syr. Scillae,
Tinct. Opii Camph.,
Win. Antimonii,
Gum Acacia,
Aqua Distill, OUIIlC68.
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful every hour or two.
# fl ounce.
2 fl drachms.
1 fi drachm.
A fl
2
2 fl
& 6
Pneumonia,
Liq. Antim et Potas. Tart., 2
Tinct. Opii, 2 drops.
Muc. Acacia, # fl
Syr. Limonis,
Aqua Mentha Pip.,
Mix. Dose.—From one to two teaspoonfuls
every two hours.
Mumps.
Olive Oil, 1 ounce.
Aqua Ammonia, # ounce.
Oil Terebinth, 2 drachms.
Mix. Apply several times a day.
36 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Ringworm.
Sulph. Zinc,
Lard, # ounce.
Mix. Wash the part affected and wipe dry;
£hen apply the ointment once or twice a day.
15 grains.
Constipation.
Carb. Magnesia, 1 drachm.
Pulv. Rhei, 10 grains.
Saponis, 20 “
Mix. Dose.—Ten grains twice a day.
Catarrh Remedy,
Powd. Hydrastis Canadensis, 5 drachms.
Indigo, } drachm.
Powdered Camphor 2 drachms.
Carbolic Acid, 2 6 &
Common Salt, 50 66
Powder the camphor by means of alcohol,
and mix with the salt, previously reduced to a
fine powder. Rub the indigo and carbolic acid
together, mix with the salt and camphor, and
add the powdered golden seal; mix intimately,
without much pressure, in a mortar.
The above is said to be Sage's Catarrh Cure.
A valuable Remedy for Catarrh.
White Hellebore (powdered) 2 drachms.
Orris Root, 66 1 drachm.
Rice, & 6 12 drachms.
Oil of Lavender, 1 drop.
“ Cassia, 1 “
“ Lemon, 1 “
External Piles.
Powdered Opium, 40 grains.
Pulv. Plumbi Acetatis, 30 “
pulv. Nut Galls, 2 “
Tannic Acid, 20 & 6
Simple Cerate, 1 ounce.
Mix. Apply a portion on going to bed.
Incontinence of Urine.
Fl. Ext. Ergot, 1 ounce.
Dose.—Ten drops after each meal, followed,
in a little while, by the same amount of muri-
ate tinc. of iron.
Whooping Cough.
Oil. Succini Rect., 1 ounce.
Tincture of Opium, 1 “
Aqua Ammonia, 1 tº
Olive Oil, 1 “
Mix. Rub along the whole track of the spine
two or three times a day, to be discontinued
when the parts become tender.
Burns.
If you have a wet surface apply bicarbonate
of soda in dry powder, then cover with a wet
cloth so as to keep the surface moist. A dry
burn must have the Soda in solution.
Chronic Throat Affections,
Tannic Acid, 2 drachms.
Rectified Spirits Wine, 1 drachm.
Camphor mixture to make 10 ounces
Mix. Use as a gargle.
Chronic Bronchitis.
IExt. Eucalyptus, 1 ounce.
Muriate of Ammonia, 2 drachms.
Extract of Glycerine, 2 ounces.
Syrup of Tolu, 3 *
Mix. Dose.—A tablespoonful, four or six
times a day.
ANOTHER.
Chloride of Ammonia, 2 drachms.
Compound Mixture of Licorice, 3 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—A desertspoonful, three times a
day.
Acute Catarrh.
Tartar Emetic, # grain.
Acetate of Morphia, 3. “
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—A tablespoonful every hour or so.
Caseous Prmeumonia.
Infusion of Digitalis, 4 ounces.
Acetate of Lead, 20 grains.
Laudanum, 1 drachm.
Mix. Doge.—A teaspoonful twice a day.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 37
A Sure Cure for Gonorrhea.
Powdered Iodoform, 2 drachms.
Submitrate of Bismuth, 2 & 6
Hydrate of Chloral, 15 grains.
Morphia, 5 “
Cocoa Butter, 1 ounce.
Oil of Rose Geranium, 20 drops.
Mix, and divide into twenty-four supposito-
ries, one-eighth of an inch in diameter. Di-
rections: One to be pushed into the urethra
three times daily.
Remedy for Syphilis.
Caroba Leaves (powdered), 90 parts.
Sarsaparilla, “ 30 “
Senna Leaves, 66 30 “
Calomel, 6 & 2 “
Simple Syrup, & 6 Q. S.
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful, night and morn-
ing, with caroba tea.
Bleeding from the Lungs.
Sugar of Lead, 40 grains.
Powdered Foxglove, 20 & 6
Powdered Opium, 10 66
Mix. Make 20 pills. Dose.—One every four
hours.
In Chronic Heart Disease.
Powdered Foxglove, 30 grains.
Sulphate of Iron (powdered), 15 “
Powdered Capsicum, 1 drachm.
Pill of Aloes and Myrrh, 2 drachms.
Mix. Form a mass and make 60 pills. Dose.—
One twice a day.
Influenza's
Dilute Phosphoric Acid, 15 drops.
Spirits of Chloroform, 25 “
Syrup of Squills, 1 drachm.
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful four or six times
every twenty-four hours.
A Stimulating Expectorant.
Carbonate of Ammonia, 5 grains.
Tincture of Nux Womica, 10 drops.
Tincture of Squills, # drachm.
Infusion of Serpentaria. 1 ounce.
Mix. Dose—Teaspoonful three times a day.
Whooping Cough Mixture.
Tincture of Nux Womica, 2 drachms.
Wine of Ipecac, 2} & 6
Syrup of Sarsaparilla Comp. 13 ounces.
Syrup of Senega, 1} “
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful, for children.
Diphtheria.
Benzoate of Soda (pure), 1 drachm.
Distilled Water, 1 ounce.
Peppermint Water, 1 “
Syrup of Orange Peel, 2 drachms.
Mix. Dose.—For an infant under one year,
one-half tableSpoonful every hour.
For Hemorrhages.
Gallic Acid, 1 drachm.
Glycerine, # ounce.
Distilled Water, 6 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Two tablespoonfuls three times
a day.
Cholera, Cure.
Tinct. of Opium, 2 ounces.
Spirits of Camphor, 2 66
Tinct. of Capsicum, # ounce.
Tinct. of Ginger, 1 & 6
Essence of Peppermint, 2 ounces.
Hoffman's Anodyne, 2 & 6
Mix. Dose.—Ten to twenty drops every 20
minutes, till relieved.
Cholera, Cure No. 2.
Chloroform, 8 drachms.
Tincture of Camphor, 6 ounces.
Tannic Acid, # drachm.
Sulph. Morphia, 1% grains.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful in water or syrup.
In Profuse Diarrhea.
Carbonate of Ammonia, 5 grains.
Tincture of Opium, 10 drops.
Infusion of Logwood, 1 ounce.
Mix. This amount every three or four hours-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Night Sweats.
Arom. Sulphuric Acid, 2 drachms.
Tincture Opium, 1 drachm.
Syrup of Orange Peel, 1 ounce.
Water sufficient to make, 8 ounces.
Mix. Doge.
day.
The above prescription is also very useful in
summer diarrhea, and as a preventive against
painters' colic.
Two teaspoonfuls, three times a
Compound Ether Mixture.
Hoffman's Anodyne, 2% drachms.
Tincture of Lobelia, 3 drachm.
Camphor Water, 5 drachms.
Dose. One to two teaspoonfuls. Good for
all cases of pain of the bowels and as a gen-
eral anodyne.
Cough Mixture.
Syrup of Ipecacuanha, 1 ounce.
Syrup of Tolu, 1 “
Syrup of Rhubarb, 1 “
Paregoric, 1 drachm.
Mix. Dose.-Teaspoonful, every two hours.
ANOTHER.
Ammonia Chlor., 1} drachms.
Spirits of Ether Compound, # ounce.
Syrup of Ipecacuanha, 2} drachms.
Powdered Extract of Licorice, 1 drachm.
Water sufficient to make, 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—Teaspoonful, in wine glass of
water, three or four times a day.
This mixture will be found beneficial in the
cough of bronchitis.
Lotions.
These are especially called for after sprains,
bruises, and blows which do not break the skin,
but are followed by swelling and pain.
No. 1.
Tannic Acid, 1 drachm.
Tincture of Opium, 2 drachms.
Water, 6 ounces.
Mix and apply, astringent and Sedative.
No. 2.
Liquor Sugar of Lead, 1 drachm.
Alcohol, 6 drachms.
Extract of Opium, 10 grains.
Water, 10 ounces.
Mix and apply, astringent and sedative.
No. 3.
Chloride of Ammonia, 5 drachms.
Acetic Acid, 10 66
Alcohol, 10 66
Water, 10 ounces.
Mix. Evaporating and discutient.
esteemed in the Hospital of London.
Highly
Cough Mixture.
Syrup of Tolu, 1 ounce.
Syrup of Wild Cherry, 1 “
Tincture of Henbane, 1 “
Compound Spts. of Ether, 1 “
Water, 1 *
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful.
In Lead Colic.
Alum, 2 drachms.
Dilute Sulphuric Acid, 1 drachm.
Syrup of Lemons, 8 drachms.
Water. 3 drachms.
Mix. Dose.—A tablespoonful every hour or
two.
Stodes' Expectorant Mixture.
Carbonate of Ammonia, 82 grains.
Fluid Extract of Senega, 1 drachm.
Fluid Extract of Squills, 1 drachm.
Paregoric, 6 drachms.
Water, # ounce.
Syrup of Tolu Sufficient to make 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful.
Licorice Mixture.
Chloride of Ammonia, 2 drachms.
Extract of Licorice, 2 drachms.
Paregoric. 2 drachms.
Water Sufficient to make 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 39
Sedative Mixture,
Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, 1 drachm.
Chloroform (pure), 1 drachm.
Tincture of Henbane, 8 drachms.
Syrup of Tolu, 8 66
Camphor Water, 8 66
Mucilage of Acacia, 8 66
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful.
In Summer Catarrh (Hay Asthma.)
Iodide of Potass., 1 ounce.
Fowler's Solution, 1 drachm.
Water, 4 ounces.
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful every four or six
hours.
Acute Bronchitis.
Wine of Ipecac, 2 drachms.
Liquor Citrate of Potash, 4 ounces.
Paregoric, 1 ounce.
Syrup of Acacia, 1 ounce.
Mix. Dose.—A tablespoonful three times a
day in the first stage of ordinary acute Bron-
chitis.
Excoriated Skin,
Borax, 1 drachm,
Dilute Alcohol, 1} drachms.
Distilled Water, 8 ounces.
Mix. To be applied several times a day in
bruises with excoriated skin.
Cooling Lotion,
Liquor Acetate of Ammonia, # ounce.
Water, 1} ounces.
Mix. Use as a cooling lotion.
In Painful Joints.
Chloride of Ammonia, 2} drachms.
Camphor, 40 grains.
Soap, 1} drachms.
Dilute Alcohol, 5 ounces.
Immerse a piece of flannel in this solution
and retain it upon the painful joint by a
bandage.
Poultices.
These are used in the beginning of inflam-
mations, to arrest them and prevent the form-
ation of pus; also after suppuration, to facilitate
the passage of the matter to the surface and
its expulsion, and limit the spread of inflam-
matory action.
Hints and Cautions.—It is important that
poultices should be applied as hot as can be
borne, and frequently changed, the old poultice
not being removed before the new one is at
hand to replace it. In the treatment of boils
it is good practice to cover the boil with a
piece of opium plaster with a circular hole,
and to apply the poultice only over the plaster,
or to smear the contiguous surface to the boil
with zinc ointment; the object being to pro-
tect the adjacent tissues from the action of the
poultice, which has a tendency to develop fresh
boils.
How to Make a Good Linseed Poultice.
Rinse a bowl with boiling water to heat it,
then pour in sufficient boiling water; with one
hand sprinkle into the the bowl the meal, while
with the other stir the mixture constantly with
a Spoon or spatula, till sufficient meal has been
added to make a thin and smooth dough. This
should be done rapidly, otherwise the poultice
will be almost cold when made. The meal
should always be added to the water with con-
stant stirring, as here directed, for if the water
be poured over meal the two ingredients are
not Well blended, and a lumpy, knotty mass is
the result. The dough thus made should be
Spread quickly and evenly over a folded piece
of warm linen, cut ready to receive it.
The following is the formula of the British
Pharmacopoeia for this poultice: -
Linseed Meal, 4 ounces.
Olive Oil, # ounce.
Boiling Water, 10 ounces.
Mix and apply.
Bread and Milk Poultice.
Place a handful of fine bread crumbs in a
basin; pour on boiling milk and stir until the
mixture is of the thickness of mush, and per-
fectly smooth. Spread upon cloth, and apply
Warm, renewing often. This poultice, though
simple, is a valuable one, and always conven-
ient. Useful in inflammations of any kind.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Charcoal Poultice.
Make a bread and milk poultice in the usual
Way, then sprinkle finely powdered charcoal
over it, and apply. Valuable for cleansing old
Sores, and for arresting mortification.
Mustard Poultice.
Mix ground white mustard with boiling water
to the consistency of paste; spread on thick
linen, or brown paper, covered with thin muslim.
Apply for a few minutes only, unless it is
necessary to produce a blister. Used chiefly
as a counter-irritant in acute pain and con-
gestion.
Slippery-Elm Poultice.
Powdered elm bark and boiling water formed
into a thin paste. Sometimes a small portion
of laudanum is added, which makes a grateful
application to abscesses, felons, painful bruises,
etc.
Starch Poultice.
Make a smooth, moderately thick paste of
starch and boiling water, in the usual manner,
and spread upon linen cloth. Useful in cases
of irritable and inflamed skin eruptions.
SURGICAL, EMERGENCIES.
Wounds.
Men whose business it is to work as wood-
choppers, railroad men, miners, etc., and, in-
deed, all who are liable to cuts and wounds,
should know what to do until the doctor comes.
The first thing we shall call your attention
to is, the necessity of providing yourself with
a few necessary articles, in case of emergen-
cies; and first we shall mention Monsel's Solu-
tion and some adhesive plaster. Here we are
prepared against bleeding, except a vital part
has been injured. We will suppose, however,
that, unfortunately, one has received a Wound,
either from some sharp instrument, or a gun-
shot wound, or some part of the body is
lacerated, contused, or punctured, from Some
cause; and that the wound was bleeding freely.
Before the wound is dressed, the character of
the bleeding is to be noticed. If the blood is
dark-colored, and flows regularly in a stream,
it is venous blood, and you will be able to
control it easily; but if it is bright scarlet, and
Spurts out in jets, some artery has been
Wounded. If the wound is a gun-shot one, and
received in the trunk, proceed thus:
Take the adhesive plaster, and cut a piece
from it large enough to cover the wound well,
and then apply it over the wound so as to pre-
vent the flow of blood or entrance of air; or
take a rag and shape it in a pleget, and tie it
On the wound firmly with a bandage or hand-
kerchief. If internal hemorrhage occurs nothing
can be done—the patient will die. (See gun-
shot wounds.)
If the wound is in the arm or leg you can
always do something.
If the blood flows from a vein, cold water,
or raising the arm or leg and employing pres-
sure will stop the flow. If you are not suc-
cessful, apply Monsel's solution, which will
cause the blood to coagulate. When the flow
of blood has ceased, apply a bandage. If the
blood comes out in jets, you may know that
an artery is wounded, and a surgeon required
immediately; but in such cases instantly apply
the Spanish windlass, which is made by tying
a handkerchief around the limb, and twisting
it with a stick until the hemorrhage ceases.
Be careful, however, to apply the windlass
above the wound, towards the heart.
In ordinary wounds, cuts, etc., draw the
edges together with adhesive plaster and put
on cold water dressings.
Gun-Shot Wounds.
“Always look at your gun, but never allow
your gun to look at you,” or any one else.
Wounds made by a gun or pistol shot are,
frequently, more easily prevented than cured.
In case of a wound of this character, the first
thing to be done is to stop the flow of blood,
if possible. If the wound is in a limb, this
can usually be accomplished by applying a
ligature above the Wound, and by thrusting a
portion of a silk handkerchief into it. If an
artery has been severed, the flow of blood must
be stayed by hard and constant pressure upon it.
AN ENCYCLOPMEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. * 41
If possible, the patient should be quickly and
quietly removed, placed on a bed and kept
quiet, until a Surgeon arrives. If there is much
prostration from the shock, and loss of blood,
the strength should be kept up by artificial
stimulants, and plenty of fresh air allowed.
In all cases, the ball, or shot, must be extracted,
and the wound thoroughly cleansed, or it cannot
be expected to heal. Frequent bathing of the
part, with warm water, will help to keep down
the inflammation, and assist nature greatly.
Give mild nourishment and cooling drinks,
keep the bowels open.
Bandages—How to Make and Apply. Them.
Bandages are strips of calico, linen, flannel,
muslin, elastic webbing, bunting, or some other
substance, of various lengths, such as three,
four, eight, ten, or twelve yards, and one, one-
and-a-half, two, two-and-a-half, three, four, or
six inches wide, free from hems or darns, soft
and unglazed. They are better after they have
been washed. Their uses are to retain dress-
ings, apparatus, or parts of the body in their
proper positions, support the Soft parts, and
maintain equal pressure.
|Bandages are simple and compound. The
former are simple slips rolled up tightly like a
roll of ribbon. There is also another simple
kind, which is rolled from both ends,-this is
called a double-headed bandage. The compound
bandages are formed of many pieces.
Bandages for the head should be two inches
wide and five yards long; for the neck, two
inches wide and three yards long; for the arm,
two inches wide and seven yards long; for the
leg, two inches-and-a-half wide and seven yards
long; for the thigh, three inches wide and eight
yards long; and for the body, four or six inches
wide and ten or twelve yards long.
To apply a single-headed baridage, lay the
outside of the end next to the part to be ban-
daged, and hold the roll between the little, ring
and middle fingers, and the palm of the left
hand, using the thumb and fore-finger of the
same hand to guide it, and the right hand to
keep it firm, and pass the bandage partly
round the leg towards the left hand. It is some-
times necessary to reverse this order, and there-
fore it is well to be able to use both hands.
Particular parts require a different method of
applying bandages, and therefore we shall de-
scribe the most useful separately; and there are
different ways of putting on the same bandage,
which consists in the manner the folds or turns
are made. For example, the circular bandage
is formed by horizontal turns, each of which
overlaps the one made before it; the spiral
consists of spiral turns; the oblique, follows a
course oblique or slanting to the center of the
limb; and the recurrent folds back again to the
part whence it started.
Circular bandages are used for the neck, to
retain dressings on any part of it, or for blis-
ters, Setons, etc.; for the head, to keep dress-
ings on the forehead, or any part contained
within a circle passing round the head; for the
arm, previous to bleeding; for the leg, above
the knee; and for the fingers, etc.
To confine the ends of bandages some per-
Sons use pins, others slit the ends for a short
distance, and tie the two strips into a knot,
and some use a strip of adhesive plaster.
Always place the point of a pin in such a po-
sition that it cannot prick the patient, or the
person dressing the limb, or be liable to draw
out by using the limb; therefore, as a general
rule, turn the head of the pin from the free
end of the bandage, or towards the upper part
of the limb. The best mode is to sew the ban-
dage on. A few stitches will hold it more
Securely than pins can.
The oblique bandage is generally used for
arms and legs, to retain dressings.
The spiral bandage is generally applied to
the trunk and extremities, but is apt to fall off
even when very carefully applied; therefore, we
generally use another, called the recurrent,
which folds back again.
The recurrent bandage is the best kind of
bandage that we can employ for general pur-
poses. The method of putting it on is as
follows: Apply the end of the bandage that is
free, with the outside of it next the skin, and
hold this end with the finger and thumb of the
left hand, While some one supports the heel of
the patient; then with the right hand pass the
bandage over the piece you are holding, and
keep it crossed thus until you can place your
right forefinger upon the spot where it crosses
42 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
the other bandage, where it must be kept firm.
Now hold the roll of the bandage in your left
hand, with the palm turned upwards, and tak-
ing care to keep that part of the bandage
between your right forefinger, and the roll in
your left hand, quite slack; turn your left
hand over, and bring the bandage down upon
the leg; then pass the roll under the leg towards
your right hand, and repeat this until the leg
is bandaged up to the knee, taking care not to
drag the bandage at any time during the pro-
cess of the bandaging. When you arrive at the
knee, pass the bandage round the leg in circles
just below the knee, and pin it as usual. Ban-
daging is very easy, and if you once See any
one apply a bandage properly, and attend to
these rules, there will not be any difficulty;
but bear one thing in mind, without which you
will never put on a bandage even decently, and
that is, never to drag or pull at a bandage, but
make the turns while it is slack, and you have
your right forefinger placed upon the point
where it is to be folded down. When a limb
is properly bandaged, the folds should run in
a line corresponding to the shin-bone. Use, to
retain dressings, and for varicose veins.
A bandage for the chest is always placed
upon the patient in a sitting posture; and it
may be put on in circles or spirally. Use in
fractures of the ribs, to retain dressings, and
after severe contusions.
A bandage for the belly is placed on the
patient as directed in the last, carrying it
spirally from above downwards. Use, to com-
press the belly after dropsy, or retain dressings.
The hand is bandaged by crossing the band-
age over the back of the hand. Use, to retain
dressings.
For the head, a bandage may be circular or
spiral, or both; in the latter case, commence
by placing one circular turn just over the ears;
then bring down from left to right, and round
the head again, so as to alternate a spiral with
circular turn. Use, to retain dressings on the
head, or over the eye; but this form soon gets
slack. The circular bandage is the best, cros-
sing it over both eyes.
For the foot, place the end just above the
outer ankle, and make two circular turns to
prevent its slipping; then bring it down from
the inside of the foot over the instep, towards
the outer part; pass it under the sole of the
foot, and upwards and inwards over the instep
towards the inner ankle, then round the ankle
and repeat again. Use, to retain dressings to
the instep, heel or ankle.
For the leg and foot, commence and proceed
as directed in the preceding paragraph; then
continue it up the leg, as ordered in the recur-
rent bandage.
As it sometimes happens that it is necessary
to apply a bandage at once, and the materials
are not at hand, it is desirable to know how
to Substitute something else, that any one may
apply with ease. This is found to be effected
by handkerchiefs, and an experienced surgeon
(Mr. Mayor) has paid great attention to this
subject, and brought it to much perfection. It
is to him, therefore, that we are indebted for
most of these hints.
Any ordinary handkerchief will do; but a
Square of linen folded in various shapes answers
better. The shapes generally required are as
follows: The triangle, the long square, the
cravat, and the cord.
The triangular handerchief is made by fold-
ing it from corner to corner. Use, as a band-
age for the head. Application.—Place the base
round the head, and the short part hanging
down behind, then tie the long ends over it.
Abrasions.
Pyroxyline, 200 grains.
Stronger Ether, 124 ounces.
Alcohol, 3} & 6
Mix the ether and alcohol in a suitable bot-
tle, add the pyroxyline, and dissolve. The above
preparation will be found very useful as a
dressing for abrasions and Wounds.
Abscesses.
Take white paint and apply it gently with a
brush; or else tincture of armica, used in the
same manner. Apply poultices of linseed meal.
Care should be taken not to open an abscess
too soon. Dress with spermaceti ointment.
Abortion-(To prevent.)
Fluid Ext. Viburnum Prunifolium, 1 ounce.
Simple Syrup, 1 “
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful every two or three
hours. -
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 43
Chillblains,
Inflammation of the skin, owing to sudden
change to or from a frosty temperature, occurs
usually in females and children with feeble cir-
culation. A congestive stage and ulcerated or
broken stage, is plainly marked. It will be
found that all the symptoms are aggravated by
warmth and luxurious diet, and one feels the
trouble increase towards evening.
Treatment.—Take
Sulph. Copper, 3 grains.
Water, 1 ounce.
Mix. Apply to the affected part; or,
Tinct. Iodiue, 1 ounce.
Glycerine, 1 “
Mix. Paint the affected part : take regular
and free exercise, plenty of fresh air, healthy
living. A few drops of laudanum at night would
help the circulation.
How to Distinguish a Fracture of the Shoulder
from a Dislocation.
In a dislocation, there is no crepitus. In a
fracture there is.
In a fracture, the bone, when reduced, will
not remain in place. In dislocation, it will.
In dislocation, the patient cannot place the
hand upon the opposite shoulder; in fracture,
he can.
In dislocation forwards, the arm is shortened.
In fracture, the arm is lengthened.
In dislocation, first return the bone to its
natural position. Let this be done as early as
possible, and the Sooner the better. One of
the great obstacles in the Way of reducing a
dislocation is the contraction of the muscles.
The reduction of the dislocation is generally
performed while the patient is under the influ-
ence of chloroform or ether, as it has a ten-
dency to relax the muscles. In moderate cases,
however, continuous and firm pulling upon the
limb will suffice. After the reduction has been
accomplished, the limb should be kept perfectly
quiet. When there is much pain or swelling,
hot fomentations should be applied, or a hot
shower upon the limb may be used.
Dislocation of the Jaw.
The jaw is often thrown out of place by
yawning, convulsions, or blows on the chin.
It is usually recognized by the chin being
thrown to the opposite side, if the displace-
ment occurs but on one side. In wide gaping
of the mouth, the dislocation occurs Unon both
sides at once.
Treatment.—Seat the patient on a low stool,
stand in front of him, and then press your
thumbs upon the last molar, or grinding teeth,
very firmly. Be careful, however, to have your
thumbs well protected with wrappings; make a
downward pressure. When you hear a Snap,
it is an indication that the bone is in its natural
position. Confine the chin for a Week or ten
days by a bandage.
Dislocation of the Elbow.
When the elbow is dislocated backward, the
most common form, the point of the elbow will
be found projecting much more than naturally,
and it will be impossible to bend the arm more
than to a right angle; though it may be drawn
out without pain. This dislocation can gener-
ally be reduced, very easily, by simply placing
the knee in the bend of the elbow and bending
the arm around the knee, while pulling upon
it with considerable force. After the disloca-
tion is reduced, the arm should be placed in a
sling. Hot formentations should be applied to
relieve Soreness, and if inflammation threatens,
cool or ice compresses should be used as much
as possible.
Dislocation of the Hip.
The simplest plan of treating dislocation of
the hip is that known as the automatic method.
The patient lies upon the floor on his back.
The operator raises the injured limb to a right
angle, and places the foot of the patient be-
tween his legs in such a way that the back of
the foot rests against his sacrum. The limb
is then firmly grasped just below the knee, and
the patient is lifted until the hip is raised from
the floor. The body should be held in this
position for a minute or two, by the end of
which time the head of the femur will be heard
to click into its socket. In case the effort is
not successful, both legs should be treated in
the same Way at once. If neither effort is suc-
cessful, after Several trials, proceed to employ
44 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
the following method: Let the operator with
one hand grasp the affected limb by the ankle,
and bend the knee nearly to a right angle,
placing the other hand just below the bend of
the knee. The knee should now be carried
outward, the limb being also twisted in the
Same direction, and then brought slowly down
to its matural position.
Dislocation of the Knee-Cap.
This may be dislocated in various directions.
It is characterized by the leg being stretched,
and a prominence formed by the patella in an
abnormal situation.
Treatment.—Raise the patient's leg and rest
it upon your shoulder. While in this position,
force the bone into its place with the hand.
Dislocation at the Ankle.
This may be forwards, backwards, inwards,
and outwards, and are the results of severe
force. The bones' ends are usually fractured at
the same time. It is a very serious accident,
and when it occurs to patients whose constitu-
tions are bad, amputation may often be neces-
Sary.
Treatment.—Reduction is effected by bending
at the knee, and while in that position, drawing
the foot forwards.
In all cases of dislocations and fracture com-
municating with joints, the danger is anchylosis
or stiffness of the joints. This is to be obviated
by what is called passive motion, which is to
be instituted in all cases a few weeks after the
accident. It is accomplished by taking hold of
the limb and moving it in natural directions,
as far as consistent, and repeated after suita-
ble intervals. The patient is to be enjoined,
also, when practicable, to exercise his limb at
the wounded articulation. There are many
other fractures and dislocations that I have not
spoken of, for the reason that they are all so
serious that the treatment should only be at-
tempted by those having the proper anatomical
knowledge and Surgical skill.
Dislocation at the Shoulder.
This may be displaced in three directions,
viz: inwards, downwards and backwards. By
comparing the injured with the Sound shoulder
you may be able to tell that it is a dislocation.
Where the head of the bone ought to be, you
will find a depression, and you will most likely
find a tumor, near the breast, in the arm-pit,
or towards the back, according to the manner
of dislocation.
Treatment.—Lay the person on his back, and
sit down beside him on the injured side, and
put a round pad in the arm-pit. Then take off
your boot, put your foot against the pad, grasp
the patient's arm, or tie a towel to it, put it
around your neck, and pull in that way. Then
while you pull at the arm and push with your
foot, tell the patient to turn round, or you may
carry the arm across the chest. While this is
done, a snap is heard, and the bone is in its
proper place.
Dislocation From Pulling the Arm.
This is a form of displacement which occurs
in young children, in . . consequence of being
pulled forcibly by the arm. There is still some
question among surgeons as to the exact nature
of the dislocation; some claiming that the dis-
location is at the wrist, and others at the elbow
joint. It is probable that either joint may be af-
fected. The hand will be found turned upon the
palm, the patient being unable to turnit backward.
Treatment.—All that is necessary is to grasp
the hand and forcibly turn it upon the back,
which will cause the bones to resume their
proper position.
Fracture of Collar Bone.
The collar bone is generally fractured by
indirect violence, such as a fall on the point
of the shoulder. It is generally broken near
the middle of the bone.
Symptoms.-The patient is usually found sup-
porting the arm with the hand, leaning toward
the injured side. The shoulder falls downwards,
is sunken and drawn toward the breast bone.
Treatment.—Push the shoulder backwards and
press on the seat of fracture, until you get it
in its place. Then make a wedge-shaped pad
and put it in the arm-pit, and secure it there by
a bandage which surrounds the chest; then
bring the elbow to the side and place the fore-
arm so tightly in that position that it cannot
move. If you follow these simple instructions
the cure will be a good one.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 45
Dislocation of the Bones of the Hand.
Displacement of the bones of the carpus or
body of the hand rarely occurs. The bones of
the fingers are occasionally dislocated, but more
frequently the thumb is dislocated backwards.
Treatment.—Make extension in a curved line,
by means of a narrow bandage or tape, firmly
applied by a close-hitch upon the finger.
Dislocation of the Ribs.
Dislocation of the ribs from the spinal col-
umn may sometimes occur by severe falls, or
blows upon the back, and from the breast bone
by violent bending of the body backwards.
Great pain and difficulty of breathing follow in
either case.
Treatment.—Tell the patient to take a deep
inspiration, and slightly bend the body back-
wards, and while he does this, make some
pressure on the projecting point. After reduc-
tion, treat the same as for broken ribs.
Dislocation of the Wrist.
This is a very rare displacement, but can be
easily discovered by an unnatural position of
the hand and total inability to move the wrist
ioint.
J Treatment.—All that is required is firm pull-
ing upon the hand, which causes the displaced
bones to slip into position.
Fracture of the Humerus.
The humerus is the bone between the elbow
and the shoulder. A fracture of this kind is
usually the result of direct muscular action. If,
as is usual, the fracture is transverse, there is
little displacement.
Treatment.—Place the bones in apposition,
and in order to be sure you are right, compare
it with the Sound arm. Then take four splints
and put one in front, one behind, and one on
each side of the arm. Secure these with a
bandage, and the work is done.
Apparent Death from Lightning.
Slip the clothes from the body, and apply
cold water, in large quantities, by throwing it
over the body briskly, at the same time apply
continual friction; administer internally brandy,
whisky, hartshorn, or any stimulent you may
have on hand. Electricity answers well if it
can be procured; administer gentle shocks to
the chest until signs of life seem evident. In-
flate the lungs by method given under instruc-
tion for drowned persons.
Apparent Death from Noxious Vapors.
Men who are employed in underground work-
ings often suffer death from inhaling bad gases
found at the bottom of old wells and under-
ground excavations. Before commencing work,
it is always a good plan to lower a lighted
candle to the bottom of a suspected well; if
the light is extinguished you may be sure it is
not fit to go into. If, however, a person has
Ventured down, and been overpowered, place the
body in the open air, dash cold water over the
face, head, and neck, turn the body gently but
completely on the side.
Apparent Death from Hunger.
Do not hasten to administer food or a fatal
result may follow, but first inject, with syringe,
a small quantity of mutton broth, or beef tea,
and if the patient can swallow, administer, in
teaspoonful doses, warm milk, then a little
brandy, and so gradually increase the nourish-
ment, as the patient's strength increases. Feed
the patient about every ten or fifteen minutes.
Choking.
This is an accident that may happen at any
moment, while in the act of eating; children,
too, are often addicted to putting substances in
their mouths, as coins, buttons, etc., as well
as attempting to swallow food without properly
masticating it.
Treatment.—Slap the patient on the back,
Smartly, or press a finger immediately down the
throat. Distend the gullet with a draught of
water; or better still, warm water and mustard,
which will act as a strong emetic.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Fracture of the Bones of the Forearm.
There are two bones here—the radius and
ulna. Both bones are sometimes fractured to-
gether. The cause is, generally, direct violence,
or, more rarely, a fall on the palm of the hand.
Treatment.—Examine the fracture, and if
found oblique and the arm shortened, draw the
arm forward and press the muscles into the
interosseus space (the space between the bones).
Then take two splints, well padded on the in-
side, reaching from the elbow beyond the fin-
gers; put one on the inside, reaching from the
elbow beyond the fingers, and the other on the
outside of the forearm. Secure with a band-
age. The arm should be carried in a sling.
Fracture of the Leg.
There are two bones below the knee, called
the tibia and the fibula. Either one or both
bones of the leg may be broken. The tibia, or
inner bone of the leg, is most frequently frac-
tured, on account of being less protected by
muscles. When the tibia is broken, it can be
very easily discovered by feeling along the shin.
The pain is not very severe, but the limb is
partially bent, and the patient has no power to
extend it. Sometimes the outer-bone of the leg
is broken at a point about three inches above
the ankle, and the inner ankle is either broken
or separated from the heel-bone by laceration of
the ligaments. This is what is known as Potts’
fracture.
Treatment.—When both bones are broken, or
when the fibula alone, or when the upper part
of the fibula is fractured, the best and most
complete apparatus is the fracture-box and pil-
low. Make a box considerably wider than the
leg, with only one end-board, and that consider-
ably higher than the sides of the box. Of
course the box must have no lid. A piece of
cloth a yard long, and about two feet wide,
should be placed in the box, in such a way as
to cover the bottom and sides, the edge of the
cloth hanging over outside of the box. A quantity
of dry bran or sand should next be placed in
the box, a sufficient amount being poured in to
form a cushion for the foot and lower part of
the leg, to the shape of which it should be
molded. Bran or sand should be poured in
around the sides of the leg. Bran or sand is
necessary only in cases in which there is a
Wound, which is very frequent in this form of
practice. Secure the foot to he foot-board, so
as to prevent lateral inclimation. Ordinary
Splints'of pasteboard or other material may also
be successfully used in case of fracture of the
lower end of the fibula, in which the foot is
turned to one side. In bandaging, great care
must be exercised that the work is done
Smoothly, and allowance made for the swelling
which occurs.
If splints are used, they should be carefully
stuffed and applied to the inner side of the limb
When the foot is turned, and firmly strapped
down in such a manner as to bring it into its
natural position.
Fracture of the Bones in the Hand, Foot, or Ankle.
Fractures of the carpal bones are generally
compound. When it is a simple fracture little
or no treatment is required beyond rest. The
Solid bones are generally wounded by accidents
that tend to crush them, as threshing machinery,
heavy weights falling on them, etc.
Treatment.—Dress the open wounds as any
other, then cover the whole hand in several
folds of rag or handkerchief dipped in water.
Fracture of the Cap of the Knee.
The knee pan, the cap of the knee, the
patella, are but different expressions for the
Same thing.
The cap of the knee may be broken vertically
or transversely. In some cases it is shattered
by a severe fall, muscular contractions, or
direct violence. There is no crepitation felt in
this fracture.
Treatment.—Keep down the Swelling with
lotions, and the fragments kept together by
adhesive plaster. Bind the leg to a lºng splint
placed on the back of the leg.
Fracture of the Ribs.
Accidents of this kind often happen by direct
violence, the ends being driven inwards; some-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, 47
times a severe Squeeze against a wall, when
the ribs give way and the ends are driven
outwards.
Symptoms.-Pain at the seat of injury; in-
creased pain on taking a deep inspiration;
arrest of the movements of the ribs in breath-
ing. By bending the head and listening you
may detect crepitus (a grating sound), and may
also detect the fracture by passing one hand
over the seat of injury, and the other on the
opposite side of the chest.
Treatment.—In a simple fracture, the best
plan is to apply strips of plaster two inches
broad, stretching from the spine behind to the
sternum in front, and extending some inches
above and below the site of the fracture. By
this means the ribs are kept perfectly at rest
on the injured side.
Injuries to the Eyes.
By a Blow.
A severe blow on the eye will frequently cause
hemorrhage to take place, between the choroid
and the retina. If the hemorrhage is severe,
all useful vision is lost, but if slight, recovery
may be looked for with a blind spot correspond-
ing to the detached portion of the retina.
Treatment.—The treatment should consist of
a couple of leeches to the temple, ice over the
eye, atropine drops, and perfect rest to both eyes.
By Lime or Mortar.
If seen immediately, should be treated by
Washing out with a tepid solution of vinegar,
Bay one teaspoonful of vinegar to sixteen of
water. The upper lid should be averted, and
all portions remaining in the eye carefully re-
moved; a drop of castor oil may then be put
in, and the eye closed with a pledgit of wet lint.
By Acids.
When the eye is injured by strong acid it
Should be Syringed out with an alkaline solution.
Formula.
Bicarbonate of Soda,
Water,
Mix and apply.
5 grains.
1 ounce.
The after treatment being the same as that
above described.
If the lids are injured with the acid, they
should be dressed with the following liniment:
Linseed Oil, 4 ounces.
Lime Water, 4 6 &
Prepared chalk, 2 & 6
Mix.
Lint dipped in this liniment should be applied
over the eye, and a pad of cotton wool placed
over it, with a bandage.
By Gunpowder.
When the eye is injured by an explosion of
gunpowder, all the loose powder should be care-
fully removed with a syringe and tepid water.
Examine the eye, and remove all particles im-
bedded in it. Castor oil should then be dropped
in, and belladonna lotion applied.
By Pieces of Metal.
Pieces of metal and other bodies, as the frag-
Inents caused by the explosion of percusion
caps, and Small shot, very frequently penetrate
the eyeball. If the foreign body can be seen,
an attempt should be made to remove it.
Treatment.— Draw down the lower lid with
the forefinger of the left hand and remove by
a piece of moistened paper. If the substance
be under the upper lid, place a bodkin across
the lid, and draw back the lid so that it is
completely inverted. Inflammation is very apt
to occur after these accidents.
Bleeding from the Air Passages and Lungs.
Let the patient at once go to bed, and keep
perfectly quiet, avoiding movement of any kind
as much as possible. Administer dilute acids,
in frequently repeated doses, with five drops of
tincture of digitalis. The bowels should be
kept open by means of epsom salts, in infusion
of roses. Give iced drinks and let the solid ice
be sucked. Mustard plasters may be applied
to the chest. A Small dose of morphia, say
one-sixth of a grain, may be given. The cough
must be allayed by the administration of any
of the cough mixtures, should the morphia not
suffice.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Bleeding from the Nose.
Apply cold water containing ice, if obtaina-
ble, or a piece of cold metal, to the back of
the neck. If this will not suffice, inject with a
Syringe, a solution of alum, or sulphate of zinc,
(ten grains to the ounce), or Snuff up the nos-
trils some gallic acid, powder of pomegranate,
kino, or catechu, mixed with starch. A plug
of lint may also be dipped in either of the
above powders and pushed up the nose.
To Check Nose-Bleed.
Take Monsel's iron solution and apply it with
a feather; the wing-feather of a common fowl
is most readily obtained. The barbed end, of
course, is dipped into the solution and pushed
rapidly back into the nostril, and turned once
or twice in the fingers. In a few seconds the
feather refuses to yield to pushing or pulling,
showing that a firm clot has been formed. The
projecting end is clipped so as not to incon-
venience the patient, enough of it being left to
be easily seized and removed when required.
If one feather should fail to stop the blood, a
second feather may be introduced in the same
manner, along side of the first one. At the
end of a certain time the clots slough away
from the nasal walls, and may be removed
without trouble.
Sunstroke.
Sunstroke may with much propriety be called
congestion of the brain, as the injury done to the
brain is much the same, except it may be that
no clot is found there.
Harvest hands and all persons exposed to the
extreme heat of the Sun are liable to be
stricken down, and as a prevention ought to
wear light clothing.
The symptoms are dizziness, extreme thirst,
violent throbbing of the arteries, both corotid
and temporal; insensibility ensues by a convul-
sive shivering.
Treatment.—Carry the patient to a shady
place, and instantly apply, copiously, cold water,
or what is better, pounded ice in a bag, to the
head. Rub the legs briskly with turpentine.
Inhalation of ammonia or hartshorn is bene-
ficial, and carbonate of ammonia may be given
internally. This treatment must be kept up
until the patient is better, or death ensues.
When the patient is sufficiently recovered give
him a brisk cathartic, and keep him from
exposing himself to the sun for a few days.
Stabs.
They are treated as common wounds by first
stopping the blood, if possible, by the use of
cold Water and a sponge; and the edges brought
together with strapping and bound up. Keep
the patient quiet.
Ingrowing Nails.
The best thing to be done is simply to get a
common saw file or a piece of glass, and either
file or scrape the arch of the nail quite thin,
by this means the center of the nail will event-
ually be rendered so thin that it may be readily
bent. Now raise the sides of the nail and
insert in the grove between it and the flesh a
thin layer of cotton wool. Nails should never
be clipped at the corners, but cut straight
across the top, if anything, slightly scooped in
the middle.
Apparent Death From Cold.
A person apparently dead from cold must
not be taken to a hot fire; that would be very
wrong. The best thing you can do is to rub
the body of the person with Snow, ice, or cold
water, and after a time apply a very gentle
heat, and proceed according to the directions
laid down in the article on drowning.
Apparent Death From a Blow or Fall.
In an emergency of this kind prompt means
must be resorted to. Place the patient on a
couch in a recumbent position, with the head
raised. Dash cold water on the face, and
administer stimulants such as brandy, harts-
horn, etc., and apply warmth to the feet and
legs. Keep the patient quiet.
Cut Throat.
In cut throat, the first thing to be done is
to search for all bleeding vessels, veins as well
as arteries, and either twist or tie them. The
danger is from hemorrhage, Suffocation from
blood clot, or by entrance of air into a divided
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 49
vein. If the blood is of a dark color and gushes
out, there is a vein severed; but if the blood
is red (arterial blood), and spurts, an artery
has been severed, and must be tied. In case
of the severance of a Superficial vein, place the
fingers on the course of the veins, a little above
the cut, between it and the head, and keep a
firm, though gentle pressure. If the trachea
(wind pipe) is entirely divided, the divided
edges may be kept together by some sutures.
On no account apply sutures to the eacternal wound.
Place the patient in bed with the shoulders
well raised, and the head thrown forward on
the chest, and secured there by tapes passing
from a night cap to a roller round the the
chest. Of course you would call a doctor as
Soon as possible.
Mow to Act. When the Clothes Take Fire.
The Scientific American says three persons
out of four would rush right up to the burning
individual, and begin to paw with their hands,
without any definite aims. It is useless to tell
the victim to do this or that, or call for water.
In fact, it is generally best not to say a
word, but to seize a blanket from a bed, or a
cloak, or any woolen material at hand, hold the
corners as far apart as you can, stretch them
out higher than your head, and running boldly
to the person, make a motion of clasping in
the arms, mostly about the shoulders. This
instantly smothers the fire and saves the
face. At the same time throw the unfortunate
person on the floor. This is an additional
safety to the face and breath, and any remnant
of flame can be put out more leisurely. The
next instant immerse the burnt part in cold
water, and all the pain will cease with the
rapidity of lightning. Next get some common
flour, and cover the burnt parts thickly with it,
put the patient to bed, and do all that is pos-
sible to soothe until the physician arrives. Let
the flour remain until it falls off, and a beau-
tiful new skin will be found. Unless the burns
are deep, no other application is needed. The
dry flour for burns is the most admirable rem-
edy ever proposed, and the information ought
to be imparted to all. The principle of its
action is that, like Water, it causes instant and
perfect relief from pain, by totally excluding
the air from the injured parts. Spanish whit-
ing and cold water, of a mushy consistency,
are preferred by some. Spread on the flour
until no more will stick, and cover with cotton
batting. Within the last few months the med
ical profession has used the bicarbonate of
soda, (bread soda), as an application to burns
and scalds. Its efficacy is really wonderful.
Try it.
Cure For Drunkenness.
There is a famous prescription in use in Eng-
land, for the cure of drunkenness, by which
thousands are said to have been assisted in
recovering themselves. The receipt came into
notoriety through the effects of John Wine Hall,
commander of the steamship Great Eastern.
He had fallen into such habitual drunkenness
that his most earnest efforts to reclaim himself
proved unavailing. At length he sought the
advice of an eminent physician, who gave him
a prescription which he followed faithfully for
Seven months, and at the end of that time had
lost all desire for liquor, although he had been
for many years led captive by a most debasing
appetite. The receipt, which he afterwards
published, is as follows: Five grains of sul-
phate of iron, ten grains of magnesia, eleven
drachms of peppermint water; use twice a day.
This preparation acts as a tonic and stimulant,
and so partially supplies the place of accus-
tomed liquor, and prevents the absolute
phyisical and moral prostration that follows a
Sudden breaking off the use of stimulating
drinks.
The following is said to be a cure for the
appetite or disease of drunkenness: Five grains
of Sulphate of iron, ten grains of magnesia,
eleven drachms of peppermint water, and one
drachm of Spirit of nutmeg, twice a day.
To Extract Substances From the Nose.
When a child has any substance wedged in
its nostrils, press the vacant nostril so as to
close it, and apply your lips close to the child's
mouth and blow very hard. This simple method
Will generally force the substance out of the
nostril.
4
50 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Partial Dislocation of the Neck.
To reduce this dislocation the unhappy per-
Son should immediately be laid on his back
upon the ground, and the operator must place
himself behind him, so as to be able to lay
hold of his head with both hands, while he
makes a resistance by placing his knees against
the patient's shoulders. In this posture he
must pull the head with considerable force,
gently twisting it at the same time, if the face
be turned to one side, till he perceives that the
joint is replaced, which may be known from
the noise which the bones generally make when
going in, the patient beginning to breathe,
and the head continuing in its natural posture.
To Stop Bleeding from Wounds.
Bleeding from a wound on man or beast may
be stopped by a mixture of wheat flour and
common salt in equal parts, bound on with
cloth. If the bleeding be profuse, use a large
quantity—say from one to three pints. It may
be left on for hours, or even days, if necessary.
In this manner the life of a horse was saved
which was bleeding from a wounded artery.
The bleeding ceased in five minutes after the
application. It was left on for three days,
when it worked loose, and was easily removed
from the wound, which very soon healed.
ANOTHER REMEDY.
Take of brandy or common spirits two ounces,
castile soap two drachms, and potash one
drachm; scrape the Soap fine, and dissolve it
in the brandy, then add the potash; mix well,
and keep in a close phial. When applied let
it be warmed, and dip pledgets of lint, and the
blood will immediately congeal. It operates by
coagulating the blood a considerable Way within
the vessel. A few applications may be neces-
sary for deep wounds, and where limbs are
cut off.
ANOTHER REMEDY.
Take the fine dust of tea, or the Scrapings
of the inside of tanned leather, and bind it
close upon the wound, and the blood Will soon
cease to flow. These articles are at all times
accessible, and easy to be obtained.
Drowning.
Rules to be observed for the recovery of per-
Sons apparently drowned.—The body should be
moved with all speed to the nearest house,
unless too far, and after being stripped and
dried, it should be placed in bed, between
blankets, the head being slightly raised, whilst
hot bricks and bottles are being got ready to
place to the feet and abdomen. Artificial res-
piration should be commenced, by means of a
bellows, until a physician arrives with a proper
apparatus. Mustard poultices should be applied
to the abdomen, friction with hartshorn to the
chest, and an injection administered, composed
of turpentine and gruel or hot water and spirits.
Hartshorn to the nose is useful. When signs
of animation begin to appear, a teaspoonful of
brandy and water should be given, but do not
force it down the throat. It is foolish to
attempt to bleed.
The late Doctor Walentine Mott gives the fol-
lowing directions: “Immediately as the body
is removed from the water, press the chest Sud-
denly and forcibly downward and backward,
and instantly discontinue the pressure. Repeat
this violent interruption until a pair of bellows
can be procured. When obtained, introduce the
muzzle well upon the base of the tongue. Sur-
round the mouth with a towel or handkerchief
and close it. Direct a bystander to press firmly
on the projecting part of the neck (Adam's
apple), and use the bellows actively; then press
upon the chest, to expel the air from the lungs,
to imitate the natural breathing. Continue this
at least one hour, or until signs of natural
breathing come on. Wrap the body in blank-
ets, place it near a fire, and do every thing to
preserve the natural warmth, as well as to
impart an artificial heat, if possible. Every
thing, however, is secondary to inflating the
lungs. Send for a medical gentleman imme-
diately, and avoid all friction until respiration
shall be in some degree restored.”
Frozen Limbs.
When any part of the body is frozen, it
should be kept perfectly quiet till it is thawed
out, which should be done as promptly as pos-
sible. As freezing takes place from the surface
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 51
mº- *
inwardly, so thawing should be in the reverse
order, from the inside outwardly. The thawing
out of a portion of flesh, without at the same
time putting the blood from the heart into cir-
culation through it, produces mortification; but
by keeping the more external parts still con-
gealed till the internal heat and the external
blood gradually soften the more interior parts,
and produce circulation of the blood as fast as
thawing takes place, most of these dangers are
obviated.
Raw cotton and castor oil have restored
frost-bitten limbs when amputation was thought
to be necessary to preserve life. It is said to
be an infallible cure.
For a Fish Bone in the Throat.
If any person should become choked with a
fish bone, and cannot cough it out, or other-
wise easily remove it from the throat, let him
take the white of three or four eggs, and if
that does not carry the bone down into the
stomach (and perhaps it would be best that it
should not carry the bone down), let him take
immediately from a teaspoonful to a table-
spoonful of ground mustard in a little warm
water, which will be pretty certain to make
him vomit almost immediately, and as the eggs
are thrown from the stomach they will be very
likely to carry the bone from the throat. If
no mustard is on hand, take some other quick
emetic.
Snake Bite.
It is said that alum is a sure antidote to the
bite of a rattlesnake. Take a piece about the
size of a walnut and dissolve and drink it.
This, it is said, will cure either man or beast.
It would be a good idea for those who are in
the habit of going into the Woods or the prairies
to carry a piece of alum in their pockets, so
as to be in readiness for the emergency of a
bite. It is a simple remedy, but we have no
doubt of its efficacy.
ANOTHER.
The “New Albany Bulletin” says: We learn
that a lady resident of this county was bitten
by a snake of the copper-head kind, in the
foot, a few days since, which caused such excru-
ciating pain as to give her friends Serious
apprehension, for a time, of her recovery. An
experiment was, however, resorted to, which
resulted in a cure. The Snake was killed, cut
to pieces, and bound to the Wound, which in a
short time extracted the poison, and the lady
is now convalescent.”
Cure For Rattlesnake Bites and Other Poisonous
Creatures.
Indigo four drachms, gum camphor eight
drachms, alcohol eight ounces; mixed and kept
in close bottles. Apply to the Wound, and the
cure is soon completed.
ANOTHER.
Take green hoarhound tops, pound them fine,
press out the juice, let the patient drink a
tablespoonful of the juice morning, noon and
night, or three times in twenty-four hours.
Apply the pounded herbs to the bite; change
the same twice a day. The patient may drink
a spoonful of sweet olive oil. This never fails
to cure.
Management of a Natural Labor.
We would not advise an incompetent person
to undertake the duty of midwife; but as labor
may some times take place in railroad cars,
and in places far away from medical assistance
it will be the duty of the writer to proceed to
describe his method of conducting a case of
natural labor.
The midwife should have with her a good
Syringe, a pair of Scissors, some stout pins,
for the binder, a soft elastic catheter, spirits
of ammonia, and ergot of rye in the form of
the fluid extract. As soon as you are called
have the lying-in Woman quietly informed that
the midwife wishes to see if all is “going on
as it should.” You then tell the patient to turn
on her left side, with the head and shoulders
low down on the bed, and the thighs and knees
drawn up. Her back should be placed towards
the right edge of the bed.
52. AN ENOYCLOPEDIA OF PRAOTICAL INFORMATION.
If labor pains are present they may be known
by what is called “come and go pains,” which
at first are moderate and wide apart, but finally
become more intense, and succeed each other
at shorter intervals—often causing cries and
gestures, during a pain. Pass the hand, which
has been previously smeared with lard, cold
cream, oil or vaseline, to the mouth of the
vagina. The fore finger of the right hand is
then guided along up the vagina, directing its
tip backward towards the hollow of the Sacrum,
where the mouth of the womb will be felt. If
the os (mouth of the womb) is then found to
be soft and dilatable, the chances are in favor
of an easy and expeditious labor. If, on the
contrary, it feels hard and rigid, the labor is
likely to be slow.
The examination having been made, and the
labor found to be all right, it is best to allow
the patient to get off the bed and walk about
the room, resting herself at intervals on a chair
and taking some refreshment. It is of advant-
age for the patient to walk about in the com-
mencement of labor, as the entrance of the
head into the pelvis is favored.
When the pains come quite frequently again,
introduce your hand, and as soon as you find
that the os uteri is fully dilated, the time has
arrived to rupture the membranes or bag of
waters, a sort of fluctuating tumor (unless they
have already burst). This may be done with
your finger nail, or by pressing a sharp nail
against the membranes while they are distended
by the water during a pain. If you have with-
drawn your hand you may again insert it, and
you will most likely find the head about descend-
ing into the vagina. This is what is called the
first stage of labor.
THE POSITION IN WHICH TO PLACE THE PATIENT
DURING THE SECOND STAGE.
In the Old Testament, Women are described
as being delivered in a sitting posture, and a
labor chair was used in France, in 1573. In
some parts of Germany, labor chairs are still
in use.
A gum coat, or water-proof covering, should
be laid over the bed, and covered with one or
two sheets folded to receive the discharge of
blood and water, which comes from the woman
during the second and third stages of labor.
In order to assist the woman in expulsive
pains, give her your hand to pull on, or, if
her husband be present, let her press him
around the neck. This will greatly aid her;
Or, you may tie a sheet to the bed post and
let her pull at that.
As soon as the child's head is born, you
must examine whether the cord be twisted round
the child's neck. If it is so, it should be gently
drawn down, and slipped over the child's head.
If it should be too tightly encircling the neck
to admit of being drawn down over the head,
or if the head is being drawn down too quickly,
then the encircling loop should be opened a
little, to let the body pass through it. But a
third case may happen; that is, the encircling
loop may be so tight as not to admit of being
drawn over the head, or of opening to let the
body pass through. In such a case, the child
is in danger of being strangled; it gets blue
and black in the face, and its body, held back
by the cord, cannot be born. The remedy here
is to get a finger under the loop, to guide by
it one blade of a pair of scissors, and cut the
loop. Then both cut ends should be held by
the fingers, or tied, if there is time. Of course,
when the child is born, the cord can be tied
again at the proper place.
The cord may be twisted twice, or even three
times, round the neck. In such a case it will
be the more likely to require to be divided.
As soon as it is born you will probably hear
the child gasp and cry, this is caused by the
sudden shock it receives from exposure to the
air, causing pain by the sudden expansion of
the lungs. A gentle pat on the back, or blow-
ing, or sprinkling Water on its face will often
excite respiration.
The cord should not be tied until the child
has well breathed and cried, or until the pul-
sations can no longer be felt in it, then sepa-
rate it from the mother. To do this, take a
few strands of thread and tie it round the cord,
not so tight as to cut through, about two inches
from the navel. Next take a pair of scissors
and cut the cord through about half an inch
away from the ligature, not on the side, how-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. §9
ever, towards the navel; you can put two lig-
atures on the cord if you like, and cut between
them. It is better to use blunt scissors to cut
the cord, as this crushes and bruises the ves-
sels in the cord, and thus helps to prevent
subsequent bleeding. It is well to examine the
cut end of the cord an hour or so after the
child is born, in order to see if there is any
escape of blood; in which case, a fresh liga-
ture should be applied.
Immediately after the child is born the mid-
wife should place her hand over the woman's
abdomen, to Secure contraction of the womb,
and at the same time to ascertain if there may
not be a second child in the uterus.
Then take the baby away, but be careful how
you do it, or else an accident may happen.
The baby is very slippery, so take it up in this
way: put its neck between the thumb and fore-
finger of the left hand, and put the palm of
the right hand under its buttocks, you then
have it secure; but do not be too anxious about
its safety, or you might choke it.
Now commences what is called the third
stage of labor, or the placenta stage.
This important stage is, perhaps, the most
dangerous to the mother, inasmuch as flooding
often commences, requiring the greatest efforts
of the midwife to stop it, for so long as the
after-birth is still in the womb there is great
danger.
The midwife, then, should place a hand over
the fundus of the uterus and exert a moderate
pressure upon it, if the after-birth has not
passed down into the vagina, for in some cases
the expulsion of the placenta follows immedi-
ately upon that of the child, sometimes with
the same pain. Usually the womb remains in
a state of rest for some minutes after the ex-
pulsion of the child.
By making pressure upon the womb, and at
the same time pulling gently upon the cord,
but by no means pull so hard as to tear the
cord, or invert the womb. If it will not come,
give the patient a pinch of Snuff to set up a
cough : this may expell the placenta. When
the placenta cannot be delivered in the way
just described, the hand may be gently intro-
duced into the uterus and passed between it
and the after-birth, which is then seized and
delivered by hand.
On the expulsion of the after-birth, be sure
and examine it to see if it is complete, and if
all the membranes have come away with it.
As soon as the after-birth has been removed,
the external genitals should be gently sponged
with warm water, and a warm dry napkin
placed on the vulva. The soiled linen may be
removed and sent out of the room.
After the delivery of the after-birth, a ban-
dage or binder should be applied to the abdo-
men. Do not fasten the binder too tightly, but
So as to give comfortable support. The great
point is that the binder should seize well below
the hips, otherwise it will slip upwards and be-
come useless. If everything has gone on well
the patient may be moved to the other side of
the bed, and made comfortable, in about half
an hour. But if she is weak from hemorrhage
or other cause, she must be allowed to rest an
hour or more undisturbed.
The child having been washed, it should be
put to the breast for a few minutes. This
early application of the child to the breast acts
beneficially in two ways—on the child, by sat-
isfying its natural instinct to suck, as well as
by the first milk opening its bowels; and on
the mother by securing a due and permanent
contraction of the uterus. When the midwife
has put the child to the breast, has found it
Suck, and examined the uterus and found it
contracted, ascertained that there is no bleed-
ing, and found the pulse 100, she may safely
leave the patient.
After Pains.
After-pains are caused by the contraction of
the uterus after labor. They vary in intensity
in different Women; in some they scarcely excite
attention; in others, they are most severe and
distressing.
Treatment.—The best remedy is patience;
they may, however, be alleviated by small doses
of morphia, or a few drops of laudanum.
Heated cloths and warm formentations are some-
54 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
times useful, particularly if assisted by mod-
erate but sufficient pressure on the abdomen,
by means of a broad bandage. They seldom
follow with severity the first birth.
Placing the child to the breast tends to pre-
vent the occurrence of after-pains, by promoting
early contraction of the uterus.
After-pains should not be checked, unless too
Severe, because they tend to promote the ex-
pulsion of substances which, if retained in the
Womb, might decompose and set up blood
poisoning.
IELIXIRS,
This is a term applied in pharmacy to
various compound sweetened tinctures or cor-
dials, and to preparations supposed to contain
the quintessence of other substances. The elixirs
of the alchemists were solutions, employed in
their fruitless attempts to transmute the baser
metals into gold.
The indicated elixirs of the present day, when
properly made, form a certain, convenient and
agreeable method of administering a large class
of important remedies, and are fast coming into
favor throughout the civilized World.
Simple Elixir No. 1.
Fresh Orange Peel, 120 grains.
Cardamoms, 20 “
Star Amise, 30 “
Simple Syrup, 5 fl ounces.
Alcohol, 4 “ “
Water, 9 “ “
Exhaust the aromatics with the alcohol and
water. Mix and add the syrup; color with car-
mine, if desired.
Simple Elixir No. 2.
Cinnamon, 1} drachms.
Star Anise, 1 drachm.
Coriander, 1} drachms.
Nutmeg, # drachm.
Caraway, 1} drachms.
Oil Sweet Orange, # drachm.
Dilute Alcohol, 2 pints.
Syrup, 2 pints.
Percolate the the aromatics with the dilute
alcohol previously mixed with the oil of Orange,
continuing the percolation until two pints of
aromatic tincture are obtained, and mix with
the syrup.
Simple Elixir No. 3.
Alcohol, 4 ounces.
Water, 9 ( &
Sugar, 4}. “
Oil Sweet Orange, # drachm.
Oil Caraway, 15 drops.
Oil Coriander, 10 & 6
Oil Cassia, 10 & 6
Mix and shake with paper pulp, or rub with
one ounce of carbonate of magnesia, and filter.
Elixir Lactopeptine and Bismuth.
Lactopeptine, 1 ounce.
Cit. of Bismuth and Ammonia, 128 grains.
Aqua Ammonia, Q. S.
Boiling Water, Q. S.
Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint.
Dissolve the bismuth and ammonia in a little
boiling water, adding a few drops of aqua am-
monia to clarify.
Macerate the lactopeptine for 24 hours in a
portion of the elixir.
Mix and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains one grain of
bismuth and three grains of lactopeptine.
NoTE.—For properties and uses, see elixir
lactopeptine.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Mandrake Compe
* }* in coarse powd., º grams.
Dilute Alcohol, 1 pint.
Sugar, 6 ounces.
Prepared flavoring, 1 ounce.
Percolate the powders with diluted alcohol
until thirteen ounces are made; then add the
sugar and the prepared flavoring, and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains five grains each
of mandrake and Senna.
Properties.—Cathartic, emetic, alterative, an-
thelmintic, hydragogue, and Sialagogue.
Uses.—In chronic liver diseases; in bilious
and typhoid fevers.
Doge.—One to two teaspoonfuls. *.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 55
Percolating Menstruum.
Alcohol, 40 OunceS.
Water, 4} pints.
Mix and filter through carb. magnesia.
Prepared Flavoring.
Oil Coriander, 1 drachm.
Oil Anise, # drachm.
Oil Sweet Orange, 2 ounces.
Oil Cinnamon, # drachm.
Oil Cloves, 10 drops.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Mix.
This and the preceding formula will both
be found useful in making some of the medi-
cated elixirs which follow.
*-
Stock Solution For Simple Elixir.
Oil Orange, # drachm.
“ Coriander, 15 drops.
“ Cassia, 15 & &
“ Caraway, 5 66
“ Anise, 10 & 6
“ Nutmegs, 5 & &
Alcohol, 2} ounces.
Mix.
To make simple elixir with the above, use
Stock Solution, 1 drachm.
Alcohol, 4 ounces.
Water, 10} “
Sugar, 3 “
Carbonate Magnesia. q. s.
Elixir Calisaya. With Hypophosphites.
Hypophosphite of Calcium, 256 grains.
Hypophosphite of Sodium, 256 & 6
Fluid Extract of Calisaya, 2 ounces.
Simple Elixir, 14 & 6
Rub the salts very fine and dissolve in Sepa-
rate portions of elixir, and filter. Each fluid
drachm contains about five grains of calisaya
and two grains each of the hypophosphite of
lime and of soda.
Properties. Tonic and antiperiodic.
Uses.—Extensively used in tuberculosis, and
as a remedy for defects in the Osseous system,
and as a remedy in phthisis.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Calisaya, with Lactophosphate of Lime.
Solution Phos. Lime (see solutions) 1 ounce.
Fluid Extract Calisaya Bark, 2 ounces.
Simple Elixir, 14 6 &
Mix and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains one grain of lac-
tophosphate of lime and about five grains of
calisaya bark.
Properties.—Tonic, antiperiodic.
Uses.—In tuberculosis and defects in the
OSSeous System and as a remedy in phthisis.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Strychnia, Quinia, and Bismuth.
Sulphate of Quinia, 128 grains.
Sulphate of Strychnia, 1 grain.
Citrate of Bismuth, 128 grains.
Aqua Ammonia, Q. S.
Citric Acid, 10 grains.
Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint.
Take two separate portions of the elixir; in
one dissolve the citric acid, and in the other
rub the quinia.
Dissolve the citrate of bismuth in a little hot
Water, having previously reduced it to a fine
powder, and add a little aqua ammonia to
clarify.
Dissolve the Strychnia in a little hot water
and alcohol and a few grains of citric acid,
previously dissolved in the water.
Mix the solutions and balance of elixir, and
filter.
Each fluid drachm contains one grain of
quinia, 1.128 grain Strychnia, and one grain of
citrate of bismuth.
Properties.-Powerfully tonic, and stimulant,
and stomachic.
Uses.—In intermittent and remittent fevers,
gout, rheumatism, pyrosis, dyspepsia, and in
cases of partial paralysis.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Lactopeptine.
Lactopeptine, 640 grains.
Simple Elixir, 1 pint.
Macerate the lactopeptine for 24 hours in the
elixir, and filter,
56 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Each fluid drachm contains five grains of
lactopeptine.
Properties.—Absorbent, sedative.
Uses.—Employed with great success in dys-
pepsia, gastralgia, and general debility of the
system, and in all the numerous disorders
dependent on want of tone and vigor of the
stomach and digestive organs.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Pepsin.
Saccharated Pepsin, 256 grains.
Muriatic Acid, Q. S.
Glycerine, 2 ounces.
Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint.
Shake the pepsin in a portion of the elixir,
and add sufficient muriatic acid, about two
drachms; when all is completely dissolved, add
the glycerine and balance of the elixir and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains of
pepsin.
Dose.—One to three teaspoonfuls.
Uses.—For indigestion, dyspepsia, vomiting,
in pregnancy, cholera infantum, and all dis-
eases arising from imperfect nutrition.
Elixir Pepsin and Bismuth.
Cit. of Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains.
Warm Distilled Water, 1 ounce.
Water of Ammonia, sufficient.
Elixir of Pepsin, 15 ounces.
Dissolve the bismuth in the Warm Water,
adding aqua ammonia sufficient to neutralize.
Mix with elixir and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains of
bismuth and two grains of pepsin.
Properties.—Tonic, antispasmodic, stomachic.
Uses.—Indigestion, dyspepsia,
fantum, nausea, imperfect nutrition.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Pepsin and Strychnia.
Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 fl. Ounces.
Elixir Pepsin, 14 fl. Ounces.
Mix.
Each fluid drachm contains 1-64 grain of
strychnia and two grains of pepsin.
cholera in-
Properties.—Powerful tonic, antispasmodic,
stomachic.
Uses.—This elixir increases the appetite and
aids digestion, and is very valuable in diarrhea.
Dose.—One teaspoonful; can increase to two.
Elixir Pepsin, Bismuth and Strychnia.
Cit. Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains.
Hall's solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces.
Warm Water, 1 ounce.
Elixir Pepsin, 13 ounces.
Dissolve the bismuth in the water, by the
aid of a few drops of aqua ammonia.
Mix and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains of bis-
muth, two of pepsin, and 1-64 of a grain of
Strychnia.
Uses.—It has been found very useful in dys-
pepsia, gastralgia, general debility of the System,
and in all the numerous disorders dependent on
want of tone and vigor of the stomach and
digestive organs.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Pepsin, Bismuth and Iron.
Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 256 grains.
Elixir Pepsin and Bismuth, 1 pint.
Dissolve the Iron in hot water, add the elixir
and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains of
iron, two of bismuth, and two of pepsin.
Uses.—See previous formula.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Pepsin, Bismuth, Iron and Strychnia.
Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains.
Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 256 grains.
Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces.
Elixir Pepsin q. S. to make 1 pint.
Rub the bismuth to a fine powder and add
it gradually to about one ounce of hot water;
then add a few drops aqua ammonia to make
clear.
Dissolve the iron in one ounce of hot water;
mix and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains of bis-
muth, two of iron and two of pepsin, with one-
sixty-fourth grain of Strychnia.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 57
Properties and Uses.—For properties and uses,
sée formula for pepsin, bismuth and strychnia.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Pepsin, Iron and Strychnia.
Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces.
Elixir of Pepsin, 14 ounces.
Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 256 grains.
Mix and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains one sixty-fourth
grain of Strychnia, two grains of pepsin and
two of Iron.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Taraxacum Compound.
Fluid Extract Dandelion, 6 fl drachms.
Fluid Extract Wild Cherry, 4 fl drachms.
Fluid Extract Gentian, 30 drops.
Fluid Extract Liquorice, 30 drops.
Simple Elixir,
Mix.
Properties.—Stomachic, tonic, diuretic, and
slightly aperient.
Uses.—Recommended in torpor and engorge-
ment of the liver, as well as of the spleen. In
uterine obstruction, chronic diseases of the skin.
jaundice and dropsy.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
14 ounces.
Elixir Pepsin and Quinia's
Sulphate of Quinia, 256 grains.
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, Q. S.
Elixir of Pepsin, 1 pint.
Dissolve the quinia in just enough acid to
cut it; add to the elixir of pepsin and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains of sul-
phate of quinia, and two grains of pepsin.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Phosphorus.
Phosphorus, 2 grains.
Sulphuric Ether (Concentrated), 1 fl drachm.
Alcohol, 1 fl ounce.
Glycerine, 8 ounces.
Simple Elixir to make 1 pint.
Dissolve the phosphorus in the ether by
allowing it to stand twenty-four hours; intro-
duce no water; next add the alcohol, then the
glycerine, very gradually; Shake after each
addition; lastly add the elixir.
Each fluid drachm contains one sixty-fourth
grain of phosphorus.
Properties.—A powerful stimulant particularly
of kidneys and genitals.
Uses.—To relieve irritation of the bladder,
prostate testes and urethra, and to improve the
nutrition of the nervous system.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Lactate of Iron-
Solution of Protoxide of Iron (See
Solutions), 1 ounce.
Lactic Acid Concentrated, 1} drachms.
Elixir to make 1 pint.
Mix and filter. Each fluid drachm contains
nearly one grain of lacto-citrate of iron.
Properties.—Astringent, tonic, etc.
Uses.—Recommended in chlorosis anaemia
amenorrhea.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Lactophosphate of Iron and Lime-
Solution of Lactophosphate of Lime, 1% ounces.
Solution of Lactophosphate of Iron, # ounce.
Solution of Phosphoric Acid, # ounce.
Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint.
Mix and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains of the
lactophosphate of iron and the lactophosphate
of lime combined.
Properties.—Tonic, astringent, stomachic.
Uses.—Recommended in cases of deficient
nutrition, in the different forms of scrofula,
phthisis and dyspepsia.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Iodide of Calcium.
Iodide of Calcium, 256 grains.
Simple Elixir, 1 pint.
Dissolve the iodide in the elixir and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains of
iodide of calcium.
Properties.—Stimulant, absorbent, alterative.
Uses.—In scrofula, bronchocele and chlorosis.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Iodide of Potassium.
Iodide of Potassium, 512 grains.
Simple Elixir, 1 pint.
Dissolve the iodide in the elixir and filter.
68 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Each fluid drachm contains four grains of
iodide of potassium.
Properties.—The same as that of iodine, but
chiefly as an alterative in secondary syphilis,
rheumatism, lepra, bronchocele and other glam-
dular swelling.
Uses.—Highly recommended in intermittent
and remittent fewers, where quinine can not be
tolerated.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Gentian and Bismuth,
Citrate of Bismuth and Amm., 384 grains.
Elixir of Gentian, 1 pint.
Dissolve the bismuth by the aid of a little
hot water, first rubbing it to a fine powder in
a mortar, and clarify by adding a few drops of
aqua ammonia. Mix and filter.
Bach fluid drachm contains three grains of
bismuth and three grains of gentian.
Properties.—A powerful tonic ; improves the
appetite; antispasmodic ; astringent.
Uses.—In dyspepsia, diarrhea, general de-
bility, great exhaustion, jaundice, hysteria.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Gentian and Strychnia.
Fluid Extract of Gentian, 4 ounces.
Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 & 6
Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint.
Mix and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains fifteen drops of
the fluid extract of Gentian and 1-64 grain of
strychnia.
Properties.—Tonic, antispasmodic.
Uses.—Recommended in diarrhea, great gen-
eral prostration, and as a powerful tonic where
strychnia is indicated.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Gentian, Iron and Bismuth.
Cit. of Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains.
Plixir Gentian and Iron, 15 ounces.
Dissolve the Bismuth in one ounce of hot
water; add to the elixir and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains of
bismuth, one of iron, and three of gentian.
Its properties and uses are similar to the
previous formula.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Dandelion Comp.
Dandelion Root, 6 ounces.
Wild Cherry Bark, 4 6 &
Gentian Root, 1 ounce.
Orange Peel, 2 ounces.
Cinnamon Bark, 1 ounce.
Coriander Seeds, 1 “
Anise Seed, 2 drachms.
Caraway Seed, 2 & 4
Licorice Root, 2 & &
Simple Syrup, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, Water, of each, sufficient.
Exhaust the powdered drugs by percolation
with enough of a mixture of one volume of
alcohol to three of water to obtain six pints
and one-half of percolate; mix this with the
simple syrup and filter.
This elixir will be found an excellent prepa-
ration in which to administer quinine, and to
disguise its taste.
Elixir Gentian and Iron.
Pyrophosphate of Iron, 256 grains.
Elixir of Gentian, 1 pint.
Dissolve the iron in a little hot water. Mix
and filter. Each fluid drachm contains two
grains of the pyrophosphate of iron, and about
three grains of gentian.
Properties.—See Elixir of Gentian below.
Uses.—See Elixir of Gentian below.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir of Gentian Ferrated.
Extract of Gentian, 128 grains.
Simple Elixir, 15 ounces.
Warm Water, 4 drachms.
Muriatic Acid, 66 drops.
Water, 4 drachms.
Iron Filings, 1 drachm.
Dissolve the extract in the warm water and
add it to the elixir. In a glass mattress place
the iron filings with the acid and water, and
when the evolution of gas has nearly ceased,
bring the liquid to a boiling point and filter;
add the filtrate to the elixir, and filter again
through paper.
Properties.—A powerful tonic; improves the
appetite and helps digestion.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
59
Uses.—In exhaustion, dyspepsia, debility,
gout.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Muriate of Iron–Tasteless.
Citrate of Potassium, 400 grains.
Tinct. Muriate of Iron, 640 drops.
Elixir q. S. to make 1 pint.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir of Gentian With Chloride of Iron.
Ext. of Gentian (solid), 128 grains.
Warm Water, # ounce.
Tincture Chloride of Iron, # “
Simple Elixir, 15 ounces.
Dissolve the extract in the hot water, add
the elixir, and lastly the tincture. Filter.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir of Sulphate Cinchonia.
Simple Elixir, 15 ounces.
Sulphate Cinchonia, 256 grains.
Water (hot), 1 ounce,
Aro. Sulph. Acid, Q. S.
Dissolve the cinchonia with the acid and
water, and add the elixir. Color with tincture
of carmine.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir Licorice Aromatic.
Licorice Root, 32 ounces.
Caraway Seed, 6 drachms.
Star Anise, 16 & 6
Coriander, 10 & 6
Cinnamon, 16 66
Water, 16 pints.
Alcohol, 4 pints.
White Sugar, 80 ounces.
Macerate the aromatics with two pints of
alcohol and one of water for seven days, fre-
quently agitating; transfer them to a percolator
and when the liquid ceases to drop add enough
of the same menstruum to complete three pints
of percolate. Digest the licorice with the water
for two hours, then bring to the boiling point,
and boil for fifteen minutes, when cold express
strongly, and mix the decoction with the aro-
matic percolate, set aside for twenty-four hours
and filter. Mix the sugar with the filtrate,
agitate till it is dissolved, add the remainder
of the alcohol and filter again.
Uses.—Chiefly as an aromatic, and to disguise
the taste of bitter or nauseous medicines.
Elixir Valerianate of Ammonia.
Crystalized Valerianate of Amm., 256 grains.
Comp. Tincture of Cochineal, # fl. dr.
Simple Elixir, 15% ounces.
Dissolve the valerianate in two ounces of the
elixir, add water of ammonia q. S. to neutralize,
then add the rest.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains Valeria-
nate of ammonia. -
Properties.—Antispasmodic and nervous stim-
ulant.
Uses.—Intermittent, and as a nervous tonic.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Valerianate of Quinine.
Valerianate of Quinine, 128 grains.
Citric Acid, sufficient, or 10 “
Simple Elixir, 1 pint.
Dissolve the Valerianate of quinine and citric
acid in the elixir and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains one grain of Valeri-
anate of quinine.
Properties.—It exerts the combined influence
of quinine and Valerianic acid, tonic antiperiodic.
Uses.—Intermittent and as a nervous tonic.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Eucalyptus and Iron.
Fluid Extract of Eucalyptus, 1 ounce.
Pyrophosphate of Iron, 256 grains.
Hot Water, Q. S.
Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint.
Dissolve the pyrophosphate in about one ounce
of hot water. Mix and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains about four grains
of eucalyptus and two grains of iron.
Properties.—Tonic, astringent, febrifuge.
Uses.—Useful in all kinds of fevers.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls.
60 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Rheumatic Elixir.
Salicylate of Soda, 6 drachms.
Fluid Ext. Black Cohosh, 1% ounces.
Fluid Ext. Colchicum Seed, 4 ounce.
Acetate Potassium, 14 ounces.
Comp. Tinct. Cardamom, 1 ounce.
Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint.
Mix and filter.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Compound Elixir of Senna.
Extract of Senna (solid) 6 drachms.
Extract of Aloes, 6 & 4
Carbonate of Soda, (crystals) 1 drachm.
Anise Seed, 1 & 6
Caraway Seed, 1 6 &
Cardamom Seed, 1 & 4
Simple Syrup, 4 ounces.
Alcohol, Q. S.
Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint.
Macerate the drugs with alcohol and perco-
late till six ounces are obtained, add simple
elixir and filter.
Dose.—One teaspoonful. An excellent ca-
thartic.
Elixir Pyrophosphate of Iron, Quinine and
Strychnia.
Sulphate of Quinine, 64 grains.
Strychnia, 1 grain.
Citric Acid, 5 grains.
Stronger Alcohol, 8 fl. ounces.
Spirits of Orange, 80 drops.
Syrup, 6 fl. ounces.
Pyrophosphate of Iron, 256 grains.
Distilled Water, 7 fl. ounces.
Water of Ammonia, Q. 8.
Triturate the sulphate of quinine, Strychnia
and citric acid together until minutely divided,
then add the alcohol and Spirits of Orange.
Warm the syrup slightly to about 150° Fahr.,
and add to the turbid mixture, when, upon
stirring, the mixture becomes clear. To this
add the pyrophosphate of iron, previously dis-
solved in the distilled Water, and finally care-
fully add water of ammonia, drop by drop, until
the elixir is perfectly neutral to test-paper.
Filter. The finest preparation has a greenish-
yellow color, a pleasant flavor of Orange, and is
permanent.
This preparation is also known as “Phosphate
of Iron, Quinine and Strychnia,” and is as
valuable in every particular.
Each fluid drachm contains one-half grain of
quinine, two grains pyrophosphate of iron, and
1-128 grains of Strychnia.
Properties.—Strongly and permanently tonic
and antiperiodic.
Uses.—An excellent preparation in all kinds
of febrile affections, remittent and intermittent
fever, etc.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Rhubarb and Magnesia.
Carbonate of Magnesia, 3 drachms,
Citric Acid, about 4 4 &
Elixir Rhubarb, 1 ounce.
Simple Elixir, 15 ounces.
Rub the carbonate of magnesia with one ounce
of elixir, and having previously dissolved the
citric acid in a small portion of elixir, add it
gradually to the carbonate of magnesia. After
it has ceased effervescing, add the elixir of
rhubarb, and filter.
Properties.—The above elixir is stomachic, pur-
gative, according to the dose employed.
Uses.—In dyspepsia, debility of the intestines,
flatulent colic, diarrhea, costiveness of old people.
Dose.—One or two tablespoonfuls.
Elixir Calisaya Bark (detannated.)
Calisaya Bark, coarse powder, 640 grains.
Percolating Menstruum, 1 pint.
Sugar, 6 ounces.
Prepared Flavoring, 1 ounce.
Percolate the powder with the percolating
menstruum until thirteen ounces are obtained;
to this add about one ounce of white of egg,
or sufficient to deprive it of its cincho-tannic
acid. The absence of the latter is readily as-
certained by the addition of a drop of muriate
tincture of iron to a filtered portion of the liquid
treated, which should not be colored by such
admixture. Should coloration result, the degree
of faintness will serve as a guide to the further
quantity of albumen necessary to completely
detannate the preparation. We can lay down
no absolute rule as to the necessary amount
of albumen which may be required in the pro-
cess of detannating, as it depends on the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 61
astringent quality of the bark, which is not al-
ways the same. Should too much albumen be
added to the filtrate, precipitate the albumen
with about five grains of citric acid; and where
too much acid is present, filter through mag-
nesium. Lastly, add the sugar and prepared
flavorings.
Properties.—Strongly and permanently tonic
and antiperiodic.
Uses.—In intermittents, cymanche maligna,
scarlatina, and in every disease attended with
deficient action.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir of Quinine.
Sulphate of Quinine, 128 grains.
Citric Acid, 20 & 6
Aqua Ammonia, Q. S.
Simple Elixir to make 1 pint.
Take two portions of elixir, in one dissolve
the citric acid, and in the other dissolve the
quinine, by rubbing in the mortar. Mix the
solutions and add the balance of the elixir;
lastly, add aqua ammonia, a few drops at a
time, till the solution is clear. Take care not
to add any more ammonia than is actually
needed to clarify, otherwise the excess of am-
monia will precipitate the quinine. Use a little
test paper. It is a good plan to mix the aqua
ammonia with about twice as much elixir before
adding it to the solutions.
Properties.—Antiperiodic, tonic.
Uses.—In febrile diseases; intermittent and
remittent fevers.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Calisaya, Bark (Detannated) No. 2.
Calisaya Bark, in fine powder, 24 ouncs.
Bitter Orange Peel, “ & & 16 “
Coriander Seed, & 6 & 6 4 * *
Cardamom Seed, “ & 6 1 ounce.
Ceylon Cinnamon, “ & 6 8 ounces.
Anise Seed, & 6 & 6 1 ounce.
Bxhaust the powdered drugs with a mixture
of one part, by measure, of alcohol, and three
of water; so as to obtain twenty pints of per-
colate. From six pints of the officinal solution
of tersulphate of iron prepare hydrated oxide
of iron; Wash it well; measure it, and to every
four measures add one measure of alcohol;
then add of this to the percolate sufficient to
deprive it of its cincho-tannic acid. The ab-
water, to which add the alcohol;
sence of the latter can be readily ascertained
by the addition of a drop of muriate tincture
of iron (as shown in the previous formula) to
filtered portion of the liquid treated, which
should not be colored by such admixture. If
coloration is exhibited, sufficient oxide of iron
must be added to completely detannate the
preparation. As soon as the result is obtained
the mixture is thrown in a muslin strainer,
and when the liquid ceases to pass, the residue
is washed on the strainer, with sufficient of a
mixture of one measure of alcohol, and three
of water, to make the strained liquid equal to
five gallons. The elixir is then finished in the
usual manner by adding two gallons of syrup.
NoTB.—Both the methods here given have
their advocates. By the method of detannating
with albumen it is claimed that no effect
is produced in the gallic acid, which nearly
always accompanies tannin, and is equally
prejudicial in elixirs that are intended to con-
tain chalybeates. The only solution of this
much vexed question is to try both plans, and
take your choice.
Elixir of Calisaya, or Cinchona, Made From the
Alkaloids.
Sulphate of Quinine, 8 grains.
Sulphate of Cinchonia, 32 “
Sulphate of Cinchonidia, 17 “
Citric Acid, 10 “
Alcohol, 2 ounces.
Boiling Water, 2 “
Simple Elixir, 12} “
Dissolve the acid in two drachms of the
and to this
solution add the quinine, cinchonidia and cin-
chonia, then add the remainder of the hot
water; lastly, add the simple elixir; color to
suit. When this elixir is to be used with any
of the iron preparations, omit the coloring.
Dose.—One to three teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Rhubarb, Columbo and Iron,
Rhubarb in coarse powder, 640 grains.
Columbo, & 6 & 6 640 & 6
Pyrophosphate of Iron, 128 6 &
Warm Water, 1 ounce.
Sugar, 6 ounces.
Citric Acid, Q. S.
Diluted Alcohol, 15 ounces.
Prepared Flavoring, 1 ounce.
62 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Percolate the powders with the percolating
menstruum until fourteen ounces are obtained;
remove the tannin with q. s. albumen and
citric acid, then add the sugar and prepared
flavoring, and finally add the iron, previously
dissolved in hot water, and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains five grains each
of rhubarb and columbo, and one grain of the
pyrophosphate of iron.
Properties.—Purgative, stomachic, astringent.
Uses.—Dyspepsia, chronic diarrhea, and dys-
entery, febrile, and inflammatory diseases. It
is most useful in the remittent and intermit-
tent fewers of hot climates.
Dose.—one teaspoonful.
Elixir of Belladonna.
Tincture of Belladonna, 23 ounces.
Simple Elixir to make 1 pint.
Mix and filter. Each fluid drachm contains
about ten drops of the tincture,
Properties.—Powerfully narcotic, diaphoretic,
and diuretic.
Use.—In dropsy, neuralgia, headache, per-
tussis.
Dose.—One teaspoonful, repeated as needed.
Elixir of Bismuth.
256 grains.
1 fl. ounce.
Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia,
Warm Distilled Water,
Aqua Ammonia q. S. to neutralize.
Simple Elixir, 15 fl. ounces.
Dissolve the bismuth in the warm Water, add-
ing the ammonia, drop by drop, until the so-
lution is clear; add the elixir and filter. Each
fluid drachm contains two grains soluble citrate
of bismuth.
Properties.—Antispasmodic, absorbent, tonic
and sedative.
Use.—Dyspepsia, cardialgia, and painful affec-
tions of the bowels generally.
Dose.—Teaspoonful, often repeated.
Elixir Bismuth, Strychnia, and Iron.
Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 256 grains.
Cit. of Bismuth and Ammonia, 128 4 &
Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces.
Simple Elixir, q. S. to make 1 pint.
Dissolve the iron and ammonia in a little
warm water, and after rubbing the bismuth in
a mortar, add a little hot water to it. Add the
two solutions to the elixir, and, lastly, the
Solution of Strychnia, and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains two grains of
iron, one of bismuth, and 1-64 grain of strychina.
Properties.—Antispasmodic, tonic, sedative,
astringent.
Uses.—Wery useful in passive diarrhea, pyrosis,
affections of the bowels generally.
Dose.—One tablespoonful.
Elixir of Blackberry Root.
Blackberry Root, in coarse powder, 1280 grains.
Percolating menstruum, 1 pint.
Sugar, 5 ounces.
Prepared flavoring, 1 ounce.
Percolate the blackberry root with the per-
colating menstruum, consisting of diluted alco-
hol, until thirteen ounces are obtained, then
add the prepared flavoring and the Sugar; add
sufficient of the menstruum to make one pint,
and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains ten grains of
blackberry root.
Properties.—Astringent and tonic.
Uses.—In diarrhea, from debility, cholera
infantum, chronic dysentery, and in all cases
where astringents are needed.
Dose.-One to three teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Cathartic Compound.
Calisaya Bark (in moderately fine
powder), 2 ounces.
Butternut (the inner bark of the root),
dried and bruised, 2 “
Senna, 2 “
Dried Peppermint, 1 ounce.
Fennel Seed, bruised, 1 “
Black Cherry Bark, powdered, 1 “
Poplar Bark, 1 “
Alcohol, 1 quart.
Distilled Water, 1} quart
Simple Elixir, 1} pints.
Digest for fourteen days and filter.
Uses.—A good laxative and cathartic.
Dose.—One tablespoonful once a day.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 63
Elixir Chloral Hydrate and Bromide of Potassium.
Chloral Hydrate,
Bromide of Potassium, 384 grains.
Simple Elixir, 1 pint.
Dissolve the chloral hydrate and the bromide
of potassium in the elixir, and filter. Each
fluid drachm contains five grains of chloral and
three grains of bromide of potassium.
Properties.—Hypnotic, anodyne, nervous seda-
tive.
Uses.—In melancholaº, insomnia, etc., It is
greatly superior to opium, and greatly superior
to almost any other drug in its sleep-producing
action.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls.
640 grains.
Elixir Chestnut Leaves.
Fluid Ext. Chestnut Leaves, 4 ounces.
Simple Elixir, 1 pint.
Mix and filter. Each fluid drachm contains
about fifteen drops of the extract.
Properties.—Tonic and astringent.
Use.—In intermittents and whooping cough.
Dose.—One to three teaspoonfuls.
Elixir Pyrophosphate of Iron and Quinine.
Sulphate of Quinine, 128 grains.
Citric Acid, 20 “
Pyrophosphate of Iron, 256 °4
Aqua Ammonia, Q. S.
Simple Elixir q. S. to make 1 pint.
Divide the elixir into two portions; in one
dissolve the citric acid; in the other portion
rub the quinine. Mix gradually and allow to
stand a short time. Lastly, dissolve the pyro-
phosphate of iron in a little hot water and mix
very slowly. In order to clarify, add a few
drops, gradually of aqua ammonia. Each fluid
drachm contains one grain of quinine, and two
grains of the pyrophosphate of iron.
Properties.—Tonic, astringent, febrifuge.
Uses.—Very useful in general debility, inter-
mittent and remittent fevers.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Elixir of Beef.
Extract of Beef, 1 ounce.
Warm Water, 1 ounce.
Simple Elixir, 14 ounces.
Dissolve the extract of beef in the water; add
enough simple elixir to complete one pint, and
filter.
Given as a stimulant during recovery from
fevers, etc.
Elixir of Beef and Iron.
Citrate of Iron and Ammonium, 64 grains.
Elixir of Beef, 1 pint.
Dissolve the iron in water, and add the elixir;
filter. Each tablespoonful contains one ounce
of beef.
Elixirs of beef will be found valuable where
inability to readily digest food exists, and where
a stimulant is required. Each tablespoonful is
Said to contain the nutritive qualities of one
ounce of beef.
Elixir of Wild Cherry and Iron.
(Ferriphosphated Elixir of Wild Cherry.)
Pyrophosphate of Iron, 128 grains.
Elixir Wild Cherry, 1 pint.
Hot Water, Q. S.
Dissolve the iron by adding to it two
drachms and a half of hot water, when dis-
Solved add the elixir.
A teaspoonful or dose contains four grains
of Wild Cherry and one grain Pyrophosphate
of iron.
Elixir of Pepsin, Bismuth, Iron and Calisaya.
Fld. Ext. Calisaya, 2 ounces.
Simple Elixir, 12 ounces.
Citrate Bismuth and Ammonia, 256 grains.
Citrate Iron and Ammonia, 128 “
Saccharated Pepsin, 256 “
Water, 2 ounces.
Rub the pepsin with the water, and allow
it to stand for two or three days; then dissolve
the bismuth and ammonia in the Water, with
the help of a few grains of carbonate of ammo.
nia. Rub the iron and ammonia with the elixir
until dissolved. Mix the two solutions with the
ferrated calisaya, and allow to remain a few
days undisturbed, and filter if necessary.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
MEDICATED SYRUPS.
Syrup Assafoetida.
Pulv. Assafoetida, 1 ounce.
Carb. Magnesia, 6 drachms.
Flavoring, 1 ounce.
Hot Water, 1 pint.
Sugar, aver. wt., 2 pounds.
Rub the assafoetida and magnesia together in
a mortar, and add the hot water, rubbing
thoroughly ; allow this to stand for an hour,
and then filter; after filtering add the flavor-
ing and agitate the sugar in the liquid until it
is entirely dissolved,
Each teaspoonful contains three grains of
assafoetida.
Uses.—Can be employed with excellent re-
sults in cases of hysteria and chorea of young
girls, and in the cholic of children.
Dose.—One to three teaspoonfuls—children in
proportion.
Syrup Rhubarb and Potassa Compound.
(Neutralizing Cordial.)
Rhubarb (coarse powder), 2 ounces.
Carbonate of Potassa, 2 ounces.
Golden Seal (coarse powder), 1 ounce.
Cinnamon (coarse powder), 1 ounce.
Sugar, 4 pounds.
Brandy, 1 gallon.
Oil of Peppermint, 20 minims.
Macerate the rhubarb, golden seal and cin-
namon in half a gallon of the brandy for six
hours at a gentle heat, keeping covered; then
transfer to percolator and displace first with
the remaining brandy, and afterwards with
enough water to complete one gallon. Add the
potassa, sugar and oil of peppermint previously
rubbed with sufficient Sugar; strain.
Dose.—For an adult, a tableSpoonful; chil-
dren in proportion to age.
Uses.—This is a preparation in much favor
as a remedy in cases of indigestion, Sour stom-
ach, habitual constipation, and in Some forms
of diarrhea of children.
Syrup Senna Compound.
4 Troy ounces.
1} Troy ounces.
4 drachms.
Alexandria Senna,
Jalap,
Rhubarb,
Cinnamon, 1 drachm.
Cloves, 1 drachm.
Nutmegs, 80 grains.
Oil of Lemon, 20 minims.
Sugar, 24 troy ounces.
The first six articles are to be reduced to a
coarse powder and exhausted with dilute alco-
hol. Evaporate the liquor by water bath to
eighteen fluid ounces and filter. Lastly add
the Sugar and oils.
Uses.—A pleasant and efficient laxative and
cathartic, useful in cases of habitual constipa-
tion.
Dose.—From one to four fluid drachms.
Syrup Quinine, Morphia, and Strychnia.
Syrup of Quinine and Morphia,
Hall's Solution Strychnia, 2 ounces.
Mix. Each fluid drachm contains one and
one-eighth grain quinine, one-eighth grain mor-
phia, and one-sixty-fourth grain of Strychnia.
Uses.—A good nerve tonic.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
1 pint.
Syrup Strychnia.
Hall's Solution of Strychnia, 2 ounces.
Prepared Flavoring, 1 ounce.
Simple Syrup, 18 ounces.
Mix and add the solution with the syrup,
lastly the flavoring. Each fluid drachm con-
tains one-sixty-fourth grain of Strychnia.
Uses.—To be given under the advice of a
physician.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Syrup Strychnia, and Morphia.
Hall's Solution Strychnia, 2 ounces.
Magendie's Solution Morphia, 1 ounce.
Prepared Flavoring, 1 “
Simple Syrup, 13 ounces.
Mix. Add the two solutions with the syrup,
lastly add prepared flavoring. Each fluid
drachm contains one-sixty-fourth grain of stry-
chnia and one-eighth grain morphia.
Uses.—See preceding formula.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
65
Syrup Hypophosphites Compound.
Hypophosphite of Lime, 256 grains.
Hypophosphite of Potassa, 128 & 6
Hypophosphite of Soda, 192 & 6
Hypophosphite of Iron, 96 6 &
Sol. Hypophosph.”. Acid, q. S. or 240 & 4
White Sugar, 12 ounces.
Extract Vanilla, 1 drachm.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve the lime, soda, and potassa in six
ounces of water; put the iron in a mortar and
gradually add the hypophosphorous acid until it
is dissolved; to this add the other solution
(after it has been rendered slightly acidulous
with the same acid), and then water until the
whole measures 9 fluid ounces. Dissolve the
sugar in this, with heat, and flavor with the
vanilla.
Remarks.--Any other flavoring may be used,
such as ginger, Orange peel, or Orange flower.
It is also suggested that glycerine may be used
partially or wholly, instead of Sugar, using six
ounces and a half of glycerine to 12 of sugar.
Uses.—A convenient method of administering
the combined hypophosphites, and useful in
scrofula, hysteria, and other diseases arising
from an impoverished condition of the blood.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls.
Syrup Sarsaparilla Compound..
Sarsaparilla (coarse), 24 Troy ounces.
Guaiacum Wood (coarse), 3 “ & 6
Pale Rose,
Senna,
Licorice (coarse),
Oil Sassafras,
Oil Anise,
ſº each 2. “ 66
} of each 5 drops.
Oil Gaultheria, 3 drops,
Sugar (coarse), 96 Troy ounces.
Dilute Alcohol, Q. S.
Mix the solid ingredients, except the sugar,
with three pints of dilute aleohol, and allow this
to stand for twenty-four hours, transfer to per-
colator and pour on dilute alcohol until ten
pints of tincture have passed. Evaporate this
with water-bath to four pints; filter. Add sugar
and dissolve by gentle heat, and strain while
hot. Lastly, rub oils with a small portion of
mixture, and mix them thoroughly with the
remainder.
Uses.—Sarsaparilla, when given alone, is of
little value as a medicine, popular belief to the
contrary notwithstanding. It is, however, a
convenient vehicle for the administration of
iodide of potassium, and is much used in the
treatment of scrofula, syphilis and other blood
diseases.
Dose.—A tablespoonful.
Syrup Hypophosphites of Manganese.
Sulphate of Manganese, 240 grains.
Hypophosphite of Calcium, 160 “
Water sufficient. d
Orange Flower Water, 1 ounce.
Sugar, 2 pounds.
Dissolve the manganese and calcium separate-
ly in sufficient water. Mix. Then wash the
precipitate, evaporate the filtrate to one pint,
dissolve in this the sugar, by the aid of a gentle
heat, and add orange flower water. Each
drachm contains two and one-third grains hy-
pophosphite of manganese.
Uses.—May be given in scrofula, obstinate
ulcers and syphilis.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Syrup Iodide of Iron and Quinine.
Iodine, 75 grains.
Iron Filings, 80 “
Water, 5 drachms.
Simple Syrup, 36 ounces, avoir.
Sulphate of Quinine, 15 grains.
Aromatic Sulph. Acid, sufficient.
Digest the iron filings with the iodine and
Water at a gentle heat, until the solution is
colorless; filter it into the simple syrup; mix
well, and add it to the quinine solution.
Uses.—May be used with success in scrofula.
and kindred diseases.
Dose.--One-half to one teaspoonful.
Syrup Iodide of Iron.
Iodine (dry) 960 grains.
Warm Distilled Water, 3 ounces.
Iron Filings, sufficient, or 300 grains.
Syrup, sufficient.
Dissolve the dry iodine in the warm water, in
a matrass, add the filings to the mixture, and
Shake until it has acquired a green color
and has lost all its smell of iodine. Filter the
5
66 A N ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
solution and mix the simple syrup. The finished
product is to measure twenty fluid ounces.
Uses—Same as preceding formula.
Dose.—Ten drops to one teaspoonful.
Syrup Lactophosphate of Lime.
Bibasic Phosphate of Lime, 450 grains.
Concentrated Lactic Acid,
q. S., or about 500 & 6
Distilled Water, 25% ounces.
White Sugar, 47 “
Essence of Lemon, 6 drachms.
Carefully divide the phosphate in the distilled
water, add the acid in quantity just sufficient to
dissolve the salt, and then add the sugar. This
being dissolved without heat, or a very gentle
one, strain the syrup, and, when cold, add the
essence of lemon.
Each fluid drachm contains nearly three grains
of bibasic phosphate of lime.
Uses.—May be given in Some cases of dys-
pepsia, or in scrofula and caries.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls.
Syrup Lactophosphate of Lime and Pepsin.
Syrup Lactophosphate of Lime, 1 pint.
Powdered Pepsin. 256 grains.
Dissolve the pepsin in a portion of the syrup,
add to remaining syrup, and after two days filter.
Each fluid draćhm contains about three grains
of lime and two grains of pepsin.
Uses.—Same as preceding.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls.
Syrup Lactophosphate of Lime No. 2.
Concentrated Lactic Acid, 1 Troy ounce.
Magma of Phosphate Lime, sufficient.
Orange Flower Water, 1} fluid ounces.
Water enough to complete, 8 “ ( &
Sugar, 11 ounces.
Dissolve in the lactic acid as much of the
phosphate as it will take up; add the water,
filter and dissolve the Sugar in the filtrate
without heat.
Dose.—One to three teaspoonfuls.
Syrup Chloroform.
Chloroform, 20 drops.
Alcohol, 90 minims.
Simple Syrup, 8 ounces.
Mix the chloroform and the alcohol, and to
the solution add the simple syrup. A good ad-
dition to bitter mixtures and drops.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls could be given.
Syrup Phosphate of Iron, Quinia, and Strychnia.
Sulphate of Iron, 5 drachms.
Phosphate of Soda, 1 ounce.
Sulphate of Quinine, 192 grains.
Strychnia, 4 “
Diluted Phos. Acid, 14 ounces.
White Sugar, 14 “
Ammonia, sufficient.
Sulphuric Acid, & 6
Dissolve the sulphate of iron in one ounce of
boiling water, and the soda in two ounces; mix
the solutions and wash the precipitated phos-
phate of iron until the washings are tasteless.
With sufficient aro. Sul. acid dissolve the qui-
nine in two ounces of water, and precipitate
the quinine with the slightest possible excess of
ammonia. Wash carefully the precipitated al-
kaloid. Dissolve in the phosphoric acid the
iron, the quinine and the Strychnia; then add
the sugar, and, lastly, dissolve it without heat.
Care should be taken that nothing but the ab-
solute, pure, tribasic phosphoric acid is used,
that which is obtained from phosphorus.
Each fluid drachm contains one grain of qui-
nine, and 1-32 of a grain of Strychnia.
Uses.—An excellent nerve tonic.
Dose.—One teaspoonful, three or four times
daily.
Syrup Manna.
Flake Manna, 10 ounces.
Hot Water, * 12 “
Make a solution, strain, and add
Sugar, 1 pound.
Dissolve by a gentle heat.
Uses.—This is an elegant laxative.
Dose.—A tablespoonful, or more.
Syrup Pinus, Compound.
White Gum Turpentine, 2 drachms.
Sulphate of Morphia, 8 grains.
Fluid Ext. Ipecac, # ounce.
Chloroform, 1 drachm.
Sugar, 14 ounces.
Water, 6 “
Alcohol, 3 “
Carbonate of Magnesia, q. S.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 67
Dissolve the gum turpentine in the alcohol,
add the ipecac and morphia, rub well with the
magnesia, add the sugar and water, filter, and,
lastly, add the chloroform.
This is a valuable addition to cough syrups.
Doge.—One teaspoonful.
Syrup of Lemon.
Lemon Juice, fresh strained, 1 pint.
Sugar, in coarse powder, 48 ounces.
Water, 1 pint.
Mix the lemon juice and water together, add
the Sugar, dissolve it by a gentle heat, strain
while hot.
Syrup of Sarsaparilla, with Iodide of Calcium.
Com. Fld, Ext. Sarsaparilla, 4 ounces.
Iodide of Calcium, 2 drachms.
Boiling Water, 3 ounces.
Syrup, 14 “
Extract Wanilla, Q. S.
Rub the calcium with the boiling water, until
the solution becomes white. Filter the solution
from the precipitate, and add the extract and
syrup, mix and flavor with the vanilla. Each
fluid drachm contains nearly one grain of cal-
cium, and about 4% drops of Sarsaparilla.
Uses.—Given in erysipelas, scrofula, etc.
Dose.—One to three teaspoonfuls.
Syrup Black Snake-Root, Compound.
Black Snake-Root, - 14 ounces.
Wild Cherry, 2} “
Ipecac Root, # ounce.
Ext. Licorice, powdered, # “
Simple Syrup, 16 ounces.
Bruise the Snake-root and ipecac fine, and
saturate with eight ounces of alcohol for twenty-
four hours; transfer to a percolator and run
through two pints of diluted alcohol. Evapo-
rate to one pint by water-bath, then add the
syrup and licorice. Lastly, take the wild cherry,
moderately fine, put in a percolator and run
eight ounces of cold water through. Mix to-
gether and shake well.
Uses.—This is a good method of administer-
ing the black cohosh. It is given in chronic
bronchitis,
rhoea, etc.
Dose.—One-half to one tablespoonful.
chorea, lumbago, atonic amenor-
Syrup Wild Ginger.
Wild Ginger Root, bruised, 14 ounces.
Carbonate Potassium, 80 grains.
Cochineal, bruised, 20 & &
Wine of Ipecac, 6 drachms.
Alcohol, 80 per cent., 10 ounces.
Water, 10 6 &
White Sugar, 24 & &
Macerate for fourteen days, all except the
sugar, express and filter through paper, adding
dilute alcohol to complete twenty ounces, then
add the sugar to the solutions and dissolve
without the aid of heat.
Uses.—Stimulant and diaphoretic. Given in
low forms of febrile disease, and in colic. Wal-
uable as an emmenagogue.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Syrup Sulphate Quinine.
Sulphate of Quinine, 64 grains.
Aro. Sulph. Acid, Q. S.
Simple Syrup, 1 pint.
Dissolve the quinine in as small a portion
of the aro. Sulph. acid as possible; add the
syrup and filter.
Each teaspoonful contains one-half grain of
quinine.
Uses.—A convenient and pleasant method of
administering quinine to children.
Dose.—From one-half to two teaspoonfuls,
according to age.
Syrup Cod-Liver Oil.
Cod-Liver Oil, 8 ounces.
Gum Acacia, pulverized, 5 & &
Water, 12 & 6
*Simple Syrup, 4 6 &
White Sugar, 24 6 &
Make an emulsion of the first four ingredi-
ents, and dissolve the sugar at a moderate heat,
then add orange flower water, two ounces.
Uses.—A good method of giving cod-liver oil,
as it serves to partially mask the disagreeable
taste.
Dose.—Two teaspoonfuls.
68 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Syrup Morphia, Compound.
Fluid Extract Ipecac, } drachm.
Syrup of Senega, 3 drachms.
Syrup of Rhubarb, 4 & C
Simple Syrup, 81 ounces.
Muriate Morphia, 8 grains.
ESS. of Sassafras,
Mix.
Syrup.
Doge.—One or two teaspoonfuls, as required.
q. S. to flavor.
This is known as Jackson's Cough
Syrup Acetate Morphia.
Acetate Morphia, 4 grains.
Clarified Syrup, 1 pound.
Mix the morphia with a little quantity of
water, and when dissolved add to Syrup.
Dose.—For adults, from one to four drachms.
Syrup Sulphate Morphia.
Sulphate of Morphia, 4 grains.
Clarified Syrup, 1 pound.
Mix the morphia with a small quantity of
water, and when dissolved add to the Syrup.
Dose.—For adults, from one to four drachms.
Syrup Ipecac,
Ipecac, in coarse powder, 4 ounces.
Rectified Spirits, 2 pints.
Proof Spirits, Water, of each, 14 ounces.
Syrup, 7 pints.
Digest the ipecac in the rectified Spirits for
twenty-four hours, Squeeze and filter; repeat
this process with the proof Spirits, and again
with the water. Unite the fluids and distil to
12 ounces; add 5 ounces of rectified Spirits, and
then the Syrup.
Used in bronchitis, asthma, and croup.
Dose.—From one to two teaspoonfuls.
Syrup Ipecac, U. S. P.
Fluid Extract of Ipecac, 2 fl. Ounces.
Syrup, 30 fl. & 6
Mix them.
Dose.—As an emetic for children, from 10
drops to one teaspoonful.
Syrup Hypophosphites Compound, of Lime, Soda,
Potassa, and Iron.
Hypophosphite of Lime, 256 grains.
Hypophosphite of Soda, 172 & 6
Hypophosphite of Potassa, 128 66
Proto. Sulphate of Iron, 185 & 6
Hypophosphorous Acid, 9 fl. drS.
Sugar, 12 troy ozs.
Water, sufficient.
Dissolve 96 grains of the lime in four ounces
of water, with the aid of heat, and acidulate
the solution with a small portion of the acid.
Dissolve the iron in two ounces of water and
mix the two solutions; let stand for a short,
time, and pour into a paper filter with a small
quantity of water, acidulate as before, and pre-
serve the filtrate. Dissolve the remaining lime,
with the other hypophosphites, in four fluid
ounces of water, with the aid of heat, adding
the remaining acid. Mix the solutions and
preserve the filtrate, adding sufficient water to
complete 10 ounces, and pour the liquid into a
bottle containing the sugar. Agitate the mix-
ture, occasionally, until the solution is com-
plete; filter if necessary.
This is the formula adopted by the Pharma-
ceutical Association.
Each teaspoonful contains 34-5 grains of lime,
2 3-20 grains of soda, 1 3-5 grains potassa.
Uses.—A remedy highly valued by physicians
in the treatment of dyspepsia, pulmonary
phthisis, sexual debility, and all those diseases
where there are Wasted tissues and a lack of
vital force.
Dose.—One teaspoonful, two or three times
daily.
Syrup Hypophosphites, Compound of Iron, Quie
nine, and Strychnia.
Ferrous Oxide, 320 grains.
Quinine, pure, 64 & &
Strychnia, 1 grain.
Hypophosphorous Acid, 10 drachms.
White Sugar, 2 ounces.
Orange Flower Water, suf. for 8 “
Dissolve the ferrous oxide, the quinine, and
the strychina in the hypophosphorous acid, add
the sugar and sufficient Orange flower water to
complete the measure of 8 ounces.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 69
Each teaspoonful contains 5 grains of oxide
of iron, one grain of quinine, and 1-64 grain of
strychina.
Uses.—An excellent tonic.
Dose.—One teaspoonful, three times daily for
an adult.
Syrup Horse-radish.
Grated Horse-radish, 1} ounces.
Bešt White Sugar, 16 6 &
Boiling Water, 8 66
Digest the horse-radish in a covered vessel
with the boiling water; strain and add the Sugar.
Uses.—May be given in cases of feeble appe-
tite, flatulence, and gastric debility.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls.
Cox's Hive Syrup.
(Syrup Squills Comp.)
Squills, in moderately coarse powder, 4 ounces.
Seneka, & 6 fine & & 4 * *
Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, 48 grains.
Sugar, coarse, 42 ounces.
Dilute Alcohol,
Water,
Mix the Squills and Seneka, and having moist-
ened the mixture with half a pint of dilute
alcohol allow it to stand for a day; transfer to
percolator, and pour the dilute alcohol on until
three pints of the tincture have passed. Boil
for a few minutes; evaporate by water-bath to
half a pint, add fourteen ounces boiling water;
filter. Dissolve the sugar in the filtered liquid;
having heated the solution to a boiling point,
strain while hot; then dissolve the antimony
and potassium in the Solution while hot, and
add boiling water sufficient, through the strain-
er, to measure three pints. Mix the whole
thoroughly together.
Uses.—An old and favorite remedy; valuable
in the croup of children, etc.
Dose.—From ten drops to one drachm.
} each a sufficient quantity.
Syrup Orange Peel.
Fresh Orange Peel,
Distilled Water, 1 pint.
White Sugar, 8 pounds.
Macerate the peel in the water for twelve
hours in a covered vessel; then to the decanted
fluid add the Sugar.
2} ounces.
Uses.—Chiefly as a vehicle to mask the taste
of nauseous medicines.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Syrup of Dover's Powder.
Macerate, for a few days, 64 grains of pul-
verized opium in one ounce of wine of ipecac ;
filter, and add to 16 ounces of simple syrup;
drive off excess of alcohol by slightly heating;
after, if you wish, add one ounce Sulp. Potass.;
dissolve in syrup and filter.
Each teaspoonful is equivalent to five grains
Dover's Powder.
Syrup Quinine and Morphia.
Sulphate of Morphia, 1 grain.
Sulphate of Quinine, 128 grains.
Aromatic Sulph. Acid q. S., or 1 drachin.
Flavoring, 1 ounce.
Water, 17 ounces.
Sugar, 16 “
Dissolve the quinine with the Arom. Sulplt.
Acid, and add flavoring and the water, holding
the morphia in solution, mix and percolate the
sugar with the mixture until dissolved. Each
fluid drachm contains one grain of quinine, and
one-eighth grain of morphia.
Uses.—May be given when the patient is
unable to bear large doses of quinine.
Dose.—The adult may take one teaspoonful.
Syrup of Rhubarb, Aromatic.
Fluid Extract Rhubarb, Arom., 2 ounces.
Simple Syrup, 14 & 6
Mix them.
Uses.—Waluable in bowel complaints of
children.
Dose.—Teaspoonful, to tablespoonful, accord-
ing to age.
Syrup of Squills.
Winegar of Squills, 1 pint.
Sugar in coarse powder, 24 ounees.
Dissolve the sugar in vinegar of senills, with
the aid of a gentle heat, and strain while hot-
Uses.—Given largely in coughs and whenever
a diuretic and expectorant is required.
Dose.—One-half to one teaspoonful.
70 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb.
The following will be found a ready method
of making an aromatic syrup of rhubarb :
Rhubarb, in moderately fine powder, 6 ounces.
Cloves, in moderately fine powder, 2} “
Qinnamon, in fine powder, 2} “
Nutmeg, in fine powder, # ounce.
Percolate with a menstruum of
Stronger Alcohol, 6 ounces.
Water, 6 “
Glycerine, 5 66
until one pint has passed through.
One fluid ounce of this extract mixed with
fifteen fluid ounces of syrup will make a pint
of aromatic Syrup of rhubarb.
Syrup of Tar.
Pure Pine Tar, 1 ounce.
Pine Sawdust, 1 “
Pure Rainwater, 4 ounces.
Mix the tar with the sawdust and pour on it
the water, heated to 140° Fahr. ; shake occa-
sionally, and after a few hours' contact, filter
or strain four ounces, and add syrup to make
one pint. Flavor to suit.
Uses.—Highly prized by many in cases of
chronic cough and Soreness of the lungs.
Doge.—One or two tableSpoonfuls.
Syrup of Tolu.
Tincture of Tolu, 2 ounces.
Carbonate of Magnesia, 2 drachms.
Sugar, in Coarse Powder, 26 ounces.
Water, 1 pint.
Rub the tincture of tolu first with the mag-
nesia and two ounces of Sugar, then with the
water gradually added, and filter. To the fil-
tered liquid add the remainder of the sugar;
dissolve with gentle heat, and strain while hot.
Uses, As an expectorant, generally in com-
bination, on account of its pleasant flavor.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls.
m=s=-1 ºn
IMEDICATED WINES.
Wine of Antimony.
Tartar Emetic, 82 grains.
Boiling Water, 1 ounce.
Sherry Wine, 1 pint.
Dissolve the Salt in the boiling water, and
While hot add the wine.
Properties.—Febrifuge and expectorant.
Uses.—In large doses, emetic.
Dose.--From one-half drachm to half an ounce.
Wine of Aloes.
Socotrine Aloes (fine powder), 1 troy ounce.
Cardamom, in fine powder, 60 grains.
Ginger, 6 & 64 60 “
Sherry Wine, 1 pint.
Macerate for seven days, and occasionally
Shaking; filter through paper.
Uses.—Useful in cases of habitual constipation.
Dose.—From two drachms to two ounces.
Wine of Calisaya.
Fluid Ext. Calisaya,
Simple Elixir,
Sherry Wine, to make,
Mix.
1} ounces.
4 & &
1 pint.
Wine of Cinchona,
Sulphate of Cinchonidia, 10 grains.
Sulphate of Quinine, 5 “
Sherry Wine, 12 ounces.
Simple Elixir, to make, 1 pint.
Dissolve sulphates in Wine; add elixir, and
filter.
Each fluid drachm represents five grains of
calisaya bark.
This, as well as the preceding, will be found
an excellent tonic.
Dose.—A tablespoonful.
Wine of Ergot.
Ergot, in moderate fine powder, 4 Troy ounces.
Sherry Wine, sufficient to make 2 pints.
Moisten the powder with a portion of the
wine, pack in percolator and percolate until
two pints have passed.
Uses.—Waluable in nervous headache and
cerebro-Spinal meningitis, but used chiefly in
uterine hemorrhage and in labor.
Dose.—One drachm.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 71
Wine of Ipecac.
Ipecac, in fine powder, 2 troy ounces.
Sherry Wine, sufficient to make 2 pints.
Moisten with a portion of the wine, pack in
percolator, and add the wine until 2 pints have
passed.
Properties.—Expectorant, diaphoretic, emetic.
Uses.—Useful in dyspepsia, fevers and chronic
diarrhea.
Dose.—From one drachm to half an ounce.
Wine of Rhubarb.
Rhubarb, in coarse powder,
Canella, in fine powder, 60 grains.
Sherry Wine, 14 fluid ounces.
Dilute Alcohol, sufficient quantity.
Mix two ounces of alcohol with the wine and
moisten the powders. Transfer to percolator,
and pour on the remaining liquid and enough
dilute alcohol to measure one pint.
Uses.—A carminative and laxative. It may
be used to advantage by persons of constipated
habit.
Dose.—One to four teaspoonfuls.
2 troy ounces.
Wine of Colchicum Root.
Colchicum Root, in fine powder, 12 troy ounces.
Sherry Wine, sufficient to make 2 pints.
Moisten the powder with a portion of the
Wine, pack in percolator, and gradually pour on
the alcohol until two pints are obtained.
Uses.—A valuable remedy in gout, rheuma-
tism and neuralgia. Poisonous in overdoses.
Dose.—From ten drops to one drachm.
Aromatic Wine.
Wormwood, S
Peppermint,
Thyme,
Hyssop,
Sage,
Lavender,
Sweet Marjoram,
Port Wine, 2 pints.
Macerate for several days, transfer to perco-
later and displace.
Uses.—As a mild tonic, and in debility of the
stomach.
Dose.—One-half wine-glass, as needed.
} 2 drachms each.
2
Beef, Wine and Iron.
Extract of Beef, 1 ounce.
Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 4 drachms.
Orange Flower Water, 3 ounces.
Sherry Wine, 1 pint.
Mix the beef with the wine, dissolve the iron
and ammonia in a portion of boiling water;
when dissolved add to the wine with the orange
flower water, and filter.
Uses.—Waluable as a stimulant during conva-
lescence from febrile and other wasting diseases.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Wine of Quinine.
Sulphate of Quinine, 128 grains.
Simple Elixir, 6 ounces.
Sherry Wine, q. S. to make 1 pint.
Dissolve the quinine by the aid of as small
a quantity of elixir of vitriol as is possible, add
other ingredients and filter.
Uses.—Waluable in most cases where the use
of quinine is indicated.
Dose.—A teaspoonful.
Wine of Opium.
Pulverized Opium, 2 ounces.
Pulverized Cinnamon, 60 grains.
Cloves (bruised), 60 grains.
Sherry Wine, 1 pint.
Rub the first three ingredients together, put
in a percolator and percolate with Sherry wine.
Filter.
Uses.—This is a valuable preparation when-
ever the use of opium is required, as it is less
apt to disagree with the stomach than most
preparations of that drug.
Dose.—Ten to twenty-five drops.
Wine of Wild Cherry and Iron.
Wine of Wild Cherry, 1 pint.
Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 4 drachms.
Cinnamon Water, 3 ounces.
Dissolve the iron in a portion of hot Water,
and add the other ingredients.
Uses.—Tonic and stimulant,
Dose.—A teaspoonful.
72
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Wine of Pepsin and Bismuth.
Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia,
Wine of Pepsin,
128 grains.
1 pint.
Dissolve the bismuth by rubbing down in a
mortar and then adding four drachms of hot
water; add to the wine and filter if necessary.
JEach fluid drachm contains two grains of pep-
sin and one of citrate of bismuth.
Uses. A valuable remedy during enfeebled
digestion, and in some forms of dyspepsia and
bowel complaint.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls.
Wine of Pepsin, Bismuth and Strychnia.
Sulphate of Strychnia, 1 grain.
Wine of Pepsin and Bismuth, 1 pint.
Dissolve the strychnia by rubbing with a
portion of the wine, until thoroughly dissolved,
then add the remaining wine and filter. Each
fluid drachm contains two grains of pepsin, one
of bismuth and one one-hundred-and-twenty-
eighth grain of Strychnia.
Uses.—Used in the same class of disorders
as the preceding remedy.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Wine of Pepsin and Iron.
Pyrophosphate of Iron, 128 grains.
Wine of Pepsin, 1 pint.
Dissolve the iron in about four drachms of
hot water, by thoroughly rubbing together; add
the wine and filter. Each fluid drachm con-
tains two grains of pepsin and one of iron.
Dose.—One to three teaspoonfuls.
Wine of Pancreatin.
Powdered Pancreatin, 160 grains.
Prepared Flavoring, # ounce.
Sherry Wine sufficient for 1 pint.
Macerate the pancreatin in the mixed liquids
for twenty-four hours, and filter. Each table-
spoonful contains five grains pancreatin.
Uses.—Waluable in cases of jaundice, dyspep-
sia and gastric irritation.
Wine of Tar.
Ground Malt,
Honey, }* 1 pound.
Tar,
Yeast, # pint.
Water sufficient.
Mix the first three ingredients and three
quarts of water in a stone vessel, keep warm
for three hours; then let this cool and add the
| yeast. After fermentation sets in keep it mod-
erately warm for a week, then strain through
Canton flannel, and remove the dregs from the
liquor. The expressed liquor is then filtered
for use.
Uses.—Waluable in chronic bronchitis and
pulmonary complaints generally.
Dose.—A tablespoonful.
Wine of Wild Cherry (Ferrated.)
Fluid Ext. Wild Cherry Bark, 1 ounce.
Syrup & 4 & 4 & & 2 ounces.
Solution Oil Bitter Almonds, 10 drops.
Wine of Orange, 13 ounces.
Pyrophosphate of Iron, 128 grains.
Dissolve the iron in a small quantity of hot
water; add other ingredients, macerate for sev-
eral days and filter.
Uses.—A good tonic ; useful in loss of appe-
tite, and enfeebled condition of the System.
Dose.—A teaspoonful.
Wine of Pepsin.
Saccharated Pepsin, 2 drachms.
Distilled Water, 1 fl. ounce.
Sugar, 10 drachms.
Alcohol, 4 & &
Best Sherry Wine, 8 ounces.
Dissolve the pepsin in the water, by the aid
of a few drops of muriatic acid; add sugar,
then the wine, and lastly the alcohol; filter, if
necessary.
Uses.—Can be given in dyspepsia, indiges-
tion, etc. 2’
Dose.—One to three teaspoonfuls.
Wine of Iron (Aromatic).
Iron Filings, 1 ounce.
Lemon Juice, 8 fluid ounces
Contused Gentian, 3 ounce.
l
Contused Cinnamon, “
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls.
2
Rhenish Wine 18 ounces.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 79
Digest for twenty-four hours and decant.
Uses.—A valuable tonic in case of impover-
ished blood, and in many forms of various
diseases.
Dose.—From one-half to two drachms.
Bitter Wine of Iron.
Sulphate of Cinchonia, 45 grains.
Sulphate of Quinine, 15 “
Citric Acid, 60 “
Citrate of Iron (soluble), 240 “
Tinct. Orange Peel (fresh), 3 fluid ounces.
Distilled Water, 3 “ & 6
Sherry Wine, 8 “ & 6
Syrup, 2. “ 6 &
Dissolve the sulphates, with the citric acid,
in two ounces of water, and the iron in the
remaining water. Mix the two solutions and
add the other ingredients, previously well mixed,
together.
Uses.—Excellent as a tonic during recovery
from fevers, and in cases where there is loss
of strength and appetite.
Dose.—A teaspoonful.
MEDICATED WATERS.
Bitter Almond Water.
Oil of Bitter Almonds,
Carbonate of Magnesia,
Distilled Water,
First rub the oil with the carbonate of mag-
nesia, and gradually add the water. Filter
through paper.
16 minims.
60 grains.
2 pints.
Cinnamon Water.
Oil of Cinnamon, * fluid drachm.
Carbonate Magnesia, 60 grains.
Distilled Water, 2 pints.
Rub the carbonate of magnesia thoroughly
with the oil of cinnamon, and gradually add
the water.
Camphor Water.
Gum Camphor, 2 drachms.
Alcohol, 1 drachm.
Carb. Magnesia, 1 & &
Distilled Water, 2 pints.
First rub the camphor with the alcohol, then
with the magnesia, and lastly add the water
gradually and filter through paper.
Lime Water.
Lime, 4 ounces.
Water, 1 gallon.
First slack the lime with a small portion of
the water, then add the remainder and stir
them together and cover the vessel immediately;
in about three hours it is ready for use. Al-
Ways keep in a well stoppered bottle.
Creosote Water.
Creosote, 1 fluid drachm.
Distilled Water, 1 pint.
Mix them, and agitate them until the creo-
Sote is dissolved.
Fennel Water.
Oil of Fennel, # fluid drachm.
Carbonate of Magnesia. 60 grains.
Distilled water, 2 pints.
Rub the oil with the magnesia, then gradu-
ally add the water and filter.
Peppermint Water.
Oil of Peppermint, * fluid drachm.
Carbonate of Magnesia, 60 grains.
Distilled Water, 2 pints.
Rub the oil with the magnesia, and then add
the Water gradually and filter through paper.
Rose Water.
Oil of Rose, 15 drops.
Carbonate of Magnesia, 1 drachm.
Distilled Water, 1 pint.
Rub the oil first with the magnesia, then with
the Water gradually added, and filter.
MINERAL WATERS.
Congress Water.
Calcined Magnesia, 1 ounce.
Bi-Carb. Soda, 20 grains.
Hydrate of Soda, 28 grains.
Common Salt, 7# ounces.
Add to ten gallons of water, and charge with
carbonic acid gas.
74 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Seltzer Water.
Bicarbonate of Soda, 5} ounces.
Carb. Magnesia, 7 drachms.
Marble Dust, } ounce.
Muriatic Acid c. p., 53 ounces.
Water, 10 gallons.
Add the acid to one-half gallon of Water;
dissolve the marble in the mixture; then add
the magnesia, and after one hour the bicarbon-
ate of soda, add the whole to the rest of the
water and charge with gas.
Kissengen Water.
Bicarbonate of Soda, 1 drachm.
Carbonate of Lime, 2 drachms-î-2 scruples.
Precipitate of Carb. Iron, 2 drachms-H2 scruples.
Phosphate of Lime, 2 drachms+2 scruples.
Phosphate of Soda, 13 grains.
Sulphate of Magnesia, 2 ounces.
Sulphate of Soda, 2 drachms--2 scruples.
Muriate of Ammonia, 4 grains.
Common Salt, 8 OunceS.
Mix. Add half a gallon of water; let it stand
twelve hours; filter, add carbonate of magnesia
three drachms and 1 scruple, and charge With
ten gallons of Water.
Vichy Water,
Carbonate of Ammonia, 10 grains.
Bicarbonate of Soda, 5+ ounces.
Common Salt, 6 drachms.
Phosphate of Soda, 25 grains.
Sulphate of Soda, 4 scruples.
Sulphate of Potassa, 2 drachms.
Mix and add water one-half gallon; let it
stand half a day; filter and charge With ten
gallons of Water.
Hunyadi Janos Water.
Sulphate of Lime, 1} ounces.
Glauber Salts, 23 6 &
Epsom Salts, 28 & 4
Sulphate of Potassium, 1 drachm.
Water, 10 gallons.
Mix, and charge with gas.
Citrate of Magnesium Water.
Citric Acid, 16 ounces.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 16 “
Essence of Lemon, 8 “
Dissolve the acid in four pints of hot water;
add the magnesia. When effervescence ceases
add the lemon, and make up sufficient to meas-
ure one gallon.
Charge with nine gallons of water.
3 LINIMIENTS.
Aconite and Chloroform Liniment.
Tincture of Aconite Root, 2 ounces.
Chloroform, 2 “
Soap Liniment, 12 “
Mix them; apply carefully.
Valuable in neuralgia and in sprains. Should
not be used when the skin is broken.
Arnica, Liniment.
Arnica Flowers, 2 ounces.
Oil of Sassafras, # ounce.
“ Turpentine, § “
66 Origanum, # & 6
Alcohol, sufficient to make 1 pint.
Bruise the flowers and macerate with eight
ounces of alcohol for three days, then transfer
to percolator, add remaining alcohol, and per-
colate until fifteen ounces have passed; then
add the oils, and shake well.
For external use. Good in sprains, bruises
and lame back.
Soap Liniment.
Castile Soap, in shavings, 4 Troy ounces.
Camphor, 2 “ & &
Oil of Rosemary, * fluid drachm.
Water, 4 “ ounces.
Alcohol, 2 pints.
Mix the alcohol and water, digest the soap
with the mixture by a water bath until dis-
solved; filter, and having added the camphor
and oil, mix the whole thoroughly together.
This ſiniment is much in favor for lame
joints, sprains, etc.
AN ENOYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
75
Pride of India, Liniment.
Alcohol,
Gum Camphor,
Linseed Oil,
Chloroform,
Tincture Conium,
Mix.
Used in croup, and a good remedy for tooth-
# pint.
2 ounces.
1 quart.
2 ounces.
2 & 6
ache.
St. Jacob’s Oil.
(Said to be.)
Oil of Sassafras, # ounce.
“ Origanum, 1 “
Chloroform, 1 “
Sulph. Ether, 1 sº
Chloral Hydrate, 1 “
Tincture of Opium, # “
Gum Camphor, 1 “
Alcohol, # gallon.
Dissolve the camphor in a portion of alcohol
and rub thoroughly in a mortar; then add the
other ingredients and mix.
Used externally and internally.
Dose. —One-half teaspoonful as often as
needed.
Young's Liniment,
Black Oil,
Alcohol,
Tincture Arnica,
British Oil,
Tincture Stramonium,
Oil of Tar,
Mix.
2 ounces each.
1 ounce.
This is good for inflammations.
Great African Wonder.
Chloroform,
Oil of Origanum,
“ Sassafras,
“ Turpentine,
Tincture of Opium,
Spirits of Camphor,
Alcohol,
1 ounce.
2 ounces.
2 6 &
1 ounce.
1 & &
2 ounces.
1 quart.
Mix. For external and internal use.
Dose.-For rheumatism, headache, colic, etc.,
two teaspoonfuls, in one-third glass of water.
)
Brodie’s Liniment.
Sulphuric Acid, 1 drachm.
Olive Oil, 1 ounce.
Turpentine, 1 “
Add the acid to the oil very slowly, stirring
constantly, and when cold add the turpentine.
Black Liniment.
Sulphuric Acid, 1 drachm.
Olive Oil, 1 ounce.
Turpentine, # “
Mix the acid with the oil, very slowly, and
when cold add the turpentine. This is a good
counter-irritant, and excellent for swellings of
the joints; apply twice a day, on lint.
Centaur Liniment.
Oil of Sassafras, 2 ounces.
66 Spike, 8 6 &
“ Peppermint, 1 ounce.
* Petroleum, 8 ounces.
* Cloves, 2 drachms.
“ Cinnamon, 2 & 6
“ Cedar, 2 & 6
* Origanum, 2 ounces.
“ Wormwood, 2 “
“ Tansy, 2 drachms.
Aqua Ammonia, 2 ounces.
Tincture of Opium, 2 “
Opodel.doc, 2 “
Gum Camphor, 2 “
Chloroform, 2. “
Alcohol, 1 gallon.
Mix. This is an excellent liniment, and good
in all cases where a liniment is needed,
German Liniment.
Oil of Origanum, # ounce.
“ Sassafras, # drachm.
Tincture of Capsicum, # ounce.
6 & & 6 Camphor, # 6 &
& 6 & 6 Aconite, # 6 &
Chloroform, 4 drachms.
Comp. Soap Liniment, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 2 quarts.
Mix. External, only.
76 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Loomis’ Liniment.
Oil of Cedar, 1 drachm.
Oil of Hemlock, 2 drachms.
Oil of Origanum, 1 drachm.
Oil of Cajeput, 2 drachms.
Oil of Sassafras, 5 & 6
Powdered Capsicum, 1]. “
Alcohol, sufficient to make 1 pint.
Macerate for five days, then filter.
internal or external use.
Dose.—One-half teaspoonful.
For
Magnetic Liniment.
Sulph. Ether, 1 ounce.
Muriate of Ammonia, 3 drachms.
Oil of Origanum, 2 6 &
Tincture Cantharides, 2 & &
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Mix.
Bathe the affected parts and rub well in ;
this is a good stimulating liniment.
Manning’s Liniment.
Aqua Ammonia, 1 ounce.
Oil of Rosemary, 3 drachms.
Oil of Lavender, 2 drachms.
Gum Camphor, # ounce.
Iodine, 1 drachm.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Dissolve the camphor and iodine in the alco-
hol, then add the oils; lastly, add sufficient
aqua ammonia to remove the dark color.
Newton’s Liniment.
Ammonia Liniment, U. S. P., 4 ounces.
Castile Soap Liniment, 2 ounces.
Chloroform, 1 ounce.
Tincture of Arnica, # ounce.
Tincture of Iodine, 12 minims.
Essential Oil of Turpentine, 4 ounces.
66 “ Rosemary,
6 & “ Origanum, 1 ounce each.
& 6 “ Lavender, 12 drops.
Mix thoroughly. Apply on a piece of cotton
or lint.
Gunn’s Rheumatic Liniment.
Linseed Oil,
Oil of Amber,
Oil of Cedar,
Gum Camphor,
1 ounce.
1 & 6
1 6 &
66
Sulph. Ether sufficient to dissolve
Olive Oil,
Turpentine,
Laudanum,
Mix.
| # ounce each.
Use castile soap and rub in the liniment
three times a day.
Great Mogul Liniment.
Acetate of Morphia, 12 grains.
Aqua Ammonia,
Olive Oil,
Chloroform,
Mix.
For external use only.
British Oil,
American Petroleum,
Oil of Juniper,
“ Turpentine,
* Amber,
Flaxseed Oil,
} ounce each.
4 ounces.
# ounce.
4 ounces.
1 pint.
8 pints.
Mix together thoroughly by agitation.
Haarlem Oil.
Crude Oil of Amber,
Barbadoes Tar,
Dalsam of Sulphur,
Linseed Oil,
Oil of Turpentine,
Mix together thoroughly.
# pint.
1 pint.
8 pints.
4 6 &
8 66
Smith’s Electric Oil,
Linseed Oil,
Olive Oil,
Sassafras Oil,
Chloroform,
Mix.
2 pints.
# pint.
4 ounces.
AN ENOYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Carter’s Liniment.
Fluid Lightning.
Alcohol, 4 ounces. Oil of Turpentine, # ounce
Glycerine, 1 ounce. & & Origanum, # & 6
Extract Aconite, 1 grain. & 6 Cedar, # & 6
Oil of Mustard, 1 drachm. “ Sassafras, # 6 &
Mix. This formula has been sold to physi- “ Hemlock, # “
cians at from $25 to $100 each. Used in rheu- Balsam of Fir, 1 & ©
matism and Sciatica, externally. Chloroform, 1 & 6
Gum Camphor, # “
Farmington Liniment. Sulph. Ether, 1 & 6
(For Bheumatism.) Tincture of Capsicum, 2 ounces
Olive Oil, Oil of Wormwood. 3 ounce
Spirits Camphor, each 1 ounce. Alcohol, # gallon
Chloroform, Mix.
Oil of Sassafras, # ounce.
Add the oil of Sassafras with the olive oil, Carpenter’s Liniment.
then the camphor, and lastly the chloroform. -
Apply three or four times a day, and always Aqua Ammonia, 1 ounce.
rub toward body. Chloroform, 1
Olive Oil, 1 “
Common Liniment. Sulph. Morphia, 10 grains.
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Aqua Ammonia, # ounce. Mix.
Tincture of Arnica, 1 & & For pains in the back and limbs; apply often
& 6 “ Capsicum, 1 “ and rub well in. External only.
& © & 4 Myrrh, 1 & 6
Sulph. Ether, 1 & 6 Green Oil)
Oil of Wintergreen, 2 drachms. Met. Balsam Green on.
“ Spearmint, 2 “ Linseed Oil
Tincture of Camphor, 1 ounce. Olive oil." 6 ounces each.
Alcohol, 1 quart. Expressed Oil of Laurel, 1 ounce.
Mix. This is a good, useful limiment. Turpentine, 2 ounces.
Powdered Aloes, 2 drachms.
Croton Liniment. 6 & Sulphate of Zinc, 1} & 6
& & e - 66
Tincture of Iodine, 3 drachms. º Verdigris, 3 & &
Sul & 6 Oil of Juniper, 4
ph. Ether, 4 & & 1 drach
Croton Oil 2 6 & º Cloves, º , aragnm.
e 3. e Mix the turpentine and the oil of laurel with
Iodide Potassa, 20 grains. © - ſe -
the linseed and olive oil, over a gentle fire;
Alcohol, 1 ounce. dd th ders, and when cool. th tial
Mix. This liniment is used for a blister, and 8, e powders, , Une éSSen
also as a counter-irritant.
Rheumatic Liniment.
•
w
oils. The bottle must be shaken before using.
Used for dressing old Sores, ulcers, etc.
Cook’s Magnetic Liniment.
Chloral Hydrate, 4 drachms.
Camphor, 4 6 & Oil of Amber, 8 ounges.
Tincture Aconite Root, 1 ounce. Gum Camphor, 8 * *
Oil of Cajeput, 8 drachms. Castile Soap, 2 “
Alcohol sufficient to make 4 ounces. Beef Gall, 4 * *
Mix. Apply, with a camel-hair pencil over Aqua Ammonia, 12 “
Alcohol, 1 gallon.
the parts affected.
78 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Cut the soap into fine pieces before adding
to the other ingredients. Mix, and shake occa-
sionally. This is a good cheap liniment.
Mattern's Cream Camphor. (Liniment.)
White Castile Soap, 1 ounce.
Boiling Water sufficient to dissolve.
Carbonate of Ammonia, # ounce.
Gum Camphor, 3. “
Tincture of Opium, # “
Spirits of Turpentine, 2 ounces.
Oil of Origanum, } ounce.
Water sufficient to make 2 pints.
Mix and thoroughly dissolve. A good stim-
ulating liniment.
Neuralgia Liniment.
Tincture of Aconite Root, 1 ounce.
G & “ Arnica, 2 ounces.
Oil of Camphor, 1 ounce.
“ Cajeput, 14 ounces.
Chloroform, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Mix. To be well rubbed in.
Iodide of Ammonia, Liniment.
(Giles' Liniment.)
Iodine, 15 grains.
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Gum Camphor, 2 drachms.
Oil of Lavender, 1 drachm.
“ Rosemary, 1 6 &
Water of Ammonia, 1 ounce.
This has been largely advertised as a patent
medicine, Giles' Liniment; which is heralded
as a new discovery. It is largely used in a
great many of the cities and towns of the
United States.
Hamlin’s Wizard Oil.
Chloroform, 2
Oil of Sassafras, 2
Tincture of Camphor, 2
6 & & © Opium, 2 & 6
Powdered Cayenne, 2
Aqua Ammonia, 2
Alcohol, 1
Filter and color to suit.
King of Pain.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Oil of Origanum, 2 ounces.
“ Cedar, 1 ounce.
“ Sassafras, 1 “
“ Hemlock, 1 “
“ Turpentine, 3 ounces.
Gum Camphor, 2 & 6
Tincture of Lobelia, 2 & 6
66 6 & Arnica, 2 & 6
66 “ Capsicum, 8 & 6
Aqua Ammonia, 3 66
Sweet Oil, 8 6 &
Mix. Use with castile soap, and apply three
times a day.
Chamberlain’s Relief.
Tincture of Capsicum, 1 fl. ounce.
Spirits Camphor, ; fl. “
Tincture Guaiac, 1 66
Alcohol, 1 66
Mix well together.
Black Oil Liniment.
Quicksilver, # drachm,
Nitric Acid, 1 drachm.
Sulphuric Acid, 2 drachms.
Olive Oil, 1 ounce.
Turpentine, 1 “
Cotton Cloths, Q. S.
Mix the acids together very slowly, avoid the
fumes; this must be made out of doors. When
the acids are mixed, add the turpentine and
olive oil, together with all the cotton cloths it
will dissolve.
Brodie’s Asthma, Liniment.
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Oil of Stillingia, 4 “
“ Lobelia, 1 ounce.
“ Cajeput, 2 ounces.
Mix. Rub the spinal column and neck three
times a day.
Solution Carmine.
Carmine, No. 40, in fine powder, 1 drachm.
Aqua Ammonia, # ounce.
Water, 3% ounces.
Dissolve by triturating with the ammonia;
add the water. Keep in a tight bottle.
AN ESGXOLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFOBMATION.
79
British Oil,
Oil of Turpentine,
“ Flaxseed,
“ Amber,
“ Juniper,
Barbadoes Petroleum,
American Petroleum,
Mix.
4 ounces.
3 pints.
1 pint.
3 ounce.
2 ounces.
2 ounces.
Hines’ Liniment.
Aqua Ammonia,
Tincture of Opium,
6 & 6 & Arnica,
Chloroform,
Gum Camphor,
Alcohol,
Mix.
2 ounces.
# ounce.
1 & 6
1 66
1} ounces.
5 & 4
Apply to the parts affected, by means
of a flannel Saturated with this liniment.
Hobbs’ Kerosene Liniment.
Kerosene Oil,
Tincture of Opium,
“ “ Arnica,
“ “ Stramonium,
Aromatic Spts. Ammonia,
Spirits of Camphor,
Oil of Origanum,
Chloroform,
2 ounces.
4 drachms.
5 66
4 66
6 & 6
5 66
4 & 6
1
OUIIlC6.
Mix. Rub in well twice during twenty-four
hours.
and as good for beast as man.
Osgood’s Liniment.
Castile Soap, 2 ounces.
Gum Myrrh, 2 6&
($6 Opium, 1 # 66
“ Camphor, 2. “
Oil of Origanum, 2 66
Tincture of Arnica, 2
Chloroform, # ounce.
Alcohol, 1 quart
Mix and let stand for a week, occasionally
shaking, and it is ready for use.
This is one of the best liniments in use,
Johnson’s Liniment.
Chloroform, # ounce,
Tincture Myrrh, 1 66
($6 Capsicum, 1 &
66 Arnica, 1 66
Sulph. Ether, * *
Oil of Spearmint, 2} drachms.
“ Wintergreen, 2} “
Aqua Ammonia, 2 ounces.
Alcohol, 1 quart.
Mix.
Radway's Ready Relief.
Soap Liniment,
Tincture of Capsicum,
Water of Ammonia,
Alcohol,
Mix thoroughly.
1} fl. ounces.
1 fl. ounce.
# fl. 66
# fl. 66
Uncle Sam’s Nerve and Bone Liniment.
Oil of Origanum, 4 ounces.
“ Rosemary, 4 “
* Amber, 4 *
“ Hemlock, 4 “
Turpentine, 4 pints.
Oil of Linseed, 6 pints.
Mix. For external use only.
OINTIMENTS.
Alum and Calomel Ointment.
Calomel, 2 drachms.
Powdered Alum, # ounce.
Sugar of Lead, # “
Oil of Turpentine, 2 drachms.
Simple Ointment, 14 ounces.
Mix. This is a valuable remedy in tinea
Flagg’s Relief.
Oil of Cloves, 1 fl. drachm.
“ Sassafras, 2 fl. drachms.
Spirits of Camphor,
Mix well together.
1} fl. ounces.
capitis. The simple ointment is made as fol-
lows.
Simple Ointment.
White Wax, 1 pound.
Prepared Lard, 2 pounds.
Mix. ſ
80
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
Camphor Ointment.
Powdered Camphor, 15 grains.
Glycerine, Q. S.
Simple Ointment, 1 ounce.
Mix. Useful in erythema, and in vesicular
and equinous affections of the skin.
Basilicon Ointment.
(Resin Cerate.)
Resin, 10 ounces.
Yellow Wax, 4 ounces.
Lard, 16 ounces.
Melt them together over a slow fire; strain
the mixture through muslin, and stir constantly
until cold. This is one of the best known and
most reliable dressings for healing old burns,
scalds, and all kinds of Sores.
Cantharides Cerate.
(Blister Ointment.)
Cantharides, in fine powder, 12 ounces.
Yellow Wax, 7 “
Resin, 7 *
Lard, 10 “
To the wax, resin and lard, previously melted
together and strained through muslim, add the
cantharides, and by means of a Water-bath
keep the mixture in a liquid state for half an
hour, then remove from the fire and stir con-
stantly until cool. This forms the usual blis-
tering plaster.
Ointment of Rose Water,
(Cold Cream.)
Oil of Sweet Almonds,
Spermaceti,
White Wax, 2 drachms.
Eose Water, 2 fl. ounces.
Melt together by means of a Water-bath, the
oil, spermaceti and wax; then gradually add
84 ounces.
1 ounce.
the rose-water, and stir constantly while cool- |
ing. A small portion of glycerine may be
added, if desired, before cooling. When prop-
erly made, cold cream is one of the most ele-
gant and grateful preparations in use for
chapped hands and lips, frost-bite, raw sur-
faces, etc.
Stramonium Ointment.
Fresh Lard, 2 pounds.
Stramonium Leaves, bruised, sufficient.
Place the lard in a kettle, over a slow fire,
and put in all the stramonium leaves it will
hold; let it simmer for an hour, remove from
the fire, and strain while hot; expressing the
leaves dry. This forms a simple and good
ointment to relieve pain; and is much used as
an addition to pile ointments.
Eye Ointment.
Pulverized Opium, 8 grains.
66 Camphor, 8 “
($6 Calomel, 30 “
Oil of Sweet Almonds, 1 drachm.
Cocoa Butter, 1 “
Mix. Rub a small portion on the eye-lid
before going to bed.
Compound Butter Ointment.
Burgundy Pitch, 4 ounces.
Red Oxide Mercury, 1 ounce.
Red Oxide Lead, 1 “
Venice Turpentine, 1 “
Fresh Butter, 16 ounces.
Melt the butter and pitch over a slow fire;
add the turpentine; and, lastly, the two oxides,
finely powdered, stirring constantly until the
ointment is cold.
Deshler’s Salve.
Flaxseed Oil, 8 ounces.
Turpentine, 54 “
Yellow Wax, 12 66
Resin, 12 6&
Suet, 12 &G
Melt all together and strain the mixture well,
stirring until cold.
Magnetic Ointment.
Prepared Lard, 8 ounces.
Raisins, 8 66
Fine-cut Tobacco, 3 66
Simmer well together, then remove from the
fire and strain. This is a fine remedy for salt
rheum, tetter, etc.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 81
Becker’s Eye Salve.
Calamine, 1} drachms.
Tutty, 1} 66
Red Oxide of Mercury, 6 {&
Powdered Camphor, 1 drachm.
Oil of Sweet Almonds, 2 drachms.
White Wax, 1 ounce.
Fresh Butter, 8 ounces.
Reduce the minerals to a fine powder and
incorporate with the oils, in which the camphor
has been dissolved, with the butter and wax,
previously melted. Unsalted butter should be
used.
Green Mountain Salve
Powdered Verdigris, 1 ounce.
Oil of Wormwood, % 6 &
Venice Turpentime, 14 ounces.
Oil of Red Cedar, 1 ounce.
Oil of Origanum, 1 & 6
Oil of Hemlock, 1 & 6
Balsam Fir, 1 & 6
Mutton Tallow, 4 ounces.
Beeswax, 4 & ©
Burgundy Pitch, 4 6 &
Resin, 5 pounds.
Melt the resin, pitch, beeswax, mutton tal-
low and balsam together; now add the oils
with the verdigris, together with the other in-
gredients, and mix thoroughly.
Judkins’ Ointment.
Linseed Oil, 1 pound.
Red Lead, 4 Ounces.
Spts. Turpentine, # drachm.
Sugar of Lead, 1 * *
The oil is first boiled in an earthen pot, af-
ter which the lead is gradually added, finally
the other ingredients.
Mild Oxide of Zinc Ointment.
The first three articles are to be melted by
a gentle heat, and while warm, sprinkle in the
zinc, and when nearly cold add the benzoic acid
and otto of rose.
Petit’s Eye Salve.
White Wax, 4 ounces.
Spermaceti, 12 “
Olive Oil, 2 pounds.
White Precipitate, 3 ounces.
Oxide of Zinc, 4 & &
Benzoic Acid, 2 drachms.
Sulphate of Morphia, 48 grains.
Oil of Rosemary, 20 drops.
Melt the sperm, wax, and olive oil together.
Rub the precipitate, zinc and benzoic acid
in a portion of the warm mixture, add together,
and lastly add the rosemary; stir until cool.
Oxide of Zinc Ointment.
Prepard Lard, 5 Troy ounces.
Olive Oil, 5 Troy ounces.
White Wax, 2} Troy ounces.
Spermaceti, 2} Troy ounces.
Oxide of Zinc, 2} Troy ounces.
Powdered Gum Benzoin, ; Troy ounce.
Melt the lard, olive oil, white wax and sperm
by a gentle heat; Sprinkle in the zinc, and
when nearly cool add the gum and mix all
thoroughly. An excellent ointment for sores
that are indisposed to heal.
Cazeaux Nipple Ointment.
White Wax, 4 ounces.
Oil of Sweet Almonds, 1 ounce.
Honey, (clear) # ounce.
Balsam Peru, 2} drachms.
Melt the wax and honey by a gentle heat,
then add the oil of almonds, and when nearly
cold, add the balsam of Peru.
Croup Ointment.
2 pounds.
Olive Oil,
Spermaceti, 12 ounces. Lobelia Seed, powdered, 1 ounce.
White Wax, 9 “ Maccoboy Snuff, 1 ounce.
White Oxide of Zinc, 4 * * Prepared Lard, sufficient to make an ointment,
Acid, Benzoic, 2 drachms. Spread upon linen and apply over the throat
Sulphate of Morphia, 2 & & and chest, as long as the case requires a
ou, of Roses, 20 drops. relaxant.
82 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Kittridge’s Ointment.
Quicksilver, 1 ounce.
Nitric Acid, 1 ounce.
Prepared Lard, # pound.
Let the silver and the acid stand together
until the silver is set, then add to the lard
previously melted and mix thoroughly. This
is a fine remedy for pimpled face, prairie itch,
itch, etc.
Radin’s Camphor Ointment.
Purified Lard, # ounce.
66 Suet, # “
White Wax, * “
Oil of Bay-berries, 3. "
Gum Camphor, 2 drachms.
Melt altogether, except the camphor, which
must be added to the mixture when nearly cold.
Pimple Ointment.
Cold Cream, 1 ounce.
Nitrate of Bismuth, 40 grains.
White Precipitate, 40 “
Oil of Bergamot, 20 drops.
Mix. This is a fine preparation to reduce
pimples, etc., from the face.
Favorite Ointment.
Red Oxide Mercury, # ounce.
Sugar of Lead, # “
Burnt Alum, 1 &6
White Witriol, 2 drachms.
Mutton Tallow, # pound.
Melt the tallow and add the other ingredients
while warm; mix thoroughly and stir until cold.
Green Ointment.
Clear Honey, # pound.
Beeswax, # “
Turpentine, 1 ounce.
Oil of Wintergreen, 2 ounces.
Tincture of Opium, 2 66
Powdered Verdigris, 2 drachms.
Refined Lard, 1} pounds.
Melt the lard and beeswax together by a
gentle heat, then add other ingredients and
mix thoroughly.
Chilblain Ointment.
Powdered Nutgalls, 1 drachm.
Glycerine, 2 drachms.
Simple Ointment, 7 & 6
Mix and make a uniform mass. A good
dressing for broken chilblains.
Mead's Ointment.
Aqua Fortis, 1 ounce.
Quicksilver, 1 “
Castile Soap, dissolved, 1 “
Prepared Chalk, 1 “
Prepared Lard, 1 pound.
Mix the aqua fortis and quicksilver in an
earthenware vessel, and when done effervescing,
mix with the other ingredients. This is an
excellent remedy for salt rheum.
Pile Ointment–No. 1.
Powdered Galls, 40 grains.
Powdered Opium, 20 & &
Simple Ointment, # ounce.
Stramonium Ointment, # & 6
Mix. Apply two or three times daily.
Pile Ointment–No. 2.
Carbonate of Lead, # ounce.
Sulphate of Morphia, 15 grains.
Stramonium Ointment, U. S. D. 1 ounce.
Olive Oil, 20 drops.
Mix, and apply three times a day, as occa-
sion and pain may require.
Sisson’s Ointment.
Best Brandy, 8 ounces.
Turpentine, 1 gill.
Gum Camphor, 1 ounce.
Beef’s Gall, 8 ounces.
Neat's Foot Oil, 1 pint.
Dissolve the camphor in the brandy, add the
other ingredients, and mix well.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 83
Anderson’s Soothing Ointment.
Oxide of Bismuth, # ounce.
Oleic Acid, 4 ounces.
White Wax, 1% £ 6
Waseline, 4}. “
Oil of Rose, Q. 8.
Mix. Add perfume when mixture is nearly
cold.
Iodoform Ontment.
Iodoform, 10 grains.
Oil of Eucalyptus, 1 drachm.
Cosmoline, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Citrine Ointment.
Mercury, 4 ounces.
Nitric Acid, C. P. 12 fl. ounces.
Neatfoot's Oil, 8 fl. “
Lard, 2} pounds.
Dissolve the mercury in the acid. Heat the
lard and oil to 180°, then add the dissolved
mercury all at once. Commence stirring and
continue doing so until the ointment is cold,
or about of the consistency of molasses. Toward
the latter end of the process, the vessel may
be set in one containing cold water, thus hasten-
ing the cooling. I wish to impress it firmly
upon the minds of all trying this process, that
it is absolutely necessary to continue the stir-
ring until the completion of the process. The
above gives an ointment of good consistency,
bright lemon color, without disagreeable smell,
and keeps.
PILLS.
Medicines adapted to the pilular form are
powders in less than fifteen grain doses; gum-
resins in extracts, and oleo-resins and oils in
small proportions.
Unadhesive materials—Calomel, Dover's pow-
der, Sub. nit. bismuth, morphia, acetas, strych-
nia, pulv. digitalis, pulv. ipecac, plumbi
acetas, ant. et. pot. tartrate, ant. sulph.,
argenti nitras, argenti oxidum, ferri pulvis,
ferri sub carb., etc.
Medicinal excipients—Extracts, pil. hydrarg.,
pil. Copaibaº, pil. ferri carb., terebinthina; with
moisture, powd. aloes, rheum, kino, tannin,
opium, Scilla, ferri citras, assafoetida, etc.
A Good Excipient for Pills.
Starch,
Glycerine,
Mix and heat together by means of a water
bath until a gelatinous mass is formed.
Excipients should be added to the pill
cautiously or it will become too soft. If this
occurs a dryer will be needed, Powdered acacia,
powdered starch, powdered licorice, etc., all
answer this purpose.
4 drachms.
3 ounces.
Pills of Antimony Comp.
(Plummers Pill.)
Sulphuretted Antimony, 120 grains.
Mild Chloride of Mercury, 120 grains.
Guaiac, powdered, # ounce.
Molasses, sufficient.
Mix. Make 240 pills.
Dose.—One to three pills.
Gamboge Pills, Compound.
Gamboge, 1 drachm.
Aloes, 1 & &
Compound Powder of Cinnamon, 1 © 6
Soap, 2 ounces.
Syrup, sufficient.
Make into 3 grain pills.
Dose.—One to three pills.
Pills of Copaiba.
Solid Copaiba, 600 grains.
Magnesia, 60 grains.
Make 200 pills.
Dose.—One to three pills.
Pills of Aloes and Assafoetida.
Aloes, 3 drachms.
Castile Soap, 8 & &
Pulv. Assafoetida, 40 grains.
Make into 3 grain pills.
Dose.—Two to five.
Tonic and Stomachic Pills.
Aqueous Ext. Cinch., 20 grains.
Ferri Subcarb., 12 “
Syr. Aurant. Cort., Q. S.
Make 12 pills.
Dose.—One every four hours.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Quinine and Camphor Pills.
Ext. Cinch., 1 drachm.
Pulv. Camphor, 12 grains.
“ Opii., 1 grain.
“ Cinch., Q. S.
Make 12 pills.
Dose.—One every three hours.
Antispasmodic Pills.
Ext. Cinch., 2 drachms.
Catechu, 2 & 6
Pulv. Assafoetida, 40 grains.
Nitrate of PotaSS., 40 “
Make 50 pills.
Dose.—One every two or three hours, or
oftener if needed.
Pills Bromide of Iron.
Brom. Ferri. Pulv., 12 grains.
Confect. Rosae, 18 “
Gum Acacia, 12 “
Make 20 pills.
Dose.—Take two in the morning, and two in
the evening. Useful in hypertrophy of the
heart and scrofulous affections.
Pills of the Arsenate of Iron.
ferri. Protox. Arsen., 3 grains.
Ext. Humuli, 2 drachms.
Puly. Althae, 30 grains.
Simple Syrup, Q. 8.
Make 48 pills. -
Dose.—Take one every day. Useful in Scrofu-
lous or cancerous affections.
Pills of Aloes and Iron.
Socotrine Aloes, 1 ounce.
Ginger Jam, 2 ounces.
Sulphate of Iron, 2 “
Extract of Conium, 1 ounce.
Make into 3-grain pills.
Dose.—One or two pills.
Emmenagogue Pills.
Ferri Sulph., 20 grains.
Pulv. Aloes, 20 “
Saponis Castile, 20 “
Make ten pills.
Dose.—One, morning and night.
Sulphate of Iron Pills, Comp.
Ferri Sulph., 1 ounce.
Ext. Anthem, 1} ounces.
Ol. Mentha Pip., 1 fl. drachm.
Syr. Simp., Q. S.
Dose.—Take five to ten grains. Useful as em-
Imenagogue.
Emmenagogue Pills.
Formula, No. 1.
Ferri Sulph., 30 grains.
Galbanum, 1} drachms.
Myrrh, 1} “
Syr. Aurant. Cort., Q. S.
Make pills, two grains each.
Dose.—Take six, every three hours.
Formula No. 2.,
Acid Tannic,
Syr. Simple,
Ft. Pil. No. 8.
Dose.—One, every two or three hours, in gon-
orrhea.
12 grains.
Q. S.
Formula, No. 3.
Accid Tannic, 20 grains.
Morphiae Sulph., 1 grain.
Mucilage Acacia, Q. S.
Make ten pills.
Dose.—Take one every two or three hours.
Useful in diarrhea and dysentery.
Formula No. 4.
Acidi Gallici, 20 grains.
Ext. Gentiana, 10 “
Syrupi, Q. 8.
Make ten pills.
Dose.—Take one every hour.
orrhages.
Useful in hem-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PEAOTICAL INFORMATION.
Pills of Camphor and Kino.
Pulv. Kino, 40 grains.
Camphor, 30 “
Pulv. Aromatic, 20 “
Oxide of Zinc, 10 “
Make twenty pills. ,
Dose.—Two, morning and night.
In Asthma.
Pulv. Opii., 1 grain
Castorei, 9 grains
Digitalis, 2 66
Pil. Scillae, compound, 8 66
Mix. Make four pills.
Dose.—One, three times a day.
Good Laxative Pills.
Podophyllin, 2 grains.
Powdered Rhubarb, 14 “
Powdered Capsicum, 4 **
Make twelve pills.
Dose.—Two to four pills, at night.
In Gout of the Stomach.
Ammon. Carb. 20 grains.
Pulv. Capsici, 20 & 6
Pulv. Caryoph, 20 & 6
Pulv. Macis, 20 © &
Ol. Carui, 5 drops.
Ext. of Gentian, 5 drops.
Syr. Simp., Q. S.
Mix. Make 20 pills.
Dose.—One, every two hours.
In Spasmodic Cough.
Oxide of Zinc, 8 grains.
White Sugar, 5 6 &
Pulv. Myrrh, 1} drachms.
Conserve Roses, Q. S.
Make 20 pills.
Dose.—One, to be taken twice a day.
In Chorea and Epilepsy.
Argent. Nit., 3 grains.
Pulv. Opium, 30 “
“ Camphor, 20 “
* Moschus, 20 ee
Make 24 pills.
Dose.—One, morning and night.
To Produce Sleep.
Ext. Opii Aqueous, 2 grains.
Camphor, 2 & 6
Simple Syrup, Q. Be
Make one pill.
Dose.—To be taken at bed time.
Pills for Intermittent Fever.
Cupri Sulph., 6 grains.
Ext. Cinchonae, 32 66
Simple Syrup, Q. S.
Make 16 pills.
Dose.—Take one four times a day.
Rufus’ Pills (Cathartic.)
Pulv. Aloes, 2 ounces
“ Myrrh, 1 ounce.
Crocus, # “
Simple Syrup, . Q. S.
Make 480 pills.
Dose.—Take three to six pills for a dose.
Useful in constipation.
Pills in Nervous Irritability, Etc.
Zinci Valerianas, 18 grains.
Make 12 pills.
Dose.—One, three times a day.
For Neuralgia-
Oxide of Zinc, 1 drachm
Ext. Hyoscyamus, 1 6 &
Hellebore Nig., 1. & 4
Pulv. Glycyrrhiza, Rad., Q. S.
Make 72 pills.
Dose.—One pill daily.
86 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Pills for Epilepsy and Chorea.
Oxide of Zinc, 40 grains.
Conserve of Roses, Q. 8.
Make 10 pills.
Dose.—One, three or four times a day.
Emmenagogue Pills.
Pulv. Myrrh, 1} drachms.
Ext. Hyoscyamus, 30 grains.
Pulv. Scillae, 30 “
Aqua, Q. S.
Make 80 pills.
Dose.—Two or three daily.
Use.—To promote the menstrual discharge.
Sulphate of Iron Pills.
Ferri Sulph., 3 drachms.
Socotrine Aloes, 2 6 &
Aromatic powder, 6 66
Confection of Roses, 8 66
Pulverize the iron and aloes separately, mix
all the ingredients in a proper mass, then
make pills five grains each.
Dose.—Ome to three pills a day.
Hooper’s Female Pills.
Aloes, Soc., 8 ounces.
Dried Sulphate of Iron, 17; drachms.
Extract of Black Hellebore, 2 ounces.
Myrrh, 2 & 4
Soap, 2 & &
Powdered Camella, 1 ounce,
Powdered Ginger, 1 & 6
Beat them well together into a mass, with
syrup or water, and divide into pills, each
containing two and one-half grains.
Dose.—Take one every four hours.
In Neuralgia.
Extract of Hyoscyamus, 3 drachm.
Extract of Belladonna, 5 grains.
Sulph. Morphia, 2 grains.
Sulph. Quinine, 40 “
Mix. Make 20 pills.
Dose.—One every two hours.
Holloway’s Celebrated Pills.
Aloes,
2 drachms.
Rhubarb, 2 6 &
Capsicum, 20 grains.
Saffron, 5 “
Sulphate of Soda, 5 grains.
Make 100 pills.
Dose.—One three times a day.
In Rheumatism.
Pulv. Antimony, 10 grains.
Pulv. Opii, 2 “
Hyd. Chlo. Mit. 2 “
Confection of Roses, Q1. 8.
Mix. Make four pills.
Dose.—Take two at bed time.
In Rheumatism.
Ant. et Potas. Tart, 2 grains.
Pulv. Opii, 6 “
Camphor, 86 “
Spts. Rectif., 3 drops.
Conserve of Roses, Q. Be
Mix. Make 12 pills.
Dose.—One every fourth hour.
Pills for Habitual Costiveness.
Pulv. Ipecac, 10 grains.
Hydrarg. Chlor. Mit., 8 & 6
Ext. Taraxaci, 40 66
Mix. Make 30 pills.
Dose.—One three times a day.
Compound Cathartic Pills-Improved.
(Wegetable.)
Powd. Ext. Colocynth, Comp., 100 grains.
6 & & 4 Jalap, 50 6 (;
66 “ Hyoscyamus, 25 “
$6 “ Dandelion, 25 tº
Leptandrin, 50 “
Podophyllin, 25 “
Oil Peppermint, 8 drops.
Make into one hundred pills.
Dose.—One to three pills.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 8.7
Dr. Vance’s Rheumatic Pills.
Ext. Colchici Acetici, 3 drachm.
Pulv. Ipecac Comp. 1} drachms.
Dover's Powder, 3 grains.
Make 24 pills.
Dose.—Two at night and one before breakfast.
In Scrofulous and Skin Diseases.
Green Iodide of Mercury, 10 grains.
Resin of Guaiacum, 40 & 6
Ext. of Conium, 30 & 6
Triturate the resin of guaiacum into a mass
with a little alcohol; then incorporate with it
the extract of conium and iodide of mercury,
and divide into twenty pills.
Dose.—One three times a day.
Eclectic Liver Pills.
Podophyllin, 10 grains,
Leptandrin, 20 & ©
Sanguinaria, 10 6 &
Extract of Dandelion, 20 66
Mix into 20 Pills.
Useful in chronic diseases of the liver. Take
a pill at night for several days, or two may be
taken at first, to move the bowels, then one
daily.
Cough Pills.
Powdered Assafoetida, 1 drachm.
Sulph. Morphia, 8 grains.
Mix. Make 30 pills.
Dose.—One or two at bed time.
Neuralgia, Pills—(Dr. Gross.)
Sulphate Quinine, 200 grains.
Sulphate Morphia, 5 “
Powdered Extract Aconite, 50 “
Sulphate Strychnia, 3 “
Arsenious Acid, 5 “
Make one hundred pills.
Dose.—One to two pills.
Compound Cathartic Pills.
Ext. of Colocynth Comp., # ounce.
Extract of Jalap, 180 grains.
Calomel, 180 “
Gamboge, 40 “
Make one hundred and eighty pills.
Dose.—One to four pills.
Webster’s Dinner Pills.
Powdered Socotrine Aloes, 360 grains.
6 & Mastic, 120 “
& & Red Rose Leaves, 120 “
Make two hundred pills.
Dose.—One to three.
Cook’s Pills.
Powdered Aloes, Soc., 100 grains.
& 4 Rhubarb, 100 “
Calomel, 75 “
Powdered Castile Soap, 25 tº
Make one hundred pills.
Dose.—Two to four pills.
Ague Pills,
Blue Mass, 14 grains.
Sulph. Quinine, 24 “
Oil Black Pepper, 12 drops.
Make twelve pills.
Dose.—One pill every three hours, preceding
the chill.
Howlett's Ague Pills.
Quinine, 2 drachms.
Powd. Gum Myrrh, 1 drachm.
6 & Capsicum, 1 6 (;
Make into 64 pills.
Dose.—One pill.
Ingall’s Pills.
Pulverized Gamboge, 50 grains.
Aq. Ext. Aloes Soct., 50 “
Podophyllin, 50 **
Mix, and make 100 pills.
Dose.—One or two pills.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Lee’s Pills.
Powdered Aloes, 1 ounce.
& © Scammony, # “
66 Gamboge, 3 drachms.
( & Jalap, 2 6 &
C & Soap, Castile, 1 drachm.
Make into three grain pills.
Dose.—One to three pills.
Sappington’s Pills.
(ForíAgue.)
Sulph. Quinine, 480 grains.
Powd. Ext. Licorice, 360 “
“ Gum Myrrh, 120 “
Oil Sassafras, 30 drops.
Syrup q. S. to form a mass.
Make into 480 pills.
Dose.—One to three pills, in absence of fever.
Barclay's Anti-Bilious Pills.
2 drachms.
1 drachm.
Extract of Colocynth,
Extract of Jalap,
Almond Soap, 1} drachms.
Guaiacum, 3 & 6
Tartarized Antimony, 8 grains.
Oil of Juniper, 4 drops,
Oil of Caraway, 4 6 &
Oil of Rosemary, 4 & &
Form into a mass with syrup and divide
into 3 grain pills.
Dose.—One to three pills
SOLUTIONS.
Solution Carbolic Acid.
Carbolic Acid, in crystals, 1% ounces.
Glycerine and Water, each a Sufficient quan-
tity.
Dissolve the carbolic acid in glycerine, about
two ounces, to which add fourteen ounces of
water; when clear, add two ounces more Water,
and filter. If the solution is milky, clarify with
glycerine. Used as a lotion, or in combination,
whenever carbolic acid is indicated.
Solution Citrate of Bismuth.
Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonia, 4 drachms.
Hot Water, 4 “
Aqua Ammonia, about # ounce.
Rub the bismuth to a fine powder, and add
it gradually, in small portions, to the hot Water,
rubbing it to a uniform consistency; then add
enough aqua ammonia to make clear, and
Water enough to measure half a pint; filter.
Dose.—One half to one teaspoonful.
Solution of Citric Acid.
Citric Acid, 8 ounces.
Hot Water, 8 “
Dissolve the acid in the water, and add
water to make one pint. Used mostly in making
soda syrup and acid drinks.
Donovan’s Solution.
Iodide of Arsenic, 35 grains.
Red Iodide of Mercury, 35 “
Distilled Water, # pint.
Rub the iodides with half a fluid ounce of
water; when dissolved add the remainder of
the water, and filter.
Uses.—Given in chronic cutaneous affections,
by advice of a physician.
Dose.—Five drops, gradually increased.
Harle’s Solution.
Arsenious Acid, 30 grains.
Carbonate of Soda (dried), 30 “
Distilled Water, 6 ounces.
Cinnamon Water, q. S. to make 8 & 4
It is used for the same purposes and in the
same doses as Fowler's.
Fowler’s Solution.
Arsenious Acid, in Small fragments, 64 grains.
Bicarbonate of Potassa, 64 “
Distilled Water, Q. S.
Compound Spirits of Lavender, 3 fl. drachm.
Boil the arsenious acid and the bicarbonate
of potassa in a glass vessel, with twelve fluid
ounces of distilled water till the acid is entirely
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION., 89
dissolved in the solution; when cold, add the
compound spirits of lavender, and afterwards
sufficient distilled water to measure one pint.
Uses.—Given for skin diseases and in ague
and intermittent fever.
Dose.—Five drops, gradually increased; to be
well diluted.
Liquor Chlorinate Soda.
(Labarraque's Solution.)
Chlorinated Lime, 1 ounce.
Carbonate Soda, 2 ounces.
Water, 1 pint.
Dissolve the sodium in four ounces of the
water, with the aid of heat. Triturate the
lime with the rest of the water, adding a little
at a time, until mixed; set aside for twenty-
four hours, then decant the clear liquid, and
transfer the residue to a muslin strainer, and
allow to drain, adding enough water to make
twelve ounces of clear liquor. Add this to the
Solution of sodium, and mix thoroughly ; lastly,
keep the liquid in well stopped bottles, pro-
tected from the light.
Uses.—This preparation is largely used as an
antiseptic, in putrid diseases, and as a topical
application in unhealthy ulcers, diphtheria,
scarlet fever, burns, etc.
It may be used as a gargle, or an injection,
by being diluted with eight to twelve parts of
Water.
Dose.—Internally, twenty to sixty drops, di-
luted.
Solution Acetate of Ammonia.
Acetic Acid, dilute, 1 pint.
Carb. of Ammonia, Q. S.
Add the carbonate of ammonia to the acid
until saturated or neutral, and filter.
A diaphoretic. Useful in low fevers, headache
and drunkenness.
Dose.—From one to two teaspoonfuls, diluted.
Solution of Iodine.
(Lugol's.)
Iodine, # ounce.
Iodide of Potassium, 1 ounce.
Water, 10 ounces.
Dissolve the iodide of potasS. in the Water,
and add the iodine, previously rubbed to
a fine powder. This solution is for internal use.
Dose.—Five to two drops, diluted with Water.
Lugol's Caustic Solution of Iodine.
Iodine, 1 ounce.
Iodide of Potassium, 1 ounce.
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix and dissolve.
This is a powerful caustic, for external appli-
cation.
Solution Persulphate of Iron.
(Monsel's Styptic.)
Sulp. of Iron (coarse powder), 12 Troy ounces.
Sulphuric Acid, 1 Troy ounce+ 30 grains.
Nitric Acid, 1 Troy ounce+300 grains.
Mix the acids with a half pint of distilled
water in a large porcelaia capsule, and, having
heated the mixture to the boiling point, add
the sulphate of iron, one-fourth at a time, stir-
ring often each addition, until effervescence
ceases. Then keep the solution in brisk
ebullition until nitrous vapors are no longer
perceptible, and the color assumes a ruby tint;
lastly, when the liquid is cool, add sufficient
distilled water to make it measure twelve fluid
OUID.C6S.
Valuable to arrest bleeding, by application
and should be kept in every family.
Solution of Salicylic Acid.
Salicylic Acid, 1 ounce.
Bicarbonate of Soda, 1 “
Glycerine, 6 ounces.
Water, 9 “
Dissolve the bicarbonate of soda in the water,
mix the acid with the glycerine. Then add
enough of the solution of soda to the acid and
glycerime to dissolve the acid. Make up the
measure to one pint with water.
Good in rheumatism.
Dose.—One to three teaspoonfuls.
Solution of Iodine.
Iodine, 2 grains.
Iodide of Potassium, 4 drachms.
Peppermint Water, 6 ounces.
Dissolve.
90 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Solution of Phosphoric Acid.
Glacial Phosphoric Acid, 1 ounce.
Water sufficient.
Nitric acid, 40 grains.
Dissolve phosphoric acid in three ounces of
Water. Add the nitric acid and boil until it is
reduced to a syrupy consistence and free from
the odor of nitric acid, then add enough water
to make the measure twelve and a half ounces.
Solution of Dialyzed Iron.
In view of the wide-spread and rapidly in-
creasing demand for this preparation, the fol-
lowing working formula, which has been tried
with excellent success, may prove of interest
and benefit :
Solution Chloride of Iron, 1 pint.
Water of Ammonia q. S., or. 2 pints.
Distilled Water, 12 “
Mix the iron solution with eight pints of the
water and precipitate the oxide of iron there-
from by means of the water of ammonia, pre-
viously diluted with the remaining four pints
of water, care being taken to have a slight
excess of ammonia. Collect the precipitate
upon a close cotton (drilling) strainer of ample
proportions, well Secured around the ends.
Wash the precipitate with plenty of distilled
water of a temperature not exceeding 50° F.,
stirring the magma constantly with a horn or
wooden spatula while pouring the water upon
it. Set the magma aside to drain for several
hours and then without expressing, or, if too
moist after application of very slight and grad-
ual pressure, transfer to a wide mouth bottle
and add four fluid ounces of Solution of chlor-
ide of iron, shake briskly for awhile and then
set aside in a cool place for twenty-four hours
or until a complete solution has been effected,
meanwhile stirring the mixture frequently. Fi-
nally transfer the Solution to a dialyser and
proceed in the usual manner. The process re-
quires from eight to twelve days for comple-
tion. The preparation may be considered finished
when tincture of nutgalls produces no darken-
ing color, and nitrate of silver no precipitate in
the diluted Solution.
U
When time is no object successive portions
of oxide of iron may be dissolved in the solu-
tion already obtained in the same manner as
the first portion, thus shortening the process of
dialysing, or, in fact, carrying the Saturation
when the latter becomes altogether unnecessary,
since the resulting preparation possesses pre-
cisely the same physical and chemical proper-
ties and peculiarities as the dialysed liquid.
Hall’s Solution of Strychnia.
Strychnia, in Crystals, 16 grains.
Alcohol, 7 ounces.
Water, 7 & 6
Acetic Acid, # ounce.
Tinc. Cardamom Comp., 1} ounces.
Rub the strychnia to a very fine powder, and
dissolve with the acetic acid. Add the alcohol,
water and prepared flavoring previously mixed,
and filter.
Each fluid ounce contains one grain Strychnia.
Solution of Morphia,
Sulphate of Morphia, 16 grains.
Water, 1 ounce.
Dissolve.
This must not be used in place of the offici-
nal liquor or solution of morphia. See below.
Solution of Morphia. (Officinal).
Sulphate of Morphia, 8 grains.
Distilled Water, # pint.
One fluid drachm contains one-eighth grain
morphia.
Solution of Phosphorus, Bromine and Iodine.
Phosphorus, 10 grains.
Bromine, 170 “
Iodine, 170 “
Alcohol, 1 ounce,
Glycerine enough to make 8 fluid ounces.
Dissolve the iodine in the alcohol and add
to the glycerine; then add the bromine, and,
lastly, the phosphorus, very gradually, in fine
shavings, to the mixture. Great care must be
taken in adding the phosphorus, as the action
is violent.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Solution of Bromhydric Acid.
(Hydrobromic Acid.)
Bromide of Potassium, 1 ounce.
Tartartic Acid, 14 ounces.
Water, 4 & 4
Mix and agitate until the salts are dissolved
and precipitation commences. Set aside in a
eold place for twelve hours, decant and filter.
WINES AND BITTER.S.
To Prepare Cider for Making the Various Kinds
of Artificial Drinks.
Pure Cider, 40 gallons.
Alcohol, 1 gallon.
Loaf Sugar, 4 pounds.
Crude Tartar, 8 ounces.
Fill into a cask and mix the ingredients
thoroughly, and as fermentation takes place,
keep the cask full up with fresh cider in order
to work off all the dregs. To check fermenta-
tion, add one-half pound of mustard seed to
each 40 gallons.
Rule for Making Family Wines from the Various
Fruits.
Ripe Fruit, crushed, 24 pounds.
Soft Water, 1 gallon.
Loaf Sugar, 4 pounds.
Cream of Tartar, 13 ounces.
Brandy, 1 quart.
Dissolve the cream of tartar in water, mix
all the ingredients and let them stand for one
week before drawing off.
Blackberry Wine.
Bipe Berries, 20 gallons.
Hot Water, 5 gallons.
Sugar, 40 pounds.
Ginger, bruised, 2 ounces.
Red Tartar, 8 & 4
Alcohol, 1 gallon.
Bruise the berries and pour on three gallons of
hot water, infuse three days, and subject to pres-
sure in a canvas bag. Macerate the dregs for
twelve hours in the remaining water, and press
again; mix the two liquors together, add the
sugar, and after fermentation, the ginger, the tar-
tar, and mix well.
Black Currant Wine.
Black Currants, 20 gallons.
Cold Water, 20 “
Sugar, 60 pounds.
Red Tartar, 8 ounces.
Cloves, # ounce.
Orange Peel, # “
Ginger, 3. “
Proceed as with the blackberry wine
Cherry Wine.
Bruised Cherries, 10 gallons.
Water, 10 & & &
Sugar, 22 pounds
Cherry Stones, bruised, 2 & &
Honey, 5 & &
Alcohol, 1 gallon.
Red Tartar, 6 ounces.
Cardamoms, 1 ounce.
Follow the process given for blackberry wine.
Ginger Wine.
Alcohol, 1 quart.
Pulverized Capsicum, 80 grains.
Best Ginger, bruised, 8 ounces.
Tartaric Acid, 3 drachms.
Let stand for one week, then add:
Water, 1 gallon.
Sugar, crushed, 1 pound.
Boil the Sugar with the water for some time
before adding to the other mixture; color with
cochineal coloring.
Ginger Beer.
White Sugar, 20 pounds.
Lemon Juice, 8 fluid ounces.
Honey, 1 pound.
Bruised Ginger, 17 ounces.
Water, 18 gallons.
Boil the ginger in three gallons of water for
half an hour, then add the lemon juice, sugar,
and honey, with the remaining water, and
strain; when cold add the white of an egg,
together with half an ounce of essence of
lemon. After standing four days, bottle.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PºCºTCAL INFORMATION.
Claret Wine.
Prepared Cider, 40 gallons.
Water, 5 & 6
The Juice of 40 lemons.
Sugar, 12 pounds.
Cream of Tartar, 4 ounces.
Pure Spirits, 3 gallons.
Let stand for ten days, and then color with
red Saunders, after this, fine it.
Mead,
Hôney, 20 pounds.
Cider, 12 gallons.
Rum, 4 pints.
Brandy, 4 “
Red or White Tartar, 6 ounces.
Bitter Almonds, 2 drachms.
Cloves, 2 & 4
Yeast, 1 pint.
Dissolve the honey in the cider, add the yeast,
and let it ferment. When clear, add the other
ingredients, macerate three days, strain and
bottle.
Extract Root Beer,
Extract American Sarsaparilla, 10 drachms.
Fluid Extract Prince's Pine, 10 “
6 & “ Wintergreen, 4 “
66 & & Licorice, 2 € 6
Root Beer Flavoring, 1 ounce.
Refined Molasses, 1 gallon.
Water, 9 gallons.
Mix. Charge in an ordinary Soda fountain
in the usual manner.
Cherry Brandy,
Alcohol, 40 gallons.
Water, 4 gallons.
Cherries, bruised, 40 quarts.
Sugar, 10 pounds.
Bitter Almonds, braised, 1 pound.
Cloves, 2 ounces.
Cassia, 1 ounce.
Macerate for one month and then draw off
and decant or filter. Color this with burnt
Bºgar.
Manhattan Spruce Beer Powder.
Powdered Befined Sugar, 164 ounces.
& 6 Bicarbonate of Soda, 3} “
& 6 Citric Acid, 4 66
Conct. Essence of Spruce, 1 ounce.
Mixed and used as before.
Metheglin.
Honey, 112 pounds.
Water, 24 gallons.
Mix in a cask, and stir daily until dissolved;
then add
Yeast,
Hops,
1 pint.
1 pound.
Boil the hops in a gallon of water, mix the
whole, add as much more water as will make
in all one barrel full. Ferment.
Blackberry Brandy.
Blackberries, crushed, 1 gallon.
Brandy, 1 gallon.
White Sugar, 2 pounds.
Macerate the berries with the brandy for six
days, express the liquor, add the sugar, and
after two weeks decant or filter.
Blackberry Cordial.
6 pounds.
4 pounds.
Blackberry Juice,
Refined Syrup,
Mix and add brandy one pint, Saturated with
cinnamon half ounce, nutmegs two drachms,
cloves and allspice, each one drachm.
Currant Wine,
White Currant Juice, 1 quart.
Warm Water, 1 quart.
Brown Sugar, 2 pounds.
Alcohol, # pint.
Tincture of Kino, 3 drachm.
Let stand for a week or two then rack of
and bottle.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Mulberry Wine.
Ripe Mulberries, 10 gallons.
Apples, 10 gallons.
Sugar, 20 pounds.
Catechu, 8 ounces.
Red Tartar, 8 ounces.
Express the juice, put it into a cask, add
the sugar, and ferment with yeast if necessary;
then add the other ingredients.
Port Wine-Imitation,
Drepared Cider, 35 gallons.
Red Cape Wine, 5 6 &
Genuine Port Wine, 5 66
Alcohol, 3 66
Sugar, 15 pounds.
Tincture Kino, 2 ounces.
Tartaric Acid, 1 ounce.
Put this first into a tight cask for one week,
then draw off and color with sugar coloring.
Port Wine No. 2.
Prepared Cider, 40 gallons.
Alcohol, 5 gallons.
Wild Grapes, 10 quarts.
Rhatany Bark, bruised, 1 pound.
Loaf Sugar, 18 pounds.
Tinct. Kino, 4 ounces.
Follow the instructions as given for black-
berry wine as regards the grapes, that is, sub-
ject them to pressure in a canvas bag, when
the juice is all pressed out, mix with the other
ingredients and let stand ten days, then draw
off.
Raspberry Wine.
Spirits (Proof), 30 gallons.
Water, 5 gallons.
Sugar, 4 pounds.
One Pineapple, sliced.
Raspberries, 40 quarts.
Tinct. Kino, 2 ounces.
Yeast, # pint.
Tartaric Acid, 2 ounces.
Let this stand in a warm place until fer-
mentation takes place, then draw off and fine it.
BITTERS.
Bitters are considered as tonic and stomachic,
and to improve the appetite when taken in
moderation.
The best time is early in the morning, or an
hour before meals. An excessive use of bitters
tends to weaken the stomach. They should
not be taken for a longer period than a few
days at a time; but allow a period to elapse
before again having recourse to them.
French Cognac Bitters.
|Red Peruvian Bark, 1} pounds.
Calisaya Bark, 1} & 6
Bitter Orange Peel, 1} 6 &
Sweet Orange Peel, 1} & 6
Calamus Root, 2 ounces.
Cardamoms, 4 6 &
Cinnamon, 1% 66
Cloves, 1} & 6
Nutmeg, 1% 66
Caraway, 4 66
Wild Cherry Bark, 3 pounds.
Powder the drugs and steep for fifteen days
in forty-five gallons of proof spirits. Stir occa-
sionally; then rack off and mix sufficient car-
amel to make it a dark red.
Stoughton Bitters.
Orange Peel, 12 parts.
Gentian, 16 “
Virginia Snake Root, 3 “
American Saffron, 1 part.
Red Saunders, 1 part.
Alcohol, 104 parts.
Water, 56 parts.
Mix by either percolation or maceration.
Peruvian Bitters,
Peruvian Bark, 8 parts.
Orange Peel, 8 parts.
Cinnamon, 3 part
Cloves, + “
Nutmegs, 3 “
Cayenne, + “
Alcohol, 492 parts.
Water, 492 parts.
Mix by either maceration or percolation.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Tonic Bitters.
Cardamom,
Nutmeg,
Cinnamon,
Cloves,
Ginger,
Orange Peel,
Alcohol,
Water,
Sugar,
4 parts.
1 part.
4 parts.
2 & 4
2 & 4
1 part.
278 parts.
278 “
72 & 6
Mix by either maceration or percolation.
Wild Cherry Bitters.
Wild Cherry Bark,
Partridge Berry (Mitchella repens), 1 part.
Juniper Berries,
Prickly Ash,
Exhaust with Water,
And after filtering add
Sugar,
Alcohol,
Angostura Bitters.
Gentian,
Calisaya Bark,
Canada Snake Root,
Virginia Snake Root,
Licorice Root,
Dandelion Root,
Pimento Root,
Angostura Bark,
Cardamom,
Rhubarb,
Galangal,
Orange Peel,
Caraway Seed,
Cinnamon,
Nutmegs,
Cloves,
Coriander,
Catechu,
Wormwood,
Mace,
Red Saunders,
Curcuma,
4 parts.
10 parts.
& 6
6 & & 6
& 4 & 6
6 & & &
& 4 & &
& 4 & ©
4 parts.
& 4 & 6
& 4 66
16 parts.
2
2 & &
2 & 6
# part.
2 parts.
6 & & 6
1 part.
12 parts.
8 & 6
Alcohol, 65 per cent., 1450 “
Honey,
480 “
In the above formulae either maceration or
percolation may be employed.
Clifford’s Bitters.
Gentian, 24 parts.
Orange Peel, 16 “
Cardamom, 8 “
Cinamon, 1 part.
Cochineal, 1 “
Brandy, 140 parts.
Water, 984 “
German Bitters.
Chamomile, 2 parts.
Sweet Flag, (; “
Orris Root, 8 “
Coriander, 3 “
Centaury, 1 “
Orange Peel, 3 “
Alcohol, 5SS “
Water, 672 “
Sugar, 24 “
Hop Bitters.
Orange Peel, 2 parts.
Sweet Flag, 1 part.
Pimpinella Root, 1 “
Hops, * “
Alcohol, 820 parts.
Water, 820 “
Sugar, 20 “
When otherwise completed this should be
colored with burnt Sugar.
Hamburg Bitters.
Agaric, 2 parts
Cinnamon, 5 “
Cassia, 4 “
Grains Paradise, # “
Quassia, 3 “
Cardamom, 1 part
Gentian, 3 parts
Orange Peel, 3 “
Alcohol, 556 “
Water, 684 “
Acetic Ether, 2 “
Mix by either maceration or percolation.
Orange Bitters.
Orange Peel, grd 6 parts.
Water, 36 “
Alcohol, 88 “
Sugar, 16 “
Mix by either maceration or percolation.
{\N ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PIRACTICAL INFORMATION. 95
Spiced Bitters.
Poplar Bark, bruised, 10 ounces.
Puly. Bayberry, 2 & 6
“ Balmony, 2 & 6
“ Golden Seal, 1 ounce.
“ Cloves, 1 “
“ Cayenne Pepper, 3. “
“ Sugar, 3 ounces.
Water, 20 & 6
Alcohol, 28 & 6
Mix by either maceration or percolation; if
by maceration, about the eighth day add six
ounces of the best brandy, and if by percola-
tion, add the brandy when through percolating.
Smith’s Stomach Bitters.
Pulv. Gentian Root, 14 ounces.
“ Orange Peel, 2} & &
“ Cinnamon, 3 ounce.
“ Anise Seed, 4 drachms.
“ Coriander Seed, 4 & 4
“ Cardamom Seed, 1 drachm.
Peruvian Bark, coarse, 4 drachms.
Gum Kino, 2 & &
Best Alcohol, 1 pint.
Macerate for one week, and add one pound
of loaf Sugar, together with one quart of hot
water, then filter.
Wine Bitters.
Cinchona Bark, crushed, 4 ounces.
Gentian Root, crushed, 2 & &
Juniper Berries, crushed, 1 ounce.
Orange Peel, crushed, 1 “
California Port Wine, 4 pints.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Water, 3 pints.
Mix. Digest for one week; then filter, adding
enough wine to complete one gallon
Dose.—One-half to two tablespoonfuls, for
debility and loss of appetite.
TINCTURES.
Tinctures are spirituous solutions of vegeta-
ble, animal and some Saline substances. They
are made either with pure alcohol or with
proof spirit. The first kind are precipitated
by the addition of water, and therefore are
more seldom employed, but the latter are very
comfmon additions to infusions and decoctions.
They ought not to be united with any vehicle
that can decompose the tinctures or separate
anything from it in a palpable form.
Tinctures should be kept in close bottles, for
although they are not liable to spoil, yet by
the evaporation of the menstruum, their strength
is altered, which if they contain opium or other
active matters may be productive of bad effects.
Care must be taken that the substances
treated are exhausted by their soluble princi-
ples, and your aim must be to produce a pe"
fectly clear liquid.
NO. 1.
Deoderized Tincture of Opium,
Opium, in moderately fine powder, 2} ounces.
Ether and Alcohol, each, # pint.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Macerate the opium with half a pint of
Water for twenty-four hours; express, repeat the
operation twice with the same quantity of
Water. The foregoing preparations of opium
have all an anodyne operation, and are found
useful in a vast number of conditions. It is
principally used to allay pain, relax spasms,
and procure sleep. Temporary lock-jaw is said
to yield to its external application.
Dose.—Ten to thirty drops.
Incompatibles.—Liquor, ammonia, potass., car-
bonate potass., soda, metallic salts, astringent,
Vegetable infusions and decoctions.
NO. 2.
Compound Spirits of Lavender.
Oil of Lavender, 1 fl. drachm.
Oil of Rosemary, 2 fl. drachms.
Cinnamon in mod. fine powd., 2 Troy ounces.
Cloves, 66 & 6 & 4 # Troy ounce.
Nutmeg, 66 & & & & 1 Troy ounce.
Red Saunders, “ 6 & “ 860 grains.
Alcohol, 6 pints.
Water, 2 pints.
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
96 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA of PRACTICAL INForMATION.
Dissolve the oils in the alcohol, and add the
Water; then mix the powders, and having
moistened the mixture with a fluid ounce of
the alcoholic solution of the oils, pack it firmly
in a conical percolator and gradually pour
upon it the remainder of the alcoholic solution
and afterwards diluted alcohol until the filtered
liquid measures eight pints.
Use.—In fainting and chronic debility.
U08e.—Twenty to sixty drops.
NO. 3.
Compound Tincture of Quinoidia.
Quinoidia, 10 scruples,
Aromatic Tincture, 10 66
Muriatic Acid, 5 & 6
Diluted Alcohol, 100 & 6
Oil of Cinnamon, 6 drops.
Dissolve the acid and the alkaloid in the
alcohol, and mix.
Dose.—Teaspoonful, two or three times a day.
Useful in intermittent and remittent fevers
and whenever tonics are indicated.
NO. 4.
Tincture of Ergot.
Ergot of Rye in coarse powder, 8 ounces.
Diluted Alcohol. Q. S.
Macerate for fourteen days, and strain.
Properties.—Stimulant, acting chiefly on the
muscular system of the uterus.
Use.—In parturition, leucorrhoea, and uterine
hemorrhage, hemorrhage from the stomach, etc.
NO. 5.
Tincture of Iodine Comp.
Iodine, 1 drachm.
Iodide of Potassium, 2 ounces.
Alcohol, 2 pints.
Dissolve the iodine, and filter. Preserve the
mixture in a closely stoppered vessel.
Properties.—Stimulant, absorbent, emmena-
gogue, alterative. -
Uge.—In scrofula, bronchocele, and chlorosis.
Dose.—Ten to thirty drops.
NO. 6.
Tincture of Lobelia Comp.
Lobelia, 1 ounce.
Blood Root, 1 “
Skunk Cabbage, 1 “
Wild Ginger, 1 “
Pleurisy Root, 1 “
Water or Winegar, 1 pint.
Coarsely powder the roots. Macerate for
fourteen days; express and filter.
Properties.—Emetic, diuretic, expectorant.
Use.—In spasmodic asthma.
Dose.—Twenty to sixty drops.
NO. "7.
Tincture of Opium (New Method.)
Opium, 3 ounces.
Hot Water, 1 pint.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Slice the opium and work it in the hot water
until thoroughly separated and dissolved, then
add alcohol, and filter after it has stood a
short time. Each nineteen drops will represent
one grain of opium. For its incompatibilities see
Deodorized Tinc. of Opium, No. 1.
Properties.—Anodyne.
Use.—To allay pain, relax spasm, and pro-
cure sleep.
NO. S. -
Tincture of Opium, Camphorated (Paregoric.)
Opium dried, moderately fine powder, 60 grains.
Benzoic Acid, 60 “
Camphor, 40 “
Oil of Anise, 1 fl. drachm
Clarified Honey, 2 ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, 2 pints.
Mix the ingredients in a suitable vessel, and
macerate for seven days, and strain.
Properties.—Anodyne.
Use.—Chronic asthma, whooping-cough, and
in cases where quiet, rather than sleep, is re-
quired.
Dose.—For children five to twenty drops; for
adults, one to three teaspoonfuls. -
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 97
No. 9.
Tincture of opium, Acetated.
Opium dried, moder’ly fine powder, 2 ounces.
Distilled Winegar, 12 “
Alcohol, § pint.
Rub the opium with the distilled vinegar,
then add the alcohol and macerate for seven
days and strain.
NO. 10.
Tincture of Assafoetida, Comp.
Assafoetida, 1 ounce.
Lupulin, 1 “
Stramonium Seed, bruised, 1 “
Walerian Root, in powder, 1 “
Alcohol, 3 pints.
Macerate for fourteen days and filter.
Properties.—Anti-spasmodic, expectorant, an-
thelmintic. Useful in hysteria, tympanitis,
asthma, etc.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
NO. I le
Tincture of Benzoin, Comp.
Benzoin in coarse powder, 3 ounces.
Socotrine Aloes, coarse pow., 3 ounce.
Storax, 2 ounces.
Balsam Tolu, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 2 pints.
Macerate for seven days and filter.
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant,
spasmodic.
Use.—In old asthma cases, chronic catarrh,
etc.
anti-
NO. 12.
Tincture Cinchona, Comp.
Red Cinchona, moderately fine powder, 4 ounces.
Bitter Orange Peel, “ 66 66 3 * *
Serpentaria, - 860 grains.
Saffron, 120 “
Red Saunders, 120 “
Alcohol and water, each Q. S.
Mix three measures of alcohol with one of
water; mix the powders, and moisten them with
four fluid ounces of the menstruum, and per-
colate till two and a half pints of percolate is
obtainyl
Properties.—Tonic, antiperiodic, diaphoretic,
Use.—Same as the bark. It is incompatible
with acids, acidulous earthy and metallic salts.
NO. 13.
Tincture of Rhubarb and Cardamom.
Rhubarb, moderately coarse powder, 6 ounces.
Cardamom, “ fine & & 1 ounce.
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to make 50 ounces.
To be prepared by percolation.
Properties.—Stomachic and purgative.
Use.—Exhibited in dyspepsia, debility of the
intestines, etc. It is a useful adjunct where
calomel is administered.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
NO. 14.
Tincture Iodoform, Comp.
Iodoform, 15 grains.
Potass. Iodide, 2 drachms.
Glycerine, 2 & 6
Strong Alcohol, 6 & &
Rub up the iodoform and iodide of potassium,
then add the glycerine, and rub it up to the
consistence of thin cream; then add the alcohol
and stir briskly.
Properties.—Alterative.
Use-In syphilis and blood diseases, in gland-
ular tumors and spermatorrhea.
NO. 15.
Tincture of the Acetate of Copper.
Crystalized Acetate of Copper, 1 drachm.
Distilled Water, 10 drachms.
Alcohol, 1 ounce.
Dissolve the acetate in the water previously
Warmed, then add the alcohol and filter.
Properties.—Tonic, stimulant and escharotic.
Useful in epilepsy, chorea and other Spas-
modic affections.
Dose.-Five drops in water.
AN ENCYCLOPARDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
NO. T 6.
Tincture of Cinnamon, Comp-
Cinnamon, bruised, 1 ounce.
Cardamoms, “ 3 drachms.
Prickly Ash Berries, 3 “
Ginger, 3 “
Diluted Alcohol, 2 pints.
Macerate for fourteen days, express and filter.
Properties.—Astringent, stomachic.
Use.—In chronic diarrhea and dysentery, etc.
Doge.—A teaspoonful.
NO. 17.
Tincture of Colchicum, Comp.
Colchicum Seeds,
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia,
2} ounces.
1 pint.
Macerate for fourteen days, and strain.
Properties.—Narcotic, diuretic, cathartic.
Use.—In dropsy, gout, rheumatism,
ralgia.
Dose.—Ten drops to one teaspoonful in Water.
Ilêll-
|NO. I 8.
Tincture of Camphor.
5 ounces.
2 pints.
Camphor,
Alcohol,
Mix, that the camphor may be dissolved.
Properties.—Anodyne, narcotic, diaphoretic,
sedative.
Use.—A useful topical application in rheuma-
tism and other pains, typhus, cymanche ma-
ligna, and as an adjunct to barks and opium
in checking gangrene.
NO. 19.
Tincture of Castor, Comp.
Castor, bruised, 1 ounce.
Assafoetida, 4 drachms.
Aromatic Spts, Ammonia, 1 pint.
Digest for seven days and strain.
Properties.—Anti-spasmodic, emmenagogue.
Use.—In hysteria, cramp of the stomach and
flatulent colic, amenorrhea, typhus, etc.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls in water.
NO. 20.
Tincture of Blue Cohosh, Comp.
Blue Cohosh, in powder, 2 ounces.
Ergot, 1 ounce.
Water Pepper, bruised, 1 & 6
Oil of Savin, A fl. “
Alcohol, 1} pints.
Macerate for fourteen days, express and strain.
Properties.—Tonic, diuretic, diaphoretic, ex-
pectorant, emmenagogue.
Use.—Rheumatism, dropsy, chorea, hysteria
and pulmonary affections.
Mix the powder with two fluid ounces of
diluted alcohol, and proceed as in No. 61.
NO. 21.
Tincture of Cinchonae
Yellow Cinchona, in moderately
fine powder, 6 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Properties.—Strongly and permanently tonic
and anti-periodic, slightly astringent, stom-
achic, and febrifuge.
Use.—In intermittent and continued fevers,
confluent Small-pox, erysipelas, acute rheuma-
tism, cynanche maligna, Scarlatina, and in every
disease attended with deficient action.
Dose.—One to three drachms.
No. 22.
Tincture of Cinchona, Comp,
Red Cinchona, in moderately fine
powder, 4 Troy ounces.
Bitter Orange Peel, in moderate-
fine powder, 3 “ 66
Serpentaria, 360 grains.
Saffron, in moderately coarse
powder, 120 “
| Red Saunders, in moderately fine
powder, 120 tº
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S
Mix the powders, and having moistened the
mixture with four fluid ounces of diluted alco-
hol, proceed as in No. 61, until two pints and a
half of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Tonic, anti-periodic, diaphoretic.
Use.—The same as the simple tincture, but
it is more grateful, and therefore more fre-
quently used.
Dose.—One to three drachms.
AN ENCYCLOPERDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 99
NO. 23.
Tincture of Castor.
Castor, bruised,
Alcohol,
Macerate for seven days, express and filter
through paper.
Properties.—Tonic, anti-spasmodic, emmena-
gogue.
Use.—In hysteria, cramp of the stomach,
neuroses and spasmodic affections.
Dose.—Twenty drops to two drachms.
2 Troy ounces.
2 pints.
NO. 24.
Tincture of Catechu.
Catechu, in moderately coarse
powder, 3 Troy ounces.
Cinnamon, 2. “ 66
Diluted Alcohol, G. S.
Macerate for seven days, or proceed as in
No. 61.
Properties.—Astringent and tonic.
Use.—In chronic dysentery and diarrhea from
a relaxed state of the bowels, in uterine hem-
orrhages; ulceration of the gums, and in coughs
and hoarseness.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls in wine or
Some bitter infusion.
NO 25.
Tincture of Colchicum.
Colchicum Seed in moderately
fine powder, 4 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with one ounce of the
diluted alcohol, and proceed as in No. 65.
Properties.—Narcotic, diuretic, cathartic.
Uses.—In dropsy, gout, rheumatism, neu-
ralgia, bronchitis, and Scarlet fever, combined
with magnesia in Small doses.
Dose.—Ten drops to one drachm.
NO. 26.
Tincture of Coniu,
Conium in moderately fine powder, 4 Troy ozs.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with two fluid ounces of
diluted alcohol, and proceed as in No. 66.
Properties.—Narcotic, poisonous in an over-
dose; resolvent.
Use.—In cancer and scirrhous, scrofulous,
and syphilitic ulcerations and SWellings, pertus-
sis, chronic enlargement of the liver; asthma,
and neuralgic affections.
Dose.—Thirty drops to one drachm.
NO. 27.
Tincture of Lobelia.
Lobelia in fine powder, 4 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with two fluid ounces of
diluted alcohol, and proceed as in No. 65.
Properties.—Emetic, diuretic, expectorant,
anti-spasmodic, purgative.
Use.—In paroxysms of asthma; in croup and
whooping cough.
NO. 28.
v Tincture of Lupulin.
Lupulin, 4 Troy ounces.
Alcohol, Q. S.
Pack the lupulin in a narrow cylindrical
percolator, and gradually pour alcohol upon it
until two pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Tonic and sedative, hypnotic and
febrifuge.
Use.—In gout, rheumatism, delirium tremens.
Dose.—One to three drachms.
NO. 29.
Tincture of Hyoscyamus.
Henbane Leaf, fine powder, 4 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with two fluid ounces of
diluted alcohol, and proceed as in No. 65.
Properties—Narcotic, anodyne, anti-spasmodic,
and slightly stimulant.
Use.—In epilepsy, hysteria, palpitation, palsy,
mania, and Scirrhus, and as a substitute for
opium to procure sleep in nervous habits, per-
tussis, asthma, catarrh, gout, rheumatism.
Dose.—One-half to two drachms.
100
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
NO. 30.
Tincture of Jalap.
Jalap, in fine powder,
Alcohol, Q. S.
Water, Q. 8.
Mix two measures of alcohol with one of
water, and proceed as in No. 65.
Properties.—Cathartic.
Use.—In costiveness, mania, worms, and as
a hydragogue in dropsy. It is given to quicken
the operation of calomel and other slow purga-
tives. A drop of essential oil will prevent its
griping.
6 Troy ounces.
NO. 31.
Tincture of Quassia.
Quassia, in mod. fine powd., 2 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with a fluid ounce of
diluted alcohol, and proceed as in No. 65.
Properties.—Stimulant and tonic.
Use.—As an adjunct to stomachic infusions,
or taken diluted with water in dyspepsia and
other cases of debility.
Dose.—One to two drachms.
NO. 32.
Tincture of Rhubarb.
Rhubarb, in mod. fine powd., 3 Troy ounces.
Cardamoms, } Troy ounce.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Mix the powders, and having moistened them
with one ounce of diluted alcohol, proceed as
in No. 65.
Properties.—Cathartic, astringent and tonic.
Use.—In costiveness, and in combination
with calomel, and a useful adjunct to neutral
salts. It is much used as a laxative for infants.
NO. 33.
Tincture of Rhubarb and Senna.
Rhubarb, in mod. coarse powd., 1 Troy ounce.
Senna, in mod. coarse powder, 120 grains.
Red Saunders, 120 “
Coriander Seeds, 60 “
Fennel, 60 “
Licorice, 30 “
Saffron, 80 “
Raisins, without seeds, 6 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, 3 pints.
Macerate for fourteen days and filter.
Properties.—Stomachic and purgative.
Use.—In dyspepsia, debility of the intestines,
flatulent colic, diarrhea, and the costiveness of
old people.
NO. 34.
Tincture of Sanguinaria.
Blood Root, in mod. fine powd., 4 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with a fluid ounce of
diluted alcohol, and proceed as in No. 65.
Properties.—An acid emetic, stimulant and
narcotic.
Use.—In bronchitis, laryngitis, whooping
cough, dysentery. It excites the energies of a
torpid liver.
Dose.—Ten drops to one drachm.
NO. 35.
Tincture of Valerian.
Walerian in moderately fine pow-
der, 4 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with one fluid ounce of
diluted alcohol, and proceed as in No. 65.
Properties.—Stimulant, anti-spasmodic. It ex-
cites the cerebro-Spinal system.
Use.—In hysteria, epilepsy, hemicrania, chlo-
rosis, and all nervous and Spasmodic affections,
Dose.—One to two drachms.
NO. 36.
Tincture of Valerian, Ammoniated.
Walerian in moderately fine pow-
der, 4 Troy ounces.
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, 2 pints.
Macerate for seven days and filter.
Properties.—Stimulant, anti-spasmodic.
Use.—The same as for the former, but on
account of the ammonia, this is more useful
in hysteria.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
101
NO. 37.
Tincture of Black Haw.
Black Haw, in coarse powder,
Diluted Alcohol,
Exhaust by maceration or displacement, so
as to obtain one pint of tincture.
Properties and Uses.—It is recommended as
having a special tonic action on the uterus and
preventing abortion.
Dose.—A teaspoonful, four or five times a day.
3 Troy ounces.
1 pint.
NO. 38.
Compound Tincture of Serpentaria.
Virginia Snake Root, 2 ounces.
Ipecac, 2 & 6
Saffron, 2 66
Camphor, 2 & 6
Opium, 2 & 6
Gin or Diluted Alcohol, 6 pints.
Exhaust by maceration or percolation. This
preparation is called Sudorific tincture by Ec-
lectics.
Properties.—It is stimulant, diaphoretic, and
diuretic.
Use.—United with infusions of cinchona in
typhoid and putrid fevers, in gout and periodic
headaches.
NO. 39.
Tincture of Buchu.
Buchu Leaves in moderately fine
powder,
Alcohol,
Exhaust by maceration or percolation.
Dose.—A teaspoonful.
Use.—In rheumatism, gout, and affections of
the bladder.
Properties.—Sudorific and diuretic.
8 ounces.
1 pint.
NO. 40.
Tincture of Erythroxylon.
Coca, in moderately fine powder, 1 part.
Alcohol, Sufficient to make 5 parts.
Exhaust by percolation.
Properties.—Anti-spasmodic, calmative, as-
tringent.
Useful in nervous debility, spermatorrhea.
Dose.—One drachm.
NO. 41.
Tincture of Eucalyptus.
Eucalyptus, in moderately fine powder, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 5 ounces.
Exhaust by percolation.
Useful in intermittent fevers.
Dose.—A teaspoonful.
NO. 42.
Tincture Grindelia, Robusta.
1 ounce.
5 ounces.
Grindelia, in coarse powder,
Alcohol,
Exhaust by percolation.
Useful for asthma, also as an antidote to
effects of poison-oak.
NO. 43.
Tincture of Iodine,
1 ounce.
10 ounces.
Iodine,
Alcohol,
Mix.
Properties.—It is stimulent, absorbent, alter-
ative.
Useful in glandular swellings, scrofula, dropsy,
cutaneous diseases.
Dose.—Five or six drops in water.
No. 44.
Muriated Tincture of Opium,
Powdered Opium,
Muriatic Acid, 1 fl. ounce.
Distilled Water, 15 fl. ounces.
Macerate for fourteen days, then filter and
add sufficient water through the filter to make
the preparation measure a pint when completed.
Properties.—Anodyne, anti-spasmodic.
Use-May be used with advantage in typhoid
fever, and fevers generally.
1 ounce.
NO. 45.
Tincture of Pleurisy Root,
(Asclepias Tuberosa.)
Pleurisy Root, 8 ounces.
Alcohol, 1 pint,
Exhaust by maceration or percolation.
102
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
* = < *... • * *
Properties. – Diaphoretic, expectorant, ca-
thartic.
Use.—Used extensively in pneumonia, remit-
mittents and dysentery.
Dose.—One teaspoonful two or three times a
day.
NO. 46.
Acetic Tincture of Blood Root.
Blood Root, finely powdered, 2 ounces.
Lobelia, 2 “
Skunk Cabbage, 2 “
Distilled Winegar, 2 pints.
Alcohol, 2 ounces.
Properties.—An acid emetic, stimulant, nar-
cotic, diaphoretic.
Use.—Chronic catarrh, whooping cough, and
bronchial affections.
Make two pints of tincture by maceration or
percolation with the vinegar, and add the
alcohol.
Used by eclectic physicians principally.
Dose.—Ten to sixty drops.
No. 47.
TDover’s Tincture.
Pulv. Opium,
“ Ipecac, 8
Diluted Alcohol sufficient.
Exhaust the powders by percolation in the
usual manner, so as to obtain one fluid ounce
of percolate. Each fluid drachm of the perco-
late will be equivalent to ten grains of Dover's
powder.
8 grains.
66
No. 48.
Tincture of Aloes and Canella.
(Tincture of Hiera Piova.)
12 drachms.
1 pint.
Powdered Aloes and Canella,
Brandy,
Macerate ten days and filter.
Dose.—A teaspoonful.
Properties and Uses.—Similar to aloes, which
g00.
No. 49.
Tincture of Iodine.
Resublimed Iodine, 5 ounces.
Iodide of Potassium, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 24 ounces.
Water, 4 & 6
Properties.—Stimulant, absorbent, alterative.
Use.—In glandular swellings, dropsy, second-
ary syphilis, rheumatism, gout, hepatitis. It is
about two and a half times as strong as the
officinal tincture.
Dose.—Five to ten drops.
No. 50.
Tincture of Myrrh. U. S.–L. E. D.
Myrrh in moderately coarse
powder, 3 Troy ounces.
Alcohol, Q. S.
Introduce the powder into a comical percolator,
press it moderately, and gradually pour alcohol
upon it until two pints of tincture are obtained.
Operation.—Tonic deobstruant and antiseptic.
Use.—In chronic catarrh, phthisis and pulmo-
nary complaints generally.
Dose.—Thirty to sixty drops.
No. 51.
Tincture of Nux Vomica.
Nux Womica in fine powder, 2 Troy ounces.
Diluted alcohol, Q. 8.
Mix the powder with a pint of alcohol, and
digest for twenty-four hours in a close vessel,
with a gentle heat, then transfer the mixture
to a cylindrical percolator and gradually pour
diluted alcohol upon it until two pints of tinc-
ture are obtained.
Operation.—Tonic, stimulant.
Use.—In dyspepsia, gout, rheumatism, and
especially in paralysis of the lower limbs.
Dose.—Ten to twenty drops.
NO. 52.
Tincture of Cantharides,
Cantharides in fine powder, 1 Troy ounce.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with half a fluid ounce
of diluted alcohol, pack it in a conical perco-
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
103
*
lator, and gradually pour diluted alcohol upon
it until two pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Diuretic, stimulant and narcotic.
Use.—In gleet and leucorrhea, but chiefly
used as an external application.
Dose.—Thirty to sixty drops.
NO. 53.
Tincture of Capsicum—(U. S., L. E. D.)
Capsicum, in fine powder, 1 Troy ounce.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. 8.
Proceed as for tincture of cantharides.
Properties.—Stimulant, rubefacient.
Use.—In the low stages of typhus fever sore
throat, gargles, etc.
NO. 54.
Tincture of Capsicum and Cantharides.—(U. S.)
Cantharides in fine powder, 10 drachms.
Capsicum, & 6 66 1 drachm.
Diluted Alcohol. 1 pint.
Mix, and digest for ten days, and filter, or
proceed as in No. 52.
Properties.—Stimulant and rubefacient.
Use.—As a counter-irritant in deep-seated,
painful affections.
NO. 55.
Tincture of Colombo-(U. S. D.)
Columbo, in moderately fine powder, 4 ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with one ounce of diluted
alcohol, and proceed as in No. 61.
Properties.—Tonic, antiseptic.
Use.—In bilious vomiting, mesenteric fever of
infants, in dyspepsia.
Dose.—Thirty drops to four drachms.
NO 56.
Tincture of Indian Hemp.
Purified Ext. of Hemp,
Alcohol,
Dissolve the extract in the alcohol, and filter
through paper.
Properties.—It is narcotic, anodyne, anti-spas-
modic.
360 grains.
1 pint.
Use.—Employed in gout, neuralgia, lockjaw,
convulsions, chorea, hysteria, etc.
Dose.—Forty drops is equal to one grain of
the extract.
NO. 57.
Tincture of Hydrastis.
(Golden Seal.)
Hydrastis in Powder, 8 ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, 1 pint.
Macerate for fourteen days, express and filter.
Properties.—It is a powerful tonic, exerting an
especial influence on the mucous surfaces.
Use.—In dyspepsia, erysipelas, remittents and
intermittents as well as typhoid fevers.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
NO. 58.
Tincture of Belladonna.
Belladonna leaves recently
dried, and in fine powder, 4 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with two fluid ounces of
diluted alcohol, and proceed as in No. 65.
Properties.—Powerfully narcotic, diaphoretic,
diuretic and repellent.
Use.—In obstinate intermittents ticdouloureux,
palsy, epilepsy, chorea, mania, gout, rheuma-
tism, dropsy, jaundice, night Sweats, etc.
Dose.—Ten to thirty drops.
NO. 59.
Tincture of Hydrastis, Compound.
Golden Seal Root, Powdered, 2 ounces.
Lobelia. Seed, 2 66
Diluted Alcohol, 1 pint.
Proceed as in No. 65.
NO. 60,
Tincture of Sheep Laurel.
Sheep Laurel, 3 ounces.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Macerate for fourteen days, express and filter.
Properties.—Sedative and somewhat astrin-
gent.
104
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Use.—In syphilis, fevers, jaundice, neuralgia
and inflammation. *
Dose.—Ten to twenty drops.
NO. 61.
Tincture of Arnica.
Arnica, 6 Troy ounces.
Alcohol, 1} pints.
Water, # pint.
Diluted Alcohol, q. S.
Mix the alcohol and water, and having
moistened the armica slightly with the mixture,
bruise it thoroughly in a mortar, then pack it
firmly in a cylindrical percolator and pour upon
it first the remainder of the mixture and after-
wards sufficient diluted alcohol to make the
tincture two pints.
Properties and Uses.—It is used as a popular
lotion in sprains and bruises, and sometimes
internally in obstimate intermittents.
NO. 62.
Tincture of Assafoetida. (U. S. P. L. E. D.)
Assafoetida, bruised, 4 Troy ounces.
Alcohol, 2 Pints.
Marcerate for fourteen days, and strain.
Properties.—Anti-Spasmodic, expectorant, an-
thelmintic.
Use.—In hysteria, tympanitis, asthma, dys-
pn(98.
Dose.—Thirty to sixty drops.
INO. 63.
Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh, (L. D.)
Socotrine Aloes, mod. fine powder, 8 ounces.
Myrrh, 3 “
Saffron, mod. coarse powder, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, Q. S.
Mix the powders, and having moistened the
mixture with two fluid ounces of alcohol, pack
it moderately in a conical percolator, and grad-
ually pour alcohol upon it until two pints of
tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Cathartic,
g0glle.
Use.—To open the bowels in languid cold
habits; in chlorosis.
Dose.—Two teaspoonfuls.
stomachic, emmena-
NO. 64.
Tincture of Aloes, (U. S., P., L. E. D.)
Socotrine Aloes, in fine powder,
Extract Licorice,
Alcohol, # pint.
Distilled Water, 1} pints.
Macerate for fourteen days; express and filter.
Properties.—Cathartic, stimulant.
Use.—It is anthelmintic, stomachic, and pro-
motes digestion.
1 Troy ounce.
3 Troy ounces.
NO. 65.
Tincture of Aconite Leaves, (U. S. P.)
Aconite Leaves, recently dried,
and in fine powder, 4 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with two fluid ounces of
diluted alcohol, pack it firmly in a comical per-
colator, and gradually pour diluted alcohol upon
it until two pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Excitant, revellent.
Use.—In fevers; externally in palsy, amau-
rosis, etc.
NO. 66.
Tincture of Scilla.
Squill, mod. coarse powder, 4 ounces.
sº } together,
Mix three measures of alcohol with one of
water; moisten the powder with a fluid ounce
of the mixture; pack it in a conical percolator,
and gradually pour the menstruum upon it until
two pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties. –Stimulant, expectorant.
Use.—Often employed in advanced stages of
bronchial affections, after the subsidence of
fever.
Dose—Thirty to forty drops.
2 pints.
NO. 6'7.
Tincture of Serpentaria.
Serpentaria, mod. fine powder, 4 ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, Q. 8.
Proceed as for tincture of scilla.
Properties.—Tonic, stimulant, Sudorific.
Use.—United with infusion of cinchona in
typhoid and putrid fevers, gout and periodic
headache.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
105
NO. 38.
Tincture of Aconite Root.
Aconite Root, fine powder, 12 Troy ounces.
Alcohol, Q. S.
Moisten the powder with six fluid ounces of
alcohol, pack in a comical percolator, and grad-
ually pour alcohol upon it until two pints of
tincture are obtained.
Properties and uses the same as for aconite
leaves.
Dose.—Five to ten drops.
NO. 69.
Tincture of Tamarac, Comp.
(Bone's Bitters.)
Tamarac Bark, 6 ounces
Juniper Berries, 6 “
Prickly Ash Berries, 4 “
Wild Cherry Bark, 3 *
Seneca Snake Root, 3 *
Tansy, 1 ounce
Whisky, 5 pints
Molasses, 1} “
Hydro Alcoholic Ext. Mand’e, 14 ounces.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Powder the barks and roots coarsely and mix;
to this add three pints of the whisky. Let
stand twenty hours, then place the whole in a
vapor displacement apparatus, and force through
the articles the steam or vapor of the addi-
tional whisky two pints, after which the stream
of water sufficient to make the whole amount
of tincture equal to twenty-four pints; to this
add the molasses and the hydro-alcoholic extract
of mandrake, which must be thoroughly dis-
solved.
NO. 70.
Tincture Turkey Corn.
Root of Turkey Corn, in powder, 3 ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, 1 pint.
Allow to stand forty-eight hours, and transfer
to a percolator, or macerate for fourteen days,
and strain.
Properties.—Alterative and diuretic.
Use.—In syphilis and scrofula.
Dose.—Teaspoonful.
NO. 71.
Tincture of Cardamom.
Cardamom. , in fine powder, 4 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol in sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with two fluid ounces of
diluted alcohol, pack it firmly in a percolator,
and gradually pour diluted alcohol upon it
until two pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Carminative, stomachic.
Uge.—In the flatulent colic of children, and
to give warmth to other remedies.
Dose.—Sixty to one hundred and twenty
drops.
NO. 72.
Tincture Cardamom Comp.
Cardamom in moderately fine
powder, 360 grains.
Caraway, in moderately fine
powder, 120 66
Cinnamon, in moderately fine
powder, 300 & 6
Cochineal, 66 66 60 6 &
Clarified Honey, 2 ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
Mix the powders, and having moistened the
mixture with half a fluid ounce of diluted alco-
hol, pack it in a cylindrical percolator and
gradually pour diluted alcohol upon it until
two pints and six fluid ounces of tincture are
obtained; lastly, mix this with the clarified
honey, and filter.
Properties.—Carminative, stomachic.
Use.—To give warmth to other remedies, and
as an elegant adjunct to stomachic infusions,
and to jalaps a good corrective to griping or
cold purgatives.
Dose.—One to two drachms.
NO. 73.
Tincture of Cinnamon.
Cinnamon, in fine powder, 3 Troy ounces.
Alcohol and water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Mix alcohol and water in the proportion of
two measures of the former to one of the latter;
then moisten the powder with a fluid ounce of
106
As
*—
Bhe mixture, pack it moderately in a conical
£ereolator, and gradually pour the mixture
upon it until two pints of filtered liquid are
obtained.
Properties.—Stimulant, astringent, tonic, car-
minative.
Use.—As a grateful aromatic in dyspepsia
and diarrhea to cover the taste of nauseous
remedies, and with cathartics to prevent grip-
IIlg.
Dose.—One to four teaspoonfuls.
NO. 74.
Tincture of Cubebs.
(Tinctura Cubebae.)
Cubebs, moderately fine powder,
Dihuted aleohol, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with a fluid ounce of diluted
alcohol, pack it in a conical perculator, and
gradually pour diluted alcohol upon it until two
pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Stimulant, purgative, diuretic.
Use.—In gonorrhea, gleet, leucorrhea; as a
carminative in disorders of the digestive organs.
Dose.—One to two drachms.
NO. 75.
Tincture of Digitalis.
(Tinctura Digitalis.)
Digitalis, recently dried and in fine
powder, 4 ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with two fluid ounces of
diluted aleohol, pack it firmly in a conical per-
colator, and gradually pour diluted alcohol upon
it until two pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Stimulant, but afterwards seda-
tive; diuretic, narcotic ; in over-doses it occa-
sions vomiting, purging, vertigo, delirium,
convulsions and death.
Use.—In inflammatory diseases, phthisis, drop-
sies, palpitation of the heart, and other kindred
affections; in mania, epilepsy and asthma.
Dose.—Ten to twenty drops.
NO), '76.
Tincture of Helleboree
(Tinctura Hellebori.)
flack Hellebore, in moderately fine
powder, 4 ounces.
Dihuted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
4 Troy ounces.
|
AN ENCYCLOPAETXIA OF PHACTICAL INFORMATION.
Moisten the powder with a fluid ounce of di-
luted alcohol, pack it in a cylindrical percola-
tor, and gradually pour diluted alcohol upon it
until two pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Alterative, emmenagogue, purga-
tive, hydragogue.
Use.—In mania, melancholia, dropsy, Sup-
pression of the menses, in cutaneous eruptions.
Dose.—Thirty to sixty drops in water, twice
a day.
NO. 77.
Tincture of Hops.
(Humulus.)
Hops, in moderately fine powder, 5 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with two fluid ounces of
diluted alcohol, pack it very firmly in a cylin-
drical percolator, and gradually pour diluted
alcohol upon it until two pints of tincture are
obtained.
Properties.—Narcotic, anodyne, diuretic.
Use.—In gout and rheumatism.
Dose.—One to three drachms.
NO. 78.
Warburg’s Tincture.
Socotrine Aloes, 120 grains.
Confection of Rose, 30 “
E. I. Rhubarb, 30 “
Angelica Seed, 80 “
Elecampane Root, 15 “
Saffron, 15 “
Fennel Seed, 15 “
Prepared Chalk, 15 “
Gentian Root, 8 “
Zedoary Root, 8 “
Cubebs, 8 “
Camphor, 8 “
Sulph. Quinine, 75 “
Diluted Alcohol enough to make 1 pint.
Powder the drugs and percolate all except
the confection of rose, prepared chalk and qui-
nine, with the diluted alcohol until one pint is
obtained. Rub the quinine with the confection
of rose and dissolve in a portion of the perco-
late, previously heated; add all together except
the prepared chalk, which must be added when
the mixture is cold. Allow to stand twenty-
| four hours and filter.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 107
NO. 79.
Tincture of Kino.
(Tinctura Kino.)
Eino, in fine powder, 360 grains.
Alcohol in sufficient quantity.
Water in sufficient quantity.
Mix two measures of alcohol with one of
water, then mix the powder thoroughly with an
equal bulk of dry sand, and having introduced
the mixture into a conical glass percolator
gradually pour the menstruum upon it until
half a pint of tincture is obtained.
Properties.—Astringent.
Use.—In obstinate chronic diarrheas, uterine,
intestinal and pulmonary hemorrhages.
Dose.—One to two drachms.
No. 80.
Tincture of Krameria.
(Tinctura Krameria.)
Rhatany, mod. fine powder, 6 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with two fluid ounces of
diluted alcohol, pack it in a cylindrical perco-
lator, and gradually pour diluted alcohol upon
it until two pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Astringent, diuretic, detergent.
Use.—In dysentery, attended with bloody
stools; in ulceration of the gums, and as a
stomachic in dyspepsia.
Dose.—One to two drachms.
NO, 81.
Tincture of Galls.
(Tinctura Gallae.)
Nut Galls in moderately fine
powder, 4 troy ounces
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with a fluid ounce of the
diluted alcohol, pack it in a glass percolator
and gradually pour diluted alcohol upon it until
two pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Astringent, tonic.
Use.—In intestinal hemorrhages, and those of
the prostate gland, obstinate protracted diarrhea
and dysentery, used in gargles and injections.
Dose.—-One to three drachms. -
NO. 82.
Tincture Tolu.
(Tinctura Tolutana.)
Balsam of Tolu, 3 troy ounces
Alcohol, 2 pints.
Macerate the balsam with the alcohol until it
is dissolved, then filter through paper.
Properties.—Expectorant, stimulant, tonic.
Use.—Used extensively on account of its pleas-
ant flavor in cough remedies. It is useful in
asthma, bronchitis, catarrh.
Dose.—30 to 60 drops or more.
NO. 83.
Tincture of Stramoniurn.
(Tinctura Stramonii.)
Stramonium Seed in moderately
fine powder, 4 Troy ounces.
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with a fluid ounce of
diluted Alcohol.
Pack it in a percolator and gradually pour
diluted alcohol upon it until two pints of tinc-
ture are obtained.
Properties.—A powerful narcotic producing
vertigo, headache, more or less cerebral disturb-
ance, has a laxative effect upon the bowels,
effects the fauces and trachea.
Use.—In Asthma, pertussis, neuralgia, syphilis,
cancer, rheumatism and other spasmodic affec-
tions. -
Dose.—Twenty to forty drops.
NO. 84.
Tincture Guaiac, Compound.
Guaiac, in mod. fine powd., 8 Troy ounces.
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, 1 pint.
Macerate for seven days, and filter through
paper.
Properties.—Stimulant, sudorific, and anti-
spasmodic.
Use.—In chronic rheumatism, for which it is
more adapted than the following preparation.
Dose.-Thirty to sixty drops in milk, or any
viscid fluid.
108
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
NO. 85.
Tincture of Guaiac.
(Tinctura Guaiaci.)
Guaiac, in mod. coarse powd., 6 Troy ounces.
Aleohol, a sufficient quantity.
Mix the powder thoroughly with an equal
bulk of dry sand, pack the mixture moderately
in a conical percolator, and having covered it
with a layer of sand, gradually pour alcohol
upon it until two pints of tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Stimulant, Sudorific, laxative and
diaphoretic.
Use. —In chronic rheumatism, gout, cutane-
ous diseases.
Dose.—Thirty to sixty drops.
Incompatible with nitrous acid, Sweet nitre,
solution of chlorine.
NO. 86.
Tincture of Gentian, Comp.
Gentian, in moderately fine
powder, 2 Troy ounces.
Bitter Orange Peel, 1 ‘‘ ounce.
Cardamoms, l. 3 & $6
2
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
Mix the powders thoroughly, and having mois-
tened the mixture with a fluid ounce and a half
of diluted alcohol, pack it in a percolator and
gradually pour diluted alcohol until two pints of
tincture are obtained.
Properties.—Tonic, stomachic, aperient.
Use.—In dyspepsia, hysteria, jaundice, gout,
an elegant adjunct to stomachic infusions.
Externally in putrid ulcers.
Dose.—One to two drachms.
TOILET CREAMS AND LOTIONS.
Balsam of Flowers.
Almond Oil, 1 pound.
Violet Pomade, 6 ounces.
Rose Pomade, 6 ounces.
Oil of Bergamot, 1 drachm.
Mix.
Almond Glycerine.
Oil of Sweet Almonds, 4 gallons.
Lime Water, 5 gallons.
Saccharated Solution of Lime, 10 ounces.
Oil of Cinnamon, 43 “
“ Cloves, 1% & 6
“ Sassafras, 3} & 6
“ Rosemary, 1} 66
“ Lavender, 13. “
“ Fennel, 2} 66
“ Myrbane, 1} 66
“ Thyme (white), 1} 66
Mix the lime water with the solution of lime,
and add one pint of oil, and shake well; repeat
this until the oil is all mixed, then add the
oils. -
Glycerine Cream.
Glycerine, 3 ounces.
Mucilage of Quince Seeds, 10 ounces.
Cochineal Powder, 5 grains.
Hot Water, 1} drachms.
Alcohol, 2} drachms.
Oil of Rose, 8 drops.
Gum Acacia (powdered), 80 grains.
Water, 8 ounces.
Rub the cochineal with the hot water gradu-
ally, then add the alcohol; then rub the oil of
rose with gum acacia, and gradually add the
water. With this mix the solution first formed;
filter and add the glycerine and mucilage; shake
well.
This is an excellent remedy for chapped
hands, roughness of the face, etc. When
applied to the skin it imparts an agreeably
soft, smooth and velvety feel.
Compound Glycerine Lotion.
Strained Honey, 2 drachms.
Water, 3 ounces.
Cologne, 2 “ .
Glycerine, 6 drachms.
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Oil Bitter Almonds, 5 drops.
Mix. Apply with a soft Sponge or napkin
while the skin is damp, wiping dry with a towel.
AN ENOYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFOBMLATION.
109
Calamine Lotion.
The following is the formula prescribed by
the late Dr. Tilbury Fox:
Levigated Calamine, 40 grains.
Oxide of Zinc, 20 “
Glycerine, 20 drops.
Rose Water, to make, 1 ounce.
The main point is to get the white calamine
and not the red. It is a very soothing appli-
cation, and is a great favorite with ladies who
have flushed faces. It should be applied with
a small, Soft Sponge, and allowed to dry on,
the excess of powder being lightly dusted off
with a soft cloth.
Camphor Ice.
Spermaceti, 6 ounces.
White Wax, 4 & 4
Oil of Almonds, 32 6 &
Gum Camphor, 5 & 6
Rose Water, 8 ( &
Borax, 2 drachms.
Dissolve the borax in the rose water, and add
it to the other igredients previously added to-
gether; stir the mixture till it is nearly cold,
and pour it into moulds. -
Cocoa, Cream.
Oil of Cocoa, 2 ounces.
Castor Oil, 8 6&
Alcohol, 4 Gé
Otto of Rose, 5 drops.
Melt the cocoa oil by gentle heat, and add
it to the castor oil and alcohol previously
mixed; mix thoroughly and add the perfume
while cooling.
Bismuth Cream.
Cream of Almonds.
Sweet Almonds (blanched,) 4 ounces.
Rose Water, # pint.
Orange Flower Water, # “
Alcohol, 2 ounces.
Castile Soap, 2 drachms.
Spermaceti, 2 66
White Wax, 2 & &
Oil of Roses, # drachm.
Beat the almonds with the water, and dis-
solve the wax, sperm and Soap by a gentle
heat, mix the two by rubbing in a mortar, dis-
Solve the oils in the alcohol, add all together,
dissolve and strain.
Cold Cream.
Rose Water, 8 ounces.
Oil of Sweet Almonds, 8 66
Spermaceti, 6 drachms.
White Wax, 4 66
Pulverized Borax, 20 grains.
Otto of Roses, 8 drops.
Melt together by a gentle heat the sperm,
Wax and oil of almonds, dissolve the borax in
the water, and add slowly to the melted mix-
ture; when mixed, take from the fire and stir
until cold, then add the otto.
Rose Lip-Salve.
White Wax, 5 drachms.
Spermaceti, 2 6 &
Oil of Sweet Almonds, 1 ounce.
Oil of Rose, 8 drops.
Alkanet Root, 1 drachm.
Heat the oil of almonds and alkanet together
on Slow fire. Melt the wax and sperm and
add the two together; when nearly cold add
the perfume and stir well.
Submitrate of Bismuth, 2} ounces,
Carbonate of Magnesia, 20 grains. Hagan's Magnolia, Balm.
Gum Acacia, # ounce.
Aqua Rose, B} ounces. e e
Orange Flower Water, # ounce. i. º: of Zinc, º OUID.C6,
Essence Vanilla, 10 drops. . cerine." 1 i.
Carmine, 2 grains. ...” Q º Iſle
Mix together thoroughly.
Mix.
110
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRAGTICAL INFORMATION.
Bay Rum.
(Barbers' Improved.)
Oil of Bay, 6 fl. drachms.
Oil of Pimento, 1 fl. drachm.
Acetic Ether, 1 ounce.
White Castile Soap, pow'd, 4 drachms.
Alcohol, 12 pints.
Water, 10 “
Mix, and allow to stand one week, then
filter.
Milk of Almonds.
Spermaceti, # ounce.
White Wax, 3. “
Castile Soap, (white) * “
Bitter Almonds, (blanched) 5 ounces.
Alcohol, 6 “
Oil of Bitter Almonds, 5 drops.
Oil of Bergamot, 1 drachm.
Water, (distilled) 1 pint.
Rub the almonds with the water, and dis-
solve the spermaceti, wax and soap, by Water
bath; mix the two, then add the alcohol (in
which the oils have been dissolved) slowly,
then strain.
Glycerine Lotion.
Glycerine, 6 ounces.
Quince Seed, 1 drachm.
Hot Water, 21 ounces.
Alcohol, 5 “
Coloring and flavoring to suit.
To the quince seed add a portion of the hot
water. When mucilage is formed, strain, then
add balance of water and flavoring.
Chapped Hands.
Druggists are often called upon for some-
thing for chapped hands. Here is a good One.
Acid Carbolic, 30 grains.
Yolk of one Egg. º
Glycerine, 3 ounces.
Mix—form emulsion. A small portion to be
rubbed gently upon the affected surface several
times a day; wearing a pair of gloves will
assist.
HAIR TONICS.
Kilner's Hair Tonic.
Químilie Sulph., # drachm.
Acid Sulph. Aro., # “
Tinct. Cantharides, 1 ounce.
Tinct. Myrrh, 1 “
Castor Oil, 3. “
Alcohol, 7} ounces.
Mix. Apply often.
St. Clair’s Hair Tonic.
Oil Castor, 3 ounces.
Oil Bergamot, 3 “
Oil Cinnamon, 15 drops.
Oil Cloves, 15 “
Oil Lavender, 13 drachms.
Tinct. Cantharides, 2 66
Aqua Ammonia, 4 66
Alcohol sufficient to make two pints.
Mix. This is a splendid preparation.
Lavender Hair Tonic.
Alcohol, # gallon.
Castor Oil, # “
Tinct. Cantharides, # ounce.
Oil Bergamot, # “
Oil Lavender, 3. "
Oil Thyme, white, # “
Blackwell’s Hair Restorative.
Glycerine, 1 ounce.
Tinct. Cantharides, # “
Sugar Lead, 2 drachms.
Lac. Sulphur, 2 &
Oil Bergamot, 2 66
Rain Water, 2 66
Mix. Apply once a day. Rub well with the
hand.
Rosemary Hair Wash.
Distilled Water of Rosemary, 1 gallon.
Rectified Spirits, # pint.
Pearlash, 2 drachms.
Dissolve the Pearlash in the mixed Alcohol,
and mix.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 111
Bernhardt Hair Tonic.
Oil of Castor, 8 ounces.
Oil of Bergamot, 8 drachms.
Oil of Cinnamon, 15 drops.
Oil of Cloves, 15 “
Oil of Lavender, 13 drachms.
Tinct. Cantharides, 2 6 &
Aqua Ammonia, 4 66
Alcohol sufficient to make 2 pints.
Creole Hair Tonic.
Lac. Sulphur, 1 drachm.
Sugar of Lead, 1 6 &
Pulverized Copperas, 82 grains.
Tannin, 32 & 6
Rose Water, 1 pint.
Mix. By wetting the hair with the above
compound once or twice a day, for a couple of
Weeks, it will be invigorated and keep the color.
Owen's Hair Tonic.
Rain Water, 1 pint.
Lac. Sulphur, # ounce.
Sulphate of Iron, § “
Oil of Bergamot, + “
Mix, and apply to the hair daily.
Ring’s Ambrosia.
(Said to be.)
Lac. Sulphur, 1 drachm.
Acetate of Lead, 1 & 4
Chloride of Sodium, 2 drachms.
Glycerine, 2 ounces.
Bay Rum, 8 66
Jamaica Rum, 4 & 6
Soft Water, 1 pint.
Mix. Shake before using.
Eau Lustrale.
Castor Oil, 8 ounces.
Tincture Cantharides, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 48 ounces.
Oil Bergamot, 4 drachms.
“ Lavender, 1 drachm.
“ Cloves, 80 drops.
Mix.
Perfume for Hair Oil.
Oil of Bergamot, 1 ounce.
Oil of Rosemary, 1 drachm.
Oil of Cassia, 5 drops.
Oil of Cloves, 5 “
Oil of Rose Geranium, 10 “
Alcohol sufficient to make 4 ounces.
Bay Rum.
Oil of Bay, 1 drachm.
Oil of Nutmegs, 5 drops,
Oil of Orange, # drachm.
Jamaica Rum, 4 ounces.
Alcohol, 2 pints.
Water, to make 4 & 6
Cut oils in alcohol; add rum and water; let
stand two or three weeks, and filter through
magnesia and charcoal.
Neil’s Hair Tonic.
Tincture Cinchona, Red, 3 ounces.
Glycerine, 1 ounce.
Jamaica. Rum, 1 “
Tannic Acid, # drachm.
Tincture Cantharides, 2 drachms.
Tincture Capsicum, 1 drachm.
Cologne, to make 9 ounces.
Mix. Apply twice a day, rubbing well into
the scalp.
Jaborandi Hair Tonic.
Glycerine, 2 ounces.
Jaborandi, 4 drachms.
Cinchona Bark, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 2 ounces.
Bay Rum, 2 6 &
Rose Water, 10 6 &
Reduce the jaborandi and cinchona to a mod-
erately fine powder, and exhaust them by per-
colation with the alcohol, bay rum and water,
mixed together.
glycerine, and filter.
To the percolate add the
112 as moxolorama or enactical INromºtion.
Walpole’s Hair Tonic. Shampoo Wash.
Glycerine, 1 ounce. Borax, powdered, 4 drachms.
Tincture Cantharides, 2 drachms. Bay Rum, 2 ounces.
Rose Water, 8 ounces. Aqua Ammonia, 1 ounce.
Mix. Rose Water, 18 ounces.
Dr. Cattell's Hair Dye.
Nitrate of Silver, 11 drachms.
Distilled Water, 1 pint.
Green Soap, 8 drachms.
Gum Arabic, 1} “
Mix, and allow to stand a day or two. Ap-
ply as needed.
Chestnut Hair Dye.
Permanganate of Potash, 1 drachm.
Powdered Gum Arabic. 2 drachms.
Bose Water, 8 ounces.
Mix. Apply carefully with a tooth-brush, so
as to avoid staining the skin.
Lightning Hair Dye.
(The Mordant.)
Pyrogallic Acid, 1 drachm.
Distilled Water, 5 ounces.
Alcohol, # ounce.
Mix.
No. 2.—The Dye.
Nitrate of Silver (crystals). 1 drachm.
Distilled Water, 6 drachms.
Aqua Ammonia, 2 6 &
Or q. S., to make clear.
Mix. Apply the mordant first ; as soon as it
is dry, use No. 2.
Preparation for Removing Stains.
# drachm.
1 ounce.
Sulphuret Potass.,
Distilled Water,
Mix.
Diamond Dust.
White Frostings,
Bub moderately fine in a mortar.
Used to powder the hair.
1 ounce.
Mix. Apply a portion to the head and rub
briskly; after the hair is thoroughly cleansed,
rinse with clean water, dry quickly, and apply
a little oil.
Dry Shampoo.
(Sea Foam.)
Sulphuric Ether, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 1 66
Glycerine, 1 66
Aqua Ammonia, . 1 drachm.
Castile Soap, sliced, 2 ounces.
Rain Water, 2 pints.
Mix.
POMAIDES AND HAIR OHLS.
The name of “Pomade” and “Pomatum” is
derived from “Pomum”—an apple—because it
was formerly made by immersing over-ripe
apples in grease. If an apple be stuck all over
with spice, such as cloves, then exposed to the
air for a few days, and afterwards macerated
in purified melted lard, or any other fatty mat-
ter, the grease will become perfumed. Repeat-
ing the operation with the same grease several
times produces real Pomatum. -
In making pomades, the following directions
ought to be strictly followed if you wish to
make a really nice article. You need not fol-
low the following remarks if you simply want
a common article of pomatum.
Pomades ought to be made from inodorous
lard.
Melt your lard in a hot water bath (boiling);
take off the Scum, after previously adding two
ounces of powdered alum and two ounces of
table salt. When the grease appears clear, let
it grow cool.
The lard is now to be washed. This is done
a small quantity at a time. Take about a
pound on a slate slab, and let the slab slope
sufficiently so that a good supply of water may
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
113
trickle over it and run off at the same time.
Reep the grease well stirred. In this way the
water will remove any trace of the alum and
salt. &
Finally, the grease, when the whole is
washed, is remelted, the heat being maintained
enough to drive off any adhering water. When
cold, it is finished.
Philocome Pomade.
White Wax, 10 ounces.
Fresh Rose Pomatum, 1 pound.
Fresh Acacia, & 4 * “
Fresh Jasmin 66 3 *
Fresh Flower of Orange “ 1 6 &
Fresh Tuberose, & 6 1 & 6
Melt the wax in the oils by a water bath at
the lowest possible temperature. Stir the mix-
ture as it cools. Do not pour out the philo-
come until it is nearly cool enough to set.
Warm your utensils to the same heat as the
philocome ;, otherwise the bottles chill the
material as it is poured in, and make it
appear of an uneven texture.
Marrow Cream.
Purified Lard, 1 pound.
Almond Oil, 1 & 4
Palm Oil, 1 ounce.
Oil of Cloves, # drachm.
Oil of Bergamot, # ounce.
Oil of Lemon, 1} ounces.
Heliotrope Pomade.
Lard, 44 pounds.
Tallow, 12 & ©
Benzoin Body, 5 *s
Tonka Bean Body, 2. “
Civet Body, 1 pound.
Oil Lemon, 12 drachms.
Oil Bergamot, 12 66
Oil Bitter Almonds, 1} “
Oil Neroli, Petit Grain, 1} “
Balsam Peru, 12 66
No coloring used.
For Winter use, add 9% pounds of lard and
7 poung tallow.
Common Violet Pomade.
Purified Lard, 1 pound.
Acacia Pomatum, 6 ounces.
Rose Pomatum, 4 ounces,
Work it up like marrow pomade.
Marrow Pomatum.
Purified Lard, 4 pounds.
Purified Suet, 2 pounds.
Oil of Lemon, 1 ounce.
Oil of Bergamot, # “
Oil of Cloves, 3 drachms.
Melt the greases, and beat them up with a
whisk or flat wooden spatula for half an hour
or more ; as the grease cools, the pomatum is
rendered light and Spongy. It is an excellent
and a very profitable pomade.
Hungarian Pomade.
(Mustache Wax.)
White Wax, 4 ounces.
Lard, 2 & 4
Canada Balsam, # ounce.
Oil Bergamot, 1 drachm.
Oil Lavender, 15 drops.
Add the balsam to the wax and lard, pre-
viously heated; when nearly cold add the
essential oils and run into appropriate moulds.
It may be colored black or brown.
Stick Pomade.
Suet, 1 pound.
Paraffine, 8 ounces.
White Wax, 2 & &
Oil Bergamot, 1 ounce.
Oil Cassia, # drachm.
Oil Lavender, 1 £ 6
Mix by melting, and cast into moulds. It
may be colored black by the addition of a
little lampblack, finely ground with a little oil
of almonds.
AM ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
114,
IHAIR OILS.
Hickory Nut Oil.
Cotton Seed Oil,
Oil of Fennel,
Oil Sassafras,
Oil Thyme,
Oil Bosemary,
Oil Cinnamon
Oil Cloves,
Oil Lavender,
Do not color.
Macassar Oil.
Olive Oil,
Oil of Roses,
Alcohol,
Color with alkanet root.
15 gallons.
2} ounces.
8 & 6
1} £ 6
1} & 6
4 & ©
1} & 6
1} & &
1 quart.
# drachm.
2} ounces.
Tie a small por-
tion in a thin muslin bag, and let it lie in the
oil till sufficiently colored.
Hair Oil,
Cotton Seed Oil (yellow),
Oil Lavender,
Oil Thyme,
Oil Cloves,
Do not color.
Golden Oil.
Oil Cotton Seed (yellow),
Oil Bergamot,
Oil Cassia,
Oil Cloves,
Oil Thyme (white),
Color with alkanet root.
Rose Oil.
Cotton Seed Oil (yellow),
Oil Red Cedar,
Oil Geranium,
Oil Rose,
Oil Cloves,
Oil Citronella,
Oil Lemon Grass,
Oil Bergamot,
No color.
15 gallons.
12 ounces.
2 & 4
4 66
15 gallons.
8 ounces.
6 & 6
4 & &
1 ounce.
15 gallons.
8 ounces.
6 4 &
1} & &
6 & 4
1} & 4
1} 66
2
Bears’ Oil,
Cotton Seed Oil,
15 gallons.
Oil Fennel, 8 ounces.
Oil Lavender, 2 & ©
Oil Citronella, 8 66
Oil Cloves, 3 & 6
No color.
Silver Oil.
Cotton Seed Oil, 15 gallons.
Oil Red Cedar, 1 ounce.
Oil Geranium, 23 ounces.
Oil Cloves, 2} & 6
Oil Citronella, 1 ounce.
Oil Lemon Grass, 1 “
No color.
Night Blooming Cereus Oil.
Cotton Seed Oil,
15 gallons.
Oil Caraway, 4 ounces.
Oil Cloves, 4 “
Oil Sassafras, 2 66
Oil Lavender, I0 GG
Oil Rosemary, 2 66
Color with alkanet root.
Crescent Oil.
Cotton Seed Oil, 15 gallons.
Oil Bergamot, 8 ounces.
Oil Cassia, 6 & &
Oil Cloves, 4 & 4
Oil White Thyme, 1 ounce.
Mix. Color with alkanet.
Cocoanut Oil.
Cocoanut Fat, 2} pounds.
Castor Oil, 1 gallon.
Alcohol, 1 & C
Oil Lavender, 4 ounces.
Oil Cloves, 2 6 &
Oil Cinnamom, 2} “
Oil Rose Geranium, 2 drachms.
Melt the cocoa fat at a gentle heat; add
castor oil; mix thoroughly, and add alcohol;
then perfume.
AN ENOYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
115
New York Barbers’ Star.
Castor Oil, 6; pints.
Alcohol, 1} “
Oil Citronella, # ounce.
Oil Lavender, # “
Mix.
ESSENCES AND EXTRACTS.
Essence of Anise.
Oil of Anise, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 95 per cent., 9 ounces.
Mix them, and filter.
Essence of Allspice.
Oil of Allspice, 1 ounce.
Alchohol, 95 per cent., 9 ounces.
Mix and filter.
Essence of Banana.
Banana Fruit, peeled, 1 pound.
Alcohol, 95 per cent., 1 pint.
Water, 1 “
Macerate for fourteen days, express and strain.
Essence of Bergamot.
Oil Bergamot, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 95 per cent., 8 ounces.
Tincture of Grass q. S. to color.
Mix.
Essence of Bay.
Oil of Bay Leaves, 1 ounce.
Cologne Spirit, 16 ounces.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 2 “
Water, 16 ounces.
Alcohol may be used instead of Cologne Spirit,
but it is not quite as good. Dissolve the oil in
a little of the Spirit, and rub in a mortar with
the addition of the magnesium, then add sugar,
if so required. Color lightly with Tinc. Grass.
Essence of Blackberry.
Blackberries (fresh) 2 pounds.
Alcohol, 10 ounces.
Water, 26 “
Macerate for 14 days, express and strain
through muslin.
Essence of Cloves.
Oil Cloves, 1 ounce.
Magnesium, 1 “
Alcohol, 95 per cent., 7 ounces.
Proceed as in Essence of Bay.
Essence of Cinnamon.
Oil of Cinnamon, 1 ounce.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 2 ounces.
Alcohol, 95 per cent., 18 & &
Rub the oil with the magnesia and a portion
of the alcohol. Add the rest and filter.
Essence of Coriander.
Oil of Coriander, 2 drachms.
Carbonate Magnesium, # ounce.
Sugar, 1 6 &
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 66
Proceed as in Ess. Cinnamon.
Essence of Caraway.
Oil of Caraway Seed, 1 ounce.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 2 ounces.
Sugar, 2 & &
Alcohol, 16 £ 6
Water, 16 66
Proceed as for Ess. Cinnamon.
Essence of Coffee.
Best ground coffee (burnt,) 4 ounces.
Hot Water Q. S.
Cologne Spirit, .8 & &
Pack in percolator and pour on a pint of
Water, or until a pint has passed through;
then add cologne spirit. Mix. -
116
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Essence of Ginger.
Jamaica Ginger (ground), 1 pound.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 2 drachms.
Alcohol, 95 per cent., 2 pints.
Essence of Citronella.
Oil Citronella, # ounce.
Alcohol, or Cologne Spirit, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 66
Mix. Color with Tinc. Grass.
Essence of Cardamom.
Oil of Cardamom, 1 drachm.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 4 drachms.
Alcohol, 95 per cent., 4 ounces.
Water, 4 & 6
Essence of Cassia.
Oil of Cassia, 1 ounce.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 2 ounces.
Sugar, 2 & 6
Alcohol, 95 per cent., 16 & 6
Water, 16 66
Essence of Juniper.
Oil of Juniper Berries, # ounce.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 1 “
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 “
Essence of Lavender.
Oil of Lavender, # ounce.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 1 “
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 “
Essence of Lemon.
Oil of Lemon, # ounce.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 1 “
Sugar, # “
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 ounces.
Color yellow.
Mace, moderately fine,
Cologne Spirit,
Essence of Mace.
6 ounces.
2 pints.
Macerate for fourteen days, express and filter
through paper.
Essence of Nutmeg.
Oil of Nutmeg, 1} drachms.
Alcohol, 4 ounces.
Magnesium Carb., 3 drachms.
Water, 4 ounces.
Sugar, # ounce.
Proceed as in Essence of Bay.
Essence of Orange.
Oil of Orange, 1 ounce.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 2 ounces.
Sugar, 2 “
Alcohol, 8 “
Water, 8 “
Color with saffron. Proceed as in Essence of
Bay.
Mix
Essence of Peppermint.
Oil of Peppermint, 1 ounce.
Cologne Spirit, 8 ounces.
Peppermint (herb), 3 ounce.
Water, 8 ounces.
and filter.
Essence of Pineapple.
Butyric Ether, 24 ounces.
Acetic Ether, 40 drops.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Glycerine, # drachm.
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix. -
Essence of Raspberry.
Butyric Ether, 1 drachm,
Acetic Ether, 45 drops.
Sweet Spirits Nitre, 10 “ -
Glycerine, 20 “
Cologne Spirit, 2} ounces.
Color with alkanet root. Mix and filter.
AN ENOYCLOP2, DIA O, PRACTIOAL INFORMATION.
117
Essence of Rose.
Oil of Rose, 30 drops.
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 & ©
Dissolve the oil in the spirit, add the water,
and color with carmine.
Essence of Sassafras.
Oil of Sassafras, 1 ounce.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 2 ounces.
Cologne Spirit, 16 & ©
Water, 16 66
Proceed as in Essence of Bay.
Essence of Spruce.
Oil of Spruce, 3 ounce.
Magnesium, 1 & C
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 “
Essence of Sarsaparilla.
Oil of Wintergreen, # ounce.
Oil of Sassafras, 3 drachms.
Oil of Anise, 1 drachm.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 1 ounce.
Sugar, 1 6 &
Alcohol, 12 ounces.
Water, 4 6 &
Color with burnt sugar, if so desired. Pro-
ceed as in Essence of Bay.
Essence of Strawberry.
Butyric Ether, # ounce.
Acetic Ether, } “
Cologne Spirit, 1 pint.
Color with tincture carmine.
Extract of Tonka,
Tonka Sean (cut small), 2 ounces.
Alcohol, 12 “
Water, 4 **
Rub the beans with a little sugar and the
spirit and water, and macerate for ten days;
color to suit.
Essence of Wintergreen.
8 ounces.
29 “
Oil of Wintergreen,
Cologne Spirit,
Color to suit. Mix and filter.
Essence of Wormwood.
Oil of Wormwood, # ounce.
Carbonate of Magnesium, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 ounces.
Color to suit.
Essence of Nectar.
Butyric Ether, 1 ounce.
Oil of Wintergreen, 1 drachm.
Oil of Bitter Almonds, 15 drops.
Alcohol, 12 ounces.
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix and filter; color to suit.
Essence of Orgeat.
Oil of Bitter Almonds, 2 drachms.
Acetic Ether, 2 drachms.
Butyric Ether, # ounce.
Alcohol, 15 ounces.
Dissolve the oils in the ethers; add the alco-
hol and filter.
Essence of Pears
Acetate Oxide of Amyl, 2 ounces.’
Acetic Ether, 1 drachm.
Alcohol, 95 per cent., 12 ounces.
Water, 2 ounces.
Mix.
Essence of Quince.
Pelargonic Ether, 2 ounces.
Alcohol, 95 per cent, 12 “
Water, 2. “
Mix.
Essence of Bitter Almond.
Oil Bitter Almond, 1} drachms.
Carbonate Magnesium, 2 & 6
Sugar, 1 ounce.
Cologne Spirits, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 & 6
Proceed as in Essence of Bay.
118
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Essence of Celery.
Oil of Celery, 2 drachms.
Carbonate Magnesium, # ounce.
Sugar, 1 ounce.
Cologne Spirit, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 & 4
Proceed as in Essence of Bay.
Essence of Apple.
Acetate of Oxide Amyl, 2 ounces.
Valerianate of Ammonia, 1 drachm.
Cologne Spirits, 12 ounces.
Water, 2 “
Mix.
Essence of Pennyroyal.
Oil Pennyroyal, # ounce,
Carbonate Magnesium, 1 66
Sugar, 1 66
Cologne Spirits, 8 “
Water, 8 *
Proceed as in Essence of Bay.
Extract of Vanilla.
Vanilla Pods, 1 ounce.
Sugar, 1 “
Cologne Spirits, 12 ounces.
Water, 4 “
Slit the pods and cut them very fine, then
mix them with sugar and bruise until moder-
ately fine, then mix with spirits and water,
and put in a warm place; macerate for two
weeks, occasionally shaking; filter.
Extract of Vanilla.
(Artificial.)
Balsam Peru, 1 drachm.
Oil Orange, # “
Extract Orris 4 ounces.
Tonka Beans, coarse powd., 2 & 6
Tinct. Castor, 15 drops.
Cologne Spirits, 8 ounces.
Carb. Magnesium, 3 drachms.
Water, 4 ounces.
Dissolve the balsam and oil in two ounces of
spirits, and rub with tha magnesia; add the
—-
balance of the ingredients, and let stand in a
Warm place for four weeks, then filter.
Extract of Rosemary.
Oil of Rosemary, # ounce.
Carb. Magnesium, 1 “
Cologne Spirit, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 “
Extract of Nutmeg.
Oil of Nutmeg, 3 drachms.
Carb. Magnesium, 6 & 4
Sugar, 1 ounce.
Water, 8 ounces.
Cologne Spirits, 8 66
Essence of Hemlock.
Oil of Hemlock, # ounce.
Carb. Magnesium, 1 “
Cologne Spirits, 8 ounces.
Water, 8 “
Essence of Jamaica, Ginger.
Jamaica Ginger, 6 ounces.
Grains of Paradise, 1 ounce.
Mace, 3. “
Oil of Lemon, 1 drachm.
Alcohol, 20 ounces.
Reduce the drugs to a coarse powder, and
moisten with four ounces of alcohol; pack in a
percolator, and add balance of alcohol, in which
add the lemon; allow to stand 24 hours, and
percolate with diluted alcohol sufficient for 20
OUII) CôS.
Lemon Extracte
Alcohol, 10 gallons.
Water, soft, 4 & 6
Oil of Lemon, 8 pounds.
Remarks.-Put the oil into three gallons of
the alcohol, and let stand for twenty-four hours;
then have your water warm and pour in one
gallon, then one of alcohol, then one-half gal-
lon of water, then one gallon of alcohol, and
so on until alcohol and water are gone. Be
sure and put in the alcohol last. Let stand,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
119
and filter through a felt bag kept for nothing
but lemon extract. Color to suit with yellow
aniline.
Vanilla, Extract.
Alcohol, 10 gallons.
Vanilla Beans, 3 pounds.
Soft Water, 15 gallons.
Glycerine, 2 pounds.
Remarks.-Grind in a sausage-cutter the beans,
warm the alcohol over a water bath, put in the
beans, and stir.
Strawberry Extract.
Alcohol, 5 gallons.
Concentrated Strawberry Ether, 3 & &
Oil of Orange (Portugal), 2 pounds.
Remarks.-Proceed as for lemon.
suit with tincture of red aniline.
Color to
Cinnamon Extract.
Alcohol, 10 gallons.
Oil of Cassia, 8 ounces.
Oil of Cinnamon (True) 2 & 6
Warm Water, 5 gallons.
Remarks. –Proceed as for lemon, and color
with red Sandal and burnt sugar to the color
of cinnamon true.
Banana Extract.
Alcohol, 5 gallons.
Concentrated Banana Ether, 4 pounds.
Soft Water, 10 gallons.
Glycerine, 8 pounds.
Mix, and it is ready for use.
Cochineal Extract.
Red Winegar, 1 gallon.
Glycerine, 2 pounds.
Mix, and it is ready for use.
Orange Extract.
Alcohol, 10 gallons.
Water, 3 “
Oil of Portugal, 2 pounds.
Proceed same as for lemon.
with tincture of yellow aniline,
Color to suit
Blackberry Extract.
Alcohol, 5 gallons.
Concent'd Blackberry Ether, 5 pounds.
Soft Water, cold, 10 gallons.
Glycerine, 3 pounds.
Mix, and it is ready for use.
Nutmeg Extract.
Alcohol, 1 gallon.
Ground Nutmeg, 1 pound.
Warm Water, 82 ounces.
Let stand two weeks; it is then ready for
use. No color.
Cloves Extract.
Alcohol, 1 gallon.
Cloves, ground, 1 pound.
Warm Water, 32 ounces.
Let it stand for three weeks; it is then ready
for use. No color.
Celery Extract.
Alcohol, 8 gallons.
Essence of Celery, 2 66
Warm Water, 5 6&
Mix the essence with the alcohol, and add
the Water. Color with burnt sugar.
Rose Extract.
Alcohol, 10 gallons.
Oil of Rose, 1 ounce.
Oil of Geranium, rose, 2 drachms.
Oil of Cloves, 1 drachm.
Warm Water, 5 gallons.
Remarks.-Proceed as for lemon; if colored,
use red aniline tincture to suit.
Wintergreen Extract.
Alcohol, 10 gallons.
Oil of Wintergreen, 1 pound.
Warm Water, 5 gallons.
Remarks.-Let stand twenty-four hours; then
add water. Color to suit with tincture of red
aniline.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
120
Coffee Extract.
Alcohol, warm, 5 gallons.
Glycerine, # pound.
Warm Water, 1 gallon.
Ground Coffee, 8 pounds.
Remarks.-Heat the alcohol in a water-bath
to boiling point; then add the coffee. Let stand
twenty-four hours; and add glycerine, then
Warm Water.
Almond Extract.
Alcohol, 10 gallons.
Oil of Bitter Almonds, 1 pound.
Warm Water, 5 gallons.
Remarks.-Mix the oil with the alcohol, and
after standing twenty-four hours, add the Warm
water; it is then ready for use.
Sarsaparilla Extract.
Alcohol, 10 gallons.
Oil of Sassafras, 8 ounces.
Oil of Wintergreen, 8 “
Warm Water, 5 gallons.
Remarks.-Let stand twenty-four hours, then
add warm water. Color to suit With caramel.
Ginger Extract.
Alcohol, 8 gallons.
Mace, powdered, 1 pound.
Essence of Ginger, 2 gallons.
Warm Water, 4 & 4
Remarks.-Mix the alcohol and mace, and let
stand twenty-four hours. Put in the essence
and then the water. No color, but it may be
colored with burnt Sugar.
Peach Extract.
Alcohol, 10 gallons.
Concentrated Nectarine Ether, 2 pounds.
& 6 Pine Apple Ether, 1 pound.
Oil of Orange, Portugal, 2 ounces.
Warm Water, 5 gallons.
Glycerine, 2 pounds.
Remarks.-Mix the oil of Orange and alcohol,
then add the ethers, and then the Warm Water.
Color with burnt Sugar, Same as pine apple.
Nectarine Extract.
Alcohol, 5 gallons.
Concentrated Nectarine Ether, 5 pounds.
Soft Water, cold, 10 gallons.
Glycerine, 8 pounds.
Color same as pine apple. -
Raspberry Extract.
Alcohol, 5 gallons.
Concentrated Raspberry Ether, 5 pounds.
Soft Water, cold, 10 gallons.
Glycerine, 3 pounds.
Remarks.-Color to suit with tincture of red
aniline. ,
TOOTHI POWDERS AND MOUTHE WASHIES
There is scarcely a subject, of a personal
character, so sadly neglected and so little un-
derstood by the people in general, as the care
of the teeth.
In view of this fact, in 1868 the Dental So-
ciety of Philadelphia offered a prize for the best
essay on the subject, the same to be published
for the benefit of the public. The prize was
awarded for the following rules:
First. Cleanse your teeth once, or oftener,
every day. Rinse the mouth after eating.
Cleansing the teeth consists in reynoving every
particle of foreign matter from around the
teeth and gums.
Second. To cleanse, uge well-made brushes,
soft quill or wood toothpicks, an antacid styptic
tooth wash, and precipitated chalk. If these
means fail, apply to a regular dentist.
Third. Avoid eating hot food. Thoroughly
masticate the food, and Well Salivate it before
swallowing.
Fourth. Parents ought carefully to attend to
the child's second dentition. Prevail upon your
children to visit, at frequent intervals, a care-
ful and skillful operator.
Fifth. Remember that four of the permanent
double-teeth come in at the age of six years.
They are very liable to decay early, are very
large, and should never be allowed to require
extracting.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PBACTICAL INFOBMATION.
121
Siath. Never allow any one to extract a tooth
or dissuade you from having them filled, unless
absolutely necessary. .
Seventh. Carelessness and procrastination are
responsible for a large proportion of teeth that
are lost.
The teeth were never intended to take the
place of nut-crackers, nor to rival scissors in
cutting thread. The teeth must be taken care
of, or your health will suffer.
Remember, a clean tooth would not decay in
a hundred years.
Superior Mouth Wash.
White Castile Soap, old, 2 drachms.
Alcohol, 3 ounces.
Honey, 1 ounce.
Perfume, as below, 4 ounces.
Dissolve the soap in the alcohol and add the
other ingredients.
Perfume for Tooth Powders.
ASarnm Canadense, # ounce.
Orris Root, J. “
Strong Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Make a tincture, then add
Tincture Musk, 1 drachm.
Essence Mille Fleurs, # & 6
Essence Patchouly, 20 drops.
Mix.
Orris Tooth Powder.
Prepared Chalk, 1 pound.
Powdered Borax, 8 ounces.
6 & Myrrh, 4 & 6
6 & Orris, 4 “
Mix thoroughly, and put through a fine silk
sieve.
Violet Tooth Powder.
Prepared Chalk, 6 ounces.
Cuttlefish Bone, 3 “
Rose Pink. 2 “
Orris Root, 2 “
Essence of Wiolets, 1 drachm.
Mix thoroughly, put through a fine silk sieve
and color with indigo sufficient to strike a
violet tint.
Tooth Powder.
White Sugar, 1 pound,
Prepared Chalk, 1 pound.
Carbonate of Magnesia, 2 pounds.
Cuttlefish Bones, # pound.
Cream of Tartar, 10 ounces.
Rose Pink, 10 & 6
Rub these to a very fine powder, then mix
with perfume to suit.
Scent for Tooth Powder.
Oil of Cloves, 2 drachms.
“ Cinnamon, 2 6 &
“ Orange Peel, 2 & 6
Extract of Vanilla, 2 & 6
The above is for one pound of the powder.
For coloring tooth powders various shades of
red and pink, use armenian bole, protoxide of
iron and carmine or cochineal lakes. Avoid
aniline reds, as they are injurious to the teeth.
Cuttlefish Tooth Powder.
Powdered Cuttlefish-bone, # pound.
Precipitated Carbonate of Lime, 1 & ©
Powdered Orris Root, * “
Oil of Lemons, 1 ounce.
Oil of Neroli, # drachm.
Mix thoroughly and powder very fine.
Charcoal Tooth Paste.
Chlorate of Potassa, # drachm.
Mint Water, 1 ounce.
Form a solution then add
Powdered Charcoal, 2 ounces.
Honey, 1 ounce.
Mix thoroughly.
Quinia, Tooth Powder.
Sulphate of Quinia, § drachm.
Pulverized Orris Root, 4 ounces.
Pulverized Starch, 5 & ©
Pulverized Chalk, prepared, § pound.
Pulverize fine each article and then mix
thoroughly.
122
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Cocoa, Soap Tooth Powder.
Pulverized French Chalk, 1 pound.
Lily White, 1 { %
White Earth, 1 66
Pulverized Sugar, # “
Powdered Cocoa Soap, * “
Oil of Wintergreen, # ounce.
Oil of Rose, # drachm
Oil of Cloves, 3. “
Oil of Sassafras, + “
Mix and pulverize thoroughly.
Rose Tooth Powder.
Pulverized Corn Starch, 2} pounds.
Pulverized Orris Root, 3 pound.
Terra Alba, 2 pounds.
Carbonate of Magnesia, # pound.
French Chalk, # “
Oil of Cloves, # drachm
Oil of Rose, 1 drachm.
Oil of Bergamot, # “
Mix and pulverize thoroughly.
Detergent Mouth Wash.
Alum, powdered, 30 grains.
Simple Syrup, 1 ounce.
Rose water, 3 ounces.
Mix. Should the mouth be very sore, dilute
with water at first, and use pure afterwards.
Farina’s Tooth Powder.
Cuttlefish-bone, 2 pounds.
Pulverized Orris Root, 2 pounds.
Pulverized White Sugar, 3 pound.
Oil of Rosemary, 4 drachms.
“ Orange Peel, 2 & 6
“ Lemon, 2 & ©
“ Neroli, # drachm.
“ Bergamot, 2 drachms.
Mix, and pass through a silk sieve.
Camphorated Tooth Powder.
Prepared Chalk, 8 ounces.
Powdered Cuttlefish-bone, 4 ounces.
Camphor, 1 ounce.
Oil of Cloves, 1 drachm.
Dissolve the camphor with alcohol, and then
add to the remaining ingredients, and mix
thoroughly.
| Pulverized Cream Tartar,
Eau de Botot.
Star Anise, 1 ounce.
Cloves, 2 drachms.
Cinnamon, Ceylon, 2 drachms.
Oil of Peppermint, 20 drops.
Diluted Alcohol, 28 ounces.
Macerate for eight days, and filter if desired;
this may be colored with a little cochineal
infused with the other ingredients.
Peruvian Tooth Powder.
Pulverized Peruvian Bark, red, 2 ounces.
Pulverized Orris Root, 4
Bole Armenian,
Prepared Chalk,
Powdered Myrrh,
Cassia Bark,
Otto of Cloves,
Mix.
4 & 6
4 & 6
2 & 6
2 & 6 -
1 drachm.
Parisian Tooth Powder.
2} pounds.
& 4 Alum, 1 pound.
6 & Cuttlefish-bone, 1 66
6 & Carbonate of Magnesia, # “
é & Cochineal, 3 ounces.
4 & Cassia, # ounce.
& 4 Cloves, 1} ounces.
Oil of Geranium, # drachm.
“ Peppermint, 13 drachms.
“ Bergamot, # drachm.
Mix.
Mouth Wash.
Tincture of Orris, 4 ounces.
Alcohol, 4 6 &
Rose Water, 4 6 (;
Otto of Almonds, 3 drops.
Mix.
Lemon Tooth Powder.
Powdered Arrow Root, 1 pound.
Powdered Orris Root, 3 ounces.
Oil of Lemon, 20 drops-
6 &
Oil of Cloves, 10
Oil of Bergamot, 12
Rub the oils with the powders until thoroughly
mixed, then color with indigo sufficient to strike
a violet tint.
66
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 123
Van Buskirk’s Sozodont.
Castile Soap, 1} drachms.
Glycerine, 1} “
Alcohol, 1 ounce.
Soft Water, 4 ounces.
Oil of Wintergreen, sufficient to flavor.
“ Cinnamon, 66 & 6
66 Anise, 6 & & &
Mix. Accompanying this, is a powder which
is composed of equal parts of
Chalk, prepared,
Orris Root,
Carbonate of Magnesia.
TOILIET SOAPS.
Ala Bouquet Soap.
Prepared Soap, 10 pounds.
Oil of Bergamot, 4 ounces.
“ “ Lemon, 1 ounce.
* “ Cinnamon, 2 ounces.
“ “ Cloves, 1 ounce.
“ “ Lavender, 6 ounces.
Mix, and color with vermilion.
Erasive Soap.
Castile Soap, 2 pounds.
Carbonate Potassa, # pound.
Hot Water, # pint.
Aqua Ammonia, # ounce.
Camphor Gum, 3. “
Alcohol, * “
Cut the soap into fine pieces, and boil it
with the potassa until thick enough to mold
into cakes. Dissolve the camphor with the
alcohol, add the ammonia, and mix all together
and mould the desired shape. Color to suit.
Green Soap.
(Lehlback's.)
Olive Oil, 16 ounces.
Caustic Potash, 6 66
Water, a sufficiency.
Dissolve five ounces of the potash in two
pints of water, add eight ounces of this solu-
tion to the oil, in suitable vessel, and place
over a slow fire; when it becomes thick, add
the remaining solution; continue the heat until
the mixture becomes a yellow color; dissolve
the remaining potassa in two pints of water,
and add it to the mass; evaporate to the
proper consistency. Color with finely powdered
indigo, if preferred.
Sand Soap.
(Piesse.)
Prepared Soap, 8 pounds.
Marine Soap, 7 & &
Sifted Silver Sand, 25 6 (;
Oil of French Lavender, OUIIlC68,
66 & & Thyme, & 6
“ “ Carraway,
“ “ Cassia, 66
2
2
2 & 6
2
Mix in the usual way.
Windsor Soap.
(Piesse.)
pounds.
OUIEl CeS.
OUIQ.C6.
& &
Prepared Soap,
Burnt Umber,
English Vermilion,
Lampblack,
Oil of Cinnamon,
“ “ Bergamot,
& 6 & & Thyme,
“ “ Peppermint,
‘ Caraway,
“ “ Cloves,
“ “ Lavender,
º
Olln CeS.
C &
6 (;
&
66
& 4
&
66
i
66
& 6
Mix according to the usual way.
White Windsor.
(Piesse.)
Curd Soap, 50 pounds.
Marine Soap, 10 & &
Oil Soap, 14 & &
Oil of Cassia, 2 ounces.
“ Cloves, & &
“ Caraway,
“ Thyme,
“ Rosemary,
Mix in the usual way.
6 &
l & 6
2
6 (;
:
124
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Brown Windsor.
(Piesse.)
Curd Soap, 40 pounds.
Yellow Soap, 14 6 &
Marine Soap, 10 *
Oil Soap, 12 6 (;
Oil of French Lavender, 1 ounce.
“ Thyme, 1 & &
“ Caraway, 1 66
“ Cloves, 1 66
“ Neroli, Petit Grain, 13 ounces.
* Cassia, # ounce.
Caramel, sufficient to color.
Mix, and proceed in the usual manner.
Frangipani Soap.
Pink Curd Soap, 7 pounds.
Oil of Rose, 2 drachms.
“ Neroli, 4 & 6
“ Santal, 1} ounces.
“ Wetivert, 4 drachms.
Civet,
2 6 &
Rub the civet with the oils, then mix and
beat in the usual manner.
Bath Soap.
Curd Soap, 20 pounds.
Oil of Cloves, 6 drachms.
“ Lemon, 1 ounce.
“ Maryolaine, 6 drachms.
English Wermilion, 4 ounces.
Mix. Rub the vermilion with the perfume,
then add to the soap, and mix and beat in the
usual Way.
Royal Bouquet Soap.
40 pounds.
3 drachms.
& 4
Prepared Soap,
Oil of Rosemary,
“ Cinnamon, 11
* Sassafras, 6 66
“ Fennel, 6 66
* Eremon, 6} 66
“ Cloves, 6} “
“ Peppermint, 3 & 6
“ Maryolaine, 3 ( &
& 6 Thyme, 8 & &
Color, Burnt Sugar, 4 ounces.
GG “Terra Sienna, 23. “
Bºb the terra sienna with the oils, and add
the burnt sugar separately.
Camphor Soap.
Prepared Soap, 25 pounds.
Gum Camphor, 1} “
Oil of Rosemary, 1} “
Reduce the camphor to powder, by the aid
of sufficient almond oil; when the soap is melted
and ready to turn out, add the rosemary and
camphor, and mix thoroughly.
Soap for Removing Grease from Clothing.
Castile Soap, 2 pounds.
Carbonate of Potash, # pound.
Hot Water, # pint.
Alcohol, # ounce
Camphor, 3. “
Aqua Ammonia, 3. “
l.
Pulverized Charcoal, # “
Dissolve the potash in the hot water, cut the
soap into fine slices, boil the soap with the pot-
ash until thick enough to mould into cakes, then
add the other ingredients.
Sulphur Soap.
White Castile Soap, # pound.
Flower of Sulphur, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, 1 & 6
Oil of Cloves, # drachm.
Oil of Lavender, 1 & 6
Mix. Beat the whole to a smooth mass, in a
mortar.
Palmer’s Bouquet Soap.
White Castile Soap, 10 pounds.
Oil of Lavender, English, 2 drachms.
“ Citronella, 2} & 6
“ Lemon, 4 & 6
“ Bergamot, 4 66
Palm Oil, 2 pounds.
Melt the soap and palm oil together, by a
gentle heat, and when nearly cold, add the
perfumes, previously dissolved in sufficient
alcohol.
Transparent Soap.
Palm Oil, 8 pounds.
Cocoa Nut Oil, 2 “
Soda Lye, 36°, 5 “
Alcohol, 4 pints.
Oil of Thyme, 2 drachms.
“ Lavender, 8 & 6
“ Cassia, 4 66
“ Cloves, 2 & 6
“ Citronella, 2 66
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA of PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
125
Melt the oils over a warm bath, then remove,
and stir till nearly cold; then mix the alcohol ||
and lye together, and put them over water bath
in a vessel, and the oils in another; let them
heat for five minutes, but take care they do
not boil, then mix the two and stir them well
together.
The soap is done when a scum forms
over the top; when done pour into a tin can
and cool as quick as possible; dissolve the oils
in one pint of the alcohol, and add one pound !
of glycerine; mix together and mould the re-
quired shape.
Ladies' Favorite Soap.
Castile Soap, best,
Palm Oil,
Soda Lye,
Alcohol,
Oil of Neroli,
“ Bergamot,
“ Lavender,
“ Cloves,
“ Cinnamon,
10 pounds.
2 & &
5 & 6
4 pints.
4 drachms.
1 ounce.
1} ounces.
1
Oll]] Cé.
l & 6
2
Mix, and proceed as in the transparent soap;
only cutting the Soap into thin slices, befor
adding the oil. * -
Joekey Club Soap.
Glycerine, 2 pounds.
Cocoanut Oil, 2 6 &
Tallow Oil, 6 6 &
Soda Lye, 36° 5 & 6
Alcohol, 4 pints.
Otto of Rose, Virgin, 3 ounce.
“ Santal Flav., 2 drachms.
“ Bergamot, 2 & 6
“ Neroli, super., 2 6 &
Proceed as with the transparent soap, only
do not add the glycerine mentioned in the
directions.
Honey Soap.
Prepared Soap,
Wermilion,
Yellow Aniline,
Oil of Lavender,
“ Citronella,
* Lemon,
“ Cloves,
“ Bergamot,
25 pounds.
2 ounces.
3 drachms.
2} ounces.
83 66
1 ounce.
1% ounces.
1 ounce.
Mix, and proceed in the usual manner.
|
|
English Bath.
Tallow Oil, 4 pounds
Palm Oil, 4 & 6
Cocoanut Oil, 2 & &
Alcohol, 4 pints
Soda Lye, 36°, 5 pounds
Oil of Sassafras, # ounce.
“ Peppermint, * “
“ Lemon, # “
“ Cinnamon, # “
“ Lavender, § “
Mix, and proceed as in the directions of the
transparent Soap, omitting the glycerine.
Palm Oil and Glycerine Soap.
Palm Oil, 6 pounds.
Glycerine, 2 & 6
Soda Lye, 36°, 4 sº
Alcohol, 3 pints.
Oil of Lemon, # ounce.
“ Bergamot, # “
“ Lavender, # “
“ Citronella, * “
Mix, and proceed as in the directions of the
transparent soap, omitting the glycerine.
Carbolic Acid Soap.
Prepared Soap, 20 pounds.
Alcohol, 2 pints.
Carbolic Acid, 1 pound.
Caustic Potassa., 4 ounces.
Oil of Lemon, 1 ounce.
“ Bergamot, # “
“ Lavender, # “
* Citronella, # “
Melt the soap, add the carbolic acid, potassa,
and part of the alcohol; dissolve the oils in the
remaining alcohol, and mix thoroughly; when
cool enough, run into moulds. ---
SACHET POWDERS.
Acacia Sachet.
Cassia Flowers, 1
Orris Root, 1
Mix.
pound.
pound.
126
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Au Crypre.
Ground Rose Leaves,
Ground Santal Wood,
Ground Cedar Wood,
Otto of Rose,
Mix and sift.
1 pound.
1 & 4
1 66
2 drachms.
Care should be taken to have
the woods in very fine powders before mixing.
Clove Pink Sachet.
Orris Root, powdered,
Lavender Flowers,
Patchouly Leaves,
Cloves,
Deer Tongue,
Musk Tonquin,
Pimento, ground,
Otto of Roses,
Otto of Neroli,
Oil of Santal Wood,
Oil of Lavender, English,
Mix.
2 ounceS.
1 ounce,
# & ©
2 drachms.
2 66
2 grains.
1 drachm.
10 drops.
10 “
15 6 &
10 66
Frangipanni Sachet.
Orris Root, powdered fine,
Vetivert,
Santal Wood,
Grain Musk,
Oil of Neroli,
Oil of Rose,
Oil of Santal,
Mix these well together.
8 pounds.
3 pound.
3. 66
1 ounce.
1 drachm.
1. 6 &
1 66
Heliotrope Sachet.
Orris Root, ground,
Rose Leaves, ground,
Tonka Beans, ground,
Vanilla,
Grain Musk,
Oil of Bitter Almonds,
Mix.
2 pounds.
1 pound.
8 ounces.
4 ounces.
1 drachm.
5 drops.
Lavender Sachet.
Lavender Flowers, ground,
Gum Benzoin, powdered,
Oil of Lavender,
Mix.
1 pound.
4 ounces.
2 drachms.
Mille Fleurs.
Flowers of Lavender, # ounce.
Cloves, powdered, 2 drachms.
Buds of Cassia, powdered, 2 “
Coriander Seeds, 66 # ounce.
Orris Root, 66 2 ounces.
Vanilla Beans, 6t 1 drachm.
Nutmegs, 66 # “
Gum Benzoin, 60 3. “
Musk, 5 grains.
Oil of Santal, 8 drops.
“ “ Lavender, English, 5 “
“ “ Patchouly, 3 “
“ “ Werbena, 2 “
“ “ Neroli, 5 66
Otto of Roses, 5 “
Mix.
Marechale Sachet.
Orris Root, ground, 1 pound.
Coriander Seeds, ground, 6 ounces.
Mace, ground, 2 & 6
Cassia & 6 1 ounce.
Cloves, “ 1 & 6
Musk Seeds, ground, 1 & 6
Yellow Santal Wood, 1 66
Mix.
Patchouly Sachet.
Patchouly herb, ground, 1 pound.
20 drops.
Oil of Patchouly,
Mix. -
Jockey Club Sachet.
Lavender Flowers, ground, 3 ounce.
Rose Leaves, & 6 13 ounces.
Orris Root, 66 2 6 &
Wanilla Beans, 66 # drachm.
Extract Jasmin, 2 drachms.
Musk, 4 grains.
Otto of Roses, 10 drops.
Oil of Santal, 20 & 6
& © Neroli, 6 66
Mix.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
127
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
La Pierce Sachet.
Dried Lavender,
“ Rose Leaves,
# pound.
& 4
“ Marjoram, OUID.C68.
& 4 Mint, & 6
“ Lemon Thyme,
6 & Thy me, & 6
Calamus, powder,
1
8
4
8 66
4
1 pound.
2
1
Ground Cloves, OUID.C0S.
Musk, grain, drachm.
Mix.
Rose Sachet.
Santal Wood, ground, 8 ounces.
Red Rose Leaves, “ 1 pound.
Oil of Rose,
Mix.
Note.—Santal wood, before being ground, is
no use whatever to the druggist, on account of
its extreme toughness; therefore be sure that it
is reduced to powder before buying.
2} drachms.
Violet Sachet.
Black Current Leaves, powdered, 1 pound.
Rose Leaves, powdered, 1 & 6
Cassia Buds, powdered, # “
Pulverized Orris Root, 2 pounds.
Gum Benzoin, powdered, # pound.
Otto of Almonds, 3 drachm.
Otto of Roses, # “
Grain Musk, 1 C &
Mix well, and let them stand for a week
before using.
Wild Flowers Sachet.
(Piesse.)
Coriander Seeds, ground, 1 ounce
Wild Ginger, & 6 1 & 6
Lavender Flowers, “ 1 & 6
Deer Tongue, 66 # “
Sweet Flag, root, 66 2 drachms.
Patchouly Leaves, “ 1 ounce.
Nutmeg, 66 1 drachm.
Extract Jasmin, 2 drachms.
Oil of Patchouly, 5 drops.
“ Santal, 20 drops.
“ Bergamot, 1 drachm.
“ Werbena, 5 drops.
“ Neroli, 10 drops.
Mix.
Portugal Sachet.
Dried Orange Peel, ground, 1 pound.
“ Orris Root & & # “
“ Lemon Peel, “ # “
Oil of Lemon Grass, 3 drachm.
Otto Neroli, 20 drops.
Otto Orange Peel, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Verbena, Sachet.
Dried Lemon peel, ground, 1 pound.
Lemon Geranium Leaves, ground, 4 ounces.
Oil of Lemon Grass, 1 drachm.
Oil of Lemon, 4 drachms.
Oil of Bergamot, 1 ounce.
Mix.
PERFUMIERY.
Before entering upon our work of formulas
for the manufacture of perfumery, it will be
well to bear in mind the following directions as
to the best methods of making extracts from
flower pomades.
First.—Pure Cologne Spirits, # gallon.
Flower Pomade, 4 pounds.
(Flower pomade is known to the trade as
triple pomade.)
Second.—Place the spirits in a well stoppered
bottle, together with the pomade cut in small
pieces, and place the bottle in a water-bath,
and apply gentle heat, just sufficient to melt
the pomade, and stir with a wooden spatula,
or shake Well together. By this method the
fatty matter will solidify and exhibit a granu-
lated appearance, having been thoroughly per-
meated by the spirits.
Third.—Let the mass stand for five days, but
shake occasionally.
Fourth.-Now drain off the liquid extract into
another bottle, but if it fall short of a gallon,
pour on a sufficiency of alcohol to make up
the measure. This is called the First Wash,
or Wirgin.
Fifth.-By subsequent and similar treatment,
a second and even a third quantity of extract
may be made, which, although much weaker,
will be found suitable for cheap perfumes. The
128
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
pomade left will then make an excellent hair
Tomade when bottled.
Herewith are appended several formulas for
extracts, which will be required in our formulas
which follow. Others can be made in a similar
manner, by using gums and essential oils.
Extract of Vanilla.
Vanilla Beans, fine quality, 4 ounces.
White Sugar, 4 “
Proof Spirit, 1 gallon.
Powder the beans and sugar very fine; pack ||
in a percolator, and percolate with the proof
Spirit.
Extract of Orris,
Orris Root, finely ground, 7 pounds.
Percolate with pure alcohol until one gallon
of extract is obtained.
Extract of Tonka.
Tonka Beans, in coarse powder, 1 pound.
Percolate with alcohol until one gallon of
extract is obtained.
Rondletia.
Otto Lavender, English, 1 ounce.
Otto Cloves, # “
Otto Bergamot, # “
Otto Rose Geranium, Turkey, 2 drachms.
Otto Cinnamon, true, 20 drops.
Otto Rose, Virgin, 10 & &
Otto Santal Flav., 1 drachm.
Ext. Musk, 2 ounces.
Ext. Orris, 4 & 6
Ext. Vanilla, 2 & 6
Benzoic Acid, 1 drachm.
Pure spirits sufficient to make four pints.
Jonquil.
Ext. Jasmin Pomade, 1 pint.
Ext. Tuberose Pomade, 1 “
Ext. Orange Flower, 4 “
Ext. Vanilla, 2 ounces.
Mix. The Jonquil is very fragrant.
Magnolia.
Ext. Orange Flower Pomade,
Ext. Rose Pomade,
Ext. Tuberose Pomade,
Ext. Violet Pomade,
Otto Citron Zest,
Otto Almonds, bitter,
1 pint.
2 pints.
# pint.
# & 6
3 drops.
10 & &
Mix. This is the genuine, which is found in
the perfume shops of London and Paris.
White Lilac,
Ext. Tuberose Pomade,
Ext. Orange Flower Pomade,
Otto Almonds, bitter,
Ext. Civet,
Mix.
1 pint.
l & 4
3 drops.
# ounce.
The Civet is only used to give perma-
nence to the perfume of the handkerchief.
Clove Pink.
Ex. Jasmine, 12 ounces.
Ex. Orris, 12 © &
Ex. Musk, 8 & 4
Otto Rose, Virgin, 1 drachm.
Otto Clove, 2 drachms.
Otto Neroli, 1 drachm.
Otto Pimento, 10 drops.
Otto Yellow Santal, 2 drachms.
Benzoic Acid, 1 drachm.
Bure spirits sufficient to make four pints.
Extract Mary Stuart Bouquet.
Extract Orange, from Pomade,
& & Rose 4 & & 6
& 6 Jasamine, “ & 6
Tincture Musk,
6 & Civet,
& 6 Ambergris,
66 Ambrette, (1 to 8)
& 6 Storax,
& 6 Vanilla,
Oil Rose Geranium,
Oil Sandalwood,
Oil Laemon,
Oil Ceylon Cinnamon,
Oil Sassafras,
Oil Bay,
Alcohol,
Mix.
3 ounces.
3 { {
2 drachms.
3 & 6
3 6 &
8 6 &
1 ounce.
15 drops.
3 drachms.
40 drops.
30 & &
2 drachms.
5 drops.
2 & &
3 & 6
6 ounces.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
129
Bousquet Knight Templar.
Pure Spirits, 7 ounces.
Ext. Orris, 3} “
Oil Bergamot, 3 drachms.
Oil Patchouly, 16 drops.
Oil Cloves, 8 & 4
Geranium, true, 16 & &
Ext. Vanilla, 3 drachms.
Ext. Benzoin, 2} & 4
Ext. Tolu, 1} 6 &
Mix.
Musk Rose.
Ext. Rose, Virgin Pomade, 9 ounces.
Ext. Rose, 4} & &
Ext. Orange, “ & 6 8 6 &
Ext. Musk, 1} & &
Oil Santal, 4 drops.
Tr. Camphor, 4 66
Mix.
New Mown Hay.
Ext. Jasmin Pomade, third wash, 32 ounces.
Ext. Tuberose “ & & “ 32 & 6
Ext. Orange, “ 6 & “ 32 6 &
Ext. Rose, & & & 6 “ 32 & &
New Mown Hay Comp., 8 66
Mix.
Jasmin.
Ext. Jasmin Pomade, third wash, 96 ounces.
Ext. Jasmin, Virgin, 10 6 &
Oil Jasmin, 3 66
Mix. -
Flor de Mayo.
- Ext. Jasmin, Virgin Pomade, 8 ounces
66 ( & 2d wash pomade, 3 * *
“ Orange, Virgin, & 6 3 “
66 & 4 Second wash, 2 “
“ Tuberose, & 4 3 “
( & Virgin, 2 “
“ Musk, Comp., 2 “
Oil Bergamot, 10 drops.
Oil Neroli, 2. “
Ext. Musk, 1 drachm
“ Ambergris, 1 & 6
“ Civet, 1 & ©
“ Styrax, 15 drops
“ Tolu, 1 drachm
Mix. .*
Bouquet I. O. O. F.
Pure Spirits,
Oil Lavender,
Oil Cloves,
Oil Rose,
Oil Bergamot,
Ext. Musk,
Ext. Vanilla,
Ext. Ambergris,
Ext. Rose, Virgin Pomade,
Ext. Orris,
Mix.
Posy.
Ext. Rose, Virgin Pomade,
Ext. Orange, “ & 4
Ext. Jasmin, “ 66
Ext. Musk,
Oil Rose,
Mix.
Orange Flowers.
16 ounces.
3 drachm.
4 &
& 4
Oll]]C6.
OUID.C68.
&&&
&
&
OUIn CeS.
& &
& 6
:
& &
# drachm.
Ext. Orange, Virgin Pomade, 8 ounces.
Ext. & 4 Second wash,
Ext. Civet,
Mix.
Lucca, Bouquet.
Triple Ex. of Roses, 20
Extract of Jasmin, 20
Extract of Jonquil, 20
Extract of Violets, 10
Extract of Ambergris, 10
Oil of Neroli, 1}
Otto of Roses, 1.
Oil of Lavender, #
Mix.
Pearl of Savoy.
Triple Ext. of Roses, 24
Triple Ext. of Jasmin, 20
Triple Ext. of Violets, 16
8 & 6
# drachm.
fluid ounces.
© & 6 &
6 & 6 &
& 6 & &
& 6 & &
& & & &
‘‘ ounce.
& 6 & G
fluid ounces.
& 6 & 6
& & 6 &
Oil of Cedrat, 3 drachms.
Oil of Citron, 3 & 6
Oil of Neroli, 2} & ©
Oil of Cinnamon, 1 drachm.
Extract of Musk, 3 drachms.
Extract of Ambergris, 2 & 6
Mix.
9
180
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Sweet Gem of Eden.
Extract of Jasmin, 20 fluid ounces.
Extract of Tuberose, 16 “ & &
Extract of Orange Flowers, & & & 6
Extract of Jonquil,
Triple Extract of Roses,
Extract of Acacia Flowers,
Extract of Vanilla,
Extract of Civet,
Oil of Bergamot,
& 6 © 6
& 6 & 6
& 6
& 6 & 6
& G OlliſiC6.
& 6 6 &
i
Mix.
Spring Flowers.
Ext. Rose, (from pomade) 1 pint.
Ext. Violet, & 6 & © 1 pint.
Ext. Rose Triple, “ 6 (; 24 ounces
Ext. Cassia, & 6 6 & 2} “
Otto Bergamot, 2 drachms
Ext. Ambergris, 1 ounce.
Mix.
The just reputation of this perfume places
it in the first rank of the very best mixtures
that have ever been made by any manufac-
turer.
Lily of the Valley.
Ext. Tuberose, # pint.
Ext. Jasmin, 1 ounce.
Ext. Orange Flower, 2 ounces.
Ext. Vanilla, 3 & 4
Ext. Cassia, 3 pint.
Ext. Rose, # pint.
Otto Almonds, 8 drops.
Mix.
Keep this mixture together for a month, and
then bottle for sale. It is a perfume that is
very much admired.
Tuberose.
Ext. Tuberose, 24 ounces.
Ext. Musk, 4 “
Ext. Jasmin, 1 ounce.
Otto Rose, Virgin, 1 drachm.
Otto Neroli Super. 10 drops.
Benzoic Acid, 2 drachms.
Pure Spirits, sufficient for four pints.
Mix.
Jockey Club.
Ext. Jasmin, 5 OunceS.
Ext. Orris, 20 & 6
Ext. Musk, 7 66
Ext. Vanilla, 1} “
Otto Rose, Virgin, 1} drachms.
Otto Santal Flav., 1} “
Otto Bergamot, 2% & 6
Otto Neroli Super, 40 drops.
Benzoic Acid, 2 drachms.
Pure Spirits sufficient for four pints.
Mix.
In this, as well as in all the following ex-
tracts, before adding the last portion of the
Spirits, replace as much of it with water as
the perfume will bear without becoming milky,
which will vary from two to eight ounces or
more. This addition will make the perfume
Softer.
Ylang-Ylang.
Ext. Tonka, 3 ounces.
Ext. Musk, 4 6 &
Ext. Tuberose, 4 & 6
Ext. Cassia, 4 & 6
Ext. Orris, 8 & 6
2 drachms.
# drachm.
Otto Orange, new,
Otto Neroli, Super.,
Pure Spirits sufficient to make four pints.
Mix. -
Tea, Rose.
Spts. Rose Pomade, 1 pint.
Spts. Rose, Triple, 1 & &
Ext. Rose Leaf, Geranium, 1 6 &
Ext. Santal Wood, & 6
Ext. Neroli,
Ext. Orris,
Mix.
& &
66
|
Sweet Pea,
Ext. Tuberose,
Ext. Orange Flower,
Ext. Rose
Ext. Vanilla,
pint.
66
|
66
Mix.
1 ounce.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRAOTICAL INFORMATION. 131
Musk. Magnolia Water-
Ext. Musk, 1 pint. Ext. Tuberose, 8 ounces.
Ext. Orris, 6 ounces. Ext. Orange Flowers, 6 6 &
Ext. Vanilla, 2 “ Ext. Violet, 6 © &
Ext. Styrax, 2 drachms. Tincture Musk, 2 & 6
Otto Santal Flav., 1 drachm. Essence of Cedrat, 3 drachms.
Otto Bergamot, 2 drachms. Oil Bitter Almonds, # drachm.
Otto Neroli Super, 10 drops. Oil Rose, 20 drops.
Otto Patchouly, 12 “ Rose Water, 8 ounces.
Otto Lavender, English, 15 “ Orange Flower Water, 4 & &
Otto Cinnamon, true, 6 “ Deodorized Alcohol, 5 pints.
Pure Spirits sufficient to make four pints. Mix and filter.
Mix.
Violet Water.
Victoria- Ext. Violet, 4 ounces.
Otto Rose, Virgin, 2 drachms. Ext. Cassia, 2 “
Otto Neroli, Super, 2. “ Rose Water, 4 “
Otto Bergamot, 4 & 6 Deodorized Alcohol, 30 “
Otto Coriander, 16 drops. Mix and shake well together, and filter.
Otto Pimento, 24 “
Otto Lavender, English, 16 “ Lavender Water.
Ext. Jasmin, 2 ounces.
Ext. Orris, 16 “ Oil of Lavender, 1} ounces.
Ext. Musk, 2 “ “ Lemon, 8 drachms.
Benzoic Acid, 2 “ “ Sage, # drachm.
Pure spirits sufficient to make four pints. “ Orange Peel, sw’t, 1 & 4
Mix. “ Lemon Thyme, 4 drachms.
“ Nutmeg, 1 drachm.
White Rose. Tincture of Benzoin, 1 ounce.
Otto Rose, Virgin, 2 drachms. S Musk, # º
oft Water, 1 pint.
Otto Red Cedar Wood, true, 6 drops. Deodorized Alcohol % gall
Otto Patchouly, 4 * * tº 3. # gallon.
Otto Orange, fresh, # drachm. Mix.
Ext. Tuberose, 2 ounces. Nannie May’s Cologne.
Ext. Orris, 2 6 & s
Ext. Jasmin, 2 66 º º º and . dra.
Ext. Musk, 2 & 6 º g 5
Benzoic Acid 1 drachm Oil Lavender Flowers, 1 * “ 1 dr.
• * . . tº Oil Neroli, 5% drs.
Pure spirits (to which four ounces of rose Oil Rose, 1 “ “ 1 “
water has been added), sufficient to make four Cologne Spirits, .. 4} gals.
pints. - Orange Flower Water, 4 pints
Florida, Water. Lundborg's Extract of Musk, 1 lb.
Oil Bergamot, - 1 ounce. * age faster by being kept in a warm
º Benzoin, : pints The above is, without doubt, one of the best
wº '. e selling colognes ever placed upon the market,
Mix. To this may be added any amount of and if good materials are used, will not fail to
water to suit the grade required. give satisfaction.
132’ AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Love’s Bouquet.
Ext. Rose (treble), 9 ounces.
Ext. Violet, 9 & ©
Ext. Jasmin, 9 & &
Ext. Patchouly, # ounce.
Tincture of Vanilla, 1 & 6
Mix.
Cologne Water.
Oil of Lavender Flowers, 3 ounce.
Oil of Rosemary, # “
Oil of Neroli, bigarade, 13 ounces.
Oil of Neroli, petit grain, 1}. “
Oil of Lemon Peel, 1} & 6
Oil of Orange Peel, 2} & 6
Oil of Bergamot, 2} & &
Oil of Rose Geranium, # ounce.
Tincture of Storax, 2 ounces.
Cologne Spirits, 26 pints.
Orange Flower Water, 6 & &
Mix. Let stand thirty days, and filter.
COLOGINE.
The following formulas will be found to pro-
duce first rate articles in every particular.
We desire to call attention to the fact, that
the oils used in Colognes must be cut in about
nine-tenths of the spirit, and after standing 24
hours, add the water, and, immediately after,
add the rest of the spirit. The water must be
lukewarm. Always filter through paper, with
a little powdered carbonate of magnesia, if nec-
essary. Always use pure, fresh oils.
Oil of Cologne.
Oil of Bergamot, 4 ounces.
“ Rose, 1 drachm.
“ Neroli, 1 & 4
“ Lemon, # ounce.
“ Geranium Rose, 2 drachms.
“ Lavender, 2 66
Mix.
German Cologne.
Cologne Spirits, 3 quarts.
Oil of Bergamot, 2 ounces.
“ Cedrat, 1} “
“ Lemon, 1} “
Warm Water, 1 quart.
Mix.
Farina Cologne.
(Artificial.)
Cologne Spirits,
Water, distilled,
Oil of Bergamot,
“ Orange,
“ Neroli,
Mix. The fragrance of this
to the genuine article.
3 pints.
1 pint.
1 ounce.
# & &
8 drachms.
is little inferior
German Cologne.
(Said to be Hoyt's.)
Cologne Spirits, 1 gallon.
Orange Flower Water, 32 ounces.
Oil of Rose, 6 drops.
“ Bergamot, 1 ounce.
“ Cedrat, 2 drachms.
“ Orange, 1 ounce.
“ Rosemary, 1 drachm.
Mix.
Farina's German Cologne.
(Genuine.)
Fresh Sage Leaves, 6 drachms.
Fresh Thyme Leaves, 6 & 4
Fresh Balm Leaves, 12 ounces.
Fresh Peppermint, 12 “
Fresh Wormwood Leaves, 1 ounce.
Fresh Violets, 1 “
Fresh Rose Leaves, 2 ounces.
Fresh Lavender Flowers, 2 “
Fresh Orange Flowers. 4 drachms.
Nutmegs, 4 & 6
Cinnamon, 4 & 6
Calamus, 4 & 6
Angelica Root, 4 & 6
Lemon Peel, 22 & ©
Orange Peel, 22 6 &
Brandy, 4 gallons.
Macerate 48 hours, distill 18 pints spirits,
and add
Oil of Lemon, 12 drachms.
Oil of Citron, 12 & &
Oil of Melissa, 12 & ©
Oil of Lavender, 12 & &
Oil of Neroli, 4 & 6
Oil of Jasmin, 8 & 6
Oil of Bergamot, 12 ounces.
Macerate three weeks, and filter.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
133
Common Cologne. Violet Cologne.
Oil Lavender, 13 ounces. Ext. Violet Pomade, third wash, 32 ounces.
Oil Rosemary, # ounce. “ Jasmin, “ & © “ 32 & 6
Oil Lemon, 1 ounce. “ Cassia. “ & & “ 32 & 6
Oil Cinnamon, 20 drops. “ Rose 6 6 66 “ 32 & 6
Oil Alcohol, 1 gallon. “ Musk & 6 6 & “ 4 drachms.
Mix and filter. Mix.
Cologne Water.
Farina Cologne No. 2.
- Oil of Bergamot 8 ounces.
Oil Neroli, 5 drachms. Oil Lemon, 3 & &
Oil Bergamot, 1 ounce. Oil Orange, 2 & 6
Pure Alcohol, 6 pints. Oil Rosemary Flower, 1 ounce.
Water, 2 pints. Oil Neroli, bigarade, 2 ounces.
Mix. Oil Neroli, petit grain, 2 & &
Oil Cloves, 4 drachms.
Imperial Cologne. Ext. Orange Flower, 10 ounces.
* Tinct. Orris Root, 4 6 &
Oil Bergamot, 2 ounces. Tinct. Benzoin, 4 * *
Oil Neroli, 2 drachms. Pure Spirits, 6 gallons.
Oil Lavender, 2 & 4 Orange Flower, Q. S.
Oil Ceylon Cinnamon, 1 drop. Mix. This is a very fine preparation, one of
Ext. Jasmin, 4 ounces. the very best in use.
Tinct. of Musk, 1 ounce.
Otto Rose, 8 drops. Jockey Club Cologne.
Ext. Millefleurs, 4 drachms.
Benzoated Spirits, 8 ounces. Ext. of Jasmin Pomade, third wash, 1 gal.
Soft Water, 2 pints. Ext. of Rose, 8 ozs.
Cologne Spirit, 1 gallon. Ext. of Orange, 10 * *
Mix. Ext. of Jockey Club, comp., 8 “
Ext. Cloves, 2 “
White Rose Cologne. Mix. .*
Ext. Rose Pomade, third wash, 1 gallon. Eau de Cologne.
Pine Spirits, 32 ounces. Pure Spirits, 6 gallons.
Oil Rose, 2 drachms. Otto Neroli, petit grain, 2 ounces.
Ext. Violet, third wash, 5 ounces. “ Neroli, petale, # ounce.
Ext. Jasmin, “ & 6 2} “ “ Rosemary, 2 ounces.
Ext. Musk, “ 66 2 & & “ Orange Peel, 4 6 &
Tincture Camphor 12 drops. “ Lemon, 4 * *
Oil Patchouly, 1 drachm. “ Bergamot, 4 66
Mix. Mix.
Verbena Cologne. Geranium Rose Cologne.
Pure Spirits, 96 ounces. Ext. Cassia Pomade, third wash, 32 ounces.
Ext. Orange Pomade, third wash, 32 “ Pure Spirits, 4 * *
Ext. Werbena, comp. 8 66 Ext. Geranium Rose, Comp., 8 “
Mix. Mix.
134
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Best Cologne Water.
Oil Bergamot, 2 ounces.
“ Neroli, 2 drachms.
“ Jasmin, # ounce.
“ Garden Lavender, 2 drachms.
“ Cinnamon, 1 drop.
Benzoated Tincture, 3 ounces.
Tincture of Musk, # ounce.
Pure Spirits, 1 gallon.
Rose Water, 2 pints.
Mix.
Portugal Cologne.
Oil of Orange Peel, 8 ounces.
“ Lemon, 2 & 6
“ Bergamot, 1 ounce.
“ Rose, 2 drachms.
Alcohol, pure, 1 gallon.
Mix.
Long Branch Cologne.
Oil of Bergamot, 8 ounces.
“ Lemon, 3 & 6
“ Orange, 2 & 6
“ Rosemary Flowers. 1 ounce.
“ Neroli, bigarade, 2 ounces.
“ Petit, grain, 2 6 &
“ Cloves, 4 drachms.
Ext. Orange Flowers, 10 ounces.
Tinct. Orris Root, 4 66
Tinct. Benzoin, 4 & ©
Alcohol, deodorized, 6 gallons.
Orange Flower Water, sufficient.
Dissolve the oils in five and one-half gallons
of the aleohol, add the extracts and tincture,
and lastly the orange flower water, by Small
portions, until the mixture acquires a slight
milky tint, that no longer disappears on shak-
ing; then add the remaining alcohol, set aside
for three or four weeks, and filter through paper.
Orange Cologne,
Bxt. of Orange Pomade, third wash, 96 ozs.
Oil of Orange, Portugal, 2 “
Ext. Orange Flower, comp. 8 “
Golden Bell Cologne.
Pure Spirits, 2 quarts.
Oil Lemon, 5 drachms.
Oil Bergamot, 4 & 6
Oil Orange, Portugal, 3} & &
Oil Neroli, # drachm.
Oil Neroli, petit grain, ; & 4
2
Oil Rosemary, # “
Oil Lavender, 25 drops.
Oil Cloves, 3 & 6
Warm Water, 1 pint.
Mix.
Jasmin Cologne.
Ext. Jasmin Pomade, third Wash, 96 ozs.
Ext. Jasmin, Virgin, 10 “
Oil Jasmin, 3 “
Mix.
POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.
Poisons are substances of an animal, a vege-
table, or a mineral nature, which produce
effects deleterious to the animal economy, when
they are taken into the stomach in certain
doses; and in some instances, even when they
are applied to the surface of the body. Many
poisonous substances, however, are daily em-
ployed as medicines, and with the best results
when they are administered in proper doses,
and with due precaution. Writers who profess-
edly treat of poisons, have arranged the sub-
stances which they regard as such, according
to their effect on the animal economy. They
are generally classed as Irritant-Narcotic and
Narcotic-Irritants.
Narcotic poisons have their operations con-
fined to the brain and spinal marrow, causing
headache, dizziness, sleepiness, paralysis, and
occasionally lockjaw.
Irritant poisons, for the most part, belong to
the mineral kingdom. They produce, in ordi-
nary doses, Speedy vomiting and purging, ac-
companied by intense pain in the abdomen.
Narcotic-Irritants, as the name implies, have
a compound action. Soon after being swallowed
they give rise to diarrhea and vomiting, and,
sooner or later, they produce the same effect as
the narcotic poisons—Stupor, paralysis, etc.
They are all derived from the vegetable kingdom.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Every person ought in some measure to be
acquainted with the nature and cure of poisons.
They are generally’ taken unawares, and their
effects are often so sudden and violent as not
to admit of delay, or allow time to procure the
assistance of physicians.
Happily, indeed, no great degree of medical
knowledge is here necessary; the remedies for
most poisons being generally at hand, or easily
obtained, and nothing but common prudence
needful in the application of them. The Vulgar
notion, that every poison is cured by some
counter-poison, as a specific, has done much
hurt. People believe they can do nothing for
the patient unless they know the particular
antidote to that kind of poison which he has
taken; whereas, the cure of all poisons taken
into the stomach, without exception, depends
chiefly on discharging them as soon as possible.
There is no case wherein the indications of
cure are more obvious. Poison is seldom long
in the stomach before it occasions sickness,
with an inclination to vomit. This shows
plainly what ought to be done. Indeed, com-
mon sense dictates to every one, that if any-
thing has been taken into the stomach which
endangers life, it ought immediately to be dis-
charged. Were this duty regarded, the danger
arising from poisons might generally be avoided.
The method of prevention is obvious, and the
means are in the hands of every one.
Poisons either belong to the animal, veget-
able, or mineral kingdoms.
Mineral poisons are commonly of an acrid
or corrosive quality, as arsenic, cobalt, the
corrosive sublimate of mercury, etc.
Those of the vegetable kind are generally of
a narcotic or stupefactive quality, as poppy,
hemlock, henbane, berries of the deadly night-
shade, etc.
Arsenic is the most common of the mineral
poisons; and as the whole of them are pretty
similar, both in their effects and method of
cure, what is said with respect to it will be
applicable to every other species of corrosive
poison.
When a person has taken arsenic, he soon
perceives a burning heat, and a violent prick-
ing pain in his stomach and bowels, with an
intolerable thirst, and an inclimation to vomit.
The tongue and throat feel rough and dry; and
if proper means be not soon administered, the
patient is seized with great anxiēty, hiccough-
ing, faintings, and coldness of the extremities.
On the first appearance of these symptoms,
give immediately from a teaspoonful to a table-
spoonful (according to age) of ground mustard,
and the same quantity of common salt, in half
a pint or less of water, warm or cold, warm
being the best, which usually makes the patient
vomit almost immediately, and which may be
repeated every five or ten minutes. If no mus-
tard is on hand, give large quantities of new
milk and salad oil, or oil and warm Water, or
fresh butter melted and mixed with warm water;
or if none of these are at hand, three or four
grains of tobacco (a small quid) will usually
operate as a ready emetic. Some of these, or
other emetics, are to be taken as long as the
inclination to vomit continues, or until the
stomach has become entirely empty.
Lest there be any remnant of the poison,
however small, or its effects, left in the stomach,
let the patient take a dose of the best antidote
on hand; and if nothing better at hand, give
the white of an egg, or a cup of strong coffee.
Should there be any delay, from any cause,
in administering an emetic, give immediately a
dose of the best antidote you have at hand for
the poison taken. It is sometimes best to give
an antidote first, and then an emetic, and
after thoroughly vomiting, and the stomach
has become quieted, give another portion of
the antidote. But above all things give an
emetic as soon as possible, as life may depend
on a prompt and thorough cleansing out of
the stomach.
Poisons-Mineral and Vegetable.
Arsenic (Ratsbane).-Give an emetic ; then
the White (albumen) of eggs, lime water, chalk
and water, or calcined magnesia, and the pre-
parations of iron, particularly hydrate.
Alcohol.—Give an emetic ; then dash cold
water on the head, and give ammonia (spirits
of hartshorn.)
Belladonna (Hembane).-Give an emetic ; then
plenty of vinegar and water, or lemonade.
136
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Corrosive Sublimate.—Give a strong solution
of pearlash or saleratus, if at hand; if not at
hand, give the white of eggs, or wheat flour
and water freely, and then give an emetic.
Creosote.—Give the white of eggs, and then
an emetic.
Laudanum.—Same as opium, which see.
Mushrooms, when poisomous.-Give an emetic ;
then vinegar and water, or either, freely.
Muriatic Acid.—Give an emetic ; then cal-
cined magnesia, or soda and water, or Saleratus
and water, or any aſkali.
Nitric Acid (Aqua fortis).-Same as muriatic
acid.
Nitrate of Potash (Nitre-Saltpetre).-Give an
emetic ; then sweet oil, or flaxseed tea, or milk
and water, freely.
Nitrate of Silver (Lunar Caustic).-Give a
strong solution of common Salt, and then an
emetic.
Nua, Vomica.-Give an emetic ; then brandy.
Opium.–Give an emetic ; then strong coffee
and acid drinks, and dash cold water on the
head.
Oaxalic Acid.—Give an emetic ; then chalk or
magnesia, or soap and water, freely; or these
first, and then an emetic.
Prussic Acid.—Give an emetic ; or first give
soda and water, or Saleratus and Water, or
any alkali, and then give an emetic, and pour
acetate of potash and common Salt, dissolved
in water, on the head and Spine.
Sulphuric Acid.—Same as muriatic acid.
Strychnine.—Give an emetic ; then oil, lard,
or fresh butter, and gum camphor in almond
mixture, or pounded and mixed with Warm
Water.
Tobacco.—Give an emetic ; then astringent
teas, and then stimulants.
For the following poisons emetics are not
recommended :
Snake Bite.—If the bite is on a limb, in-
stantly tie a cord tightly above the part bitten,
and then apply a cupping glass on the bite,
and bathe it with spirits of hartshorn. Take
a dose of sweet oil, drink Spirits freely, and
take a tablespoonful of the juice of the tops
of green hoarhound three times a day.
Alkalies.—Give ginger.
Ammonia.—Give lemon juice or ginger; then
milk and water, or flaxseed tea.
Carbonic Gas.-Remove the patient to the
Open air, and dash cold water on the head
and body; hold hartshorn to the nose, and at
the same time rub the chest briskly.
Lead, White Lead, or Sugar of Lead.—Gi".
alum, castor oil, and Epsom Salts.
Tartar Emetic.—Give tea made out of galls,
Peruvian bark, or white oak bark, freely.
Verdigris.-Give the white of eggs and water,
freely.
White Vitriol.—Give milk and water, freely.
Nitre-Nitrate of Potassae
(An Acid Mineral Poison.)
Symptoms.--When taken in doses of half an
ounce to an ounce, which has too frequently
happened from the salt being sold by mistake
for sulphate of soda, it excites nausea, vomit-
ing, and hypercatharsis; bloody stools, excrucia-
ting tormina of the lower bowels, the sensation
of fire in the stomach, laborious respiration,
cold extremities, syncope, convulsions, and
sometimes death. If the patient live, he may
remain paralytic.
Treatment.—Empty the stomach, and dilute
freely with milk and bland demulcents, opium
and aromatics. Give plenty of flour and water
or limseed oil.
Chloride of Tin.
A corrosive metallic poison.
Symptoms.--An austere, metallic taste, con-
striction of the gullet, impeded respiration,
violent vomiting, with cramp of the stomach
and excruciating colic pains, convulsions, some-
times paralysis and death.
Treatment.—Drink copiously of milk, which
appears to decompose the chloride; then excite
vomiting, by large draughts of tepid water; warm
water bath; administer opiates.
Chloride of Antimony.
(Butter of Antimony.)
This is a highly corrosive, poisonous liquid, va-
rying from a light yellow to a dark red color.
Symptoms.-Severe vomiting, cramps, faint-
ness, purging, colicky pains, etc.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
137
Treatment.—Give plenty of strong tea, or an
infusion of oak bark, elm, sloe, currant or black-
berry bark or leaves.
Carbonate of Lead.
An astringent metallic poison.
Symptoms.-Obstinate costiveness; violent
colic, with retraction of the abdomen; vomit-
ing; the pulse Small and hard; laborious
breathing, and tremors; the gums assume a
blue tinge.
Treatment.—Administer cathartics, particu-
larly castor oil, and Sulphate of magnesia com-
bined with opium or extract of hyoscyamus ;
use the warm bath, and throw up repeatedly
injections of mutton broth and demulcents.
The patient should dilute very freely with mu-
cilaginous liquids. Some alkaline sulphate,
mixed with vinegar, or some weak vegetable
acid, such as lemon juice, will prove highly
useful. Emetics and the stomach-pump should
also be employed. When convalescent, he
should live almost entirely on a milk diet. If
paralysis of the limbs continue, it should be
treated with Strychnia.
As the symptoms produced by poisoning by
lead put on one of the three forms, irritant
poisoning, lead colic, and paralysis, our treat-
ment must be governed accordingly. In cases
of irritant poisoning, we should immediately
administer dilutents holding in solution some
Sulphate, as of Soda, magnesia, or potassa, so
that a Sulphate of lead may be formed. Wom-
iting should be excited by sulphate of zinc,
tickling the throat, or the contents of the
stomach may be evacuated by the stomach-
pump. In lead colic, the best remedy is alum,
though it is generally treated successfully by
means of purgatives and opiates, with venesec-
tion, leeching, etc. In lead palsy, strychnine
is one of the best remedies.
The action of acetate of lead, and of red
oxide of lead or litharge, on the animal econo-
my, is nearly the same as that of the carbonate
of lead; consequently the above observations
apply to all the Salts of lead, which, as I have
already said, are converted into the carbonate,
after being taken into the stomach.
Nitrate of Silver.
A corrosive, metallic poison.
Symptoms.-Nearly the same as those pro-
duced by corrosive sublimate ; in general, the
pain of the stomach is more severe; greatly
embarrassed respiration.
Tests.-If the poison has been taken in solu-
tion in water, it is detected by the arsenious
acid mixed with ammonia, precipitating a yellow
arsenite of silver. A stick of phosphorus
placed in it precipitates the silver in a metallic
State.
Treatment.—Administer, instantly, a strong
Solution of common salt, to form an insoluble
chloride of silver in the stomach. Then evac-
uate the stomach by an emetic, and if symp-
toms of inflammation nevertheless supervene,
employ tepid baths and emollient formentations
and clysters.
Opium.
Symptoms.-Drowsiness and stupor, which are
followed by delirium, pallid countenance, sigh-
ing, deep and stertorous breathing, cold sweats,
sleepiness, death.
Treatment.—If you can not get drugs, use
mustard and warm water, salt and water;
after vomiting, give plenty of very strong coffee,
put a mustard plaster round the calf of each
leg, and if cold and sinking, give a good quan-
tity of Spirits and water. Keep the patient
roused till the effects have passed off, by beat-
ing the soles of the feet; dash cold water in
the face. Remember, if the patient goes to
sleep, at this stage, it will be the sleep of
death.
Saliva of the Rabid Dog.
Symptoms—These occur at a very uncertain
interval after the bite, generally between the
twentieth day and three or four months, some-
times not till after several years. The first
Symptoms are usually a sense of pain and un-
easiness in the seat of the wound, which
assumes a red and inflamed appearance—
anxiety, languor, restlessness, spasms, horror,
disturbed sleep, difficult respiration, and shud-
dering at the slightest breath of air, Succeed,
and are soon increased. Violent convulsions
138
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
affect, at times, the whole body, distorting the
muscles of the face. The eyes are red and
protruded, the tongue swells, and sometimes
hangs out of the mouth, while there is a copi-
ous Secretion of viscid saliva; there is pain in
the stomach, vomiting often, of bilious fluids;
difficulty, or often inability of swallowing, and
a sense of horror whenever liquids are seen;
glassy appearance of the eyes; death.
Treatment.—The bitten part should be im-
mediately cut out, and a running Sore made
by caustic repeatedly applied. Even after the
wound has healed, the parts should be removed
by the knife, and caustic applied, making an
ulcer, which should be allowed to heal by gran-
ulation. Suction by the mouth should never
be neglected, and bleeding should be promoted
by the application of warm water. The wound
should be covered for some days with a warm
poultice. If convenient, exhausted cups should
be applied. After hydrophobia has Supervened,
no treatment will probably succeed.
Fox Glove Digitalis.
Symptoms.-Giddiness, impaired vision, sick-
ness, hiccough, cold sweats, delirium, Syncope,
convulsions, death.
Treatment. — Administer cordials, brandy,
whisky; apply a blister to the pit of the stomach;
opium, strong coffee; keep the body in motion.
Phosphorus.
(Phosphorus.) A Corrosive Poison.
Symptoms.-Phosphorus, taken even in moder-
ate quantities, produces immediate death; and
as it has been exhibited as a remedy, in this
manner it may prove poisonous. The Symp-
toms are violent pain of the stomach, with a
hot alliaceous taste in the mouth; great excite-
ment of the arterial system, and horrible con-
vulsions, which are the forerunners of death.
Treatment.—Dilute largely, So as to fill the
stomach with liquid, by which the combustion
of the phosphorus is impeded, and Vomiting
induced, without increasing the irritation of
the stomach.
Magnesia, mixed with the fluid, neutralizes
the acid. Give chalk or even whiting; or even
flour, stirred in. Give no oil or fat of any
description.
Rattlesnake Poison.
Symptoms.-Quick pulse, impeded respira-
tion, sudden depression of strength in the
Wounded limb extending over the whole body;
convulsions; death.
Treatment.—Tie a handkerchief or rope very
tight above the bitten part, suction of the
wound; the application of cupping-glasses;
cauterization by hot irons or caustics. Ad-
minister internally ammonia, olive oil, and
whisky.
Nux Vomica.
Symptoms.-Sensation of inebriety, dizziness,
twitching of the muscles of the mouth, stiff-
ness of the arms and limbs, extreme difficulty
of breathing with excruciating pain.
Treatment.—Evacuate the stomach and bowels,
and then dilute freely with vinegar and water
and other acidulous drinks, cold baths, strong
coffee, tannin, purgatives, spirits of camphor.
Laudanum.
Symptoms.-Stupor, pulse small, weak and
irregular; skin warm and livid, pupils con-
tracted in the early stage, Smell of opium in
the breath.
Treatment.—Cold affusions to the head, strong
coffee, tannic acid, sulphate of zinc. Keep the
patient in continual motion; flap the surface
of the body with wet towels.
Colchicume
(Meadow Saffron.)
An acro-narcotic poison, deriving its powers
from colchici.
Symptoms.-Sickness and vomiting, violent
purging, rapid sinking of the pulse and cold
sweats.
Treatment. Evacuate the contents of the
stomach with a tableSpoonful of mustard and
water injections of hot Water, blisters to the
pit of the stomach. Rub the spine briskly with
a stimulating liniment. Cold applications to
the head, afterwards cordial stimulants.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
139
Verdigris.
Symptoms.-Colic pains, constant vomiting
and purging, violent pains in the throat, with
tension of the epigastrium. Indeed, all the
symptoms of irritant poisoning.
Treatment.—Magnesia, carbonate of soda and
emetic, if necessary.
Vermin Poison.
Various powders for destruction of vermin,
etc., contain arsenic, and are frequent Sources
of poisoning.
The symptoms come on about half an hour
after the dose has been taken, and are: Nau-
sea and burning pain in the stomach, violent
vomiting, intense thirst, purging, and pain in
the epigastrium, on pressure. The treatment
is, to excite vomiting as much as possible by
the administration of a scruple of sulphate of
zinc and ipecacuanha, and plenty of warm
water, and to apply the stomach pump as soon
as possible. The hydrated sesquioxide of iron,
given in large quantities, is also useful; and a
mixture of linseed meal, castor oil and water,
made to the consistency of molasses, may also
've given to protect the stomach.
Tartar Emetic,
Tartar emetic has been taken in mistake for
Epsom Salts.
Symptoms.—A livid countenance, violent pain
in the stomach, spasmodic contractions of the
muscles, particularly of the arms, and violent
abdominal pains.
Treatment.—Excite vomiting, strong tea, qui-
nine, gall-nuts.
Stramonium,
|
Symptoms.—Womiting, giddiness, delirium,
sometimes furious madness, stupor, convulsions,
paralysis, cold sweats, and death.
Treatment.—Administer tannic acid, cold af-
fusions to the head, and strong coffee. Keep
the patient in continual motion, the surface of
the body being flapped with wet towels.
IBlue Vitriol.
(Sulphate of Copper.)
When taken, it causes such severe vomiting
as to be an antidote to itself. When this is
not effectual, then pains in the abdomen, purg-
ing and convulsions take place.
Treatment.—Encourage vomiting with Warm
water and give milk, flour and Water, coffee,
and white of egg.
Muriatic Acid.
A corrosive mineral poison.
Symptoms.-Sensation of burning in the throat,
the oesophagus, and the stomach; styptic taste
in the mouth ; great thirst ; the eyes red and
sparkling; the pulse very frequent and tense;
the skin hot and dry; the tongue red and
glazed; the lips black; vomiting of blood and
yellow matter, having the pungent color of the
acid; cold sweats, delirium, and death. These
are also the symptoms attending poisoning by
any of the mineral acids; but it is said by
Orfila, that when hydrochloric acid is the poison,
a thick white fume of a sharp penetrating odor,
similar to that exhaled by the acid, issues from
the mouth.
Treatment. — Administer calcined magnesia,
flax seed tea, lime and demulcent drinks; soap
suds, bicarbonate of Soda.
Sulphuric Acid.
Symptoms.-Intense burning pain in the throat,
gullet, and stomach, vomiting of coffee grounds
mixed with shreds of mucus and blood.
Treatment.—Lime, magnesia, bicarbonate of
soda, soap suds, infusion of wood ashes, white
of eggs, oil, or any mild diluent.
Cantharides.
Symptoms.-Nausea, vomiting and purging;
the matter ejected in either case being frequently
bloody and purulent, writhing colic, great heat
and irritation of the bladder and urinary organs.
Treatment.—Copious dilution with milk and
demulcent fluids, the warm bath, opiate, fric-
tions; camphor internally administered and ex-
termally applied.
140
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Corrosive Sublimate.
This is a corrosive metallic poison.
Symptoms.—An acrid, styptic, metallic taste,
with the sensation of fullness and burning in
the throat; copious salivation, but not always;
tearing pains of the stomach and intestines;
nausea, frequent vomiting of a fluid, occasionally
mixed with blood; diarrhea, convulsions and
death.
Treatment.—Give large quanties of white of
egg, diluted in water, in repeated doses. The
albumen decomposes the corrosive sublimate,
and reduces it to a state of calomel, and the
protoxide, which, acting on the bowels, carries
itself off by purging. The poison is also reduced
to calomel by a mixture of Soap and the gluten
of wheat flour. The warm bath may also be em-
ployed; and during convalescence the patient
should subsist altogether on broths, milk and
demulcent fluids.
Creosote.
An acrid poison.
Symptoms.-It operates as a powerful topical
excitant, causing inflammation of the tissue
with which it comes in contact, and destroying
life by the nervous sympathy it induces.
Treatment.—Administer freely White of eggs,
then give direct emetics. The prostration is to
be counteracted by ammonia and other stimu-
lants, oleaginous and mucilaginous drinks.
Carbonic Acid Gas.
This gas is often extricated by burning char-
coal in close rooms, so as to produce suspended
animation and death. As it is also very heavy,
it remains in fermenting vats and beer cellars
long after the liquor has been drawn off or re-
moved, so as to destroy individuals who incau-
tiously enter them.
Symptoms.-Great drowsiness, difficult respira-
tion. The features appear Swollen and the face
bluish, as in cases of strangulation.
Treatment.—Remove the patient into the open
air, and place him on his back, with his head
elevated; dash cold water over the body and
inflate the lungs with common air by means of
bellows, or according to the directions laid down
in the article on drowning.
Arsenic-Arsenious Acid.
A corrosive mineral poison.
Symptoms, Metallic, austere taste, constant
Spitting of saliva, constriction of the pharynx
and gullet, nausea and vomiting, sometimes of
a brown, mucous matter, a sensation of great
heat in the throat, severe pain in the stomach,
severe griping and purging, difficult breathing,
prostration of the strength and paralysis of the
feet and hands, delirium, convulsions, bloody
urine, and death.
Treatment.—If vomiting does not already ex-
ist as a direct effect of the poison, administer
sulphate of zinc and linseed tea. When sul-
phate of zinc cannot be procured, administer
two teaspoonfuls of mustard in a glass of Water.
Give lime water, large draughts of oil, Sugar
and water, charcoal, chalk, and if a drug store
is near, procure hydrated Sesquioxide of iron,
and administer about one tablespoonful, adding
about twenty drops of liquor ammonia to each
dose, which may be often repeated.
Aconite.
Symptoms. –Numbness at the point of the
tongue, with a sensation of burning in the
throat, followed by tremors and a feeling of
coldness in those parts, sickness and violent
vomiting, giddiness, cold sweats, delirium, and
convulsions which terminate in death.
Treatment.—Administer freely acidulous fluids
and cordials. Cause vomiting by administering
a tablespoonful of mustard in Water, plenty of
strong coffee, without milk or Sugar.
Morphia.
Symptoms.-Morphia in poisonous doses causes
nearly the same symptoms as opium; the ace-
tate and hydrochlorate, in doses of three to six
grains, cause headache, Vertigo, dimness of sight,
contraction of the pupils, vomiting, colic, diar-
rhea succeeded by obstinate costiveness, reten-
tion of urine, great itching of the skin, Sometimes
accompanied with a papular eruption and pro-
fuse sweats, convulsions, sometimes of a tetanic,
sometimes of an epileptic, character. The acetate
in particular, causes tetanic twitching, resem-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
141
bling electric shocks. This is not a fatal symptom;
but in these large doses the symptoms of this
poison terminate in death.
Treatment.—Strong coffee, without milk or
sugar, after which produce vomiting. Mustard
mixed in Warm water, or grease in warm water.
Keep the body in constant motion.
Cyanide of Mercury.
Symptoms.-Weight and pain in the head,
giddiness, nausea, quick pulse, loss of muscular
power, foaming at the mouth, strong odor of
bitter almonds. t
Treatment.—Cold affusions to the head and
spine; carbonate of ammonia internally; in-
halation of chlorine gas; Small doses of chloride
of lime or soda.
The chemical antidote, if there is time for
its administration, is the peroxide of iron.
Belladonna.
Symptoms.—A sense of great dryness and con.
striction of the pharynx and Oesophagus; sick-
ness, vertigo, dilated pupils and dimness of
sight; laughter, delirium, redness and tumefac-
tion of the face; convulsions. The stomach
and bowels become sometimes so paralyzed,
that vomiting can Scarcely be produced by the
most powerful emetics; and death follows.
Treatment.—Give emetics of sulphate of zinc
or of copper; then evacuate the bowels by
active purgatives and clysters; and follow these
by large doses of vinegar and water, or other
vegetable acids. The previous use of vinegar
has been recommended, and it is said the
emetics act with more certainty after its use;
after the vomiting, strong coffee proves very
efficacious.
Prussic Acid.
Symptoms.-If the quantity be large, death
takes place instantly, but smaller quantities
produce giddiness, loss of sight and fainting.
The peculiar Smell is often perceptible about
the mouth.
Treatment.—Give ammonia and water and
apply a bottle of Smelling Salts to the nose,
dash cold Water on the face and give stimu-
lants, as whisky, etc.
Hemlock.
A narcotic vegetable poison, deriving its
poisonous properties from an alkaline principle
called Conia.
Symptoms.-Sickness, difficulty of respiration,
great anxiety, vertigo, delirium, which often
rises to maniacal phrensy, dilatation of the
pupils, stupor, convulsion and death.
Treatment.—Take twenty grains of Sulphate
of zinc and two tablespoonfuls of water, and
administer at once. Make your patient vomit;
pour cold water on the head, give freely of
vinegar and water or any other acidulous
liquid. -
Strychnia.
Symptoms.-This is lockjaw; the body is bent
backward like a bow so as to rest on the feet
and head only.
Treatment.—Empty the stomach by an emetic,
then give linseed tea, barley water and
laudanum to relieve the spasms; about thirty
drops of the tincture to an adult. Give plenty
of powdered charcoal suspended in water. If
the spasms have set in, chloroform should be
given, or large doses of chloral.
Chloroform.
In threatened death from chloroform, the
tongue should be immediately pulled forward
with hooked forceps, and the stomach forcibly
pressed up; artificial respiration should be re-
sorted to without delay, and galvanism; the
patient should be placed in a current of cold
air, and the chest and extremities flapped with
a wet towel. The head, if the face is pale,
should be lowered; if turgid, should be raised.
Artificial respiration should be kept up for a
long period, even after all appearance of life
has ceased.
Poisonous Insects.
(Tarantula, Scorpion, Hornet, Wasp, Bee, Gnat, Gad-Fly,
Sand-Fly, Etc.)
In general, the sting or bite of these insects
occasions only a slight degree of pain and
Swelling; but occasionally the symptoms are
more violent, and sickness, fever, and occasion-
ally death, result in consequence.
142
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Treatment.—Ammonia and oil may be rubbed
On the affected part, and a piece of rag mois-
ened in the same, or in Salt and water, may
be applied till the pain is removed. Small
doses of spirits of ammonia may also be given
internally, with warm dilutents, or wine and
Water. The sting may often be removed by
making pressure over it with the barrel of a
Small watch key.
PROMISCUOUS IFORMIUILAS.
Red Precipitate.
Bichloride of Mercury, 4 ounces.
Water, 6 pints.
Liquor Potassa, 28 ounces.
Dissolve the bichloride in the water, add the
liquor of potassa, wash the precipitate in dis-
tilled water, and dry by a gentle heat.
Aqua. Fortis (For Dyers.)
Colorless Nitric Acid,
Hydrochloric Acid,
Mix carefully. The nitric acid should be 1.17
sp. gravity, and the hydrochloric acid 1.19.
10 pounds.
1 pound.
To Pulverize Camphor.
Camphor may be beaten in a mortar for some
time without being reduced to powder; but if it
be broken with the pestle and then sprinkled
with a few drops of the Spirits of wine, it may
be readily pulverized. By adding water to an
alcoholic or ethereal Solution of camphor, it is
precipitated under the form of an impalpable
powder of exquisite whiteness, which may be
collected and spontaneously dried on a filter.
The addition of a minute quantity of carbonate
of magnesia to the Water (Say 1 drachm for
each 16 ounces of camphor) before mixing it
with the camphor Solution, will prevent the
powdered camphor from hardening again after
drying.
Test for Albumen.
A solution of bichloride of mercury dropped
into a fluid containing albumen, occasions a
white precipitate. Tannin, or tincture of galls,
gives a yellow pitchy precipitate.
Tests for the Purity of Quinine.
This salt is frequently adulterated with starch,
magnesia, gum, sugar, etc. The first three
remain undissolved when the salt is digested
in spirit; the fourth is dissolved out by cold
water, and the last may be detected by precip-
itating the quinine by liquor of potassa, and
dissolving the precipitate in boiling alcohol;
cinchona crystalizes out as the solution cools,
but the quinine remains in the mother liquor.
Tests for the Purity of Chloroform.
1. Its specific gravity must not be less than
1.490, nor more than 1.494, and boil at 140°
Fahrenheit.
2. When dropped into water, it sinks in
transparent globules, without milkiness.
3. When mixed in a bottle with sulphuric
acid, it produces no warmth.
To Test the Strength of Opium.
Take 25 grains quick-lime, made into a milk
with water, boil in this 100 grains of opium
and filter the solution while hot ; Saturate the
filtrate with dilute hydrochloric acid, and then
precipitate the morphia by the addition of
liquor of ammonia, any excess of the latter
being expelled by heat. Collect the the precip-
itate, dry and weigh it ; the Weight in grains
will represent the percentage of morphia in
the simple opium tested.
To Test the Purity of Opium.
Macerate 100 grains of opium for 24 hours
in 2 fluid ounces of Water; filter and express
the residue ; then precipitate with a solution
of 4 ounce carbonate of Soda in two fluid ounces
cold water; gently heat the precipitate until it
fuses, then cool and weigh it. It should weigh
at least 10 grains; and when powdered, be
entirely soluble in a Solution of Oxalic acid.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
14?
Strong Ether.
Ether, 3 pints.
Chloride of Calcium, 1 ounce.
Lime, in fine powder, 1 “
Water, 3 pints.
Mix the ether and the water, and shake them
Well together, and, when the water has sub-
sided, separate the ether from it, and agitate
it well with the chloride of calcium and the
lime. After standing for twenty-four hours, de-
cant the ether into a retort, with Liebig's
condenser, connected with a receiver, surrounded
by ice water, and distill one and one-half pints
stronger ether, which should be of a specific
gravity, not exceeding 728.
NoTE.—The vapor of ether is very inflamma-
ble, and when mixed with atmospheric air it
forms a violently explosive compound.
To Change the Strength of Alcohol.
REDUCTION OF SPIRIT BY WATER.
Rule.—Multiply the given measure by the de-
gree of the weaker spirit, and divide the result
by the degree of the stronger or given spirit.
Eacample.—I wish to make 340 gallons of
Spirits of 49 per cent., from alcohol of 85 per
cent. Multiply 340 by 49 and divide the result
by 85. The quotient is 196, the number of
gallons of alcohol, at 85 per cent., which, with
184 gallons of Water, will make 340 gallons of
spirit, of 49 proof.
REDUCTION OF SPIRIT BY SPIRIT OF WEAKER
STRENGTH.
Rule.—Multiply the given number of parts of -
the strong Spirit to be reduced, by the differ-
ence of its strength and that of the new com-
pound, and divide the result by the difference
of the strength of the weaker spirit, and that
of the new compound. The quotient will rep-
resent the number of parts of weaker spirit
necessary to reduce the given number of parts
of stronger spirit.
Example.—615 gallons of spirit, of 86 per
cent. is to be reduced to 47 per cent. by spirit
of 86 per cent. Multiply 615 by 39, (the dif.
ference between 86 and 47), and divide the
result by 11, (the difference between 36 and 47.)
—º
The quotient will represent the number of gal-
lons of the weaker spirit necessary for the ope-
ration.
RAISING THE PROOF.
Rule.—Multiply the number representing the
quantity of spirit to be raised, by the differ-
ence of its strength and that of the new com-
pound; divide the product by the difference be-
tween the strength of the strong spirit, and
that of the new compound. The quotient
will indicate the quantity of strong spirit neces-
sary to raise the proof or standard of the given
quantity of weaker spirit.
Eacample.—420 gallons of spirit, of 46 per
cent. is to be raised to 49 per cent. by spirit
of 85 per cent. Multiply 420 by 3, (the differ-
ence between 46 and 43), divide the result by
36, (the difference between 85 and 49), and the
quotient will represent the number of gallons
of the strong spirit necessary to raise the 420
gallons to 39 per cent.
To Deodorize Alcohol.
Alcohol, 1 gallon.
Unslacked Lime, 4 drachms,
Powdered Alum, 2 € 6
Sweet Spirits Nitre, T & 6
First reduce the lime to 3 very fine powder,
add to it the alum, mix the two powders well
together and pour them into the alcohol. Shake
Well, add the Sweet nitre, and shake again.
After the mixture has been kept a week, with
occasional agitation, filter it through animal
charcoal, When a pure deodorized alcohol will
be produced.
*=====
WORM PREPARATIONS.
Perry’s Quaker Vermifuge.
Alexandria Senna, 1 pound.
Pink Root, 2 pounds.
White Sugar, 6 & &
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Carbonate Potass., 8 ounces.
Santonin, 3 6 &
Oil Caraway, 1} drachms.
Oil Anise, 1} & &
Water to make 1 gallon of Syrup.
144
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Infusion of Kousso.
(Tape Worm Remedy.)
2 drachms.
4 ounces.
Kousso, in powder,
Boiling Water,
Digest half an hour in covered vessel, and
when cold drink without being strained. The
patient must fast for twelve to twenty-four
hours before taking the medicine. If in four
to six hours the medicine has not operated, a
dose of castor oil should be given.
The above is the adult dose.
To disguise the taste, strong coffee can be
used without cream or Sugar.
Vermifuge Emulsion.
Oil Wormseed, # ounce.
Sugar, 1 ounce.
Pulverized Gum Arabic, 1 ounce.
Aqua Peppermint, 10 ounces.
Make emulsion.
Doge.—One teaspoonful four times a day for
two days, followed by a laxative; such as cas-
tor oil, or Epsom Salts.
Swaim’s Vermifuge.
Wormseed, 2 ounces.
Valerian, Pulverized, 1]. “
Rhubarb, 1]. “
Pink Root, 1, “
White Agaric, 1, “
Boil in sufficient water to yield three quarts
of decoction, and add to it thirty drops oil
tansy, forty-five drops oil cloves, dissolved in
alcohol one quart.
Mix and filter.
German Worm Tea.
Manna, 1 ounce
Fennel Seed, A “
Senna Alex, * “
Pink Root, A “
Boiling Water, to make 1 pint.
Macerate drugs with boiling Water for one or
two hours, and add enough boiling Water to
make equivalent to that lost by evaporation.
Dose.—Teaspoonful to one-half ounce, accord-
fing to age.
Vermifuge.
Oil of Turpentine, 2 drachms.
Oil of Peppermint, 2 4 &
Oil of Anise, 1 drachm.
Castor Oil to make 1 pint.
Mix. Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls.
Santonine Lozenges.
Santonine (fine powder), # Troy ounce.
Sugar, & © 18 ounces.
Tragacanth, “ # ounce.
Orange Flower Water, sufficient.
Rub the powders together until they are
thoroughly mixed, then with orange flower
water a mass to be divided into four hundred
and eighty troches. Color with carmine.
Each lozenge contains about half a grain of
Santonine.
Dose.—One every three hours until three or
four are taken.
Vermifuge.
Oil Wormseed,
Oil Anise,
Oil Castor,
Mix and add syrup rhubarb aromatic. Shake
well.
Dose.--Teaspoonful night and morning for a
child two years old.
6 drachms.
40 drops.
12 ounces.
Aromatic Chalk Powder.
Cinnamon, in powder, 4 ounces.
Nutmeg, 3 & &
Saffron, 3 & £
Cloves, 1} “
Cardamom Seed, 1 ounce.
Sugar, 25 ounces.
Prepared Chalk, 11 & 4
Mix them thoroughly, pass the powder through
a fine sieve, and finally rub it lightly in a
mortar. Keep it in a stoppered bottle.
Dose.—10 to 60 grains.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Dyspepsia, Tablets.
Lacto-phosphate Lime, 1} drachms.
& 4 6 & Magnesia, 10 grains.
& & & 6 Iron, 5 & 6
Pepsin, 100 66
Sub Carb. Bismuth, 100 66
Oil Mentha Pip., 5 drops.
Dose.—One or two pills. Make into 100
compressed pills.
To prevent rusting of compressed pill moulds:
After using, wash thoroughly with water, and
dry by passing cotton through the cylinder,
then fill the cylinder with absorbent cotton,
and Wrap it and the base and plunger with
the same material and put away.
Gelatine Ice.
Cox's Gelatine, 2 ounces.
Water, 6 & 4
Glycerine, 14 & ©
Oil of Bergamot, 20 drops.
Oil of Cloves, 10 “
Oil of Bitter Almonds, 5 “
Warm the glycerine and add it to the gela-
tine previously dissolved in water by means of
water bath. Boil down to one pint; while cool-
ing add the essential oils and pour into moulds.
The above is a beautiful article.
Cough Candy.
Fluid Ext. of Seneka, 4 fl. drachms
& & Squills, 12 fl. & 6
& & Ipecac, 2 fl. 66
Tinct. of Tolu, 2 fl. 66
“ Opium, camphorated, 8 fl. 66
Oil of Anise Seed, 5 drops.
“ Wintergreen, 8 * *
“ Sassafras, 15 “
Sugar, 12 pounds
Mix the liquid ingredients together, and give
them, with the Sugar, to a confectioner, to be
made into tablets or lozenges. This is a really
fine article.
*.
t;
Chlorodyne.
Sulph. of Morphia, 15 grains.
Chloroform, 1 ounce.
Alcohol, stronger, 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract Cannabis Indica, 1 ounce.
Glycerine, 2 ounces.
Hydrocyanic Acid, diluted, 15 minims.
Essence Peppermint, 15 & &
Mix the liquids and dissolve the morphia in
the mixture.
Dose.—Ten drops in water.
Dalby’s Carminative.
Carb. Magnesia, 6 ounces.
Carb. Potassium, 2 drachms.
Sugar, 1 pound.
Laudanum, 3 ounces.
Water, 5 pints.
Oil Caraway, 10 drops.
Oil Fennel, 10 “
Oil Peppermint, 10 “
Brandy, 4 ounces.
Prepared Chalk, 2 ounces.
Mix.
Strength, one grain of opium to the ounce
Improved Styptic.
Collodion, 100 parts
Carbolic Acid, 10 * *
Tannin, 5 * *
Benzoic Acid, from the gum, 5 “
Mix the ingredients in the order above
Written until perfect solution is effected. This
preparation has a brown color, and leaves, on
evaporation, a strongly adherent pellicle. It
instantly coagulates blood, forming a consistent
clot, and a wound rapidly cicatrises under its
protection.
Composition Powder.
Bayberry Root Bark, 3 pounds.
Ginger, 14 pounds.
Capsicum, 8 ounces.
Cloves, 8 ounces.
Mix.
10
146
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Camphor Iee and Glycerine.
White Wax, 7% ounces.
Spermaceti, 7} © &
Pulverized Camphor, 10 & 6
Pure Tallow, 28 & 6
Olive Oil, 2} & 6
Głyeerine, 8 66
Melt the white wax, spermaceti and tallow
together; while warm dissolve the camphor in
the mixture. Finally add the olive oil and
glycerine. Stir, and pour into moulds.
Glycerate Tar.
Pine Tar, pure, 1 ounce.
Carbonate Magnesia, 1 ounce.
Glycerine, 4 ounces.
Alcohol, 2 “
Aqua, 10 “
Mix.
Dissolve tar in alcohol. Reduce magnesia to
powder and add tar and alcohol to magnesia.
Triturate thoroughly ; add glycerine and water
to make one pint, and filter.
Clark’s Blood Mixture.
Iodide of Potassium, 64 grains.
Chloric Ether, 4 drachms.
Liquor Potassa, 30 drops.
Water, 7% ounces.
Burnt Sugar, sufficient to color.
Mix.
The chloric ether here mentioned is made by
dissolving one part, by volume, of chloroform,
in nineteen parts, by Volume, of alcohol.
Locock’s Pulmonic Wafers.
Lump Sugar, 2 pounds.
Starch, 2 6 &
Powdered Gum Arabic, 1 pound.
Make into a lozenge mass, with vinegar of
squills, oxymel of Squills, and wine of ipecac,
equal parts, gently evaporated to one-sixth of
their weight, with the addition of from four to
five ounces of lactucarium. Divide the mass
into half-inch Squares, weighing about seven
grains and a half each when dry.
Chapman's Copaiba Mixture.
Copaiba, 4 drachms.
Sweet Spirit of Nitre, 4 & 4
Powdered Gum Arabic, 1 drachm.
Powdered Sugar, 1 & 6
Comp. Spirit of Lavender, 2 drachms.
Tincture of Opium, 1 drachm.
Distilled Water, 4 ounces.
Mix.
Dose.—A tablespoonful, three times a day.
Whaley’s Dyspepsia, Cure.
Nitric Acid, diluted, 80 drops.
Fluid Extract of Conium, 2 drachms.
Syrup of Orange Peel, 2 & 6
Fluid Extract of Rhei, # ounce.
Tincture of Colombo, 5 ounces.
Mix.
Dose.—A tablespoonful in water, three times
a day, before meals.
Langdon’s Diarrhea, Mixture.
Tincture of Camphor, 2 drachms.
Tincture of Capsicum, 1 drachm.
Spirits of Lavender Comp., 2 drachms.
Tincture of Opium, 2 6 &
Mix.
Dose.—Twenty-five drops in a little sugared
water, after each operation.
Rheumatism Application.
Oil of Hemlock, 2
Oil of Horse-radish, 2
Oil of Celery, 2 66
Oil of Pennyroyal, 2 66
Oil of Sassafras,
Alcohol, to make
OUIſlC68.
66
2 66
1 gallon.
Mix. The above is a powerful external ap-
plication in Sciatica, rheumatism, neuralgia,
etc., and is the preparation sold by a party to
physicians throughout the west.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
147
Pain Expeller.
Tincture of Capsicum, 25 drachms.
Tincture of Camphor, 5 6 &
Aqua Ammonia, 10 & 6
Alcohol, º 10 & 6
Opodel.doc, 10 6 &
Mix.
Erysipelas Wash.
Sugar of Lead, 2 drachms.
Plaster Paris, 2 & 4
Tincture of Opium, 2 ounces.
Tincture of Catechu, 2 & 4
Water, 12 66
Mix and apply.
Cod Liver Oil with Quinine.
Sulphate of Quinine, 60 grains.
Pure Oleic Acid, 1 ounce.
Cod Liver Oil, 31 fluid ounces.
Diluted Sulph. Acid, q. s.
Distilled Water, Q. S.
Ammonia, Q. S.
Suspend the quinine in four ounces of water,
dissolve by the careful addition of sulphuric
acid, and precipitate with ammonia. Wash the
precipitated alkaloid dry, and dissolve it in the
oleic acid by the aid of a gentle heat. When
solution is effected, add the cod liver oil. The
product should measure thirty-two fluid ounces,
and contains two grains of the oleate of qui-
nine in each fluid ounce.
To Improve Coal Oil Light.
Add one-eighth to one-fourth amount of com-
mon salt.
Makes light more brilliant, prevents smok-
ing and keeps wick clean.
Artificial Venice Turpentine.
Resin,
Turpentine,
Melt the Resin, remove from the fire and
add turpentine.
} Equal parts,
Mixture of Licorice, Comp.
Solution of Ext. of Licorice, 1 fl. ounce.
Simple Syrup, 5 fl. drachms.
Mucilage of Gum Arabic, 11 * * 6 &
Water, a suffi’t quant’y to make 12; fl. ounces.
Campho’d Tinct. of Opium, 2 fl. ounces.
Wine of Antimony, 1 fl. Ounce.
Spirits of Nitrous Ether, # fl. Ounce.
Mix.
Allcock’s Porous Plaster.
India-rubber, 1 pound.
Pitch, 8 ounces.
Gum Thus, 8 & 4
Cayenne Pepper, 30 grains.
The last ingredient is to be added to the
others previously melted. The mass is spread
on muslin or linen perforated with small holes,
allowing vent for perspiration and affording
increased flexibility.
Morgan’s Elastic Plaster.
Take thin sheet-rubber and apply to it a
coating of Boyton's plaster, namely, lead-
plaster, 94 parts, resin, 6 parts.
This plaster has the advantage of accomoda-
ting itself to all movements of the muscles
without curling up or becoming stiff, and has
been used with good advantage as a dressing
to Sores and wounds.
Belfast Ginger Ale Powder.
Powdered White Sugar, 16 ounces.
& & Bicarbonate of Soda, 3} & ©
& 4 Citric Acid, 4} & 6
Concentrated Essence of Ginger, 1} & 6
& 6 & & Cayenne, 4 drachms.
& & & & Lemon, 40 drops.
Dry the Soda, acid and the sugar very care-
fully; before drying the sugar, incorporate with
it the essences thoroughly, to which a small
quantity of caramel may be added as coloring.
148 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Owen’s Compound Extract Buchu.
Bachu Leaves, in coarse powder, 12 ounces.
Uva Ursi, 66 6 & 66 4 “
Alcohol, 3 pints.
Water, 6 “
Treat the leaves by maceration and displace-
ment, first with a portion of the alcohol, and
then with the remainder mixed with the water;
evaporate the resulting liquid by a gentle heat
to three pints, and to this add—
Sugar, 2} pounds.
Continue the heat till the sugar is dissolved,
and after removing from the fire, add—
Oil of Cubebs, 1 fluid drachm.
Oil of Juniper, 1 “ & &
Spirits of Nitric Ether, 12 “ ounces.
Previously mixed with a portion of the alcohol,
mix the whole together, and shake well.
Dose.—Teaspoonful.
Sweet Tincture of Rhubarb.
Rhubarb, bruised, 2 ounces.
Licorice Root, “ 2 “
Anise Seed, “ 1 ounce.
& &
Sugar, 1
Alcohol, diluted, 2 pints.
Macerate fourteen days, express and filter.
Dose.—Teaspoonful to tablespoonful.
Colorless Tincture of Iodine.
Tincture of Iodine, 14 ounces.
Glycerine, 6 6 &
Hyposulphite of Soda, 1}. “
Dissolve the hyposulphite of Soda in the gly-
cerine, and triturate with the tincture of Iodine.
Allow to stand a few hours, and filter.
External application.
Deshler’s Salve.
Resin, 12 ounces.
Suet, 12 “
Yellow Wax, 12 “
Turpentine, 6 “
Flax Seed Oil, 7 “
Melt them together, strain the mixture through
muslin, and stir it constantly until cold.
Petit’s Eye Salve.
White Precipitate, 3 ounces.
Oxide of Zinc, 4 “
Benzoic Acid, 2 drachms.
Sulph. Morphia, 48 grains.
Oil Rosemary, 20 drops.
Olive Oil, 2 pounds.
Spermaceti, 12 ounces.
White Wax, 4 ounces.
Melt the spermaceti, white wax and olive oil
together; rub the white precipitate, the oxide
of zinc, benzoic acid and sulph. morphia with
a portion of the warm mixture; add together,
and finally add the oil of rosemary. Stir till
cold. This is a splendid article.
Glycerine Cream.
Spermaceti, 2 ounces.
White Wax, 6 drachms.
Oil of Almonds, 8 ounces.
Melt, strain and perfume, then add glycerine
two ounces. Rub in mortar till white.
Bateman’s Drops.
Diluted Alcohol, 1 gallon.
Red Saunders, rasped, # ounce.
Digest for twenty-four hours, and add:
Opium, in powder, # ounce.
Catechu, in powder, # “
Camphor, 4 “
Oil Anise, 1 drachm.
Digest ten days, then filter. This prepara-
tion contains about one grain each of opium,
catechu, and camphor, to the half ounce, cor-
responding in strength with camphorated tinc-
ture of opium.
Turlington’s Balsam of Life.
Alcohol, 4 pints.
Benzoin. 6 ounces.
Liquid Storax, 2 & 4
Socotrine Aloes, # ounce.
Peruvian Balsam, 1 & 4
Myrrh, # & 4
Angelica, 3 drachms.
Balsam Tolu, 2 ounces.
Extract of Licorice, 3 66
Digest for ten days, and strain.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 149
Improved Citrate of Magnesia.
Carbonate of Soda, 4% ounces.
Acid Tartaric, 3 ounces and 3 drachms.
Syrup of Lemon, 12 ounces.
Soda Bicarbonate, 30 grains to each bottle.
Dissolve the carbonate of soda in aqua two
pints, in one vessel, and in another dissolve
tartaric acid in one pint of water; when effer-
vescence ceases, add together. When efferves-
cence ceases the Second time, add eight ounces
to each bottle of the solution; then add two
ounces of the Syrup of lemon and thirty grains
of the bicarbonate of soda ; cork immediately.
The above will make one dozen bottles.
Extract of Malt and Colts-Foot.
Colts-foot Leaves, 3 ounces.
Spotted Lungwort, 3 “
Licorice, 2 “
Alcohol, Diluted, Q. S.
Stoned Raisins, 1 pound.
Extract of Malt to make, 3 gallons.
Macerate the drugs and stoned raisins for
three days in diluted alcohol, then transfer to
a percolator, and obtain one pint of percolate,
then add the extract of malt. Mix.
Dose.—One tablespoonful to half wineglass of
Water.
French Cold Cream.
A French pharmaceutical contemporary gives
the following formula for the preparation of
this cosmetic, which is said to be an exact im-
itation in its properties of a product of un-
known composition, highly esteemed :
Quince Mucilage, 20 ounces.
Almond Soap, # ounce.
Stearic Acid, 5 ounces.
Glycerine, 1 ounce.
It is stated that this preparation is not liable
to become rancid, which is a serious drawback
With many inferior preparations given in our
text-books.
Oil Stone.
Uil of Seneka, 1 pint.
Spirits of Turpentine, 8 pints.
Barbadoes Tar, 1 pint.
Mix.
Thielemann’s Sweedish Cholera, Mixture,
Oil of Peppermint, 4 drachms.
Alcohol, 4 ounces.
& ©
Wine of Opium and Saffron, 1}
Tincture of Ipecac, 4
Tincture of Walerian, 6
Dissolve oil in alcohol, add wines and tino-
tures, and filter.
Dose.—One-half to teaspoonful.
& 6
66
Guaiac Mixture.
Guaiac Resin, 3 drachms.
White Sugar, 4 & &
Gum Arabic, 2
Cinnamon Water, to make 1 pint.
& &
Triturate guaiac and Sugar together, add
gum, and lastly gradually add cinnamon water.
Milburn’s Mixture.
Precipitate Prep. Chalk, 2 drachms.
Loaf Sugar, 2 6 &
Powdered Gum Arabic, 2 & &
Mint Water (green preferred), 4} ounces.
Laudanum, 10 drops.
Spirits of Lavender, Comp., 2 drachms.
Simple Syrup, 14 ounces.
Tincture Kino, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Useful in loose bowels of children, and can
be given to them after each alvine evacuation,
regardless of number.
Dose.—From half to a tablespoonful. Shake
well before using.
Compound Powder Catechu.
Catechu, powdered, 1 ounce.
Kino, 6 & 4 drachms.
Rhatany, © & 4 6 &
Cinnamon, “ 3 & 6
Nutmeg, 66 2 & Cº.
Camphor, 66 1 drachm.
Gum Arabic, “ 6 drachms.
Mix. Useful in diarrhea, etc.
Dose.—Five to ten grains.
150
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Elixir Benzoin Comp.
Pułyerized Squill, 3 ounces.
“ Orris, 3 6 &
66 Elecampane, 3 & 4
6 & Benzoin, 120 grains.
G & Licorice, 80 6 &
& & Anise Seed, 80 & 6
& 6 Myrrh, 80 & 6
6 & Saffron, 18 66
Diluted Alcohol, G. S.
Simple Elixir q. S., to make, 1 pint.
Macerate drugs with diluted alcohol till eight
ounces of percolate is obtained, then add elixir
and filter.
Use in catarrh and asthma.
Doge.—One teaspoonful.
Carter’s Citrus Canadensis.
Fluid Ext. of Blood Root, 8 ounces.
6 & “ Lobelia, 6 & 6
& & “ Licorice, 8 “ .
Tr. Opii, 24 66
Oil of Lemon, 2 66
Alcohol, 30 & 6
Tr. Capsicum, 6 & 6 .
New Orleans Syrup, 5 gallons.
Add the whites of five eggs to syrup, and
bring to a boil; cut oil of lemon with alcohol,
and add ingredients.
Toothache Drops.
Chloroform, 3 ounces.
Creosote, 1 ounce.
Sul. Morphia, # drachm.
Mix the morphia with the creosote, let stand
until solution is clear, then add the chloroform.
Compound Fluid Extract Buchu.
Fluid Ext. Dandelion, 8 ounces.
& 6 Buchu, 4 £ 6
& 6 Juniper Berries, 3 & 6
& 6 Pareira Brava, 2 6 &
6 & Stone Root, 2 66
Acetate Potash, 2 6 &
Mix. Dose.—One-half to one teaspoonful.
For diseases of the urinary and genital organs.
Lord’s Chalk Mixture.
Tincture Kino, 1 ounce.
Tincture Camp. Opium, 1 & 4
Tincture Catechu, 1 drachm.
Tincture Opium, 1 & 4
Spts. Lavender Comp., 4 ounce.
Syrup, Simple, 3. “
Prepared Chalk, 1} ounces.
Mucilage Acacia, 3 66
Mix. Dose.—Tea to tablespoonful.
McKinzie’s Ointment.
*
Powd. Sulph. of Zinc, 4 ounces.
Liquid Storax, 1 ounce.
Lard, 16 punces.
Mix, by means of heat and trituration, over
a water bath about an hour.
A useful application for tetter and scald-head.
Apply night and morning, first Washing the
spot with castile soap and Warm Water.
Celery Compound.
Celery Seed, 384 grains.
Catnip Herb, 640 “
Chamomile, German, 384 “
Alcohol diluted, sufficient.
Simple Elixir to make 1 pint. *
Percolate drugs with diluted alcohol till four
ounces are obtained, then add elixir and filter.
Each fluid drachm contains three grains
each of celery and chamomile, and five grains
of catnip herb.
Dose.—For children teething, from ten to
sixty drops, according to age.
Liquid Pancreatin.
Pancreatine, 384 grains.
Water, 5 ounces.
Glycerine, 8 ounces.
Dissolve and filter.
Headache Liniment. Ne
Compound Soap Liniment, 2 ounces.
Chloroform, 1 ounce.
Aqua Ammonia, # ounce.
Mix.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
151
Improved Itch Ointment.
Waseline or Lard, 12} ounces.
Flowers Sulphur, 2 & 4
Bicarbonate Potass., 1 ounce.
Oil Bitter Almonds, 1 drachm.
Milk and Lime Water.
Lime Water, 3 ounces.
Sweet Milk, 6 ounces.
Table Salt, 10 grains.
Mix.
Dose.--A wineglassful two or three times a
day. *
This is a valuable remedy in gastric irrita-
bility, dyspepsia, and even cholera. It is also
a digestible and nourishing food suitable for
almost any invalid.
Hunter’s Red Drops.
Corrosive Sublimate, 10 grains.
Muriatic Acid, 12 drops or q. s.
Triturate in glass mortar, and add gradually
spirits of lavender comp. One ounce.
Mix.
Dose.—Five to twenty drops in wine, or spirits
and water.
A powerful alterative in Syphilitic diseases.
Mustard Oil Liniment
Crude Mustard Seed Oil, 16 ounces.
Ethereal Oil of Mustard, 30 to 40 drops.
Aqua Ammonia, 4 ounces or q. s.
To form into a mixture of a soapy con-
sistency. Mix and bottle in broad mouthed
vials.
Styptic Collodion.
The Chemist and Druggist, London, says, that
the following will instantly coagulate blood,
forming a consistent clot, under which wounds
will readily heal:
Collodion, 100 parts
Carbolic Acid, 10 “
Tannic Acid, 5 “
Benzoic Acid, 5 “
Mix the ingredients in the above order.
Basham Mixtures—No. 1.
Muriate Tincture of Iron, 6 drachms.
Acetic Acid, dil., 1 ounce.
Solution Acetate of Ammonia, 7 ounces.
Simple Elixir, 4 “
Water, to make 1 pint.
Dose.—One tablespoonful after each meal.
No. 2.
Muriate Tinct. Iron, # ounce.
Acid Phos. dil., 6 drachms.
Simple Elixir, 5 ounces.
Syr. q. S. ad., 12 $6
Dose.—Tablespoonful after each meal.
No. 3,
Pulv. Sulph. Iron Exsic., & ounce.
Pure Carbonate Potass., & “
Syrup, Q- 8.
Mix, and make ninety-six pills.
Local Application in Irritable and Inflamed Piles.
A writer in Braithwaite's Retrospect has the
following: During the past few months I have
given a somewhat extended trial to the new ex-
tract of Hamamelis Virginica, called Hazetine.
As a local application in irritable and inflamed
piles, situated at the margin of the amus, where
the remedy can be readily applied, I have never
met its equal. In most of the cases submitted
to the treatment, the relief was immediate and
permanent. My plan has been to have the
part bathed three or four times a day, and a
piece of lint dipped in it, kept applied to the
anus during the intervals. All urgent symp-
toms have passed away in from twelve to
twenty-four hours.
Cough Mixture in Consumption.
Mist. Glycyrrhiza, Com., 4 ounces.
Syr. Prunus Virg., 2 “
Sulph. Quinine, 32 grains.
Sulph. Morphia, 2 “
Elixir Taraxicum, Com., 2 ounces.
Mix.
Dose.—Dessertspoonful every four hours.
152 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Aphrodisiac Pill.
Quinine, 1 grain.
Ext. Damiana, Solid, 3 grains.
Ext. Nux Womica, Solid, # grain.
Phosphorus, 1-14.0 “
Make 1 pill.
Catarrh Remedy.
(Said to be Sage's.)
Powdered Hydrastis Canadensis, 5 drachms.
Indigo, # drachm.
Powdered Camphor, 2 drachms.
Carbolic Acid, 2 & 4
Common Salt, 50 66
Powder the camphor by means of alcohol,
and mix with the salt previously reduced to a
fine powder. Rub the indigo and carbolic acid
together, mix with the salt and camphor, and
add the powdered hydrastis. Mix intimately
without pressure in a mortar.
For Boils and Carbuncles.
Tinct. Iodine, 2 drachms.
Tinct. Aconite, 1 drachm.
Aqua, 1 66
Mix.
Apply four times a day.
Night Sweats.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna, 1 ounce.
Whisky or Brandy, 1 “
Mix.
Sponge the body on going to bed.
Palpitation of the Heart.
Tincture of Belladonna, 20 drops.
Tincture of Nux Womica, 10 “
Aqua Camphor, 1 Ounce.
Mix.
Dose.—Teaspoonful in water four times a day.
Gleet.
Sulphate of Copper, 20 grains.
Sulphate of Morphia, 10 “
Aqua, q. B. ad., 8 ounces.
Use as an injection three or four times a day.
Ring Worm.
Thymol, 1 to 2 parts.
Chloroform, 8 “
Olive Oil, 24
Mix. The thymol destroys the fungus. The
oil prevents irritation and rapid evaporation,
while the chloroform facilitates the absorption
of the active ingredients by acting on the Seba-
ceous glands.
6 (;
White Copaiba Mixture.
Copaiba Mixture, 1 ounce.
Syr. of Gum Acacia, 3 ounces.
Powdered Gum “ # ounce.
Bromide of Potash, 1 ounce.
Oil of Terebinth, 25 drops.
Aqua, q. S. ad., 8 ounces.
Mix.
Cubeb Mixture.
Oleoresin of Cubebs, 1 ounce.
Bromide of Potass., 1 “
Syrup of Gum, 2 ounces.
Oil of Sassafras, 10 drops.
Aqua, q. S. ad., 6 ounces.
Mix.
Bitter Mixture of Potassium Iodide.
Iodide Potassium, 1 drachm.
Tincture Quassia, # ounce.
Syrup, # “
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Emulsion of Turpentine Oil.
Oil of Turpentine, 4 drachms.
Powdered Gum Acacia, 2 & 6
Syrup, 2 & &
Water, to make 2 ounces.
Mix the powder with the oil; add one-half
ounce of water, and stir till the emulsion is
formed, then add the remainder of the water
and Syrup.
Oil of Turpentine is considered one of the
most troublesome bodies to emulsify; prepared
by this form there is no difficulty.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
153
Meig’s Mixture of Gentian and Iron.
Citrate of Iron and Ammonia, 1 part
Fluid Extract of Gentian, 3. “
Compound Spirits of Lavender, 8 parts.
Alcohol, 4 6 &
Sugar, 12 & &
Water, sufficient to make 64 & 6
Mix the fluid extract with eight parts of
water; add the compound spirits of lavender,
treat this with hydrated oxide of iron, and
filter; mix the other ingredients with the filtrate
and repeat the filtration if necessary.
Astringent Acid Mixture.
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, 40 minims.
Extract Logwood, 1 drachm.
Tincture Opium, Camphorated, 4 drachms.
Syrup Ginger, q. S., to make 1 ounce.
Acute Bronchitis.
Wini Ipecacuanhae, dr. ij.
Liq. Potassii Citratis, OZ. iv.
Tinct. Opii Camphorate, dr. ii.
Syrupi Acacia, aa. Oz. j.
Mix. Dose.—A tablespoonful thrice daily in
the first stage of ordinary acute Bronchitis.
This union of the sedative effects of opium
With the excito-Secretory action of the ipeca-
cuanhãe on the congested mucous membrane
has been found very serviceable.
Pain Killer.
Powdered Guaiac, 20 pounds.
Gum Camphor, 2 & 4
Powdered Cayenne Pepper, 6 66
Water of Ammonia, 1 pound.
Opium, powdered, # “
Alcohol, 82 gallons.
Macerate for two weeks, press and filter.
Suppositories of Chloral.
Cacoa. Butter, 165 grains.
White Wax, 105 “
Chloral Hydrate, 90 “
Divide into six suppositories.
Day's Kidney Pad.
Digitalis Leaves, 2 ounces.
Black Cohosh, 1} & 4
Juniper Berries, 1 ounce.
Queen of the Meadow, 1 & ©
Gum Guaiac, 1 & 6
Gum Benzoin, 1 & 6
Oil of Juniper, 14 ounces.
Grind the drugs to a moderately fine pow-
der, add the oil and gums.
Make an oblong pad to wear over kidneys.
Gurlmette’s Head Pad.
Angelica Root, 1 ounce.
Ladies' Slipper, 1 “
Lupulin, 1 “
Battle's Bromidia, 1 drachm.
Fluid Ext. Jamaica Dogwood, 1 é &
Oil of Eucalyptus, 4 drachms.
Grind the drugs to a moderately fine powder;
Tnake into an oblong pad, put the pad on a
roller of oil silk.
Wear the pad over the center of the fore-
head.
In Asthmatic Paroxysm.
Tinct. Lobelia, Oz. j.
Ammon. Iodidi, dr. ij.
Ammon. Bromidi, dr. iij.
Syr. Tolutan, OZ. iiij.
Mix. Dose.—A teaspoonful every one, two,
three, or four hours.
Of this prescription Dr. Bartholow says: “It
gives relief in a few minutes, and sometimes
the relief is permanent.”
Simmons’ Liver Regulator.
(Said to be.)
Liverwort, 1 ounce.
Leptandra, 1 “
Serpentaria, 1 “
Senna, 1} ounces.
Water, 2} pints.
Whisky, •r- # pint.
Bring the water to a boil and pour over the
drugs; let stand one day; strain and add the
whisky.
154 AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Liver Pad.
Mandrake Root, # ounce.
Bayberry Bark, 2 drachms.
Leptandria Root, # ounce.
Cinchona, Bark, 1 66
Gum Guaiac, powder, 1 66
Foenugreek, l, & &
4
Oil Eucalyptus, 2 drachms.
Grind the drugs, mix with the guaiac, add
the oil. Make into a diamond-shaped pad, to
be worn over the pit of the stomach. Should
be worn for several weeks.
The above is similar to Holman's Liver Pad.
Cuticura Resolvent.
(Said to be.)
Aloes, Soct., 1 drachm.
Rhubarb, powdered, 1 ( &
Iodide Potass., 36 grains.
Whisky, 1 pint.
Macerate over night, and filter.
Compound for Cleaning Gloves.
Eau de Javelle (solution of Chlornate
of Soda). 8} ounces.
Ammonia, # ounce.
Powdered Soap, 12; ources.
Water, 9} “
Make a soft paste, and use with a flannel.
Navy Glove Cleanser.
Benzine deodorized, 1 gallon.
Chloroform, 1 ounce.
Ether, Sulph., 1 “
Alcohol, 2 ounces.
Oil of Cologne, 1 ounce.
Mix. Very inflammable; use with caution.
Catarrh Snuff.
Calomel, 1 drachm.
Camphor, pulverized, 1 & 4
Acacia, 2 drachms.
Poisonous Solutions for Dispensing.
George W. Sloan reports that from his own
experience, “solutions of alkaloid salts made
With distilled water, carefully filtered, kept in
Well stoppered bottles, in a dark closet of an
an equable temperature, do keep well for long
periods.” He appends a list of solutions which
he keeps on hand in his own practice, viz:
Article. Solvent. Amount.
Chloral Hydrate, Water, 3. i. in fl. 3 i.
Corrosive Sub., Alcohol, gr. i. in fl. 3 i.
Zinc Chloride, Water, gr. ij in fl. 3 i.
Atropia Sulp., Water, gr. i. in fl. 3 i.
Dubomisin, Water, gr. i. in. fl. 3 i.
Eserine Sulphate, Water, gr. i. in. fl. 3 i.
Strychnia Suph. } #.s
Water,
Water,
| gr. i. in. fl. 3 i.
3 i. in fl. 3 i.
3 i. in fl. 3 i.
Calcium Bromide,
Zinc Bromide,
Toothache Jelly.
Carbolic Acid, crystalized, } ounce.
Collodion, 3. “
Melt the carbolic acid by placing bottle in
hot water; then add the collodion.
For use, place a little cotton or wool in the
tooth, previously Saturated in the jelly, care
being taken to prevent the cotton or wool from
coming in contact with the cheek.
Seltzer Aperient.
Rochelle Salts, 39 ounces.
Bicarbonate Soda, 20 “
Tartaric Acid, 18 66
Sulphate Magnesia, 11 “
Dry each separately at a heat not to exceed
120° Fahrenheit; powder and pass through a
sieve. Mix thoroughly and bottle.
Sandal Wood Emulsion.
Oil Sandal Wood, 5 drachms.
Copaiba Balsam, 25 &&.
Gum Tragacanth, pulv., 3 66
Gum Acacia, pulv., 2 &G
Sugar, 13 &ſº
Oil Wintergreen, 2 66
Aqua, q. S., to make 27} ounces.
Mix.
Dose.—Teaspoonful three times a day.
The above gives one drop of the oil of sandal
wood, and five drops of the balsam of copaiba
in each teaspoonful.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 155
Red Wash.
Sugar of Lead, 1 drachm.
Sulphate of Zinc, 3 drachms.
Fluid Ext. of Rhatany, 4 & 6
Fluid Ext. of Hydrastis, 4 ounces.
Fluid Ext. Gold Thread, 4 “
Aq. Ext. of Opium, 6 drachms.
Water, to make 2 pints.
Mix.
Inject a portion three times a day.
• Elixir Antacid Compound.
Bicarbonate Soda,
Infusion Gentian, 4 66
Aqua Peppermint, 4 6&
Tinct. Cardamom, Comp., 3 ounce.
Simple Elixir, to make 1 pint.
Mix and filter.
Dose.—Tea to tablespoonful as an antacid
corrective in indigestion.
1% ounces.
Elixir of Quinquinia.
Oil of Orange, 8 drops.
Oil of Cinnamon, Ceylon, 2 “
Alcohol, 4 ounces.
Simple Syrup, 6 “
Water, to make 16 “
Quinquinia, 128 grains.
Citric Acid, 90 “
Make a solution of the citric acid in two
ounces of the water, in which dissolve the quin-
quinia; then add the syrup with the oil, the
latter previously mixed with the alcohol. Finally
add water until the whole measures 16 fluid
ounces, then filter.
Granulated Citrate of Magnesia.
Acid Citric, powdered,
Magnesia Calcined,
Soda Bicarb.,
Acid Tart.,
Pulv. Sacc. Alb.,
Ol. Lemons, # drachm.
Alcohol, Q. S.
To the powdered citric acid add the sugar and
mix thoroughly, then add the soda, magnesia
and tartaric acid; pass the whole through a
4 pounds.
l 66
4.
($6
&
:
No. 4 sieve to insure it being thoroughly mixed;
moisten the powder with strong alcohol, and
pass through a No. 8 sieve, and place it on a
wooden tray in a warm room to dry; then add
the oil of lemon and bottle instantly. It usually
takes twenty-four hours and a temperature of
120° Fr. to dry the salt perfectly. This prep-
aration requires careful and skillful manipula-
tion to insure good results.
Local Anodyne.
Elastic Collodion,
Muriate Morphia,
1 ounce.
15 grains.
Dissolve salt in Collodion. Spread with a
Camel's hair brush over the parts, and place
oil silk over the spot.
Iodized Collodion.
Iodine,
Collodion,
Mix.
1} drachms.
8 ounces.
*Sun” Cholera, Mixture.
Tincture of Opium, 2 ounces.
Tincture of Camphor, 2 “
Tincture of Capsicum, 2 “
Tincture of Rhubarb, 2. “
Tincture of Peppermint, 2 “
Mix.
Dose.—A teaspoonful in water after each
evacuation of the bowels.
Perry’s Compound Sarsaparilla Blood Purifier.
Turkey Corn Root, 2 pounds.
Stillingia £ 6 2 & ©
Sarsaparilla, “ 2 é &
Yellow Dock “ 2 6 &
Sassafras Bark, 1 pound.
Simple Syrup, 2 gallons.
Diluted Alcohol, 32 pints.
Water, Q. S.
Iodide Potassa, 2 pounds.
Percolate roots and bark with diluted alco-
hol, add syrup, then add Iodide Potass.
Dissolve in water to make six gallons.
156
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INForMATION.
Compound Licorice Powder.
(German Brustpulver.)
Powdered Senna, 2 ounces.
Powdered Licorice Root, 2 ounces.
Powdered Fennel Seed, 1 ounce.
Washed Sulphur, 1 ounce.
Powdered Sugar, 6 ounces.
Mix them.
Gowland’s Freckle Lotion.
Sweet Almonds, (blanched) 1 ounce.
Bitter Almonds 6 & # ounce.
Corrosive Sublimate, 15 grains.
Alcohol, 2} drachms.
Water to make 1 pint.
Make an emulsion of the almonds with the
water, and strain, add the mercurial Salt dis-
solved in the spirit; lastly add water to make
the whole measure one pint.
Iodia.
Fluid Extract Stillingia, 3 ounces.
Fluid Extract Prickly Ash, 1 ounce.
Fluid Extract Saxifraga, * “
Fluid Extract Yellow Parilla, # “
Fluid Extract Blue Flag, , “
Iodide of Potassium, 256 grains.
Pyrophosphate of Iron, 256 grains.
Phosphoric Acid, diluted, # ounce.
Dissolve the iodide of potassium in the
mixture and the iron in two ounces of hot
water, add the Solution gradually and lastly add
the phosphoric acid. Let stand 24 hours and
filter.
Godfrey’s Cordial.
Tinct. of Opium, 6 ounces.
Molasses, 4 pints.
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Water, 6% pints.
Carbonate of Potassium, 5 drachms.
Oil of Sassafras, 1 drachm.
Dissolve the potassium in the water, add
the molasses, heat over a gentle fire till it
simmers; remove the Scum, add the other
ingredients.
Chlorodyne.
Purified Chloroform, 4 fluid ounces.
Stronger Ether, 1 “ ounce.
Stronger Alcohol, 4 “ ounces.
Molasses, 4 “ 66
Powdered Ext. Licorice, 2} Troy “
Muriate of Morphia, 8 grains.
Oil of Peppermint, 16 minims.
Simple Syrup, 17; fluid ounces.
Hydrocyanic Acid, 2 per cent., 2 fluid ounces.
Dissolve the morphia and the oil of pepper-
mint in the Alcohol. Mix the chloroform and
Ether with this solution. Mix the licorice
With the syrup and add the molasses. Shake
these two mixtures well together, and lastly add
the hydrocyanic acid and again shake.
Dose.—Five to ten minims.
Churchill’s Iodine Caustic.
Iodine, 1 drachm.
Iodide of Potassium, 2 drachms.
Water, * Ounce.
Mix.
Diaphoretic Powder.
OUID.CéS.
& 6
Bayberry Bark, powdered,
Pleurisy Root, 6 &
Wild Ginger, 66
Ginger, € 6
Sassafras Bark, 66
Lady's Slipper, 66
Capsicum,
Cloves,
Mix.
A heaping teaspoonful to a pint of boiling
water, well sweetened, and drink freely, or the
above can be made into fluid form, as is the
essence of composition, by maceration or per-
colation with diluted alcohol, to make one
quart.
The above is a valuable remedy, useful in
sudden colds, coughs, hoarseness, influenza,
sore throat, headache, cold hands and feet,
dysentery, cholera morbus, colic, jaundice, etc.,
and is also a mild and Safe stimulant.
66
© &
i
Oll]1C0.
& &
66 & 6
!
66 & 6
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 157
Compound Spirit of Balm.
Fresh Balm, 90 parts.
Fresh Lemon Peel, 15 “
Cinnamon, 8 “
Cloves, 8 “
Nutmegs, 8 “
Angelica Root, 4 * *
Coriander Seeds, 4 “
Alcohol, 86 per cent., 500 “
Macerate for four days, and distill.
Aromatic Powder of Chalk.
Cinnamon, in powder, 4 ounces.
Nutmeg, 3 £ 6
Saffron, 3 66
Cloves, 1} “
Cardamoms, 1 ounce.
Sugar, 25 ounces.
Prepared Chalk, 11 6 &
Mix them thoroughly, pass the powder through
a fine sieve, and finally rub it lightly in a mor-
tar. Keep it in a stoppered bottle.
Dose.—Ten to sixty grains.
Tincture of Kino that will not Gelatinize.
Kino, in fine powder, 1% ounces.
Alcohol, 8 fl. ounces.
Water, 4 6 &
Glycerine, 4 6 (;
Mix the alcohol, water and glycerine together;
and having mixed the kino with an equal bulk
of sand, introduce it into a glass percolator,
and exhaust it with the menstruum in the usual
SOlèſlīle]".
Cholera, Mixture of the British Army.
Oil of Anise Seed, 3 drachms.
“ Cajeput, 3 drachms.
“ Juniper, 3 drachms.
Ether, 8 drachms.
Liquor Acid of Haller, 1 drachm.
Tinct. of Cinnamon, 4 ounces.
Mix.
Dose.—Take ten drops every fifteen minutes
in a little water.
Liquor acid of haller consists of three parts
of alcohol, and one part of concentrated sul-
phuric acid.
No. 6 Hot Drops.
Powdered Capsicum, 1 ounce.
& 4 Gum Myrrh, 4 ounces.
Alcohol, 2 pints.
Macerate, press, and filter.
Ready Way for Paregoric.
Tinct. of Opium, 384 drops.
Oil of Anise, # drachm.
Benzoic Acid, 30 grains.
Camphor, 20 “
Honey, 1 ounce.
Diluted Alcohol, 1 pint.
Mix, and filter.
The above is recommended only when pushed
for time.
Tobias” Venetian Liniment.
Spirits of Hartshorn, 5 ounces.
Camphor, 2 6 &
Tincture of Capsicum, 5 & &
Alcohol, 30 66
Water, 10 6 &
Mix.
Goddard’s Diarrhea, Mixture.
Tincture of Catechu, 4 fluid ounces.
6 & & 6 Opium, 2 6 & & &
& & & 6 Camphor, 2 & 6 & 6
Aromatic Spirts of Ammonia, 1 “ ounce.
Mix. Dose.—Forty drops every two hours.
Brown’s Bronchial Troches.
Pulverized White Sugar, 1} pounds.
66 Ext. of Licorice, 1 pound.
66 Cubebs, 4 ounces.
6 & Gum Arabic, 4 & &
Fluid Ext. of Conium, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Trix, or Jokes.
Ext. of Licorice, 3 ounces.
Oil of Cloves, 90 drops.
Oil of Cinnamon, 15 drops.
Mix.
158
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Jayne’s Expectorant.
Syrup of Squill, 2 ounces.
Tincture of Tolu, 1} ( &
& 6 “ Camphor, 1 drachm.
66 “ Lobelia, 1 6 &
& 6 “ Digitalis, 1 4 &
& & ‘‘ Opium, 2 drachms.
Pulv. Ipecac, 4 grains.
Tartar Emetic, 4 & 6
Mix.
Buckler’s Comp. Mixture.
2 grains.
40 & 4
2 fl. Ounces.
Tartar Emetic,
Pulv. Ipecac,
Syrup of Squills,
Mix. Teaspoonful every ten minutes until it
operates as an emetic.
Osgood’s Celebrated Ague Cure.
Sulph. of Quinine, 2 drachms.
Fluid Ext. Leptandra, 2 6 &
Saturated Tinct. of Queen's Root, 4 ounces.
Fluid Ext. Podoplyllum, 3 drachms.
Oil of Sassafras, 10 drops.
Oil of Wintergreen, 10 “
New Orleans Molasses, sufficient to make an
eight-ounce mixture.
Piso's Consumption Cure.
Tincture of Tolu, # ounce,
Fluid Ext. Lobelia, 2 drachms.
& 4 “ Cannabis, Indica, 2 & &
Sulph. of Morphia. 4 grains.
Tartar Emetic, 4 ( &
Chloroform, 1 drachm.
Essence of Spearmint, 10 drops.
Hot Water, 8 ounces.
Sugar, 14 & 6
The fluid extracts, tincture of tolu, chloro-
form, and essence of Spearmint must be mixed
with the sugar, in a bottle. Dissolve the mor-
phia and tartar emetic in the hot water, and
mix; when thoroughly dissolved, filter.
Doge.—For an adult, one tablespoonful.
Ayers' Sarsaparilla.
Fluid Ext. Sarsaparilla, 3 ounces.
& 6 “ Stillingia, 3 & 4
& & “ Yellow Dock, 2 & 6
& 4 “ May-apple, 2 & &
Sugar, 1 ounce.
Iodide of Potassium, 90 grains.
Iodide of Iron, 10 6 &
Mix them.
Rose Bandoline.
Gum Tragacanth, 1 ounce.
Soft Water, 50 ounces.
Alcohol, 8 ounces.
Oil of Rose, 10 drops.
Macerate the gum in the water until well dis-
solved ; strain, with pressure, through a cloth,
add the alcohol, having the oil of rose dissolved in
it, and mix well.
Stormont’s Disinfectant.
Sulphate of Iron (crushed) 10 pounds.
Carbolic Acid, (crude) 8 ounces.
Water, 10 gallons.
Mix. Useful in time of epidemics.
Inhalant.
Tincture of Iodine,
Aqua Ammonia,
Chloroform,
Perfume, q. S. to Suit.
Mix. Used in catarrh and headache.
Hellogg’s Red Drops.
4 drachms.
3 { %
1 drachm.
Spirit of Camphor, 2 ounces.
Spirit of Origanum, 3 ounce
Oil of Sassafras, # “
Oil of Turpentine, 3. “
Color Tincture, 4 ounces.
Mix them.
Injection Brou.
Distilled Water, 100.00 parts.
Sulphate of Zinc, 0.50 “
Acetate of Lead, 200.00 “
Tincture of Catechu, 200.00 “
Wine of Opium, 200.00 44
Mix them.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
159
Dr. Pierce’s Golden Medical Discovery.
Fluid Extract of Cinchona, 16 ounces.
& 6 “ Columbo, 4 & &
66 “ Guaiac, 8 6 &
& 6 “ Licorice, 4 66
Tincture of Opium, 1 ounce.
Podophyllin (resinoid), 120 grains.
Glycerin, 6 fl. pints.
Alcohol, Q. S.
Dissolve the podophyllin in the alcohol, and
add the rest of the ingredients. Mix them.
Dose.—A teaspoonful.
Dr Pierce’s Favorite Prescription.
Savin, 10 parts.
Agaric, 5 “
Cinnamon, 5 “
Peruvian Bark, 10 “
Make a decoction of water, 220 “
And add Gum Arabic, 10 “
Sugar, 5 “
Tincture of Digitalis, 2 “
Tincture of Opium, 2 “
Oil of Anise, 8 “
Dissolve in Alcohol, 45 “
Goe’s Dyspepsia, Cure.
Powdered Rhubarb, 2 drachms.
Fluid Extract of Gentian, 3 & 6
Peppermint Water, 7} ounces.
Bicarbonate of Sodium, 6 drachms.
Mix them.
Dose.—A teaspoonful half an hour before
meals.
Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral.
Syrup of Wild Cherry, 6 drachms.
Syrup of Squills, 8 & 6
Tincture of Blood Root, 2 © &
Sweet Spirits of Nitre, 2 6 &
Wine of Antimony, 8 66
Wine of Ipecac, 3 & 6
Syrup, 14 ounces.
Acetate of Morphia, 2 grains.
Spirit of Bitter Almonds, 1 drachm.
Mix.
Walker’s Vinegar Bitters.
Powdered Golden Seal, 1 ounce.
& 4 Aloes (cape), # “
Water, 16 ounces.
Bottle up, tie the cork down tightly. Ready
for use in ten days.
Hall’s Hair Renewer.
Precipitated Sulphur, 1 drachm.
Acetate of Lead, 1 & 6
Salt, common, 2 drachms.
Glycerine, 8 fl. ounces.
Bay Rum, 2 & 6
Jamaica. Rum, 4 66
Water, 16 66
Shake before using.
Tobias’ Derby Condition Powders.
Tartar Emetic, Powdered, 2 grams.
Crude Antimony, 20 & 6
Sulphur, 10 66
Saltpetre, 10 66
Foenugreek, powdered, 40 66
Juniper Berries, 20 66
Mix them.
Thompson’s Eye Water.
Sulphate of Copper, 10 grains.
Sulphate of Zinc, 40 & 6
Rose Water, 2 pints.
Tincture of Saffron, 4 drachms.
Tincture of Camphor, 4 & 6
Mix and filter.
Granular Effervescent Citrate of Magnesia.
Sulph. Magnesia, 5 ounces.
Bicarbonate of Soda, 6 “
Citric Acid, 5 “
Sugar, 5 “
Mix the above, all in powder, with sufficient
absolute alcohol to moisten the mass thoroughly;
pass through a No. 6 sieve, and separate the
portion which has not granulatad, by means of
a No. 20 sieve; dry the granules at a temper-
ature not above 60° Fr.
Dose.—One or two teaspoonfuls, dissolved in
Water. -
160
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PBACTICAL INFORMATION.
Granular Effervescent Vichy Salt.
Sugar, 4 ounces.
Citric Acid, 5 “
Bicarbonate of Soda, 7 “
Carbonate of Magnesia, 60 grains.
& 4 of Calcium, 74 "
Chlorate of Sodium, 128 “
Sulphate of Sodium, 128 “
Carbonate of Iron, 7 “
Mix, and observe preceding directions.
New Treatment for Vaginitis.
M. Terrillon proposes a method of treatment
which consists essentially in the introduction
into the vagina of the following ointment:
Ac. Tannic, 50 grams.
Amylum, 150 66
Ung. Petrolei, 150 “
Mix.
This ointment is placed in a sort of Specu-
lum, so arranged that the ointment can be
forced out as the instrument is withdrawn from
the vagina. If the vulvar opening is large a
small tampon of cotton may be introduced.
Generally from fifteen to twenty grams of the
unguent is sufficient at one application, and it
need not be repeated for seven or eight days.
Boils.
Boracic acid applied to boils before or after
incision, says an exchange, will promptly arrest
their development.
Pleis” Fit Powders.
Bromide of Potassium, 15 grains.
Powdered Gentian, 5 “
Mix. Make one powder.
Pills for Dyspepsia.
Diastase, 10 grains.
Pepsine, 50 “
Extract of Gentian, 50 “
Tartaric Acid, 50 “
Powdered Thubarb, 50 “
Gentian, sufficient. Divide into 3-grain pills.
Dose.—Two to three pills during meals, or
shortly before.
Quinidia Combination for Intermittents.
Reed recommends the following formula in the
treatment of intermittents:
Quinidiae Sulph., 80 grains.
Oleo-resinae capsici, 3 “
Morphae Sulph., 1 grain.
Syrupi, Q. S.
Mix. Dose.—One every three hours.
He says that if a cholagogue cathartic be
given at the start, and a full opiate (preferably
a hypodermic injection of morphia) an hour be-
fore the expected paroxysm, this combination
has been uniformly successful in his hands,
even in most obstinate cases of intermittents.
In cases of malarial cachexia, he finds that
many recover under the influence of sea air
Without any medication. When the latter is
necessary, he has seen excellent results from
Small doses of nux vomica, combined with the
sixteenth of a grain of podophyllin, or one-fourth
of a grain of blue pill, and repeat every four or
six hours.-Med. and Surg. Rept., Jan 10, 1880.
Hot Water for the Heart.
Dr. A. Paggi records the following observa-
tion: He states that in Paris he saw a case in
which, under the inhalation of chloroform, the
heart ceased to beat, and artificial respiration
for ten minutes failed to restore circulation,
when Dr. Labbe dipped a cloth in boiling
water and applied it in the region of the heart,
with the result of immediately restoring the
action of that organ.
Quinia, in the Treatment of Cholera, Infantum.
Dr. Otis T. Mason, of Richmond, says he has
not lost a case of this disease since employing
quinine in conjunction with calomel. Quinine
is given until full physiological effects are ob-
tained.
Hardy’s Ointment.
This ointment, used in France to prevent
falling off of the hair, is given as follows:
Beef Fat, 17 drachms.
Castor Oil, 6 drachms.
Gallic Acid, 30 grains.
Aniline, Q. S.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
161
Arsenical Treatment of Chorea.
M. Siredey, we read in the Revue de Therap.
Med. et Chirurg., has long had recourse to arsen-
ic in the treatment of rhematismal chorea, and
has had good results from this medication. He
uses the solution of Bondin:
Ac. Arsenious,
Aquae destill,
Mix. This is allowed to boil for about a
quarter of an hour, and is then ready for use.
The extreme dilution of the solution is favora-
ble for its use among children. For a child
from six to ten years of age, about one drachm
and a half may be given daily, in divided
doses, in sweetened water. In this way the
medicament is generally well tolerated.
gr. XV.
oij.
Dr. Sottmann, of the Breslan Clinic, con-
stantly prescribes the following solution in
chorea :
Liquor Fowlere, m iv.
Aquae, 3 ij.
Mix. This quantity to be taken in divided
doses daily. He generally obtains a complete
cure in from 16 to 21 days.
Cutaneous Eruptions.
Chlorate Hydrate, 2 drachms.
Glycerine, 1 ounce.
Aqua, 5 ounces.
Mix. Moisten the parts affected with this
Solution three or four times a day.
Goute
Sulp. of Quinine, 2 grains.
Ext. Colchici Acet., 3 grain.
Ext. Conii, 8 grains.
Make pill. To be given three times a day.
Amenorrhea.
Ammoniated Tinc. Guaiacum, 1 ounce.
Balsam Copaiba, # fl ounce.
Dose.—Teaspoonful three times a day.
Chronic Bronchitis.
*
Morphie Hydrochlor., 4 grains.
Pil Scillae Co., 48 grains.
Maº, 12 pills; one to be taken at bed time.
Erysipelas.
(Local Application.)
Campbor, 15 grains.
Tannin, 15 grains.
Sulph. Ether, 2 drachms.
Apply every three hours.
Hemorrhage.
Gallic Acid, 2 drachms.
Sulph. Acid Arom., 2 drachms.
Tinct. of Cinnamon, 2 ounces.
Water, 2 ounces.
Dose.—Teaspoonful mixed in a wine glass of
water every four hours.
Dysmenorrhea.
Camphor, 1} drachms.
Ext. Belladonna, 15 grains.
Sulph. Quinine, 15 grains.
Pulv Acacia, q. S. to make 30 pills.
Dose—Take one every four hours until
relieved, with the following ointment applied
on the lower part of the abdomen.
Dysentery.
Pulv. Ipecac, 1} drachms.
Fluid Ex. Gelseminum, 12 drops.
Hydrarg. Chl. Mite, 10 grains.
Sulph. Morphia, 1} & ©
Mix. Divide into twelve waters.
Dose.—Give one every two hours.
Mixture of Sulphate of Cinchonia.
Sulphate of Cinchonia, 12 grains.
Dilute Sulphuric Acid, 25 minims.
Peppermint Water to make 1 fluid ounce.
Dose.—One to four teaspoonfuls.
Compound Ether Mixture.
Hoffman's Anodyne, 2} drachms.
Tincture of Lobelia, # drachm.
Camphor Water, 5 drachms.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
Acid Gentian Mixture.
Dilute Nitro Muriatic Acid, 1 drachm.
Compound Infusion Gentian, q. s. -
to make 1 ounce.
Dose.—Two teaspoonfuls.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
German Corn Cure.
Salicylic Acid, 1 ounce.
Ext. Cannabis Indica. 3 ounce.
Collodion, 8 ounces.
Mix.
To be applied two or three times a week.
In Acute Shock of Syncope.
Am. Carbonat, 10 grains.
Sp. Chloroformi, # drachm.
Aquae, ad., 1 ounce.
Sig.—At a draught.
Night Sweats.
Acid Sulphurici, 2} drachms.
Tinct. Opii, 1 drachm.
Syrupi Aurantii, 1 ounce.
Aquae, ad., 7 ounces.
Sig.—Two tablespoonfuls three times a day.
The above prescription is also very useful
in summer diarrhea, and as a prophylactic
against painter's colic.
Acid Mixture of Iron-
Sulphate of Iron, 2 grains.
Sulphate of Magnesium, 1} drachms.
Dilute Sulphuric Acid, 15 minims.
Infusion Quassia, q. S to make 1 ounce.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Mixture of Acetate of Iron-
Tincture Cloride of IrCºn, 20 minims.
Dilute Acetic Acid, 20 minims.
Solution Acetate Am, q. S. to make 1 ounce.
Dose.—Two to four teaspoonfuls.
Aperient Iron Mixture.
Sulphate of Iron, 2 grains.
Sulphate Magnesium, 2 drachms.
Water, 1 ounce.
Dose.—One tablespoonful.
Hope’s Camphor Mixture.
Acidi Nitrosi, 1 drachm.
Tinct. Opii, 40 drops.
Aquae Camph., 8 ounces.
Mix.
Dose.—For diarrhea or dysentery, one or two
tablespoonfuls every two to four hours.
Pills for Constipation.
Quiniae Sulphatis, 15 grains.
Piperinae, 15 grains.
Hydrarg. Submuriat, 12 grains.
Ext. Nucis Womic, 4 grains.
Pills No. 30.
One pill morning and evening.
Treatment of Dysentery.
Decocti Cinchonae, 6 fl. ounces.
Potass. Chloratis, # ounce.
All to be taken in the course of twenty-four
hours.
Blue Ointment for Ring-Worm.
Adipis, 6 drachms.
Glycerinae, 2 fl. drachms.
Sodii Carbonat, 1 drachm.
Calcis Pulv.,
Carbo, Lig. Pulv.,
# drachm.
1} drachms.
Before applying this Salve, remove scabs by
using starch poultices. Treatment should be
kept up two or three months, in cases of tinea
tonsurants.
Treatment of Laryngeal Phthisis.
Pencil the ulcerated surfaces with the follow-
ing mixture:
Glycerine, 1 to 2 ounces.
Alcohol, 5 to 8 drachms.
Creasoti, 15 drops.
Rheumatic Mixture.
Sulphate of Quinia, 30 grains.
Iodide of Potassium, 15 “
Dilute Sulphuric Acid, 15 drops.
Distilled Water, 4 ounces.
Simple Syrup, 1 drachm.
Mix.
Dose.—A teaspoonful every two hours.
Sweet Quinine Mixture for Children.
Sulphate of Quinia, 15 grains.
Cold Infusion of Coffee, 3 ounces.
Syrup of Chloroform, 12 drachms.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 163
Syrup of Chloroform.
Chloroform, 20 drops.
Alcohol, 90 minims.
Simple Syrup, 3 ounces.
Mix the chloroform and the alcohol, and to
the solution add the simple syrup. A good
addition to bitter mixtures and drops.
Fever Syrup for Poor People.
Quinoidine, 30 grains.
Citric Acid, 05 “
Alcohol, 100 “
Syrup of Coffee, 24 ounces.
Dissolve the acid and the alkaloid in the alco-
hol, and add the syrup in the solution.
Treatment of Eczema.
In chronic eczema, especially in infants, and
in eczema of the face, Dr. Lassar recommends
an ointment. The formula for an ointment in
eczema of the face, which cannot be rubbed
off during sleep, is:
Salicylic Acid, 3ss; 2.00 gm.
Oxide of Zinc, 3Viss : 2
Starch, aa 3v.jss; 25.00 gm.
Waseline, 3xiij; 50.00 gm.
Diarrhea.
In certain cases of diarrhea characterized by
a want of intestinal tonicity, A. W. Hagenbach,
M. D., has used the following with marked
SUlCCéSS :
Olei Terebinth, fl. 3ij; 8.00 fl. gm.
Tinct. Opii, fl. 3iij; 12.00 fl. gm.
Syrup Kramaria, fl. 3ij; 60.00 fl. gm.
Aqua Purae, ad., fl. 3iv ; 120.00 fl. gm.
Mix. Emulsif.
Dose.—A teaspoonful every three or four hours.
In some cases he adds from eight to fifteen
grains of chloral to the prescription. He has
generally found that anaemic children, and those
of hereditary nervous disposition, bear this form
of medication well.
To Remove Foreign Bodies on the Conjunctiva
Beneath Upper Lid.
In the first place, the patient, so far as pos-
sible, should be in a comfortable position. He
may be seated in a chair with the head well
supported. With a foreign body in the con-
junctival sac the patient is in distress, and his
eyeball is not entirely under his control. He
is not as able to respond to your requests as
to where he should look as though it were not
there. Get the head, therefore, properly sup-
ported, and then with the thumb press the in-
tegument of the lid against the eyebrow, so as
to put it upon the stretch, and tell the patient
to look down—not to turn the head down, but
to turn the eye down. Then catch the eyelashes
and edge of the lid with the fingers of the other
hand and turn the lid quickly over the thumb;
in the meantime the patient looks down. Then
remove the foreign body with the handkerchief,
and do not throw it away. Show it to the
patient, and be sure that he or she recognizes,
it—and why? The little shallow depression
which that foreign body made in the conjunc-
tiva will give a sensation of discomfort, and
Sometimes, not always, give rise to the same
symptoms that existed before the foreign body
was removed. It is well, under such circum-
stances, to have the proof of what you have
done, lest the patient say, “He said he took it
out, but I know it is in there yet.”
Colicky Babies.
Potossi Bromidi, 1 drachm.
Ol. Anisi, 1 drop.
Mucil. Acacia, 2 ounces.
Glycerini, 2 ounces.
Aquae, # ounce.
Mix.
Of which a teaspoonful may be given when
the colic comes on. We may order it without
fear, knowing that it is perfectly safe and can
do no mischief, which cannot be said of the
Various soothing combinations and carminatives
in common use in the nursery which usually
contain laudanum or morphia.
Treatment of Infantile Diarrhea.
This is the chief disease of infants, and the
hygiene is more necessary very often than the
medicines employed. Among infants at the
164
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
breast, the cause of diarrhea is as often the
fault of the nursing mother as of the infant.
The abuse of baths is a prime cause, being
often more injurious than beneficial, from being
too prolonged, instead of a single washing of
the body.
As to dentition Dr. Simon attributes great
influence, though denied by many authors. In
the simple cases, after ascertaining the cause,
if possible, stop everything but the milk and
give a spoonful of coffee with a little alkaline
water. A tepid bath should be given each day
and a starch injection; every day at each
meal give a portion of the following powder:
Calcined Magnesia, 10 grammes.
Prepared Cream, 2 & 4
Sub. Nitrate of Bismuth, 2 & &
At last apply warm formentations to the
bowels.
If the diarrhea continues and becomes
catarrhal, i. e., accompanied with a consider-
able secretion and intermitting fever, it is bet-
ter to give a vomit and afterwards a portion
of submitrate of bismuth, 4 grammes with one
drop of laudanum, to an infant under one year
of age.
At the advanced stage the diarrhea becomes
sympathetic of enteritis. This is distinguished
by the passages, which are green, acid and
extremely irritating. The fever is persistent
and the countenance indicates suffering, a sign
very significant of unfavorable results.
It is now necessary to give laudanum, the
true treatment of enteritis, with sub-nitrate of
bismuth, a drop of the former to 60 grains of
the latter, to each year of age. Paregoric can
be used in the place of laudanum, 5 drops for 1
of laudanum. It Ought not to be forgotten
to continue the laudanum after the pas-
sages are checked, but in diminished doses.
If vomiting should occur, prepared chalk and
lime water should be given, and a small blister
applied over the epigastric region, using the
necessary precautions.
In enteritis it is often observed that mem-
branous fragments are expelled, with violent
colic, and in these cases the injections should
be frequent and cathartics used. It is neces-
sary to keep up this treatment, with soda
water and food Without grease and easy of
digestion.
Chronic enteritis is extremely difficult to
treat; opiates and astringents should be used
and afterwards revulsives, as tr. iodine, croton
oil, and vesicatories.
The treatment of diarrhea is of great import-
ance, because it may be but the beginning of
choleraic diarrhea. In these cases the danger
is eminent. In these cases give a spoonful of
coffee and Malaga wine, and coffee and brandy.
If possible, a wine bath should be given; this
stimulates the functions of the skin, and should
Only last five minutes.
NoTE.—A gramme is 15 grains.
Eye Waters.
Laudanum, 1 drachm.
Tincture of Saffron, 1 drachm.
Decoction of Flax Seed, 2 ounces.
Mix. Apply often.
Astringent Collyria.
Sulph. of Zinc, 1 drachm.
Rose Water, 250 drachms.
Alcohol, 8 drachms.
In chronic inflammation.
Dry Collyria.
White Sugar, 2 drachms.
Red Oxide of Mercury, 10 grains.
Prepared Impure Oxide of Zinc, 20 grains.
Mix.
Night Sweating.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna,
Whisky or Brandy,
Sponge the body on going to bed.
1 ounce.
6 ounce.
Palpitation of the Heart.
Tincture of Belladonna, 20 drops.
Tincture Nux Womica, 10 drops.
Camphor Water, 1 ounce.
Dose.—Teaspoonful four times a day.
Gastralgia.
Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, 1 ounce.
Dose.--Five drops three times a day.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
165
Cough Mixture.
Syr. Prunus Wirg., 1 ounce.
Syr. Scillae, 1 ounce.
Syr. Tolu, 1 ounce.
Sulphuric Ether, # ounce.
Dose.—Teaspoonful every three or four hours,
when cough is troublesome.
A Remedy for Poisoning by Ground Oak.
Olive Oil, 1 ounce.
Carbolic Acid, 15 drops.
Ammonia Aqua, 10 drops.
Dose.—Apply to the affected parts.
To Disguise the Taste of Cod liver Oil.
Sweeten common vinegar with honey; take a
small sip and then take the oil, the taste of
which will be perfectly and pleasantly disguised.
A Cure for Bone Felons, Carbuncles and Boils.
When a bone felon first begins to appear,
use the following:
Strong Tincture of Iodine, 3 drachms.
Tincture of Aconite, 2 6 &
Tincture of Arnica, 2 66
Tincture of Cantharides, 2 & ©
Mix. Apply by wetting a cloth in this mix-
ture, and keep it wet and apply until the pain
Cea,SeSe
Toothache.
Creosote, 2 drachms.
Chloroform, 2 & 4
Sydenham's Laudanum, 4 © &
Tincture of Benzoin, 1 ounce.
Apply on a little cotton.
Cholera,
Laudanum, 2 ounces.
Spirits of Camphor, 2 ounces.
Tincture of Capsicum, # ounce.
Tincture of Ginger, 1 ounce.
Essence of Peppermint, 2 ounces.
Hoffman's Anodyne, 2 ounces.
Dose.—Teaspoonful every thirty minutes till
relieved.
Cholera Morbus.
Magnesiae ust, 1 drachm.
Morphia’, 1 grain.
Pil. Hydrarg., 8 grains.
Divide into four powders, and give one every
half hour until relieved.
Colic or Cholera.
Chloroform, 3 drachms.
Tincture of Camphor, 1 ounce.
Tannic Acid, # ounce.
Sulph. Morphia,
Dose.—Teaspoonful in water and Syrup.
1} grains.
Constipation.
Mass. Hyd. Pil., 2 scruples.
Bicarbonate of Soda, 1 drachm.
Spts. Lavender Comp. 1 & 6
Fluid Ext. Black Snake Root, 1 & 6
Aqua Mentha Pip., 2 ounces.
Neutralizing Cordial, 1 ounce.
Dose.—Tablespoonful three times a day.
Gleet.
Tincture Chlo. Ferri, 1 ounce.
Tincture Cantharides, 1 ounce.
Creosote, 2 drachms.
Dose.—Forty-five drops three times a day in
half a cupful of Sweetened water.
Sciatica.
Colorless Tinc. Iodine, 1} ounces.
Tincture Aconite, 1 drachm.
Sulph. Morphia, 20 grains.
Apply twice a day the track of the
Iſler V6,
Gonorrhea.
Pulv. Catechu, 120 grains.
Alum, 60 “
Pulv. Opium, 20 “
Dose.-Make fifty pills, and take one or two
during the day.
166
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Neuralgia, or Sick Headache.
Muriate of Ammonia, 1 drachm.
Sulph. Morphia, 1 grain.
Aqua Camphor, 4 ounces.
Aqua, 3 ounces.
Dose.—Teaspoonful every ten minutes.
Dyspepsia.
When there is constipation, the following
mixture will be found useful:
Pulv. Rhei, 1 drachm.
Soda Bicarb., 1} drachms.
Ol. Menth. Vir., 4 drops.
Aqua, 4 ounces.
Dose.—Tablespoonful before meals.
Puerperal Fever.
In cases of puerperal fever, give the follow-
ing mixture:
Sulph. Quinine, 2 grains.
Tinct. Chloride of Iron, 10 drops.
Spts. of Chloroform, 10 drops.
Simple Syrup, # drachm.
Aqua Distil., 1 ounce.
To be taken every three or four hours.
Rheumatism.
Win. Colchicum, # ounce.
Pulv. Nit. Potass., 1} drachms.
Syrup of Morphia, 1 ounce.
Syrup af Tolu, 3 ounces.
Dose.—Teaspoonful every five hours.
Measles.
Pulv. Ipecac, 10 grains.
& & Opium, 4 6 &
“ Licorice, 2 drachms.
“ Chlo. Potass., 2 & 6
“ Squills, 2 66
“ Prunus Wirg., 2 6 &
Doge.—Teaspoonful to a cup of Warm Water
every two hours.
Neutralizing Cordial.
Fluid Ext. Rhubarb, 1 ounce.
Carb. Soda, 1 ounce.
Essence Peppermint, 1} ounces.
Simple Syrup, 1 pint.
Dose.—One teaspoonful.
Cough Syrup.
Muriate of Ammonia, 2 drachms.
Tartar Emetic, 4 grains.
Dissolve in water and add
Syrup of Licorice, 4 ounces.
Dose.—Teaspoonful every three hours.
Catarrh Remedy.
Carbolic Acid, 3 drachms.
Alcohol, 15 “
Strong Solution of Ammonia, 5 66
Distilled Water, 10 66
Place a few drops upon filter paper in the
palm of the hand. Close the eyes and inhale
deeply from it as long as any Smell remains.
Reep the mixture in dark glass bottles.
Vomiting in Pregnancy.
2 drachms.
8 ounces.
Bromide of Potass.,
Aqua Cinnamon,
Dose.—Dessertspoonful after meals.
Sore Throat.
Sulph. of Zinc, 2 drachms.
Pulv. Chlo. Potass., 2 drachms.
Strong Sage Tea, # pint.
Gargle frequently.
Ulceration of the Bowels.
Syrup of Acacia, 2 ounces.
Submitrate of Bismuth, 2 drachms.
Tincture of Opium, 2 6 &
Oil of Turpentine, 1} & ©
Aqua Mentha Pip., 2 ounces.
Dose.—Teaspoonful every two to six hours.
AN ENOYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
167
In Diarrhea.
Tinct. of Opium, 30 drops.
Prepared Chalk, 2 drachms.
Powdered Gum Arabic, 4 6 &
Tincture of Catechu, 2 & 6
Rose Water, 2 ounces.
Dose.—Tablespoonful three times a day.
Scrofulous Ophthalmia.
Red Oxide of Mercury, 1 drachm.
Sulphate of Zinc, 2 drachms.
Fresh Lard, 12 ounces.
Rub well together, and apply to the edges of
the eye lids.
Chorea.
Sulph. Strychnia, 1 grain.
Sulph. Quinine, 1 drachm.
Acid Phosphoric, dil., 1 ounce.
Aqua Mentha Wirid, 4 ounces.
Tinc. Cardamom Comp., 1 ounce.
Dose.—Teaspoonful three times a day.
Enlarged Spleen.
Pulv. Jalap, 2 drachms.
“ Rhei, 2 © &
“ Ginger, 2 66
“ Cream Tartar, 2 66
Sulph. of Ferri, 10 grains.
Ess. Peppermint, 4 drachms.
Aqua, 15 ounces.
Dose.—Teaspoonful four times a day.
Collyria.
Liquoris Plumbi Acetatis, 12 drops.
Wini Opii, 40 drops.
Aqua Rosae, 4 ounces.
Mix. Apply to weak eyes.
Gonorrhea.
Hydrarg. Muriatis, 2 grains.
Aquae Distillatae, 8 ounces.
Dose.—Apply two or three times a day in
gomorrhoeal or Scrofulous ophthalmia.
Dry Collyrium of Sugar.
White Sugar, 10 grains.
Oxide Zinci, 10 grains.
Powder very fine.
Inflammation.
Radicis Althae Officinaeis, 2 ounces.
Aqua Distillatae, 16 ounces.
Infuse for three hours
strain.
Useful in inflammation accompanied with
much irritation.
near the fire and
Anodyne Collyrium.
Colchici Autumnalis, 1 ounce.
Aquae Lini Bullientis, 4 ounces.
Tinct. Opii, 1 drachm.
Mix.
Useful in severe ophthalmia, where there is
great sensibility.
Whooping Cough.
Acidi Hydrocyanici Dilutum, Gitt., 25
Wini Ipecacuanhãº, 2 fl. drs.
Syr. Tolutan, 1 ounce.
Aqua Distillatae, 8 ounces.
Mix.
Dose.—Teaspoonful three or four times a day.
If the breathing is oppressed, or the symp-
toms present indicate the existance of bron-
chial inflammation, the administration of the
sedative should be preceded by the exhibition
of an emetic, and perhaps by the application
of a few leeches to the chest.
Neuralgia.
Extract Hyoscyami, # drachm.
Morphiæ Sulphatis, 8 grains.
Strychnae, 8 grains.
Pulv. Capsici, # drachm.
Zimci Sulphatis, 15 grains.
Mix. Make a mass and divide into 30 pills.
Dose.—One every three or four times a day.
In neuralgia the above pill has proved
especially valuable in facial neuralgia, or in cases
where the disease has been caused by malaria.
163
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Ferrated Cod-Liver Oil.
Sulph. of Iron, precipitated by Alcohol, 2 parts.
Solution of soda, sp. gr. 1.18, 3.5 “
Water, 10 “
Cod-Liver Oil, 100 “
Add the soda solution to the cod-liver oil,
mix them intimately, warm the mixture on a
Water-Wath (original does not state exact tem-
perature), and then add the sulphate of iron,
dissolved in ten parts of water. Now pass a
brisk current of air for some time through the
mixture, which will cause the temperature to
rise to 85°-95° C. Keep up the current of air
and the same temperature continuously until
the compound is formed, during which time
the mixture will foam considerably, for which
reason the vessel containing it should be only
half filled. The time required for finishing the
preparation depends partly upon the quantity
of air, partly upon the bulk of the oil.
During the process, the iron is first converted
into hydrated ferrous oxide, which is changed
to ferric oxide by the oxygen of the air. The
ferric oxide, in statu nascente, combines with
the fatty acids to a soluble salt. The other
step of the process, namely, the decomposition
of the cod-liver oil, goes hand and hand with
the former, one being dependent upon the lat-
ter. In this manner, a preparation is obtained
which becomes perfectly clear on standing, has
a dark garnet red color, and contains about
0.25 per cent. of iron. It cannot be said to
have an agreeable odor or taste, which appear
to be the more disagreeable the lower the per-
centage of iron. A more palatable mixture is
obtained by adding two parts of pure cod-
liver oil to three parts of the ferrated. The
resulting mixture contains then, about 0.15 per
cent. of iron, which quantity will probably be
satisfactory to most physicians.
Cellular Dropsy.
Extracti Conii, 1 drachm.
Cantharadis Pulv., 40 grains.
Hydrarg. Submur, 30 “
Ipecacuanhae Pulv., 20 “
Mix. Make a mass and divide into 40 pills.
Dose.—One, three or four times a day.
Gastralgia.
Tinct. Opii, 3 drachms.
Tinct. Capsici, 8 & ©
Ether Sulph., 8 & 6
Tinct. Camphor, 8 & 6
Chloroform, 1 drachm.
Mix.
Dose.-Teaspoonful as may be required.
Mouth Washes.
The following are well recemmended:
Violet Mouth-Wash.
Tincture of Orris, # pint.
Oil of Rose, 60 drops.
Oil of Bitter Almonds, 5 drops.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Mix.
Eau Botote
Tincture of Myrrh, + pint.
“ Krameria, # “
“ Cedar Wood, (1 : 5,) 1. “
Oil of Rose, 10 drops.
Oil of Peppermint, 15 drops.
Mix.
Botanic Styptic.
Myrrh, 2 ounces.
Krameria, 2 & 6
Cloves, 2 & 6
Alcohol, 50 per cent., 2 pints.
Macerate fourteen days, and strain.
Tincture of Myrrh and Borax.
Borax, 1 ounce.
Honey, 1 “
Myrrh, 1 tº
Red Saunders, 1 tº
Alcohol, 50 per cent., 2 pints.
Triturate the honey and borax together in
a mortar, then gradually add the alcohol, the
myrrh and red Saunders, and macerate for four-
teen days.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
169
Almond Meal.
The following formula is recommended for
this useful cosmetic :
Almond meal, in fine powder, pre-
pared from blanched bitter almonds,
after the oil has been extracted, 6 ounces.
Orris Root, in fine powder, 4 “
Wheat Flour, 4 “
White Castile Soap, in fine powder, 1 ounce.
Borax, in fine powder, 1 “
Oil of Bitter Almonds, 10 drops.
Oil of Bergamot, 2 drachms.
Tincture of Musk, 1 drachm.
Mix thoroughly, and pass the mixture through
a fine sieve.
Kuznmerfeld’s Lotion,
This is intended as an emollient application
to the skin, particularly of the face. Its com-
position is the following:
Sublimed Sulphur, 2 parts.
Glycerin, 2 parts.
Triturate them together
thoroughly mixed; then add
until they are
Glycerin, 10 parts.
Spirit of Camphor (1 : 10), 4 “
Spirit of Lavender, 10 “
Cologne, 10 **
Distilled Water, 120 “
When wanted for use it should be well
shaken up.
Rheumatisms
(Kilner.)
Fluid Extract Prickly Ash, 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract Poke Root, 2 ounces.
Acetate of Potassa, # ounce.
Tinc. Guaiac Aro., 2 ounces.
Iodide of Potass., # ounce.
Win. Colc. Seed, # ounce.
Tinc. Werbena, 4 ounces.
Sul. Morphia, 10 grains.
Simple Syrup, 4 ounces.
Fluid Ex. Black Cohosh, 2 ounces.
Dose.—TableSpoonful three times a day for
adult.
Diarrhea.
Chlorate of Potassa., 3 grains.
Tincture of Camphor, 10 drops.
Brandy, 1 ounce.
Syrup of Ginger, # ounce.
Ex. of Nux Womica, 2 drops.
Mix.
Take at a dose.
Spirits of Orange.
1 ounce.
15 ounces.
Oil of Sweet Orange,
Alcohol,
Mix and filter.
Solution of Pepsin, or Liquid Pepsin.
Take any good Pepsin, free from
Lactic or Hydrochloric Acid, 256 grains.
Muriatic Acid, c. p., 1 drachm.
Orange Flower Water, 14 ounces.
Glycerine, 2 ounces.
Dissolve the pepsin in the acid, then add
orange water; let stand twenty-four hours.
Filter.
Camphor Chloral.
Powdered Camphor,
Chloral Hydrate,
Rub together until dissolved. The above will
make a liquid of the consistency of glycerine
and is very useful in neuralgia and tooth-ache.
} equal parts.
Bromidia.
Bromide of Potass., 4 ounces.
Chloral Hydrate, 4 ounces.
Solid Extract Hyoscyamus, 16 grains.
Solid Ext. Cannabis Indica, 16 grains.
Alcohol, 2 ounces.
Soft Water to make 1 pint.
Rub the extract with the alcohol till dis-
solved. Rub the salts to a powder, and mix
the solution with the extracts. Add the hot
water. Triturate till dissolved, and filter,
170 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Koumise
Fresh Milk, 1 gallon.
Brewers' Yeast, 1 ounce.
White Sugar, 8 ounces.
Mix, and allow to stand from ten to fifteen'
hours, according to temperature, stirring occa-
sionally; then strain, bottle, cork well, and tie
down. It should now be kept at a temperature
of 70°, or under, or the bottle may burst. The
amount of yeast required will depend on the
strength of the yeast, and the temperature; too
much yeast will make it bitter.
Koumis is a popular and healthful drink; age
is said to increase its nutritive properties, but the
fresh made is more pleasant to the taste. The
above formula will, with a little practice, furnish
an article equal to the best.
Cholera, Infantum,
(Kilner.)
Creosote, 3 drops.
Chalk Mixture, 1} ounces.
Acetate of Lead, 15 grains.
Acacia, # ounce.
Mix. Form in emulsion.
Dose.—Half a teaspoonful every three hours.
with the following:
Calomel. 10 grains.
Bismuth Sub. Nit., 20 grains.
Powdered Opium, 1 grain.
Pepsin, 20 grains.
Dose.—Give as often as needed to act on the
bowels.
Blacking for Harness.
Treacle, # pound.
Lampblack, 1 ounce.
Yeast, 1 teaspoonful.
Sugar Candy, 1 ounce.
Olive Oil, 1 6 &
Gum Tragacanth, 1 & 6
Isinglass, 1 66
Cows' Galls, 1 & 6
Mix all together with two pints of stale beer,
and let it stand before the fire one hour.
Paste for Harness.
Put into a pipkin black resin, two ounces,
place on a gentle fire, and when melted, add
beeswax, three ounces. When this is melted
remove from the fire, and stir in one-half
ounce fine lampblack, and one-half drachm
Prussian blue, finely powdered. When com-
pletely mixed, add spirits of turpentine to form
a thin paste, and let it cool. To be applied
like blacking.
Ague Mixture for Children.
Oxide of Arsenic, 1 grain.
Sugar of Milk, 99 grains.
Dose.—For a child two years old give two
grains. For a child five years old give four to six
grains.
Ague Medicine for Adults.
Sulphate of Quinia, 1 drachm.
Liquor Oxysulphate of Iron, 2 drachms.
Sul. Potas. Arsenious, 2 drachms.
Water, 4 ounces.
Dose.—One teaspoonful four times a day.
Liquid Asphaltum.
Asphaltum, 4 parts.
Gum Turpentine, 1 part.
Melt, then add
Spirits of Turpentine, 7 parts.
Waterproof Varnish for Boots.
Linseed Oil, 8 parts.
Boiled Oil, 10 “
Suet, 8 “
Beeswax, 8 “ “s.
Mix with heat, and apply hot.
To Detect Sulphuric Acid in Vinegar.
If into pure vinegar starch is introduced
then the adding of a minute portion of Iodine
will change its color to a blue tint, but if sul-
phuric acid is present no such reaction will
take place, for the resultant of starch in its
presence is glucose, a substance not affected by
iodine.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
171
Ridgewood’s Disinfectant.
In 100 parts, use of carbolic acid 5 to 8 per
cent. ; lime from magnesia limestone, 5 per
cent. ; Fuller's earth, 70 to 80 per cent., with
a little sulphate of potash and sulphate of
Soda.
To Remove Ink From Paper.
Wash alternately with a camel's hair brush
dipped in a solution of Oxalic acid and cya-
nide of potassium.
Goadsby’s Solution.
(For ordinary use in preserving specimens.)
Alum, 1 ounce.
Bay Salt, 2 ounces.
Corrosive Sublimate, 1 grain.
Water, 1 pint.
In very tender tissues, or where there is a
tendency to mouldiness, use 2 grains of corro-
sive sublimate.
Barnett’s Solution
Is made by adding scrap zinc to muriatic
acid so long as any gas (hydrogen) is evolved.
It is largely used in the preservation of tim-
ber, and in embalming of dead bodies by throw-
ing it into the aorta.
Nursing Sore Mouth.
Chlorate Potass., 2 drachms.
Boiling Water, 10 ounces.
Muriatic Acid, 40 drops.
Creosote, 10 drops.
Alcohol, # pint.
Dose.—Use as a gargle.
Burns.
Iodoform, 2 drachms.
Simple Cerate, 1 ounce.
Ex. Conium, # drachm.
Carbolic Acid, 10 drops.
Mix. Apply twice a day on soft linen with
oil silk.
Chronic Constipation.
Podophyllin, # grain.
Ex. Belladonna, # “
Ex. Nux Womica, 3. “
Aloes, # “
Oil Cajeput, 2 drops.
Make one pill.
Take one three or four times a day.
Wright's Pearl Ointment.
White Precipitate, 8 ounces.
Goulard's Extract, 1 pint.
White Wax, 7 pounds.
Olive Oil, 10 pounds.
Rub the Goulard's extract and the white
precipitate to a cream, then add the white
wax and olive oil previously melted together
by a gentle heat. Stir till the ointment is
nearly cold.
Waterproof Cement.
Soak pure glue in water until it is soft, then
dissolve it in the smallest possible amount of
proof spirits by the aid of gentle heat. In two
ounces of this mixture dissolve ten grains of
gum ammoniac and while still liquid, add
half a drachm of mastic dissolved in three
drachms of rectified spirits. Stir well and for
use keep the cement liquified in a covered ves-
sel over a hot water bath.
Japanese Cement.
Mix the best powdered rice with a little cold
water, then gradually add boiling water until
a proper consistency is acquired. Keep it well
stirred all the time. Lastly boil it for one
minute in a clean sauce pan. It is well adapted
for light paper work.
Cement for Closing Cracks in Stoves.
This cement is prepared by mixing finely
pulverized iron, such as can be procured at the
druggists, with liquid water glass, to a thick
paste, and then coating the cracks with it. The
hotter the fire becomes, the more does the
cement melt and combine with its metalic
ingredients and the more completely will the
crack become closed.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Transparent Glue.
Proceed as in waterproof cement using Isin-
glass for glue.
Young's Aperient Drink.
2} drachms.
3 drachms.
8 ounces.
Carbonate of Soda (crystals),
Bitartrate of potassa, “
Cold Water,
Throw the carbonate of soda and the potassa
into a soda water bottle containing the Water;
cork and keep it inverted till used.
Hair Restorer.
Sulph. Precip.,
Pulv. Cassiae, 8 grains.
Glycerine, 1} ounces by weight.
Plumb. Acet. Cryst., 41 grains.
Aqua Distill., 2} ounces.
Aromatized with a perfume containing nitro-
benzol. The sugar of lead and the Sulphur are
first rubbed together, then the cassia and the
water and the glycerine.
26 grains.
Solution of Copaiba.
Copaiba, 14 pounds.
Magnesia, 12 Ounces.
Alcohol, 1 quart.
Nitrous Ether, 2 ounces.
Triturate together copaiba and magnesia,
then add the alcohol, filter, and lastly add the
nitrous ether.
Waterproof Cement.
Shellac,
Borax,
4 ounces.
1 ounce.
Boil in a little water until dissolved, and
concentrate by heat to a paste.
Rubber Cement.
Caoutchouc, cut in fine shreds, dissolved
with four volumes of Naphtha in a covered ves-
sel, which should be left for several days.
Naphtha should not be used in-doors.
4-Y-vº-º-º:
Cement for Hard Rubber.
Fuse together equal parts of gutta percha
and genuine asphaltum.
Apply hot to the joint, closing the latter
immediately with pressure.
Cement to Resist Petroleum.
A cement peculiarly adapted to stand Petro.
leum, or any of its distillates, is made by boil-
ing three parts of resin with one of caustic
Soda and five of water. This forms a resin
Soap, which is afterwards mixed with half its
Weight of plaster paris, zinc white, white lead
or precipitated chalk. The plaster hardens in
about forty minutes.
Simple and Useful Cement.
Alum and plaster Paris, well mixed in water
and used in the liquid state, form a hard com-
position and also a useful cement.
To Mend Crockery Ware.
Take lime and the white of an egg. To use
it, take a sufficient quantity of the egg to
mend one article at a time; shave off a quan-
tity of lime and mix thoroughly. Apply quickly
to the edges and place firmly together, when it
will very soon become set and strong. Mix
but a small quantity, as it hardens soon.
Marine Glue.
Caoutchouc, 1 ounce.
Asphaltum (true), 2 ounces.
Benzole, Q. S.
The caoutchouc is first dissolved by diges-
tion and occasional agitation; then the Asphal-
tum is gradually added.
This solution should have about the con-
sistency of molasses.
Cement for Paper or Rubber Goods.
Fuse together equal parts of pitch and gutta
percha, and to this add about two parts of lin-
seed oil, containing five parts of litharge; con-
tinue the heat until the ingredients are
uniformly commingled. Apply warm.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTIOAL INFORMATION.
173
sºlº.º. º ºsº
Cement for Iron,
The following cement is recommended for
repairing damaged places in cast iron tanks,
cisterns, etc. : Five parts brimstone, 2 parts
black lead and two parts of cast iron filings,
previously sifted, are melted together, taking
care that the brimstone does not catch fire.
The damaged place, perfectly dry, is well
heated by laying a piece of red hot iron upon
it, and is then stopped with the cement pre-
viously heated in a melting ladle till it becomes
soft.
Cement for Repairing Glass.
Dissolve fine glue in strong acetic acid to
form a thin paste.
Cement for Metals, Leather, Rubber or Cloth.
Fuse together equal parts of gutta percha
and pitch. Use hot.
Patent Castor Oil.
Glycerine, 2 ounces.
Castor Oil, 2 ounces.
Oil Cinnamon, 1 drachm.
Mix.
This compound will be found as sweet as
honey and palatable for children.
Palatable Cod-Liver Oil.
Take four fresh eggs and pour over them
sufficient lemon juice to cover them, let them
remain for twenty-four hours, then pass the
whole through a strainer, then add equal parts
of cod-liver oil, glycerine, brandy and a few
drops of oil of Wintergreen. This combination
will keep a month in Summer. It is a valu-
able agent in consumption. Taken in usual quan-
tities.
Fly-Paper Poison.
Chloride of Cobalt, 6 drachms.
Brown Sugar, 1% ounces.
Boiling Water, 1 pint.
Dissolve Sugar and cobalt in water; saturate
porous paper in the Solution.
Incense Powder.
Ground Gum Benzoin, 4 pound.
Ground Cascarilla Bark, 3. “
Ground Sandalwood, # “
Powd. Nitrate of Potass., 1 ounce.
Grain Musk, 10 grains.
Red Sealing-Wax.
Melt cautiously four ounces pale shellac, in
a copper vessel, at the lowest possible temper-
ature; add one and a quarter ounces of Venice
turpentine, previously warmed, and stir in
three ounces of vermilion; pour into metalic
moulds, and allow it to cool.
Black Sealing-Wax.
Shellac, 60 parts.
Venice Turpentine, 20 parts.
Melt shellac carefully; add Venice turpentine;
stir in thirty parts of finely powdered ivory
black. -
Compound Tincture of Opium, or Diarrhea,
Mixture.
(For use in time of epidemic cholera, or epidemic diarrhea.
Tincture of Opium, 1 fluid ounce.
Spirits of Camphor, 1 “ & 6
Tincture of Capsicum, 1 “ C &
Purified Chloroform, 3 fluid drachms.
Add a sufficient quantity of stronger alcohol
to make the whole measure five fluid ounces.
Each fluid drachm, or teaspoonful, contains
about 100 drops, consisting of twelve minims
of each of the first three ingredients, and four
and one-half minims, or eighteen drops, of
chloroform. -
Dose.—
Persons over 18 years,
Persons 14 to 18 “
Persons 10 to 14 “
Persons 6 to 10 “ 30 drops.
Persons 2 to 6 “ 10 to 30 drops.
Infants, according to age, 1 to 10 drops.
In time of epidemic cholera or diarrhea,
When any person has two movements of the
bowels more than natural within the twenty-
four hours, the second one should be followed
by a dose of this mixture, to be repeated after
1 teaspoonful.
1 Small teaspoonful.
# teaspoonful.
174
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
every movement that follows. If the move-
ments increase in frequency or in copiousness
after the second dose of the medicine has been
taken, a physician should be sent for at Once,
and a double dose be taken after each move-
ment until he arrives. Immediately after tak-
ing the first dose the person should go to bed,
and remain there for twelve hours after the
diarrhea has entirely ceased.
Ointment for Pimpled Face, Etc.
Nitric Acid,
Quick Silver,
Let this stand until the silver is set, then
add lard melted, one-half pound. Mix and
stir with a wooden spatula, until cold.
1 Ournce.
1 ounce.
Agata’s Disinfectant.
Marble Dust,
Oyster, Cockle, or sea shells of any descrip-
tion, powdered.
1 pound.
8 ounces.
1 ounce.
Copperas,
Carbolic Acid,
Mix.
Disinfecting Powder.
Carbolate of Lime, (freshly slacked) 40 ounces.
Marble Dust or Fine Sand, 2 ounces.
Carbolic Acid Crystals, 3 drachms.
Mix carbolic acid with marble dust or sand,
and then with other ingredients.
Winchell’s Disinfectant.
Copperas, 24 ounces.
Salt, (common) 14 ounces.
Carbolic Acid, (crude) 1 ounce.
Sulphur, 24 ounces.
Mix.
Anti-Rheumatic Mixture.
Iodide of Potash, 5 drachms.
Wine of Colchicum, 1 ounce.
Tinct. of Black Cohosh, 2 ounces.
Tinct. of Stramonium, # ounce.
Paregoric, # “
Dose.—Teaspoonful three times a day.
A Good Ague Remedy for Children, as the Bitter
Taste of Quinine is Completely Disguised.
Sulphate of Quinine, 20 grains.
Bicarbonate of Soda, 30.’ “
Fluid Ext. of Licorice, 3 drachms.
Peppermint Water, 12 6 &
Dose.—Teaspoonful three or four times a day.
Epilepsy.
Bromide of Soda, 8 ounces.
Sulph. of Strychnia, # grain.
Aqua Pura, 1 pint.
Dose.—Teaspoonful three times a day.
Eczema. Drying Salve.
Plumbi Glycerat,
Ungt. Zinci Oxid,
Mix.
1 drachm.
1 ounce.
Kelly’s Tonic.
Tinct. Nucis Womicae, 2 drachms.
Acid Nitro Muriat, dil., 8 6 &
Tinct. Cinch. Com., 14 ounces.
Tinct. Gentian Com., q. S. ad., 3 & &
Dose.—Two drachms in Water, three times per
day.
Hamilton’s Tonic.
Strychnia Sulph., 8 grains.
Cinchonida Sulph., 1 ounce.
Tinct. Chlo. Ferri., 6 ounces.
Syr. Zingiberis, 56 “
Acid Phosphoric, dil., 2. “
Dose.—One-half to one teaspoonful three times
per day.
For Diphtheria.
Pilocarpin Muriate, 1} grains.
Pepsin, # drachm.
Acid Muriatic, 10 drops.
Aqua, 8 ounces.
Dose.—Teaspoonful every hour.
Turpentine Varnish.
Clear, Pale Resin, 5 pounds.
Turpentine, 7 66
Dissolve.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
175
Moth Solution.
Carbolic Acid, 1 ounce
Gum Camphor, 1 “
Benzine, to make 1 pint.
Dissolve the gum and carbolic acid in the
benzine. Apply by saturating a piece of blot-
ting paper, or use it in form of spray by use
of an atomizer.
Washing Fluid.
Sal Soda,
Unslacked Lime,
Boiling Water,
Dissolve the unslacked lime and sal soda in
the water. Let the mixture stand till it settles,
then pour off and bottle the clear liquid.
The above formula is said to be the best
Washing Fluid known. A cup full of it put in
a boiler of soap Suds will thoroughly cleanse
and bleach the clothes therein without rotting
them.
1 pound.
l & 4
2
6 quarts.
Javelle Water.
Bicarbonate of Soda, 4 pounds.
Chloride of Lime, 1 pound.
Boiling Water, 1 gallon.
Put the soda in water over the fire, and stir
in the chloride of lime; let it boil fifteen min-
utes and remove it. After cooling, put in
tightly corked jugs or bottles.
Waterproof Branding Ink.
Shellac, 2 ounces.
Borax, 2 & 6
Water, 25 6 &
Gum Arabic, 2 6 &
Lampblack, sufficient.
Boil the borax and shellac in water till they
are dissolved, and withdraw from the fire.
When the solution has become cold, complete
twenty-five ounces with water, and add lamp-
black enough to bring the preparation to a
suitable consistence. When it is to be used
with a stencil it must be made thicker than
when it is to be applied with a marking brush.
The above gives a black ink. For red ink,
substitute Venetian red for lampblack; for blue,
Ultramarine; and for green, a mixture of ultra-
marine and chrome yellow.
Liquid Starch Gloss.
Spermaceti, 2 ounces.
Gum Senegal, 2 & 6
Borax, 2 “
Glycerine, 5 & 6
Water, 49 & &
Mix and boil together. Two or three tea-
spoonfuls to be added to a quarter of a pound
of boiled starch.
Powder for Chafe.
Pulverized Starch, 2 ounces.
< * Camphor, 3 drachms.
& 6 Oxide of Zinc. 1 ounce.
Reduce the camphor to powder by use of al-
cohol or sulphuric ether, then thoroughly incor-
porate with the other ingredients.
This powder is one of the best known for
chafe, etc., in use. Dust very lightly upon the
parts.
Glue Which Stands Moisture Without Softening.
Dissolve in about eight fluid ounces of strong
methylated spirit half an ounce of Sandarac
and mastic, next add half an ounce of turpen-
time. This solution is then added to a hot,
thick solution of glue, to which isinglass has
been added, and is next filtered while hot
through cloth or a good sieve.
Improved Sticky Fly Paper.
Lard Oil,
Rosin,
4 ounces.
1 pound.
Boil together, spread thinly on Manilla paper,
place another sheet on top, press together, when
wanted tear them apart and it is ready for use.
Messina, Orangea de Powder.
Powdered White Sugar, 7 pounds.
& 6 Citric Acid, 34 ounces.
Conct. Essence of Orange, 3 drachms.
& & 6 &
Cedrat, 1 & C
Mix, and use as above.
176
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Syrup for Consumption, Coughs, Colds, etc.
Hops, 1 ounce.
Hoarhound, 1 “
Wild Cherry Bark, 1 “
Iceland Moss, 1 “
Mix the above, then pour on two quarts boil-
ing water, and simmer to one quart, after which
add four ounces pure pine tar. Stir till cold,
or nearly so, keeping as much of the tar in
Solution as can be done, then add one pound
of good loaf sugar or rock candy, and one-half
a pint of pure Jamaica rum (or a known good
spirit), but the rum is preferred.
The above is the formula of the Brompton
Hospital, of London, and cannot, we think, be
improved upon, as a good reliable remedy for
coughs, colds, etc., or as an expectorant.
Medicated Lye.
Hickory Ashes, 8 ounces.
Soot, from wood, 1 ounce.
Water, 1 gallon.
Rub soot and ashes till thoroughly mixed,
add water, shake, let stand twenty-four hours,
then filter. The above has been highly recom-
mended in dyspepsia, in doses from one-half to
a wine-glass full after meals.
Aerated Messina, Lemo a de Powder.
Powdered White Sugar, 14 ounces.
66 Bicarbonate of Soda, 3} & 6
& 6 Citric Acid, 4% 6 &
Concentrated Essence Lemon, 60 drops.
The powder must be carefully and separately
dried at a moderate temperature before mixing,
and when mixed, must be kept air-tight. A
dessertspoonful will make a tumbler of lem-
onade.
Infusion of Cayenne Pepper and Salt.
Macerate # ounce powdered cayenne pepper,
and 1 drachm chloride of Sodium, (table Salt,)
for 1 hour in 8 fluid ounces each boiling vine-
gar and boiling water. Filter.
Dose.—One tablespoonful every two hours.
This has been administered with great success
in malignant Scarlet fever; used both inter-
nally and as a gargle.
Green Mountain Salve.
Take 2 pounds resin, 3 pound Burgundy
pitch, 3 pound bees’-wax, 3 pound mutton tal-
low; melt them slowly. When not too warm,
add 1 ounce oil hemlock, 1 ounce balsam fir,
1 ounce oil origanum, 1 ounce oil red cedar, 1
ounce Venice turpentine, 1 ounce oil worm-
Wood, 4 ounce verdigris. The verdigris must
be very finely pulverized and mixed with the
oils, then add as above and work all in cold
Water until cold enough to roll. This salve has
no equal for rheumatic pains or weakness in
the side, back, shoulders, or any place where
pain may locate itself. Where the skin is
broken, as in ulcers, bruises, &c., use without
the verdigris.
To Kill the Nerve of a Hollow Tooth.
Take & drachm white oxide of arsenic ; 1
drachm sulphate of morphia; mix with a little
creosote, and apply to the cavity of the tooth,
previously cleansed.
To Destroy the Taste of Castor Oil.
A good way is to beat the castor oil with
the white of an egg until both are thoroughly
mixed.
To take Bruises out of Furniture.
Wet the part with warm water; double a
piece of brown paper five or six times, soak it
in warm water, and lay it on the place; apply
on that a warm, but not hot, flat iron, till the
moisture is evaporated. If the bruise be not
gone, repeat the process. After two or three
applications the dent or bruise will be raised
to the surface. If the bruise be small, merely
soak it with warm Water, and hold a red-hot;
iron near the surface, keeping the surface con-
tinually wet ; the bruise will soon disappear.
Camphorated Dover's Powder.
Pulverize 5 drachms camphor with ether, add
6 drachms prepared chalk, 5 drachms pulver-
ized liquorice, and 17 grains sulphate of mor-
phine.
Dose. —From 1 to 10 grains, used in all kinds
of fevers, and as an anodyne.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
177
Davis’ Neutralizing Cordial.
Take 8 ounces rhubarb, 2 ounces each of
saffron, cardamoms, nutmeg, and carbonate of
soda ; 2 pounds white sugar, and 2 ounces
essence peppermint, with sufficient brandy and
water to make up to 2 pints.
Dose.—One to two teaspoonfuls.
To Remove the Smell of Cºnions from the Breath.
Parsley eaten with vinegar will remove the
unpleasant effects of eating onions.
Remedy for Bad Breath.
Bad breath or foul breath will be removed by
taking a teaspoonful of the following mixture
after each meal: 1 ounce liquor of potassa, 1
ounce chloride of soda, 13 ounces phosphate of
soda, and 3 ounces of water.
Management of Brooms.
If brooms are wetted in boiling suds once a
week, they will become very tough, will not cut
a carpet, last much longer, and always sweep
like a new broom.
To Prevent Ivory Knife Handles from Cracking.
When the blades of knives require washing
or standing in water, it should be done in a
pitcher, with water enough to cover the blades,
but not to touch the handles; and the water
no hotter than is absolutely necessary. Soak-
ing the handles in water makes them crack.
To Cleanse Goose Feathers.
Feathers are prepared by exposing them to
the sunshine or in a stove until perfectly dry,
and then beating them to remove dust and
loose dirt. When carelessly collected and dirty,
they may be cleansed with lime-water; or, still
better, with a weak solution of carbonate of
soda, or with water containing a little solution
of chloride of lime; after which they are rinsed
in clean water, and dried as before. Old feath-
ers are purified and cleansed in the same way.
To Mend Rubber Overshoes.
Rub the patch and shoe thoroughly with sharp
sand paper. Smear both with liquid rubber
five times, every time letting them dry. Do
this once more, and, before they dry, apply
the patch, with pressure if possible, and the
boot is mended. If liquid rubber is not obtain-
able, dissolve small pieces of pure rubber (not
vulcanized), in warm spirits of turpentine, to
the consistence of syrup.
To Destroy Vermin in Children’s Heads.
Take 1 ounce each vinegar and stavesacre,
# ounce each honey and sulphur, and 2 ounces
sweet oil. Make into a liniment, and rub the
head with it. Insects are immediately Suffo-
cated by benzine. Those sometimes found in
the heads of human beings are destroyed by it
at once, without any inconvenient result being
perceived. It has been employed very success-
fully in banishing the insects which infest
domestic animals, etc. The use of larkspur
seed for the destruction of the insects infesting
the human head is a time-honored application
among country people—beds of the plant being
cultivated frequently for the express purpose of
furnishing material for the decoction. The
efficiency of this remedy seems to depend on
the presence of the alkaloid called delphine,
which appears to be a poison especially fatal to
insects.
To Drive Flies from Stables.
Scatter chloride of lime on a board in a stable,
to remove all kinds of flies, but more especially
biting flies. Sprinkling beds of vegetables with
even a weak Solution, effectually preserves them
from caterpillars, slugs, etc. A paste of 1 part
powdered chloride of lime and part of some
fatty matter placed in a narrow band round the
trunk of the tree, prevents insects from creeping
up it. Even rats, mice, cockroaches, and crickets
flee from it.
To Keep Flies from Horses.
Procure a bunch of smartweed, and bruise
it to cause the juice to exude. Rub the ani-
mal thoroughly with the bunch of bruised weed,
especially on the legs, neck and ears. Neither
178
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
flies or other insects will trouble him for twenty-
four hours. The process should be repeated
every day. A very convenient way of using it
is, to make a strong infusion by boiling the
weed a few minutes in water. When cold it
can be conveniently applied with a Sponge or
brush. Smartweed is found growing in every
section of the country, usually on wet ground
near highways.
To Disperse Black Ants.
A few leaves of green wormwood, scattered
among the haunts of these troublesome insects,
is said to be effectual in dislodging them.
To Exterminate Red Ants.
Grease a plate with lard, and Set it where
the insects abound. They prefer lard to any-
thing else, and will forsake Sugar for it. Place
a few sticks around the plate for the ants to
climb up on. Occasionally turn the plate bot-
tom up over the fire, and the ants will fall in
with the melting lard. Reset the plate, and in
a short time you will catch them all. Pow-
dered borax, sprinkled around the infested
places, will exterminate both red and black ants.
To Destroy Bed Bugs.
Rub the bedsteads in the joints with equal
parts of spirits of turpentine and kerosene oil,
and the cracks of the Surbase in the rooms
where there are many. Filling up all the cracks
with hard soap, is an excellent remedy. March
and April are the months when bedsteads should
be examined to kill all the eggs.
To Destroy Bed Bugs in Papered Rooms.
Clean the paint of the room thoroughly, and
set in the centre of the room a dish containing
four ounces of brimstone. Light it, and close
the room as tight as possible, stopping the key
hole of the door with paper, to keep the fumes
of the brimstone in the room. Let it remain
for three or four hours, then open the windows
and air thoroughly. The brimstone will be found
to have also bleached the paint, if it was a yel-
lowish white.
To Transplant Large Shade Trees.
In the autumn, before the frost comes on,
dig a trench around the tree and cut the roots,
but not too near the tree. Remove the tree
through the winter, when the ground is frozen.
Raise it up with the frozen earth adhering to
the roots. The whole mass is easily raised with
levers on to a strong sled, and can then be
drawn erect by means of oxen or horses. Trees
from 20 to 80 feet high can be moved by this
method, and they will grow in the spring.
To Purify Water in a Cistern.
Two ounces of permanganate of potassa
thrown in a cistern will render the foulest water
Sweet and pure.
Precautions Before Entering a Sick Room.
Never enter fasting; if it is inconvenient to
take refreshment of the ordinary kind, obtain a
glass of wine and a cracker.
Do not stand between the patient and the
door, if possible. Avoid sitting on or touching
the bed clothes as much as possible, and do not
inhale the patient's breath. The hands should
always be washed in clean water, if the patient
has fever, before leaving the room to touch
other people or things.
After visiting a fever patient, etc., change the
dress, if possible. As soon as the fever is over,
and the patient is convalescent, the dress which
has been used by the nurse or attendant should
be destroyed, if there are no means of fumiga-
tion at hand, or it must be boiled in water to
which carbolic acid has been added. The same
treatment must be applied to the bed clothes,
etc., which have been used.
Coxe's Hive Syrup.
Put one ounce each Squills and Seneca snake-
root into one pint water; boil down to one-half
and strain. Then add one-half pound clarified.
honey, containing twelve grains tartrate of an-
timony.
Dose.—For a child, ten drops to one tea-
spoonful, according to age. An excellent remedy
for croup.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 174)
r' ſ
Waterproof Composition for Boots.
Dissolve by heat, 1 ounce pure bottle India
rubber shavings in 1 quart meat's foot oil, and
add 2 ounces tallow. This makes a fine water-
proof composition for boots, and is recom-
mended to Sportsmen.
Patent Leather Polish.
Take one-half pound molasses or sugar, one
ounce gum arabic, and two pounds ivory black;
boil them well together, then let the vessel
stand until quite cooled, and the contents are
settled; after which, bottle off. This is an ex-
cellent reviver, and may be used as a blacking
in the ordinary way, no brushes for polishing
being required.
Treatment of Rupture.
Rupture is generally caused by a strain or
an accident, and should be attended to by a
surgeon as soon as possible. Meanwhile the
patient must be laid upon a sofa or bed with
his hips and legs slightly raised, so as to give
him ease and place the rupture in the most
favorable position for being restored to its
proper place. If the patient is faint, support
him by giving wine and water, or salvolatile,
or a little broth, but do not over-stimulate him.
In other respects must be kept perfectly quiet.
Treatment of Debility.
This arises from a diseased action of the
stomach; the occasional use of mild aperients,
followed by bitters and tonics, is the best treat-
ment. When, from a general laxity of the
solids, and there are no symptoms of fever,
nor a tendency of the blood to the head, a
course of iron tonics will prove advantageous.
Either of the following may be adopted for this
purpose: Pure sulphate of iron, 1 drachm;
extract of gentian and powdered ginger, of
each 1% drachms; beat together into a mass,
and divide into 120 pills, one to be taken
morning, noon, and night. Or, sulphate of
iron and powdered myrrh, of each 1 drachm;
sulphate of quinine, # drachm; conserve of
roses, sufficient to form a pill mass. Divide
into 120 pills, administered as the last.
Remedy for Inflammation of the Ear.
Swelling and redness, attended with throb-
bing, indicates it. If caused by accumulation
of wax, syringe the ear forcibly with tepid
water. If by a cold, a poultice of warm hops,
soaking the feet. If the pain is great, one
drop laudanum and two drops sweet oil of
almonds dropped into the ear three times a
day, or juice of onions and laudanum. A slice
of onion, toasted and tied on hot outside the
ear, is a good remedy for earache in children,
and often effective with adults. If very severe,
a mustard poultice can be held behind the ear.
If the stomach is out of order use an emetic.
If no relief comes, call a physician.
Cure for the Earache.
Take a small piece of cotton batting or cot-
ton wool, make a depression in the centre with
the finger, and fill it up with as much ground
pepper as will rest on a five-cent piece ; gather
it into a ball and tie it up ; dip the ball into
sweet oil and insert it in the ear, covering the
latter with cottom wool, and use a bandage or
cap to retain it in its place. Almost instant
relief will be experienced, and the application
is so gentle that an infant will not be injured
by it, but experience relief, as well as adults.
One part laudanum and six parts sweet oil
dropped in the ear is also very effectual.
To Remove Warts.
A daily application of either of the three
following remedies is effective in dispersing
warts: Touch the wart with a little nitrate of
silver, lunar caustic ; or with nitric acid or
aromatic vinegar. The lunar caustic produces
a black, and the nitric acid a yellow stain,
which passes off in a short time; the vinegar
scarcely discolors the skin. Sparks of frictional
electricity, repeated daily, by applying the
warts to the conductor of an electrical machine,
have been also successfully employed as a cure
for these troublesome and unsightly excres-
CôIACCS.
180
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION
Cure for Temporary Deafness.
Inject warm water into the ear by means of
a proper syringe, the head being placed with
that side upwards during the operation.
Mexican Mustang Liniment.
Take 2 fluid ounces petroleum, 1 fluid ounce
ammonia water, and 1 fluid drachm brandy.
Mix.
How to Keep Ice in Summer.
No refrigerator or ice-box will prevent, or
even retard the melting of the ice, which does
not combine the following conditions: It must
have double sides, bottom, and lid, with the
space between the two casings filled with some
non-conducting substance, in order to exclude
the external temperature; and the inner lid or
cover should be practically, if not hermetically,
air-tight, in furtherance of the same result. If
external air enters, it will bring its own tem-
perature with it. There should be also a drain-
age-pipe at the bottom to carry off, instan-
taneously, every drop of Water formed by the
melting of the ice, and this pipe should either
be fitted with a trap or curved in Such a man-
ner as to prevent the cold air from escaping.
It is even more indispensable to carry off every
drop of the water than it is to exclude the air
—a view not generally entertained by consum-
ers of the article, but which, according to
experiments made, seems to be fully demon-
strated. Thus, on exposing a piece of ice
weighing, say 25 pounds, to the air, at a tem-
perature of 75°, but so placed that it is per-
fectly drained, it will be found to have scarcely
disappeared at the end of 24 hours. Wrap the
same piece in 3 or 4 thicknesses of blanket or
flannel, and place it in a small tub exposed to
the same temperature, and as the Water filters
through the blanket the ice will stand in its
own water, and will be all dissolved in 5 or
6 hours. Wrap the same piece of ice carefully
in a blanket, and place it on a grating, or on
four crossed sticks, so that no Water can ac-
cumulate underneath, and at the end of 3 or
even 4 days it will not have entirely melted.
To Destroy Insects in the Ear.
Insects may be destroyed by pouring a spoon-
ful of warm olive oil, or camphorated oil, into
the ear over night, retaining it there until the
next morning by means of a piece of cotton
Wool, when it may be washed out with a little
mild soap and warm water.
To Purify a Sick Chamber.
The nitrous acid vapor, so invaluable as a
disinfectant in contagious fevers, is obtained
by decomposing nitre by means of heated sul-
phuric acid, in the following manner: Put {
ounce Sulphuric acid in a crucible glass or
china cup and warm it over a lamp or in
heated Sand, adding to it from time to time a
little nitre. Several of these vessels must be
placed in the sick chamber and in the neigh-
boring apartments and passages, at a distance
of 20 feet or more from each other, according
to the height of the ceiling and the virulence
of the contagion.
GARGLES
Are simple remedies well adapted to domestic
practice in sore throats of various kinds. Ac-
cording to the nature of the ingredients of which
they are made, they allay irritation and inflam-
mation, invigorate the membrane lining of the
mouth and throat, and promote Suppuration.
The particular purpose for which they are re-
quired, ought to be kept in view in their prepa-
ration.
Potassa, Gargle for Sore Throat.
Strong sage tea, 1 pint; strained honey, 2
tablespoonfuls; chlorate of potassa, 1 teaspoon-
ful. Mix, and use as often as necessary, being
careful to shake before using. Also poultice the
throat with hops and warm vinegar. Brewers'
yeast substituted for the chlorate of potassa,
makes a very effectual gargle.
Gargle for Ulcerated Sore Throat.
Water, 3 pint; decoction of Peruvian bark, #
pint; sulphate of zinc. 1 drachm. Mix.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
181
Gargle for Sore Throat.
Very strong sage tea, § half pint; strained
honey, common Salt and strong vinegar, of each
2 tablespoonfuls; cayenne, pulverized, 1 round-
ing teaspoonful; steep the cayenne with the
sage, strain, mix, and bottle for use: gargling
from four to a dozen times daily, according to
the severity of the case.
Carbolic Acid Gargle.
Used as a gargle for sore throat, attended
with foul breath. Take 2 grains of the crystals
to 1 ounce of water.
Gargle for Inflammation of the Throat-
Purified Nitre, 2 drachms.
Barley Water, 7 ounces.
Acetate of Honey, 7 drachms.
Mix the ingredients. To be used frequently.
Gargle for Domestic Use in Sore Throat.
Take 3 teaspoonfuls vinegar, 2 teaspoonfuls
tincture of myrrh, 2 of honey, a glass of port
wine, and 3 or four wine glasses of warm water.
Mix all these ingredients, and the gargle is
ready for use. A decoction of the leaves of the
black currant may, with good effect, be added
instead of the warm water. This makes both
a pleasant and most useful gargle.
Mucilaginous Gargle for Inflamed Throat.
3 drachms.
7 ounces.
Tincture of Myrrh,
Mucilage of Gum Arabic,
Mix.
This gargle is of use in defending the parts
when the saliva is of an acrid character.
Gargle for Threatened Mortification of Throat.
Tincture of Capsicum, 6 drachms.
Honey of Roses, 3 & &
Infusion of Roses, # pint.
Mix. Or :
Tincture of Capsicum, 6 drachms.
Infusion of Peruvian Bark, 5 ounces.
Port Wine, 8 ounces.
Mix.
Gargle to Promote Suppuration.
Barley water and infusion of linseed. This
gargle is to be used warm. It must be kept
in view that this mild gargle acts by softening
the parts of the throat, and hastening the Sup-
puration by its heat; and it is requisite, there-
fore, that the temperature of the gargle be
kept up.
Carbolized Gargle for Diphtheria, Tonsilitis, Etc.
20 minims.
# drachm.
Carbolic Acid,
Acetic Acid,
Honey, 2 fluid ounces.
Tincture of Myrrh, 2 fluid drachms.
Water, 6 fluid ounces.
The carbolic and acetic acids to be well
shaken together before the other ingredients
are added.
To Prevent Iodine from Staining.
By adding a few drops of liquid carbolic
acid to the iodine tincture, the latter will not
stain.
Caustic for Corns.
Take of liquid terchloride of antimony and
tincture of iodine, of each 2 drachms avoirdu-
pois; protiodide of iron, 7 grains. Mix, and
preserve it in a Well-stoppered phial. Apply
with care. Two to four applications are said
to effect a cure.
Blistering Plaster.
Infuse 3 drachms powdered cantharides in
4 ounces acetic ether for 8 days; decant and
evaporate; then add 4 drachms resin, and
spread on court plaster.
Management of Blisters.
Spread the plaster thinly on paper, or linen,
and rub over it a few drops of olive oil. In
this way the blister acts speedily, and with
less irritation than usual.
182
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.

To Camphorate Blisters.
M. Deschamps d'Avallon has suggested, when
it is desirable to camphorate a blister, it may
be readily accomplished by dropping on its
surface a few drops of a Saturated solution of
camphor in chloroform, made by adding 2
parts of the latter to 4 of the former.
Cure for Nocturnal Emissions.
Mix 50 grains bromide of potassa with 25
grains each aromatic powder and white sugar.
Make up into 12 powders, 1 to be taken two or
three times a day.
Remedy for Difficulty in Urinating.
Mix together 1 scruple each oil of turpentine,
extract of henbane, and soap. Make it into 12
pills, and administer 1 pill 3 times a day.
To Relieve Spasm of the Bladder.
To relieve the spasm, place the patient in a
hot bath immediately, and keep him there,
supplying fresh hot water when required, until
he is relieved, or he becomes at all faint or
fatigued. Then put him into a bed which has
previously been well warmed, and keep hot
cloths, hot salt, hot bran, or hot tins applied,
to prevent a return of the pain if possible; and
as the medical treatment is of great consequence,
lose no time in summoning the medical man.
Remedy for Disease of the Kidneys-
Boil 1 ounce pareira brava in 3 pints of water
until it is only 1 pint.
Dose.—A wine-glassful 8 times a day.
Remedy for Incontinence of Urine.
Put 4 drops tincture of aconite root in a
tumbler of water.
Dose.—A teaspoonful every hour until relieved.
Renaedy for Nocturnal Incontinence of Urine.
Nocturnal incontinence of urine has been
treated successfully by administering from 15
to 20 minims of tincture of belladonna 3 times
daily.
Remedy for Incontinence of Urine of Old People.
The continued use of 1 to 6 drops tincture
of iodine daily has proved a successful remedy.
Fainting Fits.
If a person faints, let him be placed on his
back until he comes to. Do nothing else. He
has fainted because the heart has stopped
beating. It will come to of itself as soon
as nature desires it, and it will be easier
to propel the blood in a horizontal direction,
when lying down, than perpendicularly to the
head, chest, and arms, when sitting up. And
yet the very first effort of bystanders when a
person is observed to have fainted, is to place
him on a chair, or lift up his head. If the pa-
tient be a female, place her on her back, with
the head low, loosen all clothes about the neck
and chest, sprinkle cold water on the face, and
apply smelling salts to the nostrils. When the
patient can swallow, give some cold water, with
20 or 30 drops of Sal volatile, or a little brandy.
Sick Headache.
This usually proceeds from acidity and
overloading the stomach. When it is not from
improper eating, all that is necessary is to soak
the feet in hot water for fifteen minutes,
drink some warm herb tea, retire to bed, and
take a good Sweat for about an hour. This
will give relfef. If the trouble arises from over-
eating, relief may be obtained by taking an
emetic.
|Fits.
If a person falls in a fit, let him remain on
the ground, provided his face be pale; for
should it be fainting or temporary suspension
of the heart's action, you may cause death by
raising him upright, or by bleeding; but if the
face be red or dark colored, raise him on his
seat, throw cold water on his head immediately,
and send for a surgeon, and get a vein opened,
or fatal pressure on the brain may ensue.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
183
Cure for Cramps.
Mix 2 drachms chloroform, 1 drachm oil of
camphor, 6 drachms mucilage of gum arabic,
and 1% grains acetate of morphia.
Dose.—Forty drops every two hours.
Periodical Sick Headache.
Those who are afflicted periodically with sick
headache, accompanied with nausea and some-
times with vomiting, may obtain relief by soak-
ing the feet in hot water, and using the emetic.
This treatment should be followed by taking the
lenitive electuary.
Remedy for Lumbago.
Rectified Oil of Turpentine, 25 drops.
Sulphuric Ether, 1 scruple.
Mucilage of Gum Arabic, 3 drachms.
Syrup of Poppies, 1 drachm.
Rose Water, 1% ounces.
Make into a draught; take at bed-time.
Remedy for a Weak Back.
Take a beef’s gall, pour it into 1 pint alco-
l'ol, and bathe frequently.
Excellent Remedy for Neuralgia.
A remedy, which is sometimes instantaneously
successful, is mixing equal parts of sweet oil,
spirits of hartshorn, and chloroform; shake it
well, and before time is allowed for its parti-
cles to separate, wet a bit of rag or lint, place
it on the painful spot for about a minute, or
less if relieved sooner, but hold a handkerchief
on the lint, so as to confine the volatile ingre-
dients; if kept on too long, the skin may be
taken off.
Whitlow or Felon.
The severity of the inflammation in whitlow
varies considerably; there is the mild form,
which generally yields to fomentation with hot
water, cloths or poultices; and if matter forms,
if relieved by the lancet, it speedily heals; but
there is much more formidable affection, in
which the deep textures of the finger are in-
volved, accompanied by severe pain, throbbing,
and much redness, heat, and swelling. This
form is only to be relieved by free and early
incisions with the lancet; for if this be neglected,
the bones will become affected, and will be
destroyed. It would, therefore, be advisable to
submit the finger to the inspection of a surgeon
when it does not easily yield to fomentations
or a poultice.
Treatment of Whitlow.
Steam the whole hand with bitter herbs for
thirty or forty minutes; bathe it frequently in
strong hot lye water. The steaming must riot
be dispensed with. Or: immerse the diseased
finger in strong lye as long and as hot as can
be borne several times a day. Apply a poul-
tice of linseed and slippery elm, with a little
salt and brandy. The formation of matter is
indicated by a small white spot in the center
of the swelling. When this appears, open it
with the point of a large needle or probe, that
the matter may escape. Repeat if necessary.
If proud flesh appears, apply the vegetable
caustic or chloride of potassium, diluted. A
poultice of powdered hops is very effectual to
relieve pain. Attend to the general health, by
giving aperients, tonics, and nutritious cooling
diet.
Simple Cure for a Felon. -
As soon as the parts begin to swell, get the
tincture of lobelia, and wrap the part affected
with cloth saturated thoroughly with the tinc-
ture, and the felon is dead. An old physician
says that he has known it to cure in scores of
cases, and it never fails if applied in season.
Bone Felon.
The following receipt for the cure of bone
felon is given by that high authority, the Lon.
don Lancet: As soon as the disease is felt,
put directly over the spot a blister of Spanish
fly, about the size of the thumb nail, and let
it remain for 6 hours, at the expiration of
which time, directly under the surface of the
blister may be seen the felon, which can be
instantly taken out with the point of a needle
or a lancet.
184
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
To Curre Fels) ºng.
Stir teaspoonful water into 1 ounce Venice
turpentine with a rough stick until the mixture
appears like granulated honey. Wrap a good
coating of it round the finger with a cloth. If
the felon is only recent, the pain will be re-
moved in 6 hours.
Spitting of Blood.
In cases of spitting of blood, it is often diffi-
cult to determine whether it proceeds from the
internal surface of the mouth, from the throat,
from the stomach, or from the lungs. When
the blood is of a florid or frothy appearance,
and brought up with more or less coughing,
preceded by a short tickling cough, a Saltish
taste, anxiety, and tightness across the chest,
its source is the lungs. The blood proceeding
from the lungs is usually of a florid color, and
mixed with a little frothy mucous only. It
may be distinguished from bleeding from the
stomach, by its being raised by hacking or
coughing, and by its florid and frothy appear-
ance; that from the stomach is vomited in
considerable quantities, and is of a dark color.
Treatment for Spitting of Blood.
Moderate the discharge of blood by avoiding
whatever tends to irritate the body and increase
the action of the heart. A low diet should be
strictly observed, and external heat and bodily
exercise avoided; the air of the room should
be cool, and the drink (which should consist
chiefly of barley-water, acidulated with lemon-
juice), taken cold, and the patient not be suffered
to exert his voice. After the operation of a
little gentle aperient medicine, as lenitive elec-
tuary, or an infusion of Senna, with a little
cream of tartar dissolved in it, take 10 drops
of laudanum and 10 drops of elixir of vitriol
in half a cupful of cold water. If there is no
cough, the laudanum may be omitted. A little
salt and water given will often check spitting
of blood, when it comes on. Put the feet in
warm water, and give as above, the elixir of
vitriol, etc. Give also ipecacuanha powder in
Bn) all doses of from 1 to 2 grains every four
hours.
Treatment of Boils.
When these appear, suppuration should be
promoted by poultices of bread and linseed meal,
to which a little glycerine or fat or oil may be
added, to prevent their getting hard. When
poultices are inconvenient, exposure to the vapor
of hot Water, or the application of stimulating
plasters, may be adopted instead. When suf-
ficiently ripe, the boil should be opened with a
lancet, the matter evacuated, and the wound
dressed with a little simple ointment spread on
a piece of clean lint or linen. The diet may
be full and liberal until the maturation of the
tumor and the discharge of the matter, when
it should be lessened, and the bowels opened
by Some saline purgatives, as salts or cream
of tartar. When there is a disposition in the
constitution to the formation of boils, the bowels
should be kept regular, and tonics, as bark or
iron, taken, with the frequent use of sea-bath-
ing, if possible.
Carbuncle.
A carbuncle is a species of boil, but larger,
and much more painful. It shows debility in
the constitution. Carbuncles are very danger-
ous, and medical advice should at once be ob-
tained.
Astringents.
Substances that constrict the animal fibre,
and coagulate albumen. When employed to
check bleeding, they are called styptics. The
principal vegetable astringents are catechu, kino,
galls, and oak bark; the principal mineral as-
tringents are sulphate of iron, nitrate of silver,
chloride of zinc, Sulphate of copper, acetate of
lead, etc.
Dyspepsia.
If a man wishes to get rid of dyspepsia, he
must give his stomach and brain less to do.
It will be of no service to follow any particular
regimen—to live on chaff bread or any such
stuff—to Weigh his food, etc., so long as the
brain is in a constant state of excitement. Let
that have proper rest, and the stomach will
perform its proper functions. But if he pass
ten or twelve hours a day in his office or count-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
185
ing-room, and take no exercise, his stomach
will inevitably become paralyzed; and if he puts
nothing into it but a cracker a day, it will not
digest it.
In many cases it is the brain that is the pri-
mary cause. Give that delicate organ some
rest. Leave your business behind you when
- you go to your home. Do not sit down to your
dinner with your brows knit, and your mind
absorbed in casting up interest accounts. Never
abridge the usual hours of sleep. Take more
or less of exercise in the open air every day.
Allow yourself some innocent recreation. Eat
moderately, slowly, and of just what you please.
If any particular dish disagrees with you, how-
ever, never touch it or look at it. Do not im-
agine that you must live on rye bread or oat
meal porridge; a reasonable quantity of nutri-
tious food is essential to the mind as well as
the body. Above all, banish all thoughts of
the subject. If you have any treatises on dys-
pepsia, domestic medicines, etc., put them
directly out of your reach. If you are constantly
talking and thinking about dyspepsia, you will
surely have it. Endeavor to forget that you
have a stomach. Keep a clear conscience; live
temperately, regularly, cleanly; be industrious,
too, but avoid excess in that, as in all other
things.
Heartburne
Anxiety and pain about the region of the
stomach, generally attended by a sense of gnaw-
ing and heat; hence called heartburn. Faint-
ness, nausea, and eructation of a thin, acidulous,
watery liquid, especially in the morning, are
common sprimptoms of this complaint. The
usual causes of heartburn are excess in eating
or drinking, the use of improper food, and Se-
dentary habits. A good remedy is a teaspoonful
of carbonate of magnesia, or carbonate of soda,
in a glass of peppermint or cinnamon water, to
which a little powdered ginger may be added
with advantage. This dose may be taken two
or three times daily until the disease is removed
Articles of food that easily undergo fermenta-
tion should at the same time be avoided, and
a dry diet had recourse to as much as possible.
Soda water, toast and water, and weak spirits
and water, are the most suitable beverages in
this complaint.
186
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
MEDICINES, WITH THEIR USES AND DOSES.

MEDICINE.
COMMON NAME.
OPERATION.
USE.
DOSE.
Absinthium. . . . . . . . . . . .
Acacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acetic Ether..... e e s e º e
Acetum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acetum Aromaticum....
Acetum Cantharides... .
Acetum Colchici........
Acetum Destillata
Acetum Lobelia
Acetum Opii......
• e e C & © tº *
Acetum Sanguinarise. . .
Acetum Scillae
Achillea Millefolum....
Acidum Aceticum
Acidum Nitricum
Acidum Nitricum dil...
Wormwood.
Gum Arabic.
Arom. vinegar.
Winegar of can-
tharides.
Winegarof mea-
dow saffron.
Distilled wine-
gar.
Wing'roflobelia
Wing’r of opium
Wing’r of blood-
root.
Wing’r of squill.
TOW.
Acetic acid.
Nitric acid.
Nitric acid.
Milfoil or Yar-
Anthelmintic, anti-
Septic, discutient.
Demulcent.
Stimulant and anti-
Spasmodic.
Diaphoretic, astrin-
gent, etc.
A prompt vesicant.
Diuretic and purga-
tive.
Refrigerent, astrin-
gent.
Antispasmodic.
Narcotic.
An acrid emetic, di-
aphoretic and stim-
ulant.
Diuretic, emetic,
expectorant.
Diuretic.
Stimulant, rubefa-
cient, escharotic.
Tonic, antiseptic,
escharotic.
e e Q e o O © e º O C e º e º 'º -
Intermittents, dys-
pepsia and gout.
In whooping cough
and catarrh.
Used externally in
rheumatism.
In fevers and scor-
butus.
... As a grateful per-
fume in sick rooms.
As a counter-irri-
tant in dropsy, to
form an immediate
blister.
In dropsy and gout.
Chiefly for pharma-
ceutical purposes;
Same aS Vlnegar.
Emetic.
Substitute for tinc-
ture of opium.
In chronic catarrh,
bronchial affect-
tions and pertussis
In dropsies, asth-
mas, and chronic
catarrh.
In hysteria, hemor-
rhages and period-
ical affections.
Applied to the nos-
trils in syncope,
headache, etc.
Commercial purpo-
S628.
As a drink largely
diluted in fevers;
in affections of the
liver,
infusion, 6 drachms
to pint of Water.
# to 2 drachms.
Ad libitum.
1–4 drachms.
Ad libitum.
6–16 drops, as a di-
uretic.
30–60 drops, in any
bland fluid.
1–4 drachms.
30–60 drops.
8–10 drops.
15–60 drops, in cin-
namon Water or
mint Water.
Used in irºfusion, or
º drops of volatile
Oll,
Not to be given in-
ternally.
10–20 drops, in 3
ounces of water.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
187
MEDICINE.
COMMON NAME.
OPERATION.
USE.
DOSE.
Acidum Nitro Muriat-
Acidum Sulphuricum ...
Acidum Sulphuricum, aro
Acidum Sulphuricum, dil
Acidum Sulphurosum ..
Acidum Tannicum
Acidum Tartaricum....
Acidum Walerianicum. .
Aconitina. . . . . . . tº e º e º 'º e
AconitiFolia et Radix. .
Actaea. . . . .
Acidum Aceticum Aro-
maticum
* * * * * * * g e º ſº º
Acidum Aceticum Cam-
phoratum
Acidum Arseniosum....
Acidum Benzoicum. . . . .
Acidum Carbazoticum. .
Acidum Carbolicum. . . .
Acidum Chromicum. ...
Acidum Citricum.
* @ Q @ e º
Nitro muriatic
acid.
Sulphuric acid.
Elixir of Witriol
Diluted Sul-
phuric acid.
Sulphurous
acid.
Tannic acid,
tannin.
Tartaric acid.
Walerianic acid
Aconite.
Aconite Napel-
lus.
Baneb'ry, white
and red cohosh.
Aromatic wine-
gar.
Camphorated
acetic acid.
Arsenious acid.
Benzoic acid.
Picric acid.
Carbolic acid.
Chromic acid.
Citric acid.
Stimulant Antisep-
tic.
Tonic, stimulant,as-
tringent, refrigerent
Aromatic.
Tonic, astringent,
refrigerant.
Externally applied.
Astringent.
Refrigerent, anti-
Septic.
Inflam’ble, dissolves
camphor & resins.
Narcotic.
Narcotic, sudorific,
antiphlogistic.
Expectorant.
Purgent.
Aromatic.
Tasteless.
Standard expecto-
rant.
To nic astringent
antiperodic.
A most complete
disinfectant.
• * * * * * * e º e º 'º e º e e e e
Refrigerent, anti-
Septic,
In scarlatina in
chronic affections
of liver, epilepsy,
etc.
In local pains and
in Scabies.
In dyspepsia and
chronic asthma.
Skin eruptions, gar-
gles, dyspepsia.
In parasitic skin
diseases, used in
lotion.
In passive hemor-
rhages in diarrhea,
menorrhagia.
In inflammatory
affections, fevers
and scorbutus.
Antispasmodic ner-
VIIlê.
Used extern ally,
counter irritant,
Very polSonous.
In chronic rheuma-
tism, scrofula,
palsy, etc.
Purga t iv e and
emetic.
As a grateful per-
fumein sickrooms.
The vaporis snuffed
up the nostrils in
Syncope.
To prep are the
arsenical solution.
In chronic catarrh.
In intermittents, di-
arrhea, etc.
Use in surgery in
arresting pus.
As an escharotic.
In febrile and in-
flammatory com-
plaints.
6–10 drops in 3
Ounces Water.
Not given inter-
nally.
10–30 drops in fluids
twice a day.
10–20 drops largely
diluted.
Not used inter-
ternally.
2–4 grains.
5–15 drops.
Not given inter-
ternally.
1, grain, gradually
increased to 5.
10 grains.
1-30 of a grain.
10–30 grains.
2–5 grains.
Make lotion 2–10
grs. to water 1 oz.
Not given inter-
nally.
10–30 grains in wa-
ter or any bland
fluid.
188
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
MEDIOINE. COMMON NAME. OPERATION. USE. DOSE.
Acidum Gallicum. . . . . . Gallic acid. Astringent. In vesicle and uter-|1–15 grains.
ine hemorrhages.
Acidum Hydriodicum Dilute hydri-Stimulent, absorb-In glandular swell-1 drachm diluted
Dilutum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . odic acid. ent. ings and dropsy. with water.
Acidum Hydrochloricum
Acidum Hydrochloricum
Dil
e e º e º 'º e e e º e º & Q e º e s e
Acidum Hydrocyanicum
Dilutum
& ſº tº e º ſº
& e º is &
e e e º e s tº º e º º ſº tº e º is a
Spiritus AEtheris Sul-
phurici Comp
e e º 'º e º e º º
Alcohol
Alcohol Amylicum
Alcohol Methylic
º ºg º 'º e º a
Aletris
© e. e. e. e º 'º º º O ſº tº º ºs e º e
Allium. . . . . . . . . © º º ºs Q & © e
Alnus Rubra
Muriatic acid.
|Diluted muriat-
ic acid.
Diluted prussic
acid.
Lactic acid.
Baobab.
Lard.
Sulphuric ether
Spunk.
Comp. Spirits
of sulphuric
ether.
Alcohol.
Fusel oil.
Woodnaphtha.
Star grass.
Garlic bulbs.
Tag alder.
Tonic, diuretic, an
tiseptic.
Tonic, diuretic, an-
tiseptic.
Antispasmodic, Se-
dative.
Cooling.
Diaphoretic.
Emollient.
Stimulant, narcotic,
antispasmodic.
Cathartic.
Stimulant,
achic.
stom-
Stimulant, sedative
An active ointment
p018On.
Narcotic, sedative.
Tonic, stomachic.
Stimulant, diuretic,
expectorant.
Alterative, emetic,
astringent.
Cathartic, stimulat-
ing, anthelmentic
In typhus gargles,
Sore throats, gon-
orrhae.
Sore throats, cuta-
neous eruptions,
etc.
In asthma, Spas-
modic coughs, hic-
cough, nervous af-
fections, palpita-
tion of the heart.
In dyspepsia and
phosphatic depos-
its.
In miasmatic dis-
eases of the West
Indies.
In the formation of
ointments.
Hysteria, asthma,
tetanus, epilepsy.
In torpid liver.
In weakness of the
stomach, flatulen-
cy and languor.
Never used in its
undiluted form. In
debility and low
fewers.
In the arts and adul-
terating liquors.
Cheap substitute for
alcohol.
In rheumatism and
dropsy.
In dropsey, asthma,
hysteria, intermit-
tents.
In scrofula, second-
ary, Syphilis, etc.
To act as purgative
on the large intes-
Aloe Socotrina
Socotrine aloes
times.
5–20 drops, proper-
ly diluted.
10–20 drops, diluted
2 drops gradually
increased to 5 in a
glassful of Water.
1–3 drs. in Sweet-
ened solution.
In decoction of bark
and leaves to 1 pt.
daily.
Used externally.
20–60 drops in 12
ounces of water.
5–30 grains.
30–120 drops in 13
ounces of water.
3–1 drachm.
10–40 drops.
10 grains.
1–6 cloves, swallow-
ed without chew’ng
2 or 3 times a day.
60–120 drops fluid
extract.
2–10 grains.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
189
MEDICINE.
COMMON NAME.
OPERATION.
USE.
DOSE.
Althae Folia et Radix...
Alumen....... © & © e o O & © e
Alumen Exsiccatum. . . .
Alumina Sulpha's
Ambergris
Ammoniacum..........
Ammoniae Arsenias.....
Ammoniae Bicarbonas..
Ammoniae Carbonas... .
Ammoniae Murias.
Ammoniae Walerinas...
Ammoniae Bromidum...
Ammonii Iodidum
Amygdalae Amarae et Dul-
Cl8 . . . . ©
Amylum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anethum. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marshmallow
leaves and
root.
Alum.
Dried alum.
Sulphate of am-
monia.
Ambergris.
Gum ammon-
13, C.
ammonia.
Bicarbonate of
a, Iſll ClOIllà.
Sesqui carb.
of ammonia.
Sal ammoniac,
Valerinate of
ammonia.
Bromide of am-
IIl OIlla.
Iodide of am-
IClOIllà.
Bitter & sweet
almonds.
Starch.
Dill seed.
Arseniate of ......
Emollient, lubricat-
ing, emulcent.
Emetic, laxative,
astringent.
Escharotic.
Astringent, anti-
Septic.
Antispasmodic.
Expectorant, resol-
yent, antispasmod-
1C.
© C & © e º 'º e o e e s
Stimulant, antiacid,
diaphoretic.
Stimulant,antiacid,
diaphoretic,
Aperient, diuretic,
stimulant.
stimulant, antispas-
modic.
* * * * * * * e º O e º e o e º e e
Demulcent, the bit-
ter as sedative.
Demulcent, nutri-
tious.
Stimulant.
In pulmonary and
intestinal affec-
tions, ardor urine,
calculus.
In croup, hemor-
rhages, whooping
cough, leucorrhea,
gleet, etc.
To destroy fungus
in ulcers.
Used externally.
Hysteria, epilepsy.
In asthma, chronic
catarrh, obstinate
colic, white swell-
ings.
In inveterate skin
diseases.
Hysteria, chronic
rheumatism, dys-
pepsia.
Applied to the nos-
trils in Syncope.
To abate inflamma-
tions, allay head-
ache.
In neuralgia, epi-
lepsy, chorea.
|In rheumatism, sec-
Ondary syphilis.
Used externally as
a substitute for
Iodine.
In inflammatory
complaints and as
a vehicle for more
active remedies.
In dysentery, tenes-
mus, ulceration of
the rectum.
Used in flatulent
colic, hiccough of
infants.
Fluid extract 1–2
drachms.
Syrup 1–3 drachms.
10–60 grains in pow-
der whey, 2 drch's
of the powder in
One pint hot milk.
4–12 grains.
5–6 grains.
10–60 grains.
20 drops of solution
of 1 grain to the oz.
of distilled water.
5–20 in pills; 30
grains as emetic.
5–20 grains in any
bland fluid.
Internally 2–5 gr.,
externally 1 oz. of
Salt to alcohol 1
OZ., Water 9 oz.,
a good lotion.
2–8 grains in water
or in pill.
2–20 grains.
1–3 grains,
1–3 fluid ounces.
Useful with which
to exhibit opium
per anum, usually
4 drach's of starch
to 1 pint water.
10–60 grains.
190
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
MEDICINE. COMMON NAME. OPERATION. USE. DOSE.
Angelica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angelica root. Tonic sudorific|In dyspepsia and 30 to 60 grains.
carminative. Ila, U1868,.
Anisum ....... tº e º e º 'º e º º Anise Seed. Carminative. Dyspepsia and the 10–60 gr. bruised.
tormina of in- .
fants.
Anthemis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamomile Tonic, stomachic, Intermittents, dys-3 to 2 drachms
flowers. antiperiodic. pepsia, hysteria, twice a day.
colic. .
Antimonii et Potassae, Tartar emetic.|Emetic, cathartic, In the beginning of In inflammations &
Tartras
is e º e º e º 'º dº º tº $ tº º
Antimonium Sulphura-
tum.
e e e º e º ºs O C C C tº e º º & ©
Apocynum Cannabinum.
Aralia Nudicaulis
Aralia Spinosa
tº e º e º e º 'º e
Arctium Lappa
e se e º C º te e &
e - e C & © &
Argenti Iodidum
Argenti Nitras
Armoracia. . . . . . . .
Arnica Montana
vº e º 'º e
Precipitated
Sulphur of an-
timony.
Indian hemp.
False sarsapa-
rilla.
Angelica tree.
Burdock,
Iodide of sil-
Vēr.
Nitrate of sil-
We]'.
Horse - radish
root.
Leopard's bane
Indian turnip.
Wild ginger.
diaphoretic, expec-
torant.
Diaphore tic, ca-
thartic.
Emetic, expecto-
rant, narcotic, Seda-
tive.
Stimulant, diapho-
retic.
Stimulant, diapho-
retic, alterative.
Aperient, diuretic,
Sudorific.
Tonic, an ti spas-
modic, escharotic.
Antispasmodic, es-
charotic, tomic.
Stimul ant, dia-
phoretic.
Narcotic, diapho-
retic.
Stimulant.
Stimulant, tonic,
diaphoretic.
fevers, in prieu-
matic inflamma-
tions, hooping
cough.
In Scrofula, cutane-
ous diseases, etc.
A very powerful
remedy in ascites
and general dropsy
Cutaneous erup-
tions, rheumatism.
Employed in chron-
ic' rheumatism,
toothache.
G out, scrofula,
rheumatism, me-
phritic affections.
In cholera, epilepsy,
as gargle.
In chorea, epilepsy,
dyspepsia.
In scorbutus, drop-
sy, dyspepsia.
Paralysis, gout,
dropsy, rheuma-
tism.
In asthma, chronic
catarrh.
Used as an adjunct
to infusions and
decoctions.
in erysipelas, and
to 2 grains as an
emetic, 1 to 4 in
Solution.
5 to 10 grains; 1
to 2 as alterative.
10 to 20 grains pro-
duces free vomit-
ing; 3 to 4 grains
twice or thrice a
day as a cathartic.
Employed as gen-
uine Sarsaparilla.
Usually given in
decoction.
Make a decoction
of the leaves, 2
ounces to 1; pints
of water. Dose.—
A teacupful several
times a day.
1-6 grain in a pill.
# grain, increased to
4. grains in pill
With mucilage.
20 to 60 grains. See
infusions.
5 to 10 grains in
powder. Also, ex-
ternally.
to 10 grains,
mixed with gum
arabic, Sugar and
Water.
5
ASN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
191

MEDICINE.
COMMON NAME.
OPERATION.
USE.
DOSE.
Asclepias Incarnata . . . .
Assafoetida
Atropia
e & © e & © tº e º ºs e º e s e e
Balsamum Peruvianum.
Balsamum Tolutanum.
Baptisia Tinctoria. . . . . .
Belladonna....... e Q e s e e
Benzoinum....... © º e e º e
Bismuthi Submitras . . . .
Boras Soda
Brominum.............
* * * @ & Q @ e e e e º 'º e s e
Calamus Aromaticus....
Calumba. • & © & © e º e º e o e e
Camphora.....
Canella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cantharis.........
Qansioum..............
Com. silk weed.
Assafoetida.
Atropia.
Peruv. balsam.
Balsam of tolu.
Wild indigo.
Deadly night-
shade.
Benzoin.
Submitrate bis-
muth.
Borax.
Bromine.
Barosma
Sweet flag.
. Columbo.
Camphor.
Canella bark.
The blister fly.
Red pepper.
Expectorant, cath-
artic.
Antispasmodic, ex-
pec'rt, anthelm’ntic
Powerful narcotic,
diaphoretic.
Stimulant,
expectorant.
tonic,
Stimulant, expecto-
rant.
Antiseptic, laxative,
emetic.
Powerful narcotic,
diaphoretic.
Antispasmodic, ab-
Sorbent, Sedative.
Diuretic, refriger-
ant.
Stimulates the lym-
phatics.
Stimulant, diapho-
retic,
Stomachic, carm’ve
Tomic.
Diaphoretic, nar-
cotic, Sedative.
Stimulant, cathar-
tic, tonic.
Stimulant, diuretic,
vesicant.
Stimulant, rubefa-
cient.
Catarrh, pneumonia
pleurisy.
Hysteria, asthma,
worms, dyspnoea.
In intermittents,
neuralgia, as coly-
Illlſ]].
In palsy, asthma,
gleet.
In chronic coughs.
In Scarlatina, gan-
grene.
Ticaouloureux, pal-
sy, dropsy, chorea,
etc., etc.
Principally for ob-
taining the acid it
contains.
In dyspepsia, at-
tended with car-
dialgia.
In gastric irrita-
tation; as a gargle
in aphtha.
In scrofula, bronco-
cele.
In irritation of the
bladder.
In atonic dyspepsia.
Used in dyspepsia.
In malignant sore
throat, pneumonia,
mania, hysteria.
Used as an addition
to bitters.
Internally in drop-
sies, gleet, reten-
tion of urine.
In atomic gout, dys-
20–60 grains several
times a day.
10–30 grains.
8 grains to an ounce
of lard in neural-
gia. Apply.
10–30 drops, thrice
a day.
Used principally OOl
account of its fla-
WOI’.
l
©
*
ounce of decoc-
tion.
# grain, increased to
1 grain, daily.
10–30 grains.
1–15 grains.
10–60 grains.
In aqueous parts of
1–40 of water, 6
drops several times
a day.
20–30 grains in pow-
der.
20–60 grs. in powder
10–20 grains or
make an infusion
and take wineglass
2–20 grains, in pow-
der, with sugar.
10–30 grains.
#–1 grain, in pill.
8–10, in pill.
pepsia; for gar-
gles in Sore throat.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PBACTICAL INFORMATION.
MEDIGINE. COMMON NAME. OPERATION. USE. DOSE.
Carbo Ligni. . . . . . . . . . . Char coal of Antiseptic, absorb-In obstinate consti-10–20 grains united
wood. ent. pation, tooth pow- with rhubarb.
der.
Cardamom. . . . . . . . . . . . . Card a mom Carminative, stom-In colic of children.5–60 grains in pow-
Seed. achic. der with rhubarb
and magnesia.
Carthamus.... . . . . . . . . . Dyer's saffron. Laxative. Scarlatina. Given in infusion,
unlimited.
Caryophyllus........... Cloves. Stimulant. As a corrigent to 5–10 grains.
other remedies.
Cascarilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cascarilla bark|Tonic, stomachic. As an adjunct to 10–60grains in pow-
cinehona, in ague, der.
in obstinate dia-
rhea and dysentery
Castorium ....... sº e e º 'º e Castor. Antispasmodic, em-Intyphus, hysteria, 10–20 grains in pills.
menagogue. epilepsy.
Catechu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catechu. Astringent, tonic. In diarrhea, in ute-|10–60 grains.
rine, hemorrhages,
ulceration of the
groins.
Caulophyllum.......... Blue cohosh. Diaphoretic, em-In fevers. 1–2 ounces of infu-
menagogue. sion.
Cetaceum....... Q & © e < e < Spermaceti. |Demulcent, emolli-In cough and dyS-30–90 grs., rubbed
ent. entery. up with sugar or
with an egg in
emulsion.
Chenopodium...... . . . . Wormseed. Anthelmintic To destroy worms Of the powdered
in children, fol- seeds 20–40 to a
lowed by calomel. child 2 or 3 years
old, in Syrup.
Chloral... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chloral hydrate Hypnotic and ano-In delirium tremens|10–40 grains, in
* dyne. and nervous dis-| syrup.
eases to produce
Sleep,
Chloroformum . . . . . . . . . Chloroform ...|Anesthetic, a no-|It is used in Sur-10–60 drops inter-
dyne. gery and in cases nally.
of cholera, colic,
etc.
Chondrus......... . . . . . [Irish moss. A substitute for the Very nutritious. Used in decoctions
Cimicifuga. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cinchona.... . . . . . . . . . . .
Black snake
root.
Peruvian bark.
Iceland moss.
Tonic, diuretic, em-
menagogue.
Tonic, antispasmod-
iç, astringent, feb-
rifuge.
hysteria,
and
Dropsy, ...
rheumatism,
chorea.
In erysipelas, inter-
mittent fewers, and
Scarlatina.
of 1 to 3 ozs flavor-
ed with lemon.
10–60 grains in
powder, but usual-
ly administered in
form of decoction.
8–10 grains given in
Orange peel syrue
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
193
MEDICINE.
COMMON NAME,
OPERATIONA
USE,
Cinnamomum
Colchici Radix et Semen.
Colocynth......
Conium
Copaiba........
Conus Florida
Creosotum.
Creta Praeparata
a * * * * * * *
e - e º e e s e
e - e º º e º 'º
Crocus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cubeba..... © e o O O
Cupri Acetus
Gupri Sulphas..
© e º e º e s
Digitalis................
Dioscorea. Willosa
Cinnamon bark
Bulb and seeds
of the meadow
Saffron.
Bitter cucum-
ber.
Hemlock,
Balsam copai-
ba.
Stimulant, astrin-
gent, carminative.
Narcotic, cathartic,
diuretic.
Strongly cathartic,
drastic, hydro-
gogue.
Narcotic, poisonous,
resolvent.
Stimulant, diuretic,
purgative.
Sulphate of
COpper.
Foxglove.
Wild yam.
Dogwood. Tonic, astringent.
Creosote. ...... © & © & © e o e e e s •
Prepared chalk Antacid, external-
ly absorbent.
!
Saffron. Stimulant, purga-
tive.
Cubebs. Stimulant, purga-
tive, diuretic.
Acetate of cop-Tonic, stimulant,
per. escharotic.
Tonic, emetic, as-
tringent, escha-
rotic, styptic.
Stimulant, diuretic,
sedative.
Antispasmodic, se-
dative,
As a grateful aro-
matic in dyspepsia
and diarrhea.
In dyspepsia, gout,
rheumatism, neu-
ralgia, bronchitis.
Combined with cal-
Omel, extract of
jalap and gamboge
Used in cancer,
Scrofula, syphillis,
enlargement of liv-
€I’.
In gonorrhea, gleet,
dysentery, hemor-
rhodal affections.
In all cases to which
peruvian bark is
adapted.
Externally applied
in rheumatism,
neuralgia; inter-
nally in dyspepsia,
to allay vomiting.
In diarrhea, acidity
of the stomach,
sprinkled on burns
In hysteria, and
other nervous af-
fections; to color
officinal tinctures.
In gonorrhea, gleet,
chronic diseases,
leucorrhea.
In epilepsy, chorea
and other spas-
modic affections.
In epilepsy and in-
termittent fevers,
phthisis; to pro-
duce vomiting in
poisoning, as col-
rium in ophthal-
mia.
Inflammatory diar-
rhea, dropsies, hem-
orrhages.
bilious
Given in
colic.
5–20 grains in pow-
der.
1–5 grains.
1–5 grains.
2–4 grains of the
powder; of the ex-
tract 2 drops to 1
drachm.
10–60 drops
emulsion. *
in
May give in powder,
decoction or ext. of
the powder, from
20 to 60 grains.
1–3 drops.
10 drops or more.
5–30 drops.
10–30 grains of the
powder every six
hours.
3–2 grains.
As a tonic # to 2
grains in a pill
2–10 grains in 2
ounces of water
to vomit.
1 grain in pill with
opium.
1–6 grains.
13
194
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Euonymus Atropurpur-
e s e e s e e s e º e º e º e e
Ferri et Ammonia Citras.
Ferriſodidum... . . . . . . . .
Ferri Oxidum Hydratum.
Ferri Subcarbonas
e e º 'º º º G & ©
Ferri Sulphas.
Ferrum. ... -------. . . . .
Burning bush.
Thoroughwort
boneset.
Citrate of iron
and ammonia.
Iodide of iron.
of iron.
Subcarbonate
of iron.
Sulphate of
iron.
Iron.
Hydrated oxide ...
Tonic, laxative, ex-
pectorant.
Tonic, emetic, dia-
phoretic, aperient.
Tonic ... and dia-
phoretic.
Tonic, €IDIſleIO 8,-
gogue.
& © tº º º ſº tº º O C º º º O e
Tonic, alterative,
emmenagogue.
Tonic, astringent,
emmenagogue.
Tonic, Anthelmin-
tic, deobstruent.
In dropsy.
In catarrh, inter-
mittents, remit-
tents, dyspepsia.
A pleasant and
soluble chalybeate.
In all cases of
debility, scrofula,
C8,IlC61.
As an antidote for
poisoning with
arsenic and its salts
In neuralgia, dys-
pepsia, chlorosis,
chorea, cancer.
In diseases of gen-
eral debility, dia-
betes, amenorrhea.
In general debility,
dyspepsia, hysteria,
chlorosis, worms.
MEDICINE. COMMON NAME. OPERATION. USE. DOSE.
Dracontium............ Skunk cabbage. Stimulant, anti-|Asthma, hysteria, 10–20 grains three
Spasmodic expec- rheumatism, epi- or four times a
torant. lepsy, Whooping day. It may also
cough. be given in infu-
Sion.
Dulcamara..... tº C. e. e. e. e. e. e. Woody night-Diuretic narcotic, Humoral asthma, 5–10 grains of the
shade. alterative, sudo- chronic rheuma- extract, 20–60 in
. rific. tism, scrofula, powder.
jaundice.
Elaterium . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wild cucum-Violent cathartic, In dropsies. 1-10 to #in pill or *
ber. diuretic. grain every hour
till it operates.
Ergota.................|Spurred rye. Stimulant, narcotic. Very useful in par-3 to 1 teaspoonful
turition, in hemor- of fluid extract as
rhages. may be required.
Erigeron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fleabane. Duretic, tonic, as-In dropsies, diar-Of the aqueous ex-
tringent. rhea and gravel. tract 5–10 grains
every hour.
Eucalyptus Globulus ...|Australiangum Stimulant, duretic.In fevers and inter-Tincture 3 to 2
tree. - mittents. Ounces, oiſ 5 to 10
drops.
Of the fluid ex-
tracts, 1–2 drach's.
As a tonic, 20–60
grains of the pow-
dered leaves, or 1
to 4 ounces infu-
sion, as a diapho-
retic.
5... grains several
times a day.
1–8 grains.
1 drachm frequent-
ly repeated.
5–30 grains united
with myrrh or
Some aromatic.
1–5 grains com-
bined with myrrh
and bitter extracts.
Ferrum per hydro-
gen—the most use-
in pill aftermeals.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
195


MEDICINE. COMMON NAME. OPERATION. USE. DOSE.
Filix Mas..............|Male fern root. Anthelmintic. In tinealata, fol-2 to 3 drachms of
lowed by active the Solid part of
purgatives. the powdered root.
Foeniculum. . . . . . . . . . . . Fennel. Carminative, diu-|In flatulencies. 20 to 60 gr. bruised,
retic. to one pint of
boiling water.
Frasera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American col-|A mild and valua-In all cases where 30 to 60 grs. See
Galbanum. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gallº ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gambogia
Gaultheria ... . . . . . . . . . .
Gelseminum...... Q Q & Q º e
Gentiana
Granatum
Grindelia Robusta
Guaici Resina Lignum.
umbo.
Galbanum gum
resin.
Galls.
Gamboge.
Partridgeberry.
Yellow jasmine
Gentian root.
Crane's bill.
Water avens.
Indian physic.
Cotton.
. Pomegranate
bark and flow-
€rS.
aicum, resin
and wood.
ble tonic.
Internally antispas-
modic, expector-
ant, discutient, re-
Solvent.
Powerfully astrin-
gent, tonic.
Drastic, cathartic,
emetic, anthelmin-
tic.
Stimulant, cordial,
astringent, em-
Imenagogue.
Febrifuge.
Tonic, stomachic.
A powerful astrin-
gent.
Tonic, astringent.
Emetic, cathartic.
Emmenagogue . . . .
Astringent, anthel-
mintic.
Diaphoretic.
Stimulant, diapho-
retic.
a pure tonic is
needed.
In hysteria, chloro-
sis, indolent tu-
IOlOI’8.
Diarrhea, intestinal
hemorrhages, and
intermittents.
In viceral obstruc-
tions and dropsy.
In diarrhea, amen-
orrhea, but chiefly
to flavor other
medicines.
Neuralgia,
ache.
dyspepsia.
infusions.
10–60 gr a in s in
emulsion.
ar
10 to 20 twice or
thrice a day.
2 to 10 grs. in pow-
der, with calomel.
Oil, 2 to 10 drops;
infusion, 2 to 4
OUID.CéS.
head-Fluid extract, 3 to
20 drops.
Jaundice, hysteria, 20 to 40 grains.
In diarrhea, dysen-20 to 40 grs. ; it may
tery.
In diarrhea, leu-
corrhea.
As a mild emetic,
where such medi-
cines are indicated.
Used in burns and
to blister; a solu-
tion of gun cot-
ton in ether forms
collodion.
In diarrhea, dysen-
tery, tapeworm.
Used in California
as antidote to
effects of poison
oak.
In chronic rheuma-
be given to children
boiled in milk.
20 to 60 grs. three
times a day.
20 to 30 grains as
emetic, repeated
every 20 minutes.
Of tincture, 1
hm.
In substance, 30
ains; decoction,
OUID.C6.
A wineglass of syrup
from decoction.
matism, gout, cu-
taneous diseases.
196
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OR PRACTICAL INFORMATION.

MD, DICINE. COMMON NAME. OPERATION, USE. DOSE.
Haematoxylon . . . . . . . . . Logwood. Astringent, tonic. In protracted stages Of decoction 1–2
of diarrhea and ounces, every 3 or
dysentery. 4 hours.
Hamamelis Virginica... Witch Hazel. Astringent, Seda-In hemorrhages and Fluid extract #
tive. piles; for the lat-| drachm.
ter equal parts of
this bark, white
oak bark and bark
of the apple tree
in decoction made
up with lard.
Helleborus ............ Black hellebore Cathartic, emmen-In mania and mel-[10–40 grains.
root. agogue, hydra - ancholia and drop-
gOgue. Sy.
Hepatica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liverwort. Demulcent, tonic, In chronic coughs Fluid extract 1–2
astringent, diuret- and hepatic affec- drachms.
ic. tions.
Heracleum............. Masterwort. Stimulant, carmin-In epilepsy, atten-2–3 drachms of the
ative. ded with flatulency powdered root.
Humulus.............. Hops. Narcotic, anodyne, In gout and rheu-3–20grs. in cin'am'n
Hydrargyri Chloridum
Corrosivum
gº º º º ſº º º ºs º &
e e e a e o e º e e º e º & © & ©
Hydrargyri Iodidum Wi-
ride
tº e º ºs º º ſº ... & tº e g º º te tº º
Hydrargyri Cum Creta..
Hydrastis Canadensis. .
Hyoscyami Folia et Sem-
ina. . . . . . . . cº e o e º O e e s tº
Ipecacuanhao Radix. ...
Corrosive sub-
limate.
Calomel
Iodide of mer-
cury.
Mercury with
chalk.
Yellow root.
Henbaneleaves
and Seed.
Ipecac
diuretic.
Stimulant, altera-
tive, antisyphilitic.
Antisyphilitic,
terative.
al-
Excellent alterative
Alterative, a n ti-
syphilitic.
Tonic, astringent.
Narcotic, anodyne,
antispasmodic.
Emetic in large
doses, sudorific
expect or ant in
Small.
matism.
In venereal com-
plaints, with the
greatest advantage
in chronic rheuma-
tism.
In bilious diseases
and chronic hepa-
titis, combined
with opium.
In strumous affec-
tions and lepra.
In porrigo and other
cutaneous affec-
tions; an altera-
tive in visceral dis-
eases of children.
In infusions, as col-
lyria to old ulcers
in gonorrhae.
In epilepsy, hyste-
ria, palsy, mania,
palpitation, and
Scirrhus, as a sub-
stitute for opium.
In inflammatory
disease, to produce
vomiting, good in
dysentery, pertus-
S18.
water or 1% oz.infu
1-12 to # grs. made
into a pill.
1–2 grains at night.
*–2 grs. in a pillor
dissolved in alcohol
5–30 grains twice a
day in any viscid
Substance.
1 drachm of fluid
extract.
3–10 grains of the
powder, but gen-
erally the extract
is preferred.
20 grains as emetic
alone or unit ed
With 1 grain tartar
emetic.
AN ENCYCLOBAEDTA OF prºMCTICAL INFORMATION.
197


MEDICINE. COMMON NAME. OPERATION. USE. DOSE.
Iris Versicolor.......... Blue flag. Cathartic, emetic, But seldom used, 10–20 grs. of dried
diuretic. owing to the dread- root.
ful nausea, and
prostration it occa-
Sions.
Jalapa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jalap. Cathartic, grip e s In costiveness, ma-10–30 grains in pill.
violently. nia, worms, dropsy
and quickens the
Operation of chlo-
ride of mercury.
Juglans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Butternut. Cathartic. In habitual costive-20–30 grs. as purge,
ness, fevers, com- 5 grs. as laxative.
bined with calomel
Juniperus... . . . . . . . . . . . Juniper fruits Diuretic, carmina-In dropsies with 20–30 grains tritu-
and tops. tive, diaphoretic. Squills and digital- urated with sugar.
is, as adjunct.
Juniperus Virginiana ...|Red cedar. Stimulant, diuretic, In chronic rheuma-Make an irritant
Krameria.............
Magnesia........ © e º e o e
Magnesiae Sulphas
Magnolia....... Qº º º O e º e
Mentha Piperita
Mentha Wiridis.........
Mezereum..............
..|Rhatany root.
Magnesia.
Sulph at e of
magnesia.
Magnolia.
Pride of China
Rose honey.
Peppermint.
Spearmint.
Mezereon bark.
diaphoretic.
Astringent, diuretic.
when it meets with
acid in stomach.
Purgative, diuretic.
A gently stimulat-
ing aromatic tonic
and diaphoretic.
Anthelmintic.
Astringent, deter-
gent.
Stomachic, carmin-
ative.
Stomachic, carmin-
ative.
Stimulant, diapho-
retic.
tism, amenorrhea,
dropsy.
In dysentery at-
tended with bloody
stools.
Ant acid, laxative,In heartburn, aph-
that and
acidities.
other
ointment by boil-
ing the fresh Heaves
in twice their wgt.
of lard.
10–60 grains in pow.
der.
10–30 grains.
In all cases which}–1 ounce.
require purgatives.
In chronic rheuma-
tism, intermittents
and gastric debil-
ity.
Cath artic a n d|As a purgative.
Chiefly in gargles
in ulceration and
inflammation of
the mouth and
fauces.
in substances.
See e oleum mentha
viridis
Invenereal diseases
but doubtful.
Of the powdered
bark 30–60 grains
often repeated.
8 or 4 ounces of the
bark of the root to
a quart of water;
boil to a pint; give
a teaspoonful.
Q. S.
Scarcely ever used|Fluid extract 3–1
drachm
10–60 grs. Searcely
ever used in sub-
stance.
Of the powder 1
grain, gradually in-
creased to 10.
198
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.


MEDICINE. COMMON NAME. OPERATION. USE. DOSE.
Morphia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morphia. Narcotic, excitant. Chiefly to prepare|Rubbed upon the
the more soluble skin it produces
Salts. marcotic effect.
Morphia Murias....... Muriate of Mor-|Narcotic, excitant. Used endermically|1-6 grain.
phia. preferable to the
acetate.
Morphia Acetate....... Acetate of Mor-Narcotic. Used in severe pain;–4 grain.
phia. being quicker but
not so lasting as
opium.
Morphia Sulphate. . . . . . Sulph at e o f Powerfully narcotic Used in all cases re-3–4 grain.
Morphia. and sedative. quiring the use of
opium.
Moschus..... ..........|Musk. Stimulant, ... anti-Used in spasmodic 2–30 grains every
spasmodic, diapho- affections, hys- three or four hours.
retic. teria, pertussis,
epilepsy.
Myristica..... .........|Nutmeg mace. Stomachic stimu-To relieve nausea. Of the nutmeg and
lant. and vomiting, and mace, 5–20 grains,
Naphtha... . . . . . . . . . . . .
Opium... . . . . . . . .
Papaver
Pareira
© e º e º O &
© º º e
Paullinia º e º 'º -º-º: 40 sº tº & © e º º
Myrrh.
Petroleum.
Opium.
White poppy
capsules.
Pareira Brava,
Guarana.
Stimulant, expecto-
rant.
A stimulating an-
tispasmodic, and
sudorific.
Antisp a smodic,
stimulant in Small
doses,butin larger,
narcotic, diapho-
retic.
Relaxant anodyne
Tonic, aperient, di-
uretic.
Tonic, Nervine.
to check diarrhea.
In cachetic com-
plaints, humoral
asthma, chronic
catarrh, etc.
Used in all painful,
of the chest, take
warm by mixing
one part petroleum
with one and a half
parts of assafoet-
ida.
Used in all pampel
a fection s, in
diarrhea, intermit-
tents, typhus,
cholera, and py-
rosis.
Externally as a fo-
mentation.
Inirritable bladder.
Headaches.
of the oil 2–6
drops.
10–30 grains in
powder.
Mix one scruple
Naphtha suspend-
ed by a Small quan-
tity of boiling alco-
hol in 4 ounces of
simple syrup and
give a teaspoonful
every fifteen min-
utes until expec-
toration is estab-
lished.
3–4 grain, 1–2 grains
is narcotic.
4 ounces of the
dried leaves to 4
pints of w a ter
boiled to 2 pints.
30–60 grains.
8–10 grains of alco-
hol extract.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
199


MEDICINE.
COMMON NAME.
OPERATION,
USE.
DOSE.
Phosphas Soda
Phytolacca Bac cae et
s e º e º e º e e o e ∈ * - e. e.
Piper Nigrum
Plumbi Acetas..........
Plumbi Carbonas
Podophyllum Peltatum..
Potassae Acetas
Potassae Bichromas
Potassae Bitartras
Potassae Carbonas Purus.
Potassae Chloras........
Potassae Nitras
Phosphate of
Soda.
Pokeberries
Black pepper.
Acetate of lead.
Carb'n't of lead
May apple,
mandrake.
Acetate potash.
Bichromate of
potash.
Bitart rate of
potash, cream
of tartar.
Pure carbonate
of pot assa,
Salt of tartar.
Chlorate of po-
tassa.
Nitrate of po-
..] tassa.
Purgative.
Emetic, purgative,
alterative, marcotic
Tonic, antispasmo-
dic, stimulant.
solutions; cooling
and se dative in
strong.
Astringent, sedative
An active and cer-
tain cathartic.
retic.
Mildly purgative,
refrigerent, diu-
retic.
Diuretic, antacid.
Refrigerent, diuretic
Diuretic, refrigerent
Astringent in weak
Alterative, emetic. In sluggish state of
In all cases where
the bowels require
to be opened; dis-
solve in broth with-
out salt.
As an escharotic by
cancer doctors, in
chronic rheumat-
ism.
remove hiccough ;
said to cure ague.
Internal, in visceralſ
hemorrhage; ex-
ternally, in solu-
tion, in phlegmon-
ous inflammations
affected with local
inflammations.
In most inflamma-
tory affections,
where brisk purg-
VērS.
dropsies, and in
visceral obstruc-
tions.
the liver.
In aseites, proceed-
ing from visceral
obstructions, and
to open the bowels
in inflammatory
habits.
In dropsies, acidi-
ties of the primae
via, and glandular
obstruction.
In scurvy, scarlati-
na, and as a wash
IIl Call CIUIDO OrlS.
In fevers, dropsies,
herpetic ... erup -
tions, active hem.
ing is indicated;|
also in bilious fe-l'
1–2 drachms.
As an emetic, 10–30
grains; as an al-
terative, 1–5 grg.
To check nausea, 10–20 grains.
1–3 grains in powd.
with opium. 1 to 8
drachms to a pint
of distilled water
for a wash.
Sprinkled on parts|External use.
Of the powdered
root, 20 grains.
Mild cathartic, diu-In febrile diseases, 20–60 grains as diu-
retic ; 1–3 drachms
to open the bowels.
1-5 grain daily as an
alterative; # as an
emetic.
20–60 grains, com-
bined with 20 grs.
soda biboras, to
excite the kidneys.
10–30 grains, prop-
erly diluted.
10–30 grains.
10–30 grains.
200
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.


MDºD CINE. COMMON NAME. OPERATION. USE. I)0SE.
Potassee Permanganas...|Permanganate |A powerful disin-|Diptheria and pest-Solution of 10 parts
of potash. fectant. ilential fevers. in 90 of water, or
Potassae Sulphas
e tº º º º º &
Potassae Sulphuretum..
Prunus Wirginiana
**
Quassia...........
Quinia Murias
Quinie Sulphas
Rubus Trivialis, Willosus
Sarsaparilla . . . . . .
Sulp hate of
potash.
Sulphate of po-
tassium.
Wild cherry
bark.
Quassia wood.
Muriate of qui-
Illſle.
Sulp h a te of
quinine.
Walerianate of
quinine.
Rhubarb.
Dewberry root,
or blackberry
root.
Smilax, offi-
cinalis.
Purgative.
Expectorant, dia-
phoretic.
Tonic, sedative.
Tonic, stomachic.
Tonic.
Tonic.
Nervine.
Stomachic, purga-
tive.
Astringent, tonic.
Diuretic, d e m ul-
cent.
To open the bowels
in febrile diseases,
mania and hypo-
condriasis.
In chronic asthma,
chronic catarrh &
rheumatism, hep-
atic and other cu-
taneous diseases.
In debilitated states
of the stomach or
general system; it
allays the action of
highly useful in fe-
VeTS.
Inintermittents and
bilious fevers, in
hysteria unit ed
with tincture of
valerian.
Inintermittents and
all periodic dis-
€3. SéS.
Inintermittents and
all periodic dis-
eases as a tonic ;
also as a febrifuge
mittents.
In neuralgia and
hemicrania.
In costiveness from
laxity of bowels,
particularly chil-
dren, and diarrhea
In diarrhea from
debility, c holera
infantum, chronic
dysentery.
In the treatment of
syphilis, noctural
pains, enlargement
of penis, in scrof-
ula.
the heart, and is
in bilious in ter-|
# grain doses.
1 drachm to 1 ounce
in Solution.
2–10 grains com-
bined with soap or
extract of conium
in pills or mixture.
30–60 grains.
Generally used in
infusion or extract,
which are prefer-
able.
1–10 grains.
1–10 grains.
1–2 grains.
10–30 grains of the
powder to open the
bowels; 6–10 grs.
to act as a stom-
achic.
Of the decoction 1
ounce 1; pints of
Water, boiled to a
pint; of the pow-
dered root 20–30
grains.
20–60 grains of the
powder.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
201

MEDICINE.
COMMON NAME.
OPERATION.
USE.
DOSE.
Scammonium
Soda Boras...........
Soda Carbonas........
Soda Hyposulphis, ...---
Sodaº Sulphas.........
Spigelia.......... tº e º e e
. Sublimed
Scammony.
Squill.
|
Borate of soda.
Carbonate of
Soda.
Hyposulphite
of Soda.
Sulphate of
Soda.
Indian p in k
root.
Queen's root.
Strychnine.
. Nux Womica. .
sul-
phur.
Iodide of sul-
phur.
Drastic, purgative.
Emetic in large
doses, purgative in
Small.
Diuretic, emmena-
gogue.
Antacid.
Arrests
tion.
fermenta-
Purgative in small
doses, diuretic.
Anthelmintic.
Emetic, cathartic.
Tonic.
Tonic, stimulant.
Stimulant, laxative,
diaphoretic.
A powerful altera-
tive in lupus acne
and psoriasis.
In obstinate c os-
tiveness, worm s,
dropsy; in combi-
nation with other
cathartic, as aloes.
In pulmonary com-
plaints, humoral
asthma, drop sy,
and pertussis.
In Nephretic and
calculous com -
plaints.
In dyspepsia and
acidities of the
Stomach, united
with bitters.
Excellent in diph-
theria, in connec-
tion with iron.
In costiveness, in
bilious colics,
largely diluted.
For the expulsion
of lumbrici in the
remitting fevers of
infancy.
In Secondary syphi-
lis, scrofula.
As a tonic in pyro-
sis, chronic diar-
rhea and leucor-
rhea ; in cases of
partial paralysis.
In dyspepsia, gout,
rheumatism, and
especially in paral-
ysis of the lower
limbs.
As a laxative in
chronic rheuma-
tism, atomic, gout,
asthma, pulmona-
ry affections.
In cutaneous affec-
tions second a ry
Syphilis, etc. (See
8–15 grains triturate
with sugar.
1–5 grains of the
dried root.
20–40 grains, com-
bined with cream
of tartar.
10–30 grains twice
or thrice a day.
10–20 grains three
times a day.
Of the effloresced
Salt in pow d e r
3–6 drs. Use lem-
on juice or cream
of tartar with it.
10–30 grains of the
powdered root.
15–30 grains; 20–40
drops of fluid ext.
1-16 to 1-12 grains.
3–12 grains.
3–2 drachms, taken
night and morning
3-1 grain.
ointment.)
202
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
MEDICINEe
COMMON NAME.
OPERATION.
USE.
DOSEe

Tanacetum... . . . . . . . . .
Taraxacum. . . . . . .
Terebinthina. . . . . . . . . . .
Toxicodendron. . . . . . . . .
Tragacantha..... © e o e o e
Uva Ursi. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waleriana. e G ......... © º
Weratum Album
• e o 'º " s e
Weratrum Wiride. . . . . .
Leaves of tansy
Root of dande-
lion.
Turpentine.
Poison oak.
Tragacanth.
Leaves Wild
Cranberry or
bear's berry.
Walerian root.
White helle-
bore root.
American hell-
ebore.
Tonic, anthelmintic
Aperient, diuretic,
resolvent.
Stimulant, diuretic,
laxative.
Stimulant, narcotic
Demulcent.
Tonic.
Antispasmodic, em-
menagogue, tonic.
Violent emetic, pur-
gative, externally
stimulant.
Sedative, diapho-
retic, emetic.
In gout, hysteria,
connected with
Suppression of the
IOleIl SeS.
In chronic inflam-
mation and chron-
| ic derangement of
the stomach, drop-
sy, etc.
Used extensively in
bowel affections.
tions.
cough.
betes.
Hysteria, epilepsy,
hemicrania, chlo-
rosis.
maniacal cases.
and pneumonia.
In paralytic affec-
Small quantities
held in the mouth
sheathe the fauces|
and allay tickling
In chronic diarrhea
and dysentery, leu-
corrhea, and dia-
It is never given in-
ternally, unless in
It is an arterial Se-
dative in fevers tincture.
30–60 grains. It is
drank as a tea by
gouty persons.
2 ounces of a decoc-
tion 3 or 4 times a
day.
# drachm.
4–4 grains twice a
day.
10–60 grains.
15–30 grains.
20–60 grains twice
or thrice a day.
1–2 grains.
3–5 drops of the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
205
FACTS FOR BUILDERS.
*)Y LAYING 1,000 shingles 4 inches
Ž to the weather you can cover
100 square feet of surface, and
5 pounds of shingle-nails will
fasten them on.
One-fifth more siding and floor-
ing is needed than the number
of Square feet of surface to be
covered, because of the lap in the
Siding and matching.
One thousand laths will cover 70 yards of
surface, and 7 pounds of lath-mails will nail
them on.
Eight bushels of good lime, 24 bushels of sand
and 1 bushel of hair will make enough good
mortar to plaster 100 Square yards.
A cord of stone, 8 bushels of lime, and a
cubic yard of sand will lay 100 cubic feet of
wall.
Five courses of brick will lay 1 foot in height
on a chimney; 16 bricks in a course will make
a flue 4 inches wide and 12 inches long, and
8 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 inches
wide and 16 inches long.
Cement 1 bushel, and sand 2 bushels will
cover 33 square yards 1 inch thick, 4} square
yards 3-inch thick, and 63 Square yards 3-inch
thick.
One bushel, cement and 1 of sand will cover
23 square yards 1 inch thick, 3 Square yards
3-inch thick, and 4% square yards 3-inch thick.
Speed of Railroad Locomotives.
AMERICAN.
On June 4th, 1876, a special fast train
started from New York for San Francisco, a
distance of 2,900 miles, which was accomplished
in 83 hours and 34 minutes, making an aver-
age of 34 miles per hour.
The Newspaper Express train, running
between New York and Philadelphia, 93 miles,
makes the trip in 1 hour and 45 minutes. An
express train with W. H. Wanderbilt and guests,
on the Canada Southern Railroad, made 111
miles in 89 minutes.
ENGLISH,
The fastest is the 11:45 A. M. train from
Paddington, the terminus of the Great West-
ern Railroad, to Exeter, a distance of 194 miles;
time 43 hours, making four stoppages. The
Great Northern Railroad makes fast time. One
engine having 8 feet driving wheels runs daily,
making an average of 57 miles per hour.
To Compute the Volume of Round Timber.
Rule. Add together the squares of diameter
of greater and lesser ends and product of the
two diameters. Multiply the sum by 7854
and product by one-third of length.
Example. The diameter of a log of timber
is 2 feet at one end and 13 feet at the other,
and 15 feet long.
2×2+1.5×1.5-H2×1.5=6.25+3=9.25.
Then 9.25×.7854×5=36.32 cubic feet.



204 AN ENOYOLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
SASH WEIGHTS.
The following table, taken from Leffel's Mechanical News, will be found useful in the making
of Sash weights, which, of course, must balance accurately the weight of the sash. The first
column of figures indicates the diameter of the round weight or the length of one side of the
square weight in inches and fractional parts of an inch. The other two columns are sufficiently
explained in the head lines. Windows of dwelling houses and all classes of public buildings
are now so generally made with box frames for the reception of weights and pulleys that the
manufacture of the weights and pulleys is quite an important branch of industry. It is a very
troublesome one in some cases, especially where a job of this kind is only occasionally called
for and the workman is obliged to make an intricate calculation for each new size of weight
required:
Weights and Line Required for Common Sized Windows.
EACEI WEIGHT.
Line for each
1% inch. 1% inch. Weight.
8 x 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 pounds 5 pounds | 2% feet
8 x 12. . . . . . . . . . . . • e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * © # 66 5 66 % 6&
9 x 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e º C & (6 66 23 “
9 x 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # | # | #
9 x 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5}. “ 5} “ 8} “
9 x 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §: “ 6. “ 84 “
9 x 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5} “ 6]. “ 33 “
9 x 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. “ é 4. “
10 × 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5}. “ 6 66 3 “
10 × 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # * § . # .
10 × 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 “ 6} “ # .
10 x 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 G6 7 66 23 “
10 x 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 “ # 66 4. “
10 x 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7} “ # .
10 × 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º- 8 66 4} $6
11 x 15. . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 66 33. “
11 x 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 66 4 “
11 x 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 66 4}. “
11 x 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # Cº. 4}. “
12 X 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 66 34 “
12 X 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 & 34 “
12 x 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 66 4. "
12 X 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # 66 4} 66
12 X 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10} G& 5 66
Each Hank contains 75 feet of Line.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
205
MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS.
* g Weight in lbs. Tenacity in lbs. Crºhiº. Force
TIMDBEB. Specific Gravity. Cubſ. Foot. square inch. słºń.
Ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 50 17.200 9.000
Beech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 43 11.000 9.000
Birch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 44 15.000 5.500
Cedar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 30 11.000 5.600
Deal, Christiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 44 12.000 6.000
lm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 37 13.000 10.000
Hornbeam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 47 20.000 7.000
Larch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 34 9.0(60 5.500
Memel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 37
Mahogany, Spanish...................... .8 50 16.000 8.000
Oak, English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 58 17.000 10.000
Oak, Canadian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 54 10.000 6.000
Pine, red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 41 12.000 5.800
Pine, yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 28 11.000 5.100
Teak, Moulmein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 41 15.000 12.000
Yew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 50 8.000
MISCELLANEOUS
Asphaltum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 56
Gutta-percha . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .98 61
India-rubber... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 59
Ivory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 112
FLUIDS Boiling Point. Expansion.*
Alcohol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 50 1739 .11
Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 46 100 .07
Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 56 .08
Water, fresh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.000 62.4 212 .047
Water, Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.028 64.1 213
GASES water Compºsht W.h §§º
Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0012 1.000 527
Carbonic Acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0018 1.524 800
Carburetted Hydrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0005 . . 20 220
Hydrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00008 .069 43
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | .00125 1.103 627

*Expansion of fluids is calculated between 32° and 212°Fahrenheit.
206 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Table to Find the Number of Brick Required to Construct any Building, Embracing Walls from 4
Inches to 24 Inches Thick, Reckoning 7 Bricks to Each Superficial Foot.
Eacample.—Required the number of bricks in 100 superficial feet of wall 12 inches thick.
Under 12 inch, and opposite 100, you will find the answer, 2250, the number of bricks required.
Superficial Number of Bricks to Thickness of
eet Of
Wall.
4-inch. 8-inch. 12-inch. 16-inch. 20-inch. 24-inch.
1 7 15 23 30 38 45
2 15 30 45 60 75 90
3 23 45 68 90 113 135
4 30 60 90 120 150 180
5 38 75 113 150 188 225
6 45 90 135 180 225 270
7 53 105 158 210 263 315
8 60 120 180 240 300 360
9 68 135 203 270 338 405
10 75 150 225 300 375 450
20 150 300 450 600 750 900
30 225 450 675 900 1125 1350
40 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
50 375 750 1125 1500 1875 2:50
60 450 900 1350 1800 2250 2700
70 525 1050 1575 2100 2625 3150
80 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
90 675 1350 2025 2700 3375 4050
100 750 1500 2250 3000 37.50 4500
200 1500 8000 4500 6000 7500 9000
300 2250 4500 67.50 9000 11250 18500
400 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000°
500 3750 7500 11250 15000 18750 22500
600 4500 9000 13500 18000 22500 7000
700 5250 10500 15750 21000 26250 31500
800 6000 12000 18000 24000 30000 36000
900 6750 13500 20250 27000 33750 45000
1000 7500 15000 22500 80000 37500 45000
:
:
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
207
ILARGE | LOCOMOTIVES.
Two engines, Nos. 55 and 422, on the Penn-
sylvania Railroad, exhibited the following ex-
traordinary durability. No. 55 made 161,476
miles without once being taken off her wheels,
at a cost of $1.88 per mile; running two years,
ten months and twenty-five days. The other
engine, No. 422, ran three years, six months,
nineteen days, and made 153,280 miles, at a
cost of $2.44 per mile, without undergoing the
slightest repairs.
Rule to Find the Horse Power of a Locomotive.
Multiply the area of the piston by the
measure per Square inch, which should be
taken as # of the boiler pressure; multiply
this product by the number of revolutions per
minute; multiply this by twice the length of
the stroke in feet or inches; if in inches they
must be divided by 12, multiply this product
Ž à
B: E:
Öſ,
PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVES. # # £
> *. GD
B Å As 3
.5% C. 's P.
GD O $—t O
Bºt 3 $3 's
3 # ă #
Name of Railroad or Builder. Kind of Locomotive. ë B: F. Ž
Reading Railroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fast Express... . . . . . . 96,200 lb. *64,250 lb.68 in.21x22in,
Pennsylvania Railroad. . . . . . . . . . $6 “ Class K. 92,700 “ *65,300 “ 78 “18x24 “
Fontaine Locomotive. 93,000 “ #44,000 “ . . . . . . 16x24 “
Baldwin Locomotive Works. . . . . Fast Express... . . . . . . 85,000 “ |#35 to 45,000 “ 78 “|18x24 “
Boston and Albany. . . . . . . . . . . . . { % { % 80,000 “ #56,000 “ 66 “18x22 “
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tank Locomotive...|{120,400 “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 “17X24 “
- FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVES.
Reading Railroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidation . . . . . . . 102,000 “ 88,500 “ 50 “20x24 “
$6 66 Twelve wheels coupled 101,000 “ 101,000 “|46 “20x26 “
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe... Consolidation, tank. . $115,000 “ $100,000 “ 48 “17x24 “
Central Pacific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mogul, tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,000 “|48 “ 16x24 $6.
*On four wheels. f.On two wheels. Reported weight. ŠEstimated.
Durability of Locomotives. by 2 and divide by 33,000; the result will be

the power of the locomotive.
Eacample.—Cylinder, 19 inches.
Stroke, 24 inches.
Diameter of drivers, 54 inches.
Running speed, 20 miles per hour.
Area of piston, 283} Square inches.
Boiler pressure, 130 pounds per square inch.
Maximum pressure in cylinders, 80 pounds.
Then
285} x80 × 4 × 124x2
33,000
=681.6 horse-power.
Velocity of Drums-To Find their Required
Diameter.
Suppose a drum 80 inches in diameter to
make 50 revolutions per minute required the
diameter of another to make 100 revolutions
per minute proceed thus: 80×50=1500--100
=15 inches.
208
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
To Compute the Volume of Square Timber.
When all the dimensions are in feet, multi-
ply the breadth, depth and length together,
and the product will give the volume in cubic
feet.
When either of the dimensions are given in
inches, multiply as before, and divide the
product by 12.
When any two of the dimensions are given
in inches, multiply as before, and divide by 144.
Example. A piece of timber is 15 inches
square, and 20 feet in length; required, its
volume in cubic feet :
15 × 15 × 20=4.500, and 4.500--144=31.25 feet.
Board and Timber Measure.
Rule. Multiply the length by the breadth,
and the product will give the surface required.
If the dimensions are given in inches, mul-
tiply as above, and divide by 12. When all
the dimensions are in inches, multiply as before,
and divide the product by 144.
Example. What are the number of Square
feet in a board 15 feet in length and 16 inches
in width ?
15×16−240, and 240--12=20 feet.
To Compute the Volume of Bricks, and the Num-
ber in a Cubic Foot of Masonry.
Rule.—To the face dimensions of the partic-
ular bricks used add one-half of the thickness
of the mortar or the cement in which they are
laid, and compute the area; divide the width
of the wall by the number of brick of which it
is composed; multiply this area by the quo-
tient thus obtained, and the product will give
the volume of the mass of brick and its mor-
tar, in inches. Divide 1728 by this volume,
and the quotient will give the number of bricks
in a cubic foot.
Example.—The width of a wall is to be 12;
inches, and the front of it laid with Philadel-
phia bricks in courses 3 of an inch in depth;
how many bricks will there be in face and back-
ing in a cubic foot ? Proceed thus:
Philadelphia front brick 8: X23.
We first reduce all our common fractions to
decimals.
Then 8.25+.25×2-2=8.5 length of brick and
joint.
Again, 2.375+.25×2-3-2–2.625 width of brick
and joint.
Then, 8.5×2.625=22.3125 inches area of face.
Then, 12.75-i-3 (number of bricks in width of
wall) equals 4.25 inches.
Hence, 22.3125×4.25=94.83 cubic inches.
And 1728-1-94.83=18.22, number of bricks in
a cubic foot.
Rule to Find the Horse-Power of a Stationary
Engine.
Multiply the area of the piston by the average
pressure in pounds per square inch. Multiply
this product by the travel of the piston in feet
per minutes; divide by 33000, this will give the
horse power. Proper example:
Diameter of cylinder 12
12
144
7854
Area of Piston, 113.0976
Pressure, 70; average 50, Ö0
5654.880
Travel of piston in ft. per min. 300
83000)1696464,000(51
Horse-power.
Stroke of an Engine.
The stroke of an engine varies according to
circumstances, which the designer must take
into consideration, but the general rule is to
make the stroke about twice the diameter of
the cylinder. The diameter of the fly-wheel
should be about four times the stroke, and the
rim should weigh about three hundred weight
per horse-power.
Breaking and Crushing Strains of Iron and Steel
-Average Calculations.
Tons per Sq. in. of Sec.
Breaking strain of wrought iron. . . . . . 23
Crushing “ 6 & “ . . . . . 17
Breaking strain of cast iron....... 7}
Crushing & 6 & 4 “ . . . . . 50
Breaking strain of steel bars...... 50
Crushing & & & 4 & &
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
209
Temperatures.
Fresh water begins to freeze at 32°, called
the freezing point, but salt water not till 28%".
Consumption of Fuel in Marine Boilers.
A Ship having 40 feet beam and ordinary
condensing engines will require 40 tons of coal
per day to drive her at 10 knots an hour.
The rule beam Squared equals the consump-
tion of fuel for 40, 50 or 60 days, according to
whether the engines are ordinary jet, surface
condensing, or compound.
Example. 40%=1,600+40–40 tons for one
day for ordinary condensing.
40°–1600+50=32 tons for surface condens-
ing. 40%–1000+-60=26 tons, 8 hundred weight
for compound engines. The consumption of
fuel in marine boilers will average about 15%
pounds of coal per square foot per hour. In
4 furnaces 3 feet wide by 6 feet long with 72
Square feet of surface, about 12 tons of coal
will be burnt per day. Thus, 72 feet X.15}--
112=9.9 hundred weight per hour. Say 10
hundred weight of 112 pounds each per hour,
or 12 tons per day. A much simpler and
equally correct rule is, that one foot in width
of bar equals 1 ton of coal per day; so that
in the example above the total width of four
furnaces is 3 feet X4=12 feet wide, or 12 tons
per day as before.
Velocity of Wheels, Pulleys, Drums, &c.
When Wheels are applied to communicate
motion from one part of a machine to another,
their teeth act alternately on each other;
consequently, if one wheel contains 60 teeth,
and another 20 teeth, the one containing 20
teeth will make three revolutions while the
other makes but one; and if drums or pulleys
are taken in place of wheels, the effect will be
the same, because their circumfrences, describ-
ing equal spaces, render their revolutions un-
equal; from this the rule is derived, namely:
Multiply the velocity of the driver by the
number of teeth it contains and divide by the
voloicity of the driver, the quotient will be the
number of teeth it ought to contain; or,
multiply the velocity of the driven by its
diameter, and divide by the velocity of the
driven.
Eacample.—If a wheel that contains 75 teeth
makes 16 revolutions per minute, required the
number of teeth in another to work into and
make 24 revolutions in the same time, then
16×75–24=50 teeth.
Velocity of Wheels–To Find their Required
Diameter.
A wheel 84 inches in diameter and making
54 revolutions per minute, is to give motion to
a shaft at the rate of 100 revolutions in the
Same time; to find the diameter of a wheel suit-
able for that purpose, proceed thus:
Multiply 84, diameter of wheel, by 54, number
of revolutions per minute.
Therefore, 84×54=4536.
Again, 4586-i-100, proposed number of revo-
lutions, we have 45.36 inches.
How to Calculate the Necessary Power Required
to Move a Given Weight on a Level Railroad.
If a train of forty tons' weight is drawn on
a level railroad, what power is necessary to
overcome the resistance, it being 8 pounds per
ton ?
2000 pounds, (number of pounds in a ton:)
Then, 2000--8=250—that is it will overcome
.004 of the weight. .
Again, 30×2000–3-250=240 pounds.
What power would be required to move a load
of 100 tons up a grade, supposing the grade to
be 2 feet in every 100, the co-efficient of frac-
tion being .004?
Then 2X250 lbs—H100×100 × 2000
100 × 250
To compute the power, speed or time of
running a locomotive or train upon a Railway,
proceed thus: Multiply the weight of the train
by the rate per hour and this by 1.28 and the
product is the necessary horse-power.
Eacample.—What is the required power of a
locomotive to draw a train of 45 tons at the
rate of 50 miles per hour? -
1.28×45×50_ 2880
60 sºsºs -60–48 horses.
=2800 lbs.
14
210
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
In what time will a locomotive of 50-horse
POWer, drawing a train of 135 tons, run a dis-
tance of 80 miles? Proceed thus:
1.28×135x80 13824
50 T 50
=276.24 minutes.
To Find the Quantity of Water Necessary for a
Steam Boiler.
Rule.—Find the number of pounds of coal
consumed per hour, and divide it by 7%, and
the quotient will be the desired quantity of
water in cubic feet per hour. A cubic foot of
water weighs 62% pounds.
To Preserve Boiler Tubes.
A coating of red-lead and boiled linseed oil
applied to iron boiler-tubes acts as an excellent
preservative.
A lacquer of linseed oil caoutchouc applied
to the walls of a steam boiler prevents the adhe-
sion of sediment so that the scale admits of
easy removal.
To Protect Polished Steel or Iron from Rust.
Go over the surface with parafine, or steep
the iron for a few moments in a Solution of
soda acidulated with hydro-chloric acid. The
result is a blue-black coating, not affected by
air or Water.
To Gild Letters.
You will require a gilder's tip cushion and
knife, or you can lay on the gold from the
book, by cutting the leaves to the size you
want with a pair of scissors. You may use
either oil or Japanner's gold size; oil size is
the best, and is made in the following manner:
Procure some old fat linseed oil, the older the
better. Mix a little Oxford Ochre with it and
a small quantity of Sugar of lead; thin it with
boiled oil; now strain it through a piece of
fine linem. Prepare your board as Smooth as
possible; take the white of an egg, beat it up
in four times its weight of cold water; add a
small quantity of Fuller's earth; brush over the
board with it; this is to prevent the gold stick-
ing to any part but the letters. When dry, set
out the letters and commence Writing; a Sable
pencil is the best for laying on the size.
Always remember that to make your gold bright,
you must use as little as possible, consistent
With covering the letters properly; let it stand
until you can barely feel a slight lack of stick-
iness. If the size is good it will gild in a week
after it is written. Your letters being ready,
put Some gold into your cushion, which you
will do in this way: Carefully open, and with
a slight puff with your mouth blow the leaf of
gold into the back part of the cushion; now
take a leaf up on the point of your knife, and
spread it on the front part of the cushion; when
you have got it partially straight, give it a
slight puff with your breath, which will make
it perfectly so. Cut it to the size you want,
using the heel of your knife, cutting forward.
You may find it rather difficult at first, but
persevere, and you will soon do it with ease,
and without waste. Now take the tip, rub it
lightly on your hair or whiskers; take up the
gold on the point, and place it gently on
the letters; when you have covered them all,
get some very fine cotton wool entirely free
from grit ; with this gently rub the gold until
it appears smooth, bright and level; now wash
the sign with plenty of clear water, to clean
off the egg-size.
Harrmony of Colors.
Every one must have observed that colors,
when brought together, mutually set each other
off to advantage, while others have altogether
a different effect. This must be carefully
attended to by every painter who would study
beauty or elegance in the appearance of his
work.
Whites will set off with any color whatever.
Reds set off best with whites, blacks or yel-
lows. *
Blues set off best with whites or yellow.
Greens set off best with blacks and whites.
Gold sets off best with blacks or browns.
In lettering or edging with gold a white
ground has a delicate appearance for a time,
but it soon becomes dingy.
The best grounds for gold are Saxon Blue,
Wermilion and Lake.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
211
Yellow. With Blue.
Yellow, in losing blue, will appear redder and
blue, in losing yellow, will appear more violet;
or, in other words, the red inclines to orange,
and the blue to green.
Hints on Sign Writing.
1. Introduce into your sign a curved line or
two, or section of a circle, as it is pleasing to
the eye and relieves the stiffness of the straight
lines.
2. The space between each letter in the
same line must be equal.
3. Each line of letters must begin and end
at an equal distance from the side of the
board.
4. Never, if you can possibly avoid it, begin
or end a line of letters with such letters as
“amd—to—for—with,” &c., but let them come
in between the lines of large letters.
5. Always make the most important words,
such as the name, business, &c., the largest,
most distinct, and easily read of any on the
board. You will see exactly what I mean if
you examine a good placard. It is only by
strict attention to the above rules and con-
stant practice, that you can become a good
writer.
Varnishes for Pipe and Iron-work.
Coal Tar, 80 gallons.
Tallow, 6 pounds.
Rosin, 1} “
Lamp-black, 3 66
Fresh Slacked Lime, (finely
sifted), 30 pounds.
Stir all thoroughly together and apply hot.
Beautiful Bronze for Metals.
Aniline, red, (fuchine) 10 parts.
Aniline, purple, 5 “
Alcohol, 95 per cent. 100 “
Benzoic Acid, 5 “
Add the anilines to the alcohol and dissolve,
help the Solution by placing the vessel in a
sand or water bath. As soon as the solution
is effected add the benzoic acid, and boil the
whole five or ten minutes, until the greenish
color of the mixture is transformed into a fine
light-colored brilliant bronze. Apply with a,
brush.
Colors for Glass Painting.
Blue is produced with Cobalt.
Purples, violets and carmines are produced
with Purple of Cassius.
Reds, browns, etc., with Peroxide of Iron.
Greens with Silicate of Copper.
Blacks, greys, etc., with Oxide of Manganese,
Cobalt and Iron.
Yellows, with Oxide of Uranium, Chromate of
Lead, Subsulphate of Iron or Oxide of Lead.
Beautiful yellow tones may be produced on
glass by placing on its surface a layer of three
parts of pipe-clay, well burnt and pounded,
and rubbed up with one part of chloride of sil-
ver. The glass is then submitted to heat in a
muffle. After cooling, the layer of clay is re-
moved and the glass is stained yellow. The
tint depends on the nature of the glass. Glass
containing about 8 or 10 per cent. of alumina,
takes a more beautiful tint than glass contain-
ing only 2 per cent.
Emerald Green.
Oxide of Copper, 1 part.
Antimoniac Acid, 10 parts.
Flux No. 1, 30 “
Pulverize together and melt.
Grass Green,
Green Oxide of Chromium, 1 part.
Flux No. 3, 3 parts.
Triturate and melt.
Lavender Blue, for Ground Tint.
Blue No. 5, 4 parts.
Violet of Gold No. 31, 3 “
Sometimes a little carmine is added.
Pulverize, without melting.
Sulphur Yellow.
Antimoniac Acid, 1 part.
Subsulphate of the Peroxide of Iron, 8 parts.
Oxide of Zinc, 4 “
Flux No. 1, 36 “
212
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Rub together, and melt. If this color is too
deep, the salt is diminished.
Spencer’s Method of Silvering Wood.
The first operation is to take strong alcohol
or spirits of turpentine in a glass vessel, and
add to it a piece of phosphorus; the vessel
must now be placed in hot water for a few
minutes, and occasionally shaken, by this means
the alcohol will take about three per cent. of
its bulk of phosphorus. Next procure a weak
solution of nitrate of silver, place it in a dish
or saucer; the face of the wood must now be
dipped in this solution, and let it remain a
few minutes to allow capillary attraction to
draw it into the wood. This operation being
performed, a small portion of the solution of
phosphorus must be placed in a capsule or
watch-glass, and this placed on a sand-bath,
that it may gradually evaporate. The wood
must now be held with its surface over the
vapor, and an immediate change takes place;
the nitrate of silver is decomposed, and gives
place to metalic silver. When the material to
be acted on is not very large, fasten it to the
top of a bell-glass receiver, with a bit of pitch
or cement, and place this over the capsule on
the sand-bath; the phosphorus vapor is by this
means equally diffused and not dissipated.
A solution of phosphorus in Sulphuric ether
also answers, and a solution of gold (chloride)
may be used. This elegant process, as applied
to wood, and those Substances which may be
wetted with the Solution of nitrate of silver,
answers perfectly; but it is obviously limited
in its application to those Substances which
will absorb an aqueous Solution.
To Clean Glass for Silvering.
As the success of the Silver process depends
greatly on the glass Surface being made chem-
ically clean, previous to immersion in the bath,
the utmost pains must be taken to accomplish
this object. The surface is first covered with
thick whiting cream, free from grit, which, when
dry is rubbed off with the purest cotton wool.
The surface is them wetted entirely with diluted
mitric acid, and afterwards thoroughly washed
With distilled water, poured over it; the last of
all, the piece of coated glass is suspended in a
flat vessel containing alcohol, where it remains
until the bath is ready to receive it.
To Write, Gild and Ornament on Glass.
Cut a piece of thin paper to the size of the glass,
draw out your design correctly in black lead
pencil on paper, then prick through the out-
line of the letters with a fine needle; tie up a
little dry white lead in a piece of rag, the
pounce-bag as it is called. Now place your
design upon the glass right side up, and dust
it with the pounce-bag; take the paper care-
fully off, the design will appear in white dots
upon the glass; this is to guide you in laying
on gold on the opposite side. Now clean the
glass well on the side that the gold is to go
On ; prepare your size in the following manner:
Get some clean water and boil it in an
enamelled sauce-pan, put in two or three shreds
of the best isinglass; let it boil a few minutes,
then strain it through a fine linen rag; when
cool it is ready for use.
The great point in glass gilding is to have
the glass, the size, and everything you use
perfectly clean; a touch of the finger on the
glass will tarnish the gold. Use the tip and
cushion to put on the gold, laying the gold on
as level as possible, as its uniform brightness
depends in a great measure upon that point.
Use a flat camel-hair tool to lay on the size.
Flow the size on and let it drain off when
you put the gold on ; you can then lay on
another coat of gold if desirable. It is now
ready for writing. As the letters will have to
be written the backward way, turn your draw-
ing face downwards, and pounce as before,
but in the gold this time mix a little of the
best vegetable black with black Japan, thin
with turpentine to a proper consistency; write
with this when thoroughly dry; wash off the
superfluous gold, and shade as in sign-writing.
In ornaments you will have to etch or shade
the gold; you will proceed to lay on the gold,
and pounce the ornaments exactly as above;
them etch or shade it with the point of a slate
pencil, or piece of hard wood, slightly wetting
the wood when you want a broad or black
line.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PIRACTICAL INFORMATION.
213
To Silver Glass.
An easy and economical process. Mix 90
parts by measure of a solution of Rochelle
salts with 900 parts distilled water, and boil
them in a flask; drop in carfully 20 parts of
a solution of silver, and boil again. This so-
lution can be bottled and kept for any length
of time. Another fluid has to be prepared by
adding ammonia to a solution of nitrate of
silver until the precipitate is entirely dissolved;
filtering and diluting 1 part of it with 100 parts
of water. For use, put equal parts of the two
preparations in a suitable vessel, clean the
glass well, and immerse it in the mixture
until sufficiently coated.
To Silver Specula, and Other Glass Surfaces.
Make a solution of ammonia nitrate of silver
of the strength of three grains to the ounce.
Render it very slightly turbid by excess of
nitrate of silver, and then filter it. Just before
using add to each ounce of the foregoing solu-
tion 24 grains of Rochelle salts. Having scru-
pulously cleaned the glass intended to be silvered
place it in a convenient vessel about one inch
from the bottom, supported on three little
cones of white wax. The glass plate may be
suspended; but in that case there is more dif-
ficulty in avoiding vibration, the absence of
which is essential to success.
Expose to a northern light, or any other sub-
dued light, and in about 2 hours the deposit
of silver will be sufficiently thick. It must now
be carefully removed, washed and dried.
When the surface next the glass is to be
used as the reflector, the glass side should be
cleaned by mitric acid, if the state of its sur-
face, after the silvering, so require; and the
silvered side should receive a protecting coat-
ing of a good, tough black varnish.
To Polish a Silvered Surface on Glass.
To accomplish this, rub the surface gently
first with a clean pad of fine cotton wool, and
afterwards with a similar pad covered over
with cotton velvet, which has been charged
with fine rouge.
The surface will,
under this treatment,
acquire a polish of intense brilliancy, quite
free from any scratches.
To Stain or Color Glass—Gold Yellow.
Flint Glass,
Tartar of Urine,
28 pounds.
# pound.
Stained Glass Paints-Flesh Color.
Take one ounce of red lead, one ounce red
enamel (Venetian glass enamel, from alum and
copperas calcined together), grind them to a fine
powder, and work this up with alcohol upon a
hard stone. When slightly baked, this pro-
duces a fine flesh-color.
Black Color.
Take 14% ounces of Smithy scales of iron;
mix them with 2 ounces of white glass, Anti-
mony 1 ounce, Manganese # ounce.
Pound and grind these ingredients together
with strong vinegar. -
Silvering Glass.
Two distinct methods are adopted for this
purpose. The one falsely called silvering, con-
sists of a layer of an amalgam of tin, or
similar alloy, to the surface of the glass. The
other is a coating of real silver, precipitated
from a solution of that metal.
Orange With Red.
The orange loses its red and appears yellower;
and the red becomes more blue, differing as
much as possible from orange.
To Stain or Color Glass-
For Amethyst, Oxide of Manganese.
Blue, Oxide of Cobalt.
Brown, Oxide of Iron.
Green, Black Oxide of Copper.
Purple, Oxide of Gold.
Ruby Red, Suboxide of Copper.
White, Oxide of Tin.
Yellow, Oxide of Silver.
The above substances, pure and well pow-
dered, are either added to the melted contents
of the glass-pot, or are applied to the surface
as in glass staining.
214
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Fine Blue.
Flint Glass, 10 pounds.
Previously melted and cast into water.
Zaffer, 6 drachms.
Calcined Copper, # ounce.
Prepared by putting sheet copper into a
crucible and exposing it to the action of a fire
not strong enough to melt the copper, and you
will have the copper in scales, which you
pound.
Bright Purple.
Flint Glass, 10 pounds.
Zaffer, 5 drachms.
Precipitate of Calcium, 1 drachm.
Black Walnut Stain.
Washing Soda, 1% ounces.
Water, 1 quart.
Wandyke Brown, 2} ounces.
Bichromate of Potassa, + ounce.
Boil for 10 minutes and apply with a brush,
either in a hot or cold state. This is an ex-
cellent stain.
Fine Crimson Stain.
Boil 1 pound good Brazil dust in 8 quarts
water for an hour, strain it and add # ounce
Cochineal, boil it again gently for half an
hour and it will be fit for use. If required of
a more scarlet tint, boil # ounce of Saffron in
1 quart of water for an hour, and pass over
the work previous to the red stain.
To Improve the Color of any Stain.
Nitric Acid, 1 ounce.
Muriatic Acid, # ounce.
Grain Tin, + ounce.
Rain Water, 2 ounces.
Mix it at least two days before using and
keep the bottle well corked.
Brown Color.
White Glass or Enamel,
Good Manganese,
Grind together.
Red, Rose and Brown colors are made from
Peroxide of Iron prepared by Nitric Acid.
1 ounce.
# ounce.
A Fine Yellow Stain for Glass.
Take fine silver laminated thin, dissolved in
nitric acid; dilute with abundance of water
and precipitate with solution of sea-salt; mix
this chloride of silver in a dry powder with
three times its weight of pipe clay well burnt
and pounded. The back of the glass pane is
to be painted with this powder, for when
painted on the face it is apt to run into the
other colors. -
A Pale Yellow for Glass.
This can be made by mixing sulphuret of
silver with glass of antimony and yellow ochre,
previously calcined to a red brown tint.
Japan Dryer.
Linseed Oil, 1 gallon.
Gum Shelac, 3 pound
Litharge, # “
Burnt Umber, * “
Red Lead, * “
Sugar of Lead, 6 ounces.
Mix, and boil carefully, until dissolved; then
remove from the fire, and add one gallon Spirits
Turpentine.
Painting,
The art or employment of laying on color:
In the fine arts, the production of a picture or
resemblance in colors on a flat surface. The
artistic and mechanical consideration of this
subject does not come within the province of
our volume, but notices of the leading mate-
rials employed by both artists and house
painters are given under the respective names,
Painting, Distemper.
A method of painting generally adopted by
the ancients: Water was the principal medium,
but various gelatinous and albuminous binders
were added to fix the pigments. Of these the
most important were glue, size and white of
egg. In modern distemper, as executed by the
painters of theatrical Scenery, panoramas, etc.,
spirits of turpentine is largely used as a medium ”
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
215
To Remove the Smell of New Paint.
Hay sprinkled with a little chloride of lime
and left for an hour in a closed room, will
remove the Smell of new paint.
To Kill Grease Spots Before Painting.
Wash over Smoky or greasy parts with salt-
petre or very thin whitewash. If soap suds
are used they must be washed off thoroughly,
as they prevent the paint from drying hard.
Salmon Color-
White lead and blue, yellow and red.
Pea, Green.
White lead, yellow and red.
To Paint Old Houses.
Water, 7 gallons.
Flaxseed, 1 pint.
Whitewash Sufficient.
Linseed Oil, # pint.
Boil the flaxseed in 3 gallons of water; take
it off and add the remainder of the water; let
it stand to settle. Pour off the water in a pail,
and put it in whitewash (Spanish white) to
make it as thick as whitewash; then add the
linseed oil; stir it well, and apply with a brush.
Good Imitation of Gold.
Mix white lead, chrome yellow and burnt
sienna until the proper shade is obtained.
Straw Color.
White lead and yellow.
Brown.
Venetian and lamp black.
|Beautiful White Paint.
For inside work, which ceases to smell and
dries in a few hours, add one pound of Frank-
incense to two quarts of turpentine; dissolve it
over a clear fire, strain it and bottle it for
use; then add 1 pint of this mixture to 4 pints
of bleached linseed oil; shake them well
together, grind white lead in spirits of turpen-
time, and strain it; them add sufficient of the
lead to make it proper for painting; if too
thick in using, thin with turpentine, it being
suitable for the best internal work, on account
of its superiority.
For a Pure White Paint.
Nut-oil is the best ; if linseed oil is used,
add 3 turpentine.
A good substitute for gold is obtained by
grinding White Lead, Chrome Yellow and the
dust of Vermilion together.
Mix your colors for writing in boiled oil,
and use for drier good size. Other good grounds
for Gold Letters are: Blues, Vermilion, Lake
and Saxon.
When your sign is ready for gilding, follow
the directions given under the head of “To gild
letters on wood.”
To Gild Letters on Wood-
When your sign is prepared as Smooth as
possible, go over it with a sizing, made by the
white of an egg dissolved in about four times
its weight of cold water, adding a small quan-
tity of Fuller's earth, this to prevent the gold
sticking to any part but the letters. When
dry, set out the letters and commence writing,
laying on the size as thinly as possible with a
sable pencil. Let it stand until you can barely
feel a slight stickiness; then go to work with
your gold leaf, knife and cushion, and gild the
letters.
Take a leaf up on the point of your knife,
after giving it a slight puff into the back part
of your cushion, and spread it on the front of
the cushion as straight as possible, giving it
another slight puff, with theheel of your knife
forwards. Now cut it into the proper size,
cutting with the heel of your knife forwards.
Now rub the tip lightly on your hair; take up
the gold on the point, and place it meatly on
the letters; when they are all covered, get
some very fine cottom wool, and gently rub
the gold until it is smooth and bright. Then
wash the sign with clean water to take of the
egg-size.
To paint banners, etc., on cloth or silk,
stretch the fabric upon a frame, and finish
your design and lettering. Use a size made of
bleached shellac dissolved in alcohol, thinned
216
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
to the proper consistence; go over such parts
as are to be gilded or painted, overrunning the
outlines slightly, to prevent the color from
spreading.
For inside work the white of an egg makes
a good size ; lay the gold while the size is still
wet; when dry, dust off the surplus gold, and
proceed with the shading, painting, etc. A
little honey combined with glue makes a good
size.
Patent Yellow.
Common Salt, 100 pounds.
Litharge, 400 pounds.
Grind the above together, with water at a
gentle heat, water being added to supply the
loss by evaporation; the carbonate of lead is
then washed out with more water, and the
white residuum heated till it acquires a fine
yellow color.
Glazier’s Putty.
Whiting,
Boiled Oil,
Mix. If too thin, add more whiting; if too
thick, add more oil.
70 pounds.
20 pounds.
To Imitate Brown Freestone.
First make a pretty thick oil paint of the
same color as the stone to be imitated, which
may be done in different ways. The basis is
white lead or zinc white, colored with umber
and mass red, or any other pigment which suits
you ; put it on as usual, and while yet sticky
throw common white sand against it; this will
not affect the color, and will make a rough,
sandy coat, imitating the Surface of the stone.
Chrome Yellow.
Sugar of Lead,
Paris white,
Bichromate of Potash,
Hot water sufficient.
Dissolve the sugar of lead, Paris white and
bichromate of Potash in Separate portions of
hot water. Mix the Sugar of lead and Paris
white together, and lastly add the Solution of
bichromate of Potash.
5 pounds.
5 pounds.
64 ounces.
Gold Color.
Massicot or Naples yellow, with a small quan-
tity of realgar and a very little Spanish white,
A Handsome Color for Outside Work, for Doors,
Carts, Wagons, Railings, etc.—Gray.
Mix White lead with lampblack, using more
or less of each material, as you wish to obtain
a lighter or a darker shade.
Buff.
Buff is made from yellow ochre and white
lead.
Silver, or Pearl Gray.
Mix white lead, Prussian blue and a very
slight portion of black, regulating the quanti-
ties you wish to obtain.
Flaxen Gray.
White lead and Prussian blue, with a small
quantity of lake.
Chestnut Color.
Red ochre and black for a dark chestnut.
Oak Wood Color.
Mix three-fourths white lead, one-fourth part
umber and yellow ochre, proportions of the
last two ingredients being determined by the
desired tints.
Stone Color.
White, with a little spruce ochre.
Dark Lead Color.
Black and white, with a little Prussian blue.
Painting, Elydoric.
A method of painting having for its object
to combine the fresh appearance and finish of
water colors with the mellowness of oil paint-
ing. The liquid employed as a vehicle for the
pigments is an emulsion formed of oil and
water by the intervention of a certain portion
of gum or mucilage.
Dark Greene
Lamp black and chrome green.
Olive Color.
Red, green or black, yellow and red.
Buck Color.
Yellow ochre and red lead, with a little white.
Olive Green.
Grind separately Prussian blue and French
yellow, in boiled oil, then mix to the tints
required with a little burnt white vitriol to act
as a dryer.
AN ENCYCLOPAELLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
217
Walnut-Tree Color.
Two-thirds white lead, one-third red ochre,
yellow ochre and umber, mixed according to
the shade sought. If veining is required, use
different shades of the same mixture, and for
the deepest places, black.
Lemon Yellow.
Realgar and orpiment. The same color can
be obtained by mixing yellow pink with Naples
yellow; but it is then only fit for distemper.
Orange Color.
Red lead and yellow ochre.
Violet Color.
Wermilion or red lead, mixed with black or
blue, and a small portion of white. Vermilion
is preferable to red lead in mixing this color.
Stone Color.
White, with a little spruce ochre.
Olive Color.
Yellow pink, with a little verdigris and lamp-
black; also, ochre and a small quantity of white
will produce an olive color.
Lead Colore
Prussian blue and white.
Flesh Color.
Take, white lead and a little vermilion.
Light Willow Green.
White, mixed with verdigris.
Grass Green.
Yellow-pink, mixed with verdigris.
Purple.
Dark red, mixed with violet.
True Gold Powder.
Put some gold leaf, with a little honey or
thick gum Water into an earthen mortar and
pound the mixture till the gold is reduced to
very small particles, then wash out the honey
or gum repeatedly with warm water, and the
gold will be left behind in the state of powder.
Another and a better method perhaps is to
heat a prepared amalgam of gold in a clean
open crucible, containing a very strong heat,
till all the mercury has evaporated, stirring the
amalgam all the while with a glass rod. When
the mercury has entirely left the gold, grind
the remainder in a wedgewood mortar, with a
little water, and when dried it will be fit for
use. The subliming the mercury is, however,
a process injurious to the health.
NoTE.—An amalgam of any metal is formed
by a mixture of quicksilver with that metal.
To Remove Old Putty.
For removing old and hard putty from a
window sash, employ the following simple
DOlé8,118 :
Take a square piece of iron, made red hot, and
pass it over the putty until it gets soft. The
putty will peel off without injuring the wood-
work. Do not use concentrated lye made from
lime and alkali, because it will affect the wood-
work and make it rot.
To Remove Paint from Old Work.
To destroy paint on old doors, etc., lay the
mixture given in the formula for “softening
putty in window frame” over the whole body
of the Work which is required to be cleaned,
With an old brush (as it will spoil a new one);
let it remain for 12 or 14 hours, when the
paint can be easily scraped off.
To Remove Smalt from Old Signs.
Spread over it potash dissolved in water, and
then scrape the Smalt off. If the potash stands
too long before scraping, it may soak into the
Wood, and paint afterwards put on will not dry
well.
To Soften Hard Putty.
Break the putty in lumps of the size of a
hen's egg in a small portion of linseed oil,
and water sufficient to cover the putty; boil
this in an iron vessel for about ten minutes,
and stir it when hot. The oil will raix with
the putty. Then pour off the water and it
will be like fresh made. -
218 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Quantity of Oil Required for Different Colors.
Pettenkofer quotes the following figures given to him by the color manufacturers:
One hundred parts (weight) White Lead require 12 parts of oil.
Zinc White “ 14
Gº 66 Green Chrome “ 15 CG
66 (6 Chrome Yellow “ 19 &G
66 66 Wermilion & 6 25 66
& 6 & 6 Light Red, “ 31 66
& 6 & 6 Madder Lake “ 62 6 &
& 6 66 Yellow Ochre “ 66 66
& 6 & 6 Light Ochre “ 72 & Cº
& 6 & 4 Camels Brown “ 75 66
& 6 6 & Brown Manganese require 87 parts of oil.
& 6 66 Terre Verte “ 100 66
& 6 6 & Parisian Blue ** 106 66
& 6 & 6 Burnt Terreverte “ 112 &G
& 6 66 Berlin Blue “ 112 66
& 6 66 Ivory Black , “ 112 66
& 6 & 6 Cobalt “ 125 66
66 €6 Florentine Brown “ 150 66
66 66 Burnt Terra Sienna “ 181 66
66 66 Raw Terra Sienna “ 140 66
According to this table, a hundred parts of the quick drying white lead are ground with 12
parts af oil, and on the other hand, slow drying ivory black requires 112 parts of oil.
Painting,
One gallon Priming Color will cover 50 superficial yards.
& & White Zinc 66 50
& 6 White Paint 66 44 66
& 6 Lead Color 66 50 66
66 Black Paint 66 50 & 6
& & Stone Color & 6 44 6 (;
& 4 Yellow Paint 66 44 66
6 & Blue Color 66 45 & 6
66 Green Paint 6 & 45 & 6
66 Bright Emerald Green will cover 25 superficial yards.
66 Bronze Green will cover 45 superficial yards.
One pound of paint will cover about four superficial yards the first coat, and about six yards
each additional coat.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
219
Ready Reference Table for Shade of Mixing Paint.
Buff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mix together—White, Yellow Ochre, Red.
Chestnut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & & Red, Black, Yellow.
Chocolate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66. Raw Umber, Red, Black.
Claret. . . . . . . . . ---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Red, Umber, Black.
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £6 Red, Yellow, Black.
Dove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 White, Vermilion, Blue, Yellow.
Drab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6 White, Yellow Ochre, Red, Black,
Fawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 White, Yellow, Red.
Flesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 White, Yellow Ochre, Vermilion.
Freestone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &f Red, Black, Yellow Ochre, Vermilion.
French Gray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 White, Prussian Blue, Lake.
Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & 6 White Lead, Black.
Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 White, Stone Ochre, Red.
Green Bronze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Chrome Green, Black, Yellow.
Lemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6 White, Chrome Yellow.
Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &G White, Yellow Ochre, Black, Red.
Olive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6& Yellow, Blue, Black, White.
Orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6& Yellow and Red.
Peach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gº White and Vermilion.
Pearl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ($6 White, Black, Blue.
Purple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Violet, with more Red and White.
Rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 White, Madder Lake.
Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {{ White, Yellow Ochre, Black, Red.
Snuff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (t Yellow, Vandyke Brown.
Violet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &6 Red, Blue and White.
Walnut Stain. consistence of paint; apply it to both sides of
Water, 1 quart. the glass, and let it remain for 12 hours, when
Sal Soda, # ounce. the putty will be so softened that the glass
Wandyke Brown, 2} ounces.
Potassium Bichromate, 3 to 3 ounce.
Boil for ten minutes, replacing water lost by
evaporation. Use hot, and allow the work to
dry thoroughly before oiling or varnishing.
te To Soften Putty in Window Frames.
To soften putty in window frames so that
the glass may be taken out without breakage
or cutting.
American Pearl Ash, 31 pounds.
Quick Stone Lime, 3 pounds.
Slack the lime in the water; then add the
Pearl Ash, and make the whole about the
may be taken out of the frame without being
cut, and with the greatest ease.
To Stain Horn.
Yellow–Steep them in a solution of Lead
Acetate, and then, after drying, in a solution
of Bichromate of Potash.
Purple—Use a strong aqueous solution of
Gold Chloride.
Black—Use Nitrate of Silver solution and
expose to sunlight.
Brown–Immerse in aqueous solutiou of Potas-
sium Ferro Cyanide dry, and treat with a hot
dilute solution of Copper Sulphate.
220
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
To Remove Putty from Glass.
Dip a small brush in nitric or muriatic acid,
and with it paint over the dry putty that ad-
heres to the broken glasses and frames of the
windows. After an hour's interval the putty
will have become so soft as to be easily removed.
Painters’ Cream.
Best Mastic, #
Clear Nut Oil, 3 ounces.
Sugar of Lead, 2 drachms.
Dissolve the Mastic in the the Nut Oil over
a gentle fire. Pour the mixture into a marble
mortar, into which the Sugar of Lead has pre-
viously been placed. Stir this with a wooden
pestle, and keep adding water in small quan-
tities till the whole is of the appearance of
thick cream, and refuses to admit more water,
so as to mix freely.
The above preparation is used by painters
when they are obliged to leave work unfinished
for a length of time.
OUII) C6.
Vermeil.
Anatto, 2 ounces.
Gamboge, 1 ounce.
Vermilion, # ounce.
Salts of Tartar, 2 ounces.
Good Saffron, 18 grains.
Mix. Stir with a wooden pestle, and keep
adding water in small quantities till the whole
is of the appearance and thickness of cream
and refuses to admit more Water
Paint for Boilers.
The best paint for boilers is asphaltum dis-
solved in Spirits of turpentime over a gentle
fire. Pulverize the asphaltum, and dissolve as
much as will be taken up by the turpentine.
If pure it will last a long time.
To prepare Metal for Japanning.
Metal requires no other preparation than
cleaning with turpentime to free it from grease
or oil, unless the latter should happen to be
linseed oil, in which case the cleaning is gem-
erally dispensed with, and the articles are
placed in the stove and heated until the oil is
baked quite hard.
To Prepare Wood for Japanning.
Wood that is intended to be used for the best
japanned work requires to be thoroughly dried
before it is made up, otherwise it will be sub-
ject to all the evils of shrinking, warping, and
Splitting, when exposed to the heat of the stove.
To avoid these evils, the wood, after being well
Seasoned in the usual manner, by exposure to
the air, is sawed out nearly to the required
forms and baked for several days in the japan-
ner's stove, the heat of which is gradually in-
creased ; and the wood is afterwards worked up
into chairs.
To Prepare the Ground for Japanning.
For black japanned work, the ground is first
prepared with a coating of black, made by mix-
ing dross ivory black to a proper consistence
with dark colored anime varnish, as this gives
a blacker surface than could be produced by
japan alone. If the surface is required to be
polished, five or six coats of japan are neces.
sary to give sufficient body to prevent the japan
from being rubbed through in polishing.
Furniture Polish,
Best Shellac, 4 ounces.
Alcohol 95°, 2 pints.
Linseed Oil, 2 pints.
Spirits of Turpentine, 1 pint.
Sulphuric Ether, 4 ounces.
& 4
Aqua Ammonia, 4
Dissolve the shellac in the alcohol, next add
the sulphuric ether; mix thoroughly. Shake
when used and apply with a Sponge lightly.
This is an excellent article, especially when
the warnish has become old.
Polishing Paste.
White Wax, 8 ounces.
Castile Soap, # ounce.
Turpentine, 1 gill.
Shave the wax and soap very fine, and add
the wax to the turpentine; let it stand twenty-
four hours; then boil the Soap in the turpeutine.
Thus has been highly recommended.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
221
-xºr-
Waterproof Cloth.
Cloth coated with Linseed Oil, to which a
little wax and litharge have been added, will
be waterproof.
Artificial Gold.
Pure Copper, 100 parts.
Tin, 17 “
Magnesia, 6 “
Sal Ammoniac, # part.
Quick-Lime, * “
Tartar of Commerce, 9 parts.
The copper is first melted, and the magnesia,
sal-ammoniac, lime and tartar are then added,
separately and by degrees, in the form of pow-
der; the whole is now briskly stirred for about
one-half hour, so as to mix thoroughly, and
then the tin is added in small grains by
throwing it on the surface and stirring till it
is entirely fused; the crucible is then covered
and the fusion maintained for about thirty-five
minutes. The surface is then skimmed, and
the alloy is ready for casting.
French Polish.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Shellac, # pound.
Gum Arabic, 1 ounce.
Gum Copal, # ounce.
Mix. Bruise them well, and sift them through
a piece of muslin, then add the alcohol, and
cork tightly. Keep in a warm place and shake
frequently every day till the gums are dissolved,
then strain through a piece of muslin.
French Polishing.
The method of warnishing furniture by means
of rubbing it on the surface of the wood, is of
comparatively modern date. To put on a hard
face, which shall not be so liable to scratch
as varnish, and yet appear equally fine, the
French polish was introduced. Below we give
a full direction of the process, and also the
various preparations of the different composi-
tions necessary.
The warnish being prepared (shellac), the
article to be polished being finished off as
smoothly as possible with glass paper, and the
rubber being made as directed below, proceed
to the operation as follows:
The varnish, in a narrow-necked bottle, is
to be applied to the middle of the flat face of
the rubber, by laying the rubber on the mouth
of the bottle and shaking up the varnish once,
as by this means the rubber will imbibe the
proper quantity to varnish a considerable ex-
tent of surface. The rubber is then to be
enclosed in a Soft linen cloth, doubled, the
rest of the cloth being gathered up at the back
of the rubber to form a handle. Moisten the
face of the linen with a little raw linseed oil,
applied with the finger to the middle of it.
Place the work opposite the light, pass the
rubber quickly and lightly over its surface
uniformly in small circular strokes, until the
Varnish becomes dry, or nearly so; again
change the rubber as before with varnish
(omitting the oil), and repeat the rubbing until
three coats are laid on, when a little oil may
be applied to the rubber, and two coats more
given to it. Proceed in this way until the
Varnish has acquired some thickness; then wet
the inside of the linen cloth, before applying
the varnish, with alcohol, or wood naphtha,
and rub quickly, lightly, and uniformly, the
Whole surface. Lastly, wet the linen cloth
with a little oil and alcohol without varnish,
and rub as before till dry. Each coat is to be
rubbed until the rag appears dry; and too
much varnish must not be put on the rag
at a time. Be also very particular in letting
the rags be very clean and soft, as the polish
depends, in a great measure, on the care taken
in keeping it clean and free from dust during the
operation. If the work be porous, or the grain
coarse, it will be necessary to give it a coat of
clear size previous to commencing with the
polish; and when dry, gently go over it with
Very fine glass paper. The size will fill up
the pores, and prevent the waste of the polish,
by being absorbed into the wood, and be also
a Saving of considerable time in the operation.
Best French Polish.
Shellac, 3 parts.
Gum Mastic, 1 part.
Gum Sandarach, 1 part.
Spirits of Wine, 40 parts.
The Mastic and Sandarach must first be
dissolved in the spirits of wine, and then the
222
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
shellac ; the process may be performed by put-
ting them into a bottle loosely corked, and
placing it in a vessel of water heated to a
little below 173° Fahr., or the boiling point
of Spirits of wine, until the solution be effected;
the clear solution may be poured off into
another bottle for use. Various receipts for
the French polish have been published, in
which ingredients are inserted that are insolu-
ble in spirits of wine, and therefore useless;
and others contain ingredients that are soluble
in Water, so as to render the mixture more
easily injured.
Common French Polish.
A Solution of shellac in wood naphtha,
(pyroxilic spirit).
Waterproof Polish.
Gum Benjamin, 2 ounces.
Gum Sandarach, 3 ounce.
Gum Anime, # ounce.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Mix the gums with the alcohol in a closely
stopped bottle. Place the bottle in hot Water
till the gums are dissolved, then strain off the
mixture, shake it up with a quarter of a gill
of the best clear papy oil, and put it by for
liS6.
Furniture Polish.
Beeswax, half pound; alkanet root, one-fourth
ounce; melt together in a pipkin until the
former is well colored. Then add linseed oil,
and spirits of turpentine, of each half a gill;
strain through a piece of coarse muslim.
Composition for Soft or Light Mahogany.
Boil together cold-drawn linseed oil, and as
much alkanet root as it will cover, and to every
pint of oil add one ounce of the best rose pink.
When all the color is extracted, strain it off,
and to every pint add half a gill Spirits of tur-
pentine. This will be a very superior composi-
tion for soft and light mahogany.
Furniture Paste.
Turpentine, 1 pint; alkanet root, half ounce;
digest until sufficiently colored, them add bees-
wax, scraped small, four ounces; put the vessel
into hot water and stir until dissolved. If
wanted pale, the alkanet may be omitted.
To Wax Furniture.
In waxing, it is of great importance to make
the coating as thin as possible, in order that
the veins of the wood may be distinctly seen.
The following preparation is the best for per-
forming this operation: Put two ounces white
and yellow wax over a moderate fire, in a very
clean vessel, and, when it is quite melted, add
four ounces best spirits of turpentine. Stir the
whole until it is entirely cool, and you will have
a pomade fit for waxing lurniture, which must
be rubbed over it according to the usual
method. The oil soon penetrates the pores of
the wood, brings out the color of it, causes the
wax to adhere better, and produces a lustre
equal to that of varnish, without being subject
to any of its inconveniences. The polish may
be renewed at any time by rubbing it with a
piece of fine cork.
Hints on Varnishes.
It is a common practice, in the manufacture
of Spirit varnishes, to mix glass or sand with
the gum or resin, for the purpose of enabling
the alcohol to penetrate more readily into all
parts of the mass. M. Ferrari, however, recom-
mends that in place of those substances, a
coarsely-powdered charcoal should be used, for
the glass or Sand generally tends to aggravate
the gum or resin at the bottom of the vessel,
and to protect it from the solvent, while on the
contrary, the charcoal rather tends to raise and
divide it. The most advantageous proportion
appears to be one ounce of charcoal to one
pound of the Spirit or the oil of turpentine used.
The uses to which varnishes are to be applied
must, of course, determine the choice of them.
Good varnishes, prepared with alcohol, are
very clear, brilliant and delicate, and may be
applied with success to furniture, and to fancy
ornaments, which are kept within doors, and
admit of re-varnishing easily ; but they have not
body nor durability enough for colored grounds.
To Silver Shells.
Silver leaf, gum water, Sufficient quantity.
Grind to a proper thickness, and cover the inside
of the shells.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA Ol' PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
223
Gold Warnish-
Tumeric, 1 drachm,
Gamboge, 1 & &
Oil of Turpentine, 2 pints.
Thin Mastic Warnish, 8 ounces.
Dragon's Blood, 7 drachms.
Digest with occasional agitation for fourteen
days, in a warm place, then set it aside to fine,
and pour off the clear.
ANOTHER.
Dutch Leaf, 1 part.
Gamboge, 4 parts.
Gum Dragon, 4 “
Proof Spirits, 18 “
Macerate for twelve hours, then grind on a
stone slab.
Liquid for Silvering Glass Globes.
1. Tin, 1 part ; lead, 1 part; bismuth, 1 part.
Melt, then add mercury, 3 parts.
2. Take quicksilver, and add as much tin foil
as will just allow it to keep barely fluid.
8. Lead, 1 part; tin, 1 part; bismuth, 1 part.
Melt, and just before it sets, add mercury, 10
parts. Pour this into the globe and turn it
rapidly around.
To Extract Stains from Silver Plate.
Sal ammoniac, 1 part; vinegar, 16 parts.
Mix and use this liquid with a piece of flannel,
then wash the plate in clean water.
Silvering Powder.
1. Silver powder (precipitated), 1 part; com-
mon salt, 2 parts; cream of tartar, 2 parts.
Mix, and apply with friction, then wash the
article in slightly alkalized water.
2. Silver dust, 4 parts; common salt, 16
parts; Sal ammoniac, 14 parts; bichloride of
mercury, 1 part. Mix with water to a paste,
and apply it to the copper (previously cleaned),
with a piece of Soft leather.
Pure Silver.
Take silver, dissolve it in nitric acid, and add
a solution of Salt as long as any precipitate
falls, then take the sediment and boil it in
water in a bright iron vessel; wash it well with
clean water and dry it.
Silver Solder.
1. Silver, 19 parts; copper, 1 part; brass,
10 parts. Melt together. -
2. For plating: Silver, 2 parts; brass, 1 part.
Mix.
Silver Tree. .
Nitrate of silver, 1 part ; distilled water, 3
parts. Dissolve and filter; put the liquid into
a suitable bottle in some convenient place, and
pour in mercury, 1 part. A most beautiful
aborescence will rapidly be formed.
Glass Varnish.
This is a solution of soluble glass, and should
be thus made : Fuse together fifteen parts of
powdered quartz (or of fine Sand), ten parts of
potash and one of charcoal. Pulverize the
mass, and expose it for Some days to the air;
treat the whole with cold water, which removes
the foreign salts, etc. Boil the residue in five
parts of water until it dissoſves. It is perma-
nent in the air, and not dissolved by cold
water. Used to protect wood, etc., from fire.
Varnish to Imitate Ground Glass.
To make a varnish to imitate ground glass,
dissolve ninety grains of Sandarach aad twenty
of mastic in two ounces of washed methylated
ether; add, in small quantities, a sufficiency
of benzine to make it dry with a suitable grain
—too little making the varnish too transparent,
and excess making it carpy. It is important
to use washed ether, free from spirit.
Pearl Grey Copal Varnish.
White and black; white and blue; for exam-
ple, ceruse and lampblack, ceruse aad indigo;
mix them with the warnish, according to tint
required.
Black Varnish for Harness.
Digest shellac, twelve parts; white turpen-
tine, five parts; gum Sandarach, two parts;
lampblack, one part ; with spirits of turpentine,
four parts; alcohol, ninety-six parts.
224
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Green Copal Varnish.
We, digris, crystalized verdigris, compound
green (a mixture of yellow and blue). The
first two require a mixture of white in proper
proportions, from a fourth to two-thirds, accord-
ing to the tint to be given. The white used
for this purpose is ceruse, or the white oxide
of lead, or Spanish white. Proceed as before.
Varnish for Warness.
One-half pound India-rubber, one gallon of
Spirits of turpentine; dissolve by a little heat
to make it into a jelly, then take equal quan-
tities of hot linseed oil and above mixture, and
incorporate them well on a slow fire.
India-Rubber Varnishes.
1. Cut up one pound of India-rubber into
small pieces, and diffuse in half pound of Sul-
phuric ether, which is done by digesting in a
glass flask on a sand bath. Then add one
pound pale linseed oil warnish, previously
heated, and, after settling, one pound of oil of
turpentine, also heated beforehand. Filter,
while yet warm, into bottles. Dries slowly.
2. Two ounces of India-rubber finely divided
and digested in the same way with a quarter
of a pound of camphene, and half an ounce of
naphtha or benzole. When dissolved, add one
ounce of copal warnish, which renders it more
durable. Principally for gilding.
3. In a wide-mouthed glass bottle, digest
two ounces of India-rubber in fine shavings,
with one pound of oil of turpentine, during two
days without shaking, then stir up with a
wooden spatula. Add another pound of oil of
turpentine, and digest, with frequent agitation,
until all is dissolved. Then mix a pound and
a half of this solution with two pounds of
very white copal oil warnish, and a pound and
a half of well boiled linseed oil, Shake and
digest in a sand bath, until they have united
into a good warnish. For morocco leather.
4. Four ounces India-rubber in fine shavings
are dissolved in a covered jar by means of a
sand bath, in two pounds of crude benzole, and
then mixed with four pounds of hot linseed oil
varnish, and a half pound of oil of turpentine.
Dries very well.
5. Melt one pound of rosin, and add gradu-
ally half a pound of India-rubber in very fine
Shavings, and stir until cold. Then heat again,
slowly, add one pound linseed oil varnish,
heated, and filter.
6. Dissolve one pound of gum dammar, and
half a pound of India rubber, in very small
pieces, in one pound of oil of turpentine, by
means of a Water bath. Add one pound of hot
oil warnish and filter.
7. India rubber in small pieces, washed and
dried, are fused for three hours in a close ves-
Sel, on a gradually heated sand bath. On
removing from the sand bath, open the vessel,
and stir for ten minutes, then close again, and
repeat the fusion on the following day, until
Some globules appear on the surface. Strain
through a wire sieve.
8. Varnish for Water-proof Goods.-Let a
quarter of a pound of India rubber, in Small
pieces, soften in a half pound of oil of turpen-
time, then add two pounds of boiled oil, and
let the whole boil for two hours over a slow
coal fire. When dissolved, add again six pounds
of boiled linseed oil, and one pound of lith-
arge, and boil until an even liquid is obtained.
It is applied warm.
9. Gutta-Percha Varnish.-Clean a quarter of
a pound of gutta-percha in warm Water from
adhering impurities, dry well, dissolve in One
pound of rectified resin oil, and add two pounds
of linseed oil warnish, boiling hot. Very suit-
able to prevent metals from oxidation. -
Mahogany Varnish.
Sorted gum anime eight pounds, clarified oil
three gallons, litharge and powdered dried
sugar of lead, of each one-fourth of a pound;
boil till it strings well, then cool a little, thin
with oil of turpentine five and one-half gallons,
and strain.
Green Paint for Out-door Work.
Grind Powdered Charcoal and Linseed Oil
with sufficient Litharge as dryer; thin for use
with welſ boiled Linseed Oil. This will make
a black paint and a good one. Then to this
black paint add sufficient Ochre to make the
shade of green required. It will not fade.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
225
Hair Varnish.
Dissolve one part of clippings of pig's bris-
tles, or of horse-hair, in ten parts of drying
linseed oil by heat. Fibrous materials (cotton,
flax, silk, etc.), imbued with the varnish and
dried, are used as a substitute for hair-cloth.
Varnish for Iron.
Take oil of turpentine, add to it drop by
drop, and while stirring, strong sulphuric acid,
until a syrupy precipitate is quite formed, and
no more of it is produced on further addition
of a drop of acid. The liquid is now repeat-
edly washed with water, every time refreshed
after a good stirring, until the water does not
exhibit any more acid reaction on being tested
with blue litmus paper. The precipitate is next
brought upon a cloth filter, and, after all the
water has run off, the syrupy mass is fit for
use. This thickish magma is painted over the
iron with a brush; if it happens to be too stiff,
it is previously diluted with some oil of tur-
pentine. Immediately after the iron has been
so painted, the paint is burnt by a gentle heat,
and, after cooling, the black surface is rubbed
over with a piece of woolen stuff, dipped in
and moistened with linseed oil.
According to the author, this warnish is not
a simple covering of the surface, but it is chem-
ically combined with the metal, and does not,
therefore, wear off or peel off, as other paints
or warnishes do from iron.
Varnish for Oil Paintings.
Digest at a slow heat gum sandarach, two
parts; gum mastic, four parts; balsam copaiva,
two parts; white turpentine, three parts; with
spirits of turpentine, four parts; alcohol (nine-
ty-five per cent.) fifty-six parts.
Varnish for Paintings and Pictures.
Honey, one pint; the whites of two dozen
fresh eggs; one ounce of good clean isinglass;
twenty grams of hydrate of potassium; one.
half ounce of chloride of Sodium; mix together
over a gentle heat of eighty or ninety degrees
Fahrenheit. Be careful not to let the mixture
remain long enough to coagulate the albumen
of the eggs; stir the mixture thoroughly, then
bottle. It is to be applied as follows: one
tablespoonful of varnish added to one-half table-
spoonful of good oil of turpentine, then spread
on the pictures as soon as mixed.
Oak Varnish.
1. Clear pale resin, three and a half
pounds; oil of turpentine, one gallon; dissolve.
2. Clear Venice turpentine, four pounds; oil
of turpentine, five pounds; mix. Both are good
common varnishes.
Red Copal Varnish.
1. Wermilion, red oxide of lead (minnium),
red orche, or Prussian red, etc., and proceed
as before.
2. Dragon's blood, brick red, or Wenetian
red, etc., and proceed as before.
Varnish for Straw Hats.
Take either red or black sealing wax; to
every two ounces of sealing wax, add one ounce
of rectified spirits of wine; pound the wax fine,
then sift it through a fine lawn sieve, till you
have made it extremely fine; put it into a large
phial with the Spirits of wine; shake it; let it
stand near the fire forty-eight hours, shaking
it often ; then with a brush (a hog's bristle
brush) lay it all over the hat (or basket). Let
it dry and then repeat the operation.
Varnish for Chromos.
The best varnish for chromos is made of gum
mastic dissolved in spirits of turpentine. It
should be of such thickness as to spread easily
and evenly with a common varnish brush. If
a chromo is not oil colors, two coats of size,
made of isinglass and water, should be given
to it first. When the size is dry the varnish
should be laid on. Two or three coats may be
needed to get a good surface, which should be
perfectly free from cracks, This warnish may
be cleaned with a soft sponge and soap and
Water. It is equally serviceable for maps and
drawings as for chromos or paintings.
226
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Damar Varnish.
. Gum Dammar, 10 parts.
Gum Sandarach, 5 “
Gum Mastic, 1 part.
Digest at a gradual heat, occasionally shak-
ing, with spirits of turpentine, 20 parts. Finally
add more spirits of turpentine to give the con-
sistency of syrup.
Varnish for Picture Frames.
Alcohol, 4 ounces.
Linseed Oil, 4 & 6
Balsam of Fir, # 66
Sulphuric Ether, # “
Mix.
Crystal Warnish.
Gum Mastic, 3 ounces.
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Dissolve. Use to fix pencil drawing.
Polish for Dark Colored Wood.
Seed-lac, 1 ounce.
Gum Guaiacum, 2 drachms.
Dragon's Blood, 2 & 6
Gum Mastic, 2 6 (;
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Mix. Cork the bottle tightly, and keep in a
warm place, until the gums are properly dis-
solved, strain off for use, adding
Linseed oil, # gill,
and shake up Well.
Varnish for Coachmakers.
Amber, 16 ounces.
Linseed Oil (boiling hot), 4 pint.
Powdered Resin, 3 ounces.
Asphaltum, 3 66
Warm Oil of Turpentine, 1 pint.
Melt the amber in an iron pot, and add the
linseed oil, resin and asphaltum. When the
materials are well united, by stirring over the
fire, they are removed, and after cooling some
time, add the warm turpentine.
Amber Varnish–Pale.
Amber, Pale and Transparent, 6 pounds.
Linseed Oil, hot, 2 gallons.
Oil of Turpentine, 4 “
Fuse the Amber and add the linseed oil,
boil till it is stringy. When cool add the Tur-
pentine.
Black Varnish for Iron Work.
Asphaltum, 48 pounds.
Boiled Oil, 10 gallons.
Red Lead, 7 pounds.
Litharge, 7 6 &
White Copperas, 3 6 &
Dark Gum Amber, fused, 8 6 &
Linseed Oil (hot), 2 gallons.
Turpentine, 80 gallons.
Boil the asphaltum, boiled oil, red lead and
litharge for two hours, then add the amber
and boil again for two hours, or till a little
mass when cooled may be rolled into pills.
Lastly, thin down with turpentine. An excel-
lent varnish for the iron-work of carriages.
Amber Varnish,
Amber, 1 pound.
Pale Boiled Oil, 10 ounces.
Turpentine, 1 pint.
Reduce the amber to a semi-liquid by heat;
then add ihe oil, mix, remove it from the fire,
and when cooled a little, stir in the turpentine.
Black Amber Varnish.
Amber, 1 pound.
Boiled Oil, % pint.
Powdered Asphaltum, 6 ounces.
Oil of Turpentine, 1 pint.
Melt the amber as before described, then add
the asphaltum previously mixed with the cold
oil, and afterwards heated very hot; mix well.
Remove the vessel from the fire and when
cooled a little add the turpentine, also made
War IOl.
To Improve Common Carmine.
Take carmine, one part; Water of ammonia
to dissolve. Digest in the Sun until the ammonia
is saturated with the coloring part of the car-
mine, then precipitate the color with alcohol
and acetic acid. Wash the precipitate carefully
with alcohol and dry it.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
227
Varnish for Plaster Casts.
White Soap, # ounce.
White Wax, * “
Water, 2 pints.
Boil together in a clean vessel for a short
time. This warnish is to be applied when cold
with a soft brush.
To Bronze Plaster Casts.
Give the casts a coating of Oil or Size War-
nish, and when this is nearly dry apply with
a dabber of cotton or a camel hair pencil and
of the metallic bronze powders; or the powder
may be placed in a little bag of muslin and
dusted over the surface, and afterwards finished
with a wad of linen. The surface must be
afterwards varnished.
Modeling in Clay.
Knead dry clay with glycerine instead of
water, and a mass is obtained which remains
moist and plastic for a considerable time,
being a great convenience to the modeler.
German Carmine.
Cochineal, 1 pound.
Water, 7 gallons.
Boil for five minutes, then add
Alum, 1 ounce.
Boil for five minutes more, filter and set aside
the decoction for three days; then decant the
liquor and dry the carmine in the shade. The
remaining liquor will still deposit color of an
inferior quality by standing.
To Stain Wood Like Ebony.
Take a solution of Sulphate of iron (green
copperas), and wash the wood over with it two
or three times; let it dry, and apply two or
three coats of a strong hot decoction of log-
wood; wipe the wood, when dry, with a sponge
and water, and polish with linseed oil.
To Stain Mahogany Color.
Pure Socotrine Aloes, 1 ounce.
Dragon's Blood, # “
Alcohol, 1 pint.
Dissolve and apply two or three coats to the
surface of the wood; finish off with wax or oil,
tinged with alkanet.
Pale Carriage Varnish.
Copal, 32 parts.
Pale Oil, 80 “
Fuse and boil until stringy, then add
Dried White Copperas, 1 part.
Litharge, 1 “
Boil again, then cool a little and mix
Spirits Turpentine, 150 parts.
While making the above, take gum anime,
32 parts; pale oil, 80 parts; dried sugar of lead,
1 part; litharge, 1 part; spirits of turpentine,
170 parts. Pursue the same treatment as before,
and mix the two varnishes while hot.
To Stain Wood Black.
Chip Logwood, # pound.
Water, 2 quaats.
Pearl Ash, 1 ounce.
Logwood, # pound.
Werdigris, # ounce.
Green Copperas, # “
Rusty Steel Filings, # pound.
Boil the chip logwood in the water, then add
the pearl ash and apply it hot to the work
with a brush. Proceed with the other ingredi-
ents in a similar manner, after straining off,
and with this go over the work a second time.
Fine Black.
Boil 1 pound of logwood in 4 quarts of water,
add a double-handful of walnut-peel or shells;
boil it up again, take out the chips, add 1 pint
best vinegar, and it will be fit for use; apply
it boiling hot. This will be improved by apply-
ing a hot solution of green copperas, dissolved
in water, (an ounce to a quart), over the first
stain.
How to Paint a Carriage.
When the Woodwork of a carriage comes into
the shop, examine it closely, and if the grain
has raised in any place, or it wants smoothing
with sand paper, be sure you do it before you
prime the work, then dust it off and put on
the priming coat, as given below. Be sure and
have the paint go into the cracks, checks, or
screw heads, so that they have at least one
coat of paint over the surface which is to be
puttied up.
228
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
When to Apply Paint.
Paint, to last long, should be put on early
in winter or spring, when it is cold, and no
dust flying. Paint put on in cold weather
forms a body or coat upon the surface of the
wood that becomes hard and resists weather,
or an edged tool even, like slate.
General Directions for House Painting.
Oil paint dries with a gloss; turpentine makes
a dead surface, and in using paints containing
both oil and turpentine, the gloss will be less
as the proportion of oil is diminished.
Paint Size.
Stir a small quantity of litharge and red lead
into some boiled oil; let it stand, shaking fre-
quently, until bleached; then bottle. Raw oil
makes a slower drying size.
To Prepare Oil for Coach Painting.
To prepare raw oil for use in coach painting,
it will be necessary to add one-fifth part of
good brown japan to four of oil. If paint re-
quires any further dryer, equal parts of Sugar
of lead and white vitriol ground together, can
be used, to the amount of one ounce to the
pound of paint, or the same amount of patent
dryer.
Priming Coats.
For the priming coat of a carriage gearing
and body, use the same kind of paint, to-wit:
White lead mixed in the above prepared raw
oil, and about one-eighth part of turpentine,
with a shade of lampblack, if your carriage is
to be a dark color.
Painting Houses.
In painting a house, use paints containing
both oil and turpentine. The gloss will be less
as the proportion of oil is lessened. Paints
require more dryer in cold than hot weather,
but it is more durable in outside work if applied
in cold weather. Successive coats of paint
should have at least a day intervene between
them for drying. Dark colors should have
glossy finish. Before commencing to paint, the
surface must be perfectly dry. The paint must
be thoroughly mixed, both before commencing
and during the progress of the work; if this is
neglected the heavy ingredients are apt to settle,
leaving a larger proportion of oil and turpentine
On the surface.
Paints.
Knots, to kill. This is a difficult job for the
painter, but if these directions are followed,
perfect Satisfaction will be the result. Take a
hot iron and press it agaist the knot, by which
means you extract the pitch, after which use
the size and Red Lead.
Another plan is Gum Shellac mixed with
Red Lead, or Gutta-percha dissolved in Ether.
But if the work is a fine one, after removing
the iron scrape the pitch off with a knife,
after which size the knot with oil size and
then lay on it a leaf of gold or silver, after
which give it two coats.
Mixing. In mixing paints observe that for
out-door work you must use principally or
wholly boiled oil, unless it be for the decora-
tion part of the house, etc., then mix as for
indoor work. For inside work use Linseed
Oil, Turpentine, and a little “drier,” observing
that the less oil the less will be the gloss, and
that for “flatted ” white, etc., the color being
ground in oil, will scarcely require any further
addition of that article, as the object is to
have it dull. The best “driers” are ground
Litharge and Sugar of Lead. The former for
dark and middle tints, and the latter for light
OL16S.
Painting Zinc.
Painters have always found it no easy matter
to make oil colors adhere to sheet zinc.
Boetteger recommends the employment of a
mordant, so to speak, of the following compo-
sition:
One part Chloride of Copper, one of Nitrate
of Copper, and one of Salammoniac, are to be
dissolved in sixty-four parts of water, to which
solution is to be added one part of Commercial
Hydrochloric Acid. The sheets of zinc are to
be brushed over with this liquid, which gives
them a deep black color. In the course of
from twelve hours to twenty-four hours they
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
229
become dry, and to their now dirty gray sur-
face any oil will firmly adhere. Some sheets
of zinc prepared in this way and afterwards
painted, have been found to withstand all the
changes of winter and summer.
Premium Paint without Oil or Lead.
Slake stone lime with boiling water in a tub
or barrel to keep in the steam ; then press six
quarts through a fine sieve. Now to this quan-
tity add one quart of coarse Salt, and a gallon
of water; boil the mixture and skim it clear.
To every 5 gallons of this skimmed mixture
add 1 pound of alum, # pound of copperas,
and by slow degrees # pound of potash, and 4
quarts of sifted ashes or fine Sand; add any
coloring desired.
A Durable Outside Paint.
Water lime, 2 parts.
White Lead in Oil, 1 “
Mix them thoroughly by adding best boiled
Linseed Oil, enough to prepare it to pass through
a paint mill; after which temper with oil till
it can be applied with a common paint brush.
Make any color to suit. It will last three times
as long as lead paint.
Blue Color for Ceilings.
Blue Vitriol, 1 pound.
Best whiting, # & C
Water, 3 quarts.
Boil altogether for about 3 hours; stir it
frequently while boiling, and also on taking it
off the fire. When it has stood till quite cold
pour off the blue liquid, then mix the cake of
color with good size, and use it with a plas-
terers' brush in the same manner as white-
wash, either for walls or ceilings.
Whitewash that Will Not Rub Off.
Mix half a pail of lime and water ready to
put on the walls, then take 3 pint flour, mix
it up with water; then pour boiling Water upon
it in a sufficient quantity to thicken it, then
pour it while hot into the whitewash, stir all
well together, and it is ready for use.
To Make a Good Paint Without Lead or Oil.
Whiting, 5 pounds.
Skimmed Milk, 2 quarts.
Fresh Slaked lime, 2 ounces.
Take a small quantity of the milk and put
the lime in to form a cream-like consistence,
add the balance of the milk and crumble the
whiting upon the surface of the fluid, in which
it gradually sinks. Stir or grind, as is usually
done with other paints.
Beautiful Paint for walls.
Roman Vitriol, 4 pounds.
Boiling Water, 4 quarts.
Pearl Ash, 2 pounds.
Powdered Yellow Arsenie, # pound.
Dissolve the Roman Vitriol in the boiling
water and add the Pearl Ash, and stir the
mixture well until effervesence ceases, then add
the Yellow Arsenic and stir the whole together.
Lay it on with a paint brush, and if the wall
has not been painted before, two or three coats
will be required.
Flexible Paint for Canvas.
Dissolve Soap,
Boiling Water, 1% gallons.
Good Oil Paint, 140 pounds.
Cut the Soap (good yellow) in slices and put
in the boiling water, then add the oil paint.
Grind the solution well.
2} pounds.
Paint for Old Weather-Boards.
Boiled Linseed Oil, 5 gallons.
Raw Oil, 4 & 6
Benzine, 1 & 6
Rocky Mountain Vermilion, 80 pounds.
Mix.
Gray or Stone-Color Paint for Buildings.
White Lead in Oil, 78 parts.
Boiled Oil, 9} “
Raw Oil, 9} “
Spirits Turpentine, 3 & &
Turkey Umber, # part.
Lampblack, # part.
Mix.
230 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
COMPOUND COLORS FOR PAINTERS.
Blue.
Grind Prussian blue in turps, other blue,
very fine in linseed oil; mix with white paint
to the color required.
Straw.
A mixture of Chrome Yellow and White
Lead, Oil and Turps.
Steel.
Mix Ceruse, Prussian Blue, Fine Lac, and
Wermilion, with Oil and Turps.
Purple.
White Lead, Prussian Blue, and Wermilion,
with Oil and Turps.
French Gray.
White Lead and Prussian Blue tinged with
Wermillion, and for the last coat substitute
Carmine or Lake for Wermillion.
Drab.
White Lead with a little Prussian Blue and
French Yellow, Linseed Oil and Turps.
ANOTHER, DRAB.
White Lead with a little Prussian Blue and
Lampblack, Linseed Oil and turps.
Dark Red-For Common Purposes.
Mix English Venetian Red in Boiled Oil, with
a little Red Lead and Litharge, to give a
drying quality.
. LIGHTER RED.
Mix together equal parts of Venetian Red,
and Red Lead in Boiled Oil and Turps.
Imitation of Vermilion.
Grind together in Oil, Red Lead and Rose
Pink.
Deep Red.
Mix in Oil, Vermilion, with a dust of Wene-
tian Red or Red Lead.
Unfading Orange.
This is a mixture of Orange Lead and
French or Stone Yellow, Oil and Turps.
Bright Yellow for Floors.
White Lead and Linseed Oil, mixed with
some French Yellow, and a little Chrome Yel-
low to brighten it, some Red Lead, burnt
White Vitriol and Litharge added to give it a
drying quality. This color is mixed with equal
parts of Boiled Oil and Turpentine and used
very thin.
Dark Yellow.
Mix French Yellow in Boiled Oil, adding to
a little Red Lead or Litharge to give the paint
a drying quality.
Light Yellow.
This is a mixture of French Yellow and
White Lead, with Oil and Turpentine.
ANOTHER.
French Yellow, White Lead and Red Lead.
ANOTHER.
This is a mixture of Prussian Blue, French
Yellow, a small portion of Turkey Umber, and
a little burnt Witriol.
For Distemper.
Use Indigo and Yellow Pink mixed with
Whiting or White Lead Powder.
IFreestone Color.
A mixture of Red Led, Venetian Red, French
Yellow and Lampblack, varying the shade
according to taste with Linseed Oil and Tur-
pentine.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
231
Making Gold Leaf.
Perhaps one of the most interesting mechan-
ical operations of the present day is the manu-
facture of gold leaf. Strange as it may seem,
in this branch of business little or no machinery
is used, and most, if not all, of the gold leaf
used in the arts is produced by the hand
hammer.
The art of foliating, or beating gold into thin
leaves to be used for gilding, was practiced by
the ancient Hebrews and Egyptians, and there-
fore it cannot be claimed as one of the new
discoveries of this fast age. A modern improve-
ment, however, has been made, which replaces
parchment with “gold-beaters’ skin,” which is
prepared from the Outer membrane of the large
intestines of the ox. The intestine is partially
rotted, in order to facilitate the removal of the
membrane, which is cleaned, dried, beaten and
pressed between paper, and also with alum,
isinglass and the white of an egg, the result
being a pure, clean and tough membrane,
which will bear but slight injury after a con-
tinuous beating for several months with a
12-pound hammer.
To produce light and dark shades of gold leaf,
the metal is alloyed with silver and copper.
The addition of the baser metals lessens the
malleability, and as the leaf is sold by super-
ficial measure, and not by weight, adulteration
is kept at the minimum. The pure gold having
been brought to the desired color by the addi-
tion of silver or copper, it is cast into ingots
three-fourths of an inch wide and of two ounces
weight. These ingots are passed between pol-
ished steel rollers and flattened out into a ribbon
of 1-800 inch thick. It is annealed and cut into
pieces one inch Square. The metal is now about
ready for the merciless hammering it is to
receive from the gold-beater, who prepares a
pile of 150 leaves of the metal in layers, with
leaves of wellum, and incloses the whole mass
in a double parchment case. Now, with a
16-pound hammer he beats the pack until the
inch pieces are increased to four inches square.
The next movement is to remove the leaf, divide
it into four parts, and prepare another pile or
pack, this time using gold-beaters' skin instead
of wellum, and inclosing it, as before, in a
parchment case. This pack is beaten with an
8-pound hammer; another quartering produces
2,400 leaves, having an area of about 190 times
that of the ribbon, or a thickness of about
1-200,000 inch.
The marvelous malleability of gold is proven
when it is stated that an ounce of it has thus
been beaten out or extended to a surface of
nearly 100 square feet. The beating causes ragged
edges, which are cut away, and as “scrap” are
again subjected to the mauling process. After
the last beating the leaf is handled by means of
wooden pincers, laid on a cushion, blown out
flat, and cut into squares of three and # of
an inch—twenty-five of these make what is
known as a book. The leaves of the books are
rubbed with red chalk to prevent the gold from
adhering. The application of machinery to
gold-beating has been attempted, but with
indifferent success.
Probably the work could be done by power
hammers, but to manipulate such a hammer
would require a gold beater to learn his trade
Over again, and to also learn the art of making
a gold-beating power hammer. Undoubtedly,
When Some clever and ingenious gold-beater
sees what a field there is for a machine that
will producea cheap leaf with a smaller expen-
diture of labor than is now needed, we shall have
such a machine, and the cost of gold leaf will
be considerably lower than at present. The
quantity of gold in a book of gold leaf is a
mere nothing. Most of the leaf in the market
is so thin that it appears semi-transparent and
of a green color when held up to the light. As
it costs fifty cents per book at retail, it can be
readily seen that the labor upon it is worth
more than the metal.
To Make Gold Solution for Electro-Plating.
Gold Coin, 5 grains.
Pure Copper, 5 grains.
Pure Silver, 4 **
Nitric Acid, 1 ounce.
Muriatic Acid, 2 ounces.
The silver will not be taken into solu-
two metals, but will
Mix.
tion as are the other
gather at the bottom of the vessel. Next add
Powdered Sulphate of Iron, 1 ounce.
Powdered Borax, # ounce.
Pure Table Salt, 25 grains.
Hot Rain Water, 1 quart.
232
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Upon this the gold and copper will be thrown
to the bottom of the vessel with the silver.
Let stand till fully settled, then pour off the
liquid carefully, and refill with boiling water
as before. Continue to repeat this operation
until the precipitate is thoroughly washed; or
in other words, fill up, let settle, and pour off
So long as the accumulation at the bottom of
the vessel is acid to the taste. You now have
about an 18 carat Chloride of Gold. Add Cyanuret
of Potass., 14 ounces, mixed with 1 quart of
rain water, the latter heated to the boiling
point; shake up well, then let stand about 24
hours and it will be ready for use.
Platina may be used as an alloy instead of
silver solution for a darker colored plate;
Guinea gold may be made by adding to
the above 1 ounce of Dragon's blood and five
grains of Iodide of Iron. If you desire an
alloyed plate, proceed as first directed without
the silver or copper, and with an ounce and a
half of Sulphuret of Potass. in place of the Iron,
Borax and Salt.
Cilver-Plating Fluid.
Nitrate of Silver (Crystals), 1 ounce.
Soft Water, 12 ounces.
Cyanuret of Potash, 2 ounces.
Dissolve the silver in the soft water and add
the Cyanuret of Potash; shake the whole to-
gether, and let it stand till it becomes clear.
Have ready some half-ounce phials, and fill half
full of Paris white or fine whiting; and then
fill up the bottles with the liquor, and it is
ready for use. The whiting does not increase
the coating powder, it only helps to clean the
articles, and Save the silver fluid, by half fill-
ing the bottles.
Silver Solution for Electro-Plating.
Cyanuret of Potass, # ounce.
Good Silver, 1 ounce.
Nitric Acid, 2 ounces.
Pure Rain-water, # ounce.
Cut the silver into strips and mix together
in a glass vessel. If solution does not begin
at once, add a little more water, continue to
add a very little at a time till it does. In the
event it starts off well, but stops before the
silver is fully dissolved, you may generally
start it up again all right by adding a little
more Water. When the solution is affected,
add 1 quart of warm rain-water and a large
tablespoonful of common salt. Shake well and
let Settle, then proceed to pour off and wash
through other waters. When no longer acid
to the taste, put in an ounce of the mixture,
and add a little of the Cyanuret of Potash with
a quart of pure rain-water. After standing about
24 hours it will be ready for use.
To Remove Tarnish on Electro-Plated Goods.
Cyanuret of Potash, # pound.
Rain-water. 2 gallons.
Immerse the articles from 10 to 15 minutes,
or until the tarnish is removed. After immer-
Sion the articles must be taken out and thor-
oughly rinsed in two or three waters, then
dried with a soft linen cloth.
Sterling Silver.
Sterling silver consists of pure silver 11 oz.
and 2 p.Wts., and fine copper, 18 pywts.
To Frost and Whiten Silver Goods.
Sulphuric Acid, 1 drachm.
Water, 4 ounces.
Mix. Heat and immerse the silver in it
until frosted as desired, then wash off clean
and dry with a soft linen cloth, or in fine
clean sawdust.
NoTE. For whitening, only a Small propor-
tion of acid may be used.
Gilder’s Pickle,
Alum, 1 ounce.
Common Salt, 1 ounce.
Nitre, 2 ounces.
Water, # pint.
Dissolve in the water.
The above is used to impart a rich color to
gold surfaces, especially of trinkets. Its appli-
cation should not be too long continued, as it
dissolves a small portion of the gold. For com-
mon purposes it is best used largely diluted
with water.
233
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Gilding Varnish.
This is a mere variety of oil gilding applied
to equipages, furniture, mirrors and picture
frames, etc. The surface being highly varnished
and polished before it receives the size or gold
color, and after the gilding has become quite
dry, a coat of spirit varnish, fumed with the
chafing dish as above, is applied, followed by
two, three or more coats of the best Copal
varnish, at intervals of three or four days
each. The whole is lastly carefully polished
with tripoli and water.
Silver-Plating Powder.
Chloride of Silver, 3 ounces.
Salt of Tartar, 6 “
Prepared Chalk, 2 “
Common Salt, 3 “
Mix well. Dip a moist cork into this powder
and rub the article to be silvered.
To Gild Silver With Gold.
Beat a dollar thin, and dissolve it in two
ounces of aquaregia; dip clean rags in it and
let them dry; burn the rags, and with the
tinder thereof rub the silver with a little spit-
tle; be sure first that the silver be clean from
grea.Se.
The liquid used by tinsmiths and other work-
men to cause soft solder to adhere to copper,
brass and even iron, about which some main-
tain a secrecy, is merely a crude chloride of
zinc. To make it, put a little muriatic acid
into a wide-mouthed bottle of twice the capac-
ity. Set this out of doors, on account of the
odor, and add zinc cut in strips, so long as
any is dissolved. In soldering copper, brass or
iron scrape the spot bright, place upon it a
drop or two of this liquid, and apply solder in
the usual manner.
A New Silvering Process for Iron and Steel.
De Willers has invented a metallic alloy for
silvering. It consists of 80 parts of tin, 18
parts of lead, and 2 parts of silver, or 90 parts
of tin, 9 parts of lead, and 1 part of silver.
The tin is melted first, and when the bath
is of a brilliant white the lead is added in
grains, and the mixture stirred with a stick of
pine wood, the partially melted silver is added,
and the mixture stirred again. The fire is then
increased for a little while, until the surface of
the bath assumes a light yellow color, when it
is thoroughly stirred up and the alloy cast in
bars.
Whenever there is a choice between iron and
steel, in making any article, the best quality of
steel is to be preferred. The operation is then
carried out in the following manner:
The article, a knife blade for example, is
dipped in a solution of hydrochloric or Sulphu-
ric acid (from 1 to 10 parts of acid in 100 parts
of water). After taking it out of this pickle it
is immediately rinsed with clean water, then
dried and rubbed with a piece of Soft leather
or dry sponge, and finally exposed to a heat of
70° or 80° C. (15S° to 176° Fahr.), for five
minutes in a muffle. The object of this is to
prepare the iron or steel to receive the alloy,
by making the surface porous or covered with
small microscopic holes. If the iron is not very
good these holes are much larger, and fre-
quently flaws and bad places are disclosed,
which make the silvering more difficult. With
steel the process goes on very regularly.
The article is warmed to 122° or 140° Fahr.,
and dipped in the bath of the above described
alloy, which is melted by a gently fire of graph-
ite or refractory clay. The bath must be per-
fectly fluid, and is stirred with a stick of pine
or poplar; the surface of the bath must have
a fine white silver color. Under these circum-
stances the object thus prepared quickly takes
up the alloy, which penetrates the porous sur-
face. For a knife blade an immersion of one
or two minutes is sufficient to cover it; larger
articles require five minutes' immersion. After
taking it out of the bath it is dipped in cold
Water, or treated in such a way as to temper
it, if tempering is necessary. If it is left too
long in cold Water it frequently becomes brittle,
but this evil can be avoided by a little expe-
rience. It is then only necessary to rub it off
dry and polish without heating it.
Articles treated in this manner look like sil-
ver and ring like it too, and withstand the
oxidizing action of the air. To protect them
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
234
from the effect of acid liquids like vinegar,
they are dipped in a bath of amalgam, com-
posed of 60 parts mercury, 39 parts of tin, and
1 part of silver. It is then dipped warm into
melted silver, or electro-plated with silver to
give it the silvery look. The method of polish-
ing will depend on the shape of the object.
This kind of silvering is said to be very dura-
ble, and even resist gentle filing. The cost of
the process is comparatively small. If this
method is as good as the inventor represents
it in the Machine Builder, this kind of plat-
ing will be preferred to nickel plating.
Coloring Cements.
The pigments employed to color hydraulic
and other cements, and obtain the shades com-
mon in trade, are the following:
12 per cent.
For Black Pyrolusite,
“ Red, Caput Mortuum, 6 & 4
“ Green, Ultramarine Green, 6 & 6
“ Blue, Ultramarine Blue, 5 66
“ Yellow &
** Brown | Ocher, 6 6
The strength of the cement is rather increased
by the addition of ultramarine pigments, but
somewhat diminished by the others. The ill
effects of the latter may be somewhat removed
by grinding the cement again after the pig-
ment has been added, whereby it gains in fine-
ness, and the strength is so much increased
that no difference is observable between this
and the ordinary cement. The black and red
cements made in Dyckerhoff's works for mak-
ink tiles and artificial stone show a strength
by normal tests after twenty-four hours' drying
of 20 kilos per squars centimeter, or about 275
pounds per square inch—a very respectable
strain for Such work.
To Remove Gilding from Old China.
The following method is recommended for
removing the remains of gilding from old
china: Take soft Water 8 parts by measure;
Nitric Acid, 8 parts; Common Salt, 4 parts;
Salammoniac, 1 part. Let it boil, put the
china into it, and rub with a stiff brush.
Grecian Gilding.
Dissolve equal parts of Salammoniac and
Corrosive Sublimate in Nitric Acid, and a
Solution of gold is to be made with the above
mixture as a solvent; after slight concentra-
tion, the liquid is applied to the surface of
silver, which immediately becomes black, but
On being heated exhibits a rich gilded surface.
Gold Lacquer. -
1 pound.
Ground Tumeric,
Ground Gamboge, 13 ounce.
Ground Gum Sandarach, 3 pounds.
Ground Bleached Lac, 1 pound.
Alcohol, 2 gallons.
Turpentine Warnish, 3 pints.
Put the whole in a suitable vessel, cork,
close, and agitate until dissolved.
Gold Luster for Stoneware.
Gold, 6 parts.
Aqua Regia, 80 parts.
Dissolve ; then add
Tin, 1 part.
Balsam of Sulphur, 3 parts.
Oil of Turpentine, 1 part.
Mix gradually in a mortar and rub it until
the mixture becomes hard, then add Oil of
Turpentine 4 parts.
Liquid Carmine.
Carmine, 2 parts.
Ammonia, 8 parts.
Water, 20 parts.
Dissolve.
Turkish Cement.
1. “The jewellers of Turkey, who are mostly
Armenians, (We are informed by the most
respectable and intelligent traveller, Mr. Eton,
formerly a consul in that country, and author
of a Survey of the Turkish Empire), have a
singular method of ornamenting watch-cases,
etc., with diamonds and other precious stones,
by simply glueing or cementing them on. The
stone is set in silver or gold, and the lower
part of the metal made flat, or to correspond
with the part to which it is to be fixed; it is
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
235
then warmed gently, and has the glue applied,
which is so very strong, that the parts thus
cemented never separate; this glue, which will
strongly unite bits of glass, and even polished
steel, and may of course be applied to a vast
variety of useful purposes, is thus made:
Dissolve five or six bits of gum mastic, each
the size of a large pea, in as much Spirits of
wine as will suffice to render it liquid, and, in
another vessel, dissolve as much Isinglass,
previously a little softened in water, (though
none of the water must be used), in French
brandy or good rum, as will make a two ourrée
phial of very strong glue, adding two Small
bits of Gum Galbanum or Ammoniacum, which
must be rubbed or ground till they are dis-
solved. Then mix the whole with a sufficient
heat. Keep the glue in a phial closely stop-
ped, and when it is to be used, set the phial
In boiling water.
some persons have sold a composition under
the name of Armenian cement, in England;
but this composition is badly made; it is much
too thin, and the quantity cf mastic is much
too small.”
2. Thick Isinglass Glue, 1 part; thick Mas-
tic Warnish, 1 part. Melt the glue, mix, and
keep if in a closely corked phial. For use,
put the phial in hot Water.
To Make Copper Into a Metal Like Gold.
Distilled Verdigris, 4 ounces; Tutiae Alexan-
drinae praepartae 2 ounces; Saltpetre 1 ounce;
Borax # ounce; mix all together with oil, till
they be as thick pap; then melt it in a cruci-
ble, and pour it into a fire-Shovel, first well
warmed.
To Make Transparent Silver.
Refined silver, 1 ounce; dissolve it in 2
ounces of aqua fortis; precipitate it with a
pugil (a quantity that may be taken up be-
tween thumb and finger) of salt, then strain it
through a paper, and the remainder melt in a
crucible for about half an hour, and pour it
out, and it will be transparent.
To Whiten Copper Throughout.
Take thin plates of copper, as thin as a
knife, heat them six or seven times, and quench
Mr. Eton observes, that
them in water; then melt them, and to each
pound add 4 ounces of Saltpetre and 4 ounces
of Arsenic, well powdered and mixed, and first
melted apart in another crucible, by gentle
degrees; then take them out, and powder
them ; then take Venetian borax and white
tartar, of each an ounce and a half; then melt
these, with the former powder, in a crucible,
and pour them out into some iron receiver; it
will appear as clear as crystal, and is called
crystallinum fiacum arsenicum. Of this clear
matter, broken into little pieces, throw into the
melted copper (by small pieces at a time, stay-
ing five or six minutes between each injection)
4 ounces; when all is thrown in, increase the
fire, till all be well melted together for a quar-
ter of an hour; then pour it out into an ingot.
Silver-Plating Fluid.
Dissolve 1 ounce Nitrate of Silver (crystal)
in 12 ounces of soft water; then dissolve in
the water 2 ounces Cyanide of Potassium;
shake the whole together, and let stand till it
becomes clear. Have ready some phials of the
size wanted (4 ounce makes a good size) and
fill half full of Paris White or fine Whiting,
and then fill up the bottles with the liquor,
and it is ready for use. Thoroughly cleanse
the article from all grease and dirt and apply
with Soft rag or flannel; polish with chamois
skin.
To Gild Steel.
Pour some of the ethereal solution of gold
into a wine glass, and dip into it the blade of
a new penknife, lancet or razor; withdraw the
instrument, and allow the ether to evaporate;
the blade will then be covered with a beautiful
coat of gold. The blade may be moistened
with a clean rag, or a small piece of very dry
Sponge dipped into the ether, and the same
effect will be produced. .
Elkington’s Patent Gilding Liquid.
Fine gold, 5 ounces (Troy); nitrate muri-
atic acid, 52 ounces (Avoirdupois); dissolve by
heat, and continue the heat until red or yel-
low vapors cease to be evolved; decant the
clear liquid into a suitable vessel; add distilled
236
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Water 4 gallons; pure bicarbonate of potassa,
20 pounds, and boil for 2 hours. The nitro-
muriatic acid is made with pure nitric acid,
21 ounces; pure muriatic acid, 17 ounces, and
distilled water, 14 ounces.
Gold Alloys.
The new standard for watch cases, etc., is
18 carats of fine gold and 6 of alloy. No gold
of inferior quality can receive the “Hall mark,”
and gold of lower quality is generally described
by its commercial value. The alloy may be
entirely silver, which gives a green color, or
entirely copper for a red color, but the copper
and silver are more usually mixed in one alloy,
according to the taste of the jeweler. It will
be understood that these are made with fine
gold, fine silver and fine copper, direct from
the refiner.
Gilding Metals.
Gilding metals for common jewelry is made
by taking
Copper, 4 parts.
Calamine brass, 1 part.
Dentist’s Plate.
No. 1 gold, 20 pywts. ; silver, 1 p wt. ; copper,
2 pywts. No. 2 gold, 21 pywts. ; silver, 2 pywts. ;
copper, 3 pWts.
Wernicke’s Method of Gilding Glass.
The following are the ingredients required:
First—Solution of gold. Pure gold, free from
silver, is dissolved in aqua regia, the Solution
evaporated, and the residue taken up with water,
so that 1 gill contains 15.4 grains of gold.
Second–Solution of sodic hydrate of 1.06 spe-
cific gravity. Third—Reducing liquid 771}
grains; sulphuric acid, 617 grains; alcohol,
539 grains water, and 770 grains powdered
manganic peroxide are distilled into 770 grains
of water until the bulk of the latter is doubled
—154 grains cane Sugar, inverted by dissolving
in 6-10 gill of water, and boiling with 7% grains
nitric acid. The distilled liquid, the inverted
sugar, and 84-100 gill alcohol are mixed together
and the mixture diluted to 1 1-10 pints. In
using these solutions, 1 volume of the sodic
hydrate solution is mixed with 4 volumes of
the gold solution, and to this mixture is added
from 1.35 to 1.30 volumes of the reducing
liquid. The object to be gilded is placed on
the top of the solution, having the surface
intended to be coated turned downwards. The
temperature of the bath should be below 140
degrees Fahrenheit.
For Cleaning Copper.
Paris White, 1 pound.
Carb. Magnesia, 2 drachms.
Cyanuret Potassa, 7 6 &
Sulph. Ether, 3 & 6
Crocus Martis, 1 drachm.
Soft Water, 1} pints.
Mix all together, by rubbing, adding the Paris
White last. Apply with a sponge or a rag, and
polish dry with chamois skin or canton flannel.
May be used for cleaning silver also.
To Frost Polished Silver Goods.
Cyanide of Potassium, 1 ounce.
Water, # pint.
Dissolve. Do not hold the silver in your hands,
but use pliers made of lance-wood or box-wood,
and apply the mixture with a brush to the
polished surface.
A Gold Solution.
Gold Amalgam, # ounce.
Nitric Acid, 1 & 4
Muriatic Acid, 2 66
Dissolve and add
Alcohol, 2
Having brightened the article to be plated in
the usual way, apply the above Solution with a
soft brush. Rinse and dry in Sawdust, or with
tissue paper, and polish with chamois skin.
A Silver Solution.
Nitrate of Silver, 1 ounce.
Nitric Acid. 1 ounce.
Dissolve by the aid of heat, put some pieces
of copper into the solution to precipitate the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
237
silver; wash the acid out in the usual way,
then with 15 grains of it mix 2 drachms of
tartar, 2 drachms of table salt, and half a drachm
of pulverized alum. Brighten the article to be
plated with lye and prepared chalk, and rub
on the mixture. When it has assumed a white
appearance, expose to heat, as in the case of
plating with gold amalgam, then polish up with
the burnisher or soft leather.
Harmstadt’s Fine Imitation of Gold.
Platinum, 16 parts.
Copper, 7 “
Zinc, 1 “
Put in a crucible, cover with charcoal powder,
and melt into a mass.
It is said that this metal not only looks like
gold, but has the same specific gravity and
‘ductility.
Imitation Silver.
3 ounce.
2 ounces.
& &
Copper,
Brass,
Pure Silver,
Bismuth,
Saltpetre,
Common Salt,
Arsenic,
Potash,
Melt in a crucible with powdered charcoal.
This compound, used by a German chemist
for unlawful purposes, was so perfect that he
was neverediscovered.
66
& 6
OUIIlC6,
& 6
:
66
Enameling Metal.
The use of colored enamels on large surfaces
is yet in its infancy. The ordinary grey enamel
(so called), is really not enamel, but a trans-
parent glaze, the apparent grey color of which
is produced by the surface of iron beneath the
glaze.
Grey Mixture Enamel.
Pounds Ounces
Sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0
Red Lead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 0
Boracic Acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 0
Cullett (broken glass). . . . . . . . . . . . 114 0
Pounds. Ounces
Bicarbonate of Soda............. 16 0
Nitre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Manganese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 8}
White Mixture Enamel.
Pounds Ounces.
Cullett... . ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. 0
Boracic Acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0
Bicarbonate of Soda. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4
Phosphate of Lime... . . . . . . . . . . . 0 8
Oxide of Antimony..... . . . . . . . . . 0 2
Bronzing.
Bronze for all kinds of metals:
Muriate of Ammonia, 4 drachms.
Oxalic Acid 1 drachm.
Winegar, 1 pint.
Dissolve the oxalic acid first. Let the work
be clean. Put on the bronze with a brush;
repeat the operation as many times as may be
necessary.
Bronze, to Give an Antique Appearance.
Salt of Sorrel, 1 ounce.
Sal Ammoniac, 2 ounces.
White Winegar, 14 “
Bronze (Imitation of.)
The article is painted or stained in the dark
green color natural to bronze, giving two or
three coats, as may be necessary; and then,
before the last coat is dry, the parts intended
to look bright are sprinkled with bronze powder,
which may be bought at paint shops. Among
the trade the powder goes by the name of
“tacky.” It is made by grinding Dutch foil
and mosaic gold together, and a species of
copper dust is used for the same purpose.
Method of Applying the Bronze.
Go over the part you intend to bronze with
gold size or varnish; when it is sufficiently dry
—that is, when it does not adhere to the finger,
but feels clammy—dip a piece of it in cotton,
rolled into a hard ball, in your bronze powder,
and dab it on to the place to be bronzed.
238
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Bronze Powder—A Beautiful Red.
Mix together
Sulphate of Copper, 100 parts.
Carbonate of Soda, 60 parts.
Apply heat until they unite into a mass, then
cool, powder, and add copper filings, fifteen
parts; mix well, and keep them at a white heat
for twenty minutes, then cool, powder, and
Wash and dry.
Gold-Colored.
Verdigris, 8 ounces.
Putty Powder, 4 & &
Borax and Vitre, each, 2 & &
Bichloride of Mercury, # ounce.
Make them into a paste with oil, and fuse
them together. Used in Japanning as a gold
color.
Iron-Colored.
Plumbago finely powdered.
Silver White.
Melt together one ounce each of Bismuth and
Tim, then add one ounce of running Quicksilver;
cool and powder.
Gold-leaf, or alloy of gold, reduced to powder
by grinding them with Sulphate of potash, or
with honey, and washing away the extraneous
matter with hot water, and drying the metallic
powder.
Dutch metal, and other similar alloys, treated
in the same Way.
Verdigris, 4 ounces.
Tutty, 2 ounces.
Sublimate, 8 drachms.
Borax, 1 drachm.
Nitre, 1 drachm.
Mix them into a paste with oil, and fuse the
mixture in a crucible. This has failed in Some
hands—perhaps, from the tutty being factitious.
Mix together 100 parts of Sulphate of Copper,
and 50 of crystallized Carbonate of Soda ; apply
heat till they unite. Powder the mass when
cold, add 15 parts of Copper; mix well, and
keep it at a white heat for twenty minutes.
Wash and dry the product.
Bronzing Wood.
First coat the clean wood with a mixture of
size and lampblack; then apply two coats of
the green-colored sizing in the last recipe; and,
lastly, with bronze powder, such as powdered
Dutch foil, mosaic gold, etc., laid on with a
brush. Finish with a thin solution of Castile
Soap ; and, when dry, rub it with a soft Woollen
cloth.
IDYEING RECIPES.
Pansy for Silk Garments, (17% ox.).
Dye at 167° Fahrenheit.
Having first washed the articles well, in a
beck of 3 oz. curd soap and solution of aniline
violet, more or less, according to shade.
Light Brown or Silk Garments, (17% oz.).
Wash for fifteen minutes in a clear beck
made up with 13 ozs. genuine certCh; lift and
enter in a fresh beck at the same heat, with
# oz. Chromate of potash, and work in this
for a quarter of an hour; rinse and dye up at
167° Fahrenheit, with a little Vesuvin and
Magenta. Vesuvin should predominate for yel-
lowish tones, and Magenta for red ones.
Dyeing.
1. Pour a little solution of Indigo in Sul-
phuric Acid into a glass of water, and add
about an equal quantity of Solution of Carbon-
ate of Potash. If a piece of white cloth be
dipped in this mixture, it will come out a blue.
If a piece of yellow cloth be dipped in, it will
become a green, or a red will be converted to
a purple. A slip of blue litmus paper immersed
in it will immediately become red.
2. If a little fustic, quercitron bark, or other
dye, be boiled in Water, the coloring matter
will be extracted, and a colored solution
formed. On adding a small quantity of dis-
solved alum to this decoction, the alumina or
base of the Salt, will attract the coloring matter,
forming an insoluble compound, which in a
short time will subside, and may easily be sep-
arated.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
239
3. Boil a little cochineal in water, with a
grain or two of Cream of Tartar, (Supertar-
trate of Potash), and a dull kind of crimson
will be formed. By the addition of a few drops
of Nitro-Muriate of tin, the coloring matter will
be precipitated of a beautiful scarlet. This,
and some of the former instances, will give a
tolerable correct idea of the general process of
dyeing woolen cloths.
4. If a few strips of dyed linen cloth, of
different colors, be dipped into a phial of Oxy-
muriatic acid, the colors will be quickly dis-
charged; for there are few colors that can
resist the energetic effect of this acid. This
experiment may be considered as a complete
example of the process of bleaching colored
goods.
5. Having found a piece of blue linen cloth,
that will bleach in Oxygenised Muriatic Acid,
dip the tip of the finger in a solution of Mu-
riate of Tin, and press it while wet with the
Solution, upon a strip of this cloth. After an
interval of a few minutes immerse the cloth
in a phial of liquid Oxymuriatic Acid, and
when it has remained in it the usual time, it
will be found that the spot which was previ-
ously wet with Muriate of Tin, has preserved
its original color, while the rest of the cloth
has become white.
6. Dip a piece of white calico in a strong
Solution of Acetate of Iron; dry it by the fire,
and lay it aside for three or four days. After
this, wash it well in hot water, and then dye
it black by boiling it for ten minutes in a
strong decoction of Brazil wood. If the cloth
be now dried, any figures printed upon it with
a colorless solution of Muriate of Tin, will
appear of a beautiful scarlet, although the
ground will remain a permanent black.
7. Dissolve 4 drachms of Sulphate of Iron
in 1 pint of cold water, then add about 6
drachms of Lime in Powder, and 2 drachms
of finely Pulverized Indigo, stirring the mix-
ture occasionally for 12 or 14 hours. If a piece
of White calico be immersed in this solution
for a few minutes, it will be dyed green; and
by exposure to the atmosphere only for a few
Seconds, this will be converted to a permanent
blue.
8. If a piece of calico be immersed in a
solution of Sulphate of Iron, and when dry
washed in a weak solution of Carbonate Potash,
a permanent color will be produced, viz: the
buff of the calico-printers.
9. Boil equal parts of Annotto and common
Potash in water till the whole are dissolved.
This will produce the pale reddish-buff so much
in use, and sold under the name of nankeen-
dye.
10. If Muriate of tin, newly made, be added
to a solution of Indigo in Sulphuric Acid, the
oxygen of the Indigo will be absorbed, and the
solution instantly converted to a green. It is
on the same principle that Muriate of tin is
employed in cleansing discolored leather furni-
ture; as it absorbs the oxygen, and the leather
is restored to its natural color.
11. Take a piece of dark olive-colored linen
that has been dyed with Iron and Quercitron
bark, or Weld, and spot it in several places
with a colorless solution of Muriate of Tin.
Wherever the cloth has been touched with this
solution, the original color will be discharged,
and spots of a bright yellow will appear in its
stead.
12. Dip a piece of white calico in a cold
Solution of Sulphate of Iron, and suffer it to
become entirely dry. Then imprint any figures
upon it with a cold solution of colorless Citric
Acid, and allow this also to dry. If the piece
be then well washed in pure warm water, and
afterwards boiled in a decoction of Logwood,
the ground will be dyed either a slate or black
color, according to the strength of the metallic
solution, while the printed figures will remain
beautifully white. This experiment is designed
to show the effect of acids in discharging vege-
table colors.
13. If lemon-juice be dropped upon any
kind of buff color, the dye will be instantly
discharged. The application of this acid by
means of the black, is another method by
which calico-printing give the white spots or
figures to piece-goods. The crystallized is
generally used for this purpose.
These thirteen experiments will give some
idea of the nature of calico-printing.
240
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
To Dye Silk a Salmon Color.
The process is similar to that given for flesh
color, except that the goods must be passed
through diluted muriate of tin.
To Dye Silk, Wool, or Worsted a Beautiful
Mauve.
Water, 1 gallon.
Sulphuric Acid. # ounce.
Mix and heat to boiling point.
For a very light mauve, add one teaspoon-
ful imperial violet liquor; boil the same amount
of material, as stated under Magenta, about 10
minutes. Rinse in cold water. If the color be
too deep, use a little soap in rinsing, using
Warm Water.
To Dye Silk, Worsted or Cotton a Plum Color.
Water, 1 gallon.
Sulphuric Acid, 1 drachm.
Glauber Salts in Crystals, 1 ounce.
Violet Liquor, 4 drachms.
Magenta Liquor, 2 drachms.
Boil the articles about ten minutes.
Crimson for Worsted or Wool.
Water, 3 gallons.
Paste Cochineal, 1 ounce.
Cream of Tartar, 1 “
Nitrate of Tin, 4 drachms.
Boil the goods in this one hour. Wash first
in cold water, then in another vessel with 3
gallons warm water with a cupful of ammonia,
the whole well mixed. Put in the goods, and
work well for 15 minutes. For a blue shade,
add more ammonia. Then wash out.
To Dye Silk a Flesh Color.
Boiling water, 1 gallon.
White Soap, 1 ounce.
Pearl Ash, 1 “
Mix well, then add
Annatto Liquor, # ounce.
Put the silk through several times, and pro-
portion the liquor till you obtain the required
shade.
Black Dye for Worsted or Woolen.
Bichromate of Potash, 3 ounce.
Water, 3 gallons.
Dissolve the bichromate of potash in the
Water, and boil the goods in this 40 minutes,
and wash out in cold water; then take
Water, 3 gallons.
Logwood, 9 ounces.
Fustic 3 & 6
Double Oil of Vitriol, 2 drops.
Boil the goods 40 minutes, wash out in cold
Water. This will dye from 1 to 2 pounds of
cloth, or a lady's dress, if of a dark color or
brown, claret, etc.
Imperial Blue for Silk, Wool, and Worsted.
Water, 1 gallon.
Sulphuric Acid, # ounce.
Imperial Blue, 4 drachms.
Mix. Immerce the silk, worsted, or wool,
and boil 10 minutes; wash in a weak solution
of Soap lather.
Logwood and Indigo Blue Dye for Cloth.
Take 100 pounds of cloth and color it by
first dipping it in the vat of indigo blue a couple
of times, rinse it well, and boil in the following
Solution:
Alum, 20 pounds.
Half Refined Tartar, 2 66
Mordant, 5 6 (;
Boil for two hours. Take out and cool off
to 170° Fahr. before entering; handle well over
a reel, let it boil for half an hour, then take
it out; cool and rinse. This is a very fine blue.
To Fix Dyes.
Gelatine, 20 ounces.
Bichromate of Potash, 3 & 6
Dissolve the Gelatine in water before adding
the potash. The Work is done in a dark room.
The coloring matter is next added, and the
goods submitted thereto; after which they are
exposed to the action of light; the pigment
thus becomes insoluble in the water, and the
color is fast.
A.N ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF lºſt ACTICAL INFORMATION.
241
Scarlet Dye with Cochineal.
Cream of Tartar, 25 ounces.
Cochineal, pulverized, 12; & 6
Muriate of Tin or Scarlet Spirit, 8 pounds.
Boil the dye, enter the goods, work them
well for 15 minutes, then boil them 14 hours,
slowly agitating the goods while boiling, wash
in clean water, and dry out of the Sun.
The above is calculated for 50 pounds of
wool yarn.
To Dye a Light Silver Drab.
For 50 pounds of goods use, Logwood #
pound, alum : pound; boil well, enter the
goods and dip them for one hour. Grade the
color to any desired shade by using equal
parts of Logwood and Alum.
Chrome Black for Wool.
For 40 pounds of goods use Blue Vitriol 3
pounds, boil it a short time, then dip the wool
or fabric three-quarters of an hour, airing fre-
quently; take out the goods, and make a dye
with Logwood, 24 pounds; boil one-half hour,
dip three-quarters of an hour, air the goods,
and dip one-quarter of an hour longer; wash
in strong soap-Suds. A good fast color.
To Dye Straw Bonnets.
Ground Saunders, 13 pounds.
Ground Curcuma, 2 & 4
Powdered Nut Galls, # pound.
Logwood, (rasped) 1-10 “
Boil the straw goods with the above in a
large kettle (so as not to crowd) for 2 hours,
then withdraw the hats, rinse, and let them
remain over night in a bath of Nitrate of 4°
Baume, when they are washed. The above
preparation is sufficient for 25 bonnets.
Aniline Red.
Enclose the Aniline in a small muslin bag;
have a kettle (tin or brass) filled with moder-
ately hot water and rub the substance out.
Then immerse the goods to be colored, and in
a short ine they are done. It improves the
color to wring the goods out of strong soap-
suds before putting them in the dye. This is
a permanent color on wool or silk.
To Dye Silk, Wool or Worsted Magenta Color-
Water, 180° Fahr.,
Magenta Liquor,
Stir it up well.
The above dye may be intensified very easily
by using more or less of the Magenta liquor.
1 gallon.
4 drachms.
Brown on Cotton.
Catechu, 1 pound.
Verdigris, 4 Ounces.
Salammoniac, 5 ounces.
Brown on Wool or Silk.
Infusion or decoction of walnut peels dyes
wool and silk a brown color, which is bright-
ened by alum. Horse-chestnut peels also im-
parts a brown color; a mordant of Muriate of
tin turns it on the bronze, and Sugar of Lead
the reddish brown. Take three times through
an old soda beck. Rinse when the dying is
complete.
Billiard Green on Cloth (110 pounds.)
Dissolve in water
Alum, 16 pounds, 6 ounces.
Boil in it
Fustic, 22 pounds.
And add
Extract of Indigo, 5 pounds 7 ounces.
The color most in favor at the present time
is caroubier, which seems to combine the red-
cardinal and yellow-brown. It is easily obtained
on wool in a bath of fuchsine, with the addi-
tion of a very Small quantity of aniline maroon,
or by a mixture of orchil with redwood, and a
little fustic added, it is easy to produce this
shade.
Eoxine is now being largely substituted for
cochineal in the dyeing of wool. A beautiful
bright Scarlet may be obtained by using the
following: To 10 pounds of wool, 3 ounces of
242
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Eoxine and 8 ounces of Alum; take through
cold water, and work for thirty minutes in a
peck of
Sumac, 34 pounds.
At 190° Fahrenheit; then dye in a cold beck
with
Magenta, 13 ounces.
Take out, add to the beck
Alum, 83 ounces.
And the decoction of
Logwood, 2} pounds.
Enter again, work in a cold beck; lift, and
add, according to shade, from # to 13 ounces
Chromate of Potash; re-enter, and work. The
color is now complete.
Fast Black on Woollen (11 pounds).
Boil for one hour with
Chromate of Potash, 4} ounces.
Prepared Tartar, 4} ounces.
Finely ground; rinse immediately, and let cool
in the liquor, and dye with
Logwood, 6% pounds.
Adding a little Fustic, according to shade, and
Logwood, 7 ounces.
Boil for 3 of an hour. After dyeing, drain,
and take the yarns four times through the pre-
pared beck; rinse, and then
Lime, 173 ounces.
Rinse slightly, and work in a cold beck of
Chromate of Potash, 17} ounces.
Sulphuric Acid, 173 ounces.
For a quarter of an hour. Redden in a boiled
beck with
Lime, 83 ounces.
Working for three minutes, and rinsing. If a
redder shade is required, top in fresh cold
water, with
Magenta, § ounce.
Rose on Linen (11 pounds.)
Work in a boiling hot beck of
Tannin, 7 ounces.
Curd Soap, 8; ounces.
Add to the water the Solution of
Tin Crystals, 84 ounces.
And dye with # to # ounces Saffranine, at 110
Fahrenheit.
Claret on Cotton Yarns (11 pounds.)
Make up a beck with
Prepared Catechu, 17} ounces.
And work the prepared yarn in it for one hour.
Wring, and steep for half an hour in a hot
beck of
Chromate Potash, 63 ounces.
Dark Cannelle.
For 100 pounds bleached cotton:
Catechu, 15 pounds.
Blue Vitriol, 6 pounds.
Bichromate, 1 pound.
Work as in Yellow Cannelle, and finish in a
boiling bath of
Sal Soda, 4 pounds.
Gold Yellow on Linen (11 pounds.)
Steep for three hours in a boiling beck of
Tannin, 173 ounces.
And dye in a fresh cold beck with
Aniline Orange, 34 ounces.
Otherwise known as Phosphine.
Carmelite Olive.
For 100 pounds bleached cotton:
Catechu, 15 pounds.
Blue Vitriol, 4 6 &
Bichromate, 1 & 6
Work same as for Yellow Cannelle, and finish
with
Quercitron,
Pyrolignite of Iron,
10 pounds.
1 goblet.
Tete de Negre.
For 100 pounds bleached cotton:
Catechu, 5 pounds.
Alum, 2 & 6
|Blue Vitriol, 1 6 &
Bichromate, 2 & 6
Work as in Yellow Cannelle, and finish with
Red Sanders, 40 pounds.
Pyrolignite of Iron, 1 goblet.
For each 25 pounds of cottom.
No regularity in the change of pitch of the
saturated gypsum bars, in comparison with the
dry bars, is here recognizable. A comparison
AN ENCYCLOPAELIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
243
of the condition of each bar, when it has taken
up liquid, shows a change of the modus of
elasticity to a certain degree, which is only
different for different liquids set over against
each other.
Yellow Cannelle.
For 100 pounds bleached cotton :
Catechu, 10 pounds.
Blue Vitriol, 4 & 4
Bichromate, # & 4
Pass first through the Catechu, and wring;
then pass through the Bichromate, and wash.
Repeat the passes, and wash. Finish with
Quercitron Bark, 10 pounds.
Garrancine Red on Cotton (11 pounds).
Prepare right at a boil with 2 pounds 3
ounces Sumach. Dry and enter in a beck of
red liquor at 70° Baume, where it is left for 6
hours, with frequent turning. Take out and
soak well in a fresh hot beck of 173 ounces Elutri-
ated Chalk and 2 pounds, 3 ounces of cow-dung;
rinse and dye in two becks. The first consists of 14
ounces Garrancine, 53 ounces Sumach and 7
ounces Bean. Enter at 77° Fahrenheit, and
raise the heat slowly to 167° Fahrenheit. Enter
in the imbibed liquid; it is greater the specific
gravity of the liquid, or the vibration number
of such a bar as is inversely as the specific
gravity of the liquid.
The change of the tone through absorption
of liquids is also produced by a change,
namely, a decrease of the coefficient of elastic-
ity. This occurs most in the case of water,
less with alcohol, least with oil.
Bronze on Cloth and Woolen Piece Goods (45 lbs.)
Boil for 90 minutes with 5% pounds Alum, 2
pounds 12 ounces Argol, and then same weight
of blue vitriol. Take out and dye at a boil for
one hour in a fresh beck with 32 pounds, 13
ounces Fustic, 2 pounds 12 ounces Logwood,
and 13 pounds 11 ounces Madder. Take out
and sadden to shade with 3 pounds 4 ounces to
5 pounds copperas.
Ponceau on Cotton Yarn (11 pounds.)
Boil for one hour with 83 ounces Curd Soap;
take out and enter in a boiling beck of 1
pound 10 ounces Annats, and 10% ounces Soda
Crystals. Here let it remain for 6 hours. Take
out and enter in a beck of Bichloride of Tin at
3° Baume, where it is left for 3 hours with
frequent turning. It is then taken through
water and dyed at 167° Fahrenheit with the
clear solution of 64 ounces Safframin.
Fast Green on Wool (219 pounds).
Prepare at a boil for ninety minutes with
19% pounds Sulphate of Alumina (cake alum),
4 pounds 14 ounces of Chromate of Potash, the
same weight of Sulphuric Acid, and 1 pound
10 ounces Tin Crystals. Then boil up in the
dye pan 1 pound 14 ounce Sulphate of Alum-
ina, and remove scum if needful; add 46 pounds
“Chemic” (some extract of Indigo), 18 ounces
French Extract of Fustic, and 173 ounces of
Salt. Boil for 1% to 2 hours. The Chemic is
prepared with 6 pounds 9 ounces Indigo, and
26 pounds 4 ounces fuming Sulphuric Acid ;
diluting with 44 pounds water, after standing
for 24 hours.
Golden Olive on Wool.
Boil for 90 minutes with 6 pounds 9 ounces
Chromate of Potash, 3 pounds 4 ounces Blue
Vitriol, and 1 pound 10 ounces Sulphuric Acid ;
then dye with 12 pounds French Extract of
Fustic, 173 ounces French Extract of Logwood,
6 pounds 9 ounces Sanders and the same
weight of Madder; boil for 75 minutes, sadden
With 1 pound 10 ounces Copperas, and boil
30 minutes longer.
Pansy on Shoddy.
Prepare with 2 pounds 3 ounces Chrome Alum,
2 pounds 3 ounces Sulphuric Acid, and # ounces
Chloride of Tin. Them dry to shade with Ani-
line Violet, (soluble in Alcohol.)
Green for half Woollen Garments, (11 pounds.)
Make up a beck with 173 ounces Alum, 8;
ounces Argol, 173 ounces Fustic, and 33 ounces
Extract of Indigo. Boil the goods in this for
244
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
an hour; rinse. Prepare with 3 pounds Sumach;
wring out and top in a fresh cold beck, with
13 ounces Methyl Green.
Mode on Jute (11 pounds.)
Boil out 173 ounces of prepared Catechu.
Pour the solution into water at 100° Fahrenheit,
and dissolve therein 13 ounces Blue Vitriol.
Wet out the Jute in water at 100° Fahrenheit,
enter in the Catechu beck, and work for half an
hour. Take out, and add the solution of 13
ounces Chromate of Potash. Re-enter work to
shade, rinse and dry.
Gray on Jute, (11 pounds.)
Boil 173 ounces Sumach in water, and steep
the Jute for an hour in the liquid. Take out,
dissolve 173 ounces of Copperas. Enter the
goods, and dry to shade. If a blue gray is
required, make up a fresh beck at 77°, with
the solution of 1j} ounces Alum, and # ounces
Extract of Indigo, and a very little Solution
of Magenta; enter the goods and dry to shade.
Dressings for White Shirtings.
For 175 pints of dressing, take 11 pounds of
Wheat Starch, 2 pounds 3 ounces Stearine, and
6 pounds 9 ounces China Clay. Boil up together,
and apply hot, and dry on the cylinder.
Pansy on Jute (11 pounds.)
Wet out perfectly in water at 100°Fahrenheit;
lift and add 4 ounce, or a little more, accord-
ing to shade of Soluble Violet, previously dis-
Bolved and filtered. Enter, give 5 turns, and
dry. Re-enter, give 5 turns and dry.
Crimson on Jute (11 pounds.)
Wet out as before, and dry with 13 ounce
to # ounce of Magenta.
Bismarck on Jute (11 pounds.)
Wet out and dry with 3 ounce to 1 ounce
Wesuvin.
Blue on Silk Garments (17% ounces.)
Wash and work for a quarter of an hour in
a boiling kettle, § ounce Nicholson Blue and
34 ounces Borax. Lift, drain, and take through
a cold beck of 33 ounces of Sulphuric Acid.
Silver Gray on Silk Garments (17% ounces.)
Make up the kettle with 33 ounces Orchil, 1
ounce Turmeric, 1ounce Sulphuric Acid, # ounce
Violet Lake, and ounce Magenta, and dye at
a boil.
Brown or Woolen Piece Goods.
Boil for one hour with 2 pounds 3 ounces
Chromate of Potash, and the same weight of
Argol. Let cool in the flot, and dye at a boil
for one hour, with 44 pounds of Fustic, 11
pounds Madder and 11 pounds Camwood. Take
out, and dissolve in the beck, 2 pounds 3 ounces
Copperas, and 173 ounces Blue Vitriol. Re-en-
ter, and boil for an hour longer.
*E*º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º:
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Weight of Green Logs to Scale 1,000 Feet, Board
Measure.
Yellow Pine (Southern). . . . . . 8,000 to 10,000 lbs.
Norway Pine (Michigan). . . . . 7,000 to 8,000 “
g e * off stump, 6,000 to 7,000 “
White Pine (Mich.) | outwater.7,000 to 8,000 Q (
White Pine (Penn.) bark off. . 5,000 to 6,000 “
Hemlock (Penn.) bark off. . . .6,000 to 7,000 “
weight 1,000 Feet of Lumber, Board Measure.
Yellow or Norway Pine—Dry. . . . . . . . . 3,000 lbs.
Green. . . . . . . 5,000 “
White Pine. . . . . . . . . . . . . Dry . . . . . . . . . 2,500 “
Green. . . . . . . 4,000 “
Weight of One Cord of Seasoned Wood, 128
Cubic Feet per Cord.
Hickory or Sugar Maple. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500 lbs.
White Oak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,850 “
Beech, Red Oak, or Black Oak. . . . . . . . 3,250 “
Poplar, Chestnut or Elm. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,350 “
Pine (White or Norway). . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 “
Hemlock Bark, dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,200 “
1 cord bark got from 1,500 feet logs.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF Plt. ACTICAL INFORMATION.
245
Capacities of Cisterns.
For a circular cistern, take the diameter in
feet, square that and multiply by 785,393;
that gives the area in feet; multiply this by
1,728 and divide by 231, and you will have
the number of gallons capacity of one foot in
depth of the cistern ; from this calculate the
depth. If for a square cistern, multiply length
by breadth, and proceed to multiply the result
by 1,728 and to divide by 231 as before.
Calculated in this way, we find that each foot
in depth of a circular cistern,
5 feet in diameter holds 4.66 barrels.
6 6 & & & & & 6 & 6.61 & &
7 & 6 6 & & 6 € $ 9.13 & 6
8 & 6 & 4 & 6 & 6 11.93 6 &
!) & & & 6 & 6 6 & 15.10 & 4
10 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 18.65 6 (;
SQUARE CISTERN,
5 feet by 5 feet holds 5.92 barrels.
6 & 4 & 6 6 6 & & 6 8.54 6 &
7 & & & 6 7 6 & 6 & 11.63 • 6
8 & 6 & 4 8 & & & 6 15.19 & 6
9 & & & G 9 & C & 6 19.39 66
10 & 6 6 & 1() 6 & 6 & 23.74 6 &
To Find the Horse-Power of a Waterfall.
Rule. Multiply the area of the cross section
in feet by the velocity in feet per minute, and
multiply by 62}, the number of pounds in a
cubic foot of water, and this by the vertical
fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per
minute of the fall; divide by 33,000 gives the
horse-power.
Eacample I. A stream flows through a flume
10 feet wide, and the depth of the water is 4
feet; velocity 150 feet per minute. Then
multiply 10 by 4=40, and 40X 150=6000, the
cubic feet of water flowing per minute ; then
6000×62}=375,000 pounds of water per minute.
Now suppose the fall be 12 feet we have
375,000×12=4,500,000; now divide by 33,000
and we have 133}, horse-power of the fall.
Eacample II. The flume of a mill is 15 feet
wide, the water is 4 feet deep, the velocity 50
feet per minute, and the fall 10 feet; what is
the horse-power of the fall?
Operation. 15 ×4×50×10 × 62}=1,875,000.
Then, 1,875,000--33,000–56 9-11 horse power.
A good plan to take the uniform breadth and
depth of a stream is the following, which will
be found simple, and yet sufficiently accurate
for common purposes: Take a section of the
stream as uniform in breadth and depth as
possible, and measure off a short distance, say
two or three hundred feet, according to the
force of the water; set a stake close to the
water on either side of the stream, next take
a small piece of wood or branch of a tree, but
be sure that it is not very buoyant, but rather
procure something that will almost touch the
bottom and yet light enough to be plainly
seen above the surface of the water; the object
is to find the average speed of the water; hence
the necessity of its almost touching the bottom
of the stream, as it floats down to the point
below where you have placed your mark.
Now, from the moment you throw the indi-
cator into the water, note the time it takes to
flow from one mark to the other, that is to say,
the distance between the upper and lower sec-
tion of the stream, measured off. Repeat the
experiment several times towards the opposite
shore; now the sum of the several times divided
by the number of points at which the speed
was taken gives the average speed of the water.
Next measure the depth of the water at sev-
eral points equidistant across the stream, then
by adding the different depths, and dividing
by the number of points we shall have the
average depth. Then this average depth mul-
tiplied by the breadth of the stream gives the
area of the cross Section; we now multiply this
area by the length of the section which gives
the cubic contents of the body of water em-
braced in the section.
We are mow in possession of the quantity and
Velocity of the water, two necessary factors,
and remembering to reckon 62% pounds to the
cubic foot.
To Compute the Weight of Copper.
Rule.—Ascertain the number of cubic inches
in the piece, and multiply them by .32.118, and
the product will give the weight in pounds.
Eacample—What is the weight of a copper
plate # an inch thick by 16 inches square 2
Proceed thus:
16×16=250× $=128
Then, 128× .32118–4i.11104 pounds,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
To Compute the Weight of Lead.
Ascertain the number of cubic inches in the
piece; multiply the sum by .41015, and the
product will give the weight in pounds.
Ea'ample.—What is the weight of a leaden
pipe 12 feet long, 3% inches in diameter, and 1
inch thick.
Proceed thus: We first find the area of a
cylindrical ring by the general rule, as follows:
To the thickness of the ring add the inner
diameter; multiply this sum by the thickness,
and the product by 9.8696.
Area of (3.75–H1+1)=25.967
Area of 3.75 = 11.044
Difference, 14.923 area of ring.
144
2148,912
Then 2148.912× .41015–881.376 pounds.
To Compute the Weights of Ordinary Brass Cast-
ings.
Rule.—Ascertain the number of cubic inches
in the piece, multiply them by .3112 and the
product will give the weight in pounds.
To Test Quality of Steel.
Good tool steel with a white heat, will fall
to pieces; with bright red heat will crumble
under the hammer; with middling heat may be
drawn to a needle point.
To test the hardening qualities, draw under
a low heat to a gradually tapered Square point,
and plunge into cold Water; if, when broken,
the point will Scratch glass, the quality is good.
To Test Tenacity.
A hardened piece may be drawn into cast
iron by a hardened hammer, if poor it will
crumble. Soft steel, of good quality, gives a
curved line fracture and uniform texture. Tool
steel should be a dull silver color, uniform and
entirely free from Sparkling qualities.
Aqua fortis applied to the surface of steel,
produces a black spot; in iron, the metal re-
mains clean. The slightest vein of iron or steel
can bereadily detected by this method.
Steel.
Steel is a compound of iron and carbon, in
which the proportion of the latter is from 1 to
5 per cent., and even less in some kinds.
Steel is distinguished from iron by its fine
grain, and by the action of nitric acid (diluted).
There are many varieties of steel, as blistered
steel or steel of cementation, tilted steel, shear
steel, cast steel, and various fancy or alloys of
steel with silver, platinum, rhodium and alu-
minum have been made with a view to imitat-
ing the Damascus steel, wootz, etc., and im-
proving the fabrication of some of the finer
kinds of surgical instruments.
Steel has peculiar properties. It is not easily
broken ; it welds readily; it does not crack or
split; it bears a very high heat, and preserves
the capability of hardening after repeated work-
1Ilg.
*-ºsmºs
PHOTOGRAPHY.
Photography is the art of producing images
on prepared surfaces by means of the actinic
or chemical rays of the sun's light.
The articles used consist of a square mahog-
any camera, double combination lenstripod
stand, Screw top, porcelain bath, and dipper,
two graduated glass measures, set of scales
and weights, a glass or porcelain funnel, one
deep and two shallow dishes, a tent, a print-
ing frame, a packet of quarter-size glass, some
filtering paper, a Wash leather and a linen
cloth, negative and positive collodion, crystal-
lized nitrate of silver, protosulphate of iron,
glacial acetic acid, methylated alcohol, chloride
of gold, hyposulphate of Soda, carbonate of
soda and acetate of Soda, cyanide of potas-
sium, distilled water.
The principal photographic processes now in
use are the positive, negative and dry collodion
processes, in each of which a thin film of skin
of iodised collodion form the sensitive surface,
a plate of glass being generally used as the
foundation of the film.
In a positive picture the lights are silvery
white by reflected light, and the shades are pro-
duced by a backing of black varnish or velvet,
showing through the glass plate. -
In a negative picture the lights are of a dirty
A. : CNCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
247
yellow or brown by reflection, and being formed
by opaque deposits, appear dense black by
transmitted light. Negatives are used in the
various paper-printing processes. They are
placed upon prepared paper and exposed to
direct light, which darkens those parts of the
paper not protected by the opaque lights, and
thus produces positive prints with natural lights
and shades. In this way the portrait cartes de
visite and other paper photographs are formed.
Instantaneous Photography.
A Series of articles have recently appeared
in the Bulletin de la Societe Francaise, from
the pen of M. Lahler, who seems to have made
a profound study, both thoretically aud practi-
cally, of the subject he has taken up, and we
now place before our readers, by the way of
summary, the formulae recommended by that
gentleman to Secure pictures with rapid expo-
Sll]'éS.
Accelerating Liquid.
Into a bottle capable of holding one-tenth of
a litre are put sixty cub. cent. of Alcohol and
one gramme of Iodide of Cadmium ; then drop
by drop is added sufficient Ammonia until the
last drop brings about the slightest turbidity.
The clear liquid is poured off, eight cub. cent.
of rectified alcohol are added, together with
five drops of a Saturated solution of Nitrate of
ammonia, and the liquid is then stirred while
drop by drop so much Glacial Acetic Acid is
put in as to render the liquid clear again, only
leaving at the bottom of the vessel a small
precipitate of Hydrate of Cadmium.
Collodion.
Five grammes of Collodion Pyroxyline are
weighed. This is put into a wide-mouthed
bottle and well corked, where it remains a
month. The Pyroxyline then begins to decom-
pose and gives off acid vapors, and as soon as
these are apparent by the smell, the product
may be employed.
A little bottle is taken, and into is poured
three hundred cubic centimetres of Alcohol; in
this are dissolved nine grammes of Iodide of
Cadmium, and then the five grammes of de-
composed Pyroxyline together with another five
of undecomposed cotton are added, stirring the
while ; there is added by degrees Ether (of 62°)
enough to dissolve the Pyroxyline. Finally, the
bottle is filled with a mixture of Alcohol and
Ether.
The Collodion is tested by pouring some of
it on a glass plate. If the film is not stout
enough, a little Pyroxyline is added; if it is
ropy, more alcohol should be added. Then,
in the open air, (to prevent one breathing the
injurious fumes), thirty drops of benzine are
permitted to fall into the bottle. The decom-
position products of Pyroxyline oxydize the alco-
hol and change it into Aldehyde; the Iodine
displaced by the Bromine combines with the
nitrogenous oxides, when a similar noise will
be heard to that made by a hot iron being
thrust into water. Iodide of Chromium is
formed, which subsequently combines with
Ammonia.
The accelerating liquid is shaken up, allowed
to remain for five minutes, so that any coarse
particles may sink to the bottom, and then
three-fourths of the contents of the bottle is
poured into the collodion. If the latter becomes
turbid, it is filtered, and then two drops of
ammonia are added.
If the collodion does not become colorless
Within ten days, then one or two drops of
ammonia are added. It does not matter if it
is a little turbid. It is put into long, narrow
bottles and is permitted to stand until it is
clear. It should be of a light yellow color; if
colorless, it is tinted before use every time with
a few drops of tincture of iodine. It will keep
good a very long time.
If the Pyroxyline has been too much decom-
posed, the collodion will not adhere to the glass;
a little ordinary iodized collodion is then added
to it. When the collodion grows very old, its
sensitiveness may be materially increased by
the addition of one or two drops of the under.
mentioned reducing fluid. In fifty grammes of
alcohol are poured six drops of Aldehyde and
three drops of ammonia. This solution must
remain several days before it is used. Still
more sensitive becomes the collodion by the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
248
addition of one or two drops of an extra accel-
erating fluid, composed as follows: Into fifty
grammes of alcohol are put eight drops of alde-
hyde and three decigrammes of caustic potash;
after standing a fortnight the fluid becomes of
a dark brown color and ready for use. The
collodion is allowed to remain for some hours;
before use the upper portion is poured off.
The Pyroxyline does not yield any acid fumes
on keeping. When this is mixed, there should
be added, before the Iodide of Cadmium is
employed, eight drops of the extra-accelerat-
ing fluid to the Alcohol, and no Ammonia
afterwards.
Dry Collodion.
The Collodion above described requires no cov-
ering or preservation. Its sensitiveness is im-
proved by a solution of fifteen centigrammes of
resin for every hundred cubic centimetres of
Collodion. The maximum sensitiveness of this
Collodion is, however, reached by employing
with it a solution of Tannin.
Oil Colors for Photograph Painting.
Tints for the First Painting.—Flesh--White and
Light Ted; White, Naples Yellow and Wermil-
ion ; White, Vermilion and Light Red.
Gray, Pearly and Half Tints—White, Ver-
milion and Black; White and Terre Werde;
White, Black, Indian Red and Raw Umber.
I)eep Shades.—Light Red and Raw Umber;
Indian Red, Lake and Black. Carnations—
White and Indian Red (powerful color); White
and Iłose Madder; White and Lake.
Hair.—Light Hair—White and Yellow Ochre,
White and Roman Ochre; White and Vandyke
Brown for the dark parts; White and Raw
|Umber for the dark parts. Dark Brown Hair—
Raw and Burnt Umber, White and Raw Umber,
White and W., idyke Brown.
Tints for the Second and Third Painting.—
IIigh Lights–White and Naples Yellow. Car-
waſ dong–Rose Madder and White; Indian Red,
Rose, Madder and White.
Green Tints.-White and Ultainarine, with
any of the yellows; White and Terre Verde,
with the addition of a little Raw Umber. The
above green tints may be converted into green
grayS.
Gray Tints.-Ultramarine, Light Red, and
White; Indian Red, Lake, Black and White;
White, Ultramarine, Indian Red, and Raw
Umber.
Purple Tints.--Any of the Lakes or Madders
with Ultramarine and White.
Powerful Shadow Tints.-Indian Red, Purple
Lake and Black; Indian Red, Raw Umber and
Black.
Strong Glazing Color.—Light Red and Lake;
Brown Madder, Vandyke Brown, Indian Red,
and Lake Asphaltum.
Draperies.—Black ground colors—Pearly white,
Vermilion and Blue ; White, Vermilion and
Black; White and Black. Oray—White, Vene-
tian Red and Black. Yellow—Yellow Ochre and
White. Olive—Yellow Ochre, Terre Verte and
Umber. Stone—Raw Umber and Yellow; Black,
White and Raw Umber. Sky—French Blue
and White; French Blue, Vermilion and White.
Edges of Clouds—Yellow Ochre and White.
Clouds—Indian Red, Lake and White; White,
Brown Madder, French Blue and White.
Water Colors for Photographers.
Flesh Tints. No. 1.-Fair Compleasion.—Light
red, a little Carmine or Vermilion and Indian
Yellow. Be careful in using the latter, and in
the flesh tints of very fair children, allow the
Wermilion to predominate. Carnations—Rose
Madder, and if the face be full of color, add a
little Vermilion to it.
Middling Compleasion.—Much the same as No,
1, saving that the Light Red must be in excess
over the other colors. Carnations—Rose Mad-
der, and Lake.
Dark Compleasion.—Light Red and Indian
Yellow, or Light Red and Roman Ochre, and
if the complexion is generally ruddy, you may
add a little Indian Red, but it must be spar-
ingly used, as it is a powerful color, and likely
to impart a purple tone to the flesh. Carna-
tions—Chiefly Lake, but if the complexion be a
little warm, Lake and a little Yellow. The car-
nations for children's portraits are Rose Mad-
der and Vermilion, inclining more to the latter
tint. Aged persons have Rose Madder, and a
little Cobalt, to give a cold appearance to ille
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OIF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
249
color in their cheeks and lips. These tints,
Nos. 1, 2, and 3, are indispensable as general
washes, for the purpose of receiving the other
colors, which are to be worked over them to
bring up the complexion to the life. Uncolored
photographic portraits vary so much in tone
that the beginner will, perhaps, find Some dif-
ficulty in mixing up the tints for the washes.
He must note that the warm-toned ones do
not require so much Indian Yellow as the old
ones do.
Pencils.
This name is applied to the small brushcs
made of camel's hair, used by artists, as well
as to the plumbago crayons familiarly known
as black lead pencils. The last are prepared
by the following method:
The blocks of plumbago are exposed to a
bright-red heat in a closely covered crucible,
and are afterwards sawed into minute sticks
and mounted in cases of cedar or Satin wood.
Sometimes the plumbago is calcined and mixed
with an equal, or any other desired proportion,
of pure washed clay; also in powder, after
which the mixture is reduced to a plastic state
with water, and pressed into grooves cut on
the face of a smooth board, or into well greased
wooden moulds, in which state it is left to dry.
When dry the pieces are transferred to any
degree of hardnes by exposing them, surrounded
by sand or powdered charcoal in a closely cow-
ered crucible, to various degrees of heat. The
crucible is not opened until the Whole has
become cold, when the prepared slips are re-
moved and mounted as before. This method
was invented by M. Conte in 1795.
Crystalline Coating for Paper or Wood.
Mix a concentrated Solution (cold) of salt
with dextrine, and lay the thinnest possible
coating of the fluid on the surface, to be cov-
ered by means of a broad soft brush. After
drying, the surface has a beautiful bright
mother of pearl coating, which, in consequence
of the dextrine, adheres firmly to paper and
wood. The coating may be made adhesive to
glass by doing it over with an alcoholic shellac
solution. The following salts are mentioned as
adapted to produce the most beautiful crystal-
line coating:
Sulphate of magnesia, acetate of Soda, and
sulphate of tin.
Paper must first be sized, otherwise it will
absorb the liquid and prevent the formation of
crystals. Colored glass thus prepared gives a
good effect by transmitted light.
On Needle Manufacture, Tempering, Etc.
This small but important implement has to
go through the hands of about 120 workmen
during the process of manufacture. The steel
wire, being drawn to the proper size, is sub-
mitted to various tests to ascertain its quality,
and is then cut into proper lengths by shears,
which, by striking 21 blows in a minute, cut in:
ten hours fully 400,000 ends of steel wire, which
produce about 800,000 needles. These arº
passed on for further manipulation to other
workmen, who straighten and point the pieces
of wire. After pointing they are cut in two, so
as to form two separate needles of equal length
and quality. For each different size a small
copper plate is employed. It is nearly square,
and has a turned-up edge on two of its side3,
the one is intended the receive all the points,
while the other resists the pressure of the
shears. On this plate a certain number of
wires are put with their points in contact with
the border, and they are cut together flush
with the plate, by means of a small pair of
shears moved by the knee of the workman.
These even wires are now taken to the head-
flattener. This workman, seated over a table
with a block of steel before him about three
inches cube, takes up from 20 to 25 needles
between his finger and thumb, spreading them
out like a fan, with the points under the thumb,
he lays the heads on a steel block, and, with
a small fiat-faced hammer strikes a few suc-
cessive blows upon them so as to flatten them
in an instant. The heads, having become
hardened by hammering, are now annealed by
heating and slow cooling, and are handed to
the piercer, generally a child, who forms the
eye in a second by laying the head upon a
block of steel, and by driving a small punch
250
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
through one side with a smart tap of the ham-
mer, and then exactly opposite on the other.
The eyes are then trimmed by driving the
punch through them again on a lump of lead,
and after laying the needle with the punch
Sticking through it, upon the block of steel,
hammering the head on the sides, which causes
it to take the form of the punch. The next
operator makes the groove at the eye and
rounds the head, which he does with a small
file. The needles, being thus prepared, are
thrown by workmen pell-mell into a sort of
drum or box, in which they are made to arrange
themselves in parallel lines by means of a few
dexterous shakes of the workman's arm. They
are now ready to be tempered, for which pur-
pose they are ranged on sheet-iron plates,
about thirty pounds weight at a time, contain-
ing from 250,000 to 500,000 needles, and are
placed in a proper furnace, where they are
heated to a bright redness for the larger
needles, and to a less intense degree for the
smaller; they are then removed, and inverted
suddenly over a bath of cold water in such a
way that all the needles may be immersed at
the same time, yet separate from each other.
This has the effect of making them very hard
and brittle. The water being run off, the needles
are removed for further operations. Some
manufacturers heat the needles by means of
immersion in melted lead, others throw them
into a pan along with a quantity of grease,
which, being placed on the fire, the oily matter
soon ignites, and after it burns out, the needles
are found to be in the proper temper; those
which are twisted in thetermpering being after-
wards straightened by the hammer on the
anvil.
Polishing is the next and most expensive
and prolonged operation. This is effected on
bundles containing 500,000 needles intermixed
with quartzose sand, and a little rape-seed oil.
Thirty of those bundles are exposed to the
vibratory pressure of Wooden tables, which
make about twenty horizontal double move-
ments per minute, causing the bundles to run
over two feet each time, or 800 feet per hour.
This agitation is kept up about 18 or 20 hours,
causing such a movement and attrition as to
polish the needles in the bags or bundles.
They are then removed from the packets into
Wooden bowls and placed in a cask, which is
turned by a winch; more sawdust is introduced
as required, and the turning is continued until
the needles become clean and bright. They
are then winnowed by a fan to clean them
from the sawdust and refuse matter, and are
Subsequently arranged in regular order on a
Small, Somewhat concave, iron tray.
The operation of making up the rolls or bags,
polishing, winnowing and arranging them, have
to be repeated ten times on the best needles.
It is found that emery powder mixed with
Quartz or mica or pounded granite is preferable
to anything else for polishing needles by fric-
tion in the bags at the first, emery mixed with
oil, from the second to the seventh operation,
putty, or oxide of tin for the eighth and ninth,
putty with very little oil for the tenth, and
lastly bran to give a finish. In this mode of
operating, the needles are Scoured in a copper
cask studded in the interior with raised points
to increase the friction, and a quantity of hot
soap-suds is introduced occasionally to keep
them clean. The cask must be slowly turned
upon its axis for fear of injuring the mass of
needles it contains. They are finally dried in
the wooden cask by attrition with saw-dust,
then wiped with a linen rag or soft leather—
the damaged ones being thrown aside.
The sorting is performed in dry apartments,
where all the points are first laid the same
way, and the needles arranged in the order of
their polish with great rapidity. The workman
places 2,000 or 3,000 needles in an iron ring
two inches in diameter, and sets all their heads
in one plane; them, on looking carefully at their
points, he easily recognizes the broken ones,
and removes them with an instrument adapted
for the purpose. These defective needles pass
into the hands of the pointer, in order to be
ground again, when they form articles of infe-
rior value. Those needles bent in the polishing
must be straightened, and the whole are finally
arranged by the tact of the finger and thumb
of the sorter, and weighed out into quantities
for packing into blue papers. The bluer puts
the final touch to them by taking 25 needles at
a time, between his fore-finger and thumb, and
pressing their points against a small hone-stone
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
251
of compact micaceous schist, quadrangular in
form, mounted in a small lathe, turning them
briskly round, giving the points a blueish cast
while he polishes and improves them.
All good articles of cutlery are made from
steel, and of this article there are three kinds,
namely: Cast steel, shear steel, and common
steel. Articles for domestic use, such as razors,
Scissors, pocket-knives, etc., are made of cast
steel. Our best table cutlery is made from
shear steel, and cast steel, while all edged
tools requiring great tenacity, are made of
shear steel. -
Knife blades are usually cut out of sheets,
then ground to the proper shape and the blade
polished and hardened. Knife manufacturers
do not, as a rule, make forks, as that is a
separate branch of business, but buy them
ready to be put into their handles.
Pocket knives are forged on the anvil, and
hardened by plunging the red-hot blade in
water up to the shoulder. Razors are made in
the same way. Many scissors and inferior cut-
lery are made from common steel; but this class
of goods never has the fine polish as goods
made from good cast steel. Machinery is used
in polishing and grinding.
The cutler's trade is divided into three prin-
eipal branches—grinding, glazing and polishing.
Grinding is performed upon stones of different
dimensions; articles which require tempering
are ground on wet stones. Glazing is performed
by means of a circular piece of wood, covered
with leather, or sometimes chemistry is called
into action, the glazing being done with an
alloy of lead and tin. Lastly comes the pol-
ishing. This is performed in a similar manner
as glazing. Only articles of cast steel undergo
this last operation.
Mechanical Powers.
Power is a compound of weight or force and
velocity. It can not be increased by mecham-
ical means.
The powers are three in number, namely,
lever, inclined plane and pulley.
NOTE.-Some authors give six mechanical
powers, namely, the lever, the pulley, the in-
clined plane, the wheel and axle, the wedge
and the screw.
The wheel and axle is a continuous or revolv-
ing lever; the wedge, a double inclined plane,
and the screw a revolving inclined plane.
Levers are bent, straight, curved, single or
compound.
To compute the length of a lever, the weight
and power being given.
Rule. Divide the weight by the power, and
the quotient is the difference of leverage, or
the distance from the fulcrum, at which the
power supports the weight.
Eacample. A weight of 1,000 pounds is to be
raised by a power or force of 80 pounds;
required the length of the longest arm of the
lever, the shortest being 1 foot. Proceed thus:
1,600 divided by 80, the force or power equals
20 feet. Ans.
To compute the weight that can be raised by
a lever, its length, power and position of ful-
crum being given.
Rule. Multiply the power by its distance
from the fulcrum, and divide the product by
the distance of the weight from the fulcrum.
Eacample. What weight can be raised by a
power of 375 pounds suspended from end of a
lever 8 feet from the fulcrum, the distance of
the weight from the fulcrum being 2 feet 2
375 × 8-i-2=1,500 pounds. Ans.
To compute the position of the fulcrum, the
weight and power and the length of the lever
being given.
When the fulcrum is between the weight and
the power.
Rule. Divide the weight by the power, and
add 1 to the quotient, and divide the length by
the sum thus obtained.
Eacample. A weight of 2,460 pounds is to be
raised With a lever 7 feet long and a power of
300 pounds, at What part of the lever must
the fulcrum be placed.
2,460-i-300=8.2+1=9.2.
Then, S4 (7 × 12)--9=13.13 inches.
When the weight is between the frulcrum
and the power.
Rule. Divide the length by the quotient of
weight divided by the power.
To compute the length of arm of the lever
to which the weight is attached, the weight,
power and length of arm of the lever to which
the power is applied being given.
29.4 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Rule. Multiply the power by the length of
the arm to which it is applied, and divide the
product by the weight.
Eacample. A weight of 1,600 pounds sus-
pended from the fulcrum of a lever is supported
by a power of 80 pounds applied at the other
end of the arm, 20 feet in length; what is the
length of the arm 2
80 × 20–3–1,600–1 foot.
To Find the Required Diameter of a Pulley from
the Diameter and Revolutions
of a Given Pulley.
Suppose a pulley 48 inches in diameter to
make 35 revolutions, find the diameter of another
to make 20 revolutions in the same time. Pro-
ceed thus:
Multiply 48 inches, diameter of wheel,
by 35, No. of revolutions,
Then, 48×35=1680.
Again, 1680––20, proposed number of rev-
olutions, we have 84 inches.
Find the number of revolutions per minute
made by a wheel or pulley 30 inches in diam-
eter, when driven by another 60 inches in
diameter, and making 54 revolutions in the same
time.
Proceed thus:
Multiply 60 inches, diameter of wheel,
by 54, No. of revolutions.
Then, 60 × 54 = 32.40.
Again, 3240-i-30=108 revolutions.
To Compute the Power Required to Raise a Given
The length of the lever and the position of the
fulcrum being given :
Multiply the weight to be raised by its dis-
tance and divide the product by the distance
of the power from the fulcrum.
Erample.—The length of a lever is 10 feet,
and the weight to be raised is 3,000 pounds.
Then, 3000+2+10–2=750 lbs. Ans.
To Clean a Watch.
The best process is to simply blow your
breath upon the plate or bridge to be cleaned,
and then use your brush with a little prepared
chalk.
The wheels and bridges should be held
between the thumb and finger in a piece of
soft paper while undergoing the process, other-
wise the oil from the skin will prevent their
becoming clean. The pinions may be cleaned
by sinking them several times into a pieces of
pith, and holes by turning a nicely shaped
piece of pivot wood into them; first dry and
afterwards oil a very little with watch oil.
When the holes pass through jewels you must
Work gently, to avoid breaking them.
To Clean by Chemical Process.
Some watchmakers employ what they call
the chemical process to clean and remove dis-
coloration. It is as follows: Remove the
Screws and the steel parts, then dampen with
a solution of Oxalic Acid and water. Let it
remain a few minutes, after which immerse in
a solution made of one-fourth pound of Cyan-
uret of Potash to one gallon of water. Let it
remain five minutes, then rinse with cold water,
after which dry in sawdust or with a brush
and prepared chalk, as Suits your convenience.
To Make Red Watch Hands.
Carmine, 1 ounce.
Muriate of Silver, 1 “
Tinner's Japan, ; “
Mix together in an earthen vessel, and hold
over a spirit-lamp until formed into a paste.
Apply this to the watch hand, and then lay it
in a copper plate, face-side up, and heat the
plate sufficiently to produce the color desired.
To Find the Length of Arm of a Lever,
When weight, power and distance of the ful-
crum is given.
Rule.—Multiply the weight by its distance
from the fulcrum and divide the product by the
power.
Example.—A weight of 400 pounds, Suspended
15 inclies from the fulcrum, is supported by a
power of 50 pounds applied at the other, what
is the length of the arm 2
400+15+50=120 inches.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
253
To Driil Into Hard Steel.
Make your drill oval in form, instead of the
usual pointed shape, and temper as hard as it
will bear without breaking, then roughen the
surface, when you desire to drill, with a little
diluted Muriatic Acid, and instead of oil, use
Turpentine or Kerosene, in which Gum Cam-
phor has been dissolved. In operating, keep
the pressure on your drill firm and steady, and
if the bottom of the hole should chance to
become burnished, so that the drill will not act,
as Sometimes happens, again use diluted Acid
as before ; then clean out the hole carefully and
proceed again.
To Frost Watch Movements.
Nitric Acid, 1 ounce.
Muriatic Acid, 1. “
Common Table Salt, 1 “
Mix.
Sink the article to be frosted in the above
compound.
On removing from the Acid, place it in a
shallow vessel containing enough sour beer to
cover it, then with a fine scratch brush scour
thoroughly, letting it remain under the beer
during the operation. Next wash off first in
pure water and then in alcohol. Gild or silver
in accordance with any recipe in the plating
department of this book.
To Restore Watch Dials.
If the dial be painted, clean off the figures
with alcohol, then heat it to a bright red and
plunge it into a solution of Cyanide of Potas-
sium; then wash in Soap and water, and dry
in box-dust. Repeat if not a good color. India
Ink, ground with gum water, will do for the
figure8.
To Temper Boring Instruments.
Witriol, 2 ounces.
Soda, 2. “
Sal Ammoniac, 2 “
Spirits of Nitre, 2. “
Oil of Vitriol, 1 ounce.
Saltpetre, 3. “
Water, 8 gallons.
Heat the tool to a blood-red heat; hammer
it until it is nearly cold; reheat it to a blood-
red heat, and plunge it into the above mixture.
To Tan Sheep Pelts with the Wool On.
Wash the pelts in warm water, and remove
all useless parts and the fatty-matter from the
inside, and apply the following preparation to
the flesh side :
Common Salt, 3 pound.
Alum (ground), # pound.
Borax, # ounce.
Hot Water, 1 quart.
Rye meal sufficient to make a thick paste,
and spread the mixture on the flesh side of the
pelt. Fold lengthwise and allow to stand for
fourteen days; then remove the paste from the
surface, wash and dry. When nearly dry,
scrape the flesh side with a cresent-shaped
knife. The softness of the pelt depends much
on the amount of working it receives.
To Tan Any Kind of Fur Skins.
Borax,
Glauber Salts,
Water sufficient to make a thin paste. Mix.
Cut off the useless parts, and remove the
fatty matter from the inside. Soak the skin
in warm water for 1 hour. Spread the above
paste over the inside of the skin. Next double
the skin flesh side inwards, and put in a cool
place. After 24 hours wash the skin clean and
repeat, as before, the following mixture:
Sal Soda, 1 ounce.
Borax, # ( &
Hard White Soap, 2 ounces.
Melt slowly and put in a warm place for 24
# ounce.
l & &
2
hours. Afterwards apply the following:
Alum, 4 ounces.
Common Salt, 8 & 6
Salaratus, 2 & &
Hot Rain Water, sufficient.
When cool place the skin in it for 12 hours,
then hang it up to dry. When dry repeat this
soaking and dry 2 or 3 times. Lastly, smooth
the inside with sand paper and pumice stone.
254
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION,
1874.
1880.
1881.
1801.
1877.
1877.
1877.
1880.
Table Showing the Average Velocities of Various Bodies.
A man walks 3 miles per hour or 4 feet per second.
A horse trots 7 & 6 & 6 10 & & 6 &
A horse runs 20 & 4 © & 29 & 6 & 6
Steamboat runs 20 “ & © 26 & 6 & 6
Sailing vessel runs 10 miles “ 14 & 6 & 6
Rapid rivers flow 3 “ “ 4 & 6 & 6
A moderate wind blows 7 miles per hour, or 10 feet per second.
A storm moves 36 66 & 6 52 66 66
A hurricane moves 80 & 6 66 117 66 66
A rifle ball 1000 & 6 ** 1466 & 6 66
Sound 743 € 6 ** 1142 & 6 66
Light 192,000 miles per second.
Electricity 288,000 miles per second.
Pedestrian Performances of Men.
William Perkins, London, England, 4 mile in 2 min. 56 sec.
Thomas Smith, London, England, 12 miles in 1 hr., 31 min. 42 sec.
C. A. Harriman, Chicago, Ill., 530 miles in 5 days, 20 hrs., 47 min.
Capt. R. Barclay, England, Country road, 110 miles in 19 hrs.
D. O'Leary, London, England, 200 miles in 45 hrs., 21 min., 33 sec.
D. O'Leary, & 6 & 6 519 “ 140 “ 29 “ 50 “
Wm. Gale, & 6 “ 1500 “ 1000 consecutive hours, and 4000 quarter
miles in 4000 consecutive periods of 10 min.
Chas. Rowell, London, Eng., 566 miles, 63 yards, walk and run, in 141 hrs., 89 min., 8 Sec.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFOI&MATION.
ÉGRICULTURE, as a science, is of very
§§ recent origin. When Sir Humphrey
; Davy wrote his work on scientific agri-
culture such a science as organic chem-
istry was hardly known.
Liebig and other chemists have,
within the last forty years endeavored to establish
a science of agriculture, based upon a knowledge
of the constitution of plants and soils and their
mutual relations. Previous to the time of Sir
Humphrey Davy all agricultural knowledge was
empirical. The value of different kinds of fertili-
zers had not been determined by analysis or ex-
periment in the field. Even the most intelligent
farmers were superstitious. Many condemned
the first iron plows, because they caused Weeds to
grow. It was not till Liebig wrote his”Organic
Chemistry” applied to agriculture and physiology
that British and American farmers began to
study agriculture as a science. That work pro-
duced such a revolution of thought all over the
world that Prof. Johnson, of Durham, based
upon it his own work on the Chemistry of Com-
mon Life, and its influence was soon felt far
and wide, instigating Sir John Lawes to enter
the field of inquiry, and for forty years Sir
John has been the most valued contributor to
agricultural journals, live stock journals, and
many other cognate publications.
The organization of industrial colleges under
the different land grants, chronicled in the
annual reports of the Commissioners of Agri-
culture of the United States, shows the vast
progress made of late years by the farmers of
this country, and their inquiries respecting the
chemistry of plants, the composition of the soil,
concerning manures, conditions of vegetation,
rotation of crops, etc.
sº Nº
Agriculture, in its broadest sense, embraces
all that pertains to the working of the soil, and
obtaining sustenance and clothing therefrom.
It is an honorable calling. In ancient Egypt
the priests and soldiers owned the soil, six acres
being allotted to each warrior. At War's alarm
they sprang forth ready armed to fight for their
estates and homes.
The Egyptians have been noted from time
immemorial to have carried the art of agricul-
ture ahead of all predecessors, and to have
understood the rotation of crops, the art of
manuring, by the use of marl, lime, and by
irrigation, and the modes adopted by skillful
farmers of our own days.
It has been said that a complete history of
agriculture would be the true history of man-
kind. To give a connected, and even imperfect
account of the practice, statistics, and history
of agriculture in all countries would be incon-
sistent with the general plan of this work, and
of little use to the reader. We shall, there-
fore, limit ourselves here to some general
remarks on the state of agriculture in our own
country, which would not find place under other
heads, pointing out the principal divisions, in
Which will be found all useful information on
this subject.
The Carthaginians considered agriculture to
be of all callings the most aristocratic, so much
so that their kings and princes considered it
honorable to engage in the work of cultivating
the soil. People that we are called to look
upon as half civilized, such as the Chinese,
have for ages carried the science of agriculture
to a higher state of perfection than we are
Willing to give them credit for; indeed, for thou-
Sands of years they have had an annual festival


256
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
or Solemn ceremony in which the emperor is
required to turn the soil. The Chinese, while
in many respects far behind us in agricultural
implements, yet their knowledge of the soil and
its successful cultivation is far superior to ours.
Every nation, in every period of its history, has
followed agriculture, and looked upon it as the
mother of arts. Sparta may be looked upon as
an exception to this rule.
From monuments and inscriptions we find
that the orientals carried the cultivation of the
soil to a high state of perfection ; but for further
information we beg to refer the reader to the
numerous works on agriculture, and shall pre-
sent to view briefly the agriculture of our Own
country.
Agriculture of the United States.
The vast territory of the United States pre-
sents every variety of soil and climate. Its
agriculture embraces all the products of Euro-
pean cultivation, together with some of the
warmer countries, as cotton, sugar, and indigo.
The agricultural implements are, in many re-
spects, similar to those of Great Britain and
France. But as a general rule, those of the
United States exceed all others in their won-
derful adaptation of machinery for all purposes
of cultivation and harvesting of crops. So suc-
cessful have been our farming implements in
repeated contests on European soil, that their
rapid introduction into foreign markets is only
impeded by the greatly increasing demand at
home. The disposition of the American to ex-
periment, to test alleged improvements, and
adopt labor-saving expedients, gives a great
impulse to the genius of inventors, as may be
seen by the number of agricultural patents
granted, which was but 43 in 1847, while in
1866 they increased to 1,778, and during the
first 10 months of 1867 no less than 1,777 pat-
ents had already been issued. This mental ac-
tivity of the American farmer, so much in
contrast with the blund opposition of the Eu-
ropean countrymen to any improvement, is
Owing, in great part, to the superior intelli-
gence of the former. In Europe, land is dear
and labor cheap ; but in the United States the
reverse is the case, hence the European culti-
vator is led, by a regard for his own interest,
to endeavor to make the best of his land; while
the American has the same inducement to re-
duce to the lowest possible minimum the pro-
portion of manual labor employed in its oper-
ations. Unhappily, this principle is too often
carried to a disastrous extreme. A man, pos-
sessor of a large estate, with reduced means,
believes it necessary to scratch over the whole,
when his assurance of success would be to con-
centrate his labor upon a small area. Another
cause of deterioration of soil, quoted as a Warn-
ing in the reports to Congress, is the cheapness
of Western lands, the original price of which
bears such insignificant proportions to their in-
trinsic value, that the owner, after having over-
taxed the soil for immediate results, deems it
cheaper to remove to new lands, than to sus-
tain and increase the productive capacity of
his present farm. One result of this error is
the removal westward, year by year, of the
centre of wheat production, thus adding trans-
portation and other charges to its ultimate cost,
threatening to render export next to impossible.
But the immediate consequence of this indiffer-
ence for conservation or fertilization of soil is,
that, with land generally richer than that of
European countries, the average production in
America remains far below that of any country
in Europe. The average yield of wheat per
acre in America was only 11-5 for the year
1867; when for the year 1866, which was not
a favorable one, the average yield of wheat was
17-2ſ in Germany, France, Belgium and Ire-
land.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
257
Principal Cereal Productions of the United States.

INDIAN CORN. WHEAT. OATS. BARLEY. RYE. BUCKWHEAT
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels.
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,451,278 1,520,657 3,033,639 5,281 28,402 363
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . ... #4,746 136,427 .64 239,051. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,150,417 1,269,730 2,219,822 1,952 22,387 54
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,993,325| 29,017,707 1,341,271 12,579,561 181,681 22,307
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455,968 1,425,914 640,900 107,116 19,465 110
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,880,421 38,742 1,009,706 12,286 370,733 137,563
Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000,864 2,830,289 2,217,132 277,424 24,359 2,521
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,894,264 1,175,272 378,508 523 5,953 5,857
District of Columbia. . . . . 29,750 6,402 7,440.......... 8,704. . . . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,174,234 422 468, 112 210 2,965. . . . . . . . . .
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,202,018 3,159,771 5,548,743 18,662 101,716 402
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,408 540,589 462,236 274,750 4,341|. . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325,792,481| 51,110,502 63,189,200 1,229,523 3,121,785 178,859
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,482,300. 47,254,853 15,599,518 382,835 303,105 89,707
1OWa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275,024,247| 31,154,205 50,610,541| 4,022,583 1,518,605 166,885
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,729,335] 17,324,141 8,180,385 300,273 413,181 24,421
Kentucky............... 72,852,263. 11,356,113 4,580,738 486,326 668,050 9,942
Louisiana............... 9,906,189 5,034 229,840 . . . . . . . . . . 1,013 . . . . . . . . . .
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960,633 665,714 2,255,575 242,185 26,398 382,701
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,965,533 8,004,864 1,794,872 6,097 288,067 1:6,667
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . 1,797,593 15,768 645,159 80,128 213,716 67,117
Michigan ............... 32,431,452 35,532,543. 18,190,793. 1,204,316 294,218 413,02
Minnesota .............. 14,831,741. 34,601,030 23,382,158 2,972,965 215,245 41,756
Mississippi.............. 21,340,800 218,890 1,959,620 34S 5,134 . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri........ . . . . . . . . 202,485,723 24,966,627 20,670,958 123,031 535,426 57,640
Montana......... . . . . . . . 5,649 469,688 800,915 3.9,970 430 437
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,450,135|| 13,847,007 6,555,875. 1,744,686 424,348 17,562
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,891 69,298 186,860 518,470. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . 1,350,248 169,316 1,017,620 77,877 34,638 94,090
New Jersey. . . . . 4 * * > * > * > e e 11,150,705 1,901,739 3,710,573 4,091 949,064 466,414
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 633,786 706,641 156,527 59,053 240). . . . . . . . . .
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,875,480. 11,587,766 37,575,506 7,792,062 2,634,690 4,461,200
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . 28,019,839 3,397,393 3,838,068 2,421 285,160 44,638
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,877,124. 46,014,869| 28,664,505 1,707,129 389,221 280,229
Oregon . . . ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,862 7,480,010 4,385,630 920,977 13,305 6,215
Pennsylvania............ 45,821,531 14,462,405 33,841,439 438,100 3,683,621 3,593,323
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . 372,967 240 159,339 17,783 12,997 1,254
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . 11,767,099 962,358 2,715,505 16,257 27,049 . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee... . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,764,429 7,331,853 4,722,190 30,019 156,419 33,434
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,065,172 2,567,760 4,893,359 72,786 25,399 53.5
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,342 1,169,199 418,082 217,140 9,605 . . . . . . * * * *
Yermont................ 2,014,271 337,257 3,742,282 267,625 71,733 356,618
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,106,661 7,822,504 5,333,181 14,223 324,431 136,004
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,183 1,921,322 1,571,706 566,537 7,124 2,498
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . 14,090,609 4,001,711 1,908,505 9,740 113,181 285,298
Wisconsin............... 34,230,579| 24,884,689| 32,905,320 5,043,118 2,298,513 299,107
WOIIlling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,074 22,512. . . . . . . . . . 78]. . . . . . . . . .
Total U. S. . . . . . . . . . . 1,754,861,535 459,479,505. 407,858,999 44,113,495. 19,831,595. 11,817,827
17
258
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
THE HORSE.
Directions for Breaking and Training.
In training horses you must remember that
there are certain natural laws that govern
them. For instance, it is natural for him to kick
whenever he gets badly frightened; it is natural
for him to escape from whatever he thinks will
do him harm. His faculties of seeing, hearing
and smelling, have been given to him to ex-
amine everything new that he is brought in
contact with. And so long as you present him
nothing that offends his eyes, nose, or ears,
you can then handle him at will, notwithstand-
ing, he may be frightened at first, so that in
a short time he will not be afraid of anything
he is brought in contact with. All of the
whipping and spurring of horses for shying,
stumbling, etc., is useless and cruel. If he
shies, and you whip him for it, it only adds
terror, and makes the object larger than it
would otherwise be; give him time to examine it
without punishing him. He should never be
hit with the whip, under any circumstances, or
for anything that he does.
Remember to treat him kindly, for when you
require obedience from any subject, it is better
to have it rendered from a sense of love than
fear. You should be careful not to chafe the
lips of your colt, or hurt his mouth in any way;
if you do he will dislike to have the bridle
on. After he is taught to follow you, then put
on the harness; putting your lines through the
shaft straps along the side, and teach him to
yield to the reins, turn short to the right and
left, teach him to stand still before he is ever
hitched; you then have control of him. If he
gets frightened, the lines should be used as a
telegraph, to let him know what you want
him to do. No horse is naturally vicious, but
always obeys his trainer as soon as he com-
prehends what he would have him do; you
must be firm with him at the same time, and
give him to understand that you are the trainer,
and that he is the horse. The best bit to be
used to hold a horse to keep his mouth from
getting sore, is a straight bar-bit, 4} inches
long between the rings; this operates on both
sides of the jaw, while the ordinary snaffle
forms a clamp, and presses the sides of the
jaw. The curb or bridoon hurts his under
jaw, so that he will stop before he will give to
the rein.
To throw a horse, put a rope 12 feet long
around his body in a running noose, pass it
down to the right fore foot through a ring in
a Spancil, then buckle up the left or near fore
foot, take a firm hold of your rope, lead him
around until he is tired, give him a shove with
your shoulder, at the same time drawing up
his right foot, which brings him on his knees;
hold him steady, and in a few moments he
will lie down; never attempt to hold him still,
for the more he scuffles the better.
Take your colt into a tight room or pen, and
with a long whip commence Snapping at the
colt's hind leg, taking care not to hit above
the hocks, stopping immediately when the colt
turns his head from you. In this way you can
Soon get your hands upon him. As Soon as
you have dome this be sure you caress him for
his obedience. In this way he will soon learn
that he is safest in your presence with his
head towards you. Speak kindly and firmly to
him, all the time, caressing him, calling by
name, and by saying “Ho boy, or “Ho Dina,”
or some familiar word that he will soon learn.
If a colt is awkward and careless at first, you
must bear with him. If he is willful you must
then change your course of treatment by con-
fining him in such a way that he is powerless
for harm until he submits. If he kicks, fasten
a rope around his under jaw, pass it through
the collar, and attach it to his hind foot. In
this way one kick will cure him, as the force
of the blow falls on his jaw. If he should be
stubborn, lay him down and confine him until
you subdue him without punishing him with
the whip. Colts should be broke without blind
bridles; after they are well broke, then you put
on blinds. Bridles without blinds are the best,
unless you want to speed your horse, then let
him see the whip. Colts should be well handled,
and taught to give readily to the rein before
they are hitched up.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
259
HORSES.
The Kind that is Most Wanted on the Farm-A
Glance at the Different Breeds and their
Merits—A Few Good Suggestions.
While it is doubtless true that throughout the
central and western parts of the United States
the breeding of heavy draft horses is more
profitable than the breeding of any other type,
yet the question of immediate profit is not the
only one that concerns the farmer; and it may
well be asked whether we have not already, in
many sections of the Union, infused quite as
much of the blood of heavy English and French
draft horses as is desirable, when the real util-
ity of our horses is considered. There are
probably now in the States of Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, and Iowa over 1,000 heavy draft stal-
lions doing service in the stud. The revised
edition of the Percheron-Norman Stud Book,
issued a year ago, contained the names of
between 800 and 900 imported and native pure
bred Percheron-Normans in the United States,
and of these at least 800 have been imported
or bred within the last fifteen years. It is,
therefore, safe to assume that by far the greater
portion of these horses are still living, and
they are known to be mainly in the States
above mentioned. We have no accurate knowl-
edge of the number that have been imported
from England and Scotland; but such impor-
tations have been numerous, and they also are
mainly in the aforesaid States.
This very large influx of heavy draft blood
into the regions above referred to must, within
a few years, exercise a very marked influence
upon the average horse stock of the States.
Indeed, the effect is already clearly perceptible;
and, to-day, the number of horses to be seen
upon the streets of Chicago harnessed to the
heavy express Wagons and trucks, showing
unmistakable signs of imported blood, is more
than five times as great as it was four years
ago. In many sections of the country farmers
have absolutely no horse stock that does not
show the effect of these French and English
draft horses.
These imported horses are not the very best
for ordinary farm work is generally conceded,
and it is also very clearly established that three
or four crosses of this blood gives to the pro-
duct all the characteristics of the imported
stock. It is time, then, for farmers so situated
to begin to look for some other cross for their
large grade mares, if they wish to produce
horses well adapted to their own work, and for
this purpose we unhesitatingly recommend the
thoroughbred—the descendant of the English
race-horse. No race of horses in the world has
ever been so distinguished for courage, energy
and endurance as these, and none has been bred
with such scrupulous care. All civilized coun-
tries have resorted to this breed for the purposes
of improvement, and all breeds have been ben-
efited by it. -
For the purposes indicated, we should select
the largest, stoutest, and heaviest-boned stal-
lions of the breed; and we have not the slightest
doubt but the use of such sires upon the large
mares that are becoming so common in the
regions above mentioned would, in the end, be
highly beneficial. At the outset the product
Would not, as a rule, bring such prices as the
large horses now command, but their superior
adaptation to the uses of the farm and the vil-
lage commend them to popular favor. Large
thoroughbred stallions, coupled with three-quar-
ter bred mares of good size will frequently get
foals that will equal the dams in size, and when
this is the case, the magical effect of the blood
of the thoroughbred is seen in the improved
vitality, courage and endurance of the product
over those from cold-blooded sires.
Some of our trotting stallions have been so
stoutly and highly bred as to be quite equal to
the thoroughbred for the purpose of coupling
upon cold-blooded mares. For this purpose,
however, we do not want much of the Mam-
brino or Clay blood in the stallions, for while
for merely trotting purposes, there are, perhaps,
none superior to these strains, there is too
much cold blood in them to justify their use
upon mares notoriously coarse and cold-blooded.
Of all the trotting strains, we prefer Abdal-
lah blood for crossing upon such mares to pro-
duce good farm horses, for the well-bred des-
cendants of old Abdallah are scarcely excelled
even by the thoroughbred in powers of endur-
ance. If, then, we could find a large well-bred
trotting stallion, whose pedigree is based on the
Solid rock of the pure thoroughbred, we should
not hesitate to use him instead of the pure.
260
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Either will do well, and coupled with the mares
We have described, will scarcely fail to get most
valuable stock for use; although for the pres-
ent, and probably for years to come, such a
course of breeding will not produce horses that
will sell so high as larger and heavier ones.
The Arabian Horse.
Pure Arabs are considerably smaller than our
modern thoroughbreds, seldom exceeding four-
teen hands and two inches in height. The
head is remarkable for the width across the
forehead, which is also full and square, while
the muzzle is finer, the face more hollowed out,
and the jaws more fully developed in their pro-
portions than in any other breed with which we
are acquainted. The eye is full and soft, yet
sparkling with animation on the slightest excite-
ment; the ear is small; the neck arched; the
shoulders oblique, but muscular; the withers
moderately high and thin ; the chest rather
light in girth, but the back ribs deep in pro-
portion, and the hips, though narrow, Well
united to the back by a rounded mass of power-
ful muscles. The croup is high, and the tail
on with a considerable arch. The bones of the
legs are large in proportion to the size, and the
tendons full and free, the Suspensory ligaments
being particularly strong and clean. The hocks
are large and free from curls and Spavin, and,
lastly, the feet, though small, are sound, and
capable of bearing an amount of battering which
few well-bred English horses can sustain.
His Speed.
The speed of the Arabs, which have recently
been brought over to this country and England
is undoubtedly not nearly equal to that of our
thoroughbred horses for courses of moderate
length, that is, not exceeding two miles, and
there is no reason to believe that at longer dis-
tances there would be an essential difference in
the result. In the Goodwood Cup, England, an
allowance is made them of fourteen pounds,
yet no Arab has ever had a chance of winning,
and as far as this test goes, they are proved to
be inferior to the French and American horses.
In India a difference of Weight, varying from
rture.
14 to 21 pounds, is made in favor of Arabs, as
against imported English horses, “in order to
bring the two together,” in racing parlance, yet
even then few Arabs can compete with the
Second-rate horses which are imported from
England.
Child of the Islands, said to be the swiftest
Arabian the world ever saw, made two miles in
8 min. 48 sec., while Inheritor and Inheritress
ran the same distance in 3 min. and 27 sec.,
and 3 min. and 25 sec., respectively. The
price of a good Arab varies from $750 to $1,000,
and there is plenty of choice in the Bombay
and Bengal markets.
Ancient Methods of using the Horse.
The mode of using the horse, adapted by the
ancients, was at first by harnessing him to a
rude chariot without springs. In course of
time, the grooms who took care of him, found
that they could manage him while on his back,
without the aid of the saddle and bridle, which
are comparatively modern inventions. Hence
We see the horse represented in the Elgin sta-
bles, as ridden without either the one or the
other; and there is also abundant written tes-
timony in Support of this mode of equitation,
being practiced by the early Greeks. This
ingenious people, however, invented the snaffle-
bridle, and both rode and drove with its aid,
after the establishment of the Olympian games,
in which chariot races formed an essential fea-
The curb-bit was invented by the Romans,
or at all events, was first used by them, but
both that people and the Greeks were ignorant
of the use of the stirrup, and either vaulted
on their horses, or used the back of a slave
as a stepping-stone, or sometimes had recourse
to a short ladder for the purpose. The earliest
period when it can be proved that the stirrup
was in use, was in the time of the Norman
invasion of England. The incidents of this event
in history, were recordered in the Bayeaux tap-
estry, by the wife of William the Conqueror,
and in this the stirrup was depicted according
to the authority of Berenger, as a part of the
trappings of the horse. Shoeing was not prac-
ticed by either the Greeks or the Romans, and
only in cases of lameness was the foot defended
by a Sandal, which, however, was sometimes
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
261
tipped with iron. Until sometime after the in-
stallation of the Olympian games, the use of the
horse was confined to war and the chase.
These games were held every four years, and
are supposed to have commenced about 774,
B. C., and as it was not until the twenty-first
Olympiad that the horse was introduced into
the arena, the birth of horse racing may be
fixed at about the year 680, B. C. At first the
horse was ridden, and the distance was about
4 miles, but in the 25th Olympiad, the chariot
was introduced, and after, this became the pre-
vailing instrument of testing the speed and powers
of the Grecian horse. Here, also, the distance
was about four miles, but as a pillar was to be
rounded several times, the race depended quite
as much on the skill of the charioteer, as on
the qualities of his horses.
English Draft Horse.
The old black cart horse of England, was
One of the distinctive breeds of English
horses from an early period. They are hardly
known in the United States as a distinct breed,
although they have undoubtedly exercised more
or less influence on the ordinary work horses
of our country. In England they are divided
into three sub-families; first the heavy mas-
sive horse, reared in the rich marshes and
plains of the midland counties expressly for
the London brewers; second the smaller sized,
but still tolerably heavy horses, generally
employed for agricultural purposes, a strong
compact animal, but slow in action; and third,
a lighter and more active animal, possessing
either Some admixture of blood of a smaller
breed, or being the descendants of the Flemish
discarded coach horse.
The prevailing color among these animals is
black, but the large dray horse is by no means
confined to those of a black color. There are
many of a bay, and still more of a brown color,
as well as numerous greys and roans. The
dray horse was originally reared in the greatest
perfection in the richest pastures of the fens
of Lincolnshire, the largest being seldom less
than seventeen hands high, when two and one-
half years old, at which age they are usually
sold. In Speaking of the English cart horse of
sixty years ago, of which the modern English
draft horse is an improvement, the English
Cart-horse Stud Book says: “With a very few
exceptions, (and those exceptions chestnut),
black, dark brown and grey, are the only colors
met with in descriptions of draft stallions liv-
ing in the first quarter of the present century.”
The growth of hair upon the stallions was
remarkably luxuriant, that of the mane and
tail being abundant, strong in texture, glossy
and very often several feet in length. The
cannons, fetlocks and coronets, both fore and
hind, were garnished with a profusion of long
hair, distinctive of the cart-horse breed. The
silky growth in corresponding situations of the
present day, has probably become thus modified
from the admixture of extrinsic blood from local
influences, from altered methods in the system
of rearing and managing young Stock, or from
a combination of two or all of those causes.
The Original British Horse.
The nature of the original stock which formed
the foundation of the modern European horse
is extremely doubtful. In Great Britain, horses'
bones are found in caves which are of extreme
antiquity, but they do not define with any cer-
tainty the form of the original British horse, nor
can we, with certainty, arrive at the exact era
at which the animals to which they belonged,
lived and died. It is, however, an ascertained
fact, that when the Romans invaded Great
Britain they found the people in possession of
horses, and using them for their chariots as
well as for the purposes of riding. After the
irruption of the Goths, and the commencement
of the dark ages, we have no reliable history
to guide us, and We are left to grope in the
dark from the fourth century, when Wegetius
wrote on the veterinary art, until the time of
the Stuarts, when attention was first paid to
the improvement of the breed of horses in Eng-
land.
Cleveland Bay Horse.
From remote times the Cleveland and the
Vale of Pickering in the East Riding of York-
shire, have been celebrated for their breed of
horses adapted to general work, hunting and
carriage horses, and all that class of labor
requiring style, a good turn of speed and an
excellent bottom.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
262
Their color is universally bay, rather on the
yellow bay than on the blood bay color, with
black mane, tails and legs. They are sound,
hardy, active, powerful horses, with excellent
capabilities for drafts and good endurance,
So long as they are not pushed beyond their
Speed, which may be estimated at from 6 to 8
miles per hour on a trot, or from 10 to 12 on
a gallop, under almost any weight. Within the
last thirty years, the Cleveland Bay has im-
proved greatly by careful selection. They are
constant and uniform in color, fully as much so
as the Devons among cattle. His weight is
from 1,200 to 1,500 pounds.
The Norman-Percheron Horse.
The original race of La Perche, as they ex-
isted fifty years ago, were from fifteen to sixteen
hands high, and weighed from 1,200 to 1,400
pounds, and before the advent of railroads were
used to move the heavy road vehicles of France
at a Swift pace. Later, heavier weights being
required, by Selection and crossing, immense
animals, weighing up to 2,000 pounds, have been
produced, and it is said that now scarcely one
of the active Percherons of fifty years ago are
to be found. As we understand it, the Norman,
or larger horses, seem to have been mixed with
the large Belgian and Flemish horses, while
the horses of La Perche have retained to a
greater degree the distinguished characteristics
of the lighter and more agile ancestors. So
difficult did it seem to draw dividing lines that
the editor of the Percheron-Norman Stud-Book
seemed at fault as to just what should consti-
tute fitness for entry. The plan adopted was
to give a full account of the course of breeding
and crossing practiced in France, and admit to
registry all horses imported from France, as
Percheron, Norman, Percheron-Norman, and
Norman-Percheron. The difference between
these breeds of horses seems to lie in the fact
that the horse of Normandy is larger, heavier
and slower than the horse of Perche, the latter
showing more of the original Andalusian stock,
from which both varieties are said to have
Sprung.
Prepotence of the Percheron-Norman Horses.
In our breeding of domestic animals, with a
view of the most rapid improvement in them,
the principle of prepotency has been given that
careful attention which it justly demands.
It is well known that males chosen from cer-
tain families of horses, cattle, sheep and Swine,
when crossed with females of their own breed,
or with others of a common stock, will beget a
progeny far superior to that of males of any
other families, fully equal in appearance, and
even surpassing them. This is owing to the
last mentioned not having been bred so long
in its line, and consequently possessing less
prepotency. º
A remark was made by one of the most dis-
tinguished breeders of short-horn cattle in Eng-
land, that he would sooner trust to the pedigree
of a bull than he would to his form—that is to
say, if two bulls were offered him to breed
from, of which the one could show a much
longer line of well-bred ancestry than the other,
although he might not be so showy, or of So
fine form, still he would assuredly prefer him,
and to prove that his decision was correct, he
pointed out the product of two such bulls, of
which that got by the one of most ancient ped-
igree was surely the best. He says he has also
seen the same thing in horses, particularly in
the get of the thoroughbred or race horse.
Now adopting this principle to the Percheron-
Norman horse, all must confess that it is much
the surest way for one to obtain a rapid im-
provement in his stock, not only of this breed,
but of the best families of the breed, with the
exception of the Arabian. No horse now known
can show so ancient a lineage as the Perche-
ron-Norman, for he is at this day of precisely
the same type, so far as we can learn, that he
was so fortunately cast over a thousand years
ago. No horse of the large draft class can
show so perfect and fine form or exhibit the
power, action, endurance, pluck and docility of
this admirable race. This is the reason that
in Europe he has so long taken the precedence
over all others of his class, and the reason,
also, that as fast as he becomes known in Amer-
ica he takes precedence here.
AN ENCYCLOPAELIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
263
Now let our farmers look well to their own
interests, and if they wish to breed horses of
the greatest utility and such as are sure of a
quick sale at good paying prices, we think they
cannot do better than to turn their attention
to the Percheron-Norman for at least a part of
their stock.
The Canadian Horse.
The Canadian horse is generally about 14 to
15 hands high, and is noticeable for its hardi-
ness; capable of traveling long distances, but
in its own way not above the average in speed.
When crossed, however, with a thoroughbred,
it combines the speed of the latter with its
own tenaciousness, iron constitution and legs.
In this way are bred some of the best race
horses. Next to the active Canadian horse,
there are many more American breeds, namely:
The “Morgan Horse,” the “American Trotter,”
the “Narraganset Pacer,” and the “Thorough-
bred,” whose ancestors having been imported,
of English and French blood, have thus little of
domestic blood in their veins. Of the agricul-
tural horse, there is to be mentioned the Wer-
mont and Conestoga draft horse, and several
others not classified. The horse differs in the
various regions of the United States.
Thoroughbred.
The word Thoroughbred does not mean, as
many suppose, an animal of pure blood, that
is unmixed. If so, any wild animal would be
a thoroughbred. The Word thoroughbred is used
to designate animals bred from the best blood,
but originally derived from a mixture of races,
as the short-horn cattle and racing horses.
This breed deserves with right to be the first
on the list--not so much on account of its prac-
tical usefulness as the influence it has on other
breeds and classes. It is the most symmetri-
cal type of a horse, for Speed, courage, and
strength, trained mostly for the race. Horses
of this breed are, in general, poor pacers, and
very seldom good trotters. They are generally
too light to perform heavy work, and often too
restless and excitable for light work. By cross-
ing, the breed has greatly improved the Ameri-
can horse. The thoroughbred is a descendant
of the Arab, Barb, Turkish, and Persian horses,
and to some extent crossed with English
horses. Nearly a century has been given, and
no pains spared, to the breeding of these horses,
which are now decidedly larger and faster than
their forefathers. The most popular color of
these horses are bay, chestnut, and brown.
Gray and black are also seen occasionally.
White spots on head and neck are also not
uncommon. They are from 15 to 16 hands
high ; the average weight is 1,000 pounds.
These horses possess a light head and neck,
with broad forehead, beaming eye, and large
nostrils. The rump is quite long, the back and
sides muscular. The breast is well developed,
the withers of medium height, shoulders slop-
ing, the hips wide, the hind-quarters long and
more powerful than the fore parts. The legs
are somewhat lengthy, the bones fine, the pas-
terms long and inclining. The skin is soft, the
hair short and fine; mane and tail light and
straight. Among the celebrated horses of this
breed, of the imported or those bred here, are
mentioned Messenger, Diomed Duroc, Trustee,
and, of late, Lexington, Leamington, Australia,
Bonnie Scotland, and Ten Broek.
The Administration of Physic to Horses.
Medicines may be given to the horse either
in the Solid form, as a ball, or liquid, and then
called a drench, or as a dry powder, when in
small compass and with little taste, mixed with
the corn or mash. Sometimes also a small
quantity of a tasteless liquid, such as liquor
arsenicalis, may be given with the food.
In giving a ball, place a halter on the head,
With a knot so that the jaws may be widely
opened. Then turn the horse round in the stall
and back him up to the manger, lay hold of
the tongue and draw it out of the mouth, graSp
it with the left hand, which must also hold
the halter-cord so that the strain is partly taken
off the tongue, and then holding the ball in
the right hand with the fingers enckosing it like
a cone, and the arm bare, it should be rapidly
carried to the back of the mouth and deposited
there, holding the head up till it is seen to
pass down the gullet. Cautious grooms use a
balling iron, which gags the mouth and pro-
tects the arm, but a hardy man will have less
264
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
difficulty in introducing his hand than in
inserting the gag, unless the horse is a deter-
mined biter, when it may be absolutely neces-
Sary. In that case the gag is inserted with
as much ease as a bit, in a flat direction, and
the handle being suddenly depressed, the mouth
gapes and the teeth cannot be brought together.
Then holding its handle together with the halter
in the left hand, he easily introduces the ball
into the pharynx.
In giving a drench two persons are necessary,
the operator standing at the right shoulder,
while the assistant is ready to steady the head
and aid him on the left. The operator raises
the head, with his left hand beneath the jaw,
and with his right he forces the lip of the
horse into the side of the mouth, and raising
the small end, pour the contents in. If the
horse is violent, a twitch must be placed on
the nose and held by the assistant. The horn
must not be passed far into the mouth, or any
unnecessary violence used, for fear of produc-
ing a cough, in which case the hand must be
instantly lowered. A neglect of this precaution
will probably cause some of the liquid to pass
into the larynx.
Horse Points.
It is action in the horse that sells. This is
obtained when we have the complemental power
in the muscle, the greatest leverage from the
bones and quality in the tendons, health in the
ligaments, and truth in the disposition of the
limbs. We adjudicate on the horse's hind
quarters as a whole. All horses with any pre-
tensions to quality or family possess length and
straightness from the hip to the tail. This is
especially graceful and horizontal in the thorough-
bred. ~~
1. Length from hip to hock is the criterion
both of speed and power. All horses of value
are “well let down” in their quarters, affording
increase of length and volume in the muscles,
power and speed accruing. The haunch-bone
and thigh-bone—the first strong and long, the
second strong, of average length. This natur-
ally varies with breed, but in all classes it is
most important that the thigh “be well let down
into the hock.” Muscular development here
cannot be too “immense.” Good gaskins afford
material help for getting through the dirt.
2. At the articulation of the haunch and
thigh-bone we find the stifle in situ. A good
one, without exception, is high up, abutting the
flank. This is the concentration of power in
all classes; it is a certain sign that the haunch-
bone is well sloped forward, and that the thigh-
bone is well carried back.
8. The hock we have previously determined
on, but as to the fore legs I counsel young
beginners to avoid weak, ill-defined knees. So
also have as little to do with horses whose os
calcis, or point of the hock, is ill defined. Re-
member puff and gum are weakness. The os
calcis contributes leverage; it is evidence both
of power and speed.
The hind cannons, or metatarsal bones, must
individually be straight, and with just a slight
inclination forward. They should be flat and
short. Breadth under the hock here is strength,
the sign of quality. Feel the tendons along
their course, that the legs as in the fore are
clean in the tendons (broad and flat); the sesa-
moid bones, at the upper portion of the fetlock-
joints, well pronounced.
Spavin.
When it consists in the deposit of bony mat-
ter about the hock joint, and the consequent
cementing together of the tarsal bones, or the
destruction of the tarso-metatarsal joint, is a
similar disease, having essentially the same
causes as Laminitis. This form of disease may
exist in every degree, from a slight growth
near the joint to such an amount as will en-
tirely destroy the joint, and so invade the soft
tissues that the slightest movement is produc-
tive of great suffering.
Treatment.—The cure or alleviation is possible
only in the first stages of the disease, so that
on the occurrence of lameness for which the
cause is not obvious, careful search should be
made in the localities in which Splint, ring-bone
or spavin may occur. Tenderness, and perhaps
swelling, may be detected by careful examina-
tion. The first requisite is rest. Bathing with
warm water should be promptly and persever-
ing resorted to. The foot should be put into a
bucket of warm water, which should be applied
with a sponge to the locality of inflammation.
Should there be pain, as shown by general
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
265
uneasiness and constant movement of the limb,
a poultice should be applied, moistened freely
with a mixture composed of equal parts of the
tinctures of aconite root, opium, and belladonna.
The application of a mixture of one part chlo-
roform and two parts sweet oil may act as a
revulsive. Later, when the pain has subsided,
the tenderness somewhat abated, and only swel-
ling remains, an ointment of one part of the
iodide of lead with eight parts of lard, will be
found useful in removing the swelling and re-
maining engorgements of the parts. When put
again to use, the animal should be at first very
gently exercised, and brought gradually to his
work.
The abuse in driving, which gives rise to in-
flammation and the deposition of bone about
the joints, may result also in ulceration of the
cartilages and bones entering into the compo-
sition of the joints. The parts most usually
affected are the knee, the hock, and the joints
of the navicular bone, with the coronet or cof-
fin-bone. The commencement of the disease is
an inflammation of the synovial membrane
which lines the bony surfaces between which
the motion of the joints occurs. Prolonged
lameness follows. Perfect rest at this time,
with proper treatment, may remove the condi-
tion; but, by neglect and continued use, the
disease is readily carried to its advanced stages.
The inflammation extends to the cartilages cov-
ering the joint-surfaces of the bones. The
vitality of this tissue is so low that it readily
breaks down under the inflammatory action, and
is removed by the ulcerative process. From
this condition perfect recovery is impossible.
The best result possible is the formation of a
blind Spavin, by the cementing of two opposite
surfaces of bone by an intermediate bony de-
posit. Instead of this, the ulcerative process
may extend to the bony tissue itself.
In Spavin, the following formula has given
good results:
Corrosive Sublimate, 1 ounce.
Quicksilver, 1 ounce.
Iodine, 1 ounce.
Lard, 6 ounces.
Rub the quicksilver and iodine together, then
add the sublimate, and lastly the lard, rubbing
them thoroughly. Shave off the hair the size
of the bone enlargement; grease all around it,
but not where the hair is shaved off; this pre-
vents the action of the medicine except on the
spavin. Then rub in as much of the paste as
will lie on a 3-cent piece, each morning for 3
or 4 mornings. In 7 to 8 days the whole Spavin
will come out; then wash the wound with suds
for an hour or so, to remove the poisonous
effects of the paste; afterwards heal up the sore
with any good healing salve, or Sloan's Horse
Liniment, as per receipe above, keeping the Sore
covered while it is healing up.
Laminitis–(Founder).
Laminitis, or, as it has been called by writ-
ers, fever of the feet, or “founder,” may exist
in all degrees, from the simple congestion of
the part to the most severe and disorganizing
inflammation. It is mainly exhibited in the
fore feet, being an uncommon disease in the
hind feet. This is mainly due to the different
kinds and degrees of force used in the action
of the fore and hind legs and feet. In move-
ment a much greater amount of weight comes
upon the fore legs add feet, the direction of
the blow upon the ground is different, and the
consequent strain and pressure upon the soft
tissues much greater.
If acute laminitis is present in one or both
fore feet, it is manifested by the very obvious
efforts of the animal to relieve itself from pres-
sure. If one foot only is suffering, this is put
forward and is so rested upon the heel that
not only is pressure taken off, but the parts
are relaxed to a still greater extent by the
Weight of the limb. At the same time the foot
is kept in continual motion, indicating extreme
pain. There is heat, especially in the coronary
band, around its summit. There may also be
tenderness in this tissue on pressure. If both
fore feet are affected, the animal endeavors as
far as possible, by settling back over the hind
feet, to take off the pressure from them. This
attempt may also be shown by the continuous
change from one foot to the other. In severe
forms of the acute disease the entire system
Will sympathize with the local disease. The
arteries supplying the part or parts will be
found throbbing; the general arterial circulation
Will be quickened; the pulse will become con-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
siderably accelerated, and the constitutional
condition will be one of symptomatic fever.
The disease if unchecked may go on to the
destruction of the soft tissues of the foot. Cases
are on record in which the entire hoof has
been shed by the separation of the soft from
the horny foot. This is a rare termination,
but the formation of an abscess and partial
separation is not so uncommon. Before this
result occurs, however, the disease has usually
passed into the chronic form. Prompt resort
to appropriate treatment may result in restora-
tion to health.
By no means advocating indiscriminate blood-
letting, We would in this case recommend the
free local abstraction of blood, either from the
toe of the afflicted foot, or from the plantar
vein. If the case is a very severe one, a branch
of the plantar artery of one side may be di-
vided. The foot should be placed in a large
bucket of warm water, and allowed to bleed in
it. Care should be taken to keep up the tem-
perature by frequent additions of hot water.
When the foot is removed, it may be placed in
a large poultice, having previously been drenched
about the coronary border with a liniment com-
posed of two ounces each of the tincture of
aconite root, belladonna, and opium, with six
ounces of soap liniment.
For the constitutional disturbance, the tinc-
ture of aconite root, fifteen to twenty drops in
water, may be administered every hour or half
hour until a decided impression is made upon
the frequency and hardness of the pulse. (Half
a drachm of belladonna with fifteen grains of
digitalis may be given every half hour, or in
emergency the following draught may be given
every hour until the proper impression is made
on the system : Tinct. aconite root and tinct.
belladonna fifteen drops each, and Sulph. ether
and laudanum half an ounce each.) Later,
saline medicines, such as the nitrate of potash,
will aid in preventing Secondary affections,
Laminitis may have a variety of termina-
tions. First, it may terminate in a complete
disappearance of all the symptoms, that is, by
resolution, and there be a complete recovery.
Second, it may pass into a chronic condition
in which all the Symptoms are of a mitigated
character. When quiet, the pain is slight, and
the heat is little, if any, in excess of the natu-
ral state. If the animal is allowed to rest upon
a soft floor, or is turned to run in a paddock,
the lameness may be scarcely obvious; but
attempt to drive him, and, either while on the
road or afterward, he becomes very lame again.
This condition may continue almost indefinitely.
Third, the inflammation may terminate in sup-
puration, which may be confined to a small
region of the foot, and eventuate in a partial
recovery, or it may be general and so extensive
as to destroy the connection of the hoof with
the soft tissues. Under the latter circumstances
the hoof may be lost. When the destructive
Suppuration falls short of producing complete
Separation, it may be sufficient to permit of a
change of relation of the coffin-bone to the
hoof. A portion of the anterior attachments
may be destroyed so that the bone may fall
aWay from the horn. In a flat and weak foot
this may cause a bulging of the sole, produc-
ing what is called the pumice foot. If the hoof
is preserved, the space produced by the falling
of the coffin-bone is filled by fleshy granula-
tions. The foot, however, suffers permanently,
and lameness is constantly present.
Such is the structure of the foot that, even
when the damage is less than that just de-
scribed, the Suppuration continues and burrows
in various directions, seeking an outlet. Except
when the inflammation and suppuration are
confined to a limited Space in the sole of the
foot, the discharge must escape from the crown.
At some part of the coronal border of the hoof,
swelling is perceived, which either opens of
itself or is opened by the knife, which is pre-
ferable. When suppuration has commenced,
the animal should receive better and more nu-
tritious food, while stimulating injections to
the opening may be useful. Should the sinuses
become chronic, it has been recommended
to trace their number and direction with a
delicate probe, and then freely lay them open.
To do this, the hoof must be softened by soak-
ing in warm alkaline water, when it may be
cut easily.
Limited suppuration of the Soft tissues of
the foot may occur from a variety of other
causes, such as a wound made by the shoe of
one foot in the coronet of the other, or by the
AN ENCILYCOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMA I’ION.
267
prick of a nail driven into the quick or so near
it as to cause inflammation by pressure, or by
a bruise made by the heel of the coffin-bone,
to which the term corn is applied. In all these
cases suppuration may follow inflammation,
and the severity and extent of the trouble will
depend upon the locality of the injury, and the
distance the product of suppuration has to
travel to reach a point of exit.
A fourth termination may be designated—that
by metastasis, or shifting of the disease from one
part of the body to another. The inflammation
being situated in the fibrous tissues of the foot is
liable to leave that locality and to seize upon
similar tissues elsewhere, and under unfavor-
able circumstances we may have resulting in-
flammation of the brain or pleura, or indeed
of any of the fibrous tissues. A fifth termina-
tion may be in mortification, the result of which
would be almost certainly fatal at an early period.
Laminitis may be sub-acute from its com-
mencement. It is apt to take this form in old
horses that have been subjected for a long time
to hard work. Its approach is gradual, pain
at first small, and lameness slight and not con-
stant. The foot should be given the same
treatment as in the more acute form. The
warm bath should be used freely. Bleeding
would probably be injurious, and any debilitat-
ing medicines must be withheld. The bowels
may be loosened by fresh vegetable food, such
as potatoes or carrots, and if pain is present
one or two draughts in the day containing an
ounce of sulphuric ether and a drachm of laud-
anum may be given. Plenty of good, nutritious
food should be given. The horse should not be
used on the road until all the symptoms have
been absent for several days. He may be
gently exercised on a Soft Sward as soon as the
inflammation is subdued.
A permanent, incurable lameness often results
from the continued use of a horse suffering
from some degree of inflammation of the soft
tissues of the foot. Whenever this condition is
detected, the animal should be given rest, and
subjected to treatment with a view to the cure
of the disease.
Corns.
We have spoken of corns. These make their
appearance in two forms, the true and the false.
The locality of the true corn is the angle
caused by the inflection of the bars, and
between the bars and wall. In this space the
posterior extremities of the coffin-bone move
freely in the movements of the foot. By the
irritation of frequent, prolonged, and Severe
use, a thickening of the laminae is produced.
This hardens and ultimately becomes a semi-
corneous tumor. It may remain in this condi-
tion, or it may become a smooth, dense horn,
more dense than any part of the hoof. It is a
constant source of pain and consequent lame-
Ilé SS.
The more common false corn is a bruise of
the sensitive sole which lies directly under the
heel of the coffin-bone. This occurs most fre-
quently in feet having a flat, level sole, deficient
in the arch. It may occur in any variety of
foot which is kept badly shod. A shoe with a
broad web level upon its foot-surface, and seated
for its whole width upon the wall and sole, will
aid in the production of this form of disease.
Several varieties of the false corn are described,
but they are simply different stages of the same
disease. The true corn is essentially incurable.
For the false, in its early stages the general
principles of treatment to abate local inflam-
mation may arrest the disease. If suppuration
can be prevented, the duration of lameness will
be much limited. Care should be taken that
the shoe should have its bearing only on the
Solar border of the wall, and a very slight por-
tion of the outer border of the sole. To this
end, a shoe should be used with a narrow web,
but little over half an inch in width; or the
shoe with a wider web should be seated so
that its bearing-surface would be narrow. Sup-
posing the case has been neglected and sup-
puration has occurred, the pain and lameness
Will be great until the matter is evacuated.
The sole must be carefully pared away until
the horn is very thin, when an opening must
be made through it, and the pus evacuated. If
great pain is inflicted by the attempt, the foot
should be soaked in a warm alkaline bath, by
which the horn will be softened, and the extreme
tenderness abated. If possible, the foot should
be kept in a poultice for one, two or three days,
according to the previous severity of the disease.
After that the shoe may be reapplied, care
being taken that the opening through the horn
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
268
be so protected that no dirt or gravel can enter.
A condition similar to false corn may exhibit
itself in any portion of the ground surface of
the foot, as the result of a severe stome-bruise.
If detected early, the warm foot-bath, with rest,
will be sufficient treatment for it.
Big Leg-
To cure the big leg, use a good blistering
Ointment, one of which will be found among the
Ointments, and continue the treatment every
third hour until you have blistered well.
In three days wash the leg with linseed oil.
In six days wash it clean with soap and water.
Repeat every six days until the swelling goes
down. If there should be any callous left,
apply the Spavin ointment.
Cough in Horses.
Examine his hay and if dusty or musty quit
feeding. Cut up cedar boughs and mix with
his grain; or boil a small quanity of flax seed,
and mix it in a mash of scalded bran, adding
a few ounces of Sugar, molasses or honey.
Administer lukewarm. If there should be any
appearance of heaves, put a spoonful of ground
ginger once a day in his provender, and allow
him to drink freely of lime water.
Inflammation of the Bowels.
Inflammation of the bowels is often con-
founded with colic ; in fact, ignorant stablemen
seem fond of calling any difficulty of the inter-
nal system belly ache, if attended with pain,
and, to cure it commence drenching with the
most alarming mixtures; and in cases of inflam-
mation of the bowels this treatment is about
sure to kill. We may state that in colic the pain
is not constant. We may therefore distinguish
between colic and enteritis, (inflammation of
the bowels), by noticing that in inflammation
of the bowels no intermission of pains takes
place—it is constant.
Treatment.—To relieve the pain, give two tea
spoonfuls of laudanum in a little hot water
every hour or two until the pain ceases. Use
hot founciliations to the belly. This is applied
by folding a blanket inside a rubber sheet, held
in its place by the ends being brought up to
the side and fastened over the back, thus the
blanket may be kept saturated with hot water.
Let the food be boiled. Do not move the
bowels by cathartics for two or three days; at
the end of that time, however, inject hot water
and so cause an action on the bowels. If pain
continues, give 5 grains of mitrate of silver,
# drachm of opium.
Colic.
An irritation of the stomach or intestines
produced by various causes inducing pain and
griping, mild cases, are speedily alleviated by
laudanum in the human subject. There are
two forms of colic, spasmodic and flatulent.
In spasmodic colic, the bowels are not
unnaturally distended, but in flatulent colic
their distention by gas brings on the spasm,
the muscular fibres being stretched to so great
an extent as to cause them to contract irregu-
larly, and with a morbid action. Sometimes
When the bowels are very costive, irritation is
established as an effort of nature to produce
the dislodgement of the impacted fecal matter,
and thus a third cause of the disease is dis-
covered.
The exact nature and cause are always to be
ascertained from the history of the case and its
Symptoms.
The symptoms in all cases of colic are as
follows: Stamping, looking at the flanks, and
rolling with intervals of rest. The animal will
strike his belly and appear in great misery.
Administer the following:
Laudanum, 2 ounces.
Sweet Spts. Nitre, 2 “
Capsicum, 2 drachms.
Carbonate of Soda, 3 ounces. Mix.
Give at one does. If not better, repeat in
30 minutes. Use Tobacco injections.
Or, Sulph Ether, 1 ounce.
Laudanum 2 ounces.
Compound decoction of aloes, 5 ounces.
Mix and give every half hour.
Tetanus, Lock Jaw.
Tetanus, one form of which is known as lock
jaw, has its seat apparently in the nervous sys-
tem, but, like many other diseases of the same
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
269
class, the traces it leaves behind are extremely
uncertain, and are displayed more on the Sec-
ondary organs, through which it is manifested,
than on those which we believe to be at the
root of the mischief. Thus the muscles, which
have been long kept in a state of spasm, show
the marks of this condition in their softened
and apparently rotten condition. They, in fact,
have had no interval of rest, during which
nutrition could go on, and have lost much of
the peculiarity of structure which enables them
to contract. The stomach often shows marks
of inflammation, but as all sorts of violent
remedies are employed, this may be due to
them rather than to idiopathic disease. The
lungs, also, are generally congested, but here,
like the state of the muscles, it may be a sec-
ondary effect of the long-continued exertions of
the latter, which nothing but the absence of
all important lesions of the brain and spinal
cord would induce the pathologist to pay the
slightest attention to.
Tetanus may be either idiopathic or symp-
tomatic, but the former condition is somewhat
rare. It almost always follows some operation,
or a severe injury in which a nerve has been
implicated, the most frequent causes being the
piercing of the sole by a nail, or a prick in
shoeing, or the operations of docking, nicking,
castration, etc.
The symptoms are a permanent rigidity of
certain Voluntary muscles, and especially of the
lower jaw (whence the popular name, lock jaw.)
The mouth is kept rigidly shut, the masseter
muscles feeling as hard as a deal board. One
or both sides of the neck are rigid, in the
former case the head being turned to one side,
and in the latter stretched out as if carved in
marble. The nostrils are dilated; the eyes re-
tracted, with the jaws thrust forward over
them ; the ears erect and stiff, and the coun-
tenance as if horror-struck. At first the ex-
tremities are seldom involved, but as the disease
progresses their control is first lost, and then
they become rigid, like the neck and head.
The patient is scarcely able to stand, and plants
his feet Widely apart to prop himself up, while
at last the tail also becomes a fixture. The
pulse varies a good deal, in some cases being
quick, small, and hard, and in others slow and
labored. The bowels are generally costive, and
the urine scanty; but this last symptom is not
so well marked as the state of the bowels al-
luded to. The treatment should be of a two-
fold mature, partly palliative and partly curative.
Since the introduction into use of chloroform
we have possessed a drug which invariably
enables us to remove the spasm for a time,
and if it does nothing more, it gives room for
other remedies to act and relieve the patient
from the horrible tortures which are occasioned
by the spasm, while it also allows the muscu-
lar and nervous powers to be recruited. When,
therefore, a case of tetanus occurs in a horse
of any value, chloroform should be procured,
and the animal at once placed under its influ-
ence. This done, the whole length of the spine
should be blistered with tincture of cantharides,
and an active aperient should be given, con-
sisting, if practicable, of a pint of castor oil,
and six or eight drops of croton oil. This may
be pumped down the throat by the usual syringe
and tube, if the front teeth can be separated;
but if this cannot be done, some solid cathar-
tic must be selected, though there is often as
much difficulty in forcing a ball down as in
passing an elastic tube. Failing in either of
these, two drachms of calomel, and the same
quantity of tartar emetic should be slightly
damped, and placed in the mouth as far back
as possible, in the hope that it may be grad-
ually swallowed; the bowels should be raked,
and copious injections of castor oil and tur-
pentine, mixed with several quarts of gruel,
should be thrown up. If these remedies fail,
mature must be left to her own resources, and
they will sometimes be found equal to the task,
for many cases have recovered after having
been given up as beyond the reach of our art.
Opium, henbane, digitalis, hellebore, and a host
of other drugs have been tried; sometimes with,
and sometimes without, success, and perhaps
it is worth while, after the bowels have been
well relieved, to give a full dose of one or
other of these powerful remedies, such as two
drachms of Solid opium ; but we confess that
We think little reliance is to be placed on them,
and we prefer the adoption of chloroform every
six hours, continued for about two or three
270 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
days and gradually withdrawn, leaving the
cure to the action of the blisters and purgatives.
Congestion of the Lungs.
(PNEUMONIA.)
This disease is one which affects both of the
lungs with inflammation, as well as the mucous
lining to the air passages, and of the Serous
covering of the whole mass. It is one of the
most common inflammations attacking the
spongy substance contained in the interstices
between the blood vessels of the viscera. We
have what is called acute pneumonia and Sub-
acute. In acute pneumonia the first stage is
engorgement; the second stage hepitization,
that is a conversion of the lung into a sub-
stance resembling the liver. The third and
fatal stage is purulent infiltration of the lung.
Sub-acute pneumonia differs in no Way from
the acute form, except in degree, and the Symp-
toms and treatment will vary only in degree.
Symptoms.-The symptoms of acute pneu-
monia are a quick and distressed respiration,
averaging about sixty inspirations in the minute.
Pulse quick, from 70 to 80, hard, often small,
but always compresssible. Nostrils distended
in the last stage, when Suffocation is imminent.
Cough short, and evidently giving pain. Legs
and ears generally cold, often icy. Feet wide
apart, evidently with the intention to dilate
the chest. If the disease is fully established a
crepitus—crackling sound—may be heard very
plainly, much like a dried bladder.
Treatment.—Do not bleed, except in very bad
cases. Tartar emetic is one of the best drugs
we have, which must be given every six hours
in drachm doses. The following has been found
valuable :
Norwood's Tinct. Weratrum Viride, 1 ounce.
Tinct. Opium, 2 ounces.
Tinct. Digitalis, 2 ounces.
Sweet Spirits Nitre, 2 ounces.
Mix. Tablespoonful every 4 hours.
Glanders.
This disease is contagious, destructive, and
seldom cured. It is known by a discharge from
one or both mostrils, and a SWelling of the
gland under the jaw; coming on rather slowly;
and followed after a time by ulceration. Ca-
tarrh or influenza may be mistaken for it; but
this is a much more rapid disorder. Ozoena is
a disease attended with an offensive discharge;
in glanders the discharge is not offensive unless
at an advanced stage. In doubtful cases, some-
times, the inoculation of a donkey with the
matter is used as a test. Glanders may be
communicated to a human being; and is then
also fatal and seldom cured. Every horse sus-
pected of glanders should be kept carefully
apart from all others. If the disorder is slow
in its progress, and the animal can be pre-
vented from giving it to others, he may be kept
for moderate work, upon good feeding, in some
instances, for several years. If hard worked,
ill-fed or exposed, a glandered horse will run
down very fast.
This disease, at its commencement, seems to
be confined to the internal lining of the nos-
trils, which is not reddened as in Ozaena or
chronic catarrh, but presents a leaden or pur-
ple color, sometimes of a deep shade, but at
first generally very light and pale. This is
accompanied by a thin acrid discharge, trans-
parent, and without odor.
In the second stage, the discharge increases
in quantity, and though still watery and trans-
parent, it is slightly sticky. The glands below
the jaw enlarge and become adherent to the
bone.
In the third stage, the discharge increases
rapidly, and becomes yellow and opaque—in
fact, it is pure pus. The appetite fails, the
horse loses flesh, the coat is turned the wrong
way. More frightfully ulcerated.
To give treatment in a case of glanders,
would be useless. By the use of green food,
his life may be prolonged for a time, but the
risk of contagion is too great to be incurred,
and no man who regards his own welfare, and
that of his neighbors, Will keep a glandered
horse.
KHeaves.
This is a disease of the organs of breathing,
caused by the rupture of the air cells, so that the
animal can not expel the air without a double
effort. It is an unsoundness caused by hard
work, especially on a distended stomach, and is
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
271
aggravated by bad food, especially musty hay
and grain. The disease is incurable, but may
be palliated by feeding on Sound, clean, un-
mowed grain, with but little hay, and that en-
tirely free from dust. The animal should be
given but little water at a time, and should be
allowed to stand an hour after feeding before
being driven. Mild cases may be cured by a
Summer's run on the prairie, where resin weed
abounds. If to this be added each day for 10
days, and then omitted for 10 days, and so
continued, the following prescription, it will
much assist:
Fowler's Solution, 1 ounce,
Extract of Belladonna, 1 drachm.
Tinct. of Ginger, # & 6
Water, 1 pint.
Give at one dose.
For Heaves.
Angelica Root, # pound.
Gum Camphor, 2 ounces.
Skunk Cabbage, 1 ounce.
Gum Arabic, 2 ounces.
Digitalis, 1 ounce.
Ginger, 2} ounces.
Foenugreek, 2 6 &
Sulphur, 5 & &
Epsom Salts, 4 & 6
Dose.—A teaspoonful once a day for 16 days;
and use the following on the throat:
Tinct. Myrrh, 13 ounces.
Tinct. Cantharides, 2 & 6
Turpentine, 2 & &
Tinct. Iodine,
Tinct. Capsicum,
Aqua Ammonia,
Chloroform,
Alcohol,
Bathe throat well with hot water; then apply
medicine. This should be used once in 3 days,
until 5 applications have taken place.
1
1
i
&
&
& 6
2
Disease of the Kidneys.
Farmers are often in the habit of allowing
their horses to stand in the rain for hours, often
in very cold weather, with the loins fully ex-
posed to the wet and cold. This is wrong, and
shows great neglect in the driver, and often
brings on inflammation of the kidneys. The
commencement of this disease is ushered in by
a constant desire to pass urine, which is of a
very dark color. The animal will turn his head
with a downcast look towards the loins, groan,
and appear as if in great pain. The attitude
of the horse is peculiar. His back is arched,
and he stands in a straddling position, refusing
to move. This complaint is called Nephritis.
There is another complaint nearly like it. I
refer to an inflammation of the neck of the blad-
der. By attending to the state of the urine, We
may diagnose the one from the other.
In disease of the kidney we find the urine
dark brown, or nearly black, while in the latter
We find the urine nearly a natural color.
For either of the above complaints, the fol-
lowing will be found valuable:
For Diseases of Kidneys and Neck of Bladder.
Tinct. Buchu,
Tinct. Gentian,
Tinct. Ginger, 1}
Sweet Sp’ts Nitre, 2} & 6
Oil Juniper, 6 drachms.
Laudanum, 4 ounces.
Give two tablespoonfuls twice a day for 5 days;
then once a day.
2 ounces.
£ 6
1}
& &
Sweeny.
A horse is said to have the sweeny when the
muscles of the shoulder appear to have perished
away, and the skin seems to be attached closely
to the shoulder-blade. These symptoms may
arise from chronic lameness in the foot or other
part of the limb. In such cases, of course, it
is of no use to apply remedies to the shoulder.
Cure the foot, and the shoulder will come right,
although stimulants and rubbing will expedite it.
But genuine Sweeny is quite different from
the above, although the appearances are the
same. It is caused by hard drawing in a col-
lar that is too large, or where no whiffletree is
ever used, but the traces are hitched directly
to the thills, as in jumpers, as they are called,
or by jumping fences, or the like. The pres-
ence of real sweeny may be discovered by mov-
ing the horse in a circle, or causing him to
272
AN ENCYCLOPMEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
step over bars, when you can generally deter-
mine the seat of the lameness. For such cases,
irritants with frictions is the proper treatment.
Blistering liniments, or setons, or a piece of
Heather inserted under the skin, will cure, with
rest.
The following will be found very useful:
For Sweeny, Whirlbone, Joint Lameness, Stifle
or Sprains.
Oil Fireweed, # ounce.
Oil Wormwood, * “
Oil Turpentime, 2 66
Oil Hemlock, 2 & &
Oil Spike, 6 drachms.
Aqua Ammonia, 2 ounces.
Tinct. Myrrh, 1 & 6
Tinct. Cantharides, 1 6 &
Alcohol, 3 & &
Wet the parts with hot water, and rub on
medicine well; then cover shoulder and hips
with as many blankets as you can, and let them
remain on eight hours; repeat this often, and
always bathe in hot water before using the lini-
ment.
Chronic Cough.
By this term is understood a cough that
comes on without any fever or evidence of the
horse having taken cold. It differs in this
respect from chronic bronchitis, which gener-
ally supervenes upon the acute form, and is
always attended, in the early stages, by fever-
ishness. It appears probable that chronic cough
is dependent upon an unnatural stimulus to
the mucous membrane, for it almost always
makes its appearance when much corn is given
without due preparation, and ceases on a return
to green feed. It is, therefore, very commonly
termed a stomach cough.
The symptoms are all summed up in the
presence of a dry cough, which is seldom
manifested while in the stable, but comes on
whenever the breathing is hastened by any
pace beyond a walk. Two or three coughs are
then given, and the horse, perhaps, is able to
go on with his work; but after resting a few
minutes, and again starting, it comes on again,
and annoys the rider or driver by its tantaliz-
ing promise of disappearance, followed by dis-
appointment.
Treatment.—Put the horse in a cool stable,
if he has been accustomed to a hot one, and
administer the following:
Balsam of Fir, 2 ounces.
Balsam of Copaiba, 2 “
Tinct. Lobelia, # “
Mix. Dose—Tablespoonful once a day. Give
blood purifier.
Ring-Bone—Splint.
Splint and ring-bone, in the pathology of the
disease, are the same, produced by the same
causes, and preceded by the same stages of
morbid action.
The Symptoms are a greater or less enlarge-
ment of the leg, of a hard, unyielding nature,
immediately above the coronet. From the rela-
tion of the parts, however, ring-bone at its
forming stage shows earlier and greater lame-
mess, while Splint may perhaps go forward and
escape attention.
In all diseases resulting in the formation of
bone matter, it is essential to take it in the
inflammatory stage.
Treatment.—Rest is essential. Use a high-
heeled shoe if the animal inclines to walk on
the toe, and a shoe thin at the heel when it
walks on the heel, and apply the following
remedy:
Biniodide of Mercury, 1 drachm.
Lard, 1 ounce.
Mix. After cutting the hair short, rub a
little into the skin covering the splint, every
night, until a free watery discharge is produced
from the surface.
The following formula will be found good:
Quick-silver, 8 ounces.
Tinct. Cantharides, 4 drachms.
Nitric Acid, 4 ounces.
Oil of Cedar, 4 drachms.
Mix. Apply occasionally. Wash with soft,
soap and water. Use the green ointment to
heal.
Fistula.
When a saddle has been allowed to press
upon the Spinous processes of the dorsal verte-
brae, it produces inflammation, which, if neg-
lected, leads to the formation of an abcess.
AN ENCLYCOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
273
But the situation of the part is such that the
matter cannot escape, even if the skin over the
points of the bones is perforated, and it has a
tendency by the force of gravity to burrow
down among the muscles which connect the
shoulder blade with the trunk. The conse-
quence is that there is an extensive inflamma-
tion, and after lameness of the shoulder, which
could readily be prevented by using proper
care before the mischief was done, or removed
by the adoption of suitable treatment after-
wards, before the disease is confirmed.
Treatment.—Keep the parts cool, with cold
water applications, or lay a cloth on the swell-
ing, and keep it constantly wet with one quart
each of good vinegar and water mixed, to which
is added two ounces of the tincture of arnica,
or the following:
Tinct. Lobelia,
Cantharides,
Croton Oil,
Corrosive Sublimate,
Gum Euphorbium,
Mercurial Ointment,
Tartar Emetic,
Turpentine,
Oil Spike,
Sulphuric Acid,
Alcohol,
Aſ
Rºsest with a probe to bottom of pipe, and
find which way they run. Then put a small
sponge on your probe, and put as much medi-
cine as will go, once a day for ten days. This
will take out all the pipes to the bottom. Then
take one ounce mitrate of potash, put into a
pint of soft Water, and use with a syringe.
This will heal from the bottom to the surface.
Keep the parts clean with soft Soap-Suds.
ounce.
& 6
6 &
& 6
66
66
& 6
Olln CeS.
6 &
;
OUID.Cé.
# Ounces.
1
l
Castrations
For removing the testicles, several methods
of operation have been proposed, but hitherto
none has been tried which is so successful as
the old plan, in which the division of the cord
is performed by a heated iron with a sharp
edge. In human Surgery the Spermatic artery
is tied, and all danger of hemorrhage is over,
because the Small amount of bleeding which
takes * from the artery of the cord is of no
consequence, as it cannot enter the cavity of
the peritoneum. In the horse, on the other
hand, the inguinal canal communicates with
that cavity, and if the ligature is used, there is
a double danger of inflammation—first, from the
effused blood; and second, from the irritation
of the ends of the ligature. This plan, there-
fore, is now generally abandoned, though some
few practitioners still adhere to it, and the choice
rests between two methods of removal by cau.
tery, namely, the actual and potential—tº '.
former giving more pain at the moment when
the heated iron is applied, but the latter being
really far more severe, as the caustic is a long
time in effecting a complete death of the nerve
and other sensitive parts. Tortion of the ves-
sels has also been tried, but it is often followed
by hemorrhage, and, moreover, the pain which
is caused during the twisting of the artery is
apparently quite as great as is given by the
heated iron. We are all inclined to fancy that
fire occasions more agony than it really does,
but those who have in their own persons been
unfortunately able to compare the effects of the
two kinds of cautery, have uniformly admitted
that the actual is less severe than the poten-
tial, if the two are used so as to produce the
Same amount of cauterization.
The best period for performing the operation
On the foal is just before weaning, provided the
weather is mild. If, however, his neck is very
light, and the withers low, its postponement till
the following spring will give a better chance
for the development of these parts. The cold
of winter and heat of summer are both preju-
dicial, and the months of April, May, Septem-
ber or October should always be selected.
No preparation is required in the “sucker,”
but, after weaning, the system always requires
cooling by a dose of physic, and light food, be-
fore castration can safely be performed. Horses
which have been in training, or other kind of
Work attended with high feeding, require at least
three weeks' or a month's rest and lowering, by
removing corn, mashing, etc., together with a
couple of doses of physic, before they are fit to
be castrated.
For the ordinary method of operating, a pair
of clamps should be provided, lined at the sur-
faces where the compression is made, with thick
274
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION'.
layers of Vulcanized india-rubber. This material
gives a very firm hold without bruising the cord,
and causing thereby inflammation. A large
Scalpel and a couple of irons will complete the
list of instruments, over and above the appa-
ratus necessary for throwing the horse. The
horse being properly secured according to the
directions here given, and a twitch being put
on the lip in case he should struggle much, the
operator, kneeling on the left side, grasps the
\esticle so as to make the skin of the Scrotum
covering it quite tense. A longitudinal incision
about three inches long is then made down to
the testicle, which, if care has been taken that
there is no rupture, may be rapidly done—a
wound of its surface not being of the slightest
consequence, and giving far less pain than the
slow miggling dissection of its coverings, which
is sometimes practiced to avoid it. The testicle
can now be cleared of its coverings, and the
hand laying hold of it gently, the Operator
raises it from its bed, and slips the clamps on
each side of the cord, at once making the proper
pressure with them, which should be sufficient
to prevent all risk of the part inclosed slipping
from between its jaws. Great care should be
taken that the whole of the testicle, including
the epididimis, is external to the clamps; and as
soon as this is satisfactorily ascertained, the
cord may be divided with the ordinary firing-
irons at a red heat.
To make sure that no hemorrhage shall occur,
some operators scar the artery separately with
a pointed iron; but if the division is slowly
made with the heated iron, and avoiding any
drag upon the cord, no such accident Will be
at all likely to follow, though very rarely it will
happen in spite of every care. The clamps may
now be removed, and the other testicle treated
in the same way; after which the hobbles are
cautiously removed, and the patient is placed
in a roomy, loose box, where he can take suf-
ficient exercise to insure the gravitation of the
discharge, but no more.
The French Plan, by means of caustic, re-
quires two pieces of wood, each about six inches
long and an inch square, with a notch or neck
at each end, to hold the twine by which they
are tied together, and a groove in two opposite
surfaces, to hold the caustic. This is composed
of one part of corrosive sublimate and four of
flour, made into a paste, with water, and it
is introduced while moist into the grooves,
which it should completely fill. The horse is
then secured as before, the cord is exposed, the
pieces of wood are adjusted on each side, and
firmly held together with pincers by an assist-
ant, while the operator binds their ends together
with waxed string. The testicles may now be
removed with the knife, if the string has been
tied sufficiently tight; but unless the operator
has had some experience, it is safer to let it re-
main on till it comes away by the ulceration
of the cord. This is the uncovered operation.
The covered operation is performed with the
same instruments, as follows: The scrotum is
grasped and opened, taking care to avoid any
of the tunica vaginalis reflexa, or outer serous
vestment, but cutting down to it through the
skin, dartos muscles, and cellular membrane.
These are to be carefully dissected back, until
the cord can be isolated without wounding its
serous investment (tunica vaginalis), which is
so thin that it is easy to ascertain with cer-
tainty the nature of its contents by examina-
tion with the fingers. If there is no hernia,
the caustic can at once be applied to its out-
side, in the same way as before, and if there
is it must be pushed back into the cavity of
the abdomen by a little careful manipulation.
Some veterinary Surgeons operate in a simi-
lar way to one or other of the two last de-
scribed plans, with the omission of the caustic,
which they maintain is wholly unnecessary, for
there must be sufficient pressure to cause a
sloughing of the cord. There is certainly some
truth in this argument, but if the pressure has
not been sufficient to cause the sloughing, the
caustic will assure that essential process, and
thus it renders the operation safer, though it
somewhat increases the Subsequent local inflam-
mation. The plan without caustic is almost
precisely the Same, as far as Safety is con-
cerned, and as that formerly adopted by coun-
try farmers, called “twitching,” in which two
pieces of wood were applied on each side the
base of the scrotum, and tied firmly at each
end. The pain, however, occasioned by the
pressure on So large a surface of skin is in-
tense, and the operation is, on that account,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
275
indefensible, besides which it is not nearly so
successful as either the ordinary English or
French methods.
Bots.
The larvae of the Oestrus equi, a species of
gadfly, are often found in large numbers, at-
tached by a pair of hooks, with which they are
provided, to the cardiac extremity of the stom-
ach; they are very rarely met with in the true
digestive portion of this organ, but sometimes
in the duodenum or jejunum in small numbers.
The large bot fly lays about the horses' knees;
the small red-tailed species on his lips; and
the brown farrier bot fly under his throat.
By rubbing and biting the parts where the eggs
are laid, the horse gets the maggots into his
mouth, and Swallows them with his food. The
insects then fasten themselves, in clusters, to
the inside of his stomach, and live there till
they are fully grown.
Symptoms.-Loss of flesh, coughs, and eats
sparingly, bites his sides, at length he has a
discharge from his nose, and those signs are
followed by a stiffness of his legs and neck,
staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions
and death. No sure and safe remedy has yet
been found sufficient to remove bots from the
stomach of the horse.
The following formula is said to act bene-
ficially:
Whisky, 5 ounces.
New milk, 7 ounces.
Mix. Give at one dose, followed in four hours
by half a pint of castor oil.
ANOTHER.
Powdered Assafoetida, 2 drachms.
Powdered Savin, 1} “
Calomel, 1} & 6
Male Fern, 80 drops.
Make into a ball with molasses. Follow this
at the end of twelve hours with a purge of
four drachms of Barbadoes aloes.
Pink Eye-Influenza-Epizootic Aphthas.
Nature of the Disease.—This malady of stock
belongs to the class of Zymotic—contagious—
diseases, or, in other Words, it is caused, like
specific fevers generally, by the introduction
into the system of a poison germ, which prop-
agates itself, and increases in the blood and
tissues in a manner allied to the growth of a
ferment in a saccharine solution. During this
reproduction of the virus in such fevers, the
system passes through a series of successive
stages of disease, the nature and duration of
which are determined by the character of the
particular poison taken in, and during which
the poison germs (contagious principles) are
given off abundantly by one or other or all of
the secreting surfaces. Hence, like other
Zymotic diseases, this is altogether specific in
its cause, its nature and its mode of propaga-
tion. As known in Western Europe and Amer-
ica, this disease is invariably due to a virus
or contagion thrown off by some animal suffer-
ing from the disease; it is always manifested
by a slight preliminary fever, and a period of
eruption and decline, and these are respectively
of constant and well-defined duration. These
different periods of the disease are character.
ized by varied manifestations. The first period
is that of incubation, during which the poison
germs are in the body of the animal, and
propagating themselves there, but have not yet
affected the constitution so as to impair the
functions, or give rise to the more manifest
Symptoms of illness. Toward the end of this
period, however, the thermometer shows an in-
crease of temperature, in the interior of the
body, of about two degrees beyond the natural
standard. This period lasts twenty-four to
forty-eight hours, though in rare cases it may
apparently extend to a week.
It is followed by the period of eruption, which
is first manifested by the redness, heat, and
tenderness of the udder and teats, of the space
between the hoofs, and of the membrane of
the mouth. In the course of one day more,
these parts are found to be the seat of numer-
ous hemispherical elevations or blisters, caused
by the effusion of a clear yellowish fluid from
the blood-vessels beneath the cuticle or scarf-
skin. These increase in size for the next two
or three days, burst, and dry up.
The period of decline is marked by the dry-
ing and scabbing over of the sores caused by
the rupture of the blisters, and by the re.
production of the lost cuticular covering or
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
276
Scarf skin. The elevated temperature, which had
declined somewhat on the appearance of the
blisters, now entirely subsides, unless main-
tained by exposure, or the irritation of the
Sores by dirt or other bodies. This period has
passed and the disease is at an end by the
fifteenth day, in favorable cases.
Causes.—The only known cause itself capable
of inducing the disease is contagion, or contact
of a sound animal with the virus discharged
from the sores in the mouth of a patient.
Many accessory causes may be named, such as
a wet muddy season, which insures the con-
tact of the virus deposited on the soil with the
skin about the top of the hoofs; the accumu-
lation of cattle in large fairs or markets; the
aggregation of large numbers of live stock for
the supply of armies in the field; travel of
stock by rail or road, and the like. Yet these
are but means of the diffusion of the poison,
while no one of them, nor all taken together,
can call the disease into existence where the
poison is not already present. Though prevalent
extensively in Europe during and after almost
every great war since 1695, it did not reach
Great Britain till 1839, when it was brought
by some Dutch horses imported into London.
In the same year it was brought by Dutch horses
to Cork, Ireland; and, as free trade in conti-
nental cattle was established four years after,
it has been since steadily maintained by the
constant importations. In 1841 it is first re-
ported in Denmark, a country which breeds its
own stock, and rarely imports any. In Great
Britain it spreads widely every year, after the
great autumn markets, in which home and for-
eign horses mix freely, and yet there are
in that country many breeding districts into
which strange stock are never taken, and where
the disease has not yet penetrated. It prevailed
very frequently on horse dealers' farms in the
same country.
Such comprehensive facts as these narrow
the list of real causes down to the simple con-
tact of the virus with a healthy animal. This
virus, however, is perhaps the most contagious
known. It is often carried on the clothes,
boots, and hands of men; on the fibres of hay
or straw; preserved on the walls, floors, man-
gers, and other fittings of buildings; on stable
utensils; in yards, parks, roads, and railroad
cars; on drinking troughs; or it may be car-
ried on the legs or bodies of dogs, chickens,
rats, and other animals, which themselves
escape the infliction. In short, any solid body
may retain, and be a bearer of, this contagion.
Fortunately, it does not spread to any extent
in the atmosphere. Nothing is more common
than to find a herd on one side of a road
struck down by the disease, while another in a
field on the opposite side of the road remains
perfectly healthy. It may be carried by a
strong wind in the form of the virulent saliva,
or the virus may dry up on light bodies, such
as paper, hay, etc., which are afterward borne
off by the wind. It may be carried by men or
animals, or by water running from the diseased
to the healthy lot; but, in the absence of Such
agencies, the breadth of a common road is
amply sufficient to circumscribe the disease.
Symptoms.-The victims may usually be
picked out from a herd, twelve to twenty-four
hours before they show distinct signs of the
disease, by the increase of temperature indica-
ted by a clinical thermometer introduced into
the rectum and retained there for three minutes.
In cattle the eruption may be concentrated
on the mouth, (including the muzzle and nos-
trils,) on the udder and teats, or on the Space
between the hoofs, though it usually attacks all
of these parts simultaneously, and in rare cases
even extends to the general integument or to
the mucous membrane of the throat, stomach,
and bowels, or other internal organs. The
symptoms are slight, shivering or roughness of
the coat, neglect of feeding and rumination,
redness, heat, swelling and tenderness of the
pasterns, teats, and mouth, arching of the
back, and a crouching, hesitating gait, accu-
mulation of a white froth around the margin
of the lips, and a loud Smacking noise made by
the tongue and lips. On the Second or third
day the blisters may be seen on the gums, on
the dental-pad behind the upper lip, on the
tongue, on the teats, and around the upper
borders of the hoof and between them. In
twenty-four to thirty-six hours more (Sometimes
at once) these burst, the cuticle is detached,
and raw, pink Sores are left, most noticeable
on the mouth and teats. With care the process
of healing goes on rapidly, and is completed
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
277
about the fifteenth day. Complications are rare,
unless as the result of neglect, and consists in
inflammation and loss of the udder; extensive
formation of matter beneath the hoofs, causing
them to be shed; extension of disease to the
Binews, bones, and joints of the foot, with wide-
spread destruction of parts; eruption on the
stomach or bowels, with dangerous or fatal
inflammation, or implication of the womb with
abortion or long-continued weakening discharges.
In sheep the feet are mainly affected, and the
malady bears a strong resemblance to foot-root,
and, under neglect, may merge into this.
Swine also suffer severly in the feet, and, as
they are too commonly neglected and left on
mud and filth, shedding of the hoofs is frequent.
When the mouth suffers they champ the jaws,
and frothy saliva collects around the lips.
Treatment.—Under this head little need be
said. Keeping the bowels open by soft diet, or,
if necessary, mild laxatives, administering
nourishing gruels if the animal threatens to
sink, and keeping the seat of eruption scrupu-
lously clean, will usually suffice. No vaunted
preparations for the cure of the disease will
really cut it short, as it passes through its
successive stages, and terminates in recovery
in ten to fifteen days, the time at which the
venders of specifics claim that a cure can be
effected. A dry floor must be secured, with
perfect cleanliness, and the sores may be washed
daily with a preparation of one part of carbolic
acid dissolved in fifty or a hundred parts of
water. For the teats, glycerine may advan-
tageously replace the water. The milk must
be fully withdrawn, using a silver milking tube
if the teats are sore and the cow restive.
Inflammation of the Eyes.
Inflammation of the eyes is often cured by
scarifying with a lancet the inside of the upper
and lower brow, and the distended vessels of
the eye itself. It is to be remembered that in
treating an inflammation of this important
organ, we should proceed precisely as if treating
a human being laboring under the same com-
plaint, and keep the animal on short allowance,
prevent costiveness, keep the stable cool and
dark.
Soreness or weakness of the eye is cured by
bleeding from the neck and using the following:
Eye-water.
To 1 quart of water put 3 drachms of the
sugar of lead or two drachms of white vitriol.
When dissolved let it settle and pour off the
clear liquor for use. A drop may be put into
each eye three times a day with a feather; or
prepare the following:
R.—Crocus Martis, 3 drachms.
Nitrate of Potash, 4 & &
Sulph. of Zinc, 5 & &
Acetate of Lead, 14 ounces.
Sal. Ammoniac, 2 drachms.
Take a teaspoonful, and put into a pint of
soft water: then take a fine sponge, and Squeeze
in the hollow of the eye. When it is perceived
that the eye is somewhat better, do not use so
often.
To cure Gripes in Horses.
This disorder goes by different names in
different districts of the country; as fret, from
the uneasiness attending it; bots, from its being
thought to arise from these animals or worms,
etc. The animal looks dull and rejects his food;
becomes restless and uneasy, frequently pawing;
voids his excrements in small quanities, and
often tries to stale; looks around as if towards
his own flank or the seat of complaint; soon
appears to get Worse, often lying down, and
sometimes suddenly rising up, or at times try-
ing to roll, even in the stable, etc. As the
disorder goes on the pain becomes more violent,
he appears more restless still, kicks at his belly,
groans, rolls often, or tumbles about, with
other marks of great agitation; becomes feverish,
and has a cold moisture at the roots of his
ears and about his flanks, and when he lies at
rest a little space begins to perspire strongly,
and to get covered with sweat more or less
profuse.
In most cases of ordinary gripes signs of
flatulence, or of the presence of air confined
in the bowels, occur and constitute a part of
the disease, or increase it. The removal of it
is, therefore, an object to which the attention
of most grooms has been in a chief degree
278
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
directed; and it can frequently be got rid of,
and the disease cured, by exciting the powerful
action of the intestines, cordial and stimulating
medicines are had recourse to, and, no noubt,
in many have afforded relief. Some farriers,
indeed, without much care in distinguishing
cases, almost exclusively rely upon such, and
employ them too freely. This, however, should
not be done; for it sometimes happens that
disorders not unlike flatulent colic or gripes do
occur, when there is neither pent-up air present
nor any relaxation or want of energy and action
in the intestines themselves, and stimulating
medicines might then do no good, but often
much mischief.
When the disorder is early discovered, or
has newly come on, it will be proper to lose no
time to get ready a clyster, and likewise a
medicinal draught for removing the wind and
abating the pain. After rernoving with the hand
any excrement in the great gut that can be
reached by it, a clyster, made of five or six
quarts of water, or water-gruel, blood warm,
and six or eight ounces of common Salt, may
be injected.
Bleeding in General.
Bleeding is often the most useful and effica-
cious means of curing diseases in horses, etc.
In Inflammatory affections it is generally the
first remedy resorted to, and its immediate
salutary effects are often surprising. But it is
often abused by being practiced where it is not
required, or where the animal is too weak to
bear it, or by being done too largely or too
often in the same cage. It is a great error to
suppose that all diseases or cases of diseases
require bleeding.
When it is necessary to lessen the whole
quantity of blood in the system, open the jugu-
lar or neck vein. If the inflammation is local,
bleed where it can be conveniently done, either
from the part affected, or in its vicinity, as by
opening the plate vein, Superficial vein of the
thigh, or temporal arteries.
In fevers of all kinds in the horse, and when
inflammation attacks any important organ, as
the brain, eyes, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver,
kidneys, bladder, etc., bleeding is of the great-
º,
est use. It diminishes the quantity of blood
in the body, and by this means prevents the
bad consequences of inflammation. The quan-
tity of blood to be taken varies according to
the age, size, condition, and constitution of
the horse, and urgency of the symptoms. *
From a large strong horse, four or six quarts
will generally be requisite, and this may be
repeated in smaller quantities if symptoms
demand it. The blood, in these diseases, must
flow from a large orifice made in the vein. A
horse should never be suffered to bleed upon
the ground, but into a measure, in order that
the proper quantity may be taken. Young
horses, also, while shedding their teeth, have
Sometimes much constitutional irritation, which
bleeding relieves. Dut in these affections it is
very rarely necessary to bleed to the same
extent as in fevers, etc.; two or three quarts
generally suffice to be taken away.
Fullness of Blood.
Moderate bleeding, as from two to three or
four quarts, is also used to remove fullness of
habit, or plethora, attended with slight inflam-
matory symptoms. In this case the eyes ap-
pear heavy, dull, red or inflamed, frequently
closed as if asleep; the pulse small and op-
pressed; the heat of the body somewhat in-
creased; the legs swell; the hair also rubs off.
Horses that are removed from grass to a warm
stable, and full fed on hay and corn, and not
sufficiently exercised, are very subject to one
or more of these symptoms. Regulating the
quantity of food given to him, proper exercise,
and occasional laxatives, as the following pow-
der, will be commonly found sufficient after the
first bleeding, and operation of an aloetic
purge. In slight affections of this kind, a brisk
purge will often alone be sufficient.
Laxative and Diaphoretic Powder.
Take of nitre, cream of tartar, and flower of
sulphur, of each ounces.
Powder and mix them well together for use.
One tableSpoonful of this mixture may be
given every night and morning, in as much
scalded bran, or a feed of corn moistened with
water, that the powders may adhere thereto,
ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
279
This powder will be found excellent for such
horses as are kept on dry food, whether they
be kept in the stable, or travel on the road;
also for stallions in the Spring of the year, as
they not only keep the body cool and open,
but cause him to cast his coat, and make his
skin appear as bright as silk.
Purging.
In obstinate grease and swellings of the legs,
accompanied with lameness of the joints, dry
coughs, worms, diseases of the skin, farcy,
apoplexy or staggers, affections of the liver,
and several other diseases treated of in this
book, mercural purges are of the greatest Ser-
vice. They purge; destroy Worms; generally
increase the flow of urine ; operate upon the
skin, liver, and other viscera in a peculiar
manner; cause a healthful action in these parts,
and remove many chronic complaints incident
to the horse. Great caution is necessary
during their operation, lest the horse take cold.
The water given him must be warm, and when
exercised he should be properly clothed.
Horses that are kept on dry food, and are
full fed, with little or no exercise, require reg-
ular purging every six months.
Wounds in Horses or Cattle.
When horses, cattle, or any of our domestic
animals are wounded, the treatment may be
very simple, and much the same as in the
human race. It is extremely improper to fol-
low a practice that is common in many parts
of the country among farriers, cow-doctors, and
even shepherds—that of applying to the wound,
or putting into the Sore part, common salt,
powder of blue vitriol, or tar, or cloths dipped
in spirits, as brandy, rum, etc, or turpentine,
or any other stimulant articles; for all such
very much increase the pain, and, by irritating
the Sore, may increase the inflammation, even
to the length of inducing mortification. Though
the treatment may be varied according to cir-
cumstances, yet, in most cases, it may be
sufficient to take notice of the following par-
ticulars: It will be proper to wash away any
foulness or dirt about the part, and to exam-
ine particularly its condition.
To Stop Bleeding.
Should any bloodvessel be cut, and discharging
copiously, it will be right to stop it, by Some
lint or sponge, with moderate compression or
bandaging, at the same time, and not taking
it off for two or three days. Should the pres-
sure fail of effect, caustic applications, such as
the lunar caustic, or even the actual cautery,
the point of a thick wire, sufficiently heated,
may be tried; or if a surgeon be at hand, the
vessel may be taken up by the crooked needle,
with waxed thread, and then tied.
Adhesive Plaster and Sewing.
Where there is no danger of excessive bleed-
ing, and a mere division of the parts, or a deep
gash or cut, it will be right to adjust the parts,
and keep them together by a strip of any com-
mon adhesive plaster; or when this will not do
by itself, the lips of the wound, especially if it
be a clean cut, may be closed by one or more
stiches, with a moderately coarse needle and
thread, which in each stich may be tied, and
the ends left of a proper length, so that they
can be afterwards removed, when the parts
adhere. It is advised to tie the thread, because
Sometimes the wounded part swells so much
that it is difficult to get them cut and drawn
out, Without giving pain and doing some mis-
chief.
Sand-Crack.
Remove the shoe and ascertain carefully the
extent of the injury; if the crack be superficial,
fill it with the composition below, and keep the
foot cool and moist. If the crack has extended
to the sensitive parts, and you can see any
fungous flesh, with a small drawing knife
remove the edges of the cracked horn that press
upon it. Touch the fungus with caustic, dip a
roll of tow or linen in tar and bind it firmly
over it. Whole foot is to be kept in a bran
poultice for a few days, or until the lameness
is removed. A shoe may then be put on, so
as not to press on the diseased part. The
pledget of tow may now be removed, the crack
filled with the composition, and the animal
turned into some soft meadow.
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PIRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Cleaning.
When brought in from work, warm with exer-
tion, the horse must be rubbed down and then
blanketed; but we would not blanket a horse
in a good stable, as a general rule, except in
extremely cold weather. A sharp-toothed curry
comb is the dread of a fine-skinned horse, and
the brush and straw wisp answer the same pur-
pose much better, if used as frequently as they
should be. Mud should not be allowed to dry
on the legs of a horse; it is the cause of half
the swelled legs, scratches, and other affections
of the feet with which they are afflicted.
Care of Harness.
First take the harness apart, having each
strap and piece by itself, and then wash it in
warm soap-suds. When it has been cleaned,
black every part with the following dye : One
ounce extract logwood, twelve grains of bichro-
mate of potash, both pounded fine; put it into
two quarts of boiling rain water, and stir until
all is dissolved. When cool it may be used.
You can bottle and keep for future use, if you
wish. It may be applied with a shoe-brush, or
anything else convenient. When the dye has
struck in, you may oil each part with meats-
foot oil, applied with a paint-brush, or anything
convenient. For second oiling use one-third
castor oil and double that quantity of meatsfoot
oil, mixed. A few hours after wipe clean with
a woolen cloth, which gives the harness a
glossy appearance. The preparation will not
injure the leather or stitching, makes it soft
and pliable, and obviates the necessity of oil-
ing as often as is necessary by the ordinary
method.
Shoeing.
Few horseshoers understand thoroughly the
anatomy of a horse's foot. The great mistake
is made in attempting to trim the hoof to fit
the shoe, whereas the shoe should be made to
fit the hoof. Very little trimming is needed if
the shoe is made right. The frog should never
be touched by the buttress, if the foot is healthy,
as nature has intended that to be the spring or
cushion to first receive the blow when the foot
is set down on the road, to guard the knee and
shoulder from the concussion.
Nothing can be more barbarous than the
carving and cutting of a horse's foot before
shoeing, though on his skill in this many a far-
rier prides himself. The idea that the frog
must not be allowed to bear on the ground—
that the sole must be thinned till it “springs
on the thumb,” is a most pernicious one.
As you value your horse do not let the black-
Smith even scrape the dirt off the frog. It
would be better if he could not see it, because,
if anything fit to be called a frog, he will beg,
argue, and try every means to persuade you to
let him cut it. Do not turn your back to him
while he has the foot in his lap and knife in
his hand, or else off comes a portion of the
frog. If the frog is left to itself it will, when
nature gets ready, shed itself; but the differ-
ence between shedding and cutting is, that
before shedding the under frog is protected by
a suitable covering, but when cut it is exposed
to the action of the air and water, which causes
it to crack, leaving those “rags” which the
blacksmiths love so well to cut. Do not open
the heels, as it increases the resistance offered
to contraction.
The summer shoe needs to present a flat sur-
face to the ground. Make it of the same width
and thickness from the toe to the heel. Have
the seating deep, so as to prevent the sole
a pressing upon the shoe as it descends. Have
clip at the toe to prevent the shoe slipping back,
but none at the sides, as they not only destroy
too much of the hoof, but prevent expansion.
Have the fullering deon to receive the nail-
heads, and have the nail Noles straight—neither
inclined inwardly or outwardly. Have only five
nails to hold on the shoe - two on the inner,
and three on the outside. Place the two on the
inner side about 1% inches frows the top; those
on the outside may be placed further back
toward the heel. The reason is, that when the
foot strikes the ground it expands to relieve the
horse of the shock of his weight, and She inner
side being thinner than the outside, the expan-
sion is greater. By placing the nails fax back
we prevent that expansion, thereby crannping
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
281
the foot, which makes the animal step short
and quick, like one with tight boots. If we
take an old shoe, we find at the heels that it
is worn down, and also that it is smaller and
bright, which is not done by the shifting of the
shoe, as you only find it at the heels, by the
action of the foot while expanding and con-
tracting. Of course, this action wears upon,
but the foot is continually growing.
On fitting the shoe, do not let it burn the
foot, as it makes a strong foot brittle, and on
a weak one hurting the horse. Be sure it fits
close to the foot. Bring in the heels, as they
do not, but the nails prevent expansion. Do
not get the nails larger than necessary; bring
them out low down in the crust, and make the
clinchers very broad. Rasp below but not above
the clinchers, as the foot above is covered—if
healthy—with a varnish which excludes the air
and water.
The hind shoe need not be so broad, but a
little higher at the heels. In this put seven
nails, as the hind legs propel and the front
legs receive the weight.
The winter shoe needs toe and heel pieces
to prevent the horse from slipping. Have the
Inner calk not quite So sharp as the outer one,
so that if he steps upon the other foot it will
not cut it.
The outside of the hoof ought not to be at
all touched by the rasp, save at the very edge,
as rasping tends to thicken the hoof and make
it coarse and clumsy. Shoes should be made
just as light as they possibly can be to an-
swer the purpose. Ordinarily they are one-
third too heavy. A horse's hoof should be care-
fully cleaned every day, and oiling the hoof
once or twice a week is recommended.
Training.
If you wish to control your horse study his
character, as horses, like men, differ in their
disposition, and each one has to be understood
to be controlled.
LEARNING HIM TO PACE.
Buckle around his hind legs a four or five
pound weight (lead is the best); after which
ride the animal briskly, at the same time twitch-
ing each rein of the bridle alternately; Soon
he will be thrown into a pace. After training
him in this manner several times, detach the
weights, and in their stead place two pound
weights, and use these several times; then
change for something still lighter; leather,
padding, or even something still lighter, will
answer the purpose, and these let him wear
until he is perfectly trained, and you will have
a Smooth and easy pacer.
TO MAKE EIIMI TROT.
Use rollers on the front feet. These rollers
should be made of wood or horn, made round,
about the size of a hickory-nut, with a small
hole bored by a gimlet in the center of each,
and about a dozen of them strung on a string
or narrow strap. The string or strap should
be much smaller than the hole. Then tie or
buckle very loosely around the fetlock joint
next to the hoof, so that they can play loosely
up and down when the animal is moving. As
soon as the horse finds that there is some-
thing on his feet, he will naturally think that
there are stones in his road, and will lift them
up higher, and throw them out farther, and
Soon he will learn to be a good trotter.
Another mode is, that a small or medium
sized flat is the best, and greatly superior to
the track system for teaching the horse or colt
to gather quickly. Always use a very light
skeleton Wagon or gig in training.
TO MAKE EIIM SIT ON EIIS HAUNCHES.
First learn the horse one idea, and this is,
that you are his master, and that he must
obey you, So that when you say “ho ! ” he
Will stand still. Then, having already learned
him to lie down, let him attempt to rise, and
When he gets up on his fore legs, say the word
“sit !” and make him understand that you
Want him to stop at that point of his rising.
Teach him to hold his position, and always
use the same word for whatever feat you wish
the animal to perform—if to sit, use the word
“sit,” and if to lie down, use the word “down.”
TO MAKE EIIM FOLLOW YOU.
Take your animal to the stable, and there
place on him a surcingle and a bridle with
Short reins, which may be checked up a little
282
AN ENCYCLOP/EI) i.A OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
and fastened on the surcingle. Then lead
him about the yard for fifteen or twenty min-
utes, after which let go of the bridle, but still
continue to caress him, at the same time say-
\ng constantly, “come.” If he seems to rebel,
or lags behind, give him a light cut behind
with a long whip, but in doing this do not
change your position from being ahead of him.
Continue this plan until you have been suc-
cessful.
TRACENING RIIM TO STAND.
Take the horse, and over his back throw a
strap, and fasten the same to his right fore-
foot. Lead him about, and when you wish to
stop him say “whoa,” and at the same mo-
ment pull down the strap, which will throw
him on his three feet, which will bring him to
a sudden halt. Then put him in harness with
the foot-strap on, and drive him a few yards.
The moment he attempts to move, take his
foot and say “whoa.” Get into the carriage
and out again ; rattle the thills and make all
kinds of noises. Make him understand, by
pulling his foot each time he attempts to move,
and this can be done in a very short time.
PIREPAIRATIONS FOR TAMING.
Have in separate bottles a quantity of finely
grated horse-castor, and oils of rhodium and
cummim. Keep the bottles well corked. Place
some of the oil of cummim on your hand and
approach the animal on the windy side. He
will then move towards you, after which rub
some of the cummin on his nose; then give
him a small quantity of the castor on any-
thing he is fond of, and while he is about
taking it, watch your chance and get on the
point of his tongne from Seven to ten drops of
the oil of rhodium. He is then at your Ser-
vice, and will do almost anything you desire.
Follow up this advantage by all the attention
and kindness possile, and you will soon have
him under your control.
Firing.
The purpose for which the heated iron is
employed is two-fold; first, to produce imme-
diate counter-irritation, by which the previous
inflammation is reduced; and Secondly, to
cause the formation of a tight compress over
the part, which lasts for some months. It is
the fashion to deny the existence of the latter
effect of this operation; but every practical
man must be aware that it follows upon firing
to a greater or less extent, according to cir
cumstances, but always lasting for a few
months, until the skin stretches to its previous
condition. The blemish which it leaves, and
the pain which it occasions, both during and
after the application of the iron, should cause
it to be avoided when any equally useful sub-
stitute can be employed; but, unfortunately,
there are many cases where it stands without
a rival, as being at once the Safest and the
most efficient remedy which can be adopted.
Blisters and Setons can be made to cause the
same amount of counter-irritation; but the
inflammation accompanying the former often
extends beneath the skin, and increases the
mischief it was intended to relieve, while the
latter has no effect whatever in producing
pressure upon the parts beneath. The pain of
firing can be relieved entirely at the time of
the operation by chloroform ; but the subse-
quent Smarting is quite as bad, and this is
beyond the reach of any anaesthetic. Inde-
pendently, however, of the interests of the
master, it is also to the advantage of the
horse to get thoroughly cured; for if he is not,
he will either work on in misery, or he will
be consigned to the knacker's yard; and, there-
fore, the adoption of the most efficacious plan
of treatment, even if somewhat the most pain-
ful, is the best for both.
Firing may be performed standing, by the
use of the side line for the hind leg, or by
fixing up one fore leg when the other is to be
operated on. There is, however, nothing like
the break or trevis, where more than a slight
extent of surface is to be lined. The firing-
iron should have a smooth edge, about the
thickness of a worn shilling; and it should be
heated to the point when it shows a dull red
in the dark. When the disease for which the
irons are used is slight, the skin should not
be penetrated; but in bad cases, where the
mischief is great, and particularly when it is
wanted to have a good permanent bandage,
the cauterization must be deeper; but this
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 283
requires some practical knowledge to decide.
The hair of the part should be cut very closely
with the Scissors, or shaved; then, having
secured the leg, the iron is to be steadily but
rapidly passed in parallel lines over the skin,
making just the proper pressure which is re-
quired to burn to the requisite depth. A light
brown mark should be left, which shows that
the proper effect has been produced; and the
color should be uniform, unless it is desired
to penetrate deeper at certain parts, which is
sometimes practiced with advantage. The lines
are sometimes made in a slanting direction
round the leg, and at others straight up and
down; but it is useless to describe the details
of this operation, which can only be learned
by whatching its performance by another hand.
Badly done, firing is always an eyesore; but
when the lines are evenly drawn, and they
have healed without any sloughs, caused by
irregular or excessive pressure, they show that
a master-hand has been at work, and that the
poor beast has been treated scientifically. In
very severe diseases, a blister is sometimes
applied over the part, immediately after the
firing; but this can seldom be required, and
as it aggravates the pain tenfold, it should be
avoided, if possible. On the following day, a
little neat's foot oil should be gently rubbed,
or brushed with a feather over the leg; and
this should be repeated daily, until the swell-
ing which comes on has nearly subsided. Less
than three months’ rest should never be al-
lowed for the operation to have its full effect,
as, if the horse is put to work before that time
has elapsed, the disease will almost certainly
return. Indeed, it is far better to allow double
this time, especially if the horse is wanted for
fast work.
Setons and Rowels.
Setons are pieces of tape or lamp cotton,
passed through and beneath the skin, leaving
the two ends hanging out, either tied together
or with a knot upon each. The latter is the
Safer plan, as the loop is always liable to be
caught on a hook or other projecting bodies.
The needle with which the passage is effected
has a spear point, slightly turned up, and an
eye at the other end, through which the tape
\
or cotton is threaded. The ordinary one is
about nine or ten inches long, and by its
means a tape or piece of lamp cotton, Smeared
with blister cerate, may be passed through a
long track of the cellular membrane, by pinch-
ing up the skin into a fold, and piercing this
close to the body with the needle, which is
then to be carried straight through. On draw-
ing the tape out of the eye, it must be tied in
a large knot at each end, which will prevent its
slipping out. In three or four days, a profuse
discharge will come on, and it must be kept
up, if necessary, by repeated applications of
blister cerate, or digestive ointment, as may
be necessary. The ends should be sponged
occasionally, to remove the accumulated matter.
A smaller curved needle, about five or six
inches long. is used for introducing a Seton into
the frog, or beneath the eye. For the former
operation, a twitch is first applied, and the foot
is then buckled up to the arm. The needle then,
armed with the tape, greased with blister cerate,
and a little oil to lubricate the surface, is thrust
in at the heel and out at the cleft of the frog,
taking care not to go deep enough to wound
the tendon as it passes over the navicular bone.
The needle is then forcibly drawn through, and
the tape knotted, as already described. The
openings must be kept clean by Sponging daily;
and in three or four weeks the tape will have
nearly worked its Way Out, when it may be
withdrawn.
Rowels are now seldom employed, being very
unmanageable plans for causing counter-irrita-
tion. An incision about an inch long, is made
in the skin, selecting a part where it is loosely
attached, and into this a blunt instrument,
called a “cornet,” is pushed, and worked about
in all directions, until the skin is separated
from the Subjacent parts for a circle with a
diameter of from two to three inches. Into
this a piece of thick leather of that diameter,
with a hole in the middle, is inserted, previ-
ously having Smeared it with blister cerate; and
the part is then left to nature. In a few days
a discharge of matter comes on, which must
be washed off occasionally; and in the course
time, the leather, if allowed, would find its way
out by ulceration. Before, however, this takes
place, it is generally removed.
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMA'ſ A (YN .
Bites and Stings of Insects.
Horses are liable to be stung by hornets,
Wasps and bees. If there are only one or two
stings made, no interference is necessary, but
Sometimes a larger number of poisonous punc-
tures have been effected, and then the best
treatment is the application of spirits of turpen-
tine and laudanum in equal proportions.
The bites of the gadfly are so troublesome
in their effects that it is sometimes desirable
to prevent them if possible. This is effected
by making a strong infusion of the green bark
of the elder, washing the flanks, etc., with it
before going out.
Swelled Legs.
The skin of the legs and the cellular mem-
brane beneath it are liable to two kinds of
swelling, one of which is of an inflammatory
character, while the other is solely due to a
deposit of serum (Oºdema), owing to the non-
performance of their office by the kidneys.
Both kinds are much more frequent in the
hind legs than the fore, but especially the
former.
Inflammatory swelled leg, sometimes called
weed, is generally accompanied by a certain
amount of feverishness, and comes on Sud-
denly, almost always showing itself on the
inside of the hind leg, which is hot and ex-
tremely tender. It is not a very common dis-
ease, and merely requires the ordinary low
treatment, by purging physic, and, if neces-
sary, bleeding. Should it continue for more
than two or three days after these are tried,
an ounce of nitre may be given every night in
a bran mash.
Ordinary swelling of the legs, or Oedema,
bccurs in every degree, from a slight “filling,”
to which many horses are always Subject,
whether they work or stand in the stable, to
an enlargement extending up to the stifles and
elbows, sometimes rendering the legs almost
as round and as hard as mill-posts. When
horses are first brought in from grass their
legs almost always fill more or less, and until
they are regularly seasoned to their work there
is seldom that clean condition of the suspen-
sory ligaments and back Sinews Which one
likes to see even before the daily exercise is
given. The Oedema appears to depend partly
upon a deficient action of the kidneys, but
chiefly on the vessels of the legs not acting
Sufficiently without constant walking exercise,
Such as is natural to the horse when at lib-
erty, and which he takes at grass. Half an
hour's walking will generally produce absorp-
tion completely, so that a daily remedy is
forthcoming; but as a rule, whenever there is
this tendency to “filling” of the legs, the cellu-
lar membrane is not the only tissue at fault,
but the tendons and joints are also liable to
inflammation. The treatment will greatly de-
pend upon the exact cause. If the swelling
is only due to the change from grass to the
confinement of a warm stable, time alone is
wanted, taking care not to over-work the horse
in the meantime. Bandages will always assist
in keeping down the swelling, but they should
not be used without necessity, as when once
the horse becomes accustomed to them his
legs can hardly be kept fine without their aid.
If weakness is the cause, a drachm of Sulphate
of iron, given in the corn twice a day, will
often strengthen the system, and with it the
legs. Diuretics may be adopted as an occa-
sional aid to the kidneys, but they should be
of the mildest kind, such as nitre, or they
will do more harm, by weakening the body
generally, than good by their stimulus to the
kidneys. Indeed, they are often the sole cause
of the legs filling, for Some grooms use them
so continually, whether they are wanted or
not, that the kidneys become diseased and
refuse to act, which is a sure forerunner of
Cedema. Where swelling of the legs is con-
firmed, bandages must be regularly applied as
recommended in article HoRSE, BANDAGES, USE
AND APLICATION OF, which see.
To Ascertain a Horse’s Age.
Every horse has six teeth above and below;
before three years old he sheds his middle
teeth; at three he sheds one more on each side
of the central teeth; at four he sheds the two
corner and last of the fore-teeth. Between four
and five the horse cuts the under tusks; at five
will cut his upper tusks, at which time his
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
285
mouth will be complete. At six years the
grooves and hollows begin to fill up a little; at
seven the grooves will be well nigh filled up,
except the corner teeth, leaving little brown
spots where the dark brown hollows formerly
were. At eight, the whole of the hollows and
grooves are filled up. At nine there is often
Seen a small bill to the outside corner teeth;
the point of the tusk is worn off, and the part
that was concave begins to fill up and become
rounding; the squares of the central teeth begin
to disappear, and the gums leave them Small
and narrow at the top.
The Number of Bones Composing the Skeleton.
The skeleton is composed of 247 separate
bones, which are united by joints to form the
spine, thorax, pelvis, tail, and fore and hind
extremities. The spine is finished anteriorly by
the head, which is divided into the cranium
and face, and contains the teeth. Suspended
from the head is the os hyoides, which com-
pletes the number of bones. Thus:
The spine consists of 7 cervical, 18 dorsal,
and 6 lumbar vertebrae—Total tº- - 31
The thorax is made up of the dorsal verte-
brae, with 18 ribs on each side, and the
sternum in the middle—Total sº- - 37
The pelvis comprises 2 Ossa innominata (or
ilium, ischium, and pubes), and 1 sacrum
—Total º tº - - º º 8
"ke tail contains on the average 17 bones. 17
The fore extremity is made up on each side
of the Scapula, humerus, OS brachii, and
8 carpal bones, 3 metacarpal, os suffra-
ginis, OS corononae, os pedis, os navicu-
lare, 2 Ossa Sesamoidea—Total on both
sides, - - - - - - - - - - - 40
The hind extremity has the femur, patella,
tibia, fibula, 6 tarsal bones, 3 metatarsals,
os suffraginis, os coronae, os pedis, os navi-
culare, 2 Ossa Sesamoidea—Total - - 38
Bones of the cranium, º * * * 10
Bones of the face and lower jaw, - - - 18
Teeth, - - tº- - - s tº 40
Bones in the intermal ear, 4 in each organ, 8
Os hyoides, or bone of the tongue, made up
of five sections, tº- * * - - 5
Grand total, gº º - --- -> 247
Wounds of Joints.
The knee is the joint most frequently suffer-
ing from wound, being liable to be cut by a
fall upon it, if the ground is rough ; and if the
accident takes place when the horse is going
at a rapid pace, the skin, ligaments and ten-
dons may be worn through by friction against
the plain surface of a Smooth turnpike road.
Whether the joint itself is injured, or only the
skin, the accident is called a “broken knee,”
and for convenience sake it will be well to
consider both under the present head.
When a broken knee consists merely in an
abrasion of the skin, the attention of the
groom is solely directed to the restoration of
the hair, which will grow again as well as
ever, if the bulbs or roots are not injured.
These are situated in the internal layer of the
true skin, and therefore, when there is a
Smooth red surface displayed, without any dif-
ference in the texture of its parts, confident
hope may be expressed that there will be no
blemish. If the skin is penetrated, either the
glistening surface of the tendons or ligaments
is apparent, or there is a soft layer of cellular
membrane, generally containing a fatty cell or
two in the middle of the wound of the skin.
Even here, by proper treatment, the injury
may be repaired so fully that the space uncov-
ered by hair cannot be recognized by the ordi-
nary observer, and not by any one without
bending the knee and looking very carefully at
it. The best treatment is to foment the knee
well with warm water, so as to remove every
particle of grit or dirt; go on with this every
hour during the first day, and at night apply
a bran poultice to the knee, which should be
left on till the next morning. Then cleanse
the Wound, and apply a little spermaceti oint-
ment, or lard without salt, and with this keep
the Wound pliant until it heals, which, if slight,
it will in a few days. If the skin is pierced
there will generally be a growth above it of
red, flabby granulations, which should be care-
fully kept down to its own level (not beneath
it,) by the daily use of blue stone, or if neces-
Sary, of nitrate of silver. As soon as the
Wound is perfectly healed, if the horse can be
spared, the whole front of the knee and skin
should be dressed with James' blister, which
286
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
will bring off the hair of the adjacent parts,
and also encourage the growth of that injured
by the fall. In about three weeks or a month
from its application, the leg will pass muster,
for there will be no difference in the color of
the old and new hair, as there would have
been without the blister, and the new will also
have come on more quickly and perfectly than
it otherwise would.
When the joint itself is opened the case is
much more serious, and there is a risk not
only of a serious blemish, which can seldom
be avoided, but of a permanent stiffness of the
leg, the mischief sometimes being sufficient to
lead to constitutional fever, and the local in-
flammation going on to the destruction of the
joint by anchylosis. The treatment should be
directed to cleanse and then close the joint,
the former object being carried out by a care-
ful ablution with warm water, continued until
there is no doubt of all the dirt and grit hav-
ing been removed. Then, if there is only a
very small opening in the capsular ligament,
it may be closed by a careful and light touch
of a pointed iron heated to a red heat. Gen-
erally, however, it is better to apply some dry
carded cotton to the wound, and a bandage
over this, leaving all on for four or five days,
when it may be removed and reapplied. The
horse should be bled largely and given a physic,
taking care to prevent all chance of his lying
down by racking him up. He will seldom
attempt to do this, on account of the pain
occasioned in bending the knee, but Some ani-
mals will disregard this when tired, and will
go down somehow. When the cotton is reap-
plied, if there are granulations above the level
of the skin, they must be kept down as recom-
mended in the last paragraph, and the subse-
quent treatment by blister may be exactly the
same. By these means a very extensive Wound
of the knee may be often speedily cured, and
the blemish will be comparatively trifling.
The knee is sometimes punctured by a thorn
in hunting, causing great pain and lameness.
If it can be felt externally, it is well to cut
down upon it and remove it ; but groping in
the dark with the knife among important ten-
dons in front of the knee is not on any account
to be attempted. The knee should be well
formented, five or six times a day, until the
SWelling, if there is any, subsides.
Gastritis.
Gastritis (acute inflamation of the stomach)
is extremely rare in the horse as an idiopathic
disease; but it sometimes occurs from eating
vegetable poisons as food, or from the willful
introduction of arsenic into this organ, or,
lastly, from licking off corrosive external appli-
cations, which have been used for mange.
The symptoms from poisoning will a good deal
depend upon the article which has been taken,
but in almost all cases in which vegetable
poisons have been swallowed there is a strange
sort of drowsiness, so that the horse does not
lie down and go to sleep, but props himself
against a wall or tree with his head hanging
almost to the ground. As the drowsiness in-
creases he often falls down in his attempt to
rest himself completely, and when on the ground
his breathing is loud and hard, and his sleep is
so unnaturally sound that he can scarcely be
roused from it. At length convulsions occur
and death soon takes place. This is the ordi-
nary course of poisoning with yew, which is
sometimes picked up with the grass after the
clippings have dried, for in its fresh state the
taste is too bitter for the palate, and the horse
rejects the mouthful of grass in which it is in-
volved. May-weed and water parsley will also
produce nearly similar symptoms. The treat-
ment in each case should be by rousing the
horse mechanically, and at the same time
giving him six or eight drachms of aromatic
spirit of ammonia, in a pint or two of good
ale, with a little ginger it. This may be re-
peated every two hours, and the horse should
be perpetually walked about until the narcotic
symptoms are completely gone off, when a
sound sleep will restore him to his natural
state.
Arsenic, when given in large doses, with an
intention to destroy life, produces intense pain
and thirst —the former, evidenced by an eager
gaze at the flanks, pawing of the ground, or
rolling; and sometimes by each of these in suc-
cession. The saliva is secreted in increased
quantities, and flows from the mouth, as the
AN ENCYCLOPAELLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
287
throat is generally too sore to allow of its being
swallowed. The breath soon becomes hot and
fetid, and purging then comes on of a bloody
mucous, which soon carries off the patient by
exhaustion, if death does not take place from
the immediate effect of the poison on the
stomach and brain. Treatment is seldom of
any avail, the most likely remedies being large
bleedings, blisters to the sides of the chest, and
plenty of thin gruel to sheathe the inflamed
surface of the mucous membrane, which is de-
prived of its epithelial scales.
Corrosive sublimate is sometimes employed
as a wash in mange, or to destroy lice, when
it may be licked off, and will occasion nearly
the same symptoms as arsenic. The treatment
consists in a similar use of thin starch or gruel;
or, if the poison has recently been given wil-
fully, of large quantities of white of egg.
Staggers-Stomach.
The exact nature of this disease has never
been clearly made out, and it is now so rare
that there is little chance of its being satis-
factorily explained. The symptoms would chiefly
lead one to suppose the brain to be implicated;
but there is so close a sympathy between that
organ and the stomach, that we can easily
account in that way for the cerebral manifes-
tations. A theory has been propounded, that
it is seated in the par vagum, or pneumogastric
nerve; and as all the parts with which that nerve
is connected are affected, there is some ground
for the hypothesis; but it is not supported by
the demonstration of anatomy, simply, perhaps,
because of the difficulty in the Way of prose-
cuting the pathology of the nerves. The first
onset of the disease is marked by great heavi-
ness of the eyes, Soon going on to drowsiness;
the head dropping into the manger, even while
feeding is in progress. It generally makes its
appearance after a long fast ; and it is sup-
posed by Some Writers to be owing to the de-
mands made by the stomach on the brain
when in an exhausted condition for want of
its usual supplies. This theory is supported
by the fact that, in the present day, when
every horsemaster knows the danger of work-
ing his horses without feeding them at inter-
vals of five, or at most six hours, the stomach
staggers are almost unknown. Even when the
disease shows itself at grass it is almost always
manifested directly after the horse is first
turned out, when he gorges himself with much
coveted food, which has long been withheld,
and his brain is affected in a manner similar
to that which follows a long fast from every
kind of food. In a short time, if the affection
of the brain is not relieved, that organ be-
comes still more severely implicated, and con-
vulsions or paralysis put an end to the attack.
During the course of the disease the breathing
is affected, and there is generally an almost
total cessation of the Secretions of bile and
urine, which may either be the cause or the
effect of the condition of the brain. With this
state of uncertainty as to the essence of the
disease, it is somewhat empirical to lay down
any rules for its treatment; and, as we before re-
marked, it is now so rare that they are scarcely
necessary. If care be taken to feed the horse
properly, he will never suffer from stomach
staggers in the stable; and at grass, the attack
is seldom observed until he is beyond the reach
of any remedies. Still, it may be as well to
observe, that the usual plan of proceeding has
been to take away blood, so as to relieve the
brain, and to stimulate the stomach to get rid
of its load, by the use of warm aperients, such
as the following:
Take of Barbadoes Aloes 4 to 6 drachms.
Tincture of Ginger 3 drachms.
Dissolve the aloes in a pint of hot water,
then add the tincture, and when nearly cool
give as a drench.
Sore Throat.
When the throat inflames, as is evidenced by
fullness and hardness of this part, and there
is difficulty of Swallowing, the skin covering it
should immediately be severely sweated, or the
larynx will be involved and irreparable injury
done. The tincture of cantharides diluted with
an equal part of the spirit of turpentine and a
little oil, may be rubbed in with a piece of
Sponge, until it produces irritation of the skin,
which in a few hours will be followed by a
discharge from the part. Six or eight drachms
of nitre may also be dissolved in the water
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
288
which the horse drinks, with some difficulty, but
still as he is thirsty he will take it. Sometimes
eating gives less pain than drinking, and then
the nitre may be given with a bran mash in-
stead of the water.
Strangles.
Between the third and fifth year of the colt's
life he is generally seized with an acute swell-
ing of the soft parts between the branches of
the lower jaw, accompanied by more or less
Sore throat, cough and feverishness. These go
on increasing for some days, and soon an ab-
Scess shows itself, and finally bursts. The
Salivary glands are often involved, but the
matter forms in the cellular membrane exter-
nal to them. The treatment should be
addressed to the control of constitutional
Symptoms by the mildest measures, such as
bran mashes with mitre in them, abstraction
of corn, hay, tea, etc. At the same time the
swelling should be poulticed for one night, or
thoroughly fomented two or three times, and
then blistered with the tincture of cantharides.
As soon as the matter can plainly be felt, it
may be let out with the lancet; but is very
doubtful whether it is not the best plan to per-
met the abscess to break. The bowels should
be gently moved by giving a pint, or somewhat
less, according to age, of castor oil, and after-
wards two or three drachms of nitre, with half
a drachm of tartar emetic, may be mixed with
the mash twice a day, on which food alone the
colt should be fed, in addition to gruel, and a
little grass or clover if these are to be had, or if
not, a few steamed carrots. The disease has a
tendency to get well naturally, but if it is not
kept within moderate bounds it is very
apt to lay the foundation of roaring or whist-
ling. Any chronic swelling which is left behind
may be removed by rubbing in a weak oint-
ment of biniodide of mercury (half drachm to
the ounce.)
Lampas.
Lampas is an active inflammation of the
ridges, or “bars,” in the roof of the mouth,
generally occurring in the young horse while he
is shedding his teeth, or putting up the tushes.
Sometimes, however, it comes on independently
of this cause, from over-feeding with corn after
a run at grass. The mucous membrane of the
roof of the mouth swells so much that it pro-
jects below the level of the nippers, and is so
tender that all hard and dry food is refused.
The treatment is extremely simple, consisting
in the scarification of the part with a sharp
knife or lancet, after which the swelling gener-
ally subsides, and is gone in a day or two;
but should it obstimately continue, as will some-
times happen, a stick of lunar caustic must be
gently rubbed over the part every day until a
cure is completed. This is far better than the
red hot iron, which was formerly so constantly
used, with good effect, it is true, and not accom-
panied by any cruelty, as the mucous mem-
brane is nearly insensible, but the caustic is
more rapid and effectual in stimulating the
vessels to a healthy action, and on that score
should be preferred. If the lampas is owing to
the cutting of a grinder, relief will be afforded
by a crucial incision across the protruding gum.
Barbs, Paps, Etc.
The swelling at the mouth of the ducts may
generally be relieved by a dose of physic and
green food, but should it continue, a piece of
lunar caustic may be held for a moment against
the opening of the duct every Second day, and
after two or three applications the thickening
will certainly disappear.
Diarrhoea, and Dysentery.
A distinction is attempted to be made be-
tween these two diseases, the former name
being confined to an inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the Small intestines,
while the latter is said to reside in the large.
It is very difficult, however, if not impossible,
to distinguish the one from the other by the
symptoms during life, and in ordinary practice
they may be considered as one disease, the
treatment depending in great measure on the
exciting cause. This in most cases is to be
found in the use of too violent “physic,” or in
not resting the horse after it has begun to act
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
289
until some hours after it has completely “set.”
Sometimes it depends upon the cells of the
colon having long been loaded with faeces,
which causes, at length, their mucous lining
to inflame, the consequent Secretion having a
tendency to loosen them and procure their dis-
missal, either by solution or by the forcible
contraction of the muscular coat. This last
disease is known by the name of “molten
grease” to old-fashioned farriers, the clear
mucous which envelopes the lumps of faces
being supposed to be derived from the internal
fat that is generally plentifully developed in
the highly fed horses that are especially sub-
ject to the attack. For practical purposes,
therefore, we may consider the different forms
under the head of superpurgation, diarrhoea,
and dysentery, meaning by the last name that
condition which is brought about by and
attended with a discharge of lumps of hard
facal matter enveloped in mucous.
Superpurgation is sometimes so severe as to
place a delicate horse in great danger. When
the action of the bowels has gone on for three
or four days consecutively, and there is no
disposition to “set,” the eyes become staring
and glassy, the pulse is feeble, and the heart
flutters in the most distressing manner, the
mouth has a peculiarly offensive smell, the
tongue being pale and covered with a white
fur having a brown center. The abdomen is
generally tucked tightly up, but in the later
stages large volumes of gas are evolved, and it
becomes tumid.
The treatment should exist in the exhibition
of rice, boiled till quite soft, and if not taken
voluntarily, it should be given as a drench,
mixed into a thin liquid form with warm water.
If the case is severe, one or two ounces of
laudanum may be added to a quart of rice
milk, and given every time the bowels act with
violence. Or a thin gruel may be made with
wheat meal, and the laudanum be mixed with
that instead of the rice. A perseverance in
these remedies will most invariably produce the
desired effect if they have not been deferred
until the horse is very much exhausted, when
a pint of port wine may be substituted for the
laudanum with advantage.
In diarrhoea resulting from cold or over-ex-
ertion, ſhe treatment should be exactly like
that prescribed for superpurgation, but it will
sometimes be necessary to give chalk in addi-
tion to the remedies there alluded to. The
rice or flour-milk may be administered as food,
and the following drench given by itself every
time there is a discharge of liquid faces:
Powdered Opium 1 drachm.
Tinct. of Catechu 4 ounce.
Chalk Mixture 1 pint.
Mix and give as a drench.
During the action of these remedies the body
must be kept warm by proper clothing, and
the legs should be encased in flannel bandages,
previously made hot at the fire, and renewed
as they become cold.
In dysentery (or molten grease) it is often
necessary to take a little blood away, if there
is evidence of great inflammation in the amount
of mucous surrounding the faces, and when
aperient medicine does not at once put a stop
to the cause of irritation by bringing the lumps
away from the cells of the colon. Back-rak-
ing, and injection of two ounces of laudanum
and a pint of castor oil with gruel, should be
adopted in the first instance, but they will
seldom be fully efficient without the aid of lin-
seed oil given by the mouth. A pint of this,
with half a pint of good castor oil, will gener-
ally produce a copious discharge of lumps, and
then the irritation ceases without requiring any
further interference.
Whenever there is diarrhoea or dysentery
present to any extent, rice-water should be the
sole drink.
Strangulation and Rupture.
Mechanical violence is done to the stomach
and bowels in various ways, but in every case
the symptoms will be those of severe inflam-
mation of the serous coat, speedily followed by
death, if not relieved when relief is possible.
Sometimes the stomach is ruptured from over-
distension,-at others the small intestines have
been known to share the same fate, but the
majority of cases are due to strangulation of a
particular portion of the bowels, by being tied
or pressed upon by some surrounding band.
This may happen either from a loop of bowel
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
being forced through an opening in the mesen-
tery or meso-colon, or from a band of organ-
ized lymph, the result of previous inflamma-
tion, or from one portion of the bowels forcing
itself into another, like the inverted finger of
a glove, and the included portion being firmly
contracted upon by the exterior bowel, so as
to produce dangerous pressure (intussusception),
or, lastly, from a portion or knuckle of intes-
time forcing its way through an opening in the
walls of the abdomen, and then called hernia
or rupture, which, being pressed upon by the
edges of the opening, becomes strangulated, and
if not relieved inflames, and then mortifies.
None of these cases are amenable to treatment
(and indeed they can not often be discovered with
certainty during life, the symptoms resembling
those of enteritis), except strangulated hernia,
which should be reduced either by the pressure
of the hands or by the aid of an operation
with the knife, which will be described under
the chapter which treats of the several opera-
tions. Whenever inflammation of the bowels
is attended with obstinate constipation, the
walls of the abdomen should be carefully ex-
amined, and especially the inguinal canal,
scrotum, and navel, at which points in most
cases the hernia makes its appearance. A
swelling at any other part may, however, con-
tain a knuckle of intestine, which has found
its way through the abdominal parietes in con-
sequence of a natural opening existing there,
or of one having been made by Some acci-
dental puncture with a spike of wood or iron.
The swelling is generally round, or nearly so,
and gives a drum-like Sound on being tapped
with the fingers. It feels hard to the touch in
consequence of the contents being constricted,
but it gives no sensation of Solidity, and may
be generally detected by these signs. None
but an educated hand can, however, be relied
on to distinguish a ventral hernia from any
other tumor. When it occurs at the Scrotum
or navel the case is clear enough.
Diabetes.
Diabetes of late years has been much more
frequent than was formerly the case, and
especially among race horses and hunters,
probably owing to the enormous quantities of
corn which they are allowed in the present
day. But whatever may be the cause, the
Symptoms are clear enough, the horse con-
stantly staling and passing large quantities of
urine each time. The treatment should be
conducted on the principle that the cause
should, if possible, be ascertained and removed.
Mowburnt hay will often bring on diabetes,
and new oats have a similar tendency in deli-
cate horses. In any case it is wise to make a
total change in the food as far as it can pos-
sibly be done. Green meat will often check it
at once, and a bran mash containing a few
carrots have a similar chance of doing good.
With these alterations in the quality of the
food, attention should also be paid to the
quantity of the corn, which should be reduced
if more than a peck a day has been given,
and beans should be substituted for a part of
the oats. Half a drachm of the sulphate of
iron (powdered) should be mixed with each
feed (that is, three times a day), and the horse
should be well clothed and his legs warmly
bandaged in a cool and airy (but not cold and
draughty) loose box. By attention to these
directions the attack may generally be subdued
in a few days, but there is always a great
tendency to its return. Should it persist in
spite of the adoption of the measures already
recommended, the following ball may be tried:
Gallic Acid, # drachm.
Opium, 1 drachm.
Treacle and Linseed Meal enough to make a
ball, which should be given twice a day.
Haematuriae
Haematuria, like diabetes, is easily recognized
by the presence of blood in greater or less
quantities passed with the urine. It is not,
however, of the bright red color natural to
pure blood, but it is more or less dingy, and
sometimes of a Smoky brown color, as occurs
in inflammation. Bloody urine, however, may
often be passed without any sign of that con-
dition, and therefore unaccompanied by pain,
or any other urgent symptom. The causes are
exceedingly various.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
291
Diseases of the Generative Organs.
Balanitis, or inflammation of the glands penis,
is very common in the horse, being brought
on by the decomposition of the natural Secre-
tions, when they have been allowed to collect
for any length of time. At first there is merely
a slight discharge of pus, but in process of
time foul sores break out, and very often
fungus growths spring from them, which block
up the passage through the opening of the
sheath, and cause considerable Swelling and
inconvenience. These are quite distinct from
warts, which occur in this part just as they
do in other situations. The treatment requires
some skill and experience, because mild reme-
dies are of no use, and severe ones are not
unattended with danger. The parts must first
of all be well cleansed by syringing, or if the
end of the penis can be laid hold of, by wash-
ing with a sponge. The following wash may
then be applied, and it should be repeated
every day:
Solution of Chloride of Zinc, 2 drachms,
Water, 1 pint.
Mix.
If the morbid growths are very extensive,
nothing but amputation of the penis or the use
of corrosive sublimate will remove them. Se-
were hemorrhage sometimes follows both of
these measures, but it seldom goes on to a
dangerous extent. Still it is scarcely advisable
for any one but a professional man to under-
take the operation.
In the mare the vagina is sometimes in-
flamed, attended with a copious yellow dis-
charge. An injection of the wash mentioned
in the last paragragh will generally soon set
the matter right. At first it should be used
only of half the strength, gradually increasing
it, until the full quantity of chloride of zinc is
employed.
Inversion of the uterus sometimes follows
parturition, but it is very rare in the mare.
The uterus should be at once replaced, using
as little force as possible, and taking care be-
fore the hand is withdrawn that it really is
turned back again from its inverted position.
Nymphomania occurs sometimes in mares at
the time of being “in use,” and goes on to
such an extent as to render them absolutely
regardless of pain, for the time being, though
not to make them lose their consciousness.
They will kick and squeal till they become
white with sweat, and no restraint will prevent
them from trying to continue their violent at-
tempts to destroy everything behind them.
These symptoms are especially developed in
presence of other animals of the same species,
whether mares or geldings; but the near prox-
imity of an entire horse will be still worse.
If placed in a loose box, without any restraint
whatever, they generally become more calm,
and when the state is developed, such a plan
should always be adopted. It is chiefly among
highly-fed and lightly-worked mares that the
disease is manifested; and a dose of physic,
with starvation in a loose box, away from any
other horse, will very soon put an end to it in
almost every instance.
Use and Application of Bandages.
Bandages are applied to the legs of the
horse for three different purposes. First, to
give support to the blood-vessels and synovial
capsules; secondly, as a vehicle for applying
cold lotions; and thirdly, for drying and warm-
ing them.
For the mere purpose of support either linen
or flannel bandages may be put on, according
to the weather, and the tendency to inflamma-
tion. The legs of seasoned old horses are
Seldom so prone to become hot as those of
young ones, and excepting in very warm weather
flannel bandages seem to suit them better than
linen. On the contrary, if flannel is applied
to the legs of a colt, even if they are not
inclined to inflame, they will become hot and
uncomfortable, and he will learn to tear them
off, in which some horses become perfect adepts.
Whichever kind of bandage is put on, it should
be previously tightly rolled with the strings
inwards, then taking it in the right hand, and
unwrapping about six inches, they are laid
against the canna bone on the side nearest to
the groom, so that the folds shall have a ten-
dency to unroll from him and not to him.
While the left hand keeps the end from slip-
ping, the right passes the roll of bandage closely
round the leg till it meets the left, when the
292
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
latter, still pressing the end against the leg,
lays hold of the roll, and allows the right to
be brought back to meet it on the other side,
after which the coils are repeated till the
Whole bandage is run out and the leg encased,
One row being slightly above or below the level
of the next, as may be required. The great
art consists in avoiding unequal pressure, and
yet giving sufficient to accomplish the purpose
for which bandaging is designed. From the
projection backwards of the pastern-joints, it
is impossible to make the folds lie perfectly
Smooth, and there must be loose parts, which,
however, are covered over by the next turn.
No written description, however, will suffice to
teach this little operation, and the young groom
should watch a good bandager, and imitate him
as exactly as he can. The strings at the end
serve to tie the bandage on, and these also
must neither be so tight as to cut the leg, nor
So loose as to allow the bandage to fall down.
When cold lotions are to be applied by means
of bandages, linen is the proper material, as
flannel is too bad a conductor of heat, by
evaporation, for the purpose. The whole band-
age, after being rolled up moderately tight,
should be dipped in cold water, or in the lotion
which may be recommended, and then while
quite wet, it is to be applied in the way which
we have just described. The following lotion
is useful for the purpose:
Take of Tincture of Arnica a wine-glassful;
Nitre, one-half ounce ; Sal Ammoniac, one
ounce; Water, half a bucketful. Mix and use
by dipping the bandages in before applying
them, and wetting them with the Solution
afterwards by means of a Sponge.
If the groom is careful, he may remove
inflammations of the leg better by means of
dipping them in cold water, or the above lotion
may be applied with a Sponge every half-hour,
holding each leg over the bucket, than with
the aid of bandages. A cold douche is good.
COLTS.
Care and Management.
Much harm arises from improper weaning.
A good method is, when the colt is four or
five months old, to put a strong halter upon
him, place him in a stall, and put his mother
in an adjoining stall, with a partition between,
So arranged that they can see each other, and,
if possible, get their heads together. The first
day let the colt nurse twice—the next day
once. Feed the mare upon dry hay and dry
feed, and about half milk her two or three
times a day until dry. Feed the colt upon
new mown grass or fine clover hay, and give
him a pint of oats twice a day, and in about
two weeks you will have your colt weaned and
your mare dry, and your colt looking as well
as ever. When he is one year old he has as
much growth and development of muscle as
one two years old weaned in the usual manner.
When the mare becomes dry, colt and mare
may be again turned in pasture. An opinion
generally prevails among farmers that from the
time the foal is taken from its dam up to
coming maturity, it should not be “pushed,” as
the saying is, nor fed on grain, for fear it would
injure one so young and tender. This accounts
for the great number of moping or spiritless
and unthrifty colts, that are scarcely able to
drag one leg after another. Their very appear-
ance, cadaverous and pitiful looks, seem to con-
vey to the mind of every sensible man that
they are victims of a wretched system of star-
vation, which enervates the digestive organs,
impairs the Secretions and impoverishes the
blood. Hence the deficiency in the develop-
ment of bone and muscle.
The muscles and tendons, being so illy sup-
plied with material for growth and development,
become very weak and afford but little support
to the bones and joints, so that the former
become crooked and the latter weak—defects
which no after feeding, no skill in training can
counteract. It must be known to breeders that
from the time of birth up to maturity, colts
require food abounding in flesh-making princi-
ple, nitrogenous compounds—oats, corn, etc.;
otherwise they must maturally be deficient in
size, symetry and powers of endurance. There-
fore they should be regularly fed and watered,
and their food should consist of ground oats,
wheat, bran, and Sweet hay, in quantities suffi-
cient to promote their growth. Finally, proper
shelter should always be provided for them.
They should not be exposed, as they often are,
to the vicissitudes of the weather, under the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
293
false notion of making them tough and hardy.
Equally unwise is it to confine colts to close,
unventilated and filthy stables, deprived of
light, exercise and pure air. They should be
groomed every day; a clean skin favors the
vitalization of the blood. They should be per-
mitted to gambol about as much as they
choose. Exercise develops muscle, makes an
animal active and spirited, and increases the
capacity of the lungs and chest. By the above
means, and proper attention to the principles
of breeding, the business of raising colts may
become both creditable and profitable.
To Prevent from Jumping.
Pass a good stout surcingle around his body;
put on his halter, and have the halter strap
long enough to go from his head between his
fore legs, then through the surcingle and back
to one of his hind legs. Procure a thill strap
and buckle around the leg between the foot
and joint; fasten the halter strap in this—
shorter or longer, as the obstinacy of the case
may require. It is also useful to keep colts
from running where there is likely to be dan-
ger from the result. If the thill strap should
cause any Soreness on the leg, it may be
wound with a woolen cloth, and it would be
well to change from one leg to the other occa-
sionally.
Callus in Colt.
This is considered a sure remedy:
Bitter Sweet, 1 ounce.
Skunk Cabbage, 1 “
Blood Root, 1 “
Steep and mix with lard; make an ointment
and apply once or twice a day.
How to Fatten Horses.
Many good horses devour large quantities of
hay and grain, and yet continue poor, and the
more they eat the poorer they appear to grow.
The fault is, that the food is not properly
assimilated. If the usual feed has been un-
ground grain and hay, nothing but a change
will make any desirable change in the appear-
ance of the animal. In case oil meal cannot
be obtained readily, mingle a bushel of flaxseed
with a bushel of barley, one of oats, and another
bushel of Indian corn, and let it be ground into
fine meal. This will be a fair proportion for all
his feed. Or the meal or barley, oats and corn, in
equal quantities, may at first be procured and
# of all cake mingled with it when the meal
is sprinkled on cut feed. Feed 2 or 3 quarts
of the mixture 3 times daily with a peck of
cut hay and straw. If the horse will eat that
amount greedily, let the quantity be gradually
increased, until he will eat 4, 5 or 6 quarts at
every feeding 3 times a day. So long as the
animal will eat this allowance the quantity
may be increased a little every day. But
always avoid the practice of allowing the horse
to stand at a rack well filled with hay. In
order to fatten a horse that has run down in
flesh, the groom should be very particular to
feed the animal no more than he will eat up
clean and lick his manger for more. Follow
the above suggestions and the result will be
Satisfactory.
To Prevent Interfering in Horses.
There are two ways of striking, one when
the horse strikes the toe of his hind foot on
the heel of his fore foot, and another when he
strikes the side of the near off shoe against
the fetlock joint on the opposite side. Remove
the edge of the crust that strikes the ankle,
and have the shoe set well under the foot.
The opposite shoe should be set lower on the
outside and a little higher on the inside, so
as to turn the ankle somewhat, that the shoe
may clear it in passing. Let the hind calks
point inwards and be rounded off on the out-
side. If all fail, put a leather shield on the
ankle.
FARRIER'S PRESCRIPTIONS.
Fever Ball.
Nitre, 4 drachms.
Camphor, 1} drachms.
Calomel, 20 grains.
Opium, 20 grains.
Mix. Form into a ball with water and lin-
Seed meal.
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ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Disordered Stomach.
Powdered Gentian, # ounce.
Powdered Ginger, 1} drachms.
Carbonate of Soda, 1 drachm.
Molasses to form a ball.
Hide-bound.
To recruit a hide-bound horse, use the fol-
lowing:
Nitrate of Potash, 4 ounces.
Crude Antimony, 1 ounce.
Sulphur, 3 ounces.
Pulverize the Nitrate of Potash and Anti-
mony then add the Sulphur, and mix the
whole well together. Dose. A tablespoonful
in a bran mash daily.
Merchants’ Gargling Oil.
Linseed Oil, 2} gallons.
Spirits Turpentine, 2% gallons.
Western Petroleum, 1 gallon.
Liquor Potass., 8 ounces.
Sap Green, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Arabian Condition Powders.
Ground Ginger, 1 pound.
Sulphuret of Antimony, 1 & 4
Powdered Sulphur, 1. & ©
Saltpetre, 1 66
Mix.
English Stable Liniment.
Oil of Spike, 2 ounces,
Aqua Ammonia, 2 & &
Oil of Turpentine, 2 & 6
Sweet Oil, 1} “
Oil of Amber, 1} “
Oil of Origanum, 1 ounce.
Mix.
Dr. Cole’s King of Oils.
Green Copperas, 1 ounce.
White Vitriol, 2 ounces.
Qommon Salt, 2. “
Linseed Oil, 2. “
Molasses, 8 “
Oil of Vitriol, 1 ounce.
Spirits Turpentine, 4 ounces.
Mix. Boil over a slow fire for fifteen
minutes in a pint of wine; when almost cold
add the oil of vitriol and the turpentine.
Apply to wounds with a feather.
Vermin on Plants and Animals.
Pour a gallon of boiling water on one pound
of tobacco leaves, strain it in twenty minutes.
For vermin on animals or plants, this decoc-
tion is certain death.
Thorley's Condition Food.
Ground Corn, 900 pounds.
Locust Beans (finely ground), 600 “
Best Linseed Cake 300 66
Powdered Tumeric, 40 “
Powdered Sulphur, 40 “
Saltpetre, 20 “
Licorice, 27 66
Ginger, 3 66
Amise Seed, 4 “
Coriander, 10 66
Gentian, 10 66
Cream of Tartar, 2 &&.
Carbonate of Soda, 6 66
Levigated Antimony, 6 46
Common Salt, 80 66
Peruvian Bark, 4 “
Foenugreek, 22 GG
Mix.
Stoppage of Urine in Horses.
Symptoms—Frequent attempts to urinate, look-
ing round at his sides, lying down, rolling and
stretching.
Treatment—Hops,
Oil of Camphor,
Grind and mix.
Make 3 balls and give one every day.
Drench the horse with a mixture composed
of one teaspoonful of Saltpetre and two ounces
of water.
# pound.
3 drachms.
Sloan’s Horse Ointment.
Rosin, 4 ounces.
Beeswax, 4 “
Lard, 8 “
Honey, 2 “
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 295
Mix slowly and gently, bring to a boil; then Alterative Ball.
add less than 1 pint of spirits turpentine; then Black Sulphuret of Antimony, 4 drachms.
remove and stir till cool. Sulphur, 2 & 4
The above is considered an excellent remedy Nitre, 2 “
for cracked hoofs.
Blue Ointment.
Rosin Ointment, 5 ounces.
Verdigris, 3. “
Turpentine, 2 & 4
Mutton Tallow, 2 pounds.
Oil Origanum, # ounce.
Tincture Iodine, # “
The above will be found a valuable remedy
in hoof-evil, cuts and fistula, after the rowels
are taken out.
Physic Ball.
Aloes, # ounce.
Gamboge, 3 drachms.
Oil Juniper, 2 drops.
Make into one pill by aid of molasses.
Nasal Gleet.
Alum, # pound.
Rosin, # { %
Blue Vitriol, 2 ounces.
Grind these together, and mix well with
Ginger, # pound.
Give a tablespoonful every night and morn-
ing. Keep the animal out of the wet, and do
not work him.
White Ointment.
Fresh Butter, 2 pounds.
Tinct. Iodine, 3 ounce.
Oil Origanum, 2 ounces.
Mix.
Apply every night, and rub in well with the
hand.
Useful in swellings.
Disordered State of the Skin.
Tartar Emetic,
2 ounces.
Powdered Ginger, 8 “
Opium, 1. “
Syrup to form, 15 balls.
Give one twice a day.
Linseed meal sufficient to make a ball. This
will be found useful for worn-out horses.
In Bad Appetite.
Calomel, 20 grains.
Aloes, 60 “
Cascarilla bark powered, 60 “
Gentian Root, 60 “
Ginger, 60 “
Castile Soap, 180 “
Make a ball with syrup and give once or
twice a week.
Colic.
Linseed Oil, 1 pint.
Oil Turpentine, 2 ounces.
Laudanum, 2 ounces.
Mix and repeat the dose every hour till
relieved. -
Diarrhoea.
Powdered Chalk, 1 ounce.
& 4 Gum Arabic, 1 { %
Laudanum, 6 drachms.
. Peppermint water, 104 ounces.
Mix and give twice a day.
Worms.
Assafoetida, 2 drachms.
Calomel, 1% & 6
Powdered Savin, 1} & &
Oil of Male Fern, 30 drops.
Mix with sufficient molasses to make a ball.
Give at night, and following by a purge next
morning.
Spasms.
Spirits of Turpentine
Laudanum 1} & &
Barbadoes Aloes l & 6
Powder the Aloes, and dissolve them in warm
34 ounces.
Water.
296
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
An Excellent Blood Purifier.
Powdered Gentian, 2} ounces.
& 6 Sassafras Bark, 2 6 &
6 & Elecampane, 2 ( &
66 Skunk Cabbage, 1 ounce.
66 Cream Tartar, 1 & &
6 & Saltpetre, 1 & 6
66 Ginger, 1 66
66 Sulphur, 1 66
& 6 Digitalis, 1 6 &
66 Blood Root, 1 & 6
6 & Buchu Leaves, 1 & 6
If your horse is in bad health give a table-
spoonful of the above twice a day in bran
mash; or in chronic cough give a tableSpoon-
ful once a day for fifteen days.
Remedy for Balky Horses.
Whirl him rapidly round till he is giddy.
In order to do this take him from the vehicle.
Don't let him step out, hold him to the
smallest possible circle. It will not take more
than a couple of doses to effectually cure him.
Cure for Blind Staggers.
Venice Turpentine, 2 ounces.
Spanish Flies, 2 ounces.
Euphorbium, 1 ounce.
Aqua Ammonia, 1 ounce.
Boiling Sassafras Tea, 1 quart.
Assafoetida, 1} ounces.
Bran, 1 gallon.
Mix. Give this mess twice a week.
To Cure Mange.
Tobacco, 2 ounces.
Water, 1 quart.
Soft Soap, 2 ounces.
Sulphur, 2 ounces.
Boil the tobacco in the water, strain and add
the soft soap and Sulphur.
Liquid Blister for Horses.
º Alcohol, # pint.
Turpentine, # pint.
Aqua Ammonia, 4 ounces.
Oil Origanum, # ounce.
Apply every three hours until it blisters.
l
Condition Drops.
Tinc. Assafoetida, 1 ounce.
Tinc. Cantharides, 1. 6 &
Tinc. Antimony, 2 ounces.
Foenugreek, 1 ounce.
Brandy, # gallon.
Let stand ten or twelve days before using.
Dose.—Ten drops in a gallon of water.
Kilner’s Condition Powders.
Pulv. Gentian, 2 pounds.
Pulv. Saltpetre, 1 pound.
Pulv. Sulphur, 2 pounds,
Pulv. Rosin, 1 pound.
Pulv. Foenugreek, 1 & 6
Pulv. Bluestone, 3. “
Pulv. Ginger, 2 pounds.
Pulv. Alum, 1 pound.
Pulv. Cayenne, 1 & &
Pulv. Black Antimony, 2 pounds
Pulv. Flax Seed, 5 6 &
Pulv. Elm Bark, 5 & &
Pulv. Blood Root, 1 pound
Pulv. Copperas, 5 pounds
Mix. -
Dessertspoonful twice a day, in soft feed.
To Prevent Horses Kicking in the stall.
Fasten a short trace-chain about two feet
long, by a strap, to each hind foot. A better
way is to have the stalls made wide enough
so that the horse can turn in them easily,
close them with a door or bars, and turn the
animal lose. After awhile he will forget the
habit, and stand tied without further trouble.
To Cure Broken Legs.
Instead of summarily shooting the horse, in
the greater number of fractures it is only neces-
sary to partially sling the horse by means
of a broad piece of Sail, or other strong cloth,
placed under the animal's belly, furnished with
two breechings and two breast girths, and by
means of ropes and pulleys attached to a
cross-beam above he is elevated or lowered, as
may be required. By the adoption of this plan
every facility is allowed for the satisfactory
treatment of fractures.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
297
CATTLE,
English Cattle.
In all domestic cattle, except in certain well
fixed breeds, the colors vary exceedingly, no
two animals being alike, varying from pure
white to jet black, running through all the
shades of brown, red, dun, gray and blue, in-
cluding brindled, mottled, piebald, spotted and
flecked.
The Devons are the purest and most uniform
in color, being light and mahogany bay.
The Shorthorns, originally mottled and flecked
or spotted are, of late years, being bred more
to self colors.
The Ayrshires run to roan and piebald.
The Holstein run to black and white
definitely marked.
The Herefords to red with white faces and
flanks.
The Alderneys to yellow, red and black, or
fawn colored, with black points.
The Durhams, now called Shorthorn, were
among the most noted of the beef breeds of
England in the latter part of the last century.
The Devons, as working cattle and in the
quality of their flesh, are acknowledged to be
superior to any other.
Of dairy, cattle the Ayrshire, originally
brought from Scotland, the Jersey from the
Channel Islands, and the Dutch and Holstein
from Holland and Holstein, have merits of
exceeding excellence. The Ayrshire and the
Dutch and Holsteins are noted for large messes
of milk, rich in caseine, and the Jersey and
Guernsey as cows giving milk exceedingly rich
in cream and consequently in butter. The
beef cattle are the Herefords, the Devons and
the Shorthorn.
The first Herefords were brought to Kentucky
by Henry Clay, who was a great admirer and
patron of fine stock, in 1816.
Alderney Cattle.
In the British Channel lie the Islands of
Guernsey, Jersey and Alderney. They belong
to the English and have been noted for
generations for a peculiar breed of cattle
generally known as Jerseys.
They are an excellent breed, possessing good
qualities as milkers. They are of a kind,
gentle disposition, possessing a pretty head
and gentle expression of eye; they are blood-
like with wide shoulders, clean throat, slender
legs, flat ribbed, deep and large belly, Small
hind legs, with large udder covered with soft
silky hair, and milk veins very prominent.
The color is usually red or fawn, Sometimes
black splashed with white.
The butter from this breed of cattle is very
rich in cream, and deep yellow in color,
Cows have been known to give as much as
26 quarts of milk per day and 14 pounds of
butter per week.
Short Account of the Jersey Cow.
The dairy interest of the United States has
increased during the past decade, from the
rapid increase of the products, the multiplicity
of creameries, the perfection of dairy imple-
ments and machinery, the great increase of
exports of dairy products, and the improve-
ment of stock, so that an industry which
realizes $500,000,000 annually, may be called
one of the most important of industrial sciences;
for Science it has now become.
To produce this rapid growth of a single
interest, competition between the West and
the East has been not the least factor. Each
Section, therefore, has given great attention to
the subject of the best breeds of dairy animals,
and this question has been thoroughly dis-
cussed at all the dairymen's associations, and
in all the agricultural journals. For if the
cow is a machine, each section must have the
best machine for success in the competitive
T8, C6. -
Heretofore the West has derived its milk and
butter mainly from the Shorthorn and its grades;
and the East from Short-horn grades, so-called
native cows, together with imported stock and
its crosses. Now both sections are rapidly
Seeking for the best imported stock, either to
be maintained pure or to be grafted on other
stock. *
Of the imported cattle certain breeds stand
out pre-eminent for dairy purposes. For butter,
the Jerseys and the Guernseys; for milk and
cheese, the Holsteins and Ayrshires.
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
In this article we shall confine our attention
to the Jerseys, for they stand to-day at the
head of the list of butter-producing animals,
for reasons that we shall name.
The Jersey is a brilliant result of breeding
for a purpose, and is an example of the benefits
of inbreeding. If a family of animals has
proved itself meritorious for certain traits, by
judicious inbreeding of some members of the
family, these traits may be perpetuated and
improved. That, to a certain extent, is just
what the inhabitants of the Isle of Jersey have
been doing for hundreds of years. The breed
coming originally, as it is supposed upon good
grounds of belief, from Britany, a small animal
noted for its rich milk, and transferred to the
island of Jersey, its richness was increased by
the good pastures, the root feeding, and the
great care taken of it. Then as the island is
small, and contains even at the present time,
only 12,000 head, necessarily there would be
breeding together of relatives more or less; and
as the farmers jealousy watched against any
importations of other cattle, there could be no
outside crosses, and the good traits of the stock
were perpetuated. Then in later years, in
obedience to the demand from abroad that
had to be supplied, more attention was paid
to the development of certain points of merit
and beauty, and improvement took place in the
appearance and the yield of the animals, and
the color and shape attained the lines of beauty
which are now so prominent.
For a time fashion demanded certain colors,
and one color was discarded for another, until
the absurdity of it was shown, mainly from
the fact that every now and then some intrin-
sically good animal would give an extraordinary
yield without reference to color, but making a
rich return for proper care and feeding. Now
the purchases are guided mainly by the ability
to fill the pail and the butter-tub, and by the
purity of blood, this blood, however, being
based upon ability at the pail.
With the exception of a few instances, in the
case of Short-horns, the highest prices ever
paid for bovine animals have been paid for
Jerseys. In one year 21 animals of the Alphae
blood were sold at public auction for $27,775,
averaging $1,322.62, the bull Polonius bringing
- —º- sº
$4,500, and the cow Leda fetching $3,000,
though 12 years old.
It is not only for the beauty of these animals
but for their intrinsic merits that such prices
are paid, for this breed has furnished instances
of higher yields of butter than any other, and
it has been proved that it takes less quantity
of milk to make a pound of butter than any
other breed. Instances have been claimed where
4} to 5 quarts of milk have made a pound of
butter; 8 and 9 quarts are common, and 10
quart instances are plenty. They may, there-
fore, be claimed as the butter-breed par eaccel-
lence. This butter is so firm in texture and so
aromatic in taste that it has commanded one
dollar and a quarter per pound, and frequently
sells for one dollar per pound. Of no other
breed can it be said that 778 pounds of excel-
lent butter was made from one of its female
representatives inside of the year, and in one
month 88 pounds.
A first-class cow will give a large quantity
of milk for its size, but generally speaking they
are not large milkers, but of the richest milk,
quality making up for quantity. Good to
medium cows will give from 12 to 14 quarts
per day, excellent cows from 14 to 18 quarts.
Exceptional cases have gone much higher. It
is not, therefore, the milkman's cow in every
sense of the term, though it is in one sense,
for the milk of one Jersey will enrich and color
that of six ordinary cows. Yet there are herds
kept near cities, whose owners find it profita-
ble to keep them on account of the higher
price the milk brings, and the net yield of a
Jersey herd, even as milk producers, because
the smaller yield is more than made up in the
greater price received, the lesser freights to be
paid, the smaller amount to handle, and the
much higher price the calves and heifers bring
over common stock.
One reason of the richness in yield of butter
from the milk is that the globules of fat, as
seen under the microscope, are larger in size
than those of any other breed; but separating
so readily as they do from the fluid portion,
it leaves the skim-milk thinner and bluer than
other milk, just the contrary from that of the
Devon and Ayrshire. This butyraceous na-
ture of the amirnal cºlors the fat of an orange
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
299
color, a much higher tint than we are used to
in the beef of other breeds, except the Guern-
sey, and therefore, so few being killed and
served up for beef, the popular taste is not
cultivated for it. But it yields a richer and
more aromatic flavored beef than any other.
To those who behold the Jersey cattle for the
first time, their delicate shape, their diminutive
size, and their light colors, marking them for
beautiful pets, all would lead one to suppose
they were delicately bred animals and not
hardy enough for our climate. And yet I have
known animals to be landed here in Novem-
ber, and to have been exposed in December on
the sandy coast farms on Staten Island in New
York bay, to the driving winds, and yet retain
their health. The Channel Islands are the
resort of many invalids for their equable, mild
and pleasant climate, though a peculiar one.
The days in summer are rarely hot, and the
mights are cool and pleasant, and the summer
glides into autumn with scarcely a change; if
anything, only to be more delicious weather;
broken somewhat by the approach of the equi-
nox; and the autumn melts into the winter,
which itself is not very cold, might frosts gen-
erally not coming until December. The spring
months are the most unpleasant, the winds
being northerly, violent, and disagreeably cold.
The dews and fogs are commonly heavy. Rains
frequently occur, but mostly at night, with clear
afternoons. Thus the cattle being exposed
during the bulk of the year, and part of nearly
every day in the winter season, and the weather
being never very hot, they are subject to moist
and cool weather, and they readily become ac-
climated when here, and are thoroughly so
after the first winter in our climate, changeful
as it is.
The docility of the race is a marked charac-
teristic, and the mild, quiet animal is responsive
to gentle treatment to the greatest degree.
From its earliest youth up it has been subject
to being handled and led to pasture and to
water by the women of the island three times
a day, until it knows no will but that of its
mistress or master. It submits to be petted
with the prettiest grace, and receives homage
like the queen of the farm, as she is. We
know of nothing which so quickly attaches
itself to the affections, for she is not only a
beautiful pet, but a profitable one. Occasion-
ally a cow may be found of a highly nervous
condition, who will be cross when with her
calf; so also some bulls will get fierce after
they are three or four years old, but they are
usually exceptions if the animals are properly
treated.
The Jersey has, until within a few years,
been considered a sort of pet for the lawn, and
so long as the breeders found that was the aim
and the cause of the demand they bred for
color, and the fancy has changed from one
color to another, from light to dark, from
squirrel gray to silver gray and to blue gray,
from black points to solid colors, but the report
of the quantity of butter made by some cows
bred by practical men, led others to tire of the
fancy pets and to aim to get or produce the
best workers; until now the breed and the class
of those imported have much improved, and
well-selected Jerseys amply reward him who
invests in them. It is no longer a question
whether or not the animals have good escut-
cheons, but it is now a sine qua non that they
shall have a good escutcheon, and with that
all the other points that it brings, fine, Soft
hair, a golden skin, a large udder, good milk-
veins, and a proper conformation of the animal
with the characteristic points of the breed.
It is for these points that the Jersey breed
is to-day the most popular breed for the butter
dairy, and the most fashionable with all classes,
and is constantly rising rapidly in public esti-
mation.
To Select Cows-
1st. A cow must be young. She is in her
prime at 4 to 6 years, and the best paying
time to buy is just after the second or third
calf.
2d. Prominence and fulness of milk veins,
and velvety softness of skin. The milk veins
run down on either side of the animal towards
the udder, and are easily perceptible to the eye,
or can be readily found by pressure of the
hand, if the animal is not over fat. The skin
should be soft and mellow, not hard and rough.
3d. Must have good shape, fullness, soft-
mess, well spread out, perfect number of teats,
300 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
or milk will be scarce; quiet, and of a good
disposition, this will exhibit itself in her eyes,
which must be mild and clear.
A cow that is quiet and contented feeds at
ease, chews her cud with entire satisfaction,
thereby yielding a greater amount of milk than
a restless or turbulent animal.
Strains in Cattle.
Spirits of Turpentine, # pint.
Oil of Origanum, # ounce.
Olive Oil, 1} pints.
Cantharides, 1 ounce.
Mix them together, shake them often, and
keep in a bottle for use.
Lameness and Sprains in Cattlee
Burgundy Pitch, 4 ounces.
Common Pitch, 4 & 6
Yellow Wax, 2 66
Barbadoes Tar, 6 & 6
Melt them together in a ladle, and apply the
mixture to the parts, when thoroughly warm
and liquid.
Blister.
Common Lard, 12 ounces.
Resin, 4 6 &
Oil of Turpentine, 4 6 &
Powdered Cantharides, 5 & 6
Melt the resin and lard together, and when
they are getting cool, add the turpentine and
cantharides.
Inflammation of the Bladder.
Antimonial Powder, 2 drachms.
Powdered Opium, 1 scruple.
Rub well together with a portion of very thick
gruel, and repeat the dose morning and night.
Eye Lotion.
Goulard's Extract, 2 drachms.
Tincture of Digitalis, 2 6 &
Tincture of Opium, 2 & 6
Water, 1 pint.
Mix. Bathe the eye, and allow two or three
drops to enter.
A Good Cattle Liniment.
Neatsfoot Oil, 4 ounces.
Camphorated Oil, 1 ounce.
Spirits of Turpentine, 1 “
Laudanum, 1 “
Oil Origanum, 1 drachm.
Mix.
A Good Healing Ointment.
Lard, 2 pounds.
Resin, # pound.
Calamine, # pound.
Melt them together, and when nearly cold
stir in the Calamine very finely powdered.
A Purge for Cattle.
Tartar Emetic, # drachm.
Nitre, 2 drachms.
Powdered Gentian, 1 drachm.
& 6
Chamomile Flowers, 1 & &
Ginger, * “
Pour upon them a pint of boiling beer, anp
give the infusion when nearly cold.
66
To Relieve Choked Cattle.
Force a strong solution of salt and water
down the animal's throat. Another way is to
use four or five feet of three-quarter inch hose
and push the obstruction down.
To Prevent Murrain in Cattle.
Powdered Rhubarb, 1 ounce.
Calcined Magnesia, # “ . . ~
Mix. Dose—A tablespoonful to be taken in
mucilage every two hours till purging is pro-
duced. If vomited, immediately administer an-
other dose.
Worms in Cattle.
Oil of Turpentine, 2 ounces.
Sweet Spirits of Nitre, 1 ounce.
Laudanum, # “
Ilinseed Oil, 4 ounces.
Mix, and give in a pint of gruel.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
301
Drink in Rheumatism.
Nitre, 2 drachms.
Tartarized Antimony, 1 drachm.
Spirits Nitrous Ether, 1 ounce.
Anise Seed Powder, 1 “
Mix with a pint of very thick gruel, and re-
peat the dose morning and evening.
Fever in Cattle.
Norwood's Tincture Weratrum OUIQC0.
9
Tincture of Opium, 1 ounce.
Tincture Digitalis, 2 ounces.
Sweet Spirits of Nitre, 8 ounces.
Mix. Tablespoonful every four hours, to be
given in water.
Diarrhea, in Calves.
Prepared Chalk, 2 drachms.
Powdered Catechu, # drachm.
Ginger, 3. “
Essence Peppermint, 5 drops
Mix, and give twice a day.
Coughs in Cattle.
Tartar Emetic, 1 drachm.
Digitalis, powdered, § & G
Nitre, 3 drachms.
Mix, and give in tolerably thick gruel. The
above is good in fever.
To Prevent Black Leg in Cattle.
Sulphur, 1 part.
Lard, 2 “
Garlic, 1 “
Mix.
Take a sharp knife and make an incision
just through the skin of the animal's neck,
and work the finger so as to make a little sack
between the flesh and skin. Put in of the
above mixture a little piece, about the size of
a hickory nut, and the work is done.
A Strong Drink–Physic.
Epsom or Glauber Salts, # pound.
Take off the shell of the Croton nut, and
weigh the proper quanity of the kernel, rub it
down to a fine powder, gradually mix it with
half a pint of thick gruel, and give it, and
immediately afterwards give the salts, dissolved
in a pint and a half of thinner gruel.
Blister Ointment.
Lard, 12 ounces; resin, 4 ounces; melt them
together, and when they are getting cold add
oil of turpentine, four ounces, powdered
cantharides, five ounces; stirring the whole
together.
Astringent Drink.
Prepared Chalk, 2 ounces.
Oak Bark, Powdered, 1 ounce.
Catechu, Powdered, # ounce.
Opium, Powdered, 2 scruples.
Ginger, Powdered, 2 drachms.
Mix, and give in a quart of warm gruel.
Astringent Drink With Mutton Suet.
Mutton Suet, 1 pound.
New Milk, 2 quarts.
Boil them together until the Suet is dissolved;
then add—
Opium, Powdered, # drachm.
Ginger, 1 6 &
Having previously well mixed them with a
spoonful or two of fluid.
Alum. Whey.
Alum, # ounce.
Water, 2 quarts.
Boil them together for 10 minutes and strain.
Stimulating Astringent.
Oil of Juniper, 2 to 4 drachms.
Tincture of Opium, 1 ounce.
Oil of Turpentine, 1 “
Mix and give in a pint of Linseed Tea once
or twice a day.
Stimulating Drink.
Epsom or Glauber Salts, 1 pound.
Ginger, # ounce.
Carbonate of Ammonia, # ounce.
Pour 1 quart of boiling water upon the in-
gredients; stir them well and give when milk-
Kernel of Croton Nut, 10 grains.
War Iſl.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Mild Stimulating Drink.
Ginger, 1 drachm.
Gentian, 1 & C
Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 1 ounce.
Mix and give in a pint of gruel.
Mild Astringent-
Oak Bark, Powdered, } ounce.
Catechu, Powdered, 2 drachms.
Opium, Powdered, # Scruple.
Mix together in a pint of gruel or Warm
water.
Garget Mercurial Ointment.
Soft Soap, 1 pound.
Mercurial Ointment, 2 ounces.
Camphor, rubbed down with a
little Spirit of Wine, 1 ounce.
Rub them well together.
Iodine Ointment.
Hydrate of Potash, 1 drachm.
Lard, 7 drachms.
Rub them well together.
Diuretic Drink.
Powdered Nitre, 1 ounce.
Powdered Resin, 2 ounces.
Ginger, 2 drachms.
Mix them well together in a little treacle,
and give them in a warm gruel.
Ointment for Sore Teats.
Elder Ointment, 6 ounces.
Beeswax, 2 ounces.
Mix them together, and add an ounce each
of sugar of lead and alum, in fine powder;
stir them well together until cold.
Warm Drink Stimulant.
Ginger, powdered, # ounce.
Caraway Seeds, 6 drachms.
Allspice, # ounce.
Mix in a quart of warm Water or mild ale.
Anodyne Drink.
Powdered Opium,
Sweet Spirit of Nitre,
# drachm.
2 ounces.
Rub them together, adding the fluid by small
quantities at a time, and give the mixture in
a pint of warm gruel.
Strong Drink Purgative.
Epsom or Glauber Salts, 12 ounces.
Flour of Sulphur, 4 ounces.
Powdered Ginger, 4 drachms.
Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 1 ounce.
To be dissolved in warm water.
Cordial Drink.
Caraway Powder, 1 ounce.
Gentian, powdered, # ounce.
Essence of Peppermint, 20 drops.
Mix.
Tonic Drink.
Gentian, 2 drachms.
Tartrate of Iron, 1 drachm.
Ginger, 1 drachm.
Mix and give in a pint of gruel.
Mild Tonic Drink.
Gentian, 2 drachms.
Emetic Tartar, # drachm.
Nitre, # ounce.
Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 3 ounce.
Give in gruel.
Disinfectant Lotion.
Cloride of Lime, in powder, # ounce.
Water, 1 pint.
Mix.
IDrink for Murrain.
Sweet Spirit of Nitre, # ounce.
Laudanum, # ounce.
Chloride of Lime, in powder, 2 ounces.
Prepared Chalk, 1 ounce.
Rub them well together, and give them with
a pint of warm gruel.
To Compute the Dressed Weight of Cattle.
Rule measure as follows:
1. The girt just behind the shoulders.
2. The length from the fore part of the
shoulder-blade along the back to the bone at
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTIOAL INFORMATION.
305
the tail, in a vertical line with the buttocks.
Then multiply the girt in feet by 5 times the
length in feet, and divide the product by 1.5;
the quotient will give the dressed weight of the
quarters. Example: The girt of a beef is 0}
feet, and the length measured as above is 5.25
feet.
Then: 6.5×6.5 × 5.25
1.5
1109.0695
1.5
=42.25 X 26.25=
=739.375 pounds.
SHEEP,
To Cure Dogs of Killing Sheep.
If you have a good dog that kills or runs
sheep, and do not desire to shoot him, build a
pen 16 feet Square, and run a pole across the
top, and then pick the largest and oldest buck
of the flock, put him in the pen, get your dog
with a collar round his neck, and rope to draw
up over the middle of the pole, so that the dog
will have his fore-feet swinging off the ground
a few inches. Get out of the pen, and let the
buck give him several good buts, then turn him
loose. This is a sure cure. I tried it on my
father's dog when I was a boy; never knew him
to cross a field where sheep were grazing after-
wards.
Mild Ointment for Scab in Sheep.
Flower of Sulphur, 1 pound.
Venice Turpentine, 4 ounces.
Rancid Lard, 2 pounds.
Strong Mercurial Ointment, 4 ounces.
Rub them well together.
Powerful Ointment for Scab in Sheep.
White Hellebore, 8 ounces.
Bichloride of Mercury, 2 ounces.
Fish Oil, 12 pounds.
Resin, 6 ounces.
Tallow, # pound.
The two first ingredients to be mixed wita a
portion of the oil, and then melt the other
ingredients and add.
Foot-Rot in Sheep.
Although this disease resembles the last in
name, it is altogether different in character.
It is not so fatal as the liver rot, but it is
sadly annoying ; it is of very frequent occur-
rence, and it seems to be increasing.
It is, like the rot, peculiar to certain pas-
tures; but there is more variety in this than
is found with regard to the rot. There we
must have stagnant water, and the process of
evaporation going forward. For the production
of the foot-rot we must have soft ground, and
it does not seem much to matter how that
Softness comes about. In the poachy and
marshy meadow, in the rich and deep pasture
of the lawn, and in the yielding sand of the
lightest Soil, it cannot, perhaps, be said that
it is almost equally prevalent, but it is fre-
quently found. Soft and marshy ground is its
peculiar abode. The native mountain sheep
knows nothing about it; it is when the horn
has been Softened by being too long in contact
With some rich and moist land, that the ani-
mal begins to halt. This softness is connected
With unnatural growth of horn, and with un-
equal pressure; and the consequence is that
Some part of the foot becomes irritated and
inflamed by this undue pressure, or the weak-
ened parts of the horn, too rapidly and un-
evenly growing, are broken off, and corroding
ulcers are produced. Although there would
not appear to be any great wear and tear of
the foot in this soft land, yet the horn becomes
so exceedingly unsound and spongy, that small
particles of sand or gravel make their way
through the softened mass, and penetrate to
the quick. It not unfrequently happens that
injuries of this sort are produced unconnected
With and independent of the foot-rot, and they
may be cured much easier, but by very similar
means. The hardness or the sponginess of the
horn depends altogether on the dryness or
moisture of the soil in which the animal has
fed. Large, heavy sheep, having comparatively
thinner hoofs than lighter ones, are more sub-
ject to the disease.
True foot-rot more fequently begins from
above than below. The horn is rendered Softer,
Weaker, and more luxuriant by eXposure to
Wet ; foot, from being kept wet and cold,
304
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
is exposed to re-action with any change of
Weather, and inflammation is thus excited
Within the foot, which often ends in suppura-
tion, and this occasions those troublesome
ulcers that are sometimes witnessed.
The first symptom of the disease is the
lameness of the sheep. On the foot being ex-
amined this morbid growth is almost invari-
ably found. The foot is hot, and the animal
shrinks if it is firmly pressed. It is particu-
larly hot and painful in the cleft between the
two hoofs; and there is generally some enlarge-
ment about the coronet. There is always an
increased secretion, usually fetid, and often
there is a wound about the coronet discharg-
ing a thin, stinking fluid ; sometimes there is
a separation of the horn from the parts
beneath, and that too frequently preceding the
dropping off of the hoof. In comparatively a
few cases the hoof seems to be worn to the
quick at or near the toe. The lameness rapid-
ly increases, and often to such a degree in-
indeed that the sheep is unable to stand, but
moves about the field on its knees. The soft
portions of the foot, and sometimes the very
bones of it, slough away, and drop off.
All this is necessarily attended by a great
deal of pain, and the animal shows how much
it preys upon him by his moaning, and refus-
ing to eat, and ceasing to ruminate, and most
rapidly wasting. Irritating fever comes on,
and after the poor creature has crept about
the field on his knees for a few weeks, he dies
from irritation and starvation.
Of one thing the farmer may be assured—
that the foot-rot is exceedingly infectious. If
it once gets into a flock, it spreads through
the whole. Some valuable Writers have denied
this; but there is scarcely a farmer who has
not had woeful experience of the truth of it.
Even on the dryest Soil, the greater part of
the flock have become lame in a very few
weeks after a diseased sheep has come among
them. There are, however, Some instances in
which a sheep with the foot-rot has grazed
among others during several months, and no
disease has ensued; and some curious experi-
ments would make it appear that under par-
ticular circumstances it is difficult to produce
foot-rot by inoculation. But these are excep-
tions to the general rule; and he who trusts
to the non-contagiousness of foot-rot will suffer
as assuredly as the man who, deluded by some
of the mischievous theories of the day, believes
that he may keep a glandered horse in his
stable with impunity.
The treatment of foot-rot is simple enough,
and, in the early stage of the complaint,
usually successful. The foot must be care-
fully examined, and every portion of horn that
has separated from the parts beneath thor-
oughly removed, and thesore lightly touched
with the butyr (chloride) of antimony, applied
by means of a small quantity of tow rolled
round a flat bit of stick, and then dipped into
the caustic. A stronger, and oftentimes a
better, application is made by dissolving cor-
rosive sublimate in spirits of wine. Hydro-
chloric acid is also a very useful caustic for
foot-rot. If a fungus is sprouting at the place
where the horn separates from the foot, it
must be first cut away with the knife, and
then the root of it touched also with the
caustic ; or, what is still better, it may be
removed by means of a hot iron. It is neces-
sary, indeed, to be rather sparing with the
use of the knife throughout the disease. There
will seldom, except in very bad cases, be
necessity for binding the foot up; indeed, the
animal will generally do better without this.
It will be seen by the altered color of the
part whether the caustic has been applied
with sufficient severity, and the dry surface
which will be formed over the sore will protect
it from all common injury better than any
covering.
To these must be added that reasonable and
successful practice of removing the sheep to
higher ground. Sheep among whom the foot-
rot is beginning to appear are Sometimes com-
pletely cured by being driven to higher and
dryer ground. Some farmers, and with a great
deal of advantage, have their flocks driven
four or five times daily along a hard road.
They thus accomplish two purposes—they wear
away the irregularly formed horn, the unequal
pressure of which has irritated and inflamed
the foot, and the remaining horn is hardened,
and enabled better to resist the influence of
the moist or soft ground. Where the ulcera-
tion is extensive, means must be adopted
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
305
similar to those recommended for the treat-
ment of foul in the foot in cattle; but in most
cases it will be more profitable to the farmer
to destroy the sheep that has bad foot-rot, if
it is in tolerable condition, rather than rely
on a cure that is uncertain, and during the
progress of which the animal very rapidly
loses flesh and fat.
If, however, he is determined to attempt a
cure, let him wash the foot well from all grit and
dirt, and then cut off every loose and detached
piece of horn, and every excrescence and fun-
gus, and cover the wound with the Caustic
Astringent Powder for foot-rot.
This should be sprinkled over the sore, and
a little dry tow placed upon it, and bound
neatly and firmly down with tape. The animal
should afterwards stand in a dry fold-yard for
four-and-twenty hours.
On the next day the tape should be removed,
and if the surface is tolerably regular, it may
be touched, as already directed, with the butyr
of antimony; but if any fungus remains, the
powder must be applied another day. The
fungus no longer continuing to grow, a light
dressing with the butyr should be continued
every second day until the animal is well.
Some prefer a liniment or paste to the powder,
and it is made by mixing the powder with a
sufficient quantity of honey. The farmer may
use which he pleases; but a firm and equable
pressure being produced by the tape is the
principal thing to be depended upon.
The sheep-master should as carefully avoid
the ground producing foot-rot, as that which
causes the fatal affection of the liver; and he
should attempt the same method of altering
the character of the low and moist ground by
good underdraining. The effect of this, how-
ever, is far from being so certain and benefi-
cial as with regard to the rot. The water
which would stagnate on the surface may be
drained away with tolerable ease, but the soil
cannot be rendered hard and dry, or, if it could,
that would not be an advantageous change.
The sheep might not have the foot-rot, but
the ground would be comparatively unproduc-
tive.
If the farmer intends to drive his sheep a
considerable distance to the market or fair, he
will prepare them for the journey by a few
days' removal to harder and firmer ground, or
perhaps by driving them a short distance on
the public road.
Scab in Sheep.
The general prevalence of scab in this coun-
try gives importance to a brief examination of
this subject.
The scab of sheep, like scabies, the itch of
man, is caused by an insect. The mange
affecting the horse, Ox, dog and cat, also de-
pends upon the presence of insects. There are
different insects, known as acari, infesting dif-
ferent animals, having destructive characteris-
tics in each, and generally confined to that
Species of animals, yet the mange from a dog
is said to have been communicated to man,
and a horse has been infested with mange by
means of the skin of a mangy cat.
The sheep acarus does not bore galleries in
the skin, but remains on the surface, clinging
to the wool, and finding shelter among the
masses of Scab produced by the drying of exu-
dations from the wounds inflicted by these
parasites. Experiment has shown that increase
of temperature hastens the hatching of their
ova; fourteen days, according to Professor
Brown, of England, sufficed to hatch a lot in
a bottle “carried in the trowsers pocket,” while
two months' time was required with some kept
under glass in a room. The young have six
legs; the fully grown, after several changes of
skin, have eight. The microscope reveals suck-
ing-caps or disks in the legs, enabling the
parasite to cling to the wool and skin of the
sheep; and renders beautifully apparent the
action of these structures, showing, as the feet
advance, how the disks are expanded to grasp
the surface of the substance over which the
acarus is moving, apparently retaining their
hold in obediance to the volition of the animal.
Thus its structure adapts it for crawling over
and adhering to the skin, instead of burrowing
beneath it. Burrowing acari, like the itch
insect in man, are always armed with cutting
teeth, set in strong jaws, and their legs are
Very short. The body of the female of the
sheep acarus is larger than that of the male,
rounder in form, the fourth pair of legs are
20
806
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
developed nearly as well as the third, and are
Supplied with terminal sucking disks. Mature
mites are visible to the naked eye as pellucid
points of the size of a pin's head.
Various experiments have been made to
ascertain the rapidity of the growth and repro-
duction of these parasites. The young acari
have been detected in fourteen days from the
direct transference of the acarus to the skin of
the sheep. In a month the disease had spread
Over a space of five inches; in ten to twelve
weeks pretty nearly over the whole body. A
greater or less amount of time may be required
under different circumstances of temperature,
and other modifying influences.
Symptoms.-The first sign of the existence of
scab is rubbing against any projecting body
within reach ; as it extends, sheep bite them-
selves, kick with their hind feet at their sides
and shoulders. If one is caught and the hand
placed on the mouth, while infected parts are
scratched, gratification is evinced by nibbling
at the hand, and when the infection is severe
or general this nibbling movement is regarded
as an infallible sign. Examination will disclose
spots on the skin, white and hard, the center
marked with yellow points of exudation, which
adheres to the wool, matting the fibres together.
The wool may be firm on these spots, and no
scabs are seen at this stage. Then the yellow
moisture, evaporating, gives place to a yellow
scab, which adheres firmly to the skin and
wool. Raw places appear at points which the
animal can reach with his teeth and hind feet.
The disease is complicated in Summer by
the presence of the larvae of the blow-fly, the
magots burrowing under the Scab. The animal
becomes nervous, excited to wildness, and can
not obtain properly either food or rest, thus
losing flesh and becoming reduced to a skeleton,
from constant irritation and lack of nutrition,
only the strongest animals recovering, if left
without treatment.
Remedies.—Destruction of the parasite and
its eggs is the only object of remedial treat-
ment. Arsenic and mercury are often employed
very effectually, but they are poisonous, and
therefore injurious and dangerous to the sheep.
These and other solutions are used both as
washes and dips. Sudden changes of weather
and locality, or a deficiency of food after such
treatment, often induce serious or fatal results,
which cannot be guarded against. Whole
flocks have thus been lost. Mercurial oint-
ment, with olive oil and a little turpentine, is
popular in England, nevertheless, and is
regarded as improving the yield of wool. Experi-
ment proves that the acarus will live in
arsenic and Sulphur for some hours; potash is
more fatal, and tobacco is more deadly still,
killing in a few minutes. But carbolic acid is
probably the most potent remedy used. When
combined with one hundred times its bulk of
Water, it has killed acari in two minutes; when
used with fifty times its bulk of water, a degree
of potency harmless as a dip, it kills in forty
to ninety seconds. Professor Brown thus
describes the manufacture of the carbolic acid
dip, which, it is claimed, has never failed when
properly used.
First it is necessary that carbolic acid should
be obtained of uniform strength, and expe-
rience has proved that the crystalline product
is less efficacious in the destruction of para-
sites than the liquid residue, which is sold
under the name of terebane, or cresylic acid,
which can always be obtained of the manu-
facturers. The liquid is, when fresh, of a very
light straw color, becoming dark brown on
exposure to the atmosphere. The pure car-
bolic acid was employed in many experiments,
at first with only partial success, but even had
it proved to be superior to the liquid terebane,
the price would have been a serious objection;
terebane, however, is very much cheaper, and
in every experiment was found to be more
active as a remedial agent than the pure car-
bolic acid, while its fluid condition at all
temperatures renders it more easy of manipula-
tion.
To effect perfect combination between the
terebane and the water used for dilution, care
is essential, as imperfect mixtures are capable
of doing injury, and may cause the death of
some of the sheep, particularly of those which
are first introduced into the bath. The reason
of this is obvious. An incomplete mixture allows
the separation of the terebane, which floats on
the surface of the fluid in the form of a
brownish, oily, or rather tarry Scum ; the first
AN ENCYCLOPAELLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
307
few animals which are dipped become covered
with the undiluted acid, which acts at once
and emergetically as a caustic, causing prostra-
tion and death, unless immediately on observ-
ing the symptoms of distress, means are taken
to wash off the agent with warm water and
Soap ; this treatment is not, however, at all
times successful.
An accident of the kind never ought to
occur, and, in fact, never can occur if the dip
is properly prepared and used. It is scarcely
probable that agriculturists will attempt to
make the compound, and the following direc-
tions, therefore, may be taken as meant for
the instruction of the practical chemist or the
veterinary surgeon who has charge of the
diseased flock:
A quantity of terebane, proportioned to the
number of sheep to be dipped, is to be placed
in a convenient vessel of iron or earthenware,
and, if possible, the vessel should be sus-
pended in a larger one containing water, and
so arranged that heat can be applied. In all
chemical laboratories a water-bath will be
available; but for the purpose of making small
quantities of the dip, an iron bucket sus-
pended in an ordinary copper filled with water,
which may be kept hot, but not up to the
boiling point, will answer perfectly well. As
Soon as the terebane is placed in the tempo-
rary Water-bath, a certain proportion of soap,
one bar weighing over two pounds to each
gallon of terebane, is to be added. The mixture
should be stirred with a wooden rod until the
Soap is entirely dissolved, care being taken
that the fluid does not boil. When the solu-
tion is complete the compound should be re-
moved from the fire, and as soon as it ceases
to give off vapor, oil of turpentine is to be
added in the proportion of one pint to each
gallon of terebane. The mixture, when cold,
may be poured into carboys or casks ready
for use.
While the above remedies may be entirely
efficacious, and are to be recommended as the
best, it may not be amiss to give a few which
have been popular heretofore :
An infusion of arsenic, half a pound of the
mineral to twelve gallons of water. The sheep
should be washed in soap-Suds and then dip-
ped in the infusion.
Mercurial ointment, incorporated thoroughly
with four times its weight of lard, rubbed upon
the head and upon the skin (the wool being
carefully parted) in parallel lines from head to
tail, four inches apart. The mixture applied
should not exceed two ounces, and a half an
ounce may be enough for a lamb.
Diarrhea, or Purging.
The full-grown sheep is almost as subject to
purging as is the lamb, but it is not so diffi-
cult to be cured, nor is it so fatal. A sheep
can Scarcely be turned into fresh pasture in
the Spring without beginning to scour, and
especially when warm weather is succeeding to
cold, and the grass shoots rapidly; but this in
most cases is beneficial rather than injurious.
It rouses the digestive organs to full and
healthy action, and the sheep that scours a
little when first turned into the meadow or on
the marsh, is sure to thrive more quickly after-
Wards. The purging, however, must not be too
violent, nor continue too long.
The looseness caused by feeding on young
succulent grass, seldom lasts more than a few
days; but if it should continue longer, the
sheep must be removed to inferior pasture, and
a little hay allowed them if they can be in-
duced to eat it; some dry, sound old seeds
should also be put before them, and the strin-
gent powder administered.
A favorite remedy with some farmers, and
succeeding in slight cases, but inefficacious in
Severe ones, is suet boiled in milk. Others
give a very curious medicine; it consists of the
lime dug out of an old wall, and mixed with
tar. What good purpose the tar can answer
We cannot conceive, and the lime would be
Superseded by the prepared chalk recommended
in the last recipe.
When the disease abates, the sheep must
not be turned out again on their former pas-
ture, but on the best old grass land which the
farm will yield; and even then, a little good
hay and corn should be daily allowed them.
The farmer should be careful that he does
not confound the consequence of diarrhea with
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
costiveness. When there is much mucous
discharge, it is very sticky and adheres to the
Wool under the tail, and glues it to the rump,
thus forming a mechanical obstruction to the
passage of the dung. The sheep straining very
hard, careless observers have supposed that he
was costive, and have given him a strong dose
of physic, and thus added fuel to the fire,
There is but one form of the disease under
which all hope is precluded, and that is when
it is connected with chronic cough or confirmed
hoose. The animal may be patched up for a
little while, but he will most assuredly perish.
It is necessary to make a distinction between
diarrhea and dysentery, the latter being attended
with considerable fever and the evacuations are
often slimy and bloody, and the disease some-
times terminates fatally in a few days. It some-
times follows diarrhea, but is generally pro-
duced by change of food or pasture and ex-
posure to bad weather. Lambs are rather more
liable to the disease than sheep, and it has been
found to attack them very frequently on com-
ing from low lands to high. The treatment
should consist in giving Mild Laxatives.
Indigestion and Debility.
Bad management, and that alone, causes the
appearance of these complaints in a flock.
When sheep have been overdriven, and exces-
sively wearied; or ewes have had twins, and
have afterwards been kept with their lambs on
scanty pasture, where there was not enough
even for the mother; or have Weaned very
early, before there was any flush of grass; or,
during the winter, have not yet been supplied
with a proper quantity of hay or corn—in all
these cases, the sheep are apt to pine away.
They do not seem to relish their food, but
wander over the field picking a little here and
there, the belly being tucked up and the back
bowed.
The remedy for this is simple enough if the
sheep have not been neglected too long. It is
plain that the powers of digestion are weakened
or suspended, and the object to be accomplished
is to rouse them once more to their proper
tone and action. A mild purgative should lay
the foundation for this. Half the purging
drink should be given, and this followed up by
tonics or stomachics. Some farmers content
themselves with giving a little good caudle for
two or three successive days, and with general
good effect, except that its sweetness is objec-
tionable. The Tonic Drink for Debility will be
preferable.
Repeat the half dose of physic a week after-
Wards, and put the sheep on fresh and good
pasture.
Caustic Astringent Powder for Foot-Rot.
Take Verdigris, Bole Armenian, and Sugar
of Lead, equal parts. Rub them well together,
until they are reduced to a fine powder.
Arsenic Wash for Lice.
Arsenic, 2 pounds.
Soft soap, 4 pounds.
Dissolve in 80 gallons of water.
Mercurial Wash for Lice.
Take Corrosive Sublimate, 1 ounce; Spirits
of Wine, 2 ounces. Rub the Corrosive Subli-
mate in the Spirit until it is dissolved, and
then add Cream of Tartar, 1 ounce; Bay Salt,
4 ounces. Dissolve the whole in two quarts of
water, and apply a little of it with a small
piece of sponge wherever the lice appear.
Ply Powder.
Take White Lead, 2 pounds; Red Lead, 2
pounds, and mix them together.
Ointment for Sore Heads.
Black Pitch, 2 pounds.
Tar, 1 pound.
I'lower of Sulphur, 1 pound.
Melt them in an iron pot over a very slow
fire, stirring together the ingredients as they
begin to melt, but carefully watching the com-
pound, and removing the pot from the fire the
moment the ingredients are well mixed, and
before they begin to boil, for they would then
rapidly swell to an extraordinary extent, and
the whole mass would run over into the fire.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
309
Astringent Powder.
Prepared Chalk, 3 ounce.
Ginger, 3 drachm.
Catechu, powdered, 3 drachm.
Powdered Opium, 2 grains.
Give this in a little gruel, twice daily until
the purging abates.
Mild Laxative.
Linseed Oil,
Powdered Opium, 2 grains.
To be mixed with linseed tea. Linseed and
oatmeal gruel should be given several times a
day, and the Second day the astringent powder
for sheep should be given.
2 ounces.
Strengthening Drink.
Prepared Chalk, 1 ounce.
Catechu, 3 drachm.
Opium, 20 grains.
Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 2 drachms.
Gentian 1 drachm.
To be dissolved in gruel, and given twice a
day till the purging ceases; after which the last
two ingredients, with a drachm of nitre and
10 grains of tartarized antimony, should be
given in gruel Once a day.
Physic for Blown.
Take Glauber Salts, 1 ounce, and dissolve in
peppermint water, 4 ounces; to this add tinct-
ure of ginger, 1 drachm; tincture of gentian,
1 drachm; boiling water, 1 ounce. This should
be given every six hours until the bowels are
opened, and half the quantity on each of the
four next mornings.
General Tonic Drink.
Gentian, 2 drachms.
Columbo, 1 drachm.
Ginger, # drachm.
Give in 4 ounces of warm gruel.
Mixture for the Rot.
Common Salt, 8 ounces.
Powdered Gentian, 2 ounces.
Ginger, 1 ounce.
Tincture of Columbo, 4 ounces.
Put the whole into a quart bottle so as to
fill the bottle.
Tonic Drink for Debility.
Take Gentian and Powdered Caraway Seeds,
of each an ounce; Columbo and Ginger, of
each, half an ounce. Pour a quart of boiling
Water upon them, and let the infusion stand
three days, stirring it well every day. Then
pour off the clear liquid, and bottle it for use.
Give a tablespoonful daily, in a little gruel,
mixed with an equal quantity of good ale.
Mercurial Ointment for Scab.
Crude Quicksilver, 1 pound.
Venice Turpentine, 3 pound.
Spirits of Turpentine, 2 ounces.
Mix.
Smearing Mixture for Scab.
Take a gallon of Common Tar and 12 pounds
of any Sweet grease. Melt them together, stir-
ring them well while they are cooling.
Tonic Drink.
Gentian Root, powdered, 1 drachm.
Caraway Powder, # drachm.
Tincture of Caraway, 10 drops.
Give in a quarter of a pint of thick gruel.
Purging Drink.
Epsom Salts, 2 ounces.
Powdered Caraway, + ounce.
Warm thin gruel sufficient to dissolve the
Salts.
Astringent Drink.
Compound Chalk Powder with
Opium, 1 drachm.
Gentian, 1 scruple.
Essence of Peppermint, 3 drops.
Mix with a little thin starch, and give morn-
ing and night.
Cooling Fever Drink.
Powdered Digitalis, 1 Scruple
Emetic Tartar, 10 grains.
Nitre, 2 drachms.
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Mix with thick gruel, and let it be given
twice each day.
Laxative Medicine.
Epsom Salts, 1 ounce.
Ginger, I scruple.
Gentian, 1 drachm.
Warm Water, 2 ounces.
Linseed Oil, 1 ounce.
The above may be given either alone or
with gruel, to a full-grown sheep; and from
one-fourth to one-half to a lamb, according to
its age.
SWINE.
The origin of domestic swine is lost in ob-
scurity. But that the Swine of Europe, Asia
and Africa have a common origin is evident
from the fact that all the species breed together,
the progeny propagating the species with unim-
pared vitality. In fact, the greatest improve-
ments introduced into our native breeds is the
result of crossing with the domestic hog of
China, of Italy, and probably those of Turkey.
The great swine producing States are Illinois,
Ohio and Iowa. In 1878 Illinois produced
3,355,500; Ohio, 2,841,411, and Iowa, 2,224,800
head, or nearly one-quarter of the production
of the United States.
The Berkshire Hog.
The Berkshire hog was introduced into the
United States in 1835 or 1836, by Mr. Munson
Beach, of Warren county, Ohio. The best
specimens have good length, short legs, broad,
straight backs, deep sides, flanking well down
on the leg, very broad, full, Square hams and
shoulders, drooping ears, short heads, wide
between the eyes, of Spotted or dark color;
are hardy, vigorous and prolific, and when fat
are models, combining the excellencies of both
large and Small breeds.
The Chester Whites.
The Chester Whites, as a breed, originated
in Chester County, Pennsylvania. They were
introduced in 1818, by Captain James Jeffries,
who brought them from Bedfordshire, England.
They were crossed upon the native white hog
of the county from which we have the present
valuable breed of well-formed good sized,
easily fattened hogs, known as Chester Whites.
The Poland-China.
The Poland-China, as a breed, originated
about 1816. It was a cross upon the big China
hogs (introduced by the Quakers) and the com-
mon bristled breed of the County of Warren,
Ohio.
Hints to Farmers on Hog Raising.
The first step of importance in breeding pigs
is the selection of a refined, thorough-bred
boar. In raising pigs for the butcher, it is
not necessary that selection be limited to any
particular breed; but the selection must be
made with reference to the points whether the
pigs are to be fattened and sold when a few
months old for fresh pork, or to be kept until
they have nearly attained their growth before
being fattened, and whether large hogs are
wanted, or smaller and finer ones at a less age.
Much depends also upon the sow to be bred
from. It is an easy matter to find strong, wig-
orous Sows of good size in any neighborhood
where the Chester White or similar large breeds
have been introduced. Select the largest,
thriftiest and best-formed sows; put them to
a good, thorough-bred boar; let the sow be reg-
ularly and liberally fed, without making her
too fat. One that has been half starved all
her life cannot produce pigs of good size, and
with a tendency to grow rapidly and mature
early. The Small breeds mature earlier than
the large ones, which is in itself a great
advantage, as the pigs are not only ready for
the butcher at an earlier age, but as animal
life is always attended by a constant trans-
formation of tissue, every day we gain in time
saves the amount of food necessary to supply
this waste and keep up the animal heat. Some
farmers half starve their breeding sows, from
a notion that it improves their breeding and
suckling qualities, just as some dairymen think
a cow must be kept poor if she is to be a good
milker, a mistake of the cause for the effect.
The cow is thin because she is a good milker,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
311
and not a good milker because she is thin.
So a good Sow gets very thin in suckling her
pigs; but it is a great mistake to keep her
thin in order to make her a good breeder and
suckler.
In raising improved, thorough—bred pigs, it
is a great object to get a breed that will grow
rapidly and mature early; and the better the
breed the more rapidly they will grow. A
thorough-bred boar should be procured from
Some reliable breeder, and put to the largest
and best Sows the farmer has. A highly-refined,
thorough-bred boar, at six or eight weeks old,
can usually be bought for $20 or $25. Such
a boar in a neighborhood is capable of adding
$1,000 a year to the profits of the farmers
who use him.
Pigs should always have access to fresh
water. No matter how sloppy the food is, or
how much dish-water is furnished, they should
always be supplied with pure water. We are
Satisfied that pigs often suffer for want of it.
Salt, Sulphur, charcoal, ashes, bone-dust, or
Superphosphate should occasionally be placed
where the pigs can eat what they wish of them.
Pigs will eat beans, if thoroughly boiled,
though they are not fond of them. Peas they
eat with avidity, and, when as cheap as corn,
should be fed in preference, as they afford
much the richer manure. Half peas and half
corn are probably better than either alone.
Peas make very firm pork.
Oil-cake, when fed in large quantities, injures
the flavor and quality of the pork, but we have
fed Small quantities of it with decided advan-
tage to the health and rapid growth of the
pigs, without any apparent injury to the lard
or pork. It is quite useful for breeding sows.
It keeps the bowels loose, and increases the
quantity and quality of the milk.
Bran, except in Small quantities, is not a
valuable food for fattening pigs. It is too bulky.
But when rich, concentrated food is given, such
as corn, barley, peas, or oil-cake, pigs should
be allowed all the bran they will eat, placed
in a separate trough. In this way it becomes
a very useful and almost indispensable article
to the pig feeder. It is also very useful for
breeding-sows. The best roots to raise for pigs
are parsnips and mangel-Wurzel.
The period of gestation in a sow is almost
invariably sixteen weeks. In three or four days
after pigging, a sow in good condition will gen-
erally take the boar. But, as a rule, it is not
well to allow it. If she passes this period, she
will not take the boar until the pigs are weaned.
If she fails the first time, she will “come round
again” in from two to three weeks.
For mild cases of diarrhea, nothing is better
than fresh-skimmed milk, thickened with wheat
flour.
Pigs should be castrated a week or two be-
fore they are weaned.
Nothing in the management of pigs is more
important than to provide a trough for the suck-
ing pigs separate from the Sow, and to commence
feeding them when two or three weeks old.
Many of the diseases of pigs are contagious,
and the instant a pig is observed to be sick it
should be removed to a separate pen; and it
would be well to regard this single case of
sickness as an indication that something is
wrong in the general management of the pigs.
Clean out the pens, Scald the troughs, scrape
out all decaying matter from under and around
them, Sprinkle chloride of lime about the pen,
or, what is probably better, carbolic acid. Dry
earth is a cheap and excellent disinfectant.
Use it liberally at all times. Whitewash the
Walls of the pens. Ws.sh all the inside and
outside Wood-work, troughs, plank floors, &c.,
With crude petroleum. It is the cheapest and
best antiseptic yet discovered.
To destroy lice, wash the pig all over with
crude petroleum, and the next day give him a
thorough Washing with warm water and soap,
With the free use of a scrubbing-brush.
Pigs should be provided with scratching-posts,
having auger holes bored for pegs at different
heights, to accommodate pigs of different sizes.
The following description may be considered
the perfection of form in a fat pig : The back
should be nearly straight, though being
arched a little from head to tail is no objec-
tion; the back uniformly broad and rounded
across along the whole body; the touch along
the back should be firm, but springy, the thin-
nest skin springing most ; the shoulders, sides
and hams should be deep perpendicularly, and
in straight line from shoulder to ham; the
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AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
closing behind filled up ; the legs short and
bones small; the neck short, thick, and deep;
the cheeks round and filled out ; the face
straight, nose fine, eyes bright, ears pricked,
and the head small in proportion to the body;
a curled tail is indicative of a strong back.
Triehina, Spiralis.
This parasite, found principally in the flesh
of Swine, as among animals used as human
food, but probably also in that of all vermin,
insect and garbage-eating animals, is worthy of
special mention, from the fact that of late
years trichinosis has been known in quite a
number of instances as destroying human life.
The chief source from which it is taken into
the system of swine, is being allowed to feed on
vermin and the garbage from slaughter houses.
Prof. Owen, in his scientific description of the
trichina spiralis, says: “The immature parasites,
as seen in muscles under the microscope, are
worms about one twenty-fifth of an inch in
length, spirally coiled up within globular, oval,
or lemon-shaped, transparent cysts, which, ac-
cording to the length of time they have been
formed, are more or less covered with calca-
reous matter.”
This muscular parasite, when introduced into
the alimentary canal of man or animal, is set
free in the process of digestion, and in two
day's time reaches the adult condition. The
muscles swell, become tense and hard, and are
exceedingly painful in movement. As the case
proceeds, from the third to the fifth week, there
is frequently great difficulty in breathing, prob-
ably dependent on the invasion of the respir-
atory muscles by the parasite. Death is
frequently preceded by extensive inflammation
of the lungs, and sometimes by delirium.
Treatment. Keep pigs, intended for human
consumption, in clean styes, containing only one
or two each, and impervious to rats. The ani-
mals should be plentifully fed with Sound grain,
buttermilk, well watered, and allowed salt.
We ask the attention of the reader to this point
as a preventive, which is better than cure, for
cure in animals there is none, but in the hu-
man being the treatment of trichinosis has, so
far, been unsatisfactory in its results. In order
to clear away any mature parasites, which may
be in the intestinal canal, the use of cathar-
tics, such as castor oil, is recommended. The
highest authority we have on the subject recom-
mends benzine, in doses of one or two fluid
drachms. Modify the pain by long-continued
hot baths. Quinine, in small doses, for the
fever, stimulants for the prostration, and iron
in some form for the anaemia during convales-
cence, are obvious resources. -
Fever in Swixae.
Digitalis, 3 grains.
Antimonial Powder, 6 grains.
Nitre, 3 drachm.
Mix, and give in a little warm swill, or milk,
or mash.
Alterative Powder fox, Swine.
Flower of Sulphur, 3 ounce.
AEthiop's Mineral, 8 grains.
Nitre and Cream Tartar, # drachm.
Mix and give daily in a little thickened gruel.
Tonic Powders for Swine.
Black Sulphate of Antimony, 4 ounces.
Powdered Gentian, 2 ounces.
Powdered Ginger, 1 ounce.
Nitre, 2 ounces.
Mix and divide into six powders, and give
one daily in feed.
Physic for Swine.
Take Barbadoes Aloes, 2 ounces; Kernel of
Croton nut, powdered, 10 grains. Dissolve in
as small quantity of boiling Water as possible,
and give them when the liquid is sufficiently
cool.
POULTRY.
Breeds the Most Popular.
The profits of poultry-keeping being derived
principally from two sources—the sale of eggs
and of poultry, mostly chickens, in market,
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
313
the question of breed is an important one.
For eggs it would seem that, with proper
attention and care, the non-sitters are pre-
ferable ; but some of the varieties of non-
sitters are not hardy, and the extra attention
such fowls require may be greater in cost
than the enhanced value of their production.
Fowls have been classified, not only in respect
to their qualities of flesh and as layers, but also
with a view to other characteristics. The fol-
lowing classification, based on the statement
of an experienced poultry firm in New York,
is approved by Tegetmeier:
1. HARDINESS.
Hardy; Brahmas, Houdans, Hamburgs,
Creve Coeurs, Spanish, and Leghorns. Delicate:
La Fleche, Polands, and Bantams.
2. QUIETUDE.
Domestic and quiet: Brahmas and Cochins.
More vivacious: Spanish, Leghorns, and Dor-
kings. Active: Hamburgs and Games.
3. SIZE of BIRDs.
Large : Brahmas, Cochins, La Fleche, Hou-
dans, Creve Coeurs, and Dorkings. Medium :
Polands, Spanish, Leghorns, and Games.
Small : Hamburgs and Sultans. Diminutive :
Bantams and Silkies.
4. SIZE OF EGGs.
Layers of large eggs, averaging about 7 to a
pound: La Fleche, Houdans, Creve Coeurs,
and Black Spanish. Layers of medium eggs,
averaging 8 to 9 a pound: Leghorns, Cochins,
Brahmas, Polands, Dorkings, Games, and Sul-
tans. Layers of Small eggs, averaging 9 to 10
to a pound: Hamburgs. -
5. NUMBER of EGGs.
Great layers: Hamburgs, Spanish, Leghorns,
and Polands.
6. INCUBATION.
Good sitters : Cochins, Brahmas, Dorkings,
and Games. Non-sitters : Houdans, Crewe
Coeurs, La Fleche, Spanish, Polands, Ham-
burgs, and Leghorns.
7. WALUABLE FOR FLESH.
True table-birds : La Fleche, Houdans, Crewe
Coeurs, and Dorkings Flesh less juicy : Cochins
and Brahmas.
8. For EGGS AND CHICKENs,
which are generally equally desired, from fowls
usually kept on farms, the testimony prepon-
derates greatly in favor of the Brahmas; for,
in addition to being good flesh fowls, both as
to weight and quality, they are good winter,
and may be considered at least fair Summer
layers; they are quiet, hardy, and come early
to maturity. Other breeds, considered superior
in quality of flesh, or as egg producers, may
be found more desirable, being raised with
equal success in many localities. Generally,
however, the Brahma is considered the most
profitable fowl for the farmer.
Rules for the Management of Poultry.
Good rules for success in the management
of fowls:
1. Good dry houses, well ventilated but
void of drafts.
2. Keep your hen-houses clean and the
floor covered with ashes.
3. Whitewash inside monthly from March
1st to October 1st.
4. Feed regularly, but never over-feed;
cease feeding when the fowls cease to run for it.
5. Scatter the food on the ground when
the weather will permit.
6. Feed mixed grain, or alternate, as corn
one day, oats next, wheat next, &c.
7. Allow adult fowls freedom as early in
the morning as they desire.
8. Keep hens with chicks in small coops
(well covered and dry) until the chicks are
three weeks old.
9. Feed chicks, morning, noon and after-
IlOOLle --
10. Mix ground black pepper with the
morning food.
11. Grease the hens well under the wings,
breast and fluff feathers as soon as the chicks
are taken off with ointment made of lard and
carbolic acid; 1 tablespoonful of lard to 10
drops of acid.
314
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Age of Poultry.
Farmers usually sell poultry alive. Poulter-
ers in towns, on the other hand, kill and pluck
every sort of fowl for sale so that the pur-
chaser has it in his power to judge of the car-
cass, and if he buys an inferior article at a
high price it must be his own fault. It is easy
to judge of a plucked fowl, whether old or
young, by the state of its legs. If a hen's
spur is hard, and the scales on the legs rough,
she is old, whether you see her head or not ;
but the head will corroborate your observation,
if the under bill is so stiff that you cannot bend
it down, and the comb thick and rough. A
young hen has only the rudiments of Spurs, the
scales on the legs smooth, glossy, and fresh
colored, whatever the color may be, the claws
tender and short, the under bill soft, and the
bill thin and smooth, glossy and fresh colored,
whatever the color may be ; the claws tender
and short, the under bill soft, and the comb
thin and smooth. An old hen turkey has rough
scales on the legs, callosities on the soles of
the feet, and long strong claws; a young one,
the reverse of all these marks. A young goose
or duck is distinguished by the tenderness of
the skin under the wings, the strength of the
joints of the legs and the coarseness of the skin.
Drooping Wings.
This, in either turkeys or chickens, is caused
by vermin. To cure it, grease their heads, the
under sides of their wings, with lard or fried
meat fat, or any other grease. In a few days
these wings will be natural, and their appetite
and comfort will return.
To Prevent Hens from Sitting.
Put in a trough sufficient water to make a
depth of one inch; place the hen therein, and
cover the top for about a day. The trough
should be deep enough to allow the hen to
stand up.
To Prevent the Gapesin Chikens.
Give your chickens at Six week's old wheat
steeped in turpentine. This is given them once
in the morning when fasting, and as a pre-
ventive against, instead of waiting for the ar-
rival of, the gapes.
Let their food be coarse corn meal, almost
dry; then give cracked corn. All poultry yards,
of course, should be supplied with lime, and
the chicken should have free access to pure
Water.
How to Make Hens Lay in Winter.
Give a portion of minced meat, mixed with
their other food, every day, or as often as con-
Venient, and see that they have a plenty of
gravel, old plastering, or powdered egg-shells.
The latter may be mixed with their food.
Without some substance of this kind, which
cannot be obtained when the ground is frozen
or covered with Snow, there will be nothing to
form the shell.
To Rear Turkeys,
Choose a quiet hen for a sitter, and give
her a quiet place for her nest while sitting,
This is important. The usual number of eggs
that a hen will cover is from 15 to 18; while
sitting the hen should not be disturbed, and
should not be taken from the nest after hatch-
ing for at least 24 hours, and if she appears
contented, allow her to stay longer. The young
chicks gain strength very fast by being kept
quiet for a day or two at first. It is best to
watch the hatching process, and if a chick is
not likely to come out strong, the shell may
sometimes be broken, and the chick saved.
After the hen and her brood is taken from the
nest, give her a large, airy coop, where the
grass is closely mown off, where the chicks can
bask in the Sun at pleasure, and a chance to
run at pleasure, and the picking up of bugs
and insects.
The feed should be mostly curd, made from
sour milk heated, and the whey drained off and
seasoned with pepper. After a few days, if
they are strong enough, they should have the
range of the farm for a few hours a day.
They should be housed at night, and not let
out in the morning till the dew is off the grass.
Them by liberal feeding, whenever they come
near their roosting quarters, they will be healthy
and grow very fast, especially if grasshoppers
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
315
are plenty, as they are some years in most
sections of the country. When it is the time
for the fattening seasons, they should then have
all the good food they can eat, of a variety
such as , corn, buckwheat, boiled potatoes,
chopped cabbage, etc., and if kept where they
can get what they will eat when they want it,
they will fatten very fast. An experienced
farmer gives his experience as follows: Let
the mother of the new-born brood choose her
own time to leave the nest. Taking off is
always bad policy. As soon as the nest is left,
make a yard, twelve feet square, by setting
boards edgewise. Remove the turkey and her
brood into this little pen, wherein they should
be kept for at least six days, after which they
may be let out in the middle of the day, and
permitted the range of an acre; but they must
always be gathered at least an hour before sun-
down into the pens to remain until the dew is
off the next morning, and all the day, if there
is the least appearance of a storm. The time
the mother leaves the nest, wash the naked
parts of her body thoroughly with tobacco
juice, to kill the inevitable lice; and at the
same time dust thoroughly the young with
Some vermin-destroying powder. No one thing
kills as many young turkeys as these parasites.
As a preventive, Sulphur and snuff mixed
in equal quantities, and dusted on the nest
after the turkey has been sitting two weeks, is
recommended; but nothing should prevent the
washing of the mother, or the dusting of the
young, the day the mother leaves the nest, and
two days after the young have left the shell.
Young turkeys require but little food, but they
need to be fed as often as once an hour for
the first Week. Coarse-ground Indian meal,
mixed with sour milk curds, and fine-chopped
hard boiled eggs, is the best feed for the first
month. After that, the eggs may be left out,
the meal ground a little coarser, and the curds,
if you have them, used in larger measure than
at the first.
As soon as they can swallow whole grain,
give them that, and then all trouble in this
direction is at an end. Until they are two
months old, they must be driven to some
shelter every night, and never be allowed to
remain in the fields through a long and heavy
rain. Even when one-quarter grown, they will
die from exhaustion, trying to follow the wig-
orous and unreasoning mother, if wet with but
a very heavy dew. Three rules, then, must be
observed, if those who attempt to raise turkeys
would secure success: First—Be sure to free
both old and young from lice immediately upon
the old ones leaving the nest. Second—Feed
frequently at the beginning with strengthening
food. Third—Never let the young turkeys get
wet, either with dew or rain, until their feath-
ers afford their bodies, if not complete, at least
partial protection.
To Destroy Vermin in Poultry.
Damp the skin under the feathers with water
and Sprinkle a little sulphur on the skin.
Remedy for Blindness.
Laudanum, 1 teaspoonful.
Water, 1 & 4
Drop a few drops into the chicken's eye and
bathe the chicken with warm water.
Chicken Cholera's
Alum, 2 ounces.
Resin, 2 “
Copperas, 2 “
Lac Sulphur, 2 “
Cayenne Pepper, 2 “
Pulverize, then mix three tablespoonfuls of
the powder with one quart corn meal, and
dampen for use.
Diseases of Geese.
It is bad management to allow geese to roam
around in damp, foggy weather. Colds and
fogs are extremely injurious to them, as they
are subject to diarrhea and giddiness. The
remedy for the first is juniper berries boiled
With parings of quinces and acorns. The rem-
edy recommended by Main, is to bleed the
bird with a pin or needle, piercing a very
prominent vein situated under the skin, which
separates the claws. Geese have what is known
as glanders, roup, etc. The remedy in that
316
AN ENCYCINCPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
case would be to give a half-teaspoonful of a
Solution of common salt.
Antimonial powder given in grain doses, with
Bopped bread, twice a day.
ESEES.
Hints to Bee-Keepers.
An Australian bee-keeper throws out these
ideas that may be of value to honey-producers
elsewhere: First of all, let it be your constant
aim to keep your colonies as strong as possible.
Never allow them to throw more than one Swarm
—whether honey or increase be your object, it
matters not. Most eminent apiarians seem, in
this respect, at all events, to be unanimous,
and so, I think, ought we to be—cent. per cent.
should satisfy any one; at all events, try it
under favorable conditions, and I have no fear
to leave the issue in your hands. Never, if you
can otherwise avoid it, go between the bees and
their fly-hole, and you will escape many a
sting. When you open the hive prevent jarring
as much as possible, for it only angers the bees
when you knock the hive about, and makes
them readier to attack you; but never flinch
when they shoot only at you or onto your hand,
and you will find that you will seldom get a
sting. Be sparing of Smoke, unless they are
really vicious, but then master them by all
IOOl68, U18.
Always remember that it is easier for you to
take the bees to a distant pasture than for the
bees to take advantage of such pasture. When
far away it will not benefit bees much, far less
yourself; it will only be a from-hand-to-mouth
affair with them if they have far to go. Never
feed your bees outside, nor leave any combs
about the hives; see that they have sufficient
honey in winter, or in fact at any time, and
you will not be much pestered with robbers.
Also, never allow a colony to remain queenless
longer than a day without giving them the ma-
terial to raise another queen. Remember the
loss a queen is to a colony during a single day
when honey is plentiful outside.
Then, as to putting on the Supers. Unless
your stock hive is filled don't expect the bees
to go up into the super; it is only when their
storage-room in the brood-hive is insufficient
that they will look for room above, and if you
act upon my advice, in regard to compelling
brood-rearing, you will leave them but little
storage room indeed in the brood-hive. Of
course when brood-rearing is pretty well at an
end, they will fill all empty brood combs with
both honey and pollen for winter use, and in
case you might over-reach yourself and the
bees, by depriving them of too much, I will
Show you how you may always be on the safe
side: Ascertain the weight of your hive; add
to this about eight pounds,-the weight of
combs and bees, and when the hive shows
another twenty pounds, or twenty-five pounds,
above that, then you may rest satisfied that
that colony will not perish during winter for
want of sufficient food.
The Swarming of Bees.
There are no certain signs as to just when a
colony will swarm, so far as outside indications
will show, more than the clustering of bees on
the outside of the hive, and the hanging of
pollen-gatherers with the cluster outside, instead
of entering their hive, but by examining the
frame frequently, watching the progress, one
can soon tell when they are about ready to cast
a swarm, and as soon as the queen-cells are
about ready to cap over, is the best time to
divide. Probably the safest and easiest way to
divide is, as soon as they are ready, lift out the
frame, bees, brood, and all, on which the queen
is found; place this frame in the new hive,
filling out with frames of comb or foundation,
or, if you do not have either, fill out with empty
frames. Now place the new hive containing the
old queen or the old stand, moving the hive
to a new locality. By this plan you throw
nearly all the working bees where the most
work is to be done in the new hive, and they
will proceed to work the same as though they
had swarmed naturally.
But if the old bees had made up their mind
to swarm, and you had left a queen-cell on
the frames you had placed in the new hive,
they will sometimes Swarm anyhow, so you will
notice to tear them down, if any exist, before
closing them up. The brood in the old hive
hatching out very rapidly will soon make a good
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
317
colony. The space in the old hive from where
you removed the same should be filled with
comb or foundation, for if an empty frame be
placed there the bees will fill it with drone
comb, as they seldom make anything else while
without a laying queen. In eight or nine days
after dividing, all the queen-cells except one
should be taken out, so as not to cause after-
SW 8.1 OſlS.
How to Make a Box Hive.
The shape of the box should be long from
front to rear, 15 inches deep, 12 wide and 12
high. Inch boards, unplained, are the best, and
the boards should be well seasoned and care-
fully put together. The hive should set in a
groove in the bottom board and not be fastened
to it. Place two or three half-inch sticks,
crossing each way in the middle of the hive,
aids to support the combs. One-quarter inch
from the top of the hive, fasten slats four to
six inches in width of one-half inch stuff, leav-
ing cracks from 3 to $ inch in width between
them. Over the top of the hive place a cover
projecting on every side, and fasten the same
to the hive by small hooks, which not only
gives you a movable top and bottom board, but
also a honey board. This is as near a mova-
ble comb hive as we can mention.
Honey.
The color of the honey shows whether it is
fine or inferior. If it be wanted to press some
in the comb, choose the finest and those that
have not been broken; wrap each comb in
white paper, such as lines the blue cover of
loaf sugar. Set it edgewise as it stood in the
hive, and it may be preserved many months.
The combs meant to be drained must be cut
in slices. Lay them on a hair-search, sup-
ported by a rack over the jar in which the
honey is to remain ; for the less it is stirred
after draining, the better it keeps.
Fill the jar to the brim, as a little scum
must be taken off when it has settled. A blad-
der well washed in lukewarm water ought to
be laid over the double fold of white paper
with which it is covered.
eral species.
Adulterations.
The adulterations of honey are numerous.
Starch, chalk, calcined gypsum, and even pipe
clay have been used. Of late years, however,
the adulteration of honey consists chiefly in
adding glucose, a sugar now manufactured
largely from corn, but only containing about
thirty-four per cent of saccharine, calling cane Su-
gar 100. The adulteration by means of Starch,
chalk, &c., may be easily detected by heating
the honey and letting it stand, when the im-
purities will settle to the bottom. Honey
adulterated with glucose is more difficult of
detection. Combs once used are even filled
with the mixture. For this reason pure white
comb, capped by the bees, commands fully
double the price, in the markets, of strained
honey.
To Take Honey Without Disturbing the Bees.
In the dusk of the evening, when the bees
are quietly lodged, approach the hive and turn
it gently over. Having steadily placed it in a
Small pit previously dug to receive it, with its
bottom upwards, cover it with a clean new
hive, which has been properly prepared, with a
few sticks across the inside of it, and rubbed
with aromatic herbs. Having carefully adjusted
the mouth of each hive to the other, so that
no aperture remains between them, take a small
stick, and beat gently around the sides of the
lower hive for about ten minutes or a quarter
of an hour, in which time the bees will leave
their cells in the lower hive, ascend and adhere
to the upper one. Then gently lift the new
hive, with all its little tenants, and place it on
the stand from which the other was taken.
This should be done some time in the week
preceding midsummer day, that the bees may
have time before the summer flowers have faded,
to lay in a new stock of honey, which they
will not fail to do, for their subsistance through
the winter.
To Destroy Insects in Gardens.
In some seasons the vegetables in our gar-
dens are almost annihilated by worms of sev-
Fall plowing or spading the
318 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
ground just before frost sets in and strewing
the ground with fine salt in the spring some
time before the seeds are sown, are said to be
the sovereign remedies against these petty but
of tobacco” is known by Small, dusky spots
appearing on the leaves. The plants should
then be cut near the roots on the morning of
a day of Sunshine, and should lie singly to
powerful depredators.
Set an onion in the center of a hill of
cucumbers, squashes, melons, etc., and it will
effectually banish the bugs.
If a tree or plant is affected with insects, tie
up some flower of sulphur in a piece of gauze
and dust the plants with it.
To Cultivate Tobacco.
It is said that there are about fourteen spe-
cies of tobacco. The two principal ſunder
cultivation, with their varieties, are Nicotina
Rustuca, grown in the colder portions of Europe,
and Nicotina Tobacum, cultivated in the United
States. Of this latter, the Cuba and the Con-
necticut leaf are the varieties principally culti-
wated in the United States for cigars. The
principal States for the production are Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri and Ohio.
Of the sections named, Kentucky produces by
far the largest quantity. The cottom states
produce but little tobacco.
The Crop of 1869 amounted to 324,000,000 lbs.
1970 “ 412,000,000 “
66 1871 6& 410,000,000 °
64 1872 “ 505,000,000 “
1973 “ 502,000,000 “
66 1874 “ 358,000,000 “
G4 1875 {{ 520,000,000 “
64 1876 “ 482,000,000 “
64 1877 “ 581,500,000 “
To raise tobacco, select a sheltered situation
where the young plants can receive the full
force of the sun; burn over the surface of the
ground early in spring, (new land is best) rake
it well and sow the seeds; have a dry, mellow,
rich soil, and after a shower, when the plants
have got leaves tho size of a quarter dollar,
transplant as you would cabbage plants, 3%
feet apart, and weed out carefully afterwards.
Preak off the suckers from the foot-Stalks as
they appear; also the tops of the plants when
they are well advanced, say about 3 feet high
—except those designed for Seed, which should
be the largest and best plants. The ripeness
wither.
When sufficiently withered, gather them care-
fully together and hang them up under cover
to cure and prepare for market.
To Kill the Potato Bug.
Paris Green,
Fine Whiting or Flour,
Mix.
Tie a portion of the above composition in
any kind of thin material, such as brittle cloth,
and dust the potato-vine, taking care, however,
to have the powder tied to a long rod so that
no danger can result from inhaling the powder.
The compound should be sifted on the hills
while the vines are wet with dew or rain.
1 pound.
10 pounds.
Commence in the morning at one end of
your potato field and scatter air-slacked lime
over a section of about ten rods wide. In the
course of the day nearly all the bugs remove
further down the field, and so on until the
bugs are brought in a Small area, when they
are destroyed by Paris green.
To Stop the Ravages of Caterpillars.
Take a chafing dish with lighted charcoal
and place it under the branches of the tree or
bush whereon are the caterpillars. The vapor
of the sulphur, which is death to those in-
sects, and the Suffocating freed air arising from
the charcoal will not only destroy all that are
on the tree, but will effectually prevent the
shrubs from being, at that season, infested
with them. A pound of Sulphur will clear as
many trees as grow on Several acres.
Another method of driving these insects off
fruit trees is to boil together a quanity of rue,
worm-wood, and common tobacco (of equal
parts) in common Water. The liquor should be
very strong. Sprinkle this on the leaves and
young branches every morning and evening
during the time the fruit is ripening.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
319
To Destroy the Curculio.
Jar the tree with a sudden blow by a mallet;
this dislodges the insects, which fall upon
sheets placed under the tree, and are gathered
up and destroyed. Bandaging the tree with
strips or bands of wool, cotton or rope, dipped
in coal or gas tar, is said to be good. Covering
the ground with lime or whitewash, has been
recommended.
Col. Hardee recommends powder to be fired
in the hollow of some live oak stump immedi-
ately in the vicinity where the curculios promise
the entire destruction of the plums. He says
that by this method he destroyed every winged
insect in his Orchard as well as the curculio.
To Preserve Cabbage Plants From the Fly,
Sprinkle wood ashes and air-slacked lime upon
the young plants, while the leaves are damp
with rain or dew, is an efficacious remedy for
destroying the voracious fly, beetle and flea
that attack them as soon as they have broken
through the soil, as well as for most other
insects. Until the plants have a stump as large
as a pipe-stem they are subject to the ravages
of the cut-worm, for which there seems to be
no better remedy than sprinkling liberally
wood-ashes or air-slacked lime close about the
stems of the plants. As this pest disappears
about the middle of June, cabbages that are
planted later suffer but little from it.
To Destroy Rats.
1. When a house is infested with rats which
refuse to be caught by cheese and other baits,
a few drops of the highly-scented oil of rhodium
poured on the bottom of the cage will be an
attraction which they cannot refuse.
2. Place on the floor near where their
holes are Supposed to be, a thin layer of moist
caustic potash. When the rats travel on this,
it will cause their feet to become sore, which
they lick, and their tongues become likewise
sore. The consequence is, that they shun this
locality, and seem to inform all the neighbor-
ing rats about it, and the result is that they
soon abandon a house that has such mean
floors.
To Keep Swine Healthy.
There is no question of more importance to
the farmer than to keep his swine in a healthy,
growing condition. To do this, will require a
little care and trouble, but will amply repay.
In this day, if a hog is sick, it is at Once pro-
mouced that it has the cholera. Many times
this is a mistake, and the remedies administered
only hasten its death. The method here given,
we have known to be used by many, and these
Swine are healthy.
Erect a pen in your hog lot about eight by ten,
and three feet high, made out of common rails;
cover this with plank So as to protect from rain
or snow; in this pen place slack coal, (can be
procured at any coal shaft), and common salt;
half bushel of salt to five bushels of coal, mix
it as you fill your pen. The hogs will eat this
preparation continually. After the preparation
has stood in the air some time, it will become
compact, so that you can remove the rails from
around it, and the hogs will continue to devour
the preparation. You should keep a careful
watch over them, and if at any time some of
them should have a cough, or do not partake
of the food in a proper manner, or seem to
droop around,-all animals in this condition
should be removed from the lot at once, and
placed where they could not communicate in
any manner. You should then prepare another
pen to hold coal, etc., in another lot, and
change your hogs from one lot to the other
three or four times a week or oftener. This is
to prohibit them from sleeping in the same beds.
Feed your hogs that are ill, warm, light diet,
prohibiting all grain, and keep a portion of salt
and cayenne pepper in the pen continually. We
do not believe in allowing hogs to sleep around
straW stacks, or other warm buildings in the
Spring,- this is a breeder of disease, you had
better place them in an open lot.
Procure a healthy male animal of a different
breed from what you then have, at least once
a year. *
Follow these instructions and you will have
found the best Hog Cholera cure ever invented.
320
AN ENCYCLOPEEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Distenaper in Horses.—To Distinguish and Cure.
No. 1.
Wet some bran with lye, made from wood
ashes; lye should not be very strong. If not
too strong the horse will eat it greedily, if he
has the distemper; a free discharge from the
nostrils, and a consequent cure will be the
result, if continued a few days. But if only a
cold with swelling of the glands, no change
will be discovered.
Distemper No. 2.
Symptoms.-Swelling under the jaws—can-
not swallow.
Cure.—Bleed from one to two gallons, and
physic; then if a tumor is found under the
jaws, open it, if not, apply “Uncle Sam's Nerve
and Bone Liniment, p. 201”, or “White Ointment,
p. 45”. Make it break on the outside if possible,
then give one tablespoonful of Arabian Condi-
tion Powders in bran or threshed oats, three
times a day for two or three days, and let the
horse run out, if the weather is not too severe.
The Chinch Bugs
Few farmers in this section of the country need
an introduction to this insect; but lest there be
those who are so blessed as not to know the
gentleman by sight, we will give a description
of him. He subsists by sucking with his sharp-
pointed beak the grasses and cereals, thereby
causing them to shrink, Wilt and wither, and
not by biting their substance as many persons
suppose. Like the other species of its sub-
order, it undergoes no very Sudden transforma-
tions. Born as a little pale, yellow six-legged
atom, scarcely visible to the naked eye, and
with a tinge of red near the middle of the
body, it goes through four molts before acquir-
ing wings. It is bright red, with a pale band
across the middle of the body after the first ;
Somewhat darker, with the merest rudiments
of Wing-pads after the second, and quite brown,
With distinct wing-pads, but with the pale
transverse band still visible, after the third, in
which it assumes the pupa state, and from
Which, in the fourth molt, it escapes as a winged
bug.
The chinch bug injures by suction, not by
biting. It winters in the perfect winged state,
mostly dormant, principally in the old rubbish,
such as dead leaves, corn-shucks, corn-stalks,
and under weeds and prostrate fence rails and
boards that generally surround grain fields;
also, in whatever other sheltered situation it
can get in adjacent woods; hence the import-
ance of fighting the pest in the winter time,
either by trapping it under boards laid for the
purpose, or by burning it with its aforemen-
tioned shelter. Such burning will not destroy
all the dormant hosts, but will practically ren-
der the species harmless, especially where
whole communities combine to practice it. It
issues from its winter quarters during the first
balmy days of spring, when those females
which were impregnated the previous fall, and
which are most apt to survive the winter, com-
mence ovipositing at once, if suitable condi-
tions are at hand. Others take readily to wing
and scatter over our fields, attracted by prefer-
ence to grain growing in loose and dry soil,
into which they penetrate to consign their eggs.
The eggs are deposited on the roots, and the
young bugs, which are red, remain under
ground, sucking the roots during the early part
of their lives, or until they are forced from
necessity to travel from one plant to another.
These spring-hatched bugs, constituting the first
brood, do not, as a rule, acquire wings till after
wheat is cut. It is, therefore, during and just
after wheat harvest, that they congregate and
travel in such immense Swarms as to attract
attention. In July, as these acquire wings,
they scatter over grass, late grain and corn-
fields, where they lay their eggs; but the sec-
ond brood, hatching from these eggs, generally
attracts less attention and does less injury
than did the first, because of its more scat-
tered nature and the greater maturity and
resisting power of the plants. Anything that
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 321
will prevent the mother bug from getting at
the roots of the grain, will prevent the injury
of her progeny. Hence the importance in this
connection of fall plowing and using the roller
upon land that is loose and friable; and hence,
if old corn ground is sufficiently clean, it is a
good plan to harrow in a crop of small grain
upon it without plowing at all.
The earlier, also, that wheat gets well started
and matures, the less it will suffer; because it
may be harvested before the bugs acquire their
greatest growth and power for harm. Hence,
and from the greater compactness of the ground,
winter wheat suffers less than spring wheat.
Heavy rains are destructive to the chinch bug.
Hence, if such occur in the fall, the farmer
may plant with little fear of injury the follow-
ing year, while if they occur in May, he need
suffer no anxiety, so far as chinch bugs are
concerned; hence, also, where irrigation is
practicable, the pest may at all times be over-
come. It injures no other plants than grasses
and cereals. In its migrations from field to
field it may be checked by a line of tar poured
on the ground, or by deep furrows or trenches,
but the tar must be kept soft and the surface
of the furrows friable and pulverized.
Army Worm.
The army worm usually commences in a
cornfield on one side and go through from row
to row and devastates the whole patch.
One of the best preventives against the army
worm is judicious ditching; and the burning
over of a field in winter and early spring, thus
preventing their hatching in Such field. Salt
is said to be an excellent preventive. Take a
pail of water and half a gallon of Salt, and
just ahead of the worm sprinkle the corn with
a small broom or bunch of feathers, taking
care to sprinkle the ground between the hills.
Do not make the brine too strong or it may
injure the plants.
To Make Corn Cribs Rat-Proof.
Let the four corner posts be eight inches
square, frame the sills which support the floor
of the corn-cribs into posts, at a distance of
two feet from the lower end. Before putting
the frame together, taper the lower ends of the
posts for the distance of two feet, so that at
the very base the posts shall only be four
inches square. Now, when the frame is set up,
let the posts also stand on tapered rocks. If
the crib needs more than these four posts, to
bear up the corn that will be put in it, make
legs like the lower portion of these posts and
set these legs under the sills. Now lay the
joists or sleepers on the sills, and put on the
floor, making tight, and about three feet from
the ground. Having the door made tight,
keep it shut, and no rats will get into your
crib.
To Find the Number of Bushels of Apples, Pota-
toes, etc., in Bin or Box.
Rule: Multiply the length, breadth and depth
together, all in feet, and this product by 8,
pointing off one figure in the product for deci-
mal.
Example: How many bushels of apples are
there in a bin 12 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 4
feet deep :
12×3×4= 144×8= 115.2.
Answer: 115.5 bushels.
To Find the Capacity of Wagon Beds.
Multiply together the length, breadth, and
depth in inches, and divide by 2150 (number of
cubic inches in a bushel), the quotient is the
number of bushels of shelled grain.
To Measure Corn in the Crib.
Rule : 1st. Measure the length, breadth and
and height of the crib, inside the rail; multiply
them together and divide by 2, the result is the
number of bushels of shelled corn.
2d. Level the corn so it is of equal depth
throughout, multiply the length, breadth and
depth together, and this product by 4, and
cut off one figure to the right of the product;
the other will represent the number of bushels
of shelled corn.
3d. Multiply length by height, and then by
width, add two ciphers to the result and divide
21 -
Ain ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
322
by 124; this gives the number of bushels of
981 COrn.
To Measure Grain in the Granary.
Divide the cubic feet by 56, and multiply by
45, and the result will be struck measure.
How to Weigh a Haystack.
Measure the length and breadth of the stack;
take height from the ground to the eaves, add
to this last one-half of the height from the
eaves to the top; multiply length by breadth,
and the product by the height, all expressed in
feet; divide the amount by 27, to find the cubic
yards, which multiply by the number of pounds
supposed to be in a cubic yard, viz.: in a stack
of new hay, 132 pounds avoirdupois each ; if
old hay, 154 pounds each.
Constituents of the Milk of Different Animals.
From a late examination of different kinds
of milk, with reference to their solid constitu-
ents, it has been ascertained that asses' milk
is most diluted, containing scarcely 9 per cent.
of solid matter. Next comes human milk, with
somewhat over 11 per cent., while mares' milk
contains 17 per cent. The average is seen in
the milk of the goat and of the cow. In refer-
ence to the percentage of caseine and albumen,
human milk is poorest, containing only 4 per
cent. of caseine; cows' milk nearly 5 per cent.,
with more than $ per cent. of albumen. Again,
goats' milk, with nearly 6 per cent. of caseine
and albumen, as far as known, has a larger
amount of albumen than that of any other
mammal. The smallest quantity of butter is
found in asses' milk; that of the goat contains
the largest, or nearly 7 per cent. Sheep milk
is most nutritious, as it contains 11+ per cent.
of protiene matters and hydrocarbons; and while
the milk of the cow contains only about 4 per
cent. of milk Sugar, that of the mare has 8 per
cent., which renders it very prone to alcoholic
fermentation, and has given rise to its employ-
ment by the Tartars in the production of in-
toxicating liquor, known as quass.
Watering Plants with Hot Water.
It has lately been shown, by careful experi-
ment, that sickly potted plants, even some that
have almost died, can be greatly benefited, and
Sometimes, indeed, entirely restored to vigor,
by applying to them warm instead of cold
Water. In certain cases, oleanders which have
never bloomed, or which have done so only
imperfectly, after being treated with lukewarm
Water, increasing the temperature gradually
from 140° to 170° F., produced the most mag-
nificent luxuriance of bloom. Similar results
occurred with an old plant of Hoya; and also
with an India-rubber tree which had nearly
Withered away. In all these cases the applica-
tion of water heated to about 110° F., without
any other precaution, caused a new and flour-
ishing growth.
Chinese Method of Preserving Grapes.
Travelers inform us that the Chinese have a
method of preserving grapes, so as to have
them at their command during the entire year;
and a recent author gives us the following ac-
count of the method adopted: It consists in
cutting a circular piece out of a ripe pumpkin
or gourd, making an aperture large enough to
admit the hand. The interior is then com-
pletely cleaned out, the ripe grapes are placed
inside, and the cover replaced and pressed in
firmly. The pumpkins are then kept in a cool
place, and the grapes will be found to retain
their freshness for a very long time. We are
told that a very careful selection must be made
of the pumpkin, the common field pumpkin,
however, being well adapted for the purpose in
question.
To Make Cider.
After the apples are gathered from the trees,
they are ground into what is called pommage,
either by means of a common pressing stone,
with a circular trough, or by a cider mill, which
is either driven by the hand or by horse-power.
When the pulp is thus reduced to a great
degree of fineness, it is conveyed to the cider-
press, where it is formed by pressure into a
kind of cake, which is called cheese.
This is effected by placing clear Sweet straw,
or hair cloths, between the layers of pommage,
till there is a pile of ten or twelve layers.
This pile is then subjected to different degrees
of pressure in succession, till all the must or
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
323
juice is squeezed from the pommage. This
juice, after being strained in a coarse hair
sieve, is then put either finto open vats or close
casks, and the pressed pulp is either thrown
away, or made to yield a weak liquor called
washings.
After the liquor has undergone the proper
fermentation in these close vessels, which may
be best effected in a temperature of from forty
to sixty degrees Fahrenheit, and which may
be known by its appearing tolerably clear, and
having a vinous sharpness upon the tongue,
any farther fermentation must be stopped by
racking off the pure part into open vessels,
exposed for a day or two in a cool situation.
After this the liquor must again be put into
casks and kept in a cool place during winter.
The proper time for racking may always be
known by the brightness of the liquor, the
discharge of the fixed air, and the appearance
of a thick crust formed of fragments of the
reduced pulp. The liquor should always be
racked off anew, as often as a hissing noise is
heard, or as it extinguishes a candle held to
the bung-hole.
When a favorable vinous fermentation has
been obtained, nothing more is required than
to fill up the vessels every two or three weeks,
to supply the waste by fermentation. By the
beginning of March the liquor will be bright
and pure, and fit for final racking, which
should be done in fair weather. When the
bottles are filled, they should be set by uncorked
till morning, when the corks must be driven in
tightly, Secured by wire or twine and melted
rosin, or any similar substance.
Devonshire Cider.
Prefer the bitter-sweet apples, mixed with
mild sour, in the proportion of one third.
Gather them when ripe, and lay them in heaps
in the orchard. Then take them to the crush-
ing engine, made of iron-rollers at top and
stone beneath; after passing through which,
they are received into large tubs or cives, and
are then called pommage. They are afterwards
laid on the vat in alternate layers of the pom-
mage and clean straw, called reeds. They are
then pressed, the juice running through a hair
sieve. After the cider is pressed out, it is put
into hogsheads, where it remains for two or
three days previously to fermenting. To stop
the fermentation, it is drawn off into a clean
vessel, but if the fermentation be very strong,
two or three cans of cider are put into a clean
vessel, and a match of brimstone burnt in it;
it is then agitated, by which the fermentation
of that quantity is completely stopped. The
vessel is then nearly filled, the fermentation of
the whole is checked, and the cider becomes
fine; but if, on the first operation, the fermen-
tation is not checked, it is repeated till it is
So, and continued from time to time till the
cider is in a quiet state for drinking.
Some persons, instead of deadening a small
quantity with a match, as above directed, put
from one to two pints of an article called stum
(bought of the wine coopers) into each hogs-
head, but the system of racking as often as
the fermentation appears is generally preferred
by the cider manufacturers of Devonshire.
About six sacks, or twenty-four bushels of
apples, are used for a hogshead of sixty-three
gallons. During the process, if the weather is
Warm, it will be necessary to carry it on in
the shade, in the open air, and by every means
keep it as cool as possible.
In nine months it will be in condition for
bottling or drinking; if it continues thick, use
Some isinglass finings, and if at any time it
ferments and threatens acidity, the cure is to
rack it and leave the head and sediment.
Scotch Method.
The apples are reduced to mucilage, by
beating them in a stone trough (one of those
used at pumps for watering horses) with pieces
of ashpoles, used in the manner that potatoes
are mashed. The press consists of a strong
box, three feet Square and twenty inches deep,
perforated on each side with small augur or
gimblet holes. It is placed on a frame of
Wood, projecting three inches beyond the base
of the box. A groove is cut in this projection
one inch and a half wide, and one inch deep,
to convey the juice when pressed out of the
box into a receiving pail. This operation is
performed in the following manner: The box
324 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMLATION.
is filled alternately with strata of fresh straw
and mashed fruit, in the proportion of one
inch of straw to two inches of mucilage; these
are piled up a foot higher than the top of the
box; and care is taken in packing the box
itself to keep the fruit and straw about one
inch from the sides of the box which allows
the juice to escape freely. A considerable
quantity of the liquor will run off without any
pressure. This must be applied gradually at
first, and increased regularly toward the con-
clusion. A box of the above dimensions will
require about two tons weight to render the
residuum completely free from juice. (The
residuum is excellent food for pigs, and peculiarly
acceptable to them.)
The necessary pressure is obtained very easily,
and in a powerful manner, by the compound
lever pressing upon a lid or sink made of Wood
about two inches thick, and rendered sufficiently
strong by two cross-bars. It is made to fit the
opening of the box exactly; and as the levers
force the lid down, they are occasionally
slacked or taken off, and blocks of wood are
placed on the top of the lid, to permit the
lever to act, even after the lid has entered the
box itself. Additional blocks are repeated,
until the whole juice is extracted. The pressure
may be increased more or less, by adding or
diminishing the weight suspended at the
extremity of the lever.
The liquor thus obtained is allowed to stand
undisturbed twelve hours, in open vessels, to
deposit sediment. The pure juice is then put
into clean casks, and placed in a proper
situation to ferment, the temperature being
from fifty-five to sixty degrees.
The Apple-Tree Borer.
Experiments have amply proved that alkaline
washes are repulsive to this insect, and the
female beetle will not lay her eggs on trees
protected by such washes. Keep the base of every
tree free from weeds and trash, and apply soap
to them during the month of May, and they
will not likely be troubled with borers. For
this purpose common bar soap or soft Soap can
be used,—the latter, perhaps, being the most
convenient, and the newer and softer it is, the
better. This borer confines himself almost en-
tirely to the but and roots of the tree, though
very rarely it is found in the crotch. It is,
therefore, only necessary, in soaping, to rub
over the lower part of the trunk and the crotch.
It is a very good plan to lay a chunk of the
Soap in the principal crotch, so that it may be
washed down by the rains.
In case these precautions have been unheeded
and the borer is already at work, many of
them may be killed by cutting through the
bark at the upper end of their burrows, and
gradually pouring hot water into the cuts, so
that it will soak through the cuttings and pen-
etrate to the insect. But even when the soap
preventive is used in the month of May, it is
always advisable to examine the trees in the
fall, at which time the young worms that
hatched through the summer may be generally
detected and easily cut out without injury to
the tree. Particular attention should also be
paid to any tree that has been injured or Sun-
scalded, as such trees are most liable to be
attacked. Keeping the base of young trees
white-washed produces growth and thrift, and
is a preventive against borers.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
FOOD FOR THE SICK.
Liebig’s Soup for Children.
#T IS with that remarkable estimation of
# the greatness of small things which is
£) the most valuable of his many high
#3 intellectual qualities, and with a tender
#1 appreciation of the importance of small
people, that Baron Liebig devotes a special
article in an English scientific periodical to the
description of a new diet which he conceives
to be the most fitting substitute for the natural
nutriment of children robbed of their mother's
milk. It is well known that cow's milk does
not adequately represent the milk of a healthy
woman, and when wheaten flour is added, as
it commonly is, Liebig points out, that, although
the starch be not unfitting for the nourish-
ment of infants, the change of it into sugar in
the stomach during digestion imposes an unnec-
essary labor on the organization, which will be
spared it if the starch be changed into the
soluble forms of sugar and dextrine. This he
effects by adding to the wheaten flour a cer-
tain quantity of malt. As wheaten flour and
malt flour contain less alkali than Woman's
milk he supplies this when preparing the soup.
This soup may be shortly prepared as follows:
“Half an ounce of wheaten flour and an equal
quanty of malt flour; 73 grains of bicarbonate
of potash, and 1 ounce of water are to be well
mixed; 5 ounces of cow's milk are then to be
added, and the whole put on a gentle fire;
when the mixture begins to thicken it is removed
from the fire, stirred during five minutes,
heated and stirred again till it becomes fluid,
and finally made to boil. After the separation
of the bran by a sieve it is ready for use. By
boiling it for a few minutes it loses all taste
of the flour.” The immediate inducement for
Baron Liebig making this soup arose from the
fact that one of his grandchildren could not be
suckled by its mother, and that another required,
besides his mother's milk, a more concentrated
food. The soup proved an excellent food—
the children thrived on it.
Liebig’s Soup for Invalids.
Take 3 lb. of newly-killed beef or fowl, chop
it fine, add 1 lbs. of distilled water, with 4
drops of pure muriatic acid, and 84 to 67 grs.
of common salt, and stir well together. After
an hour the whole is to be thrown on a conical
hair sieve, and the fluid allowed to flow through
without any pressure. The first thick portions
which pass through are to be returned to the
sieve, until the fluid runs off quite clear. Half a
lb. of distilled water is to be poured, in small
portions at a time, on the flesh residue in the
sieve. There will be obtained in this way
about 1 lb. of fluid (cold extract of flesh), of a
red color, and having a pleasant taste of soup-


826
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
The invalid is allowed to take it cold, a cup-
ful at a time, at pleasure. It must not be
heated, as it becomes muddy by heat, and
deposits a thick coagulum of albumen and col-
oring matter of blood. In soup prepared in the
usual way by boiling, all those constituents
of flesh are wanting which are necessary for
the formation of blood albumen; and the yolk
of egg, which is added, is poor in those Sub-
stances, for it contains in all 82% per cent. of
water and fat, and only 17% per cent. of a
substance, the same or very similar to albu-
men of egg. But whether it is equal in its
power of nutrition to the albumen of flesh, is
at least doubtful from the experiments of
Magendie. Besides the albumen of flesh, the
new soup contains a certain quantity of color-
ing matter of blood, and with it a much larger
quantity of the necessary iron for the forma-
tion of the blood-corpuscles, and finally, the
muriatic acid to assist digestion. A great
obstacle to the use of this soup in Summer is
its liability to change in warm weather. It
enters into fermentation like Sugar with yeast,
but without acquiring a bad odor. What may
be the substance which gives rise to this fer-
mentation is a question well worthy of being
investigated. The extraction of the flesh must
consequently be made with very cold water,
and in a cool place. Iced water, and external
cooling with ice, completely removes this diffi-
culty. But the most important point to be
attended to is to employ meat quite recently
killed, and not several days old. The Soup has
been successfully employed in low fevers and
the summer-complaint of children.
Decoction of Barley or Barley Water.
Pearl Barley, 2 ounces.
Boiling Water, 2 quarts.
Before adding the boiling water, let the bar-
ley be well washed, then boil it to one-half and
strain the liquor. A little lemon juice and
sugar may be added if desirable. To be taken
as desired in inflammatory diseases.
Rice Water.
Rice, 2 ounces.
Let it be well washed, and add to it
Water, 2 quarts.
Boil it for an hour and a half, and then add
Sugar and nutmeg as much as may be required.
To be taken ad libitum.
Rice, when boiled for a considerable time,
assumes a gelatinous form, and, mixed with
milk, is an excellent diet for children. It
possesses in some measure a constipating prop-
erty, which may be increased by boiling the
milk.
Infusion of Flaxseed.
Linseed, 1 ounce.
Liquorice Root, # ounce.
Boiling Water, 2 pints.
Macerate for two or three hours near the fire,
in a covered vessel; strain, and add lemon-
juice sufficient to make it agreeable.
It may be given as a common drink in
catarrh.
Decoction of Bran.
Fresh Wheat Bram,
Water,
Boil down one-third; strain off the liquor,
and add sugar, honey, or molasses, according
to the taste of the patient.
Bran tea may be made by using boiling
water, and allowing the mixture to stand in a
covered vessel for three or four hours.
1 pint.
3 quarts.
Mucilage of Gum Arabic.
As an article of diet, the proper proportions
are an ounce of gum arabic to a pint of boil-
ing water. The solution is allowed to cool
before it is used. Gum Arabic is very nutritive,
and life can be sustained on it alone for some
time.
Sage Tea,
Dry Leaves of Sage, # ounce.
Boiling water, 1 quart.
Infuse for half an hour and then strain.
Sugar and lemon-juice may be added in the
proportion required by the patient. In the
same manner may be made balm and other
teas.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
327
These infusions form very agreeable and use-
ful drinks in fever, and their diaphoretic powers
may be increased by the addition of the sweet
Spirit of nitre or antimonial wine.
Infusion of Malt.
Ground Malt,
Scalding Water,
Infuse for two hours, and strain off the
liquor, to which may be added sugar or lemon-
juice, if required.
1 pint.
8 pints.
Milk For Infants.
Cow's Milk, 1 part.
Water, 2 parts.
Loaf Sugar, as much as may be agreeable.
It is necessary, when children are to be
raised by the hand, to dilute the milk. These
proportions may be altered as the child
advances in age. The object is to make a
diet as nearly like the maternal milk as pos-
sible.
Rice Gruel.
Ground Rice, 1 ounce.
Cinnamon, 1 drachm.
Water, 1 quart.
Boil for forty minutes, adding the aromatic
lear the conclusion. Strain and sweeten. Wine
may be added, if necessary.
Jelly of Carrageen, or Irish Moss.
Carrageen,
Fresh Milk,
Boil them down to a pint; remove any sedi-
ment by filtering or otherwise, and then add the
requisite quantity of Sugar, with lemon-juice,
or peach-water, to give it an agreeable flavor.
To be used freely.
The moss, before being used, should be well
washed in cold water, to remove its saline
taste.
# ounce.
1} pints.
Boiled Flour.
Pine Flour, 1 pound.
Tie it up in a linen cloth as tightly as pos-
sible, and, after frequently dipping it in cold
water, dredge the outside with flour till a crust
is formed round it, which will prevent the
water from soaking into it while boiling. It is
then to be boiled until it becomes a hard, dry
Iſla,88.
Two or three spoonfuls of this may be grated
and prepared in the same manner as arrowroot,
for which it forms an excellent substitute.
Calf’s Foot Jelly.
To two calf's feet add one gallon of water,
which reduce by boiling to one quart. Strain
it, and, when cold, skim the fat entirely off;
add to this the white of six or eight eggs well
beaten, a pint of wine, half a pound of loaf
sugar, and the juice of four lemons, and let
them be well mixed and boiled fer a few min-
utes and strained.
Beef Tea.
Lean Beef, cut into shreds,
Water,
Boil it for twenty minutes, taking off the
Scum as it rises. After it grows cold, strain
the liquor.
This preparation is more nourishing than
ordinary broths, and very palatable.
1 pound.
1 quart.
Hartshorn Jelly.
4 ounces.
1 quart.
Hartshorn Shavings,
Water,
Boil over a gentle fire until one pint of the
Water is dissipated. Strain and add lemon-
juice, Sugar, and wine.
This forms, either with or without the last-
named ingredients, a very nourishing diet for
convalescents, and, when mixed with an equal
portion of milk, is well adapted to the bowel
complaints of children.
Isinglass or fish glue may be used instead of
the hartshorn shavings, if preferred.
828
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Chocolate.
Chocalate should be suffered to stand until
cold, after having been made in the usual way.
The oily parts thus collect on the surface, and
should be taken off. The liquid should then
be boiled again, and Sugar, etc., added.
Crust Coffee.
Toast bread very brown, pour on boiling
water, strain and add cream, Sugar and nut-
meg, if desired.
Sago Custard.
Soak two tablespoons of sago in a tumbler of
water an hour or more, then boil in same
water until clear, and add a tumbler of sweet
milk; when it boils, add sugar to taste, then
a beaten egg and flavoring.
Chicken Broth.
Take the first and second joints of a chicken,
boil in one quart of water till very tender, and
season with a very little Salt and pepper.
Pearled Wheat Pudding.
One pint of wheat, one-half gallon new milk,
sweeten and flavor to taste; bake one hour.
This is a delicious and simple pudding.
Fever Drink.
Pour cold water on wheat bran; let boil
half an hour; strain and add Sugar and lemon-
juice; pour boiling water on flax-seed; let stand
till it is ropy; pour it into hot lemonade and
drink.
Barley Water.
Add two ounces pearl-barley to half a pint
boiling water; let Simmer five minutes; drain
and add two quarts boiling Water, and add two
ounces sliced figs and two ounces steamed
raisins; boil until reduced to a quart; strain
for a drink.
Beef Tea, Soup.
To one pint of “beef essence,” quite hot,
add a teacup of the best cream, well heated,
into which the yolk of a fresh egg has been
previously stirred; mix carefully together, and
Season slightly, and serve.
Oat Meal Blanc-Mange.
A delicious blanc-mange is made by stirring
two heaping tablespoons of oat meal into a
little cold water; then stir with a quart of
boiling milk; flavor, and pour into molds to
cool, when cream or jelly may be eaten with it.
Oat Meal Gruel,
Put two heaping tablespoons oatmeal in one
quart of cold water; stir till it commences
to boil, then cook one hour, stirring occasion-
ally; do not let it scorch; season with Salt,
sugar, and any spice desired. For infants and
very sick patients it may be strained, and not
salted.
Broiled Chicken, Quail, Squirrel or Woodcock.
Any of these must be tender. Take the
breast of the first two, or the thighs of the
others; place on hot coals or on a broiler,
turning often to prevent burning; when done,
remove the burned parts, if any; Season slightly
with butter, pepper and Salt, and serve at once.
Rice Jelly.
Mix one heaped tablespoon of rice flour with
cold water until it is a smooth paste, add a
scant pint of boiling Water, SWeeten with loaf
sugar; boil until quite clear. If the jelly is
intended for a patient with Summer complaint,
stir with a stick of cinnamon; if for one with
fever, flavor with lemon juice, and mold. Rice
water is made in the same manner, by using
twice the quantity of boiling Water.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
329
Arrow-ROot Custard.
One tablespoonful of arrowroot, one pint of
milk, one egg, two tablespoons of sugar; mix
the arrowroot with a little of the cold milk;
put the rest of the milk on the fire and boil,
and stir in the arrowroot and egg and sugar,
well beaten together; scald and pour into cups
to cool; any flavoring the invalid may prefer,
to be added.
Tapioca, Jelly.
One-half pint tapioca, one quart water, juice
and some of the grated rind of a lemon; SOak
the tapioca for three or four hours in the water,
sweeten it and boil for one hour in a custard
kettle, or until quite clear, stirring it often ;
when almost done stir in the lemon, and when
sufficiently cooked, pour into moulds. Serve
with sweetened cream.
Raspberry Vinegar.
Pour over two quarts of raspberries in a stone
jar, one quart of best vinegar; let stand 24
hours, strain and pour liquor over fresh fruit,
and let stand in the same way; allow one pound
sugar to a pint of juice; put into a stone jar,
and set in pot of boiling water one hour; skim
well, put into bottles, cork and seal tight.
Diluted with water, this is very nice for the
sick. Toasted bread may be eaten with it.
Strawberry Acid.
Dissolve five ounces tartaric acid in two quarts
of water, and pour it upon 12 pounds of straw-
berries in a porcelain kettle, let it simmer 48
hours; strain it, taking care not to bruise the
fruit. To every pint of juice add one and a
half pounds of sugar and stir until dissolved,
then leave it a few days. Bottle and cork
tightly; if a slight fermentation takes place,
leave out the cork a few days. Then cork, seal
and keep bottles in cool place.
Oatmeal Pie Crust.
This is made exactly like the dough for crack-
ers; it may be rolled a little thinner. It bakes
quickly, so that care must be taken not to
scorch it in cooking the contents of the pie.
It is not suited for an upper crust, but does
admirably for pies that require but one crust.
It is just the thing for those who do not think
shortened pie-crusts wholesome, and it is good
enough for any one to eat. One can eat it
with as much impunity as so much oatmeal
mush and fruit Sauce.
Mutton Broth.
Put two pounds of mutton and two quarts of
cold water to boil; add one tablespoon of rice,
washed carefully through several waters. Let
it boil till the meat will leave the bone and the
rice is cooked to a liquid mass. Take from the
fire, season with a little salt ; skim, if pre-
ferred. If for a patient with flux, leave on all
the fat (the more fat the better).
This is also a nice way to make chicken
broth. Take a chicken the size of a quail, and
prepare as above.
Uncooked Egg.
This is quite palatable and very strengthen-
ing, and may be prepared in a variety of ways.
Break an egg into a goblet and beat thoroughly,
add a teaspoon of Sugar, and after beating a
moment, add a teaspoon of brandy or port
wine; beat well, and add as much rich milk,
or part cream and milk, as there is of the
mixture. Or, omit brandy, and flavor with any
kind of Spice; or milk need not be added, or
the egg may be beaten separately, stirring in
lightly the well-whipped whites at the last.
Cracked Wheat Pudding.
To one quart of new or unskimmed milk add
one-third cup cracked wheat, same of sugar (or
a little more if preferred), a little salt, and a
small piece of stick cinnamon. Place in mod-
erm oven, and bake two hours, or longer. When
about half done, stir in the crust already formed,
and it will form another sufficiently brown.
When done the wheat will be very soft, and the
pudding of a creamy consistency. It can be
eaten hot or cold, and is very nice for invalids.
A handful of raisins added, is considered an
improvement by some.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Broiled Beefsteak.
Many times a small piece of “tenderloin” or
‘‘porter-house” is more wholesome for an in-
valid than broths and teas, and with this may
be served a potato, roasted in the ashes, dressed
with sweet cream, or a little butter, Salt, or
nicely cooked tomatoes. Have the steak from
half an inch to an inch thick, broil carefully
two or three minutes over hot coals, turning
often with a knife and fork, so as not to pierce
it. When done, put on a small dish, Season
slightly with salt and pepper and a small bit
of butter, garnish with the potatoes, and serve
hot.
Stewed Oysters.
Remove all bits of shell from half a dozen
fresh, select oysters, place in a colander, pour
over a teacup of hot water, drain, place liquor
drained off in a porcelain-lined Saucepan, let
come to boiling point, skim well, pour off into
another heated dish all except the last spoon-
ful, which will contain sediment and bits of
shell which may have been overlooked; wipe
out saucepan, return liquor, add oysters, let
come to the boiling point, add a small lump of
butter, a teaspoon of cracker dust, a very little
cayenne and salt, and a half cup of fresh, Sweet
CI'68, IOl.
Prepared Flour for Summer Complaint.
Take a double handful of flour, tie up tightly
in cloth, put in a kettle of boiling water, boil
from three to six hours; take out, remove the
cloth, and you will have a hard round ball.
Keep in a cool, dry place, and when wanted
for use prepare by placing Some Sweet milk
(new always preferred), to boil, and grating
into the milk from the ball enough to make it
as thick as you desire, stirring as you remove
it from the stove with a stick of cinnamon;
this gives it a pleasant flavor. Put a little salt
into the milk.
Very good for children having summer com-
plaint.
Meat for Invalids.
The following method for rendering raw meat
pulatable to invalids is given by good authority:
To 8.7 ounces of raw meat, from the loin, add
2.6 ounces of shelled sweet almonds, .17 ounce
of shelled bitter almonds, and 2.8 ounces of
white sugar; these to be beaten together in a
marble mortar to a uniform pulp, and the
fibres seperated by a strainer. The pulp, which
has a rosy hue and a very agreeable taste,
does not at all remind one of meat, and may
be kept fresh for a considerable time, even in
summer, in a dry, cool place. The yolk of an
egg may be added to it. From this pulp, or
directly from the above substance, an emul-
sion may be prepared which will be rendered
still more nutritious by adding milk.
Old Time Food for Convalescents,
Roast good potatoes in ashes or coals; when
done, put in a coarse cloth and Squeeze with
the hand, and take out the inside on a plate.
Put a good slice of pickled pork on a stick
three or four feet long; hold it before a wood
fire until it cooks slightly, then dip into a pan
of water, and let it drip on the potato to sea-
son it; repeat until the meat is nicely cooked
on one side; then turn the other; dip in water,
etc. When done, place on plate beside the
potato; serve with a slice of toast dressed with
hot water and a little winegar and Salt, or use
sweet cream instead of vinegar. A cup of sage
tea, made by pouring boiling Water on a few
leaves of sage, and allowing it to stand a few
minutes, served with cream and sugar, is very
nice; or crust coffee, or any herb tea is good.
Food prepared in this way obviates the use of
butter.
Beef Tea.
Cut a pound of the best lean steak in small
pieces; place in glass fruit jar; cover tightly
and set in a pot of cold Water; heat gradu-
ally to boil, and continue this steadily three
or four hours, until the meat is like white rags
and the juice thoroughly extracted; Season with
very little salt; strain through a wire strainer;
serve either warm or cold. To prevent jar
toppling over, tie a string around the top part
and hang over a stick laid across the pot;
when done, set pot off from stove, and let cool
before removing the jar, and in this way pre-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
831
vent breakage; or, when beef tea is wanted for
immediate use, place in a common pint bowl;
add very little water, cover with a saucer, and
place in a moderate ovem; if in danger of
burning add a little more water. To make
beef tea more palatable for some patients,
freeze it.
Corn Meal Gruel.
Add to three pints boiling water two table-
spoons corn meal, stirred up with a little cold
water; add a pinch of salt, and cook twenty
minutes. For very sick persons let it settle;
pour off the top, and give without seasoning.
For convalescents, toast a piece of bread nicely,
and put in the gruel with one or two table-
Spoons sweet cream, a little Sugar and ginger,
or nutmeg and cinnamon; when a laxative diet
is allowed this is very nourishing. Or, take a
pint of meal, pour over it two pints of cold
water; stir up ; let settle a moment, and pour
off the water; repeat this three times, then
put the washed meal into three quarts of cold
water and place where it will boil; cook three
hours, and when done add a pint of salt. This
is a very delicate way of cooking, and it may
be eaten with or without other seasoning.
Rice Water.
Wash four tablespoons of rice, which boil
down to one quart, then add sugar and a little
nutmeg. This makes a pleasant drink. A pint
or a half a pint of milk added to the rice water,
before it is taken from the fire, gives a nour-
ishing food suitable for cases of diarrhea.
Sago, tapioca, barley, or cracked corn can be
prepared in the same manner.
Raw Beef for Children.
Take half a pound of juicy beef, free from
any fat; mince it very finely; then rub it into
a very smooth pulp, either in a mortar or with
an ordinary potato masher, and press it through
a fine sieve. Spread a little out upon a plate
and sprinkle over it some salt, or some sugar,
if the child prefers it. Give it alone or spread
upon a buttered slice of stale bread. It makes
an excellent food for children with dysentery.
Beef Tea,
Take a pound of juicy lean beef and mince
it. Put it with its juice in an earthen vessel
containig a pint of tepid water, and let the
whole stand for one hour. Slowly heat to boil-
ing point, and let boil for three minutes.
Strain liquid through a colander, and stir in
a little salt. If preferred, a little pepper or
allspice may be added.
Vienna, Bread.
As Wienna bread is said to be the best, and
as the secret of the mode of making it is
known to but few, we append the formula:
Flour (middlings), 100 lbs.
Water and milk, 9 gallons.
Salt, 6 lbs. 4 oz.
18 lbs. 12 oz.
Commence by emptying the flour sacks into
a zinc lined trough, about 2% feet wide and 8
feet long, half round in form. Then with a
pail holding about five gallons, equal parts of
milk and water are poured, and left to stand
until the mixture attains the temperature of
the room, between 70° and 80° Fahr. It is
then poured into one end of the trough and
mixed with the bare hand with a small por-
tion of the flour to form a thin emulsion.
The pressed yeast is next crumbled finely in
the hands, and added in the proportion of 3}
Oz. to every 3 quarts of liquid, and then 1 oz.
of salt in same proportion is intermingled
through the mass. The trough is now covered
and left undisturbed for three-fourths of an
hour, and after this the rest of the flour is
incorporated with the mass in the above named
proportions. The mass of dough, being allowed
to rest for 24 hours, becomes a smooth, tena-
cious, puffed mass, of yellowish color, which
yields to indentation without rupture, and is
elastic. It is now weighed into pound masses,
and each lump is cut by machinery into 12
small pieces, each three-fourths of an inch in
thickness. Of each one of these, the corners
are brought together in the centre, and pinched
to secure them. Then the lump is reversed,
and placed on a long dough board for further
fermentation, until the whole batch is ready
Pressed Yeast,
332
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
for the oven. Before being introduced into the
latter, the rolls are again reversed and restored
to their original position, having considerably
increased in volume, to be still farther enlarged
in the oven to at least twice the size of the
Original dough. In the oven they do not
touch each other, and the baking occupies
about 15 minutes. To glaze the surface, they
are touched in the process of baking with a
Sponge dipped in milk, which, besides impart-
ing to them a smooth surface, increases the
brilliancy of the slightly reddish cinnamon
color, and adds to the grateful aroma of the
crust.
AErated Bread.
The water used in forming the dough is placed
in a vessel capable of withstanding a high pres-
sure, and carbonic acid gas is forced into it to
the extent of 10 or 12 atmospheres. The water
will absorb and retain it whatever may be its
density, in quantities equal to its own bulk, So
long as it is retained in a close vessel under
pressure. The flour and sart of which the dough
is to be formed, is next placed into another
powerful vessel of a spheroidal form, constructed
with a simple kneading apparatus, working
from without, and operating through a closely
packed stuffing box. In this vessel is forced a
pressure equivalent to that in the aerated water
vessel, them by means of a pipe connecting the
two vessels, the aerated water is drawn into the
flour, and the kneading apparatus is operated
at the same time, the water acting simply as
liquid water among the flour, forming a pasty
mass of the requisite tenacity. The pressure is
now withdrawn, and the gas escapes from the
water, and in doing So raises the dough in a
beautiful and rapid manner, the intermixture
being thorough and complete.
The mixing vessel may have, say, an internal
capacity of 10 bushels; to fill this with the in-
flated bread dough, only 3} bushels of flour are
required. In the intermixture of water with
flour the pasty mass measures rather less than
half the bulk of the Orginial dry flour, or about
13 bushels, instead of 3}, the expanded dough
represents nearly 5 parts gaseous to one solid.
The subsequent baking expands it to a much
greater extent, making the proportions of gase-
ous to solid in all about 10 to 1.
It must be self-evident that this bread must be
very pure, nothing but flour, water and salt being
used, and reliable experiments have demon-
strated that 118 loaves can be made from the
weight of flour, which by fermentation will
make only 105 or 106, the loss in the latter
being caused by the emission of carbonic acid
gas through the dough during the process of
fermentation and manufacture.
In baking this bread it has been found neces-
sary to have the heat admitted through the
bottom of the oven, with means of regulating
the heat at the top, so that the bread is cooked
through the bottom, and the heat subsequently
admitted above towards the last, in order to
perfect the top crust. These precautions are
taken owing to the low temperature of the dough
when placed in the oven, caused by the use of
cold water in the baking process, and the Sud-
den expansion on rising, inducing a temperature
of 40° Fahr., lower than ordinary fermented
dough. This, in connection with its slow
springing until it reaches the boiling point, ren-
ders it desirable to delay the formation of the
crust until the last moment.
Another AErated Bread.
1st. Dissolve Sesqui-Carbonate of Ammonia, 1
ounce; flour, 7 pounds. Water sufficient to
make into a dough. Form into loaves and
bake immediately.
2d. Divide 3 pounds of flour into two por-
tions; mix up the first with Water, holding in
solution 2 ounces of bicarbonate of Soda ; then
mix the second portion of flour with water, to
which 1 ounce of muriatic acid has been added;
knead each mass of the dough thoroughly.
When this is done, mix both portions together
as rapidly as possible. Form the mass into
loaves and bake immediately. This bread con-
tains no yeast, and is very Wholesome.
General Observations on Serving Dinner.
Always have flowers on your dinner table.
Let there be plenty of light during dinner, but
it may be a little subdued after the cloth is
removed. All the knives, plates, glass, etc.,
should be bright and free from dust. Above
all things, never attempt an elaborate dinner,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
333
tinkess you have the appliances and means of
cooking it thoroughly well, and of serving taste-
fully and properly—with the regular changes of
plates, knives, forks, etc.
The head of a dinner table is always occu-
pied by the lady of the house, who sits at that
end of it, with face towards the door. In the
case of a gentleman (bachelor or widower),
having a lady housekeeper, the gentleman will
then sit at the head; if there is no housekeeper,
and ladies present, the host may invite a mar-
ried lady to occupy the head of the table.
Best Modes of Preserving Food.
MEAT—Should be carefully examined every
day in summer, wiped dry, and such parts as
are beginning or seem Hable to taint, particu-
larly kernels, removed. In hot weather it may
be kept for several days more than it otherwise
would, by wrapping around it a linen cloth
moistened with vinegar, or equal parts of vine-
gar and water; the acid vapor keeps off flies,
and the moisture causes cold by evaporation.
Fresh charcoal bruised to powder has also the
property, spread over the meat, of preventing
it from spoiling for Some time. Meat, when
but slightly tainted, may be recovered, by boil-
ing it for some minutes with several pieces of
fresh charcoal.
To PRESERVE FISH-Quite fresh for a short time,
requires great care. They should be kept in a
very cool place—an ice-house, if possible—but
if that is not available, they should be laid upon
a stone floor or shelf, and dipped in cold salt
and water every night and morning. If it be
necessary to keep them a few days longer, im-
merse them in a pickle of vinegar and water.
WEGETABLES.–Cabbages, and other vegetables
of a soft nature, quickly lose their natural juices
by evaporation from the leaves, which soon be-
come flaccid and poor. As heat causes them
to lose their juices, they should be kept in a
cool, shady, and damp place, not in water, as
that injures their flavor. The best method of
refreshing them is to cut off a portion of the
stem, and set the cut part in water. They
should not be laid together in heaps, since this
is apt to generate heat and fermentation.
To PRESERVE FRUIT.—Fruit should be gath-
ered just before it is ripe. The floor and shelves
of the room on which the fruit is placed should
be strewn with straw, and the fruit should be
laid on this without being suffered to come into
contact with each other.
PoulTRY AND GAME.-These must be hung in
a cool place, covered with a muslim net, to keep
off the flies and dust.
Roasting, Boiling, Stewing, Etc.
RoASTING.—This is the most simple, and in
many respects, the best mode of cooking ordi-
nary joints and poultry. As a general rule the
cook will allow fifteen minutes to every pound
of meat, and in case of white meats—as lamb,
veal and pork—a little longer. Make up a good
large fire; let it be brisk, clear and steady, and
you then can obtain any heat you require, by
regulating the distance of the joint from the
fire. Large joints should be placed at a mode-
rate distance for the first quarter or half hour,
and then brought gradually nearer. For this
quarter of an hour the meat does not require
basting, but from the time it is placed closer,
it should be continually basted (first with but-
ter or lard, and afterwards with its own drip-
ping), until cooked. The meat should never be
nearer to the fire than six to eight inches. Do
not sprinkle the meat with Salt when first put
down, as this draws out the gravy. Fine flour
should be lightly dredged over it from time to
time, and a little salt when nearly done. Very
lean meat will sometimes need to have paper
placed over it for the early part of the roast-
ing, or it will scorch. In stirring the fire, always
remove the dripping-pan, or ashes may fall in.
If a bottle-jack be used, the hook should be so
placed as to take in a bone, and the thickest
part of the meat should hang downwards. If
a spit, then slide it in along the bones, avoid-
ing the prime parts of the joint, and be careful
to spit the meat evenly; if it will not turn
well, use balance-skewers with sliding heads.
BEEF.—The sirloin should never be less than
three of the short ribs, and to be first-rate,
when cooked, it should not weigh less than ten
pounds. Cover the joint with buttered paper,
and place it about a foot and a half from the
334
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
fire. About an hour after it has been down,
take off the paper and bring the joint nearer
the fire, and from that time until done, dredge
from time to time with flour and salt, basting
continually with its dripping. When the joint
is done, empty the dripping-pan into a basin,
remove the fat from the gravy, and pour the
latter into a well-dish, garnished with finely-
scraped horseradish. Place the joint in the dish,
and serve very hot. Yorkshire pudding cooked
under this joint, is much liked.
RIBs, RUMP, AITCH-BONE, and other joints of
beef, require similar treatment.
MUTTON.—Mutton should never be cooked un-
til it has hung for fully forty-eight hours. In
winter you can sometimes keep it for a fort-
night, and it will be all the better for it.
THE SADDLE—Should be covered with but-
tered paper, and placed about a foot and a half
from the fire. The roasting of this joint
does not take So long in proportion as any
other. Keep the paper on until within a quar-
ter of an hour of the meat being done, then
remove it, dredge lightly with Salt and flour.
Serve with its own gravy and red currant jelly.
HAUNCH of MUTTON.—Cover with paper as for
saddle, but remove it half an hour before the
joint is soaked. Baste well with butter, or its
own dripping, and dredge slightly. Serve with
its own gravy and red current jelly. Mashed
potatoes should accompany this joint, and, if
in season, French beans.
LEG of MUTTON.—Is better cooked with the
bottle-jack than the Spit. Cover with paper,
which remove ten minutes before done; baste
with butter or its own dripping, and dredge
slightly. Serve same as haunch, with the proper
vegetables.
SHOULDER OF MUTTON.—Should not be basted
while roasting, but instead rubbed sparingly
with butter. White onion sauce is usually (see
receipt) served with this joint.
LoIN AND NECK OF MUTTON.—Should be roasted
like haunch, and served very hot.
LAMB—Is roasted in the same way as mut-
ton; but as a rule will require to be better done.
A little lemon juice Squeezed over the joint
when nearly ready for table, is, by many, con-
sidered an improvement. Mint Sauce is always
served with roast lamb.
WEAL–Should be eaten fresh, and should
never be allowed to hang more than thirty-six
to forty-eight hours in summer and four days
in winter. The prime joints for roasting are
the fillet and the loin. Roast as for beef.
The fillet requires great care in roasting. It
should have the bone removed, and the cavity
filled with stuffing (see receipt). Then fold the
udder, and flap round and skewer tight. Cover
the top and bottom with buttered paper, and
put down to the fire. Let it be quite close for
the first quarter of an hour, during which time
the joint must be well rubbed with butter, and
then remove it to about two feet from the fire,
So that it roasts slowly. Keep the paper on
all the time, and by these means you will have
Veal a fine light brown, almost golden color.
A fillet of twelve to sixteen pounds will require
about four hours and a half. Serve with hot
melted butter, flavored with catsup.
Coffee.
The principal substances used for the pur-
poses of adulteration are caramel, roasted chic-
cory, roasted locust beans, roasted corn, etc.
Coffee exerts on the system highly beneficial
results.
Chiccory exercises a medicinal property, not
desirable in an article of food. Chiccory, there-
fore, as an adulterant, is very objectionable.
The adulteration of coffee with caramel, or
chiccory, may readily be detected as follows:
A spoonful of pure coffee placed gently
on the surface of a glass of cold water will
float for some time, and Scarcely color the
liquid; if it contains caramel or chiccory, it
will rapidly absorb the water and sinking to
the bottom of the glass, communicating ared-
ish-brown tint as it falls. Another method of
applying this test is by expertly shaking a
spoonful of the suspected coffee, with a wine-
glass of cold water, and then placing the glass
upon the table. If it is pure, it will rise to the
surface, and scarcely color the liquid; but if
caramel or chiccory is present, it will sink to
the bottom, and the Water will be tinged of a
deep red as before.
The brown color of decoction or infusion of
roasted coffee becomes greenish when treated
with a per-Salt of iron, and a brownish green,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
335
flocculent precipitate is formed. The color of
chiccory is only deepened, but not otherwise
altered, and no precipitate is formed under the
same treatment. A mixture of chiccory and
coffee retains a brownish yellow color after the
precipitate has subsided, and the liquid appears
brownish yellow by refracted light. The addi-
tion of a little weak ammonia water aids the
subsidence of the precipitate.
Roast Beef. ,
The best pieces for roasting are the sirloin
and rib pieces. The latter are oftenest used
by small families. Make your butcher remove
most of the bone, and skewer the meat into
the shape of a round. If you roast in an
oven, it is a good plan to dash a small cup of
boiling water over the meat in first putting it
down, letting it trickle into the pan. This, for
a season, checks the escape of the juices, and
allows the meat to get warmed through before
the top dries by said escape. If there is much
fat upon the upper surface, cover with a paste
of flour and water until it is nearly done.
Baste frequently, at first with salt and water,
afterward with the drippings. Allow about a
quarter of an hour to a pound, if you like
your meat rare; more, if you prefer to have it
well done. Some, when the meat is almost
done, dredge with flour and baste with butter
—only once.
Remove the beef, when quite ready, to a
heated dish ; skim the drippings; add a tea-
cupful of boiling water, boil up once, and send
to table in a gravy boat. Many reject made
gravy altogether, and only serve the red liquor
that runs from the meat into the dish as it is
cut. This is the practice with some—indeed
most of our best housekeepers. If you have
made gravy in a sauce boat, give your guest
his choice between that and the juice in the
dish.
Serve with mustard, or scraped horse-radish
and vinegar.
To Broil Beefsteaks.
The best beefsteaks are those cut from the
ribs or from the inside of the sirloin. All other
parts are, for this purpose, comparatively hard
and tough.
They should be cut about three-quarters of
an inch thick, and unless the beef is remarka-
bly fine and tender, the steaks will be much
improved by beating them on both sides with a
steak mallet, or with a rolling pin. Do not
season them till you have taken them from the
fire.
Have ready a fine bed of clear, bright coals,
entirely free from smoke and ashes. Set the
gridiron over the coals in a slanting direction,
that the meat may not be smoked by the fat
dropping into the fire directly under it. When
the gridiron is quite hot, rub the bars with Suet,
sprinkle a little salt over the coals, and lay on
the steaks. Turn them frequently with a pair
of steak-tongs, or with a knife and fork. A
quarter of an hour is generally sufficient time
to broil a beefsteak. For those who like them
underdone or rare, ten or twelve minutes will
be enough. &
When the fat blazes and smokes very much
as it drips into the fire, quickly remove the
gridiron for a moment, till the blaze has sub-
sided. After they are browned, cover the upper
side of the steaks with an inverted plate or
dish to prevent the flavor from evaporating.
Rub a dish with a shalot, or small onion, and
place it near the gridiron and close to the fire,
that it may be well heated. In turning the
Steak drop the gravy that may be standing on
it into this dish, to save it from being lost.
When the steaks are done, sprinkle them with
a little Salt and pepper, and lay them in a hot
dish, putting on each a piece of fresh butter,
and serve immediately. -
Mutton chops may be broiled in the same
Iſla, Illſler.
To Keep Dried Beef or Hams
from mold, bugs, and every form of decay; after
curing and Smoking, hang in a cool, dry place,
and once in two or three weeks rub the meaty
part thoroughly with cider brandy, high wines,
or alcohol. I will warrant it, thus prepared,
to keep as good as new.
Recipe for Curing Hams.
Six gallons soft or rain water, nine pounds
rock salt, three ounces saltpetre, one and a
half ounces pearlash, one quart molasses, three
886
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
pounds brown sugar. The saltpetre and pearl-
ash must be dissolved before putting into the
pickle. Boil and skim. Rub the hams thor-
oughly with fine salt before putting them into
the pickle, to get the blood out of them.
To Fry Beefsteaks.
Beefsteaks for frying should be cut thinner
than for broiling. Take them from the ribs or
sirloin, and remove the bone. Beat them to
make them tender. Season them with Salt
and pepper.
Put some fresh butter, or nice beef dripping
into a frying pan, and hold it over a clear
bright fire till it boils and has done hissing.
Then put in the steaks, and (if you like them)
some sliced onions. Fry them about a quarter
of an hour, turning them frequently. Steaks,
when fried, should be thoroughly done. After
they are browned, cover them with a large
plate to keep in the juices.
Have ready a hot dish, and when they are
done, take out the steaks and onions and lay
them in it with another dish on the top to
keep them hot while you give the gravy in the
pan another boil up over the fire. You may
add to it a spoonful of mushroom catsup. Pour
the gravy over the steaks, and send them to
table as hot as possible.
Mutton chops may be fried in this manner.
To Preserve Meat.
Meat of any kind may be preserved in a
temperature of from 80° to 100° for a period
of ten days after it has been soaked in a solu-
tion of 1 pint of Salt dissolved in 4 gallons of cold
water and # gallon of a solution of bisulphate
of calcium. By repeating this process the
preservation may be extended by the addition
of a solution of gelatine or the white of an
egg to the Salt and Water.
To Roast a Loin of Pork.
Cut the skin in narrow strips, and rub it all
over with salt, pepper, and dry sage, finely
powdered. Make incisions between the ribs,
and stuff it with a dressing made of bread
crumbs, chopped onion, pepper, and Salt mixed
up with beaten yolk of egg. Put it in the
oven and baste it with lard.
To Roast a Leg of Pork.
Take a sharp knife and score the skin across
in narrow stripes (you may cross it again so
as to form diamonds) and rub in some pow-
dered Sage. Raise the skin at the knuckle and
put in a stuffing of minced onion and sage,
bread crumbs, pepper, salt, and beaten yolk of
egg. Fasten it down with a buttered string, or
With skewers. You may make deep incisions
in the meat of the large end of the leg, and
stuff them also, pressing in the filling very
hard. Rub a little Sweet oil all over the skin
with a brush or a goose feather, to make it
crisp and of a handsome brown. A leg of pork
will require from three to four hours to roast.
Moisten it all the time by brushing it with
Sweet oil, or with fresh butter tied in a rag.
To baste it with its own dripping will make
the skin tough and hard. Skim the fat care-
fully from the gravy, which should be thick-
ened with a little flour.
A roast leg of pork should always be accom-
panied by apple sauce, and by mashed pota-
toes and mashed turnips.
English Mode of Curing Hams.
As soon as the meat comes from the
butcher's hand, rub it thoroughly with fine
salt. Repeat this four days, keeping the meat
where it can drain. The fourth day rub it
with saltpetre and a handful of common salt,
allowing one pound of Saltpetre to seventy
pounds of meat. Now mix one pound of brown
sugar and one of molasses, rub over the ham
every day for a fortnight, and then smoke with
hickory chips or cobs. Hams should be hung
highest in meat houses, there they are less
liable to the attacks of insects.
Pickle.
Brown Sugar, 2 pounds.
Saltpetre, 4 ounces.
Common Salt, Sufficient.
Water, 8 gallons.
Mix the salt and water together, make the
brine strong enough to float an egg, boil and
skim, and pour cold on your meat. Meat in-
tended for smoking should remain in pickle
about four weeks.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
337
Mince Meat,
Raisins, stoned, 8 pounds.
Currants, 3 6 &
Beef Suet, 8 & 6
Bread Crumbs, 1 pound.
Lemon Peel, # & 6
Fillet of Beef, cooked, 14 pounds.
Salt, Sugar, Spices, Ginger, etc., sufficient.
Each ingredient to be chopped up separately
and very fine.
Mix all well together, and take especial care
that the beef is well mixed with the other in-
gredients. Moisten with a bottle of brandy and
stir occasionally.
Meat.
FROZEN.—When meat is frozen it should be
brought into the kitchen and laid at some dis-
tance from the fire, early in the morning; or
soak the meat in cold water two or three hours
before it is used. Putting it near the fire, or in
warm water till thawed, should be avoided.
To SMOKE.—This process consists in exposing
meat, previously salted, to wood Smoke, in an
apartment (usually called the Smoke-house),
into which smoke is admitted by flues at the
bottom of the side walls. The meat absorbs
the pyroligneous acid of the smoke, and gets
dried at the same time. It may be protected
from soot, by rubbing over with bran, or wrap-
ping in a cloth. The Smoke from oak or beech
wood is preferable; and the Smoking is better
slow and gentle than rapid and powerful,-the
latter plan being too often adopted from
motives of economy.
Hams thus prepared, as is often the case,
are ham merely on the surface, and corned
pork on the inside. This process is sometimes
imitated by immersing the meat for a few
hours in diluted pyroligneous acid, but it is
apt to harden or toughen the meat.
ToUGH.—Meat, if naturally tender, will be
made as tough as may be desired by putting
a little salt on it, “just to keep it till wanted.”
Salt is an excellent hardener. If the tender-
ness is to be preserved, as well as the purity
of the meat, “a dust of pepper” will do all
that iºdiul,
To MAKE TENDER.—Meats become tender and
more digestible, as well as better flavored, by
hanging. In summer, two days are enough for
lamb and veal, and from three to four days
for beef and mutton. In cold weather mutton
may be kept twice that time. Legs and
shoulders should be hung knuckle downwards.
MEAT—To CAN.—Remove the bones from fresh
meat; parboil the flesh; put it into a clean tin
can, and fill it up with rich seasoned Soup;
solder on the lid, pierced with a very small
hole. Next put the tin into a bath of brine
and heat until the steam issues from the hole;
then solder up, and at the same time remove
the can from the bath. In a short time, the
pressure of the air will induce a slight concav-
ity of the top and bottom of the can. If the
process has been successfully performed, this
concavity will be permanent, but if at any
future time the concavity has ceased, or the
ends become slightly convex, it is a sure sign
that the meat has become putrid. The system
of canning has been, in later years, applied to
preserving fresh fruits and vegetables, and is
done on substantially the same principles,
namely, filling the can with steam, and her-
metically sealing before the steam condenses.
MEAT—WHEN TO CUT.-Meat that is not to
be cut till cold, must be well done, especially
in summer.
How to Distinguish Good Meat from Bad Meat.
1st. It is neither of a pale pink color nor of
a deep purple tint, for the former is a sign of
disease, and the latter indicates that the ani-
mal has not been slaughtered, but has died
with the blood in it, or has suffered from acute
fever.
2d. It has a marked appearance from the
ramifications of little veins of fat among the
muscles.
3d. It should be firm and elastic to the touch
and should scarcely moisten the fingers—bad
meat being wet and sodden and flabby with
the fat looking like jelly or wet parchment.
4th. It should have little or no odor, and
the odor should not be disagreeable, for
diseased meat has a sickly cadaverous smell,
and sometimes a smell of physic. This is very
discoverable when the meat is chopped up and
drenched with warm water.
338
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
5th. It should not shrink or waste much in
cooking.
6th. It should not run to water or become
very wet on standing for a day or two, but
should, on the contrary, dry upon the surface.
7th. When dried at atemperature of 212°, or
thereabouts, it should not lose more than from
70 to 74 per cent. of its weight, whereas bad
meat will often lose as much as 80 per cent.
The juice of the flesh is alkaline or neutral to
test paper.
To Make Coffee.
The manner in which coffee is roasted is of
great importance to its flavor. If roasted too
little, it will be weak and insipid ; if too much,
the taste will be bitter and unpleasant. To
have it very good, it shomld be roasted imme-
diately before it is made, doing no more than
the quantity you want at that time. It loses
much of its strength by keeping, even in twen-
ty-four hours after roasting. It should on no
consideration be ground till directly before it is
made. Every family should be provided with
a coffee roaster. Before the coffee is put into
the roaster, it should be carefully examined and
picked, lost there should be stones or bad grains
among it. It should be roasted of a bright
brown; and will be improved by putting among
it a piece of butter when about half dome.
Watch it carefully while roasting, looking at
it frequently.
A coffee-mill affixed to the wall is far more
convenient than one that must be held on the
lap. It is best to grind the coffee while warm.
Allow half a pint of ground coffee to one
quart of water. If the coffee is not freshly
roasted, you should put in more. Put the water
into the tin coffee pot, and set it on a hot
stove; when it boils, put in the coffee, a spoon-
ful at a time, (stirring it between each spoon-
ful,) add the white of an egg. Stir it frequently
till it has risen up to the top in boiling; then
set it a little further from the fire, and boil it
gently for ten minutes, or a quarter of an hour;
after which pour in a teacup of cold water,
and put it in the corner to Settle for ten min-
utes. Scald your silver or china pot, and
transfer the coffee to it, carefully pouring it off
from the grounds, so as not to disturb them.
If coffee is allowed to boil too long, it will lose
much of its strength, and also become sour.
To Make Coffee Without Boiling.
There are so many patent coffee pots for this
purpose, and the directions sold with these are
so minute, that I need give only a few general
rules here. Allow rather more coffee to a given
quantity of water than if it were to be boiled,
and have it ground very fine. Put the coffee
in the uppermost compartment, pour on the
water very slowly until the fine coffee is satu-
rated, then more rapidly. The water should be
boiling. Shut down the top, and the coffee
ought to be ready when it has gone throug
the double or treble set of strainers. Should it
not be strong enough, run it through again.
To Make Tea.
In buying tea it is best to get it by the box,
that you may be sure of having it fresh and
unmixed with any that is old and of inferior
quality. The box should be kept in a very dry
place. If green tea is good, it will look green
in the cup when poured out. Black tea should
be dark-colored and have a fragrant, flowery
smell. The best pots for making tea are those
of china. Metal and wedgwood teapots by fre-
quent use will often communicate a disagreea-
ble taste to the tea. This disadvantage may
be remedied in wedgwood ware, by occasionally
boiling the teapots in a vessel of hot water.
In preparing to make tea, let the pot be twice
scalded from the teakettle, which must be boil-
ing hard at the moment the water is poured on
the tea, otherwise it will be weak and insipid,
even when a large quantity is put in. The best
way is to have a chafing dish, with a kettle
always boiling on it, in the room where the tea
is made. It is a good rule to allow two heap-
ing teaspoonfuls of tea to a large cupful of
water, or two teaspoonfuls to each grown per-
son that is to drink tea, and one spoonful extra.
The pot being twice Scalded, put in the tea,
and pour on the water about ten minutes be-
fore you want to fill the cups, that it may have
time to draw or infuse. Have hot water in
another pot, to weaken the cups of those that
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
339
like it so. That the second course of cups may
be as strong as the first, put some tea into a
cup just before you sit down to the table, pour
on it a very little boiling water, (just enough
to cover it), Set a saucer over it to keep in the
steam, and let it infuse till you have filled all
the first cups; then add it to that already in
the teapot, and pour in a little boiling water
from the kettle. Except that it is less conve-
nient for a large family, a kettle on a chafing
dish is better than an urn, as the water may
be kept longer boiling. In making black tea
use a larger quantity than of green, as it is of
a much weaker nature. The best black teas in
general use are Pekoe and Pouchon. The best
green teas are Imperial, Young Hyson and
Gunpowder.
Chocolate.
Six tableSpoonfuls grated chocolate to each
pint of Water, as much milk as you have water.
Sweeten to taste. Put on the water boiling
hot, rub the chocolate smooth in a little cold
water, and stir into the boiling water. Boil
twenty minutes; add the milk and boil ten
minutes more, stirring frequently. You can
sweeten upon the fire or in the cups.
Raspberry Vinegar.
Mash two quarts of raspberries; put them
in a dish, and cover them with white wine
vinegar; let them stand twelve hours or
more, then run the juice through a jelly bag;
to each pint allow two pounds of loaf sugar,
which you have previously pounded, melted in
a little water, and clarified with the whites of
four eggs. When it boils, skim it well, and
add to the juice. Let the whole boil half an
hour, and when cold, bottle; cork, seal it over,
and keep it in a cool, dry place.
Raspberry Wine.
Put four gallons of ripe raspberries into a
stone jar, and mash them with a round stick.
Take four gallons of soft water (measured after
it has boiled an hour) and strain it warm over
the raspberries. Stir it well and let it stand
twelve hours. Then strain it through a bag,
and to every gallon of liquor put three pounds
of loaf sugar. Set it over a clear fire, and
boil and skim it till the Scum ceases to rise.
When it is cold bottle it. Open the bottles
every day for a fortnight, closing them again
in a few minutes. Then seal the corks, and
lay the bottles on their sides in Sawdust which
must not be from pine Wood.
Raspberry Vinegar.
Pour one quart of pure cider vinegar over
three quarts of ripe raspberries in a dish ; let
it stand twenty-four hours, then strain it;
pour the liquor over three quarts of fresh rasp-
berries, and let it infuse again for a day and
night; strain again, and add one pound white
sugar to each pint of juice; boil twenty min-
utes, skimming it well. Bottle and seal when
cold.
Blackberry Cordial.
Squeeze the juice from the berries, and to
every pint of juice add one pint of water; to
every quart of this mixture put one pint whisky
or brandy; sweeten to taste, use the best
refined sugar; a few spices may be added, if
liked. This makes a very superior cordial, and
improves with age. This receipt answers for
strawberries, peaches, wild grapes, etc.
Elderberry Wine.
Gather the elderberries when quite ripe; put
them into a stone jar, mash them with a
round stick, and set them in a warm oven, or
in a large kettle of boiling water till the jar
is hot through, and the berries begin to sim-
mer. Then take them out, and press and
strain them through a sieve. To every quart
of juice allow a pound of white sugar, and two
quarts of cold soft water. Put the sugar into
a large kettle, pour the juice over it, and when
it has dissolved, stir in the water. Set the
kettle over the fire, and boil and skim it till
the Scum ceases to rise. To four gallons of
the liquor add a pint and a half of brandy.
Put it into a keg, and let it stand with the
bung put in loosely for four or five days, by
which time it will have ceased to ferment.
340
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Then stop it closely, plastering the bung with
clay. At the end of six months, draw off a
little of it; and if it is not quite clear and
bright, refine it with the whites and shells of
three or four eggs, beaten to a stiff froth and
stirred into a quart of the wine, taken out for the
purpose, and then returned to the cask; or you
may refine it with an ounce or more of dissolved
isinglass. Let it stand a week or two, and
then bottle it. This is an excellent domestic
wine.
Strawberry Wine.
Three quarts of strawberries, mashed and
strained. To the juice (there should be about
a quart, if the berries are ripe and fresh) add
one quart of water, one pound of Sugar. Stir
up well and ferment in a clean, Sweet cask,
leaving the bung out. When the working sub-
sides close tightly, or rack off into bottles.
This is said by those who have tasted it to be
very good.
Currant Wine,
Take four gallons of ripe currants; strip
them from the stalks into a great stone jar
that has a cover to it, and mash them with a
long thick stick. Let them stand twenty-four
hours; then put the currants into a large linem
bag; wash out the jar, set it under the bag,
and squeeze the juice into it. Boil together
two gallons and a half of water, and five
pounds and a half of the best loaf-sugar,
skimming it well. When the Scum ceases to
rise, mix the syrup with the currant juice.
Let it stand a fortnight or three weeks to set-
tle ; and then transfer it to another vessel,
taking care not to disturb the dregs. If it is
not quite clear and bright, refine it by mixing
with a quart of the wine, taken out for the
purpose, the whites of two eggs beaten to a
stiff froth, and half an ounce of cream of tar-
tar. Pour this gradually into the vessel. Let
it stand ten days, and then bottle it off. Place
the bottles in sawdust, laying them on their
sides. Take care that the Sawdust is not from
pine wood. You may add a little brandy to it
when you make it; allowing a quart of brandy
to six gallons of wine. This wine improves
with age.
Spruce Beer.
Put into a large kettle ten gallons of water,
a quarter of a pound of hops, and a teacupful
of ginger. Boil them together till all the hops
sink to the bottom. Then dip out a bucket
full of the liquor, and stir into it six quarts of
molasses, and three ounces and a half of the
essence of spruce. When all is dissolved, mix
it with the liquor in the kettle ; strain it
through a hair sieve into a cask; and stir well
into it half a pint of good strong yeast. Let
it ferment a day or two, then bung up the
cask, and you may bottle the beer the next
day. It will be fit for use in a week.
For the essence of spruce, you may substi-
tute two pounds of the outer sprigs of the
spruce fir, boiled ten minutes in the liquor.
Canned Fruit and Vegetables.
Canned fruit and vegetables are often adul-
terated with coloring and flavoring substances
of an unwholesome character. The most com-
mon are red coloring matter in tomatoes (not
very common in this country), fuchsine and
aniline in fruits, and Salts of copper in peas
and other green vegetables. It occasionaliy
happens also, that the solder with which the
cans are closed causes contamination of ruits
with lead. Sometimes the cans themselves are
a still greater source of danger, being made of
lead tin.
Within the last few years a recipe for pre-
serving fruits has been widely sold, which con-
sisted in exposing the fruit to the fumes of
burning sulphur or immersing it in water which
had been impregnated with Sulphurous acid by
such exposure. The deleterious influence of
such a preservative is well shown by the fact
that it destroys the color of fruit exposed to its
action, and deprives it of its finest aromatic
flavors. It should never be employed. The
plan is not a new one, though presented as
such. It has been well known for many years,
perhaps centuries. Salicylic acid has been sug-
gested as a preservative; but the quantities in
which it would need to be used would render
articles preserved with it unwholesome food.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
When the coloring matter is of an earthy
character, some portions may be found in the
bottom of the can as a sediment. When fuch-
sine or aniline is present it may be detected
by placing in the juice of the fruit, as found
in the can, a few threads of white woolen yarn
or worsted. After half an hour remove the
threads, and if the coloring matters mentioned
are present they will be colored red, as will not
be the case if only the fruit juices are present.
Adulteration with copper may be strongly sus-
pected if such vegetables as peas have a bright
green appearance. The presence of copper will
be proved if a bright strip of iron or a sewing
needle placed in the can over night after add-
ing a few drops of sulphuric acid is found to
be coated with a coppery-colored film in the
morning. A very Small proportion of copper
may be detected in this way.
To Keep Cabbages.
Gather them before the severe fall frosts.
Let the coarse outside leaves remain on them.
Fix a strong string around the stalk and sus-
pend the cabbage from the timbers of the ceil-
ing, head downward. The cellar should be
cool and dry. This will preserve them with a
certainty. Another good method is to cut the
cabbage from the stump, pack close in a cask,
taking care to fill up all the vacancies with
dry chaff or bran, and keep in a dry cellar.
Cider—How to Keep Sweet.
Use only sound apples; make the cider when
the weather is almost cold enough to freeze
the apples. Expose the cider during freezing
weather, and stir it till the whole of it is re-
duced as near the freezing point as possible
without freezing. Then barrel it, bung up
tight, and place it in a cellar kept nearly
down to freezing point. As long as you can
keep it cold enough it will not ferment, and
as long as it does not ferment, it will remain
sweet.
To Keep Cauliflower.
They can be kept in a cellar by covering the
roots and stalks with earth till February; or
they may be placed in a trench in the garden,
roots down, and covered with earth, up close
to the heads, and then cover with hay or
straw, four or five inches thick, placing just
enough soil on the straw to keep it in its posi-
tion. This method does well in the latitude of
New York, but in colder climates a thicker
covering would be required.
Cherries—Dried.
Take the stems and stones from ripe cherries,
spread them on flat dishes and dry them in
the hot sum or Warm oven; pour on whatever
juice may have run from them, stir them
about, that they may dry evenly. When they
are perfectly dry line boxes or jars with white
paper and pack them close in layers, strew a
little brown sugar, and fold the paper over,
and keep them in a dry place, or put them in
muslin bags and hang them in an airy place.
Ox-Tail Soup.
Procure two fresh ox-tails, cut each joint, after
dividing them, into inch lengths with a small
meat saw, steep them in water for two hours,
and then place them in a stew-pan with 3 car-
rots, 3 turnips, 3 onions, 2 heads of celery, 4
cloves, and a blade of mace. Fill up the stew-
pan with broth from the boiling stockpot, boil
this by the side of the stove fire till done, drain
the pieces of ox-tail on a large sieve, allow them
to cool, trim them neatly, and place them in a
Soup pot. Clarify the broth the ox-tails were
boiled in, strain it through a napkin into a
basin, and then pour it into the soup-pot con-
taining the trimmed pieces of ox-tails, and also
Some small, olive-shaped pieces of carrot and
turnip that have been boiled in a little of the
broth, and a small lump of sugar, add a pinch
of pepper, and previously to sending the soup
to table, let it boil gently by the side of the
stove fire for a few minutes. This soup may
be served also in various other ways, by adding
thereto a purée of any sort of vegetables, such,
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
for instance, as a purée of peas, carrots, tur-
nips, celery, lentils.
Egg Plants.
After paring, cut them in slices as thin as
possible, let them lie an hour in Salt water,
then season with pepper and salt, dredge fine
powdered cracker or stale bread crumbs over
each piece, beat up an egg as for veal cutlet,
and dip in each alternately, and put in a pan
with some hot butter or beef drippings. Fry
slowly until quite soft and a dark brown on
both sides. Serve them up hot.
New Potatoes a la Creme.
Cut some recently boiled new potatoes in
slices, put them into a stew-pan with a gill of
cream, 4 ounces of fresh butter, a very little
nutmeg, pepper and salt, and the juice of half
a lemon; set them to boil on the stove fire,
toss them well together, and dish them up with
Crówtow8.
Green Peas—Plain.
Put the peas into boiling water, some Salt
and a bunch of green mint; keep them boiling
briskly for about twenty minutes, and when
done, drain them in a colander, dish them up
with chopped boiled mint on the top, and send
some small pats of very fresh butter separately
on a plate.
Stewed Peas.
Put 1 quart of young peas into a pan, with
4 ounces of butter and plenty of cold water;
rub the peas and butter together with the fin-
gers until well mixed, then pour off the water
and put the peas into a Stew-pan, with a couple
of cabbage-lettuces, shred Small, a bunch of
green onions and parsley, a dessertspoonful of
pounded sugar, and a little salt; put the lid on
and set the peas to boil very gently over a slow
fire for about a half an hour; when done, if
there appears to be much liquor, boil it down
quickly over the fire. Next put about 2 ounces
of fresh butter on a plate, with a dessertspoon-
ful of flour, and knead them together; put this
into the peas, and toss the whole together over
the stove fire until well mixed; dish the peas
up, garnished round with pastry, and serve.
Asparagus With White Sauce.
Pick the loose leaves from the heads and
scrape the stalks clean, wash them in a pan of
cold water, tie them up in bundles of about 20
each, keeping all the heads turned the same
way; cut the stalks even, leaving them about
8 inches long. Put the asparagus in hot water
with a small handful of salt in it, to boil for
about twenty minutes, and when done, drain
them carefully upon a napkin to avoid breaking
off the heads; dish them up on a square, thick
piece of toasted bread dipped in the water they
have been boiled in, and sent to table with some
white Sauce, separately in a sauce-boat.
Spinach. With Butter.
Pick all the stalks from the spinach, wash it
in several waters and drain it upon a sieve;
throw it into a stew-pan of hot water with a
handful of salt, and keep it boiling until it be-
comes thoroughly tender and soft to the touch;
then drain it in a colander, immerse it in cold
water, and afterwards Squeeze all the water
from it. The spinach must next be carefully
turned over with the point of a knife, to remove
any straws or stalks that may have been over-
looked; it should then be chopped or pounded.
in a mortar, rubbed through a coarse wire sieve,
and placed in a stew-pan with about 2 ounces
of butter, a little Salt, and grated nutmeg ; stir
the spinach over a stove fire with a wooden spoon
until it becomes quite warm, then add a gravy-
spoonful of good sauce, a small piece of glaze,
and about 4 ounces of fresh butter. Work the
whole together with a wooden spoon until well
mixed, then pile the Spinach up in the centre
of the dish, garnish it round with crôutons, and
Serv6.
Julienne Soup.
Take three red carrots of a large size,
as many sound turnips, and the white parts
of the same number of leeks, heads of celery,
and onions. Cut all these vegetables into
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
343
fine shreds an inch long; put them into a
convenient-sized stew-pan, with two ounces of
fresh butter, a little salt, and a teaspoonful of
pounded Sugar. Simmer these vegetables on a
slow stove fire, taking care they do not burn.
When they become slightly brown add three
quarts of veal gravy or light-colored consommé;
let the Soup boil, skim all the butter off as it
rises to the surface, and, when the vegetables
are done, throw in the leaves of two cabbage-
lettuces and a handful of sorrel, shred like the
carrots, etc.; add a few leaves of tarragon and
chervil. Boil the whole for ten minutes longer,
taste the Soup in order to ascertain whether
the seasoning is correct, and serve.
Scotch Broth.
Take a neck of fresh mutton; trim it the
same as for cutlets; take the scrag and trim-
mings, with 2 carrots, 3 turnips, 2 heads of
celery, 2 onions, a bunch of parsley, and a sprig
of thyme, and with these make some mutton
broth, filling up from either broth from the
common stockpot or with water. While the
mutton broth is boiling, cut up the neck of
mutton, previously trimmed for the purpose,
into chops, which should have the superfluous
skin and fat pared away, and place them in a
three-quart stew-pan, together with the red or
outer part of 2 carrots, 3 turnips, 2 leeks, 1
onion, and 2 heads of celery—the whole of
those to be cut in the form of very small dice;
add 6 ounces of Scotch barley, previously washed
and parboiled, and then pour on to the whole
the broth made from the scrag, etc., when
strained and the fat removed. Allow the soup
thus far prepared to boil gently until the chops
and vegetables be thoroughly done. Five min-
utes before sending the soup to table, throw
into it a tablespoonful of chopped and blanched
parsley. Be sparing in the use of salt, so as
not to overpower the simple but sweet flavor
which characterizes this broth.
Lettuce and Whole-Pea Soup.
Pick, wash and blanch a dozen white-heart
cabbage-lettuces ; cut them open and spread
them on a clean napkin; season them with
pepper and salt; then put two together face to
face, and proceed to tie them up with twine.
Cover the bottom of a stew-pan with thin layers
of fat bacon and place the lettuce thereon;
pour over them some broth from the boiling
stockpot, over which lay a round of buttered
paper, place the lid on the stew-pan, start them
to boil on the fire, and then place them on a
slackened stove to simmer gently for about an
hour, after which drain the lettuces on a clean
napkin, untie them, and after having cut them
into inch lengths lay them in the soup-tureen,
together with a pint of young green peas,
boiled for the purpose, and a small pinch of
pepper. Take every particle of fat off the broth
in which the lettuces have been braized, and
add it to the lettuces and peas already in the
tureen, over which pour 2 quarts of bright,
strong consommé of fowl; ascertain that the
Soup is palatable, and having thrown in a hand-
ful of duchess's crusts, send to table.
Rabbit Pie.
Made in the same way, but make a force-
meat to cover the bottom of the dish by pound-
ing a quarter pound of boiled bacon with
the livers of the rabbits; some pepper and
salt, some pounded mace, some chopped pars-
ley, and an eschalot, thoroughly beaten to-
gether; and you may lay some thin slices of
ready-dressed ham or bacon on the top of
your rabbits.
Chicken Pie.
Parboil and then cut up neatly two young
chickens; dry them, set them over a slow fire
for a few minutes. Have ready some veal
stuffing or forcemeat; lay it at the bottom of
the dish, and place in the chickens upon it,
and with it some pieces of dressed ham; cover
it with paste. Bake it from an hour and a
half to two hours. When sent to table add
Some good gravy, well seasoned and not too
thick.
Duck pie is made in like manner, only sub-
stituting duck stuffing instead of the weal.
The above may be put into a raised French
crust and baked. When done take off the top
and put a ragout of Sweetbread to the chicken.
344
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Giblet Pie,
Clean well and stew two or three sets of
goose giblets; cut the leg in two, the wing and
neck into three, and the gizZard into four
pieces. Preserve the liquor, and set the gib-
lets by till cold, otherwise the heat of the
giblets will spoil the paste you cover the pie
with ; then season the whole with black pepper
and salt, and put them into a deep dish;
cover it with paste, rub it over with yolk of
egg, ornament and bake it an hour and a half
in a moderate oven. In the meantime take
the liquor the giblets were stewed in, skim it
free from fat, put it over a fire in a clean
stew-pan, thicken it a little with flour and butter,
or flour and water, season it with pepper and
salt and the juice of half a lemon; add a few
drops of browning, strain it through a fine
sieve, and, when you take the pie from the
oven, pour some of this into it through a fun-
nel. Some lay in the bottom of the dish a
moderately thick rump-steak. If you have any
cold game or poultry, cut it in pieces and add
it to the above.
Raised Ham Pie.
Soak four or five hours a small ham; wash
and scrape it well; cut off the knuckles and
boil it for half an hour; then take it up and
trim it very neatly. Take off the rind and put
it into an oval stew-pan, with a pint of Maderia
or Sherry, and enough veal stock to cover it.
Let it stew for two hours, or till three-parts
done; take it out and Set in a cold place;
then raise a crust as in the foregoing receipt,
large enough to receive it; put in the ham,
and around it the veal forcemeat; cover and
ornament. It will take about one hour and a
half to bake in a slow ovem. When done take
off the cover, glaze the the top, and pour
round the following Sauce, viz.: take the liquor
the ham was stewed in, skim it free from fat,
thicken with a little flour and butter mixed
together, a few drops of browning, and some
cayenne pepper. The above is a good way of
dressing a small ham, and has a good effect
cold for a Supper.
Raised Pork Pie.-English.
Make a raised crust, of a good size, with
paste, about four inches high; take the rind
and chinebone from a loin of pork, cut it into
chops, beat them with a chopper, season them
with pepper and Salt and powdered sage, and
fill your pie; put on the top and close it, and
pinch it round the edge; rub it over with yolk
of egg, and bake it two hours, with a paper
over to prevent the crust from burning. When
done, pour in some good gravy, with a little
ready-mixed mustard and a teaspoonful of cat-
Sup.
Beefsteak Pudding.
Get rump steaks, not too thick; beat them
with a chopper; cut them into pieces about
half the size of your hand, and trim off all
the skin, Sinews, etc.; have ready an onion
peeled and chopped fine, likewise some pota-
toes peeled and cut into slices a quarter of an
inch thick; rub the inside of a basin or an
oval plain mould with butter, sheet it with
paste as directed for boiled puddings; season
the steaks with pepper, Salt, and a little grated
nutmeg ; put in a layer of steak, then another
of potatoes, and so on till it is full, occasion-
ally throwing in part of the chopped onion;
add to it half a gill of mushroom catsup, a
tablespoonful of lemon pickle, and a half a
gill of water or veal broth; roll out a top and
close it well to prevent the Water getting in;
rinse a clean cloth in hot Water, sprinkle a
little flour over it, and tie up the pudding;
have ready a large pot of water boiling, put it
in, and boil it two hours and a half; take it
up, remove the cloth, turn it downwards in a
deep dish, and when Wanted take away the
basin or mould.
Beefsteak and Oyster Pie.
Cut three pounds of fillet of beef or rump
steaks into large Scallops, fry them quickly
over a very brisk fire So as to brown them
before they are half done; then place them on
the bottom of the dish, leaving the center open
in two successive layers; fill the center with
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
345
four dozen oysters, previously parboiled and
breaded, season with pepper and salt, and pour
the following preparation over the whole. When
the scallops of beef have been fried in a sauce
or fryingpan, pour nearly all the grease out,
and shake a tablespoonful of flour into it; stir
this over the fire for one minute, and then add
a pint of good gravy or broth, two tablespoon-
fuls of mushroom catsup, and an equal quantity
of Harvey sauce, and the liquor of the oysters;
stir the whole over the fire, and keep it boiling
for a quarter of an hour. Half an hour after
this sauce has been poured into the pie, cover
it with puff paste in the usual way, bake it for
an hour and a half, and serve.
Chicken Pie.
Cut 2 chickens into small members, as for
fricassee; cover the bottom of the pie-dish with
layers of scallops of veal and ham placed alter-
nately; season with chopped mushrooms and
parsley, pepper and salt, then add a little white
sauce; next place in the dish the pieces of
chicken in neat order, and round these put a
plower's egg in each cavity; repeat the season-
ing and the Sauce, lay a few thin slices of
dressed ham neatly trimmed on the top; cover
the pie with puff-paste, ornament this with
pieces of the same cut into the form of leaves,
etc., egg the pie over with a paste-brush, and
bake it for one hour and a half. A very good
chicken pie may be made by omitting the
plover's eggs, mushrooms, ham, and the
sauce; substituting for these the yolks of eggs
boiled hard, chopped parsley, bacon, and a
little mushroom catsup, Some common gravy,
or even Water.
Beefsteak and Oyster Pudding.
Line a two-quart pudding basin with some
beef-suet paste; fill this lining with a prepara-
tion similar to that described for making beef-
steak and oyster pie, except that the sauce
must be more reduced. When the pudding is
filled, wet the edges of the paste round the
top of the basin with a paste-brush dipped in
water, cover it with a piece of Suet-paste rolled
out to the size of the basin, fasten it down by
bearing all round the edge with the thumb, and
then with the thumb and forefinger, twist the
edges of the paste over and over 80 as to give
it a corded appearance. This pudding must be
either steamed or boiled three hours; when doise
turn it out of the basin carefully, pour Some
rich brown gravy under it, and serve.
To Color Candied Sugar,
Red.—Boil an ounce of cochineal in half a
pint of water for five minutes, add an ounce of
cream of tartar, half an ounce of pounded
alum and boil them on a slow fire for ten min-
utes; if it shows the color clear on white paper
it is sufficient. Add two ounces of Sugar and
bottle it for use.
Blue.—Put a little warm water on a plate,
and rub indigo in it till the color has come to
the tint required.
Yellow.—Rub with some water a little gam-
boge on a plate; or infuse the heart of a yellow
lily flower with milk-warm water.
Green.—Boil the leaves of spinach about a
minute in a little water, and when strained
bottle the liquor for use. In coloring refined
sugars, taste and fancy must guide the work-
IIläll.
To Candy Sugar.
To Prepare Sugar for Candying.—The first
process is clarifying, which is done thus: Break
the white of an egg into a preserving pan; put
to it four quarts of water, and beat it with a
whisk to a froth. Then put in twelve pounds
of Sugar, mix all together, and set it over the
fire. When it boils, put in a little cold water,
and proceed as often as necessary, till the scum
rises thick on the top. Then remove it from
the fire, and when it is settled, take off the
Scum, and pass it through a straining bag. If
the sugar should not appear very fine, boil it
again before straining it.
To Candy Sugar.—After having completed the
above first process, put what quantity is wanted
over the fire, and boil it until it is smooth
enough. This is known by dipping the skimmer
into the sugar, and touching it between the
forefinger and thumb, and immediately on open-
ing them a slnall thread will be observed drawn
between, which will crystalize and break, and
846
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
remain in a drop on the thumb, which will be
a sign of its gaining some degree of smooth-
mess. Boil it again, and it will draw into a
larger string; it is now called bloom sugar, and
must be boiled longer than in the former pro-
cess. To try its forwardness, dip again the
skimmer, shaking off the sugar into the pan;
them blow with the mouth strongly through the
holes, and if certain bladders go through, it has
acquired the second degree. To prove if the
liquid has arrived at the state called feathered
Sugar, redip the skimmer, and shake it over
the pan, then give it a sudden flirt behind, and
the sugar will fly off like feathers.
It now arrives to the state called crackled
sugar, to obtain which the mass must be boiled
longer than in the preceding degree; then dip
a stick in it, and put it directly into a pan of
cold water, draw off the sugar which hangs to
the stick in the water, and if it turns hard and
snaps, it has acquired the proper degree of
crystallization; if otherwise, boil it again until
it acquires that brittleness.
The last stage of refining this article is called
caramel sugar—to obtain which it must be boiled
longer than in any of the preceding methods;
prove it by dipping a stick first into the Sugar
and then into cold water, and the moment it
touches the latter it will, if matured, Snap like
glass. Be careful that the fire is not too fierce,
as by flaming up against the sides of the pan,
it will burn and discolor the Sugar.
Rhubarb Pie.
Cut the large stalks off where the leaves
commence, strip off the outside skin, them cut
the stalks in pieces half an inch long, line a
pie dish with paste rolled rather thicker than
a dollar piece, put in a layer of the rhubarb
nearly an inch deep ; to a quart bowl of cut
rhubarb put a large teacup of Sugar, strew it
over with a salt-spoonful of Salt and half a
nutmeg grated; cover with a rich pie crust,
cut a slit in the center, trim off the edge with
a sharp knife, and bake in a quick oven until
the pie loosens from the dish. Rhubarb pies
made in this way are altogether superior to
those made of the fruit stewed.
Whortleberry Pie.
Put a quart of picked huckleberries into a
basin of water, take off whatever floats, take
up the berries by the handful, pick out all the
stems and unripe berries, and put them into a
dish; line a buttered pie dish with a pie paste,
put in the berries half an inch deep, and to a
quart of berries put a teacup of brown Sugar,
and half a teacup of water; dredge a teaspoon-
ful of flour over, strew a salt-spoonful of salt,
and half a nutmeg grated over; cover the pie,
cut a slit in the center, or make several small
incisions on either side of it, press the two
crusts together around the edge, trim it off
neatly with a sharp knife, and bake in a quick
oven for three-quarters of an hour.
Ripe Currant Pie.
Make as directed for huckleberry pie; use
twice as much sugar, and a puff paste crust.
Green Currant Pie or Tarts.
Pick the currants free from stems, stew
them as directed for rhubarb tarts, and make
in pie or tarts.
Gooseberry Tarts and Pies.
Take off the stems and blossom end; wash
them and stew them the same as rhubarb for
tarts; make them in pies, or make them in
tarts; strew a little Sugar over, and bake.
Blackberry Pie.
Pick the berries clean, rinse them in cold
Water, and finish as directed for huckleberries.
Custard Pies.
Boil a quart of milk, beat four or five eggs
light, and stir them gradually into it, and
finish as directed for cream pies.
Pumpkin Pie.
Cut up a nice cheese pumpkin, take out the
seeds and stringy inside, pare off the rind, and
cut the pumpkin Small, then put it in a kettle
with a teacup of Water; cover the vessel, and
...N ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
set it over a gentle fire, until the pumpkin is
soft enough to mash when lightly pressed; then
set a colander or sieve into a basin, take the
stewed pumpkin into it, and press it through
into the basin with a ladle or wooden Spoon;
when it is all rubbed through, add to it milk
enough to make a thin batter, to every quart
of this batter put four well beaten eggs; make
it sweet, a small teacup of sugar and a Salt-
spoonful of salt, for each quart, is about what
will generally be liked; grate in a nutmeg, and
a teaspoonful of extract of lemon, and Some
ground ginger, if liked.
Line flat-bottomed pie dishes with pie paste,
and nearly fill them with the pumpkin mixture,
lay a strip of paste around the edge, trim off
the outside neatly, and bake three-quarters of
an hour in a quick oven; the top of the pie
should be delicately brown. Ornament as
directed for cream pies.
A less number of eggs than is mentioned in
this receipt, may be used; pumpkin pies are
Sometimes made without any eggs; these are
less delicate, as may be supposed.
To Make Mince Pie Mixture.
Weigh two pounds of chopped meat, put to it
two pounds of Suet free from strings or skin,
and chopped fine; add two pounds of currants,
picked, washed and dried, and four pounds of
peeled and chopped rich tart apples, with the
juice of two lemons, and the chopped peel of
one; a pint of Sweet wine, and one large nut-
meg grated, or a teaspoonful of ground mace,
three pounds and a half of sugar, quarter of
an ounce of ground cloves, or allspice, and the
same of cinnamon and a large tablespoonful
of salt; mix the whole well together, put it in
a stone pot or jar, cover it close and set it in
a cool place for use; mix it well together
before using.
Mince Pies.
Line a pie dish with a nice puff paste, rolled
to twice the thickness of a dollar piece, put in
the pie mixture half an inch deep, and spread
it to within a finger width of the edge; roll
out a puff paste crust, turn a plate the size of
the one on which the pie is made on to it, and
with a knife cut the paste around, the size of
the plate, then take the plate off, make three
small incisions with the end of the knife on
either side of the middle, take it carefully up,
and cover the pie with it, press it lightly with
the finger against the bottom crust, put in
quick oven for three-quarters of an hour ; the
top may be brushed over with the yoke of an egg
beaten with a little milk. Mince pies made in this
way should be served warm.
Sponge Cake.
Sift half a pound of flour, and powder a
pound of the best loaf sugar. Grate the yellow
rind and squeeze into a saucer the juice of three
lemons. Beat twelve eggs, and when they are
as light as possible, beat into them gradually
and very hard the Sugar, adding the lemon,
and beating the whole for a long time. Then,
by degrees, stir in the flour slowly and lightly ;
for if the flour is stirred hard and fast into the
Sponge cake, it will make it porous and tough.
Have ready buttered, a sufficient number of
little square tins (the thinner they are the bet-
ter), half fill them with the mixture ; grate loaf
Sugar over the top of each ; put them imme-
diately into a quick oven, and bake them about
ten minutes, taking out one to try when you think
they are done. Spread them on an inverted sieve
to cool.
If you are willing to take the whole trouble, they
will bake much nicer in little square paper cases,
which you must make of thick letter paper, turn-
ing up the sides all round, and pasting together
or sewing up the corners.
If you bake the mixture in one large cake,
(which is not advisable unless you have had
much practice in baking), put it into a buttered
tin pan or mould, and set it directly into a hot
oven, as it will fall and become heavy if allowed
to stand.
Apple Pudding.
Half the whites and all the yolks of 10 eggs,
beat them very light, add 1 pint of apples, after
they are stewed and put through a sifter, stir
in 3 pound of butter, the grated peel of 2 large
lemons, and juice of one; sugar to taste. Mace
and nutmeg are very good substitutes for lemon
Julce.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Baked Apple Pudding.
Pare and quarter 4 large apples, boil them
tender with the rind of a lemon with so little
water that when done no water may remain,
beat them quite fine in a mortar, add the crumb
of a small roll, 3 pound of butter melted, the
yolks of 5 and whites of 3 eggs, juice of # a
lemon, sugar to your taste; beat all well to-
gether, and bake it in a paste.
Lemon Blanc-Mange.
Pour 1 pint of hot water upon 1 ounce of
isinglass, when it is dissolved add the juice of
3 lemons, the peel of one grated, 6 yolks of
eggs beaten, § a pint of Lisbon wine, Sweeten
it to your taste; let it boil, then strain it, and
put it into your moulds.
Blanc-Mange.
Take 2 ounces of isinglass, 1 quart of new
milk, strain it and sweeten to your taste, add
rose or peach water, let it be only milk-warm
when you put it in the moulds; if you wish it
particularly nice, blanch 4 pound almonds, beat
them very fine in a mortar, and stir in before
you boil or strain.
Orange Pudding.
Take 1 pound of butter creamed, 1 pound of
sugar, 10 eggs, the juice of 2 oranges; boil the
peel, then pound it fine, and mix it with the
juice; add the juice of 1 lemon, a wineglass of
brandy, wine, and rose water.
Hominy Pudding.
Take the hominy, warm it, and mash through
a sifter until you get a pint, add 3 of a pound
of butter, melted, stir a teacup of cream into
it, and let it cool; them add half the whites of
6 eggs; Sugar, nutmeg, mace, and wine to your
taste. Bake it.
Cocoanut Pudding.
To 1 large cocoanut, grated, add the whites
of 8 eggs, 3 pound of Sugar, 4 pound of butter,
two tablespoonfuls of rose water. Bake it in a
paste.
Rice Pudding.
Take 3 pound of rice, tied in a cloth, boiled
Well, and then put through a sieve; add 1 quart
of milk, and keep stirring until it thickens;
then add 6 ounces of butter stirred into the rice,
12 yolks and 6 whites of eggs well beaten;
mace, nutmeg, wine and sugar to your taste.
This quantity will make two large puddings.
If you choose you may add currants or any
other fruit.
Ground Rice or Sago Pudding.
Boil a tablespoonful of it heaped, in a pint
of new milk, with lemon peel and Cinnamon;
When cold, add sugar, nutmeg and 2 eggs, well
beaten.
Sweet Potato Pudding.
Take 5 eggs, # a pound of butter, 3 of a
pound of Sugar, add as much sweet potato as
will thicken it, the juice and grated peel of 1
lemon, beat it very light.
Potato Pudding.
Take $ a pound of boiled potatoes, beat well
in a mortar with # a pound each of sugar and
butter, the yolks of 10 eggs, the whites of 4,
well beaten, 2 Naples biscuit grated, and # a
pint of cream; mix them well with the other
ingredients, and pour it on a thin paste. Bake
for half an hour.
Citron Pudding.
Half a pound of sugar, a pound of butter
creamed, the yolks of 9 eggs, a wineglass of
brandy, a pound of citron, chopped very fine.
Cream Pudding.
To 8 eggs beaten very light, stir in 13 pints
of flour, Salt to your taste, mix a little milk,
then put in 6 ounces of Sugar, just before you
put it in the oven add 1 pint of thick cream.
Bake for three-quarters of an hour.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
349
Custard Pudding.
One pint of milk, 8 spoonfuls of flour. 6
eggs, and salt to your taste. Sugar.
Wedding Cake.
Three pounds of flour, 3 pounds of butter,
8 pounds of Sugar, 2 dozen of eggs, 3 pounds
of raisins, 6 pounds of currants, 1 pound of
citron, 1 ounce of mace, 1 ounce of cinnamon,
1 ounce of nutmegs, # an ounce of cloves, # a
pint of brandy. Beat the butter with your
hand to cream, then beat the sugar into the
butter, and the froth of the yolks of the eggs
after being well beaten, then the froth of the
whites; mix fruit, spice and flour together;
then add them in with beating. Five or six
hours' baking will answer for a large loaf.
Election Cake.
Five pounds of flour, 2 pounds of sugar, 3.
pound of butter, 5 eggs, yeast, 1 pint of milk,
and spice as you please.
Indian Pudding.
Boil 1 spoonful of fine Indian flour well,
then add 1 pint of milk, and let it all boil;
when cool, beat in two eggs. Sweeten and
S68,SOE).
Baked Indian Pudding.
Eight ounces of mush, 6 ounces of butter,
6 ounces of Sugar, the yolks of six eggs, and
the white of 1; mix the butter in the mush
when hot, beat the eggs and sugar together;
add to the mush, when cool, nutmeg, mace
and wine to your taste; bake.
Plum Pudding.
Mix well together 1 pound of raisins, 1 pound
of currants, the crumbs of 3 a loaf of bread,
3 of a pound of flour, 1 pound of suet; stir in
6 eggs and 1 tumbler of porter; put in 3 of a
nutmeg, 3 pound of citron and cinnamon; to
give taste add 2 ounces of fine sugar. You
may use, instead of porter, a small tea-cup
of yeast. Before taking it out of the bag dip
into cold water.
Apple Custard.
Take apples, pared, cored and slightly
stewed, sufficient to cover the dish, 6 eggs, 1
quart of milk; spice to your taste. Bake it
one-third of an hour.
Tomato Catsup.
Cut up the tomatoes, and between every
layer sprinkle a layer of salt, let them stand a
few hours before you boil them, which do very
well; then strain them through a colander on
Some horse-radish, onions or garlic, mustard-
Seed, beaten ginger, pepper and mace; cover
it close; let it stand a day or two, then bot-
tle and seal it for use.
Puff-Pastes
One pound and a quarter of flour, and 1
pound of butter; divide the butter into four
equal parts; mix one-fourth part of the butter
with three fourths of the flour, and work the
remainder of the flour and butter in.
Biddle Pudding.
One pint of milk, 4 large tablespoonfuls of
flour, 4 eggs. Butter the bake-dish. Put it
in the oven when you are about to dish the
dinner, allowing twenty-five minutes for baking;
bring it directly from the oven to the table, or
it falls.
Sauce for the above.—One cup of brown sugar,
2 tablesooomfuls of cream, 1 ounce of butter.
Stir the butter and sugar thoroughly, then add a
little of the cream at a time, to keep from
separating; add wine to the taste in the same
manner (not quite a wineglass). Let the mix-
ture melt; it will be a white froth when done.
Enough for five persons.
Meringue Pudding.
One quart milk, 1 pint grated bread, the
yolks of 4 eggs, the rind of 1 lemon, grated;
Sweeten to taste. Bake to a custard, which will
be in about half an hour, then take it from the
oven. Beat the whites of the 4 eggs, 2 table-
Spoonfuls of sugar, and the juice of the lemon,
and put it on the top of the pudding. Set it in
the oven again and let it brown slightly.
350
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Lemon Cake.
Twelve eggs, 1% pounds sugar, 3 pound flour;
grate the outside of 2 lemons, with the Inside
of 1; or add 1 glass of wine, with 3 teaspoon-
fuls of the essence of lemon.
Sugar Cake.
One pound flour, 3 pound of sugar, 4 pound
butter, 5 eggs. Mix and drop them on tim, and
put sugar sanded on them, just as you put them
into the oven, or frost them.
Cup Cake.
Three cups of sugar, 1 cup of butter, 2 tea-
spoonfuls of saleratus, 3 eggs, 5 cups of flour;
all beaten together, with as much spice as you
please.
Cider Cake.
Take 2 pounds of flour, 1 pound Sugar, $
pound butter, 1 pint cider, cloves and cinna-
mon, with or without fruit, 2 teaspoonfuls of
saleratus.
Whips.
Two cups of cream, 1 of white wine, grate in
the skin of a lemon, Sweeten to your taste, the
whites of 3 eggs; then whip it with a whisk;
take off the froth; as it rises pour the froth
into your jelly glasses.
To Make Venison Pastry.
You must bone your Venison and season it
with 2 ounces of pepper, 1 nutmeg, mixed with
salt; then mince 3 pounds of beef Suet. Put it
in the pan; it will take six hours' baking.
To Make Waffles the Dutch Way.
One quart of new milk, 1 penny loaf grated
very fine, 10 eggs beaten with 3 pound of sweet
butter melted, a few cloves beaten, a little salt,
fine flour enough to make a batter like a pan-
cake, and 4 Spoonfuls of yeast. Mix them to-
gether and put them in an earthen pot covered,
before the fire, to rise, for an hour; having
your waffle-iron ready heated and buttered on
both sides, put in the batter to bake. When
done serve them hot, with sugar grated over
them and cinnamon.
To Cook Chickens.
Cut up the chicken, put it in a pan and cover
it with water; let it stew as usual, and when
done, make a thickening of cream and flour,
adding a piece of butter, and pepper and salt;
have made and baked a couple of short-cakes,
made as for pie-crust, but roll thin and cut in
Small squares. This is much better than chicken
pie, and more simple to make. The crusts
should be laid on a dish, and the chicken gravy
put over it while both are hot.
Sausage Meats.
Take one-third fat and two-thirds lean pork,
and chop them. To every twelve pounds meat
add twelve large spoons powdered salt, nine of
sifted sage, and six of sifted black pepper. Add
Summer savory, if you choose. Make in cakes,
and keep in a cool, dry place.
To Fry Eggs.
Fry very slowly, and but slightly—that is,
softly and tenderly done, the yolk mostly soft.
Fry in butter, if a rare dish is wanted, and let
the butter be fresh. If the eggs are entirely
immersed in the butter, all the better. It is a
delicate operation, and requires but little heat,
so that the butter is not hurt, only well melted.
To Boil Presh Cod.
Having washed and cleaned the fish, rub
some salt on the inside, and if the weather is
very cold you may keep it till next day. Put
sufficient water in the fish kettle to cover the
fish very well, and add to the water a large
handful of salt. As soon as the salt is entirely
melted, put in the fish. A very small codfish
will be done in about twenty minutes (after the
water has boiled); a large one will take half an
hour or more. Garnish with the roe and liver
fried, or with scraped horse-radish. Send it to
the table with oyster sauce in a boat; or, you
may make a sauce by flavoring your melted
butter with a glass of port wine.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
351
To Warm Up Cold Beefsteaks.
Put a fine minced onion in a stew-pan, add
half a dozen cloves and as many peppercorns,
pour on a coffee cup of boiling water, and add
three tablespoons butter. Let it simmer ten
minutes; then cut up the meat in pieces an
inch square, and let it simmer in this gravy
about five minutes. Three large tomatoes stewed
with the onion, improves this. -
Delicious Dressing for Fowls.
Spread pieces of stale but tender wheaten
bread liberally with butter, and season rather
high with Salt and pepper, working them into
the butter; then dip the bread in wine, and use
it in as large pieces as is convenient to stuff
the bird. The delicious flavor which the wine
gives is very penetrating, and it gives the fowl
a rich, gamy character which is very pleasant.
To Draw Poultry or Game.
After it is well plucked, make a long incision
at the back of the neck, take out the thin skin
from under the outer, containing the crop, cut
the neck off close to the body of the bird, but
leave the neck skin a good length. Make
another incision under the tail, just large
enough for the gizzard to pass through—no
larger—then put your finger into the bird, and
remove the crop; then loosen and detach all
the intestines, taking care not to break the
gall-bladder, Squeeze the body of the bird, so
as to force out the whole of them at the tail;
it is then ready for trussing.
Roast Turkey.
There are several ways of preparing turkeys
for roasting, the best of which are here given:
Truss by breaking the leg bones, and drawing
out the leg Sinews; cut the neck off close to
the body; cut the breast-bone on each side,
and draw the legs up; then put a folded
cloth over the breast, and beat it down until
flat; skewer in the joints of the wings, the
middle of the leg and body, the small part of
the leg and body, and the extremity of the
legs. Singe thoroughly, and then fill the skin
of the neck, or crop with stuffing; tie the skin
under and put in on a small sized Spit, or
hang it neck down to a bottle-jack, and place
it about a foot and a half from the fire. In a
quarter of an hour rub the bird over with a
little butter; when this is melted, draw it a
little farther from the fire, and take great care
not to let the skin break by the fire being too
fierce. For the last quarter of an hour of
roasting you should occasionally rub on a little
butter. Do not baste. The liver should not
be put under the wing, as the gravy from it
disfigures the bird. There is not this objection
to the gizzard being placed there. Some per-
sons cover the breast with buttered paper, but
this will not often be found necessary if care
be exercised to prevent burning. Serve with
plenty of rich gravy, which pour under, and
not over, the bird. An excellent gravy is
made of the fat from the frying-pan in which
you have cooked your sausages, (which
should always garnish the dish of plain roast
turkey), the ordinary brown gravy, and a tea-
spoonful of arrowroot, previously mixed in a
little cold water. A turkey of from five to
Seven pounds weight will take two hours.
Bread sauce should be served with roast tur-
key, and a boiled ox-tongue, or ham, may
accompany it.
All birds, poultry, and game may be roasted
in this manner.
Another way to stuff turkey is to place a
quarter of a pound of butter, with pepper and
Salt, in the bird; then stuff with truffles, force-
meat, and Sausage-meat in alternate layers.
Put the bird in a cradle-spit, baste well with
butter, and roast slowly.
A third method is to stuff entirely with
chestnuts. Take their outside skins off, and
plunge the chestnuts into boiling water. In
two or three minutes the inner skins will easily
peel off; then boil the chestnuts by themselves
until perfectly tender. When ready, add a lit-
tle butter, and stuff the bird. Roast as before,
and serve very hot, with plenty of rich gravy.
Turkey stuffed entirely with truffles is a very
favorite dish. Take four to six pounds of
black truffles, cut them up and stew them for
about ten minutes in butter, seasoned with
352
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
pepper and salt. This done, stuff the body
and breast with them, roast, and serve as
before.
All kinds of poultry are excellent, treated
the same.
Chicken Pot Pie.
Take a pair of large fine fowls. Cut them
up, wash the pieces, and season them with
pepper only. Make a good paste in the pro-
portion of a pound and a half of minced suet
to three pounds of flour. Let there be plenty
of paste, as it is always much liked by the
eaters of pot pie. Roll out the paste not very
thin, and cut most of it into long squares.
Butter the sides of a pot, and line them with
paste nearly to the top. Lay slices of cold
ham at the bottom of the pot, and then the
pieces of fowl, interspersed all through with
Squares of paste, and potatoes pared and quar-
tered. Pour in a quart of water. Cover the
whole with a lid of paste, having a slit in the
center, through which the gravy will bubble
up. Boil it steadily for two hours. Half an
hour before you take it up, put in through the
hole in the center of the crust, some bits of
butter rolled in fiour, to thicken the gravy.
When done, put the pie on a large dish, and
pour the gravy over it.
You may intersperse it all through with cold
ham.
Asparagus.
Asparagus should be cooked as soon as cut,
but if this is not done, then plunge the stalk,
in cold water, and let them remain until time
for boiling. When the stems have been washed,
and the white partB gently Scraped, beginning
just below the head, tie them into bundles of
about fifteen each, keeping the heads all one
way, and cut the stalks evenly. Then place
the bundles into boiling water nearly sufficient
to cover them, allowing two heaping tablespoon-
fuls of salt to each gallon of water. Keep them
boiling quickly until tender—which will be in
about twenty minutes—with the saucepan un-
covered. When done, dish upon toast, which
should be dipped in the water in which the
asparagus was cooked, and leave the white ends
outwards each way, the tips meeting in the
middle of the dish, which should be nearly flat.
The asparagus may then be served with only
the addition of bits of butter and a sprinkling
of pepper, or with a tureen of melted butter.
For this, cut into small pieces about two ounces
of butter, and place in a saucepan, mix a
desertSpoonful of flour and half a pint of water
in a smooth batter and add to the butter; salt
to taste; keep stirring one way until the ingre-
dients are perfectly smooth; let the whole boil
for two minutes.
Beans-Baked.
Soak a quart of dried beans over night; drain
off the water in the morning and stew for half
an hour in a little water, put them in a deep
dish, with one pound of salt pork, cut the rind
in strips, and place in center of the dish. The
pork should be sunk a little below the surface
of the beans. Bake for three hours and a half.
A lump of Salaratus should be thrown in while
the beans are boiling, and a pint of water be
added, when they are put into the bake-pan.
Potato Omelet.
May be made with a mashed potato and four
eggs, and seasoned with pepper, salt, and a
little nutmeg. It should be made thick, and
being rather substantial, a squeeze of lemon
will improve it. Fry a light brown.
Beans-String-Boiled.
They should always be eaten young, as when
allowed to grow too long they are stringy and
tough when cooked. Cut off both ends, a thin
strip on each side of the beans, to remove the
strings. Then divide each bean into four or six
pieces, cutting them lengthways in a slanting
direction, and as they are cut, drop them into
cold water, in which a small quantity of salt
has been dissolved. Allow the beans to remain
in this for half an hour. Then put in a sauce-
pan two quarts of boiling water to one quart of
beams, a heaped tableSpoonful of salt, and a
small bit of Soda. Put in the beans and keep
them boiling quickly, without covering, until ten-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 353
der—which will be known by their sinking to
the bottom of the saucepan—when done take
them up and throw into a colander. When
drained, put in a vegetable dish, and serve with
butter, pepper and Salt to taste. Some prefer
to also flavor with the juice of a lemon.
Boiled Chickens.
Care should be taken to select the chickens
plump, or they form a meagre dish ; they should
receive much attention in the boiling; they re-
quire less time than a fowl, and are sent to
the table with white sauce, and garnished with
tufts of white broccoli.
Beefsteak—How to Cook.
First, get tender steak; no matter what part
it is from, so it is tender; let it be at least
three-fourths of an inch in thickness. Cook it
at the last moment when every other dish is
ready to be set on the table. Use a wire broiler,
if you can get one. Have a hot fire, and when
it is crisped on one side turn it over and crisp
on the other. If fat drops and blazes, throw
a pinch of salt on the coals. Do not do any-
thing else while it is cooking. Have your plate
hot, and a lump of butter melting in the bot-
tom. Put butter on the upper side, and eat in
five minutes after cooking. More steak is
spoiled by slow cooking than any other fault.
Beef Tongue—to Cook.
Choose a moderate sized beef-tongue, boil it
gently in Water until it is sufficiently tender
for the skin to be stripped from it. Trim it
meatly around the root. Put into the saucepan
one-quarter pound of butter, one tablespoonful
of flour, half an onion cut up into small pieces,
salt and pepper to taste. Let these dissolve
gently, at the side of the fire, until the butter
boils. Place the tongue in these ingredients,
and let it remain until it is browned. When
this is the case take it out, place it on a hot
dish, by the side of the fire, and add to the
gravy two wine-glassfuls of red wine (either
port or claret), a large teaspoonful of made
mustard, and one of Walnut catsup. When
these are well mixed, return the tongue into the
gravy, and simmer gently for ten minutes,
taking care that the sauce-pan is closely cov-
ered, to keep in the aroma. When served, the
tongue should be cut into thick slices.
Chicken Patties.
Chop very fine all the dry, poorest bits left
from baked chicken, season carefully with pep-
per, salt, and a little celery, cut in small pieces.
Make a light puff paste, roll one quarter of an
inch thick, cut with a neatly shaped paste cut-
ter; lay a narrow strip of paste all around,
then put some of the mince on the paste; cut
another of the same size and lay over. Bake
fifteen minutes. This makes an excellent dish.
Stewed Celery.
Take ten or twelve heads of large celery,
using the root and about three inches long;
lay them in salt and water fifteen minutes,
then take them out and place them in a stew
pan, with an onion and fagot of herbs, cover
them with stock, stew them gently until quite
tender; reduce the stock, thicken it, and pass
it through a tammy; season with sugar salt
and cayenne pepper. Dish them up as you do
cutlets, and either glaze them or pour the sauce
over them.
To Boil Codfish.
Crimped cod is preferable to the plain; it is
likewise better cut in slices than cooked whole.
To boil it well, have the water ready boiling,
with one pound of Salt to every six quarts; put
in your fish, draw your fish kettle to the fire,
where let it simmer from twenty minutes to
half an hour; when done the bone in the cen-
tre will draw out easily; if boiled too much, it
would eat tough and stringy. Should the fish
not be crimped, add more salt to the water; it
will cause the fish to eat firmer.
Egg Omelet.
Four eggs will make a very pretty-sized ome-
let, but the number must of course depend on
the size required. If sweet herbs be put in, a
good deal of parsley should form part; tarra-
gon gives a high flavor, and chives or chalots
23
354
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Gre not unfrequently used, but care should be
taken that the flavor should not overpower that
of the other ingredients. Break the eggs singly
and carefully, clear them, or when they are
sufficiently whisked, pour them through a sieve
and resume the beating until they are very
light. Add to them from half to a whole tea-
Spoonful of Salt, and seasoning of pepper. Dis-
Solve in a small frying pan a couple ounces of
butter, pour in the eggs; as soon as the omelet
is well risen and firm throughout, slide it onto
a hot dish, fold it over like a turn-over, and
serve it immediately. Any sort of pot herbs
for flavoring is admissible.
Buttered Eggs-
Beat four eggs well, then add three tablespoon-
fuls of cream or milk, a little grated tongue or
beef, pepper and salt, three ounces of butter;
put into a stewpan until quite hot, then add
the eggs; stir all the time until quite thick.
Have a slice of bread ready, toasted and but-
tered; spread the mixture upon it, and then
send to the table.
To Boil Fresh Fish.
Clean, wash thoroughly, wipe dry, and then
sew up in a cloth kept solely for fish, and
plunge at once in boiling water that has been
first sufficiently salted. Sew the cloth up on
the back of the fish. When done, take it out,
cut the threads down the back of the fish, so
that in taking off the cloth the skin will come
off with it, leaving the fish white and whole.
Be careful not to break the fish, as it should
come to the table in good condition. Eat with
egg sauce, or plain drawn butter.
Fish Cakes.
Take the meat from the bones of any kind of
cold fish, which latter put with the head and
fins into a stew-pan with a pint of Water, a
little salt, pepper and Onion, and a fagot of
sweet herbs to stew for gravy. Mince the meat
and mix it well with crumbs of bread and cold
potatoes (equal parts), a little parsley and sea-
soning. Make into a cake, with the White of an
egg, or a little butter or milk; egg it over and
cover with bread crumbs, then fry a little
brown. Pour the gravy over and stew gently
fifteen minutes, stirring it carefully several times.
Serve hot, and garnish with slices of lemon or
parsley.
Cream for Coffee.
Beat one egg, sweeten with one spoonful of
Sugar, pour over this one pint of water. Make
Over night for use in the morning.
Apple Dumplings-Baked.
Make a rich paste. Pare and core the apples,
fill the cavities with sugar, and flavor with es-
sence of lemon. Cover each apple with thinly
rolled paste, and bake in a tin pan. Serve hot
with rich sauce.
Apple Dumplings-Boiled.
Pare a few good-sized baking apples, and roll
out some paste, divide in as many pieces as
you have apples, cut two rounds from each,
and put an apple under each piece, and put the
other over, join the edges, tie them in cloths,
and boil them.
Roast Ducks.
Ducks may be roasted as soon as killed.
Keep a clear, bright fire. Let them be done of
a light brown, but if wild, they should not be
much roasted, or the flavor will be spoiled.
They take about an hour to roast, and should
be well basted. The livers and gizzards are
par-boiled, chopped fine and thrown into the
gravy. Canvas-back ducks are roasted in half
an hour; they should always be served with
currant jelly. For tame ducks, apple Sauce is
more appropriate.
Egg Plant.
Cut into slices half an inch thick, and let it
lie for several hours in Salted water, to remove
the bitter taste. To fry it, put the slices in the
frying pan with a small quantity of butter, and
turn them when one side is done. Be sure that
they are thoroughly cooked. Stuffed egg-plant
is sometimes preferred to fried. Peel the plant
whole, cut it in two, and let it lie in salted
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
355
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
water. Then scoop out the inside of the plant,
chop it up fine, mixing crumbs of bread, Salt
and butter with it; fry it, return it to the hol-
low egg-plant, join the cut pieces together, and
let them bake awhile in an oven. The best way
of cooking is to slice them, chip the slices into
egg and bread crumbs, and fry very brown in
butter or lard.
Stewed Eels.
Procure as large eels as possible, which cut
into pieces three inches long, and put them into
a stew pan, with an onion, a bouquet of two
bay leaves, a sprig of thyme and parsley, six
cloves, a blade of mace, a glass of Sherry, and
two of water; place the stew pan over a mod-
erate fire, and let it simmer about twenty min-
utes, or according to the size of the eels; when
done, drain upon a cloth, dress them in a pyr-
amid upon a dish without a napkin, with a
matelote sauce over, but using the stock your
eels have been cooking in to make the Sauce,
having previously well boiled it to extract all
the fat.
To Poach Eggs.
Boil them without their shells, which requires
great care. The water must be perfectly pure,
and the yolk must only be so much done as to
fix itself firmly in the center of the white. Put
a moderate quantity of water into a broad, flat
stew pan. French cooks add to it when boiling
a spoonful vinegar and a little salt. Take the
pan off the fire whilst putting in the eggs;
break the egg into a teacup or small ladle, and
turn it gently in the water, so as to prevent
the yolk from being mixed with the white; let
them stand till beginning to set; then let the
eggs boil gently until you perceive that they are
dome, by the white being set, and the yolk ap-
pearing through it in a comparatively soft
state; take it up with a ladle, and neatly
round the ragged edges of the white; send it
to table on bread toasted on one side only, with
or without butter.
Purple Plums Preserved.
Take an equal weight of fruit and nice sugar,
and fill a clean stone jar with the fruit and
sugar in layers. Cover them, and set the jar
in a kettle of water over the fire. Let them
stand in the boiling water all day, filling up
the kettle as the water boils away. If at any
time they seem likely to ferment, repeat this
process. It is a simple and excellent way of
preserving plums.
Preserved Pumpkin.
Cut a thick yellow pumpkin, peeled, into
strips two inches wide, and five or six long.
Take one pound of sugar for each pound of
pumpkin, and scatter it over the fruit, pour-
ing on two wine-glasses lemon-juice to each
pound. Next day put the parings of two or
three lemons in with the sugar and fruit, and
boil the whole three-fourths of an hour, or
long enough to make it tender and clear, with-
out breaking. Lay the pumpkin to cool, strain
the syrup, and pour over the pumpkin.
To Preserve Cucumbers.
Take firm ripe cucumbers, as soon as they
turn yellow; pare them, take out the Seeds,
cut them in pieces two or three inches in
length and about two in width; let them lie
in weak salt and water for eight hours. Then
prepare a syrup of one gallon of cider vinegar,
five pounds of Sugar, one ounce of mixed spices
(not ground spices), boil twenty minutes, then
strain. After drying the cucumber with a soft
cloth, put it in the syrup, and boil till soft and
transparent; skim the pieces out carefully, lay
them in a colander to drain ; then boil the
syrup to the consistency of molasses, pour it
on the cucumber, and keep in a cool place.
Fine Pickled Cabbage.
Shred red and white cabbage; spread it in
layers in a stone jar, with salt over each layer.
Put two spoons whole black pepper, and the
same quantity each of allspice, cloves, and cin-
namom, in a bag, and scald in two quarts of
vinegar. Pour this vinegar over the cabbage,
and cover it tight. It will be ready for use in
two days.
B56
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
PICKLES AND PRESERVEs.
General Directions for Preserving Fruits.
Great improvements have of late been made
in the art of preserving fruits for family use,
by the introduction of jars which can be her-
metically sealed. The process of preserving is
so simple, that every housekeeper can accom-
plish it—the only secret of success being that
the fruit should be put up and sealed while
hot, the jars being filled to the brim. The
best jars for this purpose are those which are
made entirely of glass. These will pay for
themselves in a year or two, as fruit which is
sealed so as to exclude the air may be pre-
served with one-quarter the amount of Sugar
required in the old process, and retains its
original flavor better.
The following directions for preserving in
hermetically sealed jars will be interesting to
housekeepers at the present time:
Select only good fresh fruit or vegetables,
Stale and fermented articles can never be pre-
served, nor the decay already commenced
arrested. Be particular and know to a cer-
tainty that your articles are fresh. No vege-
tables except tomatoes can be procured in the
markets of large cities fresh enough for pre-
serving.
Blackberries, Raspberries, and Strawberries.
Use from a quarter to a half pound of sugar
to a pound of fruit. Sugar the strawberries,
and let them stand for half an hour, then put
the syrup which will be formed by the juice
and sugar into a preserving kettle, and boil as
long as any scum arises, and then put in the
strawberries and boil until they are thoroughly
heated through. Fill the jars—after first warm-
ing them in some way—and close immediately,
while the contents are hot.
Cherries and Blackberries.
Stew with or without Sugar ten minutes, ana
seal up while boiling hot.
Gooseberries.
These can be kept by putting them into jars
as they come from the bushes, and sealing
them up. Wash and pick them when wanted.
Currants.
Heat to boiling point with sugar, and seal
up boiling hot.
Plums.
Make a syrup, using about half a pound of
Sugar to a pound of fruit. Boil the plums in
this syrup until the fruit is tender; then fill
the jars, and close up while hot.
Peaches.
Pare, and cut out the stones. Make a syrup,
using from a quarter to half a pound of Sugar
to a pound of fruit. Boil the syrup five or ten
minutes; then put in the peaches and boil
until they are thoroughly heated through, and
then fill the jars and close immediately.
Quinces.
Peel and quarter them, and boil in water
until tender, then do them in the same way
as peaches.
Pears.
Same as quinces, except that they require
less sugar.
Tomatoes.
Take off the skin and boil them one hour,
or cook them sufficiently for the table. Season
to the taste, fill the jars, and close up boiling
hot. These being a very juicy article, require
much longer boiling than most other things
to boil the water away.
If the above proportions of sugar make the
fruit sweeter than is desirable, it can be kept
with rather less, but green fruit requires more
than ripe.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
857
Apples.
Pare, quarter and boil until tender, but not
long enough to break in pieces; then add as
much sugar as will sweeten to the taste, and
let the whole boil two or three minutes. While
hot, pour into jars and close up.
Hard Butter Without Ice.
To have delightfully hard butter in summer,
without ice, put a trivet, or an open flat thing
with legs, in a saucer; put on this trivet the
plate of butter; fill the sacer with water, turn
a common flowerpot upside down over the but-
ter, so that its edge shall be within the saucer
and under the water; plug the hole of the
flower-pot with a cork, then drench the flower-
pot with water; set it in a cool place until
morning, or if done at breakfast, the butter
will be very hard by Supper time.
Preparing and Preserving Butter.
After the cream is placed in the churn, pour,
by small portions at a time, agitating the
while, sufficient lime water to destroy the acid-
ity. Churn until the butter is separated; it
will not collect in lumps; pour off the butter-
milk, and churn until it is all collected. More
butter will be obtained, and will keep much
longer.
Churning.
In churning butter, if small granules of but-
ter appear which do not “gather,” throw in a
lump of butter, and it will form a nucleus,
and the butter will “come.”
How to Freshen Salt Butter.
Churn the butter with new milk, in the pro-
portion of a pound of butter to a quar; of
milk. Treat the butter in all respects as if it
was fresh. Bad butter may be improved greatly
by dissolving it thoroughly in hot water. Let
it cool, then skim it off and churn again,
adding a small quantity of good salt and sugar.
The water should be merely hot enough to melt
the butter, or it will become oily.
To Pack Butter.
Pack your butter in a clean, scalded firkin,
cover it with strong brine in which a bit of
saltpetre is dissolved, spread a cloth all over
the top, and it will keep well.
To Increase the Quantity of Butter.
While the milking of your cows is going on,
let your pans be placed on a kettle of boiling
water. Turn the milk into one of the pans
taken from the kettle of boiling water, and
cover the same with another of the pans, and
proceed in the same manner with the whole
mess of milk, and you will find that you have
double the quantity of Sweet and delicious
butter.
To Make Butter Yellow.
Just before the churning is completed, put
in the yolks of eggs.
A Good Way to Make Butter.
Put sweet milk into tin pans, and simmer
on a stove for fifteen minutes, being careful
not to burn the milk; then churn in the usual
manner. In this way butter may be produced
almost immediately, and of Superior quality
to that made in the usual way, and will keep
Sweet much longer.
A Substitute for Cream.
Cream, when unattainable, may be imitated
thus:
Beat the white of an egg to froth, put in a
Small lump of butter, and mix well; then turn
the coffee to it gradually, so that it may not
curdle. If perfectly done it will be an excel-
lent substitute for cream. For tea, omit the
butter, using only the egg. This might be of
great use at Sea, as eggs can be preserved
fresh in various ways.
Artificial Honey.
This recipe has been sold for thousands of
dollars: One pint water, one-eighth ounce
alum; boil; set off; put in four pounds white
sugar, boil one minute, strain; when milk-
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
warm, add one teaspoonful of flavoring for
artificial honey, made in the following manner:
one-half pint best alcohol, three drops ottar
of roses, one-half ounce Jamaica ginger, Shake
well; use in three days.
French Tea, Calre.
Beat ten eggs to a high froth, dissolve half
a teaspoonful of volatile salts in a little hot
water, let it stand to cool, then put it to the
eggs and beat for ten minutes, add four ounces
of powdered loaf sugar, and the same of sifted
flour, beat them well together, line Square tin
pans with buttered paper, put in the cake mix-
ture nearly an inch deep, and bake in a quick
oven. When served, cut it in Squares.
Drop Cake.
Beat eight eggs very light with one pound of
powdered sugar and twelve ounces of flour,
flavor with lemon or rose and half a nutmeg
grated; if the mixture is not beat enough the
cakes will run into each other; make them in
small oblong cakes, on sheets of paper, grate
sugar over each, bake in a moderate oven,
when done, take them from the paper with a
knife.
Wedding Cake.
One pound of flour, mine eggs, the whites and
yolks beaten separately, one pound of butter
beaten to a cream, one pound of sugar, one
teacup of molasses, nutmegs grated, or ground
mace, one ounce, one teaspoonful of ground
allspice, one teaspoonful of cinnamon and a gill
of brandy; beat this mixture well.
Having picked, washed and dried three pounds
of currants, and stoned and cut in two or three
pounds of raisins, strew a half pound of flour over
them, mix it well through and stir them with
a pound of citron cut in strips into the cake.
Line round tin pans with buttered paper, put
the mixture in an inch and a half or two inches
deep, and bake in a moderate oven an hour
and a half or two hours.
Plum Cake.
Make a cake of two cups of butter, two cups
of molasses, one cup of Sweet milk, two eggs
well beaten, one teaspoonful of powdered sale-
ratus, dissolved with a little hot water, one
teaspoonful of ground mace or nutmeg, one
teaspoonful of ground allspice, a tablespoonful
of cinnamon and a gill of brandy; stir in flour
to make a batter as stiff as may be stirred
with a spoon, beat it well until it is light, then
add two pounds of raisins stoned, and cut in
two pounds of currants, picked, washed and
dried, and half a pound of citron, cut in slips.
Bake in a quick oven.
This is fine, rich, cake, easily made and not
expensive.
Wine Punche
White Sugar, 1 pound.
Yellow Peel of 3 lemons.
Juice of 9 & 6
Arrack, 1 pint.
Port or Sherry, hot, 1 gallon.
Cinnamon, 3 ounce.
Nutmeg, 1 drachm.
Mix.
Yankee Punch,
Macerate Sliced Pine Apples, 8 ounces.
Vanilla, 6 grains.
Ambergis (rubbed with a little Sugar), 1 grain.
Strong Pale Brandy, 1 pint.
Mix and agitate for a few hours, then strain
with expression, and add, of
Lemon Syrup, sufficient.
Lemon Juice, 1 pint.
Port Wine, 1 “
Sugar, # pound.
Dissolve the Sugar in Boiling Water, 1} pints.
Mix.
Cross Buns.
Dough, 24 pounds.
Sugar, 2 & 6
Butter, 2 66
Eggs, 12 £ 6
Cinnamon, sufficient.
Set aside to rise, then pinch them off into
about 2 ounces each; mold them up, pin out;
put on pans, and mark them across with a knife.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
359
Cold Punch.
Port Wine, 1 pint.
Water, 1 “
Juice of Lemons, 4 pints.
White Sugar, 1 pound.
Lemon Biscuit.
Flour, 8 pounds.
Butter, 1} “
Sweet Milk, 1 quart.
Sugar, 12 ounces.
Caraway Seed, 1 ounce.
Eggs, 6 ounces.
Mix dough of the above, break them in pieces
of about 2 ounces, mould them off, roll them out,
prick them, and bake them in a moderate oven.
PUDDINGS.
PASTE FOR.—There are two different sorts of
paste for puddings—one for meat, and the other
for fruit.
For meat pudding, to one pound of flour add
eight ounces of finely chopped beef suet, cut
from the kidney. Mix it with water, but do not
wet it too much. After mixing the same well
together with a wooden spoon, roll out the paste
and put in the meat, then close it; boil it in a
cloth which has been floured; tie it up, but
leave sufficient room to permit the swelling of
the paste. Veal Suet may also be used, but
that of beef is better, or a mixture of both is
not bad. If puddings be boiled in shapes, the
crust is not near so light.
For fruit puddings the paste should be made
as for pie—using butter instead of suet; but,
unless for the sake of appearance, they should
never be boiled in shapes. A very little salt
added to all paste, much improves it.
Sweet puddings of a very good quality may
be made without eggs, but they should have
very little liquid added to them, and must boil
longer than puddings with eggs. A spoonful of
yeast will serve instead of two eggs, and a pinch
of soda will make it still lighter. Two large
spoonfuls of Snow Will supply the place of one
egg, and make a pudding equally as good. The
sooner the snow is used after it falls the better,
but yet it may be taken from a clean spot and
kept in a cool spot some hours, without losing
its good qualities. Eggs should always be bro-
ken separately into a cup before they are thrown
together, as a single bad one might occasion
the loss of a great many without this precau-
tion; the yolks and whites, beaten long and
separately, make the article they are put into
much lighter. They must always be strained
after beating.
To avoid repetition, let it be understood that
when pudding sauce is ordered, wine, Sugar, and
very thick melted butter boiled up together, is
the sauce intended.
If the pudding be partly of bread, the cloth
should be tied so as to allow for swelling; if of
flour, rather more tight.
The water should boil quickly, when the pud-
ding is put in, and care taken that it continues
to do so, or the pudding will be heavy; and it
should be moved about for a minute or two,
that the ingredients may not separate.
All dishes in which puddings are baked
should be lined with paste an inch or two below
the edge, as well as on it; the dish must be
first rubbed with butter. If the pudding is to
be turned out from a mould, it must be entirely
lined with paste.
The ingredients of puddings should not be
put into the basin or dish till the minute they
go into the water or oven.
Sago and all sorts of seeds should lie in
water an hour before they are made in pud-
dings, and be well washed; the want of this
caution causes an earthy taste.
If the butter be strong that is used in pud-
dings, they will not taste well, whatever good
things may be added.
A small pinch of salt improves the flavor of
all mixtures, even when the other ingredients
are sweet.
Puddings of bread or flour are much better
if all the ingredients be mixed (except the eggs).
three hours before boiling or baking; and they
should be well stirred just before they are put
in the oven or sauce-pan.
Plum puddings are best boiled in a stout
cloth, well floured; care should be taken that
it should not burn to the bottom of the kettle;
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
to prevent this, place a plate at the bottom.
When the pudding is a large one, it is best to
mix all the liquid ingredients the day before it
is boiled.
When butter is ordered to be put warm into
puddings, the addition of a little milk or wine
will prevent its oiling.
Custard pudding, to look well, should simmer
only, but without stopping. If boiled in a quick
or careless manner the surface will not be
smooth, but have little holes like honey-combs
all over it. A sheet of writing paper, thickly
buttered, should be placed on top of the mould
before the lid or cloth is put on, and the pud-
ding should stand in the mould five minutes
after being lifted from the water. Many per-
sons prefer their pudding steamed, but when
this is done, they should be put into plenty of
boiling water, and kept well covered. Half an
hour should be allowed for boiling a bread
pudding, in a half-pint basin, and so on in
proportion; but puddings made up with half a
pound of Suet and other ingredients, will require
at least two hours.
Farina, Pudding.
One quart of milk, six eggs, eight tablespoon-
fuls of flour, three tablespoonfuls of farina, one
tablespoonful of salt; boil the milk; while boil-
ing sift into it the farina; beat the eggs, yolks
and whites separate; stir into the yolks the
flour and salt, and cold milk enough to make
a stiff batter; then stir in the whites, and lastly
the boiling milk; butter a baking dish and bake
for half an hour. Eat With wine Sauce, or
sugar and butter.
Bird’s Nest Pudding.
If you wish to make what is called “bird's
nest puddings,” prepare your custards—take
eight or ten pleasant apples, pare them, dig
out the core, but leave them whole, set them
in a pudding dish, pour your custard over them,
and bake them about thirty minutes.
Suet Pudding.
Finely chop one pound of beef Suet; mix
with it one pound and a quarter of flour, two
eggs well begien, a little salt, and as Small a
quantity of milk as will mix it; boil four hours.
It eats well next day cut in slices and fried,
and may be eaten either with salt or sugar.
Yorkshire Pudding.
Make a batter with a pint of milk, four eggs
and four tablespoonfuls of flour, seasoned with
salt; it is to be well stirred, and put into the
pan under roasting beef or baked beef, to be
cooked with the drippings; it will bake in about
two hours. Serve it in pieces round the meat
on the same dish.
Plum Pudding.
Stone carefully one pound of the best raisins,
wash and pick one pound of currants, chop
very fine one pound of fresh beef Suet, blanch
and chop small or pound two ounces of sweet
almonds and one ounce of bitter ones; mix the
whole well together, with one pound of sifted
flour and one pound of crumbs of bread soaked
in milk, then Squeeze dry and stir with a spoon
until reduced to a mash, before it is mixed
with the flour. Cut in Small pieces two ounces
each of preserved citrom, Orange and lemon
peel, and add a quarter of an ounce of mixed
spice; four ounces of moist Sugar should be
placed into a basin with eight eggs, and well
beaten together with a three-pronged fork, stir
this with the pudding, and make it of a proper
consistence with milk. One important fact
should be remembered, and that is, that it must
not be made too thin, or the fruit will sink to
the bottom, but be made to the consistence of
good thick batter. Two wineglassfuls of brandy
should be poured over the fruit and spice,
mixed together in a basin, and allowed to stand
three or four hours before the pudding is made,
stirring them occasionally. It must be tied in
a cloth, and will take five hours of constant
boiling; when done, turn it out on a dish, siſt
loaf sugar over the top, and serve it with wine
sauce in a boat, and some poured around the
pudding.
If a smaller pudding than the above is wanted,
use a smaller quantity of material in same
proportion.
In addition to wine Sauce, have a metal sauce-
boat filled with brandy, set it alight on the ta-
ble, and pour a portion of it, in a flame, upon
each slice of pudding.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PIRACTICAL INFORMATION.
361
Baked Plum Pudding.
Twenty crackers soaked in milk, ten eggs,
two pounds of raisins, one pound of chopped
apple, four glasses of brandy, dark Spice and
mace, Salt to the taste, one pound of citron,
sugar to taste; bake three hours, and serve
with cold sauce.
To Iron Clothes.
In ironing a shirt, first do the back, then
the sleeves, then the collar and bosom, and
then the front.
Iron calicoes generally on the right side, as
they thus keep clean for a longer time. In
ironing a frock, first do the waist, then the
sleeves, then the skirt. Keep the skirt rolled
while ironing the other parts, and set a chair
to hold the sleeves while ironing the skirt,
unless a skirt-board be used. Silk should be
ironed on the wrong side, when quite damp,
with an iron which is not very hot, as light
colors are apt to change and fade. In ironing
velvet, turn up the face of the iron, and after
dampening the wrong side of the velvet, draw
it over the face of the iron, holding it straight.
Always iron lace and needlework on the wrong
side, and put them away as soon as they are
dry.
To Restore Scorched Linen.
It is almost needless to premise that if the
tissue of linen is so much burnt that no strength
is left, it is useless to apply the following com-
position, for nothing could prevent a hole from
being formed, although the composition by no
means tends to injure the fabric. But if the
scorching is not quite through, and the threads
not actually consumed, then the application of
this composition, followed by two or three good
washings will restore the linen to its original
color; the marks of the Scorching will be so
totally effaced as to be imperceptible, and the
place will seem as White and perfect as any
other part of the linen.
Mix well together 2 ounces fuller's earth re-
duced to a powder; 1 ounce hen's dung; }
2
ounce of cake soap, Scraped; and the juice of
two large onions, obtained by the onions being
cut up, beaten in a mortar, and pressed. Boil
this mass in pint strong vinegar, stirring it
from time to time, until it forms a thick liquid
compound. Spread this composition thickly
over the entire surface of the Scorched part,
and let it remain on 24 hours. If the scorch-
ing was light, this will prove sufficient, with
the assistance of two subsequent Washings, to
take out the stain. If, however, the Scorching
was strong, a second coating of the composi-
tion should be put on after removing the first ; and
this should also remain on for 24 hours. If,
after the linen has been washed twice or thrice,
the stain has not wholly disappeared, the com-
position may be used again, in proportion to
the intensity of the discoloration remaining,
when a complete cure will seldom fail to be
effected. It has scarcely ever happened that a
third application was found necessary. The
remainder of the composition should be kept
for use in a gallipot tied over with bladder.
To Bleach Yellow Linexa,
Linen that has acquired a yellow or bad
color by careless Washing, may be restored to
its former whiteness by working it well in
Water containing a clear solution of chloride of
lime, rinsing it well in clean water, both before
and after using the bleaching liquor. Never
attempt to bleach unwashed linen, and avoid
using the liquor too strong, as in that case
the linem will be rendered rotten.
To Bleach Yellow Flannel.
Flannel which has become yellow with use
may be whitened by putting it for some time
in a solution of hard soap, to which strong
ammonia has been added. The proportions
are 1% pounds hard curd soap, 50 pounds of
Salt Water and # pound strong ammonia. The
Same object may be attained in a shorter
time by placing the garments for a quarter of
an hour in a weak solution of bisulphite of
Soda to which a little hydrochloric acid has
been added.
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
To Remove the Stain of Perspiration.
For removing the stain of perspiration a
strong Solution of soda is first to be applied,
with a subsequent rinsing with water.
How to Whiten Flannel and Woolen Hose.
Wet the flannel yarn or hose, whatever you
Wish to whiten, in weak suds; wring out.
Then hang on sticks or cords across a barrel
with two tablespoonfuls of pulverized brimstone
or sulphur burning under it; cover the barrel
tightly. If they are not white enough, repeat
the process; hang in the open air a day, then
wash and rinse in bluing water. Be careful
not to have the sulphur blaze and Scorch the
garments.
To Bleach Brown Sheeting.
Having soaked the cloth 12 hours in strong
soap-suds, take 3 pound chloride of lime for
every 12 yards of sheeting, and dissolve it in
enough boiling water to cover the cloth when
dipped into it. As soon as the lime is dis-
solved, strain the solution through a flannel
or other coarse cloth, then put the brown sheet-
ing in the strained lime-water, stirring con-
stantly, and after it has remained thus in this
liquor for about half an hour, take out the cloth
and rinse it well in pure water, so as to be
sure to remove all the lime-water; and then
boil it up in strong Soap-Suds, and hang out
to dry, and the work of weeks will have been
accomplished in a day or two.
Bleaching by Oil of Turpentine.
A German authority recommends the use of
oil of turpentine in bleaching White goods.
Dissolve 1 part of oil of turpentine in 3 parts
strong alcohol, place a tablespoonful of the
mixture in the water used for the last rinsing.
The clothes are to be immersed in this, well
wrung out, and placed in the open air to dry.
The bleaching action of the oil consists in its
changing oxygen into OZone When exposed to
the light, and in this process the turpentine
disappears, leaving no trace behind.
To Clean Straw Bonnets.
First brush them with soap and water; then
With a solution of oxalic acid.
To Clean Door-Plates.
To clean silver door-plates, use a weak solu-
tion of ammonia in water, applied with a wet
rag. This wash is equally useful for silver
plate and jewelry.
To Clean Plated-Ware.
Make a paste with whiting and alcohol, apply
it to the plated articles, and after it is dry,
rub it off with a brush, if rough, or a soft rag,
if smooth.
To Remove Rust Spots from Marble.
Rust spots can be made to disappear by
treatment with a weak solution composed of 1
part mitric acid and 25 of water, and after-
ward rinsing with Water and ammonia.
To Clean Looking Glasses.
Take part of a newspaper, fold it small, dip
it in a basin of clean cold water, and when it
is thoroughly Wet Squeeze it out as a sponge,
and then rub it hard over the face of the glass,
taking care that it is not so wet as to run down
in streams. After the glass has been well rubbed
with the wet paper, let it rest a few minutes
and then go over it with a fresh dry newspaper,
till it looks clear and bright, which it will do
almost immediately. The inside of windows
may be cleaned in this Way, and they will look
beautifully clear.
To Clean Cane-Bottomed Chairs.
Turn up the chair bottom, and with hot water
and a sponge wash the cane-work well, so that
it may become completely soaked. Should it
be very dirty you must add soap. Let it dry
in the open air if possible, or in a place where
there is a thorough draught, and it will become
as tight and firm as when new, provided it has
not been broken. g
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
363
To Clean Straw Matting.
Wash it with weak salt and water, and dry
it well, or boil a small bag of bran in two gal-
lons of water, and wash the matting with the
water, drying it well.
To Clean Sheepskin Rugs or Mats.
Make a very strong lather, by boiling soap
in a little water; mix this with a sufficient
quantity of water (rather more than lukewarm)
to wash the mat or rug in, and rub boiled soap
on those portions of it which require additional
cleansing. When the mat has been well washed
in this water, prepare another lather in the
same way, in which a second washing must
take place, followed by a third, which ought to
be sufficient to cleanse it thoroughly. Rinse it
well in cold water until all the soap is removed,
and then put it in water in which a little blue
has been mixed, sufficient to keep the wool of
a good white, and prevent its inclining to yel-
low. After this it should be thoroughly wrung,
shaken, and hung out in the open air with the
skin part towards the sun, but not while it is
scorching, otherwise the skin will become hard.
It must also be shaken often while drying, for
if not, it will be quite stiff and crackly. It
should be frequently turned, being hung up first
by one end and then by the other, until it has
dried entirely.
To Clean Knives and Forks.
Procure a smooth board, free from knots, or
one covered with leather. If the latter, melt a
sufficient quantity of mutton-suet, and put it
hot upon the leather with a piece of flannel;
then take two pieces of soft bath brick, and rub
them one against the other over the leather till
it is covered with the powder, which rub in until
no grease comes through when a knife is passed
over the leather, which may easily be known
by the knife keeping its polish. If only a plain
board, rub the bath brick two or three times
over it; if too much be put on at once it will
make the blades of the knives look rough and
seratched. Let the board be of a proper height,
and set so that the person may be a little on
the stoop while cleaning the knives. Take a
knife in each hand, holding them back to back;
stand opposite to the middle of the board; lay
the knives flat upon it, and do not bear too
hard upon them ; by this method it will be
easier to clean two knives at a time than one,
and they will be less liable to be broken, for
good knives will snap when pressed on too
heavily. Many will say that they cannot clean
two knives at once, or that they can get through
them faster one by one; but if they will on 3
try it a few times in the way recommended,
they will find it not only much more expedi-
tious, but easier. A little practice is all that
is necessary.
The best way to clean steel forks is to fill &
small barrel with fine gravel, brick dust, or
sand, mixed with a little hay or moss; make
it moderately damp, press it well down, and
let it always be kept damp. By running the
prongs of the steel forks a few times into this,
all the stains on them will be removed. Then
have a small stick, shaped like a knife, with leather
round it, to polish between the prongs, having
first carefully brushed the dust from them as
soon as they are taken out of the tub. A
knife-board is often spoiled in cleaning forks
upon it, and likewise the backs of the knives;
to prevent this, have a piece of old hat or
leather to put on the board where the forks
and backs of the knives are cleaned.
To Clean Spice Mills.
It is often desired to grind different spices,
orange or lemon peel, in the same mill, with-
out any one being affected by another spice.
Grind a teaspoonful of rice through the mill
and all impurities will be removed. A coffee
mill may be fitted to grind any spice in the
same way, using rather more rice. The rice
will of course be flavored by whatever may
have been in the mill. It is useful to thicken
soups or gravies, or sauces, when the spice is
no objection.
To Keep Oil-Cloths Looking Well.
Wash them once a month in skim milk and
water, equal quantities of each. Rub them
once in three months with boiled linseed oil.
Put on very little, rub it well in with a rag,
and polish with a piece of old silk. Oil-cloths
will last years if kept in this way.
364
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
To Preserve Knives and Forks in Good Condi-
tion.
Wipe the the knives and forks as soon as
possible after being used, as the longer they
are left with grease and stains on them the
harder they will be to clean; particularly if
they have been used for acids, salads, tarts,
etc.; have then a jug of hot water ready to
put them into as soon as done with, and wipe
them as before directed.
In order to keep knives and forks in good
condition when they are not in use, rub the
steel part with a flannel dipped in oil; wipe
the oil off after a few hours, as there is often
water in it; or dust the blades and prongs
with quicklime, finely powdered and kept in a
muslin bag.
To Give to Boards a Beautiful Appearance.
After washing them very nicely with soda
and warm water and a brush, wash them with
a very large sponge and clean water. Both
times observe to leave no spot untouched; and
clean straight up and down, not crossing from
board to board; then dry with clean cloths,
rubbed hard up and down in the same way.
The floors should not be often wetted, but
very thoroughly when done; and once a week
dry-rubbed with hot sand and a heavy brush,
the right way of the boards.
The sides of stairs or passages on which are
carpets or floor-cloth, should be washed with
sponge instead of linen or flannel, and the edges
will not be soiled. Different Sponges should
be kept for the above two uses; and those and
the brushes should be well washed when done
with, and kept in dry places.
To Clean Glass Globes.
If the globes are much stained on the out-
side by smoke, soak them in tolerably hot
water with a little washing soda dissolved in
it; then put a tea-spoonful of powdered ammo-
nia into a pan of luke-warm water, and with
a tolerably hard brush wash the globes till the
smoke stain disappears; rinse in clean cold
water, and let them drain till dry; they will
be quite as white and clear as new globes.
To Clean Stone Stairs and Halls.
Boil 1 pound of pipe-clay with a quart of
Water, and a quart of small beer, and put in
a bit of stone-blue. Wash with this mixture,
and, when dry, rub the stone with flannel and
a brush.
To Scour Boards.
Lime, 1 part; sand, 3 parts; soft soap, 2
parts. Lay a little on the boards with a scrub-
bing-brush, and rub thoroughly. Rinse with
clean water and rub dry. This will keep the
boards of a good color, and will also keep away
Vermin.
To Clean Decanters.
There is often much difficulty experienced in
cleaning decanters, especially after port wine
has stood in them for some time. The best
way is to wash them out with a little pearl-
ash and warm water, adding a spoonful or two
of fresh slaked lime if necessary. To facilitate
the action of the fluid against the sides of the
glass, a few small cinders may be used.
Or, soak the decanters for some hours in
warm soda and water; if there is much cut-
ting on the outside, a brush will be necessary
to remove the dirt and stains from the crevices.
Cut a potato into Small dice, put a good hand-
ful of these into the . decanter with some warm
water, shake the decanter briskly until the
stains disappear; rinse in clean cold water,
and let them drain until dry. Winegar and
sauce cruets can be cleaned in the same way.
To Clean Varnished Paint,
Boil a pound of bran in one gallon of water
an hour, and Wash the paint with the bran
water.
To Clean Glass Bottles.
Chop up a large potato very fine and put it
in the bottle with Some warm water, and
shake it rapidly until it is clean. Some use
shot and Soda, but potato is even more effect-
ual.
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l65
To Clean Greasy Earthenware.
Stone pots and jars in which lard or fat has
been kept, and yellow ware pie plates, may be
cleaned by putting them in a kettle with ashes
or sal soda, covering them with cold water, and
allowing them to boil slowly an hour at least.
When boiled enough, take them off the fire and
leave them in the water until it cools.
To Clean Paint.
There is a very simple method to clean paint
that has become dirty, and if our housewives
should adopt it, it would save them a great
deal of trouble. Provide a plate with some of
the best whiting to be had, and have ready
some clean Warm water and a piece of flannel,
which dip into the water and squeeze nearly
dry; then take as much whiting as will adhere
to it, apply it to the painted surface, when a
little rubbing will instantly remove any dirt or
grease. After which wash the part well with
clean water, rubbing it dry with a soft chamois.
Paint thus cleaned looks as well as when first
laid on, without injury to the most delicate
colors. It is far better than using soap, and
does not require more than half the time and
labor.
Another simple method is as follows: Put a
tablespoonful of aqua ammonia in a quart of
moderately hot water, dip in a flannel cloth,
and with this merely wipe over the woodwork;
no scrubbing will be necessary.
To Clean Soiled Ribbons and Silks,
A mixture of alcohol and highly rectified ben-
zine is excellent for cleaning ribbons and silks.
It is applied with a clean sponge. Persons
who apply these liquids and mixtures to clean-
ing silks, etc., must be careful to do so in an
apartment where there is neither fire nor lamp
burning, under the penalty of an explosion.
To Remove Stains from Kid Gloves.
Stains may be removed, even from the most
delicately-colored gloves, by suspending them
for a day in an atmosphere of ammonia. Pro-
vide a tall glass cylinder, in the bottom of
which place strong aqua ammonia. Be careful
to remove from the sides of the jar any am-
monia that may have been spattered upon
them. Suspend the gloves to the stopper in
the jar. They must not come in contact with
the liquid.
366
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
REMOVAL OF STAINS AND GREASE SPOTS.
The following Table gives at a glance the best means of cleaning all kinds of fabrics from any stain.
EOIND OF STAIN.
FROM LINEN.
FIROM COLORED GOODS.
COTTON.
WOOLEN.
FROM SILKS.
Sugar, Glue, Albu-
men and Blood.
Grease.
Stearine.
Warnish and Oil
Paints.
Vegetable Colors,
Red Wine, Red Ink,
Fruit.
Alezarine Ink.
Iron Rust, and Ink
made of Galls.
Coal Tar,
Grease.
Wagon
Lime, Lye, or Al-
kalies.
Simple Washing
with Water.
Soap Suds, Alkali
Lyes.
s e o e º dº e º e o sº e e g º e º º
Turpentine, or Ben-
zine and Soap.
Warm Chlorine Wa-
ter, Sulphur Wa-
por.
Tartaric Acid. The
older the stain the
stronger the Solu-
tion.
Warm Oxalic Acid
solution, Diluted
Hydrochloric Acid
Soap, Oil of Tur-
pentine, alternat-
ing with stream of
Water.
Simply wash with
Water.
Tannin, Green Nut Chlorine Water, Ja-
Simple Washing
With Water.
Luke Warm Soap
Suds.
Very Strong Alco-
hol, 95°
Turpentine, or Ben-
Zine and Soap.
Wash out with warm
Soap Suds or Am-
monia Water.
Dilut’d Tartaric Ac-
id, if the stuff will
bear it.
Repeated washing
with a solution of
Citric Acid, if the
color will bear it.
Simple Washing
with Water.
Soap Suds and Am-
monia.
hol, 95°
Turpentine, or Ben-
zine and Soap.
Wash outwith warm
Soap Suds or Am-
monia Water.
Diluted Tartaric Ac-
id, if the stuff will
bear it.
The same. Dilute
Hydrochloric Acid
if the wool is dyed
naturally.
Rub with Lard, t
Drop Diluted Nitric Acid upon it.
moistened, can be rubbed off with the finger.
hen Soap it well;
after a time wash alternately with
Water ānd Turpentine.
Very Strong Alco- . .
• e o 'º We tº e s e o O & e s s e º e
Benzine, Ammonia,
Ether, Pot a sh,
Chalk, Magnesia,
Yolk of Egg.
Benzine, ether, soap
Rub carefully.
The same ; rub gen-
tly and carefully.
The same with care
Nothing can be
dome, and all at-
tempts make it
WOTSé.
The same, but use
Benzino instead of
Turpentine, a n d
the Water must
fall on it from
Some height.
The stain, previously
Alternate wasming with Water, and with more or less
Diluted Chlorine Water, according to the color.
Shell.
velle Water, Con-
centrated Solution
of Tartaric Acid.
ACTDs.-Red Acid stains are destroyed by Ammonia, followed by thorough washing With water.
Acid are permanent.
Burnt stains of Nitrio
With the above, a few simple chemicals and a good deal of perseverance and care, any one may set up a chemical cleaning
ef;tal,lishment. Great pains, must be taken, when Fther, and Renzine are employed, to avoid taking fire, the vapor of which,
when mixed with air. is highly explosive. An open bottle of Ether, will take fire several feet from an open flame, as a heavy.
bnvisible vapor issues from the bottle, when the vapor reaches the flame of a lamp, the Whole mass of vapor takes fire,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
367
ADULTERATIONS.
Bread.
The adulteration of bread in the large cities
is carried on to an alarming extent, for this
purpose alum is used ; Sulphate of copper has
been found, but not as much as the former.
Dyspepsia and other diseases are brought on
by these adulterating articles, and we may say
with respect to alum, that it has been found
deleterious to the digestive organs.
We submit the following as a simple method
of testing for alum :
Make a solution of logwood; dip the bread,
and if alum is present the bread will exhibit a
claret color. A better way, however, is to soak
a piece of bread to be tested in water, strain
off the water and add about twenty drops of a
strong Solution of logwood, then add a large
teaspoonful of carbonate of ammonia. If alum
is present we shall have the mixture changed
from pink to a lavender color. This test will
discover a grain of alum in a pound of bread.
As a test for blue vitriol, take a piece of it in
warm water, then add a strong solution of
prussiate of potash. If copper is present, a
chocolate color will appear.
Flour.
Wheat flour is sometimes adulterated with
alum, rice, grit, Sand, and starch. Alum is
discovered by the methods already given. The
microscope is of great use in detecting rice,
potato starch, Sand, etc.
Butter.
Within the last few years the adulteration
of butter has been carried on to a great extent.
The adulteration has not been of a dangerous
character, the principal article used has been
what is called oleomargarine, the composition
of which we have elsewhere pointed out. Some
people, however, claim that lard from diseased
hogs is often used, tending to produce worms
and trichimae in the human subject. The best
way of detection is by Ineans of the micros-
cope, the use of which shows the genuine from
the adulterated article by the character of its
particles, which are plainly visible and easy of
detection.
Milk.
No article of food of general consumption is
so frequently adulterated as this. The most
common adulterant is water. It is said that
chalk, amnatto, burnt Sugar, infusion of sheep's
brains, and Salt are also added in Some cases.
A fraud is also practiced in skimming the milk,
or a part of it, before taking it to market.
The substances commonly added, are not often
actually poisonous in themselves, although
numerous cases of typhoid fever have occurred
in which the disease was traced to the use of
the milk, which had been adulterated with foul
water. It is probable that diphtheria and per-
haps other diseases are occasionally communi-
cated in the same manner.
Milk may also be contaminated with lead
from the use of Water containing this poison,
and from standing in lead or zinc vessels.
It is not always easy to detect adulterations
in milk without a careful analysis; but any
unnatural appearance or unpleasant odor should
cause it to be rejected at once. One of the
most dangerous means of adulterating milk is
feeding cows upon unwholesome food, and
keeping them in close, foul, unventilated stalls.
Under these circumstances, especially when the
secretion is greatly prolonged beyond the natural
period, as in cows known as “farrow,” the milk
Secretion really becomes an excretory product,
and contains quite a large proportion of the
Waste matters of the system. Such milk is
totally unfit for human food, and when fed to
children, especially, will be certain to produce
very marked and disastrous results.
Sugar.
The different varieties of sugar, syrup and
honey are the subject of frequent and exten-
Sive adulterations. It has long been known
that sugar could be manufactured from starch
by boiling it for some time with diluted sul-
phuric acid. Sugar, however, as is well known,
can be made from woody fibre of all sorts, as
cottom, sawdust, shavings, etc. The sugar thus
made is called glucose, as it closely resembles
the sugar of grapes. (See glucose.)
869
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
The presence of glucose in sugar can be
easily detected by the following method: Dis-
Solve in a test tube half a teaspoonful of the
Suspected Sugar in two teaspoonfuls of warm
Water. Add six or eight drops of strong solu-
tion of blue vitriol. This will give to the
Solution a faint blue tinge. Now add a solu-
tion of caustic potash. This will deepen the
blue color greatly and produce a curdy appear-
ance. Continue to add the potash until the
Solution becomes clear, shaking the test-tube
frequently so as to mix the contents well, and
then heat to boiling in the flame of a spirit
lamp. If grape sugar is present, as the liquid
approaches the boiling point a yellowish color
will appear, which will soon deepen to orange,
then orange red, and deep red. The changes
in color are due to the precipitation of red
oxide of copper, which is the chemical test for
grape Sugar.
The inorganic adulterants of sugar mentioned
can be readily detected by dissolving the Sugar,
when they will appear as a sediment.
Syrups.
Syrups are much more easily adultered than
sugar, because of the greater ease with which
the adulteration can be covered.
Iron and sulphuric acid seem to be the lead-
ing adulterants. If iron be present a black
compound will be formed by taking a solution
of tannin and mixing it with the syrup. If
tannin is not at hand common tea contains a
sufficiency of tannin with which to make the
test. Into half a cup of moderately strong tea
put a teaspoonful of the syrup. If the tea
becomes black iron is present in the syrup,
and while iron can scarcely be said to be a
poison, yet it will prove that the syrup is not
absolutely pure.
If sulphuric acid is suspected, the nitrate of
barium is the test. Take a clean phial and in
it dissolve the nitrate, next take a teaspoon-
ful of the syrup and dissolve in Warm water.
Add a portion to the solution of barium. Set
aside for half an hour. If the phial contains a
white powder at the bottom of the phial, the
syrup contains sulphuric acid.
CONFECTIONERY.
To Prepare Sugar for Candying.
The first process is clarifying, which is done
thus: Break the white of an egg into a pre-
Serving pan; put to it 4 quarts of water and
beat it with a whisk to a froth. Then put in
12 pounds of sugar, mix all together and set
it over the fire. When it boils put in a little
cold water, and proceed as often as necessary
till the scum rises thick on the top. Then
remove it from the fire, and when it is set-
tled take off the scum and pass it through a
straining bag. If the sugar should not appear
very fine, boil it again before straining it.
To Candy Sugar.
After having completed the above first pro-
cess, put what quantity is wanted over the fire,
and boil it till it is smooth enough. This is
known by dipping the skimmer into the sugar
and touching it between the forefinger and
thumb, and immediately on opening them a
small thread will be observed drawn between,
which will crystallize and break, and remain
in a drop on the thumb, which will be a sign
of its gaining Some degree of Smoothness. Boil
it again, and it will draw into a larger string;
it is now called bloom sugar, and must be
boiled longer than in the former process. To
try its forwardness, dip again the skimmer,
shaking off the Sugar into the pan; then blow
with the mouth strongly through the holes, and
if bubbles go through, it has acquired the
second degree; to prove if the liquid has arrived
at the state called feathered sugar, re-dip the
skimmer and shake it over the pan, then give it
a sudden flirt behind, and the sugar will fly
off like feathers.
It now arrives at the state called crackled
sugar, to obtain which the mass must be boiled
longer than in the preceding degree; then dip
a stick in it and put it directly into a pan of
cold water, draw off the Sugar which hangs to
the stick in the water, and if it turns hard
and Snaps it has acquired the proper degree
of crystallization; if otherwise, boil it again
until it acquires that brittleness.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
369
The last stage of refining this article is cahled
caramel sugar, to obtain which it must be
boiled longer than in any of the preceding
methods; prove it by dipping a stick first into
the Sugar and then into cold water, and the
moment it touches the latter it will, if matured,
Snap like glass. Be careful that the fire is
not too fierce, as by flaming up the sides of
the pan it will burn, discolor and spoil the
Śllgar.
French IMethod.
Put into a pan syrup enough of clarified
Sugar to fill the mould ; skim it well; take the
pan from the fire and pour it into a small
quantity of spirits of wine, sufficient to make
it sparkle ; let it rest till the skin, which is the
candy, rises on the surface; take it off with a
skimmer and pour it directly into the mould,
which keep in the stove at 90° heat for eight
days; then strain the candy by a hole, slant-
ing the mould on a basin or pan to receive
the drainings; let it drain till it is perfectly
dry, then loosen the paper by moistening it
with warm water; warm it all round near the
fire and turn the candy by striking it hard on
the table. Put it on a sieve in the stove to
finish drying it, but do not touch it while
there, and keep up an equal heat, otherwise
there will be only a mush instead of a candy.
Spirits of wine will take off grease and not
affect the candy, as it soon evaporates.
To Make Barley Sugar.
Take a quantity of clarified sugar in that
state that on dipping the finger into the pan
the sugar which adheres to it will break with
a slight noise; this is called crack. When the
sugar is near this, put in two or three drops of
lemon juice, or a little winegar to prevent its
graining. When it has come to the crack take
it off instantly and dip the pan in cold water
to prevent its burning; let it stand a little,
and then pour it on a marble, which must be
previously rubbed with oil. Cut the sugar into
small pieces, when it will be ready for use.
One drop of citron will flavor a considerable
quantity.
Bonbons.
Provide leaden moulds, which must be of
various shapes, and be oiled with oil of Sweet
almonds. Take a quantity of brown Sugar
syrup in proportion to their size, in that state
called a blow, which may be known by dip-
ping the skimmer into the sugar, shaking it
and blowing through the holes, when gleams
of light may be seen; add a drop of any
esteemed essence. If the bonbons are preferred
white, when the sugar has cooled a little, stir
it round the pan till it grains and Shines on
the surface; then pour it into a funnel and
fill the little mould, when it will take a proper
form and harden; as soon as it is cold take it
from the moulds, dry it in two or three days
and put it upon paper. If the bonbons are
required to be colored, add the color just as
the sugar is ready to be taken off the fire.
To Candy Ginger.
Put one ounce of race ginger grated fine,
one pound of loaf Sugar beaten fine, into a
preserving pan, with as much water as will
dissolve the sugar. Stir them well together
over a slow fire till the sugar begins to boil;
them stir in another pound of Sugar beaten
fine, and keep stirring till it grows thick; then
take it off the fire and drop it in cakes upon
earthen dishes. Set them in a warm place to
dry, when they will become hard and brittle,
and look White.
To Clarify Loaf Sugar.
Break the same into a copper pan, which
will hold one-third more, put $ a pint of water
to each pound of Sugar, mix 1 white of an egg
to every 6 pounds; when it rises in boiling
throw in a little cold water, which must be kept
ready in case it should boil over; skim it the
fourth time of rising, continue to throw in a
little cold Water each time till the scum ceases
to rise, and strain it through a sieve, cloth or
flannel bag. Save the Scum, which, when a cer-
tain quantity is taken off, may be clarified.
The latter skimming will do to add to fer-
mented Wines.
370
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Tö Candy Hoarhound.
Boil it in water till the juice is extracted;
then boil a sufficient quantity of sugar to a
great height and add the juice to it; stir it
with a spoon against the sides of the sugar
pan till it begins to grow thick; then pour it
out into a paper case that is dusted with fine
Sugar, and cut it into Squares; dry the hoar-
hound and put it into the sugar finely pow-
dered and sifted.
To Make White Sugar Candy.
Sugar crystallized by the saturated syrup
being left in a very warm place, from 90° to
100° Fahrenheit, and the shooting promoted by
placing sticks or a net of threads at Small dis-
tances from each other in the liquor; it is
also deposited from compound syrup, and does
not retain any of the foreign substances with
which the syrup is loaded.
Chocolate Drops.
Scrape the chocolate to powder, and put an
ounce to each pound of sugar; moisten the
paste with clear water, work it as above, only
take care to use all the paste prepared, as, if
it be put on the fire a second time, it greases,
and the drop is not of the proper thickness.
Orange-Flower Drops.
These are made as the Sugar drops, only
using orange-flower water; or instead of it, use
the essence of neroli, which is the essential
oil of that flower.
Coffee Drops.
An ounce of coffee to a pound of sugar will
form a strong decoction; when cleared, use it
to moisten the Sugar, and them make the drops
as above.
Peppermint Drops.
The only requisites to make these are ex-
treme cleanliness, the finest Sugar, and a few
drops of the essence of peppermint.
Clove Drops.
These are made as the peppermint drops,
the cloves being pounded, or the essence used.
Good cloves should be black, heavy, of a pun-
gent Smell, hot to the taste, and full of oil.
Ginger Drops.
Pound and sift through a silk sieve the
required quantity of ginger, according to the
strength wanted, and add to it the sugar with
clear water. China ginger is best, being aro
matic as well as hot and sharp-tasted.
Liquorice Lozenges.
Take of extract of liquorice, double-refined
sugar, each 10 ounces; tragacanth, powdered,
3 ounces. Powder them thoroughly, and make
them into lozenges with rose-water. These are
agreeable pectorals, and may be used at ,
pleasure in tickling coughs. The above receipt
is the easiest and best mode of making these
lozenges. Refined extract of liquorice should
be used; and it is easily powdered in the cold,
after it has been laid for some days in a dry
and rather warm place.
Extract of Liquorice.
The liquorice root is to be boiled in eight
times its weight of water, to one-half; the
liquor is then to be expressed, and after the
faeces have subsided, to be filtered; it is then
to be evaporated, with a heat between 2009
and 212°, until it becomes thickish; and, lastly,
it is to be evaporated with a heat less than
200°, and frequently stirred, until it acquires
a consistence proper for forming pills. This is
made into little pastils, or flat cakes, often
bearing the impression of the places where
they are made; and a bit now and then put
into the mouth takes off the tickling of a
cough. It should be dissolved slowly in the
mouth to make it pleasant.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
871
To Clarify Coarse Brown Sugar.
Put 50 pounds of coarse brown sugar into a
pan which will contain one-third more; pour in
20 pints of water, well mixed with 5 whites of
eggs; pound 5 pounds of small charcoal, mix
it in the pan while on the fire, and boil it till it
looks as black as ink. If it rises too fast, add
cold water, strain it through a bag, and though
at first it will be black, continue to strain it
until it becomes quite clear, which may be seen
by putting the syrup in a glass. Put it back
until it comes out as fine as clarified loaf Sugar.
To Improve and Increase Sugar.
To 5 pounds of coarse brown sugar add one
pound of flour, and there will be obtained six
pounds of Sugar, worth ten per cent. more in
color and quantity.
Starch Sugar.
Mix 100 parts of starch with 200 of water,
and add to it gradually another 200 of water,
previously mixed with as much of oil of vitriol,
and brought to a boiling heat in a tinned cop-
per vessel; keep the mixture boiling for 36
hours, and occasionally add water to keep up
the original quantity; then add some powdered
charcoal and also some chalk to get rid of the
acid; strain and evaporate it by a gentle heat
to the consistence of a syrup, and set by to
crystallize.
Birch Sugar.
Wound the trees in the spring of the year by
boring a hole under a large arm of the tree
quite through the wood as far as the bark of the
opposite side; collect the sap which flows from
the wound, and evaporate it to a proper con-
sistence; these are the native sugars of cold
countries.
To Malce Pear Sugar.
It is obtained by expressing the juice, adding
chalk to remove the Superabundant acid, and
evaporating it to a due consistence; it does not
crystallize, and is a kind of white treacle. One
hundred weight of pears yields about 84 pounds
of this juice, which will produce nearly twelve
pounds of this substance.
Grape Sugar.
The brown sugar obtained from grapes by the
usual process, being previously freed from the
acids and sulphate of lime that existed in the
original juice, yields by refining 75 per cent. of
a white granular sugar, 24 of a kind of treacle
with a little gum and Some malate of lime.
To Candy Orange Peel.
Soak the peels in cold water, which change
frequently till they lose their bitterness; then
put them into syrup till they become soft and
transparent. Then they are to be taken out
and drained.
Lemon Peel.
This is made by boiling lemon peel with sugar,
and then exposing in the air until the Sugar
crystallizes.
To Make Devices in Sugare
Steep gum tragacanth in rose water, and with
double refined sugar make it into a paste, and
color and mould it to fancy.
Whipped Syllabub.
Rub a lump of loaf sugar on the outside of
a lemon, and put it into a pint of thick cream,
and sweeten it to taste. Squeeze in the juice
of a lemon, and add a glass of Madeira wine,
or French brandy. Mill it to a froth with a
chocolate-mill, take off the froth as it rises,
and lay it in a hair sieve. Fill one-half of the
glass with red wine, then lay the froth as high
as possible, but take care that it is well drained
in the sieve, otherwise it will mix with the wine,
and the syllabub be spoiled.
Solid Syllabub.
To a quart of rich cream put a quart of
white wine, the juice of two lemons, with the
rind of one grated, and sweeten it to taste.
Whip it up well, and take off the froth as it
rises. Put it upon a hair sieve, and let it stand
in a cool place till the next day. Then half
fill the glasses with the scum, and heap up the
froth as high as possible. The bottom will look
clear and it will keep several days.
372
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
To Make Confectionery Drops.
Take double-refined sugar, pound and sift it
through a hair sieve, not too fine; and then
sift it through a silk sieve, to take out all the
fine dust, which would destroy the beauty of
the drop. Put the sugar into a clean pan, and
moisten it with any favorite aromatic ; if rose-
water, pour it in slowly, stirring it with a pad-
dle, which the sugar will fall from, as soon as
it is moist enough, without sticking. Color it
with a small quantity of liquid carmine, or any
other color ground fine. Take a small pan with
a lip, fill it three parts with paste, place it on
a small stove, the half-hole being of the size
of the pan, and stir the sugar with a little ivory
or bone handle, until it becomes liquid. When
it almost boils, take it from the fire, and con-
tinue to stir it; if it be too moist, take a little
of the powdered sugar, and add a spoonful to
the paste, and stir it till it is of such a con-
sistence as to run without too much extension.
Have a tin plate, very clean and Smooth; take
the little pan in the left hand, and hold in the
right a bit of iron, copper, or silver wire, four
inches long, to take off the drop from the lip
of the pan, and let it fall regularly on the tin
plate; two hours afterwards take off the drops
with the blade of a knife.
Snow Balls.
Pare and take out the cores of 5 large bak-
ing apples, and fill the holes with orange or
quince marmalade. Then take some good hot
paste, roll the apples in it, and make the crust
of an equal thickness; put them in a tin drip-
ping-pan, bake them in a moderate oven, and
when taken out, make icing for them; let the
same be a quarter of an inch thick, and set
them a good distance from the fire until they
become hardened, but be cautious that they are
not browned.
Capillaire.
Mix 6 eggs, well beat up, with 14 pounds of
loaf sugar, and 8 pounds of coarse sugar. Put
them into 8 quarts of water, boil it twice, skim
it well, and add a # of a pint of orange-flower
water; strain it through a jelly-bag, and put it
into bottles for use. A spoonful or two of this
syrup put into a draught of either cold or warm
water makes an exceedingly pleasant drink.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 878
sºmºs
_--~
*====
… ...º. A ſº-
-s --ms- ºr sº-
BOOK-KEEPING:
GIVING A CONCISE AND COMPREEIENSIVE EXPLANATION OF BOTH SINGLE AND DOUBLE ENTBY-NECESSITY
AND ADVANTAGES OF A KNOWLEDGE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
HE object of book-keeping is to ex-
hibit a distinct and correct state of
one's affairs, and to enable compa-
, nies, firms, and individuals to as-
} certain at at any time the nature and
extent of their business, the amount
of their profits or available income, or,
as the case may be, the extent of their
losses.
The necessity for a knowledge of book-keep-
ing is not confined to those engaged in business.
There is no class of men who can afford to
dispense with it, since all are called upon to
handle money and keep accounts of greater or
less magnitude. It is not sufficient for a man
to say, “I do not understand book-keeping my-
self, but I can employ a book-keeper who will
know everythingnecessary.” Such a man places
himself at the mercy of his employé, and is
liable to be continually deceived by false en-
tries, fraudulent balances, and in various ways
which a skillful and unscrupulous accountant
can avail himself of.
It is the merchant's first duty to be thor-
oughly informed in all branches of his business,
so that he may not only direct it, but also be
competent to detect and expose error and fraud,
and to know at any moment his exact business
standing. It is not too much, therefore, to
assert that book-keeping should constitute an
essential part of the education of every young
man and woman. The possession of such
knowledge will the more thoroughly prepare
them for the great struggle of life, and enable
them to earn a fair and honorable livelihood
by the employment of their skill.
It is not to be expected that every one can
become a first-class book-keeper any more than
that every one can become a great artist; but
it is possible for all to obtain such a knowledge
of the essential principles of book-keeping as
will enable them to keep an ordinary set of
books accurately, and with credit to themselves.
To those engaged in trade or commercial
pursuits, or who expect to enter upon them,
book-keeping is absolutely necessary, as by it
all transactions should be regulated and their
results exhibited. The more simple the system
the better; but care must be taken that the
plan adopted is sufficiently comprehensive and
explanatory to satisfy not only the person keep-
ing the books, but those who may have occa-
sion to refer to them; for however satisfactory
it may be to a merchant to follow a system.




374
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
which is intelligible to himself alone, circum-
stances might arise to render the inspection
of others necessary, and from their inability to
follow out the transactions in the books, sus-
picions would probably be engendered for which
there was no real foundation. Hence the neces-
sity for the adoption of certain recognized and
approved systems, which, being plain and easily
understood, must prove satisfactory to all con-
cerned.
Book-keeping, when conducted on Sound prin-
ciples, is invaluable; it not only shows the
general results of a commercial career, but
admits of analysis, by which the Success or
failure, the value or utter worthlessness of its
component parts, or each particular transac-
tion, can be easily ascertained. In a word, on
the one hand it promotes order, regularity, fair
dealing, and honorable enterprise; on the other
it defeats dishonesty, and preserves the integ-
rity of man when dealing with his fellows.
The Proper System to be Adopted.
The questions to which a satisfactory system
gives the merchant ready and conclusive an-
swers are such as relate—1. To the extent to
which his capital and credit will entitle him to
transact business; 2. To the assurance he has
that all his obligations are honestly fulfilled;
3. To the ascertainment of the success or fail-
ure of his commercial dealings, and the position
of his affairs from time to time.
There are two recognized systems of book-
keeping, namely, by “Single Entry” and by
“Double Entry.” Although the system of
“Single Entry” has nearly passed out of use,
it will be well to glance at it before passing on
to the other and more generally used system of
“Double Entry.”
The System of Single Entry.
This is a clumsy and awkward way of keep-
ing books, and is used only by the smallest
traders. It is little better than the old time
plan of keeping accounts on a slate, and erasing
them when paid. The system is denoted by the
name; transactions being posted singly, or only
once in the Ledger. Three books are generally
kept—the cash book, day book and ledger,
although the first named is not essential, the
cash entries being passed through the day
book. Its only use is to check the balance of
cash in hand.
In the day book are entered daily all the
purchases and sales, whether for cash or credit;
and all the credit entries are then transferred
to accounts opened in the ledger, that is, all
goods sold on credit are charged against the
customers, and what are purchased are carried
to the credit of the parties supplying them.
In the same way when cash is received from
a customer for goods sold on credit, it is posted
on his account, and the reverse entry is made
when a merchant pays for the goods he has
bought. Thus it will be seen that only per-
sonal accounts are entered in the ledger.
Balance Sheet by Single Entry.
To frame a balance sheet or state of affairs
on this system, the book-keeper brings down
the balances due by customers to the mer-
chant, also his stock of goods as valued by
the last inventory taken at current market
prices, and the cash he may have in hand, on
the left-hand side of the sheet, whilst on the right-
hand side of the sheet he enters the balances
still due by him for goods he has purchased,
or money lent to him, and the capital, if any,
with which he commenced business. The
amounts on each side of the sheet are then
added and proved, and the difference between
the amounts of the two columns is either profit
or loss; if profit, the merchant's capital is
increased to that extent; if loss, then he is so
much the poorer.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
375
Specimen of a Balance Sheet by Single Entry.
The following “Specimen of a Balance Sheet by Single Entry” will make plain the working
and ultimate results of the systen:
ASSETS.
To sundry customers for goods sold,
per list. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,500.00
To goods in stock, per inventory and
Valuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,875.85
To cash in hand......... © C C & © & O e º & © & 98675
$8,362/60
LIABILITIES.
By sundry merchants for goods pur-
chased, per list. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . $1,000.00
By capital put into the business. . . . . . 3,000.00
Profit on business to date. . . . . . . . . . . . 4,36260
$8,362;60

It will be observed that the assets exceed
the liabilities (including capital) by $4,362.60.
That sum being profit must be added to the
capital; if in the next or following years any
loss should emerge, as a matter of course such
deficiency must be deducted from the mer-
chant's capital, as he is that much poorer
than when he opened the year.
The advantages of single entry are simplicity
and easy adaptation to small retail trades, as
the ledger contains only outstanding debts due
to or by the merchant. The disadvantage is
the difficulty of ascertaining the profits or
losses on various goods, or on the several
departments of a business.
The System of Double Entry.
It is now universally admitted that the
“System of Double Entry” is the best adapted
for heavy, responsible, or speculative trades,
and for extensive mercantile concerns. As its
name implies, it so differs from the system
already described, that every transaction must
be recorded doubly in the ledger; that is to
Say, accounts must be opened in that book, to
which all entries in the subsidiary books are
twice carried—to the debit of one account, and
the credit of another.
The advantage of this system may be briefly
stated as follows:
1. Unless the debit balances exactly corres-
pond with the credit balances the books are
wrong, and the error must be discovered by
comparison.
2. The discovery of such errors is more
easily accomplished than in any other system.
3. Accounts can be readily analyzed.
4. The profit, or loss, on individual trans-
actions can be ascertained without difficulty.
Against these advantages the writer knows of
no single disadvantage that can be pleaded.
Before entering upon an explanation of the
system, we must direct the reader's attention to
The Golden Rule of Double Entry.
which may be concisely stated in six words,
viz.: Every Debit must have its Credit.
By bearing this constantly in mind, and
applying it to each and all of the details of
practical book-keeping, the difficulties of the
system will entirely disappear, and its perfect
simplicity be apparent.
It is the custom of the best book-keepers to
use the following books in recording commer-
cial transactions: The Cash Book, the Day
Book, sometimes called the Sales Book, the
Journal, and the Ledger.
The use of the Journal is gradually being
abandoned, as it only imposes upon the book-
keeper additional labor without any compensa-
ting advantages. Many houses dispense with
it altogether, and the time is at hand when it
Will disappear from every well-regulated count-
ing-room. In the following pages, therefore,
We shall make no further reference to it, con-
fining ourselves only to what is of practical
Value to the student of book-keeping, and avoid-
ing everything that may serve to encumber
him with useless details.
876
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
The Cash Book.
The name of this book indicates the use to
which it is put. It is used exclusively for
entries of money received and money paid out,
and is thus the record of the daily cash trans-
actions of the merchant. Each page of the
Cash Book is ruled with two dollar and cent
columns. The left hand page is used for
“Cash Debtor,” that is, for cash received; and
the right hand page is for “Cash Creditor,” or
for cash paid out. All sums of money received
are written on the left hand page with the
date of the receipt, the name of the person or
source from which the money is received, and
the amounts are entered on a line with the
names in the first column of the page. All
sums paid out are entered on the right hand
page with the date of the payment, and the
name of the person or purpose by whom or
for which the money is paid, and the amounts
are entered in the first column of the page on
the line with the names to which they belong.
In effect, in keeping accounts, “Cash ’’ is
treated precisely as if it were a person. It is
debited, or charged, with all money paid in,
and credited with all money paid out. For
example, let us suppose that John Smith pays
the merchant $200. This sum must be placed
to the credit of John Smith, because he has
paid it in. “Cash” has received it, and there-
fore “Cash” must be charged with it. It is
entered on the debit side of the “Cash Book”
as a charge against “Cash.” The entry is made
in the name of John Smith, and shows that he
has paid that sum to “Cash.” Thus this entry
is at the same time a debit to “Cash” and a
credit to John Smith, as it shows that “Cash”
has had that much money from John Smith,
and that John Smith is the creditor of “Cash”
to that amount.
Again, we will suppose that Thomas Brown,
David Lee and Asa Hart have each paid the
merchant $200, making $600 in all. These
amounts are received by “Cash,” and are en-
tered on the debit, or left-hand, page, in three
separate entries, each with the name of the
person paying the money, and the date of the
payment. At the end of the month, when the
“Cash Book” is posted, these amounts are car-
ried to the Ledger to the credit of the parties,
that is, $200 is credited to each. The aggre-
gate $600 is then posted to the debit of “Cash”
in the Ledger; and thus the debit of $600 to
“Cash” balances the three credits of $200 each
to Thomas Brown, David Lee, and Asa Hart.
The same principle applies to payments made
by the merchant. Let us suppose he pays to
Martin, Frazier & Co. $500; to Holmes Bros.
$600; and to Jenkins & Son $300. Here we
have $1400 paid out. Each of these amounts
is entered with the date of payment on the
right hand or credit side of the “Cash Book.”
In other words, “Cash” is credited with these
Sums because they have been taken from
“Cash” and paid to the parties named. In
posting the “Cash Book” at the end of the
month, these entries are carried to the debit of
the accounts of the proper persons in the Ledger.
Martin, Frazier & Co. are debited or charged
with $500; Holmes Bros. with $600; and Jenkins
& Son with $300. These persons have received
the above sums, and are therefore properly debited
or charged with them. The aggregate amount,
$1400, is entered on the Ledger to the credit
of “Cash,” because “Cash ’’ has paid them,
and must receive credit for such payments.
Thus the single entry of $1400 to the credit of
“Cash,” balances the three charges against the
persons to whom the sums were paid.
But suppose the merchant receives from Henry
Holt the sum of $200; from Richard Jones $300;
and from Edward White $300—making $800
received. These sums are entered on the “Cash
Book” as debits against “Cash”—the entries be-
ing at the same time credits to the parties
making the payment. The merchant pays out
the following sums: To Walter Hyde, $100; to
Peter Wright, $125; and to Lyle & Co. $100,
in all $325 paid out, which is less than the
amount he received. These payments are en-
tered on the “Cash Book” to the credit of
“Cash,” and are at the same time separate
debits or charges against the persons to whom
the money is paid. In order to ascertain how
much money is on hand after making these
payments, the “Cash Book” must be balanced.
To do this, add the amounts in the first column
of the debit side, and write down the amount,
$800, in the Second column, on a line with the
last entry, and also at the bottom of that
column. Then add the amounts in the first
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
377
column on the credit page, and write the amount,
$325, in the second column of that page, on a
line with the last entry on that page. Then
subtract the $325 paid out from the $800 re-
ceived, doing this on a separate slip of paper.
This leaves a remainder of $475, which is the
balance of cash in hand. Now write with red
ink on the credit page, below the last entry on
that page, the amount, $475, in the second
column of that page, preceded by the word
“Balance.” This “balance,” added to the amount
of payments, will give $800, the amount received
and entered on the debit page. This amount
must be written at the bottom of the second
column on the credit page, and on a line with
the botttom figures on the debit page. The
“Cash Book” is now said to be balanced.
The “Cash Book” should be balanced every
day, in order to ascertain the amount of money
on hand at the close of the day's transactions.
The “Cash Book” should be posted once a
month. That is, the entries in it should be
transferred to the Ledger, and entered there
each in its proper account. As these transfers
are made, the folio (or number of the page) of
the Ledger to which the entry is posted, should
be written in the “Cash Book,” in the column
ruled for that purpose, which is immediately on
the left of the dollars and cents column. This
insures accuracy in referring from the “Cash
Book” to the Ledger. The “Cash Book” is now
said to be closed—that is, all the entries for the
month have been transferred to their proper
places in the Ledger; and the book-keeper is
ready to commence the record of the transac-
tions of the next month.
In the example given above, the merchant
had a balance of $475 of cash in hand at the
end of the month. The reader will naturally
ask, “What must be done with this balance?”
It must be borne in mind that the book-keeper
must treat the cash transactions of each month
as a separate account. When the “Cash
Book” is closed for January, he must begin a
new cash account for February, and so on
through the year. He turns to a new debtor
page and opens a new account on the first of
the month. In the case under consideration, he
carries forward the balance of $475, and enters
it in red ink in the second column of the debit
page, preceding it with the date (the first of
the month) in its proper column, and the word
“Balance” in its proper place. This shows
that “Cash” has begun the new month with
$475 in hand. “Cash” is, therefore, properly
charged with it. e
Now suppose the merchant receives from
various persons during the month money to the
amount of $525, and pays out to Sundry par-
ties money to the amount of $350. The receipts
are all entered, each with its proper date and
the name of the person making the payment,
on the debit page of the “Cash Book,” the
amounts being written in the first dollars and
cents column; the sums paid out are entered
in the same way on the credit side of the
“Cash Book,” the amounts being written in the
first dollars and cents column of that page.
In closing the “Cash Book” at the end of
the second month, the book-keeper must add
the amount of the debits, which, as we have
seen, is $525, and write this aggregate in the
second column on a line with the last entry in
the first column. This will place it under the
“balance” of $475 remaining from the first
month, which, as we have seen, was written
at the top of the second dollars and cents
column of the debit page. These two amounts
are then added, and give a total of $1,000,
which must be written at the bottom of the
second column. This shows the total amount
of the debits or charges against “Cash” during
the month. The book-keeper now turns to the
credit page, and adds the amounts of the
money paid out. The total as we have seen
is $350. He writes this amount in the second
column of the credit page on a line with the
last entry of money paid out. He then sub-
tracts the amount of the credits from the
amount of the debits, and finds a remainder of
$650, which is the amount left to the debit of
“Cash,” or the balance of cash in hand at the
end of the month. He writes with red ink the
amount, $650, preceded by the word “Balance”
in the second column of the credit page under
the total of the credits. These two sums are
then added and give a total of $1,000, and
this amount is written at the bottom of the
second column of the credit page, and balances
the $1,000 at the bottom of the debit page. The
amounts are then transferred to their respective
(See next two pages for Cash Book Specimens.)
878
AN ENCYCLOPMEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Dr. Cash.
H
, KD
2-
§
DATE, NAME OF LEDGER ACCOUNT, º
9.
O
1882.
January.| 1 || John Brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mdse.| 6 || 500 00
Cº 4 David Lee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ 14 || 225 00
Cº. 5 Smith, Young & Co............... © e e e o e o e º O C & © & © “ 25 650, 75
(6 6 | Thomas Lane, on *. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ** 18 || 416 18
Cº 8 || Spencer & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... “ 2 50 00
Gº 10 | Walker & White, on 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... “ 34 39 00
(ſº 11 | Timothy Drexel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | 15 180 00
Cº. 13 | James Williams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G& 7 || 242 00
CO 15 l Gunnison & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 9 || 313| 00
* 17 | Henry Hale, on "................................ 66 4 || 165 00
66 18 Mrs. Jane Wharton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | 20 25 00
63 19 | Andrew Jenkins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº 22 || 75 00
64 22 || William A. Brown----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ | 13 || 100 00
Ç6 25 Daniel Lamb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5 150 00
Ǻ 28 || Owen Mountjoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 8 || 245 00
Cº 31 | Samuel Bridges & Co... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº 12 300 00 8875 93
3675 93


nor.-in the above specimen the word: "Date." “Name of Leger Account,” and “Ledger Folio,”
guiãance of the reader. They are not used in actual account books,
are inserted for the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 379
Cash. Cr.
H
2
§
DATE. NAME OF LEDGER ACCOUNT. º
C
5.
1882.
January.| 1 ||Expense, 1 Month's Rent............................... 4 || 90 00
66 8 Real Estate, Taxes.................................... 10 || 75 00
66 8 John Williams & Co.............................. Mdse. 13 || 100 00
66 11 Frank Harris..................................... “ 25 50 00
66 15 Thomas Lewis................... ................ ** | 18 25 00
66 19 Judkins, Wright & Co., on "/...................... ** | 16 || 150 00
66 22 Dexter & Son.................................... “ 19 || 30 00
66 25 ||Expense, Clerk's Salary, 1 Month...................... 4 || 75 00
66 27 Expense, 1 Stove...................................... 4 || 10 00
66 28 Lewis Rogers,..................... * @ e º 'º a e e e Q e º e º e Mdse. 32 100 00
66 29 Gross & Co...................................... “ 29 75 00
66 81 Expense, Sundry Petty Expenses....................... 4 || 25 00 || 805
Balance, 2870 | 93
t 3675 93

NoTEL-In the obgºre speeimen the words "Date," "Nam CCount,” - º
guidance of the reader, They are not yº, actual . §eer A t" and "Ledger Folio," are inserted for the
380
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
accounts in the Ledger, and the “Cash Book”
is closed for the second month. The balance,
of $650, is then carried as before to the top of
a new debit page, and the “Cash Book” is in
readiness for the record of the transactions of
the third month.
These explanations will show the reader the
uses of and the manner of keeping the “Cash
Book.” We would earnestly recommend him to
commence practicing a system of book-keeping,
beginning with the “Cash Book.” He should
obtain a blank book, and rule it himself in
order to become familiar with the form of the
pages. Each page should be ruled as follows:
on the left-hand side rule a column for dates,
and on the right-hand side rule a column for
the numbers of the Ledger folios to which the
entries are to be posted, and on the right of
this rule two sets of columns for dollars and
cents. The wide space in the middle of the
page is used for the names of the persons
making payments or to whom payments are
made. The specimen pages which are given
here will show how the columns should be ruled.
Now let the reader make the entries in the
manner explained in the preceding pages, and
he will have a “Cash Book” in proper shape,
and will thus familiarize himself with this
important branch of book-keeping.
The specimen on pages 378 and 379 will show
a “Cash Book” properly balanced and closed.
The Petty Cash Book.
It is the custom of most book-keepers to use
what is called a petty cash book. Any blank
book ruled with dollars and cents column will
answer. The petty cash book is used for ex-
penditures only, and its use Saves the book-
keeper a great deal of time and labor which
would be required were all the minor expenses
of an establishment entered in the cash book
and transferred separately to their proper ac-
counts in the ledger. The book-keeper enters
all the Small sums paid out day by day in the
petty cash book, such as “Sundry Expenses,”
“Freights,” “Interest,” money paid to employés
who have no fixed pay-day, “Telegrams,”
“Porterage,” etc. At the end of the week, or
month, as his custom may be, he adds these
expenditures in the petty cash book, and enters
the aggregate amount on the credit page of the
regular cash book, from which it is posted to
the ledger, in the ordinary way. Bear in mind
that the petty cash book is used for entering minor
eapenditures only, and never for entering money
received.
The Day Book.
The day book is used for recording the trans-
actions of each day, except those which are
made for cash, and which are entered in the
cash book. It is frequently called the sales
book, as all the sales are entered in it. It is
also used to record all purchases of goods made
by the merchant, and thus takes the place of a
Separate book, which was formerly used, and
which was known as the purchase book.
The day book is ruled differently from either
the cash book or the ledger. On the left of the
page is a Single column, and on the right are
three sets of dollars and cents columns. The
date is written, day by day, at the top of the
page; the column on the left is for the number
of the articles sold; the wide space in the mid-
dle is for the name of the purchasers and a
description of the goods sold to them; the first
set of dollars and cents columns is for the en-
try of the amounts of the sales; and the third
set is for the entry of the aggregate amount of
the sales to each person. The second, or mid-
dle set of dollars and cents columns, is known
as the cash column, and in it are entered the
aggregates of all bills for which cash is paid
when the purchase is made. The use of it
greatly simplifies the labor of the book-keeper,
and avoids confusion in keeping the accounts.
Where this column is used, all bills that are
paid before the end of the month are entered in
the cash column; all bills that are not paid
before the end of the month, or at the
time of the purchase, are entered, as has been
said, in the third column. When the sale is
reported to the book-keeper, he must be in-
formed as to the manner of payment, in order
that he may know in which column to enter
the amount. It is the custom where goods are
paid for at the time of the purchase, to make
a “check” in red ink in the margin after the
amount, and also in the margin before the name.
This shows that the book-keeper is not to post
these entries in the same manner that the sales
on credit are to be posted.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
381
For example, let us suppose John Smith, of
Camden, N. J., buys a bill of goods from the
merchant to the amount of $100. This sale is
entered in the day book under its proper date,
with the articles and the number of them. The
price of each article is written in the first set
of dollars and cents columns. If the sale is
for cash, the aggregate or total amount of the
bill is written in the second set of dollars and
cents columns, and a “check” in red ink is
placed opposite the name of John Smith, and
another one opposite the aggregate amount.
This shows that the sale is for cash. If the
sale is on credit—say sixty days' time—the ag-
gregate is written in the third set of dollars
and cents columns, and the account is posted
in the ledger in the usual Way at the end of
the month.
Posting the Day Book.
The entries in the day book should be posted
to the ledger at the end of every week. The
various entries of sales on credit are carried to
the ledger and each written there in its proper
account, and the number of the ledger folio or
page to which the account is carried is written
in red ink in the left hand margin of the page
of the day book, in order that the book-keeper
may refer to it promptly. These entries are
carried to the debit of the accounts in the led-
ger, as they are charges against the persons to
whom the sales are made.
The book-keeper now takes the cash sales
entered in the day book. Of course, when cash
is paid on the spot for goods, the transaction
is complete, and there is no necessity for open-
ing an account with the purchaser in the ledger.
To do so would be simply to crowd the ledger
with useless accounts. The book-keeper, there-
fore, adds the amounts in the second or cash
column of the day book, and writes the total
in the third set of dollars and cents columns.
The third column is then added, and the total
written at the bottom. This total represents
both the cash and the credit sales, and of course
shows the total amount of business done during
the month. The various entries having been
posted as described to their proper accounts in
the ledger, the total of the third column is en-
tered in the credit side of the merchandise
account of the house in the ledger. “Merchan-
dise” is here treated, like “cash,” as a person.
It has supplied the goods sold, and is therefore
credited with them. This entry is also a debit
against the purchasers for the goods taken out
of the house during the month.
Instead of posting the total of the “cash col-
umn” as a debit from the day book to the
ledger, the book-keeper enters it on the debit page
of the cash book as follows: “Sundry sales, day
book folio—,” and makes a check in red ink
in the margin on the left of the entry. Cash
having been paid into the concern for these
Sales, “cash” is properly debited for them in
the cash book. This total is included in the
footing of the debit page of the cash book, and
is posted from it to the ledger to the debit of
“cash.” Thus the debit to “cash” balances the
credit to “merchandise” in the ledger.
The Merchandise Account,
Merchandise, as we have said, is treated as
a person. It is debited or charged with all goods
received by the house, and credited with all
goods sold.
It is the custom to devote, every month, one
or more pages of the day book, as necessity
may require, to a “double entry” headed as
follows: “Merchandise debtor to sundries”—
that is, “Merchandise debtor to the following.”
The book-keeper enters under this heading all
bills of goods which the house has purchased
during the month, and all other items with
which it is necessary to debit or charge “mer-
chandise” and credit other accounts. Each
amount must be written separately in the name
of its proper account, and the various entries
must be placed one under the other down the
page, with the dates written in the margin on
the left hand side of the page. The amounts
of the various entries are written in the first
set of dollars and cents columns, and the total
is written immediately below. In no case must
the entry or entries be extended into the second
or third sets of dollars and cents columns.
Every transaction is complete, and must be
382 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
confined to the portions of the page indicated. or confine himself to the forms given in these
The amounts of the various entries are then | pages. He should begin with the cash or day
posted to the credit of their proper accounts in books, open a complete set of books, and keep
the ledger, and the total of all of them is posted them as though he were actually engaged in busi-
to the debit of “merchandise” in the ledger. ness, extending them as far as possible, and post-
The reader is earnestly recommended to rule ing them as directed in these instructions. This
Several pages of a blank book in the manner de- will give him an amount of practice which will
Scribed, and to practice keeping a day book ac- be found very useful, and will enable him to
cording to the Instructions herein contained. By become thoroughly familiar with all the various
this it is not meant that he should simply copy transactions and requirements of book-keeping.
G E N E R A L PRINCIPL ES.
I. The person or persons investing in the business should be credited, under some title, for all
such investments, and also for his or their share of the gains. On the other hand, he or they should
be debited for all liabilities assumed by the concern for him or them, for all sums withdrawn by him
or them from the business, and for such losses as he or they are entitled to share.
II. Cash account should be debited for all cash receipts, and credited for all disbursements.
III. Merchandise, and all species of property bought upon speculation, should be debited,
under some appropriate head, with the cost of the property represented, and credited with its
proceeds.
IV. Bill Receivable account should be debited with other people's notes, acceptances and
other written obligations, when they become ours, and credited when they are paid, or otherwise
disposed of.
W. Bills Payable account should be credited with our notes, acceptances or written promises
to pay, when they are issued, and debited when they are paid or redeemed.
VI. Personal accounts, such as the names of persons, banks, or other institutions competent
to sue or be sued, should be debited under their proper titles when they become indebted to us, or we
get out of their debt, and credited when we become indebted to them, or they get out of our debt.
VII. All expenses, of whatever name, should be debited with the outlay, and all causes, of
whatever kind, producing us value, should be credited, under Some name, for the amount thus
produced. --
The foregoing principles are all embraced in the following simple formula:
DEBIT WHAT GOSTS THE CONCERN WALUE, AND CREDIT WHAT PRODUCES THE CONCERN WALUE.
gay- The following specimen pages will illustrate the instructions contained in the preceding pages:
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 383
Specimen Sheet of Day Book.
New York, January 1st, 1882.

Led. Fol. Amos Long & Son, Columbus, Ohio.
2 Bbls. Flour, No. 1. (3) $7.25 14| 50
88 5 Bbls. Brown Sugar, 600 ſps. 8 c. || 48 00
5 |Bags Coffee, 800 lbs. 20 c. || 160 00 222 50
John Peterson, Newark, N. J.
10 |Bbls. Brown Sugar, 1,200 lbs. 8 c 96 00
2 |Boxes Brown Soap, 200 lbs. § 3 || 12 & 10s 00
Samuel Little & Co., Brooklyn, N. Y.
25 |Bags Salt, 250 lbs. 3 c. 7 50
60 20 |Boxes Brown Soap, 2,000 lbs. 6 c. || 120 00
10 |Bbls. Flour, No. 1. 7.25 72 50
10 |Bags Coffee, 1,600 lbs. 20 c. || 320 00 520 00
Davis & White, Albany, N. Y.
50 |Bbls. Corn Meal, $3.50 175 00
75 Bbls. Flour, No. 1. 7.50 562 50
29 20 |Bags Coffee, 3,200 lbs. 20 c. 640 00
50 |Boxes Brown Soap, 5,000 lbs. 6 c. || 300 00 1677 50
Abner Lee & Son, Camden, N. J.
10 |Bags Coffee, 1,600 lbs. 20 c. 320 00|| 320 00
Henderson & Co., Richmond, Wa.
50 |Boxes Brown Soap, 5,000 lbs. 6 c. || 300 00
50 |Bags Salt, 500 lbs. 3 c. || 15 00
20 |Bags Coffee, 3,200 lbs. 20 c. || 640 00
84 20 Bbls. Brown Sugar, 2,400 lbs. 8 C. || 192| 00
30 |Bbls. Corn Meal, 3.50 105 00 1252 00
Hance Bros., Norwalk, Conn.
10 Bbls. Flour, No. 1. 7.50 75 00
5 Bbls. Corn Meal, 3.50 17| 50
10 Bbls. Brown Sugar, 1,200 lbs. 8 c. || 96 00|| 188 50
_4288 50
In # the above page to the Ledger, the sales on creditare debited each to its proper account in the L * >
bº. the left hand margin indicating the #. folios on which the entries are made. Pºiº amount, sº. *::::: * .
cash and sales, is entered in the credit side of the Merchandise Account of ###: The amount, $616.50, the total of the
cash sales, is entered in the debit # e of the Cash Bºok, as Sundry Sales, Day Book Folio I.” It is posted with the toºl of
e week's transactions in the Cash Book to the debit of the Cash Account in the Ledger.
3
3
4
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Specimen Page of Merchandise Account in the Day Book.
MERCHANDISE DR. To SUNDRIES.
January, 1882.
Leu. Fol. Late. i
Judson, Crane & Co., New York.
56 4th. 10 Bbls. Flour, G) $8.00 80 00
3 Bbls.Sugar, 800 lbs., 8 c. || 24| 00
104.00
90 Holloway & Co., Philadelphia.
30 Bbls. Rye Flour, $3.00 60 00
50 Bbls.Corn Meal, 3.00 150 00
500 Bus. Corn, Ö0 C. || 250 00
460 00
42 Lane Bros., Baltimore, Md.
20 Bags Coffee, 3,200 lbs., 20 C. || 640 00
10 Boxes Tea, 600 lbs., $1.00 600 00
1240 00

The book-keeper in posting the above page
would enter the above amounts in the Ledger
to the credit of the respective parties from
whom the purchases were made, and debit
“Merchandise” with the whole amount of
$1804.
The Ledger.
The Ledger is the book to which all the
transactions in the Day Book and Cash Book
are transferred, in a clear and simple form,
and distributed into certain heads or accounts
which tell their own history; and if unbalanced
must show a difference in favor of the mer-
chant as an “Asset,” or against him as a
“Liability.” A properly kept Ledger will exhibit
at a glance the exact state of every account
contained in it, and thus show the condition
of the merchant's business from month to
month. It contains accounts with all persons
to whom goods are sold. All Sales recorded in
the Day Book must be posted to, or Written
in, the left hand or debit side of the Ledger,
and the amounts written on the left hand page
of the Cash Book must be posted to the credit
of these accounts in the Ledger. It must also
contain accounts with all persons from whom
the merchant purchases his goods. The sums
he pays them for such goods must be posted
in the Ledger to the debit of these accounts,
and the bills rendered for said goods must be
posted to the credit of Said accounts. The
Ledger also contains the Stock or the Mer-
chant's Account, Merchandise, Cash, Expense,
and Interest Accounts, and such other accounts
as the necessities of the business may require,
including an account with the bank in which
the deposits of the merchant are kept.
The Ledger is ruled differently from either
the cash book or the day book. Each page is
divided into two equal parts from top to bot-
tom. Each division is ruled as follows: Two
columns on the left-hand side, the first for the
name of the month, and the Second for the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
385
day of the month. On the right hand side is
the dollars and cents column, to the left of
which is a column for entering the numbers
of the pages of the day book from which the
entries are made. The wide space in the mid-
dle of the page is for the description of the
entry.
We shall now proceed to glance at the
various accounts which are usually contained
in the ledger of a merchant or firm engaged in
active business.
The Stock Account.
The first account opened in the ledger on
commencing business is the “Stock Account.”
This is the merchant's own account with the
business. It shows the amount of capital,
whether in money or merchandise, with which
he began the business. This amount is posted
in the ledger to the credit of the merchant in
the stock account, and shows that the business
is a debtor to him for so much money fur-
nished it. At the same time all the liabilities
of the merchant for which the business is
answerable on its commencement, must be
posted to the debit of the merchant in the
stock account.
The Merchandise Account.
The merchandise account is usually the sec-
ond one opened in the Ledger. In posting
the books at the end of the month, the mer-
chandise account in the ledger must be debited
with all goods purchased during the month,
and credited with all sales for the same period,
whether for cash or credit.
The Cash Account.
The next account opened in the ledger is the
“Cash Account.” All money received is posted
in the ledger to the debit of this account, and
all money paid out is credited to it.
The Expense Account.
This account in the ledger represents the
expenses of the business for which there is no
return. 3. expenses of this kind must be
5
posted in the ledger to the debit of this account.
The entries embrace such expenses as rent
of store, furniture and fixtures, clerk hire, and
the like.
The Bank Account.
This account represents the dealings of the
merchant with the bank in which the funds of
his business are deposited. It is the reverse
of the account kept by the bank with him.
All money deposited by him is posted in the
ledger to the debit of this account, and all
money drawn out of the bank by him is posted
in the ledger to the credit of this account.
The Interest Account.
This account represents the interest due on
all notes of accommodation given by the mer-
chant or accepted by him in the transactions
of his business. The rate of interest varies in
the different States. See interest table else-
where in this department. All interest due by the
merchant to other persons, when paid, is posted
in the ledger to the debit of the interest account,
and all interest due by his customers to the
merchant, when paid, is posted in the ledger to
the credit of the interest account.
Bills Receivable Account.
This account represents the notes given to
the merchant for value received by his cus-
tomers. It is debited in the ledger with such
notes When they are given, and credited with
the amounts of the notes when they are paid.
Bills Payable Account.
This account represents the notes given by
the merchant to other parties for value received
from them. It is credited with such notes
When given, and debited with them when paid.
Some of the pages of the ledger are ruled
for one account only, some for two, three, and
even four accounts. The book-keeper must use
his judgment to decide how much space an
account Will probably occupy before opening it.
The following specimen pages of the ledger
Will illustrate the principles we have stated
herein:
A -
386 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
le Specimen Pages of Ledger.
Dr. STOCK. Cr.
1882. * 1882.
Jan. | 1 |To John Hughes' Note: 1 || 1000 |00 || Jan. 1 |By Cash Invested...| 1 || 5000 || 00
“ 82 | * Balance...... ... . . ; 2 || 5525 00 “ | 31 || “ Profit and Loss...| 3 || 1525 00
l
6525 ſº 652, ſoo
2.
Dr. MERCHANDISE. Cr.
1882. 1882.
Jan. 12 To Sundries......... 2 || 6000 || 00 ||Jan. 8|By Sundries 5000 || 00
Feb. 25 & 6 6 || 2500 || 00 ||Feb. 20. “ 6 & 4000 || 00
Mar. 31 || “ Profit and Loss. . . . . 8 || 8000 Mar. 31. “ & & 3000 j ()0
On hand per Inventory. 4500 || 00
16500 i 30 * ºr mºº-
- - — = --~ —w 16500 00
Apr. 1 On hand per Inventory. 4500 60 TE. 1-3-
3.
Dr CASE Cr
1882. 1882. º
Jan. 31 To Sundries... 2 Ö000 00 || Jan. 31 |By Sundries....| 8 2240 00
Feb. 28 || “ & 4 . . . 4 || 4000 00 || Feb. 28 “ 66 © tº e 5 3000 00
Mar. 31 | ** 66 ... 6 6575 00 Mar. 31 || “ & 4 7 1980 00
Apr. 30 || “ 6 (; ... 8 4280 00 || Apr. 30 || “ & 6 ....! 9 1776 00
g { “ Balance .. 10859 00
1985.5 00
May 1 |To Balance .. 10859 00 1985.5 00
|
4.
Dr. ExPENSE. Cr.
1882. 1882. |
Jan. 4. To Cash. . . . . 2 75 00 || Mar. 31 |By profit & loss...| 8 500 00
Feb. 28 ‘‘ ‘‘ . . . . . 4 175 00 -
Mar. 31 || “ “ . . . . . 6 250 00




500 00 500 || 00
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Specimen Pages of Ledger.
Dr. FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF SPRINGFIELD. Cr.
1882. • *-** *-* ** –- - - - - - - - - - - -, --- 1882.
Jan. 1 To Deposit... 2 5000 00 || Jan. 31 |By Cash........ 3 750 00
Feb. 15 || “ “. . . . . 4 500 00 Feb. 28 ‘‘ “ . . . . . . . . 5 500 00
Mar. 2 “ 6 & . | 6 800 00 Mar. 31 || “ “ . . . . . . . . 7 950 00
Apr. 28. “ 66 ... 8 600 00 Apr. 30 “ “ . . . . . . . . 9 425 00
“ Balance. . . . . 4275 00
6900 00 -
May 1 |To Balance... 4275 00 6900 00
6.
Dr. INTEREST. Or.
1882. 1882.
Jan. 8 To Cash. . . . . 1 25 || Jan. 2 By H. W. Davis. 3 1 25
Feb. 22 To Cash..... 7 T4s | Feb. |18 |By George White 5 ||Tsºſoſ
& 6 28 || “ Profit & loss.. 5 2 41
7 48
7.
Dr. BILLS RECEIVABLE. Cr.
Dr. BILLS PAYABLE. Cr.
1882. 1882. ~~
Jan. 31 To Cash. . . . . 500 00 || Jan. | 1 |By Note to
Hughes & Co. 2 500 00

388
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Specimen Pages of Ledger.
9.
Dr. DAVIS, JoHNSTON & Co., BALTIMORE, M.D.” Cr.
1882. 1882.
Jan. 12 To Cash..... 2 225 00 || Jam. || 2 |By Mdse........ 1 225 00
& & 28 “ “ . . . . . 2 500 00 & 4 20 | “ “ . . . . . . . . 1 500 00
Feb. 6 “ “ . . . . . 4 750 00 Feb. 1 | “ “ . . . . . . . . 2 750 00
Mar. 24 |“ “ ..... 6 875 00 || Mar. 15 “ “ . . . . . . . . 8 875 00
2350 00 2350 00
IO-
Dr. HollowAY BROS., MERIDEN, CONN.t Cr.
1882. 1882.
Jan. 1 |To Möse 1 845 00 || Jan. || 5 |By Cash. . . . . . . . 1 845 00
& 6 15 “ “ . . . . . 10 627 00 6 & 17 | “ “ ........ 1 627 00
6 & 22 | ** “ . . . . . . 24 329 00 66 28 “ “ . . . . . . . . 1 329 00
1801 00 1801 00
11.
Dr. To ABEL NEWTON & SoNs, CoLUMBUS, OHIO. Cr.
1882. 1882.
Jan'ry 2 To Mdse 2 350 | 00 ||Jan'ry 5 |By Cash. . . . . . . . 1 850 00
& £ 10 || “ “ . . . . . 7 675 || 00 “ “ . . . . . . . . 1 675 00
€ $ 25 “ “ . . . . . 27 468 || 00 “ Bills Rec’ble... 1 468 00
1493 |_00 1493 00
12.
Dr. THOMAS JACKSON & Co., NASHVILLE, TENN. Cr.
1882. 1882.
Jan'ry 5 To Mdse. . . . . 3 329 00 ||Jan'ry 10 By Cash. . . . . . . . 1 329 00
&t 12 “ “ . . . . . 8 453 00 “ 25 “ “ . . . . . . . . 1 600 00
$6 I8 “ “ . . . . . 20 516 00 “ 28 || “ “ . . . . . . . . 1 100 00
“ 31 Balance... . . . . . 269 00
1298 00 1298 00
Feb'ry 1 |To Balance. . 269 || 00 -- - - - - -




*This is the merchant's account with a firm from which he has purchased goods,
#The remaining accounts are with the customers of the merchant.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA of PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
389
Opening a Set of Books.
Having now described the “cash book,” “day
book,” and “ledger,” and explained the uses to
which they are put, we will suppose the reader
about to open a set of books as book-keeper to
some business house.
The first step is to enter the amount of money
paid in by the merchant as “capital,” on the
debit page of the cash book.
The merchant now purchases his stock of
goods, and these being received are entered by
the book-keeper in the day book, as explained
under the heading “Mdse. Debtor to Sundries,”
the entry being made in the names of the va-
rious persons from whom the goods were pur-
chased.
These entries have placed the merchant (as
far as his books are concerned), in a condition
to commence business. “Cash” has been debited
with the capital paid in, and the merchant has
received credit for this amount. Merchandise
has been debited with the goods purchased by
the merchant, and the persons from whom they
were purchased have been properly credited with
the goods supplied by them.
The next step is to enter the sales made and
the money received and paid out in the course
of business. These must be entered in the
proper books and under the proper headings as
explained, the book-keeper being careful to see
that each entry is correctly made in the right
place.
The ledger is then prepared for the various
accounts it is to contain, the first portion of it
being given to the accounts we have described
as common to every business. New accounts will
have to be opened with individuals and firms
as the business progresses, and the book-keeper
must use discretion in the arrangement of these.
Posting the Books.
“Posting” is the process of transferring the
various entries in the cash book and day book
to their proper accounts in the ledger. It is
the custom of the best book-keepers to post
their books once a Week, and thus avoid an
accumulation of Work at the end of the month;
but in no case should the posting be delayed
longer than once a month, as it is necessary
to close the cash book and day book on the
last day of each month, as has been already
explained.
The book-keeper must be careful to post each
entry on the proper side of the account in the
ledger, and to write the figures correctly, as the
slightest error will throw the books out of
balance. As each entry is posted, it must be
“checked” in the margin on the left of the
entry in the book from which it is taken, and
the number of the ledger page to which it is
carried must be written in the same margin
with the check.
It is best to begin the work of posting with
the cash book, as it frequently happens that
payments in full are made for goods purchased
from the merchant before a new supply of
goods is bought. Such payment in full properly
posted will enable the book-keeper to close an
account before entering the new purchases.
All accounts should be closed as soon as prac-
ticable, as this course avoids the necessity of
making out a bill of many, and sometimes con-
fusing, entries. The day book is then posted as
has been explained.
The Trial Balance.
The entries in the cash book and day book
having been posted to their proper accounts in
the ledger, the first two books are closed for the
month, and the ledger is in condition to allow
the book-keeper to take what is called a “trial
balance.” This should be taken every month,
as it will lighten the work of the book-keeper
in making the final balance sheet, and enable
him to be certain from month to month that
his books are correct.
The test of correct book-keeping is the perfect
balancing of the books concerned. If every
debit has been given to its credit, the books are
properly kept, and the trial balance will show
this. If errors have been committed in the
entries during the month, the trial balance will
make them apparent, and enable the book-
keeper to seek them out.
In taking the “trial balance” the book-keeper
adds the items in the debit and credit sides of
each account in the ledger, aad writes the total
under each side in pencil. He them finds the
difference or “balance” in each account, and
(390
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Writes it in pencil on the proper side of its
account. His next step is to make a list on a
separate piece of paper called the “trial bal-
ance sheet,” of all the accounts in the ledger,
writing opposite each its proper balance, placing
the debit balances in one column and the credit
balances in another. The two columns are
then added, and if their totals agree the books
are in balance, and the book-keeper's work has
been correctly done. If they do not agree, he
must at Once proceed to find the error. In
doing so nis first step is naturally to make a
new adóition of the columns of the “trial bal-
ance sheet,” as the error may consist in a Wrong
addition of them. If, however, the addition of
these columns has been correct, he must turn
to the ledger and compare the balances set
down in the accounts in that book, with the
balances written on the “trial balance sheet.”
If the transfer is correctly made he must go
over each account in the ledger to ascertain if
the balances written there in pencil are correct.
If these are correct, he must refer to the cash
and day books to see if his postings to the
ledger have been correctly made, as it some-
times happens that an entry has been posted
to the debit side of an account, when it should
have been posted to the credit side, and vice
versa. A careful examination will show the
source of the error, and thus enable the book-
keeper to get his books in proper shape. When
the error is discovered, correct it wherever
made, and make the change in the “trial bal-
ance sheet.” This will now be correct, and the
book-keeper can go on with the work of the
new month, feeling sure that his books are
correct.
When he has verified his “trial balance sheet,”
the book-keeper should submit it to his em-
ployer for examination; after which it should
be filed away for future reference.
It is the custom of many book-keepers to
keep a book especially for “Trial Balance
Sheets.” This is a custom to be commended,
as it preserves the sheets in a convenient form,
and prevents them from getting mislaid or lost.
Closing the Books.
It is the custom with merchants to close their
books once in six months, on the last day of
June and the last day of December, and to
make out a “Balance Sheet,” in order to as-
certain the gains or losses of the business
during the preceding six months. In order to
do this the book must be posted for the months
of June and December, care being taken to
make all the entries in their proper places, and
to include every transaction for the months
named above.
When the books have been posted as directed,
the book-keeper must take off a trial balance
sheet for June and December, as the case may
be, and see that his books are in balance for
that month. This done, he is ready to close
the books and take off the “Balance Sheet.”
His first step is to make a “Double Entry”
in the day book, under the heading, “Profit
and Loss Dr. to Sundries.” Under this he
Writes all expense accounts, and the amounts
standing to the debit of each of them. He then
posts these items to the ledger to the credit of
their proper accounts, and finds the total of
them, which he posts to the debit of the profit
and loss account in the ledger.
He next turns to the merchandise account in
the ledger, and on the credit side of that ac-
count makes an entry of the stock of goods
“On Hand for Inventory,” this amount having
been previously ascertained by the merchant by
an actual inventory taken at current market
prices, and furnished by him to the book-keeper.
The book-keeper now adds the debit and credit
sides of the merchandise account, and having
ascertained the “balance” or difference, writes
it on the proper side, which will be the credit
side, unless the business has sustained unusual
losses. This “balance” will represent the total
or gross profits that have arisen from the sales
during the past six months.
The book-keeper then turns to the day book,
and operts a “Double Entry,” under this head-
ing. “Sundries Dr. to Profit and Loss,” and
under this writes the words “Merchandise Ac-
count,” with the amount he has just found to
its credit in the ledger. Here also he enters
all the other accounts from which profits have
been derived, such as “Interest,” “Commis-
sions,” etc., Setting down opposite each the
balance found to its credit. He then posts
these amounts to the debit of their proper ac-
counts in the ledger, and finds the total of them,
and posts it to the credit of Profit and Loss in
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
391
the ledger.
ledger has now been debited with all the ex-
penses of the business, and credited with the
gains. The balance or difference between the
two columns is written in its proper place. If
the debits exceed the credits, the balance shows
the net loss of the business for the past six
months; but if the credits exceed the debits, as
is apt to be the case, the balance represents
the actual or met gain of the business for that
period. The profit and loss account is thus
closed.
The book-keeper now turns to the merchan-
dise account in the ledger. It will be remem-
bered that he entered on the credit side of this
account the amount of goods “on hand per in-
ventory.” This amount he now brings down to
the debit side of the account, dating his entry
the first of the next month (July or December,
as the case may be). This shows that the
business for the next six months is begun with
this amount of goods on hand, which is prop-
erly debited or charged to merchandise for that
period. The merchandise account is now closed.
In the above explanation we debited the mer-
chandise account with the goods bought, and
credited it with the goods sold. In balancing
the account We added to the credit, or goods
sold side, the amount of goods on hand per
inventory, and so found a balance in favor of
the credit side of the account, which repre-
sented the gross gain of the business. This,
however, does not represent the actual gain of
the business, for no allowance has been made
for the merchant's current expenses. To find
the net gain of the business, therefore, we add
the gains from the merchandise and all other
Sources, and then find the total of all the ex-
penses of the business. If the total of the
gains exceeds the total of the expenses, the
difference represents the net or actual gain of
the business; if, on the other hand, the ex-
penses exceed the gains, the difference repre-
sents the met or actual loss.
The profit and loss account in the
It may happen, especially in Seasons of de-
pression, that the goods on hand have fallen
in price below what the merchant paid for
them at the time of their purchase. Their
actual value can be ascertained only by a careful
inventory taken at current market prices. This
is called taking stock. The amount thus ascer-
tained is added to the amount of sales. Should
it happen that the total of the sales and the
goods on hand is less than the amount paid
for the goods (or the amount to the debit of
merchandise) there is a loss, and the book-
keeper must open a “Double Entry” in the day
book under the heading “Profit and Loss Dr.
to Sundries,” and enter the amount of the loss
to the debit of profit and loss.
The books are now closed, every transaction
of the business for the past six months having
been recorded, and the book-keeper is now ready
to take off the “Balance Sheet.”
The Balance Sheet.
The “Balance Sheet” is a concise and com
prehensive statement of the condition of the
business at the end of each six months of the
year.
It shows the amount of goods purchased,
including, in the case of all balance sheets
after the first, the “amount on hand per in-
ventory;” the stock on hand; the amount of
Sales; the gross profits or losses from sales;
the gains from all other sources; the expenses
of all kinds; the net profits or losses; the assets
of the merchant, by which is meant cash in
hand, notes, and accounts due by customers;
the liabilities of the merchant, or the capital
paid in, and the notes and accounts due to
other parties; and the difference between the
assets and the liabilities.
The following specimen page shows a “Balance
Sheet” properly made out, and will serve to
| illustrate the principles we have laid down:
4692 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Specimen Balance Sheet.
Merchandise Credits".......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & O C C C C C º O © O © C . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stock on hand per Inventory.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Merchandise Debits?............................. © o O © º O C C e e o O tº O © º e º O O G e
Gross Gains from Sales......................... © e º O © º Gº e º e e
Losses.
Amount to debit of Profit and Loss...... © to e º 'º o © C & © e e e s e e o e e s e e © tº º O - e º 'º
66 66 Expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. e. e. e º O © e º e o e º e o e o e º e º 'º e
66 & 6 Insurance........ © O C & e º e º e o O C tº e º ſº e º O & © C C C C C Q & © tº e a e e
66 66 Interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Net Gains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e º ºs e º 'º © º e º e e º 'º e º º O & © º º C Q @ º ºx Q e e º e
Assets.
Cash in hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º O e o O e º O C & © O C C C C C C C C C &
Stock on hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º ſº tº º O © tº e º gº a
Store Fixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
John Brown & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © º O C e º C º c e º gº © º º e
Watson & Son. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e º e > © C C C C & O Gº e º 'º e
Thomas Harding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e o e º e º e º O & © e º O tº © & © O C & © e º O © e º O © e º e e
Liabilities.
Bills Payable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O e e º O e o O e º e s e e º O e º O e e o e s c e e a
Wilson Hunt & Co e e s tº º e g º ºs & C e º º © e s e º O © e e º O C C Q @ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Net Assets,
Debits. Credits.
8500 || 00
3500 || 00
12000 00
6800 00 || 6800 00
5200 || 00
200 || 00
650 || 00
60 || 00
7 || 00 917 | 00
4283 || 00
2500 00
3500 || 00
500 || 00
1500 00
125 || 00
| 275 00
8400 || 00
750 || 00
250 | 00 || 1000 || 00
7400 || 00

* Sales. * Purchases.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 393
Monthly Statements.
On the first of every month the book-keeper
should make out statements of the accounts of
all the customers dealing with the merchant.
These statements show the condition of these
accounts for the past month, and it is best not
to make them out until the trial balance
has been taken off and verified. The state-
ments should be sent promptly to the persons
having accounts with the merchant, as they
serve to keep them in mind of their exact in-
debtedness, and also act as gentle hints to
make speedy payments.
Bills Payable and Bills Receivable.
As we have already stated, “bills payable”
are promissory notes and bills of exchange given
by the merchant to other parties; and “bills
receivable” are promissory notes and bills of
exchange given to and accepted by the mer-
chant by his customers in settlement of their
indebtedness to him. A separate record of all
these is kept in a book prepared for that pur-
pose, and it will be well to examine this por-
tion of our subject again, as it is a very
important one.
Let us suppose the merchant owes Davis,
Brown & Co. a bill of five hundred dollars, and
they consent to accept his note at three months
in settlement of it. The note is made out for
the amount and delivered. The merchant's
book-keeper now turns to the day book, and
makes a double entry, as follows: “Davis,
Brown & Co. Dr. to bills payable, $500.” This
is posted to the ledger to the debit of Davis,
Brown & Co. When the note is paid it is en-
tered on the credit side of the cash book, and
is thence posted to the ledger to the credit of
cash.
If the merchant is to pay interest on the note,
the book-keeper calculates the amount of the
interest, and makes out the note for the full
amount, including the interest; the book-keeper
now makes a double entry in the day book as
before of the full amount of the note, including
the interest. He also makes a second double
entry in the day book, as follows: “Interest
account Dr. to Davis, Brown & Co.” writing
down the amount of the interest. This entry
carries the interest to the debit of the interest
account, and to the credit of Davis, Brown &
Co. When the note is paid enter the amount,
including the interest, on the credit page of the
cash book, from which it is posted to the credit
of the cash account in the ledger.
Let us suppose again, that Henry Lee owes
the merchant two hundred dollars, and the lat-
ter consents to accept a note at three months
in payment of the debt. The book-keeper makes
a double entry in the day book, as follows:
“Bills receivable Dr. to Henry Lee, $200.” The
entry is posted to the ledger to the credit of
Henry Lee's account. When the note is paid,
the amount is entered on the debit page of the
cash book, from which it is posted to the debit
of the cash account in the ledger.
If Henry Lee is to pay interest on his note,
the interest is included in the note he gives the
merchant. The book-keeper then makes a
double entry in the day book, as follows:
“Bills receivable Dr. to Henry Lee,” writing
after it the full amount of the note, including
the interest. This entry is posted to the ledger
to the credit of Henry Lee's account. The
book-keeper now makes another double entry
in the day book, as follows: “Henry Lee Dr.
to interest account,” writing after it the amount
of the interest on the note; this entry is posted
in the ledger to the debit of Henry Lee's ac-
count, and to the eredit of the interest account.
When the note is paid this last entry is posted
in the ledger to the debit of the interest ac-
count. When the note is paid, the entire
amount is entered on the debit page of the cash
book, from which it is posted to the debit of
the cash account in the ledger.
A blank book especially prepared for record-
ing bills payable and receivable can be procured
at any stationer's store. The following speci.
men pages will show how it is kept.
394
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Specimen Pages of Merchant's Bill Book.
BILLS PAYABLE–Novº MBER, 1882.
Wºº In Whose Favor. For What Given. Wº Amount. Remarks.
4 Jones & McCready...|Merchandise . . . . . . . . May 1 $780 22
12 Cooper Woodruff. ...|Builders' Bill. . . . . . . . May 9 540 75
20 Ourselves. . . . . . . . . . . For Discount. . . . . . . . Aug. 17 | 1,500 00|With collaterals at City Bank
21 Walter Jones........ Merchandise . . . . . . . . June | 18 || 381 42|Payment stopped for fraud.
22 Ourselves . . . . . . . . . . . Merchandise . . . . . . . . Oct. 19 | 120 87|Holder wanted to sell it.
23 Gray, Wilson & Co...|Steam-Engine....... Sept. 21 275 00
24 |Ourselves . . . . . . . . . . . For Discount........ Aug. 21 1,360 00|Endorsed, J. W. Tappan &
Co., at Park Bank.
26. B. H. Rice & Co. . . . . Merchandise ........ Aug. 23 | 720 00|Payable at Merchants' Bank.
Boston.
28 Manhattan, Ins. Co.. Stock, .............. Nov. 25 | 1,000 00
29 Brown & Bates. . . . . . Merchandise . . . . . . . . July 26 | 1,242 38
30 Ourselves . . . . . . . . . . . For Discount. . . . . . . . Oct. 27 |2,500 00|Endorsed by Clark & Co. to
*— TelCléW.
BILLS RECEIVABLE—NovKMBER, 1882.
Wºº Makers. Endorsers. A. Amount. Wherº and
4 Phillips & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May. 1 $235 22|Philadelphia, forwarded for
collection.
7 |George Jones. . . . . . . . William Wilson. . . . . . June. 4 |1,445 73|In Park Bank for collection.
8 Broderick & Smith...l.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 5 | 1,742 29|Discounted at City Bank.
10 Brown & Gray. . . . . . . Walter Hicks....... Jan. 7 |1,625 37|Collateral in City Bank on
note due 20th.
11 Phelps & Kelsey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 8 || 740 19 Discount at Park Bank.
12 Gray & Co. . . . . . . . . Hickman & Co....... July. | 9 || 350 2013oston, Mass. In bank for
collection.
15 James Stevensom. ..l.................... March 12 || 172 30|Newark, N. J., forwarded for
collection.
20 Oatman & Williams l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 17 450 00
24 Reavy & Crowe. . . . . . Oatman & Williams...|May. 21 || 325 73|Collateral in City Bank.
26 Jenkins, Brown & Co. Smith Brothers...... Jan. 23 | 893 54 Pºiº forwarded for
CO1162C151OIl.
27 |Percy & Co. . . . . . . . . . J. B. Barry......... May. || 24 |1,225 18|To be renewed at 10 percent.
off for six months.
29 Smith & Mayflower... P. Ackerman.... . . . . April. 26 || 483 91 Pºis to be credited to
. A.
80 Morgan & Co. . . . A. E. Bean & Co. . . . . May. 27 | 956 62|Discounted at Park Bank.

AN ENCYCLOPAET)f A OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
395
Table Showing How Many Days a Note Has to Run.
The following table will be found very useful to book-keepers in calculating the number of
days a note has to run :

5 Tora- # | = |g| = |* | * à | #| # | # É
§ * | 3 |: #| | | | | #
January . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365| 31|| 59| 90 120 151] 181| 212 243| 273 304 334
February . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334|| 365| 28 59 89 120 150 181| 212 242 273| 303
March. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306897|365 31 61ſ 92.122 153184 214, 245 27:
April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 306. 334 365| 30, 61. 91 122 153, 183| 214 2442
May. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 276. 304 335, 365| 31|| 61. 92 123, 153| 184] 214.
June. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214, 245 273304,334 365 30, 61 g2 122 15318;
July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184215 243274/304,385 ag;| 31|| 65||93||123. 153
August. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153, 194212 24; 273 304,384 865 all giſ 92.192
September . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 155181212 242 2.72 goal 334365 30, 61.91
October. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - * u, º, e s ∈ e 92 123, 151] 182. 212 243. 273 304 335|| 365 31 61
November... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61| 92; 120 151| 181| 212 242 273 304| 334|| 365 30-
December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31|| 62 go 121151ſ 1s2 2ſ2 24; 274 goal 395 865
The above table gives the number of days
intervening between any day in any month to
a similar date in any other month. To ascer-
tain these intervening days, run the eye along
the line designated by title of the month on
the left hand, until it reaches its intersection
by the column headed at the top, by the month
in which the note matures, and the figures at
the angle denote the number of days from the
first of the respective months. To this add the
day upon which the note matures, and from the
sum subtract the date of the month from which
it is reckoned.
ExAMPLE.-A note falling due June 26th, is
offered for discount on March 10th ; wanted, the
number of days intervening before maturity.
The figures at the angle give............. 92
Add date of note's maturity.............. 26
118
Deduct date of discount.............. 10
Days to run. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
By carefully studying and practicing the prin-
ciples laid down in the forgoing pages, the
reader will be able to master the art of book-
keeping, and thus fitted to earn a competent
living in one of the most honorable pursuits in
life.
896
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
ISUSINESS FORMS.
Embracing the General Principles of Business,
and Giving Forms for Use in Transactions
of Every Nature.
A knowledge of the various forms used in
the transaction of business is of importance to
every one. A person may not be engaged in
active business, yet the necessity may arise
for him to know exactly what certain forms
mean, what they bind him to, what rights or
privileges they secure to him, and how they
should be prepared. We propose, therefore, to
give here a brief account of the forms most
commonly used.
Mercantile Terms.
Before proceeding to describe the forms used
in business transactions, an explanation of cer-
tain mercantile terms must be given.
Dollars. The currency of the United States,
whether coin or paper, consists of dollars,
cents. and mills. In writing, dollars are ex-
pressed by the sign $, cents by the abbrevia-
tion cts. Mills are used only in the most
complicated accounts. An account in dollars,
cents, and mills, would be written thus
$695.56,2.
Acceptance. By this is meant the act by which
a person upon whom a bill of exchange is
drawn, binds himself to pay it when due. He
does this by writing the word accepted on the
face of the bill—usually across it—and signing
bis name under it. Should a person upon
whom a bill is drawn refuse to accept it, the
holder of it should at once place it in the
hands of a notary, whose duty is to present it
officially for acceptance. Should this be re-
fused, the notary attaches to the bill a written
statement of the reasons given for the non-
acceptance of the bill, and the amount of his
fees, which is added to the sum total of the
bill. When the bill becomes due, the holder
presents it for payment to the person upon
whom it is drawn. In case of a refusal of
payment, the holder delivers it to the notary,
who makes an official demand for payment.
Should this be refused, the bill is formally
protested by the notary, under his official seal.
This protest constitutes the first step in the
legal proceedings necessary to recover the
amount of the bill.
Account Current. A running debtor and credi-
tor account, bearing interest and balanced
Semi-annually, or sometimes quarterly, accord-
ing to the agreement between the correspondents.
Account Sales. A statement of the product
arising from the sale of goods received by a
merchant from another party, and sold for his
benefit, together with the costs and charges
incurred in making such sale.
Advances. Sums of money paid by a mer-
chant upon goods lodged in his hands for sale
at a future time. This term also covers moneys
loaned by bankers on bills of lading.
Advice. Notice to a person that the writer
has drawn upon him for a certain amount of
money, in order that he may prepare for the
payment of the bill.
Assets. Cash or property belonging to per-
Sons or corporations, which possess a definite
value.
Attorney. A person appointed by another to
act in his stead.
Attorney, Power of. An instrument in writ-
ing, authorizing a person to act in the name
and on behalf of another. Such powers are
either general, and authorize the attorney to
act for his principal in all his affairs; or they
are special, and limit the attorney's acts to the
matters specified in the instrument.
Award. The decision of arbitrators in a dis-
puted transaction.
Bankrupt. A person who, by reason of in-
ability to meet his obligations, surrenders his
property to his creditors and seeks the relief
allowed him by law. At present there is no
general law upon this subject, the laws of the
several States regulating it.
Bear. A stock exchange phrase used to
designate a man who, having sold more stock
than he possesses, endeavors to depress its
value that he may buy at a low rate, and
so make good his deficiency.
Bill of Ea.change. An order drawn by a
creditor upon his debtor demanding of him
payment of a specified sum of money at a
designated time. These bills are used for the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
397
settlement of accounts between parties separa-
ted by long distances. The acceptance of such
a bill renders it a binding obligation upon the
person upon whom it is drawn.
Bill of Lading. A printed receipt given by
the master of a vessel, or the agent of a trans-
portation company for freight shipped by such
vessel or company. Bills of lading are usually
given in duplicate. Such bill is evidence of
the receipt of the freight by the carrier, and
in case of the loss of the freight entitles the
shipper to recover his insurance. Upon the
presentation of a bill of lading at the point of
destination, the carrier must deliver the freight
to the person presenting the bill.
Bills Discounted. Promissory notes, accept-
ances, or bills of exchange discounted for the
accommodation of an indorser by bankers.
Bills Payable. Promissory notes or drafts
held by a merchant against others for future
payment.
Bills Receivable. Promissory notes or drafts
due to merchant by others.
Bull. A stock exchange phrase designating
a person who seeks to raise the value of the
stock he is operating in.
Bullion. Uncoined gold and silver.
Call Loan. Money loaned by a banker or
other person, Secured by the deposit of stocks,
bonds, or other marketable securities, to be re-
paid when called for. A failure to make good
the loan within twenty-four hours is regarded
as authority to the lender to sell the securities
in his possession.
Check. An order upon a bank or banker, to
pay on demand to the person named in the
check, or to his order, the sum of money speci-
fied in the body of the check in writing. Checks
should be presented for payment on the day
they are dated. All banks require a person
presenting a check, who is unknown to the
paying-teller, to be identified by some respon-
sible person known to the officers of the bank.
Where such identification cannot be obtained, the
holder of the check should ask the bank officer
to certify the check, that is, to write upon it an
indorsement that the drawer has that amount
of money in bank, and that the check will be
paid when presented by Some person properly
identified. A certified check is at once charged
to the account of the drawer by the bank, and
the amount is held to meet it, whatever other
checks may be presented. A certified check
can always be paid out as cash, or any mer-
chant to whom the holder is known will give
him the money for it.
C. O. D. Collect on Delivery. Goods sent
by express marked in this way must be accom-
panied by the bill for them. This bill is col-
lected and receipted by the messenger of the
express company before delivering the goods.
Collaterals. A term used to designate stocks,
bonds, or other securities deposited to secure
the payment of loans. e
Composition. An agreement between a debtor
and his creditors whereby they agree to accept
a portion of their claims instead of the whole
amount.
Compromise. A settlement made by mutual
concession without the aid of arbitrators.
Consignee. The merchant or agent to whom
goods are shipped for sale on commission.
Consignment. The merchandise shipped to a
consignee.
Coupons. Small slips of paper attached to a
bond or other security, and containing an order
for the payment of a stated portion of the in-
terest or dividend accruing on the bond as it
matures. Coupons are printed so that they
may be easily detached and presented for pay-
ment.
Demurrage. An allowance made to the owner
or master of a vessel. for her detention in port
beyond the time for which she was chartered.
It is reckoned at so much per diem.
Discount. In mercantile transactions, a discount
means a deduction of certain amount from the
face of a bill for cash. In banking, a discount
means the deduction of a certain amount from
the face value of a note or bill, as a payment
for allowing the holder of the note the imme-
diate use of the money; the rate of discount
varies.
Dishonored. A check or draft, or promissory
note is dishonored by a failure to pay it. A
bill of exchange is dishonored by a refusal to
accept it.
Dividend. A share in the profits of a joint
stock company. Dividends are payable only to
the person in whose name the stock is regis-
tered on the books of the company.
398
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Draft. A bill of exchange used for domestic
purposes.
E. E. “Errors excepted.” A reservation
made in all cases in furnishing mercantile ac-
counts.
Eacecution. The seizure of a debtor's goods
by virtue of process of a court in satisfaction
of a judgment.
Face of Note. The amount of money expressed
in writing in the body of a note or bill.
Indorser. A person who guarantees the pay-
ment of a note or bill by writing his name on
the back of it.
Insolvent. One who cannot pay his debts in
full.
Judgment Note. A promissory note containing
a confession of judgment.
Line of Deposit. The average amount kept
by a merchant to his credit in bank.
Line of Discount. The average amount bor-
rowed by a merchant from a bank upon notes
and bills discounted by such bank for him.
Liquidation. The winding up or final settle-
ment of the affairs of a commercial house.
Live Paper. Paper that has not yet matured.
Overdue or protested paper is termed dead.
Margin. A sum of money deposited with a
broker, in stock transactions, to protect him
against loss by the depreciation of stocks held
by him for another party. Also the difference
between the value of securities deposited as
collateral, and the amount loaned upon them.
Notary. A person commissioned by the Gov-
ernor of a State to take oaths and depositions,
to attest deeds, and other legal documents, to
note and protest unaccepted bills of exchange,
and to protest unpaid promissory notes. A
notary's attestation and Seal affixed to docu-
ments or copies of documents renders them
evidence in legal cases.
Par. When a security will bring its full value
in the market, it is said to be at par. When
it will not bring as much, it is said to be below
par. When it is worth more than its face
value, it is said to be above par, or to command
a premium.
Premium. The sum paid an insurance com-
pany for assuming a risk.
Protest. The official written declaration of a
notary, that a bill or note was presented by
him for payment, and that such payment was
refused, for some reasons specified in the pro-
test.
Price Current. A published list of the market
value of certain articles of merchandise, bonds,
stocks, and other securities.
Quotations. A statement of the prices of ar-
ticles of merchandise, given for the information
of correspondonts.
Revisionary Interest. A right to possession of
property at the termination of a certain period,
or upon the death of the holder.
Scrip. Dividends issued by a stock company
payable in stock. Scrip dividends are simply
an increase of the capital of the company,
as the stock issued to meet them is added to
the capital, and in its turn is entitled to future
dividends. -
Sinking Fund. A fund created by a govern-
ment or corporation for the extinction of its
indebtedness, by the gradual purchase of its
outstanding obligations, and the application of
the interest saved on these obligations thus re-
deemed to further purchases.
Sleeping Partner. One who invests his capital
in a business house and shares the profits, but
takes no part in the active management of it.
Silent Partner.—One who invests his capital
in a business house, but whose name does not
appear in the firm. His liability is limited to
the extent of his contribution, except in cases
where he fails to make the proper publication
of his connection with the concern.
Solvent. Able to pay all one's debts in full.
Time Bargain. An agreement to buy or sell
goods at some definite time in the future and
at a fixed price.
Underwriters.
insurance.
Usury. Excess of interest over the amount
allowed by law.
Those who take risks of marine
sº mºssºmº
PROMISSORY NOTES.
A promissory note is a written promise to
pay a specified sum at a designated time, both
of which are stated in the body of the note.
A note is made negotionable by making it
payable to a person, or his order, or to his
assigns, or to bearer, or to the cashier of a
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
399
bank or incorporated company. A note 80
drawn may be negotiated, or used in payment
to another person by the holder, who indorses
his name on the back of the note. In the
event of the failure of the drawer of the note
to pay it, the holder looks to the person or
persons who indorsed it for payment.
A note payable on a certain day is really
due three days later. These three days are
called days of grace. Thus a note for One
month dated January 1st, need not be paid
until February 4th, the last day of grace.
Notes payable on demand are not entitled to
upon Sunday or upon a legal holiday, it must
be paid on the day previous. Thus a note due
January 1st, must be paid on the 31st of
December. A note made payable at a bank
and held there for payment until the usual
hour for closing, need not be presented to the
drawer in person to bind the indorser. It may
be protested immediately upon the close of
bank-hours. Payment must be immediately
demanded of the indorser if he resides in the
same place; if he is a non-resident he must be
notified at once by letter.
The following forms are generally used for
any grace. Should the last day of grace fall | promissory notes:
•=- Negotiable Note.
$400.00. JWEW YORK, October 3d, 1882.
Three months after date I promise to pay to the order of Horace Green,
Four Hundred Dollars at the JVational Park. Bank. :
Value received.
John Anderson.
Form for Pennsylvania.
$565.00.
PHILADELPHIA, September 2d, 1882.
Six months after date we promise to pay to the order of H. Rice & Co.
Five Hundred and Siacty-five Dollars at Commonwealth, JVational Bank,
Walwe received, without Defalcation.
Parker, Fiery & Co.
Note Not Negotiable.
$1,000.OO
ST. LOUIS, JMay 1st, 1882.
Three months after date I promise to pay Howard Sanger One
Thousand Dollars.
|Value received.
Patrick Day.
Note for Two or More Persons.
$1,000.00
SPRIMG FIELD, Ill., December, 1st, 1882.
Three months after date we or either of w8 promise to pay to the order
of John E. Allen. One Thousand Dollars.
Chas. Ambs.
J. R. Fiacmer.
400 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Note on Demand.
$100.00 R.E.A.D.I.W.G., Pa., September 1st, 1882.
On demand I promise to pay William W. Peters, or order, One Hun-
dred Dollars, with Interest. Value received, without defalcation.
Thomas Jones.
Judgment Note –Common Form.
$100.00. JWE W YORK, January 1st, 1882.
Three months after date, I promise to pay Joshwa Hinds, or order, one hundred
dollars with interest at the rate of seven per cent. per annwm, from matwrity wrvtil paid,
withouë defalcation, And I do hereby confess judgment for the above swim, with interest
and costs of swit, a release of all errors, and waiver of all rights to inquisition and
appeal, and to the benefit of all laws exempting real or personal propertly from levy and
Sale. Henry Jordan. [L. S.]
Judgment Note, with Waiver and Power of Attorney.
*m--
$500.00 JWEW YORK, JMay 6th, 1882.
Four months after date, I promise to pay to the order of Henry
Lewis five hundred dollars, at the JVational Park Bank, for value
received, with interest at seven per cent. per annºwmv, from maturity
wntil paid.
Pługh Jackson. [L. S.]
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:
That I, the undersigned, am justly indebted to Henry Lewis, upon a certain promissory note,
of even date here with, for five hundred dollars, value received, with interest at the rate of seven
per cent. per annum, from maturity until paid, and maturing Sept 6th, and 9th, 1882.
Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises, I do hereby make, constitute, and appoius
John Lee, or any attorney of any court of record, to be my true and lawful attorney, irrevoca-
bly for and in my name, place, and stead, to appear in any court of record, in term time or
in vacation, in any State or Territory of the United States, at any time after said note
becomes due, to waive the service of process, and confess judgment in favor of the said Henry
Lewis, or his assigns, upon said note, for the amount thereof and interest thereon, together
with costs and ten dollars attorney's fees; and also to file a cognovit for the amount thereof,
with an agreement therein, that no proceeding in error or appeal shall be prosecuted, or bill of
equity filed to interfere in any manner with the operation of said judgment, and also to release
all errors that may intervene in the entering up of Said judgment or issuing execution thereon;
to waive all benefits which I may be entitled to by virtue of any homestead, exemption,
appraisement or valuation law, now or hereafter in force, wherever such judgment may be
entered or enforced, hereby ratifying and confirming all that my said attorney shall or may do,
by virtue hereof.
Witness my hand this 6th day of May, 1882.
HUGH JACKSON. [L. s.]
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
401'
Note for Indiana.
$100.00.
Richmond, Ind., June 1st, 1882.
On demand, for valwe received, I promise to pay Henry List & Co., or order, one hºwndred
dollars, with interest; payable without any relief whatever from valwation, or appraisement.
I, UTHER BRIGGS.
Form of Note for Missouri.
$200.00.
St. Lowis, JMo., June 1st, 1882.
Three months after date, I promise to pay Thomas Jenkins two hºwndred dollars, for value
received; negotiable and payable without defalcation, or discownt.
GEORGE HOL.JMES.
Note Payable in Merchandise.
$500.00.
Vincennes, Ind., June 1st, 1882.
Three months after date, we promise to pay Hughes, Jackson & Co., or order, five hwndred
dollars, in good, merchantable family flowr, at owr mill in this city, at the market value, on.
the matwrity of this note.
JMILLER, WRIGHT & CO.
Married Woman’s Note in New York.
$100.00.
JWew York, June 1st, 1882.
Three months after date, I promise to pay David Lane, or order, one hºwndred dollars, with
interest. And I hereby charge my individual property and estate with the payment of this
note.
S.A.R.A.H JOH.W.S.O.W.'
Bills of Exchange.
A Bill of Exchange is an order addressed to
ºme person at a distance, directing him to pay
e, certain amount to the person in whose favor
the bill is drawn, or to his order. A merchant
in Chicago, owing a sum of money for goods
to a merchant in London, instead of remitting
money or goods to the amount of the debt, goes
into the bank and buys from the banker, who
keeps an account in London, a bill of exchange
for the amount, and sends it to his creditor.
In this way the creditor gets payment from a
person in his own city, generally a banker, who
keeps an account with some American banker,
for the purpose of paying such drafts.
Letters of Credit have come largely into use,
of late years, with tourists abroad, though Bills
of Exchange are yet frequently used hypersons
who wish to travel in foreign countries. Thus,
if A, an American, wishes to travel over Europe,
he estimates the expense of the journey, and
finds it to be, perhaps, $3,000. To Carry this
With him, in gold, would be unsafe and trouble-
Some. He, therefore, goes to a banker and gets
a Bill of Exchange for a thousand dollars,
Which is the amount he thinks he may require
While in England. The banker also having money
deposited in Paris, perhaps, and also in Vienna,
he takes a bill for a thousand on a bank in
each of those places. With these bills in his
possession, he commences his journey, with
only money in his pocket sufficient to pay the
incidental expenses of the trip, and draws on
the London, Paris, and Vienna bankers as oc-
casion requires. The object of this arrange-
ment is to Secure travelers against loss, the
bankers affording this accommodation to mer-
chants and travelers for a percentage, which is
paid them when they sell the bill of exchange.
In issuing these bills of exchange, it is cus-
tomary for the banker to issue a set of two or
26
402
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
three, worded nearly alike. One of these is
kept by the purchaser, to be presented by him
to the foreign banker, the other two are trans-
Imitted by mail, at different times, to the same
bank. Thus, if the first bill is lost, the second
or third, that goes by mail, will still be available,
and the holder can obtain the money without
being Subjected to the delay of writing to
America for another bill. These bills are
Worded as follows:
Set of Foreign Bills of Exchange.
1. Chicago Ill., July 10, 1882. 2.
Erc'h an ºf € for } Frch am me for,
£200. Svarty days after sight, £200.
Chtcago, July 10, 1882.
Sir!y days after sight of º
§: Chicago, July 10, 1882.
£rc §g ge for }
£20,6} Siactly days after sught of
of the S our FIRST OF EXCHANGE (Second
and th ºrd of the same ter...or and date un-
Tº o II undred Pounds Sterlung, value re-
ce ºved, and charge the same to
po (l), pay to the order of Abel Currum ºn 7S,
this on r SECOND OF EXCHANGE (first and
thard of the same tem or and date unpaud),
pay to the order of A bel (Atmºm angs, Two
Hundred Pounds Sterlung, value re-
ceived, and charge the same, wwthout
this our THIRD of ExcFIANGE (first and
secon (l of the same ten or and date wrº-
pand), pay to the order of Abel (Jummings,
Tujo II undred Powmo's Sterlung, º
received, and charge the same, ww.thout
further advvce, to
LIenry Greenbaum & Co.
To the Union Bank of London, U
No. 840. London. Eng.
JIenry Greenbaum & Co.
To the Unvon Bank of London, }
No. 840, I, on don, Jºng.
Jºurther advvce, to
IIenry Greenbantºm & Co.
To the Union Bank of London, }
No. 840. JLondon, Eng.
Business Laws in Daily Use.
The following compilation of business law
contains the essence of a large amount of legal
verbiage :
If a note is lost or stolen it does not release
the maker; he must pay it, if the consideration
for which it was given and the amount can be
proven.
Notes bear interest only when so stated.
Principals are responsible for the acts of
their agents.
Dach individual in a partnership is responsi-
ble for the whole amount of the debts of the
firm, except in cases of special partnership.
Ignoramce of the law excuses no one.
The law compels no one to do impossibilities.
An agreement without consideration is void.
A note made on Sunday is void.
Contracts made on Sunday cannot be en-
forced.
A note by a minor is voidable.
made with a minor is void.
A contract made with a lunatic is void.
A note obtained by fraud, or from a person
in a state of intoxication, cannot be collected.
It is a fraud to conceal a fraud.
Signatures made with a lead-pencil are good
in law.
A receipt for money is not always conclusive.
The acts of one partner bind all the rest.
“Value received” is usually written in a note,
and should be, but is not necessary. If not
written, it is presumed by law, or may be sup-
plied by proof.
A contract
The maker of an “accommodation” bill or
note (one for which he has received considera-
tion, having lent his name on credit for the
accommodation of the holder) is not bound to the
person accommodated, but is bound to all other
parties, precisely as if there was a good con-
sideration.
No consideration is sufficient in law if it be
illegal in its nature.
Checks or drafts must be presented for pay-
ment without unreasonable delay.
Checks or drafts should be presented during
business hours; but in this country, except in
the case of banks, the time extends through
the day and evening.
If the drawee of a check or draft has changed
his residence, the holder must use due or rea-
Sonable diligence to find him.
If one who holds a check, as payee or other-
wise, transfers it to another, he has a right to
insist that the check be presented that day, or
at farthest, on the day following.
A note indorsed in blank (the name of the
indorser only written) is transferable by deliv-
ery, the same as if made payable to bearer.
If time of payment of a note is not named,
it is payable on demand.
The time of payment of a note must not de-
pend upon a contingency. The promise must
be absolute.
A bill may be written upon any kind of paper,
either with ink or pencil.
The payee should be named in the note,
unless it is payable to bearer.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
403
An indorsee has a right of action against all
whose names were on the bill when he received it.
If the letter containing a protest of non-pay-
ment be put into the postoffice, and miscar-
riage does not affect the party giving notice.
Notice of protest may be sent either to the
place of business or of residence of the party
notified.
The holder of a note may give notice of pro-
test either to all the previous indorsers or
only to one of them; in case of the latter he
must select the last indorser, and the last must
give notice to the last before him, and So on.
Each indorser must send notice the same day
or the day following. Neither Sunday nor any
legal holiday is counted in reckoning time in
which notice is to be given.
The loss of a note is not sufficient excuse
for not giving notice of protest.
If two or more persons, as partners, are
jointly liable on a note or bill, due notice to
one of them is sufficient.
If a note or bill is transferred as security,
or even as payment of a pre-existing debt, the
the debt revives if the note or bill be dis-
honored.
An indorsement may be written on the face
or back.
An indorser may prevent his own liability to
be sued by writing “without recourse,” or
similar words.
An oral agreement must be proved by evi-
dence. A written agreement proves itself. The
law prefers written to oral evidence, because
of its precision.
No evidence can be introduced to contradict
or vary a written contract; but it may be
received in order to explain it, when such ex-
planation is needed.
Written instruments are to be construed and
interpreted by the law according to the simple
customary and matural meaning of the words
used.
The finder of negotiable paper, as of all
other property, must make reasonable efforts
to find the owner, before he is entitled to
appropriate it for his own purposes. If the
finder conceal it, he is liable to the charge of
larceny or theft.
Joint payees of a bill or note, who are not
partners, must all join in an endorsement.
One may make a note payable to his own
order and indorse it in blank. He must write
his name across its back or face, the same as
any other indorser.
After the death of a holder of a bill or note,
his executor or administrator may transfer zº
by his endorsement.
The husband who acquires a right to a bill
or note which was given to the wife, either
before or after marriage, may indorse it.
“Acceptance” applies to bills and not to
notes. It is an engagement on the part of the
person on whom the bill is drawn to pay it
according to its tenor. The usual way is to
write across the face of the bill the word
“accepted.”
Drafts.
A draft may properly be called an inland
bill of exchange. It is customary for the bank-
ers in all large cities to make deposits with
bankers in other large cities, and also for the
banks in the interior towns to make deposits
with some one bank in the nearest metropolis.
Thus the bankers of Milwaukee, Chicago & St.
Louis have deposits in New York, so that any
person wishing to pay a certain sum of money
to another person, East, has only to step into
a bank and purchase a draft for the amount
on New York, which he sends by mail to the
creditor, who can usually get the amount the
draft calls for at the nearest bank.
The banker, as with bills of exchange, charges
a certain commission to pay him for his trouble,
which is termed “Exchange.” There being
less liability to lose these inland bills, only one
is usually issued. The merchant in the interior
town, or other person, wishing to send money
to Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, or any
other large city, can generally buy, of their
home banker, drafts, thus, on the nearest me-
tropolis, by the payment of the exchange.
The object in purchasing a draft is to avoid
the danger of loss when sending money from
one part of the country to another. Such form
is worded as follows, and is known as a bank
draft:
404 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Form of a Bank Draft.
.4wrora, Ill., JMay 5, 1883.
Pay to the order of Allen C. Green, One Hundred and
Fifty Dollars.
DUPLICATE UNIPADD.
E. A. Bradley, Cashier.
To Union. JWat. Bank, Chicago.
In making collections of money, drafts are pay the debt immediately. In the time draft,
frequently used, which are usually sent through the same is made payable in a certain number
the banks. A sight draft is used where the of days. -
person upon whom it is drawn is expected to
Sight Draft.
$400. Cincinnati, O., June 10, 1882.
4t sight, pay to the order of Higgins & Co., Four Hundred dollars, value received, and
charge the same to owr account.
POLLOCK BRO” e
To B. L. Smith, JMilwaukee, Wis. 0'S & CO
Time Draft.
$50. - JMemphis, Tenn., April 4, 1882.
Thirty days after date, pay to the order of Cobb & Co., Fifty dollars, valwe received, and
charge to owr account.
.A. B. JMOORE º
To Harmon, JMosier & Co., Buffalo, JW. Y. & CO
Acceptance. Maine, North Carolina,
Massachusetts, Oregon,
The acceptance of a draft is effected by the Michigan, Rhode Island,
drawee, or the person upon whom the same is Minnesota, South Carolina,
drawn, if he consents to its payment, Writing Mississippi, Utah,
across the face of the draft, thus: “Accepted, Montana, Wisconsin,
June 12, 1882. B. L. Smith.” Nebraska, Wyoming,
New Hampshire, Canada,
New Jersey,
Laws of Grace on Sight Drafts. - º
Grace on Sight Drafts is NOT ALLOWED in the
Grace on Sight Drafts is ALLOWED in the fol- following States:
lowing States: California, District of Columbia.
Alabama, Indiana, Colorado, Florida,
Arkansas, Iowa, Connecticut, Georgia,
Dakota, Kentucky, Delaware, Idaho,
&


AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
405
Illinois, Ohio,
Kansas, Pennsylvania,
Louisana, Tennessee,
Maryland, Texas,
Missouri, Vermont,
Nevada, Virginia,
New York, West Virginia.
Matters Relating to Interest.
A SIMPLE RULE FOR COMPUTING INTEREST.
To find the interest on any amount at 6 per
cent. for any number of days:
Multiply the amount by the number of days
and divide by sixty.
ExAMPLE.—Find the interest on $854.50 at 6
per cent. for 30 days.
$354.50
30
6,0)106350,0
sºmº ºmºmºmº-ºº:
$1.77.25 Interest for 80 days. |
At 6 per cent. per annum the rate per month
(30 days) is one-half of one per cent., and
hence 1 per cent for sixty days. The example
proves itself, for the interest is just one-half
of one per cent. of the principal.
The interest at any other rate than 6 per
cent. can be readily found by this rule. After
finding the interest at 6 per cent.,
For 7 per cent. add one-sixth.
“ 8 & 6 ‘‘ one-third.
“ 9 66 “ one-half.
“ 10 6& ** two-thirds.
The following tables will be useful to those
who desire to ascertain the amount of the inter-
est upon a given sum without the trouble of
making the calculation;
90%
"NOILWINºHOJINI IWOILOWHöI iO WICIGºdſOIOKONGI NW
00 09 || 00 9 || 09 jg 8? Øy 98 08 jø 8I ØI 9 |! : . . . . . . Ige K I
00 99 || 09 g gg 09 ## 68 88 8% Ø 1.I II 9 |... . . . . . . , II
00 09 || 00 Q || 09 gif Of 98 08 Qö, 0% gT OI g | . . . . . . . , 0T
00 g; Og iſ g; If 98 88 16 8% 8I #I 6 g | . . . . . . . , 6
00 07 || 00 f | Of 98 38 8% jº, 0% 9I ØI 8 F - . . . . . . . , 8
00 98 || 09 9 || 93 38 8% 9% Ić, 8T #I II 1. # I. . . . . . . . » l
00 08 || 00 8 || 03 16 jº, I6 8T QI ØI 6 9 8 [.. . . . . . . , 9
00 gº, 09 (, gº, 9% 0% 8T QI 9I OT 8 g g | . . . . . . . , 9
00 0% 00 % | 0% 8I 9I #I ØI OI 8 9 # z - . . . . . . . , 7
00 QI Og I gT #I ØI II 6 8 9 Q 8 z - . . . . . . . , 8
00 OT || 00 I OI 6 8 1. 9 g # 8 6 I [.. . . . . . . . . SOW &
00 Q || 09 Q g f f # 8 & Ø I I | . . . . . . . . . OW I
88 y | 8p g # f 8 8 Ø (, I I 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 66
/9 f | Diff Q # # 8 9. Ø Ø I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 8%
09 # g; Q f f 8 8 Ø Ø I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 16
88 y | 85 # f 8 8 8 Ø Ø I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 9%
/...I ſ/ | 37 # f 8 9 8 Ø Ø I I 0 - . . . . . . . ,, 93
00 j . Of f f 8 8 Ø Ø Ø I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 7%
88 8 || 88 # 8 8 9 & Ø Ø I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 8%
/9 8 || 18 f 8 9 8 Ø & I I I 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 36
09 8 || Q3 f 8 8 Ø Ø Ø I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , I'6
88 8 || 39 8 9 8 Ø Ø Ø I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 0%
J.I 8 || 38 8 8 9 Ø Ø Ø I I I 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 61
00 8 || 08 9 8 Ø Ø Ø & I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 8%
88 & 8% 9. 8 Ø Ø Ø I I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , ll
19 & | 16 8 Ø & Ø Ø I I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 9T
09 & Q& 8 Y, Ø Ø Ø I I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 9 I
88 & 9% Ø Ø Ø Ø I I I I 0 0 | . . . . . . . ,, ſº I
II & 3% Ø Č, Ø Ø I I I I 0 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 8 I
00 & | 0% Ø Ø Ø I I I I I 0 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 3I
98 I | 8T G Ø I I I I I I 0 0 | . . . . . . . , II
J.9 I | LI Ø Ø I I I I I I 0 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 0I
09 I GI Ø I I I I I I 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . , 6
98 I | 3I I I I I I I I 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 8
II I | ZI I I I I I I 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . » l
00 I | OI I I I I I I 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . , 9
88 8 I I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . , 9
19 1. I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 gº tº G tº e º 'º - 99 f
09 Q I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . , 8
88 8 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . SKBOI &
DI & 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . “AeCI I
000Iš 001$ | OIš 6% | 8% | 1% 9% gš ſº | 8 || 3 | Iš * CIWIN,
*queo Iedſ XIS-eſqtº, 3 secrequT
Q001 || 00 L | 0 | 89 99 || 65 ºf g8 86 Iz | FI | 1 |' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' JB3X I
1I jø ºf 9 #9 89 IQ g; 68 39 9% 6I 9I 9 || “. . . . . , IT
88 89 || 88 g | 89 89 /j. If Q8 6% 9% 8I ÖI 9 || ' ' ' ' * * * * OI
0g 39 gº, g | 89 /j. Číž 18 38 9% Ió 9T II g | . . . . . . . , 6
19 97 || 19 y | 1.5 Číž /8 88 8% 8% 6I #I 6 g | . . . . . . . , 8
88 Of 80 f | If 18 98 6% 9% 0% 9I ZI 8 F | . . . . . . . » l
00 98 || 09 9 gg 39 8% 96 IZ. 8T #I II 1. F | . . . . . . . , 9
AI 6% &6 & 69 9% 8% 0% 8T QI ØI 6 9 8 . . . . . . . . , 9
88 gº, 88 & 9% IK, 6I 9I #I &I 6 1. Q z - . . . . . . . , 7
09 LI 9/. I 8I 9I #I ØI II 6 1. Q f z - . . . . . . . , 8
I,9 II | LI I &I II 6 8 1. 9 Q # Ø I | . . . . . . . . SOIN 7.
88 9 || 89 9 Q G # # 8 6 Č, I I | . . . . . . . . . OW I
#9 g 99 9 g g # 8 8 Ø Ø I f : . . . . . . . , 6%
jºy g | #g g g # # 9 8 6 Ø I I | . . . . . . . , 8%
gº, g 99 Q Q # f 8 9 K. Ø I T | . . . . . . . , 16
90 Q | IQ Q Q # # 9 8 Ø & I f : . . . . . . . , 9%
98 F | 6p. G # # 8 8 Ø % I I 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 96,
19 ſº L; g # # 8 8 Ø Ø I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 7%
If f | gy # p # 9 8 Ø Ø I I 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 86
8%, 7 || 9p # # 8 9 8 Ø Ø I T 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 66
80 F | If f f 9 8 6 & Ø I I 0 | . . . . . . . , Tó
68 8 || 68 f f 9 8 Ø 6 Ø I I 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 0%
69 8 18 # 8 8 8 Č, Č, I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 61
09 8 || 98 # 9 8 & Č, & I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 8T
I9 8 3. 8 8 8 Ø Ø Ø I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 11
II 3 I9 8 8 Ø Ø 6 Ø I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 9T
36 & 6% g 8 Ø Ø Ø I I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 9 I
31, 3 || 13 8 & Ø Č, Ø I I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 7I
gg & 93 8 & Ø & Ø I I I I 0 | . . . . . . . , 8 I
98 & 8% Ø Ø Č, 6 I I I I 0 0 | . . . . . . . , Y, I
FI & I& 6 Ø Ø I I I I I 0 0 | . . . . . . . , II
76 I | 6T 6 Č, Ø I I I I I 0 0 | . . . . . . . , 0I
9/. I 8I 6 Ø I I I I I I 0 0 | . . . . . . . , 6
99 I 9I Č, I I I I I I 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . , 8
99 I #I I I I I I I I 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . » l
/...I I | GI I I I I I I 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . , 9
/6 OI I I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . , 9
8/. 8 I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . ,, 7
89 9 I I 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . , 8
69 # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . SA8(I &
6I Ø 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | . . . . . . . . Aboſ I
00013 0013 | OIš | 6% | 8% | 13 | 9% gš | #3 | 8% 3% Iš *{{WIII,
*quato Ied u24.9S—eidºſ, 482.1aqu I
JOy
"NOILWIWRIOJINI TWOILOWłIdi AO WICIGF’d O'IOXONGI NW
#38 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Interest Table—Eight Per Cent.

THME $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 || $7 $8 $9 || $10 || $100 || $1000
1 Day......... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 22
2 Days........ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 44
8 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 l 7 67
4 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1. 9 89
5 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 1. 1 1 1 1 1 11 || 1 11
6 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1. l 1. 13 || 1 38
7 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 16 || 1 56
8 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 18 1 78
9 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 20 || 2 00
10 " . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 1 1 l 2 2 2 2 22 || 2 22
11 " . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 24 || 2 44
12 “ 0 1. 1. l 1. 2 2 2 2 3 27 2 67
18 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1. 1. 2 2 2 3 3 29 || 2 89
14 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 8 31 || 3 11
15 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1. 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 33 || 3 33
16 " ........ 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 8 4 36 || 3 56
17 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1. 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 38 3 78
18 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 40 || 4 00
19 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 42 || 4 22
20 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 44 4 44
21 " . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 '5 47 || 4 67
22 " . . . . . . . . 0 1. 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 49 || 4 89
28 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 § 51 || 5 11
24 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 53 || 5 33
25 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 56 || 5 56
26 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 58 5 78
27 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 § 5 6 60 | 6 00
28 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 62 6 22
29 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 64 || 6 44
1 Mo... . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 67 || 6 67
2 Mos.. . . . . . . . 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 13 || 1 33 13 33
8 “ . . . . . . . . 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 00 20 00
4 " . . . . . . . . 3 5 8 11 13 16 19 21 24 27 || 2 67 || 26 67
5 “ . . . . . . . . 3 7 10 13 17 20 23 27 30 33 || 3 33 || 33 33
6 “ . . . . . . . . 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 || 4 00 | 40 00
7 “ . . . . . . . . 5 9 14 19 23 28 33 37 42 47 || 4 67 || 46 67
8 “ . . . . . . . 5 11 16 21 27 32 37 43 48 S3 || 5 33 53 33
9 “ . . . . . . . . 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 6 00 60 00
30 “ . . . . . . . . 7 18 20 27 33 40 47 53 60 67 6 67 | 66 67
11 " . . . . . . . . 7 15 22 29 37 44 51 59 66 73 || 7 33 | 73 33
1 Year . . . . . . . . 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 || 8 00 80 00
To find the amount of interest at 4 per cent, take half of above amounts.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Interest Table-Ten Per Cent.

TIME, $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 $10 || $100 $1000
1 Day. ........ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 3 28
2 Days........ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 56
8 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1. 8 83
4 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1. 1 11 || 1 11
5 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 || 1 39
6 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 1. 1 1 1 1. 1 2 2 17 | 1 67
7 “ . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 1 1 1 1. 2 2 2 19 || 1 94
8 “ ........ 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 22 || 2 22
9 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 25 || 2 50
10 “ ........ 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 28 || 2 78
11 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 31 || 3 06
12 “ ........ 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 33 3 33
18 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 36 || 3 61
14 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 89
15 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 42 || 4 17
16 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 44 || 4 44
17 “ . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 47 || 4 72
18 “ • - 3 - - - - - l 1 2 2 8 3 4 4 5 5 50 || 5 00
19 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 53 || 5 28
20 “ ........ 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 56 || 5 56
21 “ ........ 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 58 || 5 83
22 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 61 6 11
28 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 8 3 4 4 5 6 6 64 || 6 39
24 “ ........ 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 67 || 6 67,
25 “ . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 69 || 6 94,
26 “ ........ 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 72 || 7 22,
27 “ . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 75 || 7 50
28 “ . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 78 || 7 78
29 “ . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 81 8 06'
1 Mo.......... 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 83 || 8 33
2 Mos......... 2 8 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 17 || 1 07 | 16 67
* “ . . . . . . . . 3 5 8 10 12 15 18 20 23 25 # 2 50 25 00:
4 “ . . . . . . . . 8 7 10 13 17 20 23 27 30 33 || 3 33 || 33 33,
5 “ . . . . . . . . 4 8 13 17 21 25 29 38 38 42 4 17 || 41 67
6 “ . . . . . . . . 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 || 5 00 50 00
7 “ . . . . . . . . 6 12 18 23 29 35 41 47 53 58 || 5 88 58 33
8 “ . . . . . . . . 7 18 20 27 33 40 47 53 60 67 || 6 67 | 66 67.
9 “ . . . . . . . . 8 15 23 30 38 45 53 60 68 75 || 7 50 75 00
10 “ . . . . . . . . 8 17 25 33 42 50 58 67 75 83 || 8 33 || 83 33
11 “ . . . . . . . . 9 18 28 37 46 55 64 73 83 92 || 9 17 | 91 67
1 Year......... 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 |$1 $10 |$100
To find the amount of interest at 5 per cent... take half of above amounts.
410
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Interest Laws of all the States and Territories in the United States.
STATES AND TERRITORIES. Penalty of Usury. Legal, Specia;
per cent.lper cent.
Alabama.............. Loss of interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . .
Arizona...... © e º e º 'º e º e e No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ||No limit.
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 & 6 &
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . & 6 “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 & & & 6
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . & 6 “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 & 6 & 6
Connecticut........... & 4 “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 € 6 &
Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of contract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 12
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . & 4 & 6 “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
District of Columbia... & 6 “all interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 10
Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ||No limit.
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of excess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 12
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $300 fine, or imprisonment six months, or both. . . . . . . . *10 24
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of all interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 8
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & 6 of interest and costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 & of excess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 10
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & & of excess over 12 per cent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 12
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . & 6 of all interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . & 6 of interest... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ||No limit.
Maryland. ............ Forfeiture of excess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
Massachusetts......... No penalty—6 per cent. On judgment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ||No limit.
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of excess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 10
Minnesota ............ Forfeiture of excess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 10
Mississippi............ No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 10
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of all interest.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - © 6 10
Montana .............. No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 l. . . . . . . .
Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of all interest and costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 10
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ||No limit.
New Hampshire....... Forfeiture of three times interest received............. 6 6
New Jersey. . . . . 2 e º e º a º Forfeiture of all interest... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
New Mexico........... No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ||No limit.
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of contract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #6
North Carolina. . . . . . . . Forfeiture of interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & 6 of excess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 & of principal, interest, and costs............. 10 12
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . 66 of excess, Act of 1858. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . te 6 6
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . & © unless by contract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * {6 ||No limit.
South Carolina. . . . . . . . No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * > * * * * * * * * * * ~ e º 'º º º º e 7
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of over 6 per cent. and $100 fine........ º 6 6
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 12
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * e º ºs e º e º e º 'º º e º 'º º O & ... 10 ||No limit.
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of excess on railroad bonds only.......... a º 6 6
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
Washington Ter....... No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ||No limit.
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of excess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Wisconsin... . . . . . . . . . . Forfeiture of all interest... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 10
Wyoming Ter.........] No penalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 |No limit.
* Liable to arrest for misdemeanor.
# Also punishable as a misdemeanor.
interest if charged in advance. ? Also 6 per cent, on judgment.
Banks forfeit illiterest only, or double the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 411
Statutes of Limitations.
The following table will show the time allowed in each State and Territory of the Union and
in the Provinces of Canada for the institution of a suit for any of the various causes named.
After the expiration of these years all actions are barred by the statute.
Assault, Open Not Jud t Sealed º
ſº Slander, Accounts. Ot,08. udgments. witnesse
STATES AND TERRITORIES. Replewin,etc. Instruments.
Years. Years. Years. Years. Years.
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 6 20 10
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 5 10 10
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 4 5 5
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 3 3
Connecticut... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 6 6 17
Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 6 20 20
Delaware............ . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 6 20 20
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 3 12 12
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 5 20 20
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 6 7 20
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 4 5 5
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 7 20 10
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 20 20 20
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 10 20 10
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 5 5 15
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 5 5 15 15
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 3 5 10 20
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 20 20 20
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 12 12
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 20 20 20
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 6 10 10
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 6 10 20
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 6 7 7
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 5 5 10
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 4 5 4
Nebraska... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 20 20 10
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º ſº º ºs e 2, 6 6 20 20 20
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 tº $ºmsºs, 10 10
New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 6 20 20
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 10 10 10
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 15 15 15
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 10 10 10
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 15 15 15
Ontario (Upper Canada). . . . . . . 1 § 5 30 30
Oregon... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 l 6 10 20
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 6 20 20
Quebec (Lower Canada). . . . . . . . 1, 2 5 5 30 30
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 6 20 20
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 6 20 20
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 6 20 & Cºmº
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4 10 10
Utah... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4 5 7
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 14 8 8
Virginia. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 6 10 20
Washington Territory.......... 2 8 6 9 20
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 6 10 10
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 6 20 20
YOIIlling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 15 10 21
412
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS.
Forms of Agreements or Contracts.
An agreement or contract is an arrangement
entered into by two or more persons, by which
each binds himself to perform certain specified
acts within a designated time.
Agreements may be verbal, but it is better
in all cases, and absolutely essential in mat-
ters of importance, to express them in writing.
Great care should be taken, in drawing an
agreement, to state explicitly and in the plainest
language the various acts to be performed, and
the time of such performance. Nothing should
be left to doubt or uncertainty.
The law requires that all the parties to an
agreement shall understand its provisions in the
same Sense, and does not recognize the exist-
ence of a contract in which this is not the
case. Thus, a person sent an order to a mer-
chant for a particular quantity of goods on
certain terms of credit. The merchant sent a
less quantity of goods, and at a shorter credit.
The goods were lost on the way, and the mer-
chant sued the party who ordered them for
their value. He failed to win his case, as the
court held that in consequence of the failure
of the merchant to send the quantity of goods
ordered and to grant the credit asked, there
was no common understanding between the
parties, and consequently no contract.
A contract must show that it is made for a
valuable consideration. A failure to do this
renders it void in law.
Fraud annuls all contracts and obligations,
and the party so wronged is relieved of his
obligation by law. If both the parties to an
agreement act fraudulently, neither can take
advantage of the fraud of the other; nor can
one who acts fraudulently set his own fraud
aside for his benefit.
Agreements written in pencil are binding in
law, but it is best to write them with ink, as
pencil marks are easily erased.
Agreements should be prepared and signed
in duplicate, triplicate, etc., according to the
number of persons concerned in them. Each
party should have a copy, and should carefully
preserve it.
Generally speaking, all written instruments
are construed and interpreted by the law
according to the simple, customary, and
natural meaning of the words used.
When a contract is so obscure or uncertain
that it must be set wholly aside and regarded
as no contract whatever, it can have no force
or effect upon the rights or obligations of the
parties, but all of them are the same as if
they had not made the contract.
No custom, however universal, or old, or
known (unless it has actually become a law),
has any force whatever, if the parties see fit to
exclude and refuse it by words of their contract,
or provide that the thing which the custom
affects shall be done in a way different from
the custom. For a custom can never be set
up against either the express agreement or the
clear intention of the parties.
Punctuation is not regarded in the construc-
tion or interpretation of a written instrument,
or in written law.
Spelling, though bad, will not avoid a con-
tract, where the intention of the parties is clear.
All contracts made in violation of a valid
statute are absolutely void and of no effect.
Where a proposition is made by letter, the
mailing of a letter containing acceptance of the
proposition completes the contract.
It is the presumption of the law that a per-
son in making a contract intends to bind not
only himself but his legal representatives.
Such representatives may therefore sue on a
contract, although not named in it.
General Form of Agreement.
This agreement, made this twenty-fifth day
of March, in the year of Our Lord one thou-
sand eight hundred and eighty-two, between
John Howard, of Townsontown, county of Bal-
timore, State of Maryland, party of the first
part, and Hugh Jenkins, of the same place,
party of the second part.
WITNESSETH, That the said John Howard,
party of the first part, hereby covenants and
agrees, that he will deliver to the said Hugh
Jenkins, party of the Second part, during the
month of September, one hundred cords of
hickory wood, at the Woodyard of the said
Hugh Jenkins, as follows: twenty cords to be
delivered on or before the 10th of September;
twenty cords more to be delivered on or before
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
413
the 15th of September; twenty cords more on
or before the 20th of September; twenty cords
more on or before the 25th of September, and
the remaining twenty cords on or before the
30th of September; the entire quantity of one
hundred cords to be delivered by the 30th of
September.
And the said Hugh Jenkins, party of the
Second part, in consideration of the prompt
fulfillment of this agreement by the said John
Howard, party of the first part, agrees and
binds himself to pay to the said Hugh Jenkins
the sum of three dollars for each and every
cord of hickory wood delivered to him by the
said John Howard or his agents, and to pay
for each cord of wood as soon as it is delivered
at his woodyard.
In case of the failure of either party to this
contract to make good his promises, it is hereby
stipulated and agreed that the party so failing
shall forfeit to the other party the sum of one
hundred dollars in cash as fixed and settled
damages.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The parties to these
presents have hereunto set their hands and
seals, the day and year first above written.
JOHN HowARD. [SEAL.]
HUGH JENKINs. [SEAL.]
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of
JAMES MURRAY.
THOMAS WISE.
General Form of Contract for Mechanics’ Work.
CoNTRACT made this first day of January,
A. D. 1882, by and between George Smith, of
the city of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania,
party of the first part, and Harvey Richards,
of the city and State aforesaid, party of the
second part.
WITNESSETH, That the party of the first part,
for the consideration hereinafter mentioned,
covenants and agrees with the party of the
Second part to perform in a faithful and work-
manlike manner the following specified work,
viz.: To build one brick stable, according to
the plans and specifications attached to this
agreement, Without varying in any way what-
soever from said pian aud specifications. And
in addition to the above to become responsible
for all materials delivered and receipted for,
the work to be commenced on or before April
1st, 1882, and to be completed and delivered
free from all mechanic or other liens on or
before the first day of July, 1882. And the
party of the second part covenants and agrees
with the party of the first part in considera-
tion of the faithful performance of the above
specified work, to pay to the party of the first
part the sum of two thousand dollars, as fol-
lows: five hundred dollars upon the comple-
tion of the foundation walls; five hundred dol-
lars upon the covering of said stable with the
roof; and one thousand dollars upon the first
day of July, 1882, provided said stable be
delivered as agreed upon above, on or before
that day.
And it is further mutually agreed by and
between both parties, that in case of disagree-
ment in reference to the performance of said
Work, all questions of disagreement shall be
referred to Thomas Lee and John Yarnell,
master builders, of the city of Philadelphia,
and the award of said referees, or a majority
of them, shall be binding and final on all parties.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, We, hereunto set our
hands and Seals the day and year first above
written.
GEORGE SMITH.
HARVEY RICHARDs.
Executed in presence of
THOMAS LANE, }
[SEAL.]
[SEAL.]
PETER WRIGHT.
Agreement for a Warranty Deed.
ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT, made this first day
of January, in the year of our Lord one thou-
sand eight hundred and eighty-one, between
William Miller, of the city of Indianapolis,
State of Indiana, party of the first part, and
John Wayne, of the city and State aforesaid,
party of the second part.
WITNESSETH, That said party of the first
part hereby covenants and agrees, that if the
party of the second part shall first make the
payment and perform the covenants herein-
after mentioned on his part to be made and
performed, the said party of the first part will
convey and assure to the party of the second
part, in fee simple, clear of all incumbrances
414
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
whatever, by a good and sufficient warranty
deed, the following lot, piece, or parcel of
ground, viz.: The lot located at the intersec-
tion of Walnut and Willow streets, in the city
of Indianapolis, extending fifty (50) feet west-
ward from Walnut street, and one hundred (100)
feet northward from Willow street, lying on
the north side of Willow street and on the West
side of Walnut street, known as lot number
twenty-nine (29) in block number sixteen (16),
and recorded at Indianapolis, Marion county,
Indiana.
And the said party of the second part hereby
covenants and agrees to pay to the said party
of the first part the sum of three thousand dol-
lars, in the manner following: One thousand
dollars cash in hand paid, the receipt whereof
is hereby acknowledged, and the balance in two
annual payments, as follows, viz.: One thou-
sand dollars on the 1st of January, 1882, and,
the remaining one thousand dollars on the 1st
of January, 1883, with interest at the rate of
ten per cent. per annum, payable on the dates
specified above, annually, on the whole sum
remaining from time to time unpaid, and to pay
all taxes, assessments, or impositions that may
be legally levied or imposed upon said land,
subsequent to the year of 1881. And in case
of the failure of the said party of the second
part to make either of the payments, or per-
form any of the covenants on his part hereby
made and entered into, this contract shall, at
the option of the party of the first part, be for-
feited and determined, and the party of the
second part shall forfeit all payments made by
him on this contract, and Such payment shall
be retained by the said party of the first part
in full satisfaction and in liquidation of all
damages by him sustained, and he shall have
the right to re-enter and take possession of the
premises aforesaid.
It is mutually agreed that all the convenants
and agreements herein contained shall extend
to and be obligatory upon the heirs, executors,
administrators and assigns of the vespective
parties.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The parties to these
presents have hereunto set their hands and seals
this day and year first above written.
WILLIAM MILLER. [SEAI.]
Joshua WAYNE. [SEArl.
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of
WALTER LEWIs,
Jose,PH LANE.
Contract for Barter or Trade.
THIS AGREEMENT, made this second day of
March, A. D. 1882, by and between Thomas
White, party of the first part, and Reuben Gale,
party of the second part, both of the city of
Buffalo, State of New York.
WITNESSETH, That the said Thomas White
shall sell and deliver to the said Reuben Gale,
at his store, in the city of Buffalo, on the twen-
tienth day of the present month of March, one
hundred barrels of fine salt, in good, substantial
barrels, suitable for packing beef and pork, and
for the use of the kitchen and dairy.
In consideration whereof, the said Reuben
Gale shall convey and deliver to the said Thomas
White, at the storehouse of Walter Lewis, in
the city of Buffalo, one thousand pounds of good
merchantable cheese, and four hundred pounds
of sweet table butter; both well packed in tierces
or firkins, and made in dairies where at least
fifteen cows are kept.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The parties to these
presents have hereunto set their hands and seals
the day and year first above written.
THOMAS WHITE, [SEAL.]
REUBEN GALE, [SEAL.]
Executed in presence of
WALTER LEWIS.
JoséPH LANE. }
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
415
* * ~ *-*- : wa... →T
Agreement Between a Merchant and His Clerk.
THIS AGREEMENT, made this first day of Jan-
uary, A. D. 1882, by and between Walker Lewis,
of the city and State of New York, party of the
first part, and Alfred Pleasants, of the city and
State aforesaid, party of the second part.
WITNESSETH, That the said Alfred Pleasants
shall enter the service of the said Walker Lewis
as a clerk and Salesman.
That the said Alfred Pleasants shall faith-
fully, honestly and diligently perform the duties
of a clerk and salesman in the store of the
said Walker Lewis, and well and truly obey all
the reasonable commands and wishes of the said
Walker Lewis, during the space of three years
from this date.
That he will guard his employer's interests,
and keep the Secrets of his employer, absenting
himself from his business only upon said em-
ployer's consent.
That the said Walker Lewis, in consideration
of said services, will pay to the said Alfred
Pleasants a yearly sum of one thousand two
hundred dollars, in equal payments of one hun-
dred dollars on the first day of each and every
calendar month of the year, commencing on the
first of February, 1882.
Witness our hands,
WALKER LEWIs.
ALFRED PLEASANTs.
Executed in the presence of
JoHN HILL,
FRANCIS WHITE.
Agreement to Cultivate Land on Shares.
THIS AGREEMENT, made this tenth day of
. August, 1882, by and between John Holman,
party of the first part, and Andrew Jackson,
party of the Second part, both of the town of
Medio, county of Chester, State of Pennsylvana.
WITNESSETH, That said John Holman will, on
or before the tenth day of September, break,
properly fix, and Sow with wheat, all that twenty
acres of field belonging to and lying immedi-
ately north of the dwelling-house and garden of
said Andrew Jackson, in the town of Media.
That one-half of the seed wheat shall be
found by said Andrew Jackson.
That when said crop shall be in fit condition,
he will cut, harvest, and safely house it in the
barn of said Andrew Jackson.
That he will properly thresh and clean the
S8, IOle.
That the straw shall be equally divided be-
tween the parties.
That he will deliver one-half of said wheat,
being the produce thereof, to said Andrew Jack-
son, at the granary near his dwelling-house, on
or before the 15th day of July, 1882.
That said John Holman shall perform all the
work and labor necessary in the premises, or
cause the same to be done.
Witness our hands and seals,
JoHN HOLMAN. [SEAL.]
ANDREW JACKSON. [SEAL.]
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of
RICHARD WHITE.
PETER BELL.
Agreement for Building a House.
THIS AGREEMENT, made this twentieth day of
March in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and eighty-two, by and between
Samuel W. Parker, of the city of Baltimore,
State of Maryland, party of the first part, and
Hugh B. Jackson, of the same city and State,
party of the second part.
WITNESSETH, That said party of the first part,
for the consideration hereinafter mentioned,
covenants and agrees to make, erect, build, and
finish, in a good, Substantial, and workmanlike
manner, and in conformity with the plans,
drafts, specifications, and explanations thereof,
which is hereunto annexed and made a part
hereof, a brick dwelling-house, on lot number
thirty, on Maryland avenue, in the city of Bal-
timore, to be begun on or before the first day
of April, 1882, and completed on or before the
first day of September, 1882.
That the said building shall be made, erected,
built, and finished out of good and substantial
materials, as stated in the specifications accom-
panying and made a part of this agreement.
That as soon as the roof thereof is put on
and covered, said party of the first part shall
effect full insurance on said building, in the
Sum of four thousand dollars, the policy to be
in the name and for the benefit of said party
416
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
of the second part, his heirs, executors, admin-
istrators, or assigns, payable, in case of loss,
to whom it may concern.
That each party to this agreement shall pay
one-half the cost of said insurance.
In consideration of which, said party of the
Second part does hereby covenant, promise, and
agree, to pay, or cause to be paid, unto said
party of the first part, or his legal representa-
tives, the sum of five thousand dollars ($5,000),
in the manner following, to-wit: One thousand
dollars at the beginning of said work; one thou-
Sand dollars on the first day of May next; one
thousand dollars on the first day of July next;
and the remaining two thousand dollars when
the work shall be fully completed and the keys
delivered to said party of the second part, or
to his legal representatives.
AND IT IS FURTHER AGREED BY AND BETWEEN
THE PARTIES TO THIS AGREEMENT AS FOLLOWS :
ALTERATIONS. That no charge of any kind
shall be made by said party of the first part
against said party of the second part beyond or
in excess of the sum of five thousand dollars
for the full performance of this agreement, un-
less said party of the second part shall alter
the aforesaid plans, drafts, specifications and
explanations, in which case the value of such
alterations shall be added to the amount to be
paid under this contract, or deducted therefrom,
as the case may require; it being expressly
understood that said party of the second part
may, from time to time, make any alterations
of, to, and in the said plans, drafts, specifica-
tions and explanations, upon the the terms
aforesaid.
ARBITRATION. That the parties of the first
part, and of the second part, severally, respect-
ively and mutually, agree to submit each, all,
and every demand between them hereinafter aris-
ing, if any, concerning the manner of performing
or completing the work, or the time or amount of
any payment to be made under this agreement,
or the quantity or quality of labor or materials,
or both, to be done, furnished or provided un-
der this agreement, or any other cause or matter
touching the work, materials, or the damages
contemplated, set forth, or referred to, in or by
this agreement, to the determination of Thomas
W. Wright, John Hughes and Robert Greene,
master builders, of the city of Baltimore, the
award of whom, or any two of whom, being
made in Writing and being delivered to said
parties to this agreement, or either of them,
Within ten days of the time hereinbefore fixed
for the final completion of this agreement, shall
be final.
DAMAGE SUSTAINED BY PERSONS or PROPERTY.
That said party of the first part shall be solely
responsible for any injury or damage sustained
by any and all person and persons, on property,
during or subsequent to the progross and com-
pletion of the works hereby agreed upon, from
or by any act or default of said party of the
first part, and shall be responsible over the
party of the second part for all costs and dama.
ges which said party of the second part may
legally incur by reason of such injury or dam-
age; and that said party of the first part shall
give all usual, requisite and suitable notices to
all parties whose estates or premises may or
shall be in any way interested in or affected by
the performance of said works.
ExTRA work. That no extra work of any kind
shall be performed, or extra materials furnished.
by said party of the first part, unless first au.
thorized by the party of the second part, in
Writing; and
That said party of the first part, or his rep-
resentatives, shall not be delayed in the con-
stant progress of the work under this agreement,
or any of the extra work under the same or
connected therewith, by said party of the sec-
ond part; and for each and every day said
party of the first part shall be so delayed, three
additional days shall be allowed to complete
the work aforesaid, from and after the day
hereinbefore appointed for its entire completion,
unless upon the contingency provided for below
in the next clause of this agreement.
That for each and every day's delay in the
performance and completion of this agreement,
or for any extra work under it, after the time
hereinbefore fixed for the final completion of
this agreement, there shall be allowed and paid
by said party of the Second part to said party
of the first part, or his legal representatives,
damages for such delay, if the same shall arise
from any act or default on the part of said
party of the Second part.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
417
FoREMAN. That said party of the first part
shall engage and provide, at his own expense,
during the progress of the work, under, and until
the complete fulfillment of, this agreement, a
thoroughly competent “foreman,” whose duty
it is to attend to the general Supervision of all
matters hereby undertaken by said party of the
first part, and also the correct marking, pre-
paring, laying out and locating all patterns,
moulds, models and measurements, in, to, for,
and upon the work hereby agreed upon, from,
and in conformity with, said plans, drafts, Speci-
fications and explanations.
FoRFEITURE OF CONTRACT. That if at any time
during the progress of said work, said party of
the second part shall find that said work is not
carried forward with sufficient rapidity and
throroughness, or that the materials furnished,
foreman, sub-contractors or workmen employed
by said party of the first part, are unskilled,
incompetent, and insufficient for the completion
of said work within the time and manner stipu-
lated in the plans, drafts, specifications and
explanations aforesaid, he shall give notice of
such insufficiency and defects in progress, ma-
terials, foreman, sub-contractors or workmen, to
said party of the first part; and if within ten
days thereafter such insufficiency and defects
are not remedied, then said party of the second
part may enter upon the Work and suspend or
discharge said party of the first part, and all
employed under him, and carry on and complete
the work by “day's work,” or otherwise, as said
party may elect, providing and substituting
proper and sufficient materials and workmen;
and the expense thereof shall be chargeable to
said party of the first part, and be deducted
from any sum which may be due to him on a
final settlement. All questions arising out of
this eighth article of this agreement, shall be
subject to the final decision of the arbitrators
hereinbefore mentioned.
LIENS. That in case any lien or liens for la-
bor or materials shall exist upon the property
or estate of Said party of the second part, at
the time or times when by the terms and pro-
visions of this agreement a payment is to be
made by said party of the second part to said
party of the first part, such payment, or such
part thereº shall be equal to less than double
the amount for which said lien or liens shall or
can exist, shall not be payable at the said
stipulated time or times, notwithstanding any-
thing to the contrary in this agreement con-
tained; and that said party of the Second part
shall, and may, be well assured that no such
liens do, or can, attach or exist, before he shall
be liable to make either of said payments.
WoRK, wheTHER DESCRIBED OR NOT, ETC. That all
the works described or referred to in the annexed
specifications and explanations, are to be exe-
cuted by said party of the first part, whether
or not said works are illustrated by the afore-
said plans or drafts; and that said party of the
first part is to execute all works shown by Said
plans and drafts, whether or not said works are
described or referred to in said specifications or
explanations.
IN witness wherEOF, The said parties have
hereunto set their hands and seals, the day and
year first above written.
SAMUEL W. PARKER. [SEAL.]
HUGE B. JACKSON. [SEAL.]
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of
WALTER B. GROOME,
DAVID H. LANE.
The specifications should be carefully written
out, passed upon separately by the parties to
the agreement, signed and sealed by them,
witnessed by the persons who witnessed the
agreement, and attached to the agreement as a
part of it. It is the custom in some cases to
insert these specifications in the body of the
agreement. In such a case they should, in this
agreement, be inserted after the second para-
paragraph.
BILLS OF SALE.
A bill of sale is a written agreement by which
a person transfers to another person, for a val-
uable consideration, his entire right, title, and
interest in personal property.
As a general rule, in order to establish own-
ership at law, the purchaser must take actual
possession of the property purchased; but in
Some States, if the sale was not made fraud-
ulently, for the purpose of evading the payment
of just debts, the bill of sale is prima facie
evidence of the sale, and will hold good against
the creditors of the seller. Such questions must
be decided by juries, who have power to set
aside the sale in cases where fraud is proved.
418
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Bill of Sale-General Form, With Warranty.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That in
consideration of five hundred dollars, the receipt
of which is hereby acknowledged, I do hereby
grant, sell, transfer, and deliver unto Thomas
Wright, his heirs, executors, administrators,
and assigns, the following goods and chattels,
V17. .
One set of parlor furniture, upholstered
in purple velvet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $300 00
One set of black walnut chamber furni-
$500 00
To have and to hold all and singular the
said goods and chattels forever. And the said
grantor hereby covenants with said grantee that
he is the lawful owner of said goods and chat-
tels; that they are free from all incumbrances;
that he has good right to sell the same, as
aforesaid; and that he will warrant and defend
the same against the lawful claims and demands
of all persons whomsoever.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said grantor has
hereunto set his hand this tenth day of March,
1882.
Witnesses:
HENRY HALL.
Joseph SMITH.
GEORGE H. FLETCHER.
Bill of Sale—Of a Horse, With Warranty.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That in
consideration of one hundred and fifty dollars,
to me paid by Henry Clayton, the receipt of
which is hereby acknowledged, I, Andrew Lewis,
by these presents do bargain, sell, and convey
to the said Henry Clayton, his heirs, executors,
administrators, and assigns, one bay horse, of
the male sex, bay color, fifteen hands high,
with a white star in the forehead, known as
Old Hickory, to have and to hold the same
unto the said Henry Clayton, his heirs, execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns forever.
And, I, for myself, my heirs, executors, and
administrators, will warrant and defend said
horse unto him, the Baid Henry Clayton, his
heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns,
against the lawful claims and demands of all
and every person or persons whatsover.
Witness my hand this tenth day of May, 1882.
* ANDREW LEWIS.
Witnesses:
THOMAS JACKSON.
GEORGE FLINT.
Bonds.
A bond is a written promise, signed and
sealed by a single person, to pay to another
person a certain sum of money at a designated
time. A promise made in writing without a
seal is not a bond, but merely a simple promise.
The bond must be for some boma fide consid-
eration.
The person giving the bond is called the
obligor, the person to whom it is given is called
the obligee.
A bond is usually given not as a promise to pay
money, for a promisory note would answer that
purpose, but as a promise to pay money in
case certain acts are not done. These acts are
specified in the bond, and are called the condi- .
tion of the bond. The faithful performance of
these acts within the time specified renders the
bond null and void.
The amount of money named in the bond is
called the penalty. It is usually sufficient to
cover the debt it is intended to secure, with
interest and costs added. In order to secure
this, the sum is fixed at twice the amount of
the actual debt. “The meaning and effect of
this is, that if the obligor fails, in any respect,
to do what the condition recites, then he is
bound to pay the money he acknowledges him-
self, in the bond, bound to pay. But now the
law comes in to mitigate the Severity of this
contract. And whatever be the sum which the
obligor acknowledges himself, in the bond,
bound to pay, he is held by the courts to pay
the obligee only that amount which will be a
complete indemnification to him for the dam-
age he has sustained by the failure of the
obligor to do what the condition recites.
“For example: Suppose A B makes a bond
to C D in the sum of ten thousand dollars.
The condition recites that one E F has been
hired by C. D as his clerk, and that A B guar-
antees the good conduct of E F; and if E F
does all his duty honestly and faithfully, then
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
419
the bond is void, otherwise remains in full
force. Then suppose E F to cheat C D out of
some money. A B is sued on the bond; C D
cannot recover from him, in any event, more
than the ten thousand dollars; and he will, in
fact, recover from him only so much of this as
will make good to C D all the loss he has sus-
tained by B F's misconduct. As the obligee
can recover from the obligor only actual com-
pensation for what he loses, it is usual in prac-
tice to make the penal sum in the bond large
enough to cover all the loss that can happen.”
A Simple Form of Bond, Without Condition.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,
William Jackson, of the city of Richmond,
State of Virginia, am held and firmly bound
unto Franklin Stearns, of the city and State
aforesaid, in the sum of two hundred dollars,
lawful money of the United States of America,
to be paid to the said Franklin Stearns, or
his certain attorney, Henry Cannon, or his
assigns; to which payment, well and truly to
be made on or before the first day of January,
1882, I bind myself, my heirs, executors, and
administrators firmly by these presents.
Sealed with my seal, dated the first day of
March, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and eighty-two.
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I, William Jackson,
have set my hand and Seal to this instrument,
on the first day of March, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-
two. WILLIAM JACKSON. [SEAL.]
Executed and delivered in presence of
WILLIAM H. MYERs. }
SAMUEL W. STOREs.
General Form of Bond, With Condition.
RNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,
Francis Gibbons, of the city of Covington, State
of Kentucky, am held and firmly bound unto
Robert Breckenridge, of the city and State
aforesaid, in the sum of one thousand dollars,
to be paid to the said Robert Breckenridge,
his executors, administrators, or assigns, for
which payment, Well and truly to be made, I
bind myself, my heirs, executors, and adminis-
trators, firmly by these presents.
Sealed with my seal, dated the twentieth
day of March, 1882.
The condition of the above obligation is
Such, that if the above bounden Francis Gib-
bons, his heirs, executors, and administrators,
or any of them, shall well and truly pay, or
cause to be paid, unto the above named Robert
Breckenridge, his executors, administrators, or
assigns, the just and full sum of five hundred
dollars, on the tenth day of March, 1882, with
interest, at six per cent. per annum, payable
half-yearly from the date hereof, without fraud
or other delay, then the above obligation to
be void; otherwise, to remain in full force.
And it is hereby expressly agreed, that,
should any default be made in the payment of
the said interest, or of any part thereof, on
any day whereon the same is made payable,
as above expressed, and should the same
remain unpaid and in arrear for the space of
thirty days, then and from thenceforth—that
is to say, after the lapse of the said thirty
days—the aforesaid principal sum of five hun-
dred dollars, with all arrearages of interest
thereon, shall, at the option of the said Richard
Jones, or his executors, administrators, or
assigns, become and be due and payable
immediately thereafter, although the period
first above limited for the payment thereof
may not then have expired, anything herein-
before contained to the contrary thereof in
anywise notwithstanding.
FRANCIS GIBBONs. [SEAL.]
Executed and delivered in presence of
THOMAS PRESTON.
ROBERT STEELE.
Form of Bond, with Power of Attorney to Con-
fess Judgment.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That
Robert White, of the city of Richmond, State
of Virginia, is held and firmly bound unto
Richard Jones, of the city and State aforesaid,
in the sum of one thousand dollars, lawful
money of the United States of America, to be
paid, on the first day of March, 1882, to the
Said Richard Jones, or his certain attorney,
executors, administrators, or assigns: to which
payment well and truly to be made, his heirs,
executors, and administrators, are firmly
bound by these presents.
420
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Sealed with his seal, dated the first day of
January, 1882.
The condition of this obligation is:
That if the above bounden, Robert White, his
heirs, executors, administrators, or any of
them, shall and do well and truly pay, or
cause to be paid, unto the above-named
Richard Jones, or his attorney, executors,
administrators, or assigns, the just sum of
five hundred dollars, without any fraud or
further delay, then the above obligation to be
void, or else to be and remain in full force
and effect.
RoBERT WHITE. [SEAL.]
Sealed and delivered in the presence of
THOMAS WILSON,
HUGH BLAIR.
To George Howard, Esq., attorney of the
Circuit court, at Richmond, in the county of
Henrico, in the State of Virginia, or to any
other attorney of the said court, or of any
other court, there or elsewhere.
Whereas, Robert White, in and by a certain
obligation bearing even date herewith, does
stand bound unto Richard Jones, in the sum
of one thonsand dollars, lawful money of the
United States of America, conditioned for the
payment of a certain promissory note, dated
January 1st, 1882.
These are to desire and authorize you, or
any of you, to appear for said Robert White,
his heirs, executors, or administrators, in the
said court or elsewhere, in an action of debt,
there or elsewhere brought, or to be brought,
against me, or my heirs, executors, or admin-
istrators, at the suit of said Richard Jones,
his executors, administrators, or assigns, on
the Said obligation, as of any term or time
past, present, or any other subsequent term or
time there or elsewhere to be held, and con-
fe88 judgment thereupon against me, or my
heirs, executors, or administrators, for the
sum of five hundred dollars, debt, besides
costs of Suit, in Such manner as you shall
seem meet; and for your, or any of your, so
doing, this shall be your sufficient warrant.
And I do hereby for myself, and for my
heirs, executors, and administrators, remise,
release, and forever quit-claim unto the said
Richard Jones, or his attorney, executors,
administrators, and assigns, all and all manner
of error and errors, misprisions, misentries,
defects and imperfections whatever, in the enter-
ing of the said judgment, or any process or
proceedings thereon or thereto, or anywise
touching or concerning the same.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my
hand and Seal the first day of January, A. D.
1SS2.
ROBERT WHITE.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
ALFRED PLEASANTs.
ROBERT JOHNSON.
(SEAL.]
MIORTG. AGF.S.
A mortgage is a deed conveying real estate
to a creditor, as security for a debt. It coll-
veys the property to him as fully and abso-
lutely as though it were sold outright, with this
difference, that the debtor retains by the terms
of the deed the right to pay the debt and re-
deem the property within a specified time.
The person giving a mortgage is called the
mortgagor, the person receiving one, the mort-
gage6.
A note is generally given by the debtor, and
the mortgage is designed to secure it. In some
of the States, a bond is given in place of the
note. The words of the mortgage should state
clearly which is given.
The mortgagee has a valid title to the prop-
erty conveyed, and all the mortgagor owns in
relation to it is the right to pay the debt and
redeem the property. Hence, unless the deed
expressly stipulates that the mortgagor may
remain in possession of the the property until
the time for the payment of the debt arrives,
the mortgagee has a perfect right to enter upon
the property and take possession of it. It is,
therefore, customary to include in mortgages a
clause giving the mortgagor the right of posses-
Sion.
In former years a mortgagor lost his right to
redeem his property when the mortgage was
unpaid on the day it became due. Now, how-
ever, the law secures to him three years after
the expiration of the mortgage, in which he may
pay the debt, with interest and costs, and redeem
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
421
his property. This is called his equity of re-
demption. The mortgagor may sell his equity
of redemption, or he may mortgage it by mak-
ing a second or other subsequent mortgage of
the property, and it may be attached by cred-
itors, and would go to assignees as a part of
his property if he became insolvent.
As many persons object to lending money
upon mortgages in which this equity of re-
demption is reserved, it has become common
of late years, to include in the mortgage a
clause stipulatièg that if the money is not paid
when it is due, the mortgagee may, in a cer-
tain number of days thereafter, sell the prop-
erty (providing also such precautions to secure
a fair price as may be agreed upon), and,
reserving enough to pay his debt and charges,
pay over the balance to the mortgagor. This
is called a power of sale mortgage, and is an
arrangement sanctioned by the law. It must
be remembered, however, that the equity of
redemption exists in all mortgages which do
not contain the above express stipulation.
The three years of redemption begin on the
day on which the mortgagee forecloses the
mortgage, or, in other words, takes lawful
possession of the property. If the mortgagee
allows a dozen years to pass without foreclos-
ing, he must reckon the three years of redemp-
tion from the day of foreclosure.
In foreclosing, he must make entry upon the
property in a peacable manner, in the presence
of witnesses, or by an action at law. The mode
of procedure is governed by the laws of the
several States.
When a mortgagor wishes to redeem his
property, he must make a formal tender of the
debt due, together with interest and all lawful
charges of the mortgagee. He is entitled to
such rents or profits as the mortgagee has
actually received, or would have received had
he used due diligence in collecting them.--
It is usual for the mortgage to contain an
agreement that the mortgagor shall keep the
premises insured in a certain sum for the benefit
of the mortgagee. Where no such stipulation
is made, and the mortgagee insures the prem-
ises, he cannot recover the cost of the insurance
from the mortgagor.
Should a mortgagor erect buildings upon
mortgaged land, the mortgagee, upon taking
possession, becomes the owner of these build-
ings also. If however, the mortgagee erects
buildings upon lands on which he holds a
mortgage, the mortgagor, upon redeeming the
land, becomes the owner of Such buildings
without paying the mortgagee for them. Such
matters may, and should always, be regulated
by an agreement between the parties.
In some of the States it is usual to release
a mortgage by a quit—claim deed from the
holder of the mortgage to the holder of the
property or of the equity of redemption. An-
other common practice is for the Registrar or
Recorder of Deeds to write an acknowledgment
of satisfaction, release, or discharge, on the
margin of the record of the mortgage, which
must be signed by the mortgagee or holder of
the mortgage. Any instrument, or Writing
which plainly states that the sum or sums due
upon such mortgage have been faithfully paid,
will constitute a valid release of the mortgage.
Such instrument must be duly signed, sealed,
and recorded. A release of a mortgage takes
effect from the time it is placed in the hands
of the Recorder of Deeds, whose duty it is to
record in a book kept for that purpose all
proper releases or discharges, or satisfactions
of this kind.
Form of Mortgage in General Use.
THIS INDENTURE, Made the first day of Janu-
ary, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and eighty-two, between Henry A.
Steele, merchant, of the city of Richmond, State
of Virginia, and Mary, his wife, of the one part,
hereinafter called the mortgagor, and Alfred
Howard, banker, of the city and State aforesaid,
hereinafter called the mortgagee, of the other
part.
WHEREAs, The said mortgagor seized of, or
Well entitled to, the inheritance in fee-simple, of
and in the lands and premises hereinafter de-
scribed and released; and having occasion to bor-
row, and take up at interest, the sum of ten
thousand dollars, has applied to and requested
the said mortgagee to lend and advance to him
the same, which he, the said mortgagee, has
agreed to do, on having the re-payment thereof
secured to him by a mortgage of the said lands,
tenements, and hereditaments, in manner here-
inafter mentioned.
422
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Now THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETH, That in
pursuance of the said agreement, and in con-
sideration of the sum of ten thousand dollars
to the said mortgagor in hand paid by the said
mortgagee at or immediately before the seal-
ing and delivery of these presents, the receipt
whereof the said mortgagor does hereby acknowl-
edge, and of and from the same, and every
part thereof, does acquit, release, and discharge
the said mortgagee, his heirs, executors, admin-
istrators, and assigns, and every of them,
forever, by these presents, he, the said mort-
gagor, has granted, aliened, released and
confirmed, and by these presents does grant,
alien, release, and confirm (and the said Mary
Steele, wife of the said Robert Steele, doth
hereby release all her right of dower) unto the
said Mortgagee, Alfred Howard, his heirs and
assigns, all that tract, piece, and parcel of land,
hereditaments and premises, situate, lying and
being—
[Here insert a careful and accurate description
of the property.]
ToGETHER, with all houses, buildings, rights,
members, and appurtenances thereunto belong-
ing, or in anywise appertaining; and all the
estate, right, title, claim, and demand of the
said mortgagor in, to, or upon the said lands
and hereditaments, or any part thereof.
To HAVE AND TO HOLD the said lands, tene-
ments, hereditaments, and premises hereby
released, or intended so to be, with their
appurtenances, unto the said mortgagee, his
heirs and assigns, to the only proper use of the
said mortgagee, his heirs and assigns, forever.
SUBJECT, NEVERTHELESS, to the proviso for
redemption hereinafter contained; that is to
say, provided that if the Said mortgagor, his
heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns,
shall pay unto the said mortgagee, Alfred HOW-
ard, his executors, administrators, or assigns, the
full sum of ten thousand dollars of lawful
money of the United States, without any abate-
ment whatever, then these presents shall cease,
and be void to all intents and purposes what-
€Ver.
And the said mortgagor, his heirs, executors
and administrators, covenant with the said
mortgagee, his executors, and administrators,
that he, the said mortgagor, his heirs, executors,
or administrators, shall and Will pay, or cause
to be paid unto the said mortgagee, his execu-
tors, administrators, or assigns, the said prin-
cipal sum of ten thousand dollars and interest,
at the times and in the manner hereinbefore
appointed for payment thereof, without any
deduction or abatement whatever, according to
the true intent and meaning of these presents.
And also shall and will, during so long as
the said sum of ten thousand dollars, or any
part thereof shall remain due on security of these
presents, pay, or cause to be paid, to the said
mortgagee, his executors, administrators, or
assigns, interest for the said sum of ten thou-
sand dollars, or for so much thereof as for the
time being shall remain unpaid, after the rate
of seven per centum per annum, on the first
day of January in every year.
And also that he, the said mortgagor, now
has in him a good right to grant, release, and
convey the hereditaments hereby released, unto
the said mortgagee, his heirs and assigns, in
manner aforesaid, according to the true intent
and meaning of these presents.
And further, that it shall and may be law-
ful to and for the said mortgagee, his heirs
and assigns, after default shall be made in pay-
ment of said sum of ten thousand dollars and
interest, or any part thereof respectively, con-
trary to the proviso hereinbefore contained,
peaceably to enter upon the said hereditaments,
and to hold and enjoy the same, without any
interruption, claim, or demand whatsoever.
And, morever, that he, the said mortgagor,
and his heirs, and all persons whatsoever, hav-
ing any estate or interest in the premises, shall
and will at all times hereafter, during the con-
tinuance of said sum of ten thousand dollars
and interest, or any part thereof, on this
security, upon every reasonable request of the
said mortgagee, his executors, administrators,
assigns, but at the costs and charges of the
said mortgagor, his heirs, executors and admin-
istrators, make and execute and perfect all
such further conveyances and assurances in
the law whatsoever, for the further and bet-
ter conveying and assuring the said heredita-
ments hereby released, unto and to the use of
the said mortgagee, his heirs and assigns;
subject to the said proviso, according to the
true intent and meaning of these presents, as
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
423
by the said mortgagee, his heirs and assigns,
or his or their counsel in the law, shall be
reasonably desired or advised and required,
and tendered to be made and executed.
AND IT IS HEREBY FURTHER PROVIDED, agreed
and declared, by and between the said parties
to these presents, that if default shall be made
in payment of the said sum of ten thousand
dollars, or the interest thereof, or any part
thereof respectively, at the times hereinbefore
appointed for payment of the same respectively,
then and in any of such cases, and when and
so often as any such default shall be made,
the whole amount of the said principal money
shall, notwithstanding any provision or condition
of this mortgage to the contrary, immediately
fall due and become payable, and it shall be
lawful for the said mortgagee, his executors,
administrators, or assigns, at any time or times
after such default shall have been so made,
without any further consent on the part of the
Said mortgagor, his heirs and assigns (without
prejudice, however, to the right of the said
mortgagee, his heirs and assigns, to foreclose
the equity of redemption, or to maintain any
action under the covenants hereinbefore con-
tained), to make sale and dispose of the said
messuages, land, and other hereditaments and
premises hereinbefore granted and released, or
expressed or intended so to be, or any part or
parts thereof, either together or in parcels, and
either by public auction or private contract,
with full power upon any such sale or sales to
make any stipulations as to title or otherwise,
which he or the purchaser shall deem neces-
sary; and also with full power to buy in the
said hereditaments and premises, or any part
or parts thereof, at any Sale or sales by pub-
lic auction, or to rescind any contract or
contracts for the sale of the same heredita-
ments and premises, or any part or parts
thereof, and to re-sell the same hereditaments
and premises which shall have been so bought
in, or as to which any contract or contracts
for sale shall have been rescinded as aforesaid,
without being responsible for any loss which
may be occasioned thereby.
And, for the purposes aforesaid, or any
of them, it shall be lawful for the said mort-
gagee, his executors, administrators, or assigns,
to make and execute, or cause to be made and
executed, all such agreements, deeds, convey-
ances and assurances as he or his executors,
administrators or assigns, shall think fit.
And it is hereby also agreed and declared,
that upon any sale or sales which shall be
made under the power of Sale hereinbefore con-
tained by the executors or administrators of
the said mortgagee or by any other person or per-
sons who may not be seized of the legal estate
in the hereditaments and premises to be sold,
the heirs of the said mortgagee, or any other
person or persons in whom the legal estate of
the same hereditaments and premises, or any
part thereof, shall be vested, shall make such con-
veyances and assurances of the same, for the
purpose of carrying the sale thereof into effect,
as the person or persons by whom the same
shall be made shall direct.
PROVIDED ALso, and it is bereby agreed and
declared, that the said mortgagee, his execu-
tors, administrators, or assigns, shall not
execute the power of sale hereinbefore contained
(if the sale or sales thereunder be by public auc-
tion) unless and until he or they shall have
first given four weeks’ notice of such sale, by
publishing such notice at least once in every
week for four successive weeks, in Some news-
paper published in the city of Richmond, Vir-
ginia.
PROVIDED, ALso, and it is hereby further agreed
and declared, that upon any sale purporting
to be made in pursuance of the aforesaid power
in that behalf, the purchaser or purchasers
therof shall not be bound to see or inquire
whether either of these cases mentioned in the
clause or provision lastly hereinbefore contained
has happended, or whether any money remains
due on the security of these presents, or other-
wise, as to the propriety or regularity of such
sale; and notwithstanding any impropriety or
irregularity whatsoever in any such sale, the
same shall, as far as regards the safety and
protection of the purchaser or purchasers
thereat, be deemed and taken to be within the
aforesaid power in that behalf, and to be valid
and effectual accordingly, and the remedy of
the said mortgagor, his heirs or assigns, in
respect of any breach of the clause or pro-
vision lastly hereinbefore contained, shall be in
damages only.
424
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
And it is hereby also agreed and declared,
that, upon arry such sale as aforesaid, the
receipt or receipts in writing of the said mort-
gagee, his executors, administrators, or assigns,
for the purchase-money of the hereditaments
and premises to be sold, shall be an effectual
discharge or effectual discharges to the pur-
chaser or purchasers for the money therein
respectively expressed to be received, and that
Such purchaser or purchasers, after payment of
all or a part of the purchase-money, shall not
be concerned to see to the application of such
money, or be answerable for any loss, misap-
plication, or non-application thereof.
And it is hereby further agreed and declared
that the said mortgagee, his executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, shall hold all and singular
the moneys which shall arise from any sale
which shall be made in pursuance of the afore-
said power in that behalf, upon the trusts
following; that is to say, upon trust in the first
place by, with, and out of the same moneys,
to reimburse himself or themselves, and to pay
or discharge all the costs and expenses attend-
ing such sale or sales, or otherwise to be incurred
in or about the exercise of the said power of
sale or in anywise relating thereto; and, in the
next place, upon trust to apply such moneys
in or towards satisfaction of all and singular
the moneys which for the time being shall be
due on the security of these presents, and them
upon trust to pay the surplus (if any) of the
said moneys unto the said mortgagor, his heirs
or assigns, for his and their proper use and
benefit.
And it is hereby also agreed and declared
that the aforesaid power of Sale shall and may
be exercised by any person or persons who for
the time being shall be entitled to receive and
give a discharge for the moneys which for the
time being shall be due on the Security of these
presents.
PROVIDED ALWAYS, and it is hereby agreed and
declared, that the said mortgagee, his execu-
tors, administrators, or assigns, shall not be
answerable nor accountable for any involuntary
losses which may happen in or about the exer-
cise or execution of the aforesaid power or
trusts, or any of them.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties above men-
tioned have hereunto subscribed their names
and affixed their seals to two copies thereof,
interchangeably at Richmond, Virginia, on the
first day of January, in the year of our Lord
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.
HENRY A. STEELE. [SEAL.]
MARY STEELE. [SEAL.]
ALFRED HowARD. [SEAL.]
Executed and interchanged in presence of
LAWRENCE WHITE.
THOMAS LACEY.
$10,000.
RECEIVED, on the day of the date of the with-
in-Written indenture, from the within-named
mortgagee, the sum of ten thousand dollars,
being the consideration expressed in the same
indenture, to be paid by him to the within-
named mortgagor.
THOMAS A. STEELE. [SEAL.]
Witness:
LAWRENCE WHITE.
THOMAS LACEY.
THIS DEED was acknowledged before me by
Mary Steele, therein named, apart from her
husband, to have been voluntarily executed by
her, and that she was aware of the nature of
the contents thereof. ALFRED LANE,
J. P. for Henrico County.
Dated this first day of January, A. D. 1882.
Chattel Mortgages.
A chattel mortgage is a mortgage given upon
personal property for the purpose of Securing a
creditor. Formerly, if the mortgagor remained
in possession of the property, it was doubtful
whether the mortgagee held a valid security.
Now, however, in most of the States, the mort-
gagor may retain the property and the mortgagee
is fully secured by recording the mortgage,
according to the provisions of the statutes of
the State in which it is made.
All chattel mortgages should contain a clause
providing for the equity of redemption. The
average period allowed for redemption is sixty
days. This right may be waived by including
in the mortgage a power of sale clause.
The mortgagee may transfer the mortgage to
another party for a valuable consideration, but
property thus mortgaged cannot be seized or
sold until the period for which the mortgage
was given has expired.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
425
Chattel Mortgage, With Power of Sale.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I,
John F. Thomas, of the city of Wilmington,
State of Delaware, in consideration of five hun-
dred dollars to me paid by Henry A. Davis, of
the city and State aforesaid, the receipt of
which is hereby acknowledged, do hereby grant,
bargain, and sell unto the said Heury A. Davis,
and his assigns, forever, the following goods
and chattels, to-wit :
[Here insert an accurate list of the articles mort-
gaged, giving a full description of each.]
To HAVE AND TO Hold, All and singular the
said goods and chattels unto the mortgagee
herein, and his assigns, to their sole use and
behoof forever. And the mortgagor herein, for
himself and for his heirs, executors, and admin-
istrators, does hereby covenant to and with the
said mortgagee and his assigns, the said mort-
gagor is lawfully possessed of the said goods
and chattels, as of his own property; that the
same are free from all incumbrances, and that
he will warrant and defend the same to him,
the said mortgagee and his assigns, against the
lawful claims and demands of all persons.
PROVIDED, NEVERTHELESS, that if the said
mortgagor shall pay to the mortgagee, on the
tenth day of May, in the year 1882, the sum
of five hundred dollars, then this mortgage is
to be void, otherwise to remain in full force
and effect.
AND PROVIDED FURTHER, That until default be
made by the said mortgagor in the performance
of the condition aforesaid, it shall and may be
lawful for him to retain the possession of the
said goods and chattels, and to use and enjoy
the same; but if the same or any part thereof
shall be attached or claimed by any other per-
son or persons at any time before payment, or
the said mortgagor, or any person or persons
whatever, upon any pretense, shall attempt to
carry off, conceal, make way with, sell, or in
any manner dispose of the same or any part
thereof, without the authority and permission of
the said mortgagee, or his executors, adminis-
trators, or assigns, in Writing expressed, then it
shall and may be lawful for the said mortgagee,
with or without assistance, or his agent or at-
torney, or his executors,
administrators, or
assigns, to take possession of Said goods and
chattels, by entering upon any premises wherever
the same may be, whether in this county or
State, or elsewhere, to and for the use of said
mortgagee or his assigns. And if the moneys
hereby secured, or the matters to be done or
performed, as above specified, are not duly paid,
done or performed at the time and according
to the conditions above set forth, then the said
mortgagee, or his attorney or agent, or his
executors, administrators, or assigns, may by
virtue hereof, and without any suit or process,
immediately enter and take possession of said
goods and chattels, and sell and dispose of the
same at public or private sale, and after Satis-
fying the amount due, and all expenses, the
surplus, if any remain, shall be paid over to
Said mortgagor or his assigns.
The exhibition of this mortgage shall be
sufficient proof that any person claiming to act
for the mortgagee is duly made, constituted, and
appointed agent and attorney to do whatever
is above authorized.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said mortgagor
has hereunto set his hand and seal this tenth
day of May, in the year of our Lord, one thou-
sand, eight hundred and eighty-two.
JoBN F. THOMAs.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
WILLIAM WISE.
HARRISON Wool. }
STATE of DELAWARE, | SS
|SEAL.]
SUSSEx County.
This mortgage was acknowledged before me
by J. F. Thomas, this tenth day of May, A.
D., 1882. ANDREW WHITE, J. P.
IDEEIDS.
In former times, any writing signed or sealed
was termed a deed. Now, the law confines the
meaning to instruments for the sale of land.
In this country, no lands can be transferred
excepting by a deed, which must be properly
signed, Sealed, witnessed, acknowledged, delivered
and recorded. In some of the States, seals are
not necessary to the validity of a deed.
A deed should be written or printed on parch-
ment, as paper is more perishable in character.
426
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
The person making the deed is called the
grantor; the person in whose favor the deed
is made is called the grantee.
The deed should be signed by the grantor
With his full name, written clearly in ink of
the best quality. A person accepting a deed
signed with a lead pencil places his rights in
jeopardy. If the grantor cannot write his name,
he may make his mark.
The name of the grantee should be written
clearly, and with good ink, in the proper place
in the deed.
In the States which require a seal, great care
must be given to see that only those recognized
in law are used. Strictly speaking, a seal is a
piece of paper wafered on, or a piece of seal-
ing-wax pressed on the paper. In the New
England States and in New York, the law does
not acknowledge any other kind. In the South-
ern and Western States, the written word Seal,
with a scrawl around it, placed after the signa-
ture constitutes a legal seal.
A deed must be delivered in order to render it
valid. There is no special form necessary to con-
stitute a proper delivery. If the deed comes into
the possession of the grantee with the knowledge
and consent of the grantor, however it may
have been gotten possession of, it is a valid
delivery. If a man makes a deed and fails to
deliver it, and dies with it in his possession,
the deed is of no effect whatever. A deed to a
married woman may be delivered either to her
or to her husband.
Some of the States require that deeds shall
be attested by two witnesses. New York re-
quires but one. Other States do not require
any witnesses; but in all cases a deed ought
to be witnessed by at least two persons, whether
the law requires it or not. It is best to have
adult witnesses; but minors may act in the
capacity if they be of sound mind. The witness
must have no interest in the deed. For this
reason a wife cannot witness her husband's
signature.
As a general rule, deeds are valid between
parties even when not acknowledged. It is
always best to have them acknowledged, how-
ever, as an unacknowledged deed cannot be
recorded. The acknowledgment must be made
before a person authorized by law to receive it.
In some places a deed may be acknowled by
either of the grantors, but the old custom of
acknowledgment by all the grantors is the safest
as Well as the most general. Where a wife
joins with her husband in conveying away her
land, or does so separately, a particular form
and mode of acknowledgment is generally re-
quired to show that she acted without undue
influence from him, and of her own free will.
It is the duty of the justice taking the ac-
knowledgement to state in his certificate exactly
how it was made before him.
> A deed must be recorded to be valid: That
is, the grantee must deliver it to the Recorder
of Deeds, or other official appointed by law for
that purpose, who must cause it to be copied
in fuli in a book kept in his office for that
purpose. A deed is regarded as recorded from the
moment it is placed in the hands of this officer,
and he generally writes upon it the year, month,
day, hour, and minute when he received it.
Deeds should be presented for record at the
earliest possible moment. Sometimes the own-
ership to the land conveyed may depend upon
the exact minute at which the deed was deliv-
ered for record./ This system of recording deeds
enables a person to trace the title to a property
with absolute certainty.
All erasures or additions to a deed should be
noted at the end of it, and properly witnessed.
Any such change without being thus provided
for renders the deed null and void.
In order to make a valid deed, the grantor
must be the true and lawful owner of the prop-
erty; must be of legal age; and must be of
sound mind.
A deed takes effect, as between the parties,
from the moment of its delivery. It takes effect
as against the creditors of the grantor from the
moment of its delivery for record.
The land conveyed in the deed should be
accurately described, no pains being spared in
this respect. In this country it is the usual
custom to refer to the previous deeds by which
the grantor obtained his title. This is done by
describing them, their parties, date, and book,
and page of registry. A deed thus described
in a deed, becomes, for most purposes in law,
a part of the deed referring.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
A deed should convey land to the grantee
and his heirs. Deeds conveying land to the
grantee only, limit his title to his life, and he
cannot leave lands thus acquired to his heirs;
nor can he dispose of it during his life.
Quit-Claim Deed–Simple Form.
THIS INDENTURE, Made the first day of
January, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and eighty-two, between John
Hughes, merchant, of the town of Westchester,
State of Pennsylvania, of the first part, and
Albert Nicholas, farmer, of the town and State
aforesaid, of the second part, witnesseth, that
the said party of the first part, for and in
consideration of the sum of five thousand dol-
lars, lawful money of the United States of
America, to him in hand paid by the said
party of the second part, at or before the
enSealing and delivery of these presents, the
receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, has
remised, released, and quitclaimed, and by
these presents does remise, release, and quit-
claim, unto the said party of the second part,
and to his heirs and assigns, forever, all—
[Here insert a minute and accurate description
of the lands or property granted.
ToGETHER with all and singular the tene-
ments, hereditaments, and appurtenances thereto
belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the
reversion and reversions, remainder and re-
mainders, rents, issues, and profits thereof.
And also all the estate, right, title, interest,
property, possession, claim, and demand whatso-
ever, as well in law as in equity, of the said
party of the first part, of, in, or to the above
described premises, and every part and parcel
thereof with the appurtenances. To have and
to hold all and singular the above-mentioned
and described premises, together with the ap-
purtenances, unto the said party of the second
part, and his heirs and assigns forever.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said party of the
first part has hereunto set his hand and seal
the day and year first above written.
JoHN HUGHEs.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
HENRY THOMPson.
FREDERICK WAITE.
[SEAL.]
STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, SS
County of CHESTER. tº
On this first day of January, in the year
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two,
before me personally came John Hughes, who
is known by me to be the individual described
in, and who executed the foregoing, instrument,
and acknowledged that he executed the same.
THOMAS W. JACKSON, J. P. [SEAL.]
Deed, with Warranty.
THIS INDENTURE, Made this first day of
January, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and eighty-two, between Thomas
Jonathan Jackson, and Mary Jackson, wife of
the said Thomas Jonathan Jackson, of the
county of Ohio, State of West Virginia, parties
of the first part, and Henry Highland Garnett,
of the county and State aforesaid, party of the
second part.
WITNESSETH, That the said parties of the
first part, for and in consideration of the sum
of ten thousand dollars, lawful money of the
United States, to them paid by the said party
of the second part, the receipt of which is
hereby acknowledged, do by these presents
grant, bargain, and sell unto the said party of
the second part, and his heirs and assigns, the
following described tract or parcel of land,
situate in—
[Here insert a full and minute description of the
land or property granted.]
ToGETHER with all and singular the tene-
ments, hereditaments, and appurtenances thereto
belonging, or in anywise appertaining, and the
reversion and reversions, remainder and remain-
ders, rents, issues and profits thereof; and
also all the estate, right, title, interest property,
possession, claim, and demand whatsoever, as
well in law as in equity, of the said parties of
the first part, of, in, or to the above-deseribed
premises, and every part and parcel thereof,
with the appurtenances. To have and to hold
all and singular the above-mentioned and
described premises, together with the appur-
tenances, unto the said party of the second
part and his heirs and assigns forever.
428
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
And the said Thomas Jonathan Jackson and
Mary Jackson, the said parties of the first
part, hereby expressly waive, release and relin-
quish unto the said party of the second part,
and his heirs, executors, administrators, and
assigns, all right, title, claim, interest, and
benefit whatever, in and to the above-described
premises, and each and every part thereof,
which is given by or results from all laws of
this State pertaining to the exemption of home-
steads.
And the said parties of the first part, for
themselves and their heirs, executors, and
administrators, do hereby covenant, promise,
and agree to and with the said party of the
second part, his heirs and assigns, that the
said premises against the claim of all persons,
claiming or to claim by, through or under
them only, they will forever warrant and
defend.
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, The said parties of
the first part have hereunto set their hands
and seals the day first above written.
THOMAS JoNATHAN JACKSON.
MARY JACKSON.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
WALTER HICKs.
ALFRED HOLLIDAY.
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA, $3
County of OHIO. º
[SEAL.]
[SEAL.]
I, Francis Walker, Justice of the Peace, in
and for said county, in the State aforesaid, do
hereby certify that Thomas Jonathan Jackson,
personally known to me as the same person
whose name is subscribed to the annexed deed,
appeared before me this day in person, and
acknowledged that he signed, sealed, and
delivered the Said instrument of writing, as his
free and voluntary act, for the uses and pur-
poses therein set forth.
And the said Mary Jackson, wife of the said
Thomas J. Jackson, having been by me examined
separate and apart and out of the hearing of
her husband, and the contents and meaning
of the said instrument of writing having been
by me fully made known and explained to her,
and she also by me being fully informed of
her right under the Homestead Laws of this
State, acknowledged that she had freely and
voluntarily executed the Same, and relinquished
her dower to the lands and tenements therein
mentioned, and also all her rights and advan-
tages under and by virtue of all laws of this
State relating to the exemption of homesteads,
Without compulsion of her said husband, and
that she does not wish to retract the same.
Given under my hand and official seal this
first day of January, A. D. 1882.
THOMAS HUBBELL, J. P. [SEAL.]
Deed of Gift, without Warranty.
THIS INDENTURE, Made the first day of March,
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and eighty-two, between Henry A.
Wilson, merchant, of the city of Baltimore,
State of Maryland, of the first part, and
Thomas Henry Wilson, attorney-at-law, of the
city and State aforesaid, of the second part.
WITNESSETH, That the said Henry A. Wilson,
as well for and in consideration of the love
and affection which he has and bears towards the
said Thomas Henry Wilson, as for the sum of
one dollar, lawful money of the United States,
to him in hand paid by the said party of the
second part, at , or before the ensealing and
delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof
is hereby acknowledged, has given, granted,
aliened, enfeoffed, released, conveyed, and
confirmed, and by these presents does give,
grant, alien, enfeoff, release, convey, and con-
firm unto the said party of the second part
and his heirs and assigns forever, all—
[Here insert a minute and carefully prepared de-
seription of the property granted, and refer by
volume and page to the deed of the property to the
grantor, under which he holds it.)
ToGETHER with all and singular the tenements,
hereditaments, and appurtenances thereunto be-
longing or in anywise appertaining, and the
reversion and reversions, remainder and remain-
ders, rents, issues and profits thereof. And
also, all the estate, right, title, interest, prop-
erty, possession, claim, and demand whatsoever,
of the said party of the first part, of, in, and
to the same, and every part and parcel thereof,
with their and every of their appurtenances.
To have and to hold the said hereby granted
and described premises, and every part and
parcel thereof, with the appurtenances, unto the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
429
said party of the second part, and his heirs and
assigns, to his and their only proper use, benefit,
and behoof forever.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said party of the
first part has hereunto set his hand and seal
the day and year first above written.
HENRY A. WILSON, [SEAL.]
Sealed and delivered in presence of
ROBERT RICHARDSON.
OWEN C. Owens.
The Rights and Duties of Landlords and Tenants.
A landlord is the owner of real estate who
hires or lets his property to another person for
a valuable consideration. The person who oc-
cupies rented property is called the tenant.
The agreement between the landlord and the
tenant, stating the terms upon which the latter
occupies the property, is called a lease. The
person granting the lease is called in law the
lessor; the person to whom the lease is made
is known as the lessee.
Leases should be written. No particular form
of words is essential, but the lease should state
in the clearest manner the terms and condi-
tions of the agreement, so that nothing may be
left to dispute between the landlord and tenant.
The law does not recognize verbal promises as
binding. Therefore the lease must state explic-
3tly all the covenants between the parties.
No matter how bad the condition of a house,
the landlord is under no legal obligation to
make the necessary repairs, unless he sees fit
to do so. The lease should therefore contain a
clause providing for the necessary repairs.
Under an ordinary lease, should the house be
destroyed by fire, the tenant must continue to
pay the rent, because the law looks upon the
land as the principal thing leased, and the house
as merely Secondary. So also, if the tenant
agrees to “return and redeliver the house at
the end of the term, in good order and condi-
tion, reasonable wear and tear excepted,” he is
bound by this agreement to rebuild the house
should it be destroyed by fire. At present all
well-drawn leases provide that the rent shall
cease in case the house shall be destroyed or
rendered uninhabitable by fire or any other
unavoidable calamity. A similar clause is
also inserted with regard to the return of the
house. Such a clause in a lease relieves the
tenant of the obligation to rebuild the house,
even though it should be burned through his
own carelessness or that of his servants.
Where the landlord desires to prevent his
tenant from subletting a part or the whole of the
premises, he must provide for it in the lease.
A person holding a lease which does not con-
tain this prohibition can sublet at his pleasure.
The lease should definitely state the period
for which it is given. If no time is specified,
the tenant can hold the property for one year,
but no longer. A tenant-at-will cannot vacate
the property without giving notice of his inten-
tion, nor can he be put out without being given
notice of the landlord's desire to regain pos-
Session of the property. The laws in the various
States are quite uniform as to the time of no-
tice required. If the rent be payable quarterly,
three months' notice must be given. If it be
payable at more frequent periods, then the no-
tice must equal in length the period of the
payment. If the rent is payable monthly, a
month's notice is sufficient; if weekly, a week's
notice will answer.
A lease given for a specified time, as one
year, expires at the end of that time, and the
tenant may leave without giving notice, or the
landlord may put him out without notice.
A lease should be recorded, whether the law
requires it or not. Such record binds a subse-
quent purchaser of the property to assume all
the obligations of the former landlord as ex-
pressed in the lease.
A lease should be drawn in duplicate, and
each party to it should retain a copy.
Where a tenant is induced through the willful
misrepresentations of a landlord to lease prop-
erty, and thereby suffers loss or inconvenience,
he can deduct the amount of his damages from
the rent, and the landlord is bound to bear
the loss.
A landlord, in accepting a new tenant in
place of the original holder of the lease, can-
cels by this act the original lease.
A tenant is not bound to make repairs unless
he agrees to do so. The landlord can, how-
ever, require him to keep the roof and the
windows in good order, so as to protect the
house from injury by rain.
430
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
A tenant is not bound to pay the taxes on
the property he occupies, unless he expressly
agrees to do so.
In case a lease contains a clause forbidding
a tenant to sublet the property, and the tenant,
in spite of this, does sublet it, the landlord
may either hold the tenant for the rent and
for such damages as he may sustain by such
Subletting, or he may enter upon the property
and take possession of it, and terminate the
lease. He may avail himself of either remedy,
but not of both.
When the rent is in arrear, a brief notice to
Quit may be given, The average period in the
Several States is fourteen days. It must specify
the day on which the tenant must leave.
A tenant of a farm is bound to cultivate the
land in the ordinary way required by good and
careful husbandry and the custom of the neigh-
borhood in which the farm is located. Any
departure from such customs should be stipu-
lated for in the lease.
If the lease of a farm is terminated by any
event which the tenant could not foresee or
control, he is entitled to the annual crop which
he sowed while the lease was running.
Should the tenant purchase the property be-
fore the expiration of the lease, such purchase
terminates the lease, as it vests him with all
the former owner's rights.
A tenant is responsible for any injury a
stranger may sustain by reason of his failure
to keep the premises in good condition; as, by
not keeping the covers of his vaults sufficiently
closed so that a person walking in the street
falls through or is injured thereby. If he re-
pairs or improves the building, he must make
such provision as will ensure the safety of the
passers-by, or he is responsible for such inju-
ries as they may suffer in consequence of his
neglect.
Should a person lease a house and use it for
immoral purposes, he forfeits the lease by such
act.
All improvements of a permanent character
made by the tenant upon property leased by
him become the property of the landlord, and
cannot be removed. Fences, out-houses, etc.,
are regarded as belonging to the land, no mat-
ter who puts them there. There are things,
however, that a tenant can add, and afterwards
remove. The general rule is that the tenant
may remove whatever he has placed upon the
property that can be taken away, leaving the
premises in as good condition as when he re-
ceived them. Among these are ornamental
chimney-pieces, coffee-mills, cornices screwed
on, furnaces, fire-frames, stoves, iron backs to
chimneys, looking-glasses, pumps, gates, rails
and posts, out-buildings set on blocks and not
fixed in the ground.
Form of Lease in General Use.
THIS AGREEMENT WITNESSETH, That Robert
A. Walker doth hereby let unto Thomas W.
Green, the dwelling and lot of ground thereunto
belonging, situate on High street, Germantown,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for the term of one
year, from the tenth of April, Anno Domini
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two, at
the rent of one thousand dollars per annum,
payable in equal portions on the tenth day of
each and every month during Said term ; and
the said lessee doth hereby bind himself, his
heirs, executors, and administrators, and cove-
nant and promise to pay to the said lessor, his
heirs, or assigns, the said rent, in proportions
and at the times aforesaid; and the said lessee,
his executors, and administrators, shall and will
not at any time during the said term, let or
demise, or in any manner dispose of the hereby
demised premises, or any part thereof, for all
or any part of the term hereby granted, to any
person or persons whatever, nor occupy nor
use the same in any other manner than as a
dwelling for his family, without the consent and
approbation in writing of the said lessor, his
heirs, or assigns, first had for that purpose;
and at the expiration of Said term, shall yield
up and surrender possession of the said prem-
ises, with appurtenances, unto the said lessor,
his heirs, or assigns, in the same good order
and condition as the same now are, reasonable
wear and tear thereof, and accidents by fire
and other casualties excepted; and the said
lessee, his executors, and administrators, do
hereby agree that all the personal property on
the premises shall be liable to distress; and
also all personal property, if removed there-
from, shall, for thirty days after such removal,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
431
be liable to distress, and may be destrained and
sold for rent in arrear; the said lessee, his
executors and administrators, hereby waiving
all right to the benefit of any laws now made,
or hereafter to be made, exempting personal
property from levy and sale for arrears of rent;
and if the said lessee shall in any particular
violate any one of his said promises, or fail to
comply with any of the conditions of this lease,
or notice given under the terms hereof, then the
said lessor may cause a notice to be left on the
premises, of his intention to determine this
lease; and at the expiration of ten days from
the time of leaving such notice this lease shall
absolutely determine, and said lessor may
re-enter on the demised premises, or proceed
to recover possession of the same by legal
means, and in the same manner and with the
same remedies as if legal notice to quit had
been given three months previously. It is fur.
ther agreed, that, in case the said lessee shall
hold over and remain in possession of said
premises after the expiration of said term, then
the said lessee shall be considered a tenant for
another year upon the same terms and condi-
tions as are above specified, and so on from
year to year until legal notice is given for re-
moval.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said Robert A.
Walker and Thomas W. Green have hereunto
set their hands and Seals this tenth day of April,
Anno Domini 1882.
ROBERT A. WALKER.
THOMAS W. GREEN.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
ROBERT WHITwo RTH.
Joseph ASHMEAD.
[SEAL.]
[SEAL.]
Form of Lease Generally Used in the Western
States.
THIS INDENTURE, Made this first day of May,
1882, between David Flint, of the city of Rich-
mond, State of Indiana, party of the first part,
and Alexander Holmes, of the city and State
aforesaid.
WITNESSETH, That the said party of the first
part, in consideration of the covenants of the
said party of the second part, hereinafter set
forth, do by these presents lease to the said
party of the Second part the following described
.*
property, to-wit: the brick dwelling and certain
parcel of land, situated on the south side of
Church street, between Ninth and Tenth streets,
and known as No. 920 Church street.
To HAVE AND To Hold the same to the said
party of the second part, from the first day of
May, 1882, to the first day of May, 1883. And
the said party of the second part, in considera-
tion of the leasing the premises as above set
forth, covenants and agrees with the party of the
first part to pay the said party of the first part, as
rent for the same, the sum of six hundred dollars,
payable as follows, to-wit : in equal sums of fifty
dollars on the first day of each and every
month, payable at the residence or place of
business of the said party of the first part.
The said party of the second nart further
covenants with the said party of the first part
that at the expiration of the time mentioned in
this lease, peaceable possession of the said
premises shall be given to said party of the
first part, in as good condition as they now
are, the usual wear, inevitable accidents, and
loss by fire excepted ; and that upon the non-
payment of the whole or any portion of the
said rent at the time when the same is above
promised to be paid, the said party of the first
part may, at his election, either distrain for
said rent due, or declare this lease at an end,
and recover possession as if the same was held
by forcible detainer; the said party of the
second part hereby waiving any notice of such
election, or any demand for the possession of
said premises.
The covenants herein shall extend to and be
binding upon the heirs, executors, and admin-
istrators of the partes to this lease.
Witness the hands and seals of the parties
aforesaid.
DAVID FLINT.
ALEXANDER HOLMEs.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
LSEAL.]
[SEAL.]
JAMES THOMAs. !
WILLIAM MILLER. '
Form of Lease of a Farm and Buildings.
THIS AGREEMENT, Made this first day of Jan.
uary, 1882, between Roger Sherman, of Chester
county, State of Pennsylvania, party of the
432
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
first part, and Truman Dodson, of the county
and State aforesaid, party of the second part.
WITNESSETH, That the said Roger Sherman
lets, and the said Truman Dodson agrees to
take and hold of him as tenant, all that parcel
of land, with the buildings and improvements
appertaining and belonging to it, situate—
[Here insert an accurate and careful descrip-
tion of the property.]
From the first day of February next ensuing,
upon the terms following, that is to say:
Said tenant shall be deemed a tenant from
year to year;
That said tenant enter and take possession
of said premises on the first day of February
next ;
That either party may determine the tenancy
by a notice in writing, three months before the
expiration of any year from the first day of
February next preceding;
That said tenant shall go out of possession
at the expiration or determination of his term ;
That the rent of said premises shall be five
hundred dollars per annum, payable in half-
yearly payments on, etc., and on, etc., without
deduction on account of any tax or assessment
now in existence or hereafter to be imposed,
except, etc., which is to be paid by the said
Truman Dodson;
That the said tenant agrees to cause the fol-
lowing repairs to be made, viz., [Here state the
repairs agreed upon,) and to keep the buildings
in tenantable repair;
That said tenant agrees to keep the gates and
fences in good repair, said tenant finding rough
timber or fencing stuff;
That said tenant shall not lop or cut any
oak, etc., on the estate, except such as have
usually been lopped, and those only to be used
for making and repairing the fences to the
estate, etc.;
That said tenant shall not mow any grass or
meadow land above once in any one year of
his tenancy, and if he breaks up any old
meadow or old pasture land, unless with the
said landlord's consent, in Writing, then he
shall pay the further yearly rent of three dol-
lars for every acre So broken up, and after
that rate for any part of an acre;
That said tenant may crop the arable land
in each year as follows, viz, ; one equal third
part thereof with wheat or barley, one other
equal third part with beams, peas, clover, or
Oats, etc., and the remaining third part to lie
in fallow ;
That said land shall not be cropped with
Wheat twice, or barley twice, in any period of
three years;
That said tenant shall use and consume on
the farm all hay and straw made and grown
thereon ;
That said tenant shall use and spread dung
and manure arising or made on the farm, in
Such manner as that every acre in tillage of
the farm aforesaid may be well manured once
in every three years of his tenancy, except
that all hay and wheat straw on the farm
unconsumed at the expirtion of the tenancy
may be purchased by the landlord or succeed-
ing tenant, at a fair valuation by two indiffer-
ent persons, one to be named by each party.
That said tenant shall leave on the premises,
without compensation, not only all lent and
white straw arising upon or from the premises
and remaining unconsumed thereon at the expi-
ration of his tenancy, but also all dung and
munure arising or made on the farm, and then
remaining unconsumed;
That said tenant shall keep clean, by well
hoeing, twice at least, and weeding all the
land whilst cropped with beans, peas, clover,
etc.;
That said tenant shall endeavor to prevent
any injury by persons, cattle, or sheep, to any
of the hedges, or trees, or fences, and to pre-
serve the same, and not to do any injury to
any timber or other trees, in taking such lop-
pings, as before allowed to him;
That said tenant shall not crop or sow any
of the land with rape, flax, hemp, etc.;
That said tenant shall not underlet or assign
the premises or any part thereof, except, etc.;
That said tenant on quitting the farm shall
receive such pecuniary compensation for im-
provements in fencing, etc., as two arbitrators
(one of which arbitrators shall be nominated
by each party, and if either neglect to nomi-
nate his arbitrator, the other party may
nominate both arbitrators) shall award, which
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
433
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
2–
arbitrators shall abate according to the benefit
derived by the tenant from such repairs,
improvements, and additions, and take into
consideration how far, at the expiration of the
tenancy, they may be beneficial to the estate.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said parties have
hereunto set their hands and seals the day
and year first above written.
RogFR SHERMAN.
TRUMAN DODSON.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
HIRAM. A. GEORGE.
PETER T. SweLNEY.
[SEAL.]
[SEAL.]
Landlord’s Certificate,
THIS IS To CERTIFY, That I have this first
of March, 1882, let and rented unto Frederick
Thompson, my house and lot known as num-
ber 529, on East Twentieth street, in the city
of Wheeling, West Wirgmia, with the appurte-
nances, and sole and uninterrupted use thereof,
for the term of one year, to commence on the
first day of April next, at the yearly rent of
three hundred dollars, payable in equal sums
of twenty-five dollars on the first day of each
and every month.
JoHN P. Holcom BE.
Tenant’s Certificate.
THIS IS To CERTIFY, That I, Frederick Thomp-
son, have hired and taken from John P. Hol-
combe his house and lot, known as number
529, on East twentieth street, in the city of
Wheeling, West Virginia, with the appurte-
nances thereof, for the term of one year, to
commence on the first day of April next, at
the yearly rent of three hundred dollars, pay-
able in equal sums on the first of each and
every month.
And I do hereby promise to make punctual
payment of the rent in manner aforesaid, except
in case the premises become untenantable from
fire or any other cause, when the rent is to
Cea, Se.
And I do further promise to quit and sur-
render the premises at the expiration of the
term in as good state and condition as reason-
able use and wear thereof will permit, damages
by the elements excepted.
Given under my hand this first day of
March, 1882.
FREDERICK THOMPSON.
In presence of
GEORGE QUARRIER.
THOMAS HUGHES.
ILandlord’s Certificate–Fuller Form.
THIs Is To CERTIFy, That I, the undersigned,
have, this first day of March, let and rented
to Frederick Thompson the following premises,
situated in Wheeling, in Ohio county, and
§tate of West Virginia, to wit: that certain
brick dwelling and lot of ground known as
Number 529, on East Twentieth street, in the
city of Wheeling, together with the appurten-
ances, and the sole and uninterrupted use
and occupation thereof:
For a term of one year, from the first day
of April next, at the annual rent of three hun-
dred dollars, payable in equal sums of twenty-
five dollars on the first day of every month.
And said tenant has agreed to make punctual
payment of the rent in the manner aforesaid,
except in case the premises become untenant-
able, from fire or any other cause, when the
rent is to cease; to quit and Surrender the
premises at the expiration of said term, in as
good a condition as reasonable use and wear
thereof will permit, damages by the elements
excepted. And not use or occupy said premises
in any business deemed extra-hazardous on
account of fire or otherwise, nor let or under-
let the same, except with the consent of said
landlord, in writing, under penalty of forfeiture
and damages. And has mortgaged and pledged
all the personal property of What kind soever
which he shall at any time have on Said
premises, whether exempt by law from distress
for rent, or sale under execution, or upt,
waiving the benefits of and from the exemp-
tion, valuation and appraisement laws of said
State, to secure the payment thereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, He has hereunto set
his hand and seal this first day of March,
A. D. 1882.
JoHN P. Holcombe.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
GEORGE QUARRIER.
THOMAS HUGHES.
[SEAL.]
28
434
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Tenant’s Certificate–Fuller Form.
THIS IS TO CERTIFY, That I, the undersigned,
have hired and taken from John P. Holcombe
the following premises, situated in Wheeling,
Ohio county, State of West Virginia, to wit:
that certain brick dwelling and lot of ground
known as Number 529, on East Twentieth
street, in the city of Wheeling:
For a term of one year, from the first day
of April, A. D. 1882, at the rate of three hun-
dred dollars, payable in equal sums of twenty-
five dollars on the first day of each and every
month.
And I do hereby agree to make punctual
payment of the rent in the manner aforesaid,
except in case the premises become untenant-
able, from fire or any other cause, when the
rent is to cease; to quit and surrender the
premises at the expiration of said term, in as
good a condition as reasonable use and Wear
thereof will permit, damnges by the elements
excepted. And not use or occupy said premises
in any business deemed extra-hazardous on
account of fire or otherwise, nor let or under-
let the same, except with the consent of Said
landlord, in writing, under penalty of forfeiture
and damages. And do mortgage and pledge
all the personal property of what kind Soever
which I shall at any time have on said
premises, whether exempt by law from distress
for rent, or sale under execution, or not,
waiving the benefits of and from the exemp-
tion, valuation and appraisement laws of Said
State, to secure the payment thereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal this first day of March, A. D.
1882.
FREDERICK THOMPSON.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
GEORGE QUARRIER.
THOMAS HUGHES.
[SEAL.]
Landlord’s Notice to Quit for Non-Payment of
Rent.
STATE of WEST VIRGINLA,
CITY OF WHEELING. }ss.
September 1st, 1882.
To FREDERICK THOMPSON:
You being in possession of the following
described premises, which you occupy as my
—-º
tenant, namely, that certain brick dwelling and
lot of ground known as Number 529, on East
Twentieth street, in the city of Wheeling,
county of Ohio, State of West Virginia, afore-
Said, are hereby notified to quit and deliver up
to me the premises aforesaid, in fourteen days
from this date, according to law, your rent
being due and unpaid. Hereof fail not, or I
shall take a due course of law to eject you
from the same.
JoHN P. Holcom BE.
Witness: g
HENRY HARPER.
Landlord’s Notice to a Tenant to Quit at the End
of the Term.
To FREDERICK THOMPson :
SIR: Being in the possession of a certain
messuage or tenement, with the appurtenances,
situate in the city of Wheeling, and known as
Number 529, on East Twentieth street, in said
city, which said premises were demised to you
by me for a certain term, to wit, from the
first day of April, A. D. 1882, until the first
day of April, A. D. 1883, and which said term
will terminate and expire on the day and year
last aforesaid, I hereby give you notice, that
it is my desire to have again and re-possess
the said messuage or tenement, with the appur-
tenances, and I therefore do hereby require
you to leave the same upon the expiration of
the said hereinbefore mentioned term.
Witness my hand this first day of March,
city of Wheeling, A. D. 1882.
JOHN P. HoLCOMBE.
Witness:
HENRY HARPER.
Landlord’s Notice to Determine a Tenancy at
Will.
STATE of PENNSYLVANIA, SS
County of CHESTER. &
WEST CHESTER, PA., March 1st, 1882.
To HENRY LEWIS:
SIR: You being in possession of the follow-
ing described premises, which you occupy as
my tenant at Will, known as Number 565, on
Mulberry street, in the town of West Chester,
are hereby motified to quit and deliver up to
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 435
me the premises aforesaid on the first day of
April, 1882, according to law, it being my
intention to determine your tenancy at will.
Hereof fail not, as I shall take a due course
of law to eject you from the same.
JoHN B. THOMAS.
Witness:
HENRY A. WHITE.
Power of Attorney.
A power of attorney is an instrument in writ-
ing whereby one person delegates to another
authority to do and act for him, with the same
binding effect as though it were done by the
principal.
Every person who has power, in his own
right, to do any act, may delegate the power to
do that act to any other person; but an attor-
ney cannot substitute another in his place unless
express authority is given him to do so.
Every person intrusted with discretionary
power in respect to the business of another,
should perform the duties himself; for, gener-
ally speaking, he cannot give to another author-
ity to exercise those discretionary powers.
The authority of an attorney ceases when
withdrawn by his principal; but when the
attorney has an interest in the execution of the
power, it is then irrevocable.
The revocation of a power of attorney takes
effect as to third persons from the time they
have notice of it.
Powers of attorney, to be used in a foreign
country, should be acknowledged before a notary
public, and the signature of the notary certified
by the consul of the government to which the
power of attorney is to be sent.
When intended to be used in another State,
they should be duly proved or acknowledged
according to the laws of the State where they
are executed.
EXAMPLE OF FORM.
Know all men by these presents, that I–
, hereby make, constitute, and appoint
, of , my true and lawful attoney,
for me, and in my name, place, and stead, to
(here state duty of attorney), granting unto my
said attorney full power and authority to do
and perform each and everything necessary and
of
proper to be done in the performance of his
duty, as fully as I might or could do if per-
Sonally present, hereby ratifying and confirming
all the lawful acts of my said attorney, done
under and by virtue hereof.
Witness my hand and Seal this—day of—
A. D. 188—.
Name [SEAL.j
NoTE.—To be signed and acknowledged as a
deed for the conveyance of real estate.
THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP.
A PARTNERSHIP is an agreement between two
or more persons for joining together their
money, goods, labor, and skill, or any or all of
them, in some lawful commerce or business,
under an understanding, express, or implied,
from the nature of the undertaking, that the
parties to the agreement shall share between
them the profits and loss arising therefrom.
As stated, a partnership may be formed by
oral agreement, but it is always better and safer
that it should be based upon written articles
of agreement, in which the terms and conditions
of the partnership must be stated explicitly.
A single joint transaction, out of which, con-
sidered by itself, neither profit nor loss arises,
will not create a partnership. Neither is it a
partnership where parties make a joint pur-
chase and each then and there takes his proper
share of the goods.
No especial form of words is necessary in the
preparation of articles of partnership. The
agreement should give the full names of the
parties to it, the amount of money or goods, or
the nature of the services, contributed by each;
should state clearly the responsibility assumed
by each ; and should set forth the manner in
which the profits arising from the agreement
are to be divided. In the absence of such state-
ment the law assigns an equal responsibilty,
and presumes an equal division of the profits.
The partnership dates from the date of the
articles, unless otherwise expressly stated in
the agreement.
It is not necessary that each partner should
contribute an equal amount of money to be en-
titled to an equal share of the profits. An
430
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
individual may contribute his knowledge of the
business to be engaged in, or his skill, or his
labor, or all three; the other partner or part-
ners contributing a specified sum of money, or
the money and their services. The agreement
must state exactly what is contributed.
Each and every partner is liable for the debts
or losses of the concern. A partnership may
bind one or more partners to bear the losses,
and exempt another partner, or other partners,
from such losses. This agreement is perfectly
valid between the partners, but is not good
against creditors unless such creditors in dealing
with the firm were aware of this agreement,
and based their transactions upon it.
The act of one partner binds all the others.
Thus, if one partner gives a negotiable note
for the use of the firm, and signs it with his
individual name, such signature binds all the
other partners.
Each partner is absolutely responsible to every
creditor of the firm for the whole amount of
the debt. If his agreement with them limits
the amount of his responsibility he may proceed
against them to recover his loss.
A person lending his name to a firm, or
causing, or allowing it to be published as one
of the partmers in a concern, or allowing it to
be used as a partner after he has withdrawn
from the concern, is in the meaning of the law
a partner as regards the claims of creditors.
A person who contributes his money to the
capital of a firm and shares its profits, without
allowing his name to be used, is termed a
secret or silent partner. A person contributing
to the capital and sharing the profits of the
concern, but taking no active part in its man-
agement, is termed a sleeping or dormant
partner. Both of these are liable to creditors
for the debts of the concern, even though they
did not know them to be members of the firm.
The test of partnership is the participation in
the profits of the business.
In forming partnerships it is generally the
rule to form them for a stated period, which
must be expressed in the agreement. This is
termed a limited partnership, and expires “by
limitation” at the end of the period named.
The partners are then free to renew their agree-
ment or not, as they may 8ee fit. Where an
agreement does not specify such a period, the
law presumes that a general partnership is in-
tended. This may be dissolved or ended at the
pleasure of either party's
A sleeping or dormant partner is not liable
for the debts of the firm contracted after his
retirement, even though he may give no notice
of his retirement, as such debts are not con-
tracted upon the strength of his credit; and as
he has no further participation in the profits
of the firm, he cannot be called on to share its
liabilities.
When a general partmership is dissolved by
the wanton or arbitrary withdrawal of either
partner, such partner renders himself liable to
the others for the loss or damage they may
suffer by his action. It is usual to state in the
agreement how a general partnership may be
terminated, and this stipulation is binding upon
all the partners.
A partnership may be dissolved by the unan-
imous consent of all the partners, or a court
of equity may, for sufficient cause, decree the
dissolution of such partnership. Dissipation on
the part of a partner, dissolute or reckless
habits, calculated to endanger the credit or
safety of the firm, are sufficient grounds for the
other partners to invoke the action of the
courts, where a mutual agreement cannot be
had.
The death of a partner dissolves the firm,
and its affairs must be adjusted as Soon as pos-
sible thereafter.
The interest of a partner in a business may
be attached by his creditors for his private
debts. Such attachment operates as a dissolu-
tion of the firm.
When a partnership is dissolved, notice of
such dissolution should be promptly published
in the principal newspapers of the place in
which the business was conducted. Notice should
also be sent to the correspondents of the firm.
In the absence of such precautions each partner
continues liable for the acts of the others to
all persons who have no knowledge of the dis-
solution.
The property of a partnership is bound for
the debts of the firm. The creditor of one of
the partners cannot attach such property until
the debts of the partnership are paid. If, after
such payment, a surplus remain, then such
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 437
C.
creditor may attach his debtor's interest in the
partnership funds in payment of his private
debt.
The statutes of some of the states recognize
another kind of partnership, known as special
partnership. A special partner is one who
contributes a stated sum of money to the busi-
mess of the concern, for a designated period.
He shares in the profits of the business accord-
ing to his agreement with the general partners;
but his liability is limited to the amount of
money contributed by him to the capital of the
firm. .
In order to render a special partnership valid,
the partners must publish in one or more news-
papers, published in the town in which they do
business, an advertisement setting forth the
nature and limitation of their partnership, giv-
ing the names of the general partners, the name
of the Special partner, and the exact amount
contributed by him to the capital of the con-
cern. This statement must be verified by the
signatures of all the parties, and sworn to before
a magistrate, and this attestation must form a
part of the advertisement. Care must be taken
to see that the advertisement states the eacact
amount contributed by the special partner. An
error in this respect, even though it be the
fault of the printer, if allowed to remain uncor-
rected, destroys the effect of the agreement, and
renders the special partner a general partner.
In such a case he becomes liable for the whole
debt of the firm.
Form of Partnership Agreement.
ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT, made this first day
of January, one thousand eight hundred and
eighty-two, between Thomas W. Hunter, of the
city and State of New York, and Henry L. Clin-
ton, of the city and State aforesaid,
WITNESSETH, The said parties above named
have agreed to become copartners in the busi-
ness of buying and selling dry goods, and by
these presents do agree to be copartners together
under and by the name or firm of Hunter &
Clinton, in the buying, selling, and Vending all
sorts of goods, Wares, and merchandise, to the
said business belonging, their copartnership to
commence on the fifth day of January, 1882,
and to continue for five years from that date,
and to that end and purpose the said Thomas
W. Hunter and the said Henry L. Clinton have
each contributed the sum of ten thousand dol-
lars as capital stock, to be used and employed
in common between them for the support and
management of the said business, to their
mutual benefit and advantage. And it is agreed
by and between the parties to these presents,
that at all times during the continuance of their
copartnership, they and each of them, will give
their attendance, and do their and each of their
best endeavors, and to the utmost of their skill
and power exert themselves for their joint in-
terest, profit, benefit, and advantage, and truly
employ, buy, sell, and merchandise with their
joint stock, and the increase thereof, in the busi-
ness aforesaid. And also that they shall and
Will at all times during the said copartnership
bear, pay, and discharge equally between them,
all rents and other expenses that may be re-
quired for the support and management of the
said business; and that all gains, profits, and
increase that shall come, grow, or arise from or
by means of their said business, shall be divided
between them, in equal proportions, and all loss
that shall happen to their said joint business,
by ill commodities, bad debts or otherwise, shall
be borne and paid between them.
And it is agreed by and between the said
parties, that there shall be had and kept at all
times during the continuance of their copartner-
ship, perfect, just, and true books of account,
Wherein each of the said copartners shall enter
and set down, as well all money by them or
either of them received, paid, laid out, and ex-
pended in and about the same business, as also
all goods, wares, commodities and merchandise,
by them or either of them, bought or sold by
reason or on account of the said business, and
all other matters and things whatsoever to the
said business and the management thereof in
anywise belonging; which said books shall be
used in common between the said copartners,
so that either of them may have access thereto,
Without any interruption or hindrance of the
other. And also the said copartners, once in
each and every year, or oftener if necessary,
shall make, yield, and render each to the other,
a true, just, and perfect inventory and account
of all profits and increase by them, or either of
them, made, and of all losses by them, or either
438
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
of them, Sustained; and also all payments, re-
ceipts, disbursements, and all other things by
them made, received, disbursed, acted, dome, or
suffered in this said copartnership and business,
and the same account so made shall and will
clear, adjust, pay, and deliver, each to the other,
at the time, their just share of the profits so
made as aforesaid.
And the said parties hereby mutually covenant
and agree to and with each other, that during
the continuance of the said copartnership,
neither of them shall nor will indorse any note,
or otherwise become surety for any person or
persons whomsoever, without the consent of the
other of the said copartners. And at the end,
or other sooner determination of their copartner-
ship, the said copartners, each to the other, shall
and will make a true, just, and final account of
all things relating to their said business, and
in all things truly adjust the same ; and all and
every the stock and stocks, as well as the gains
and increase thereof, which shall appear to be
remaining, either in money, goods, wares, fixtures,
debts, or otherwise, shall be divided between them.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said parties have
hereunto set their hands the day and year first
above written.
THOMAS W. HuntER.
Witness, HENRY L. CLINTON.
HENRY WILLIAMs.
JoHN A. LANE.
Last Wills and Testaments.
A WILL is the legal declaration of what a
person desires to have done with his property
after his death.
There is nothing more difficult than to make
a proper will; nothing in which legal advice
of the most trustworthy character is needed.
Every man should regard it as his solemn
duty to make a will, whether he have much or
little to leave behind him; but no one should
venture to do so unaided, where the property
to be disposed of is of importance, or where it
is liable to become a subject of dispute among
his heirs.
Any one may make a will who is of legal
age and sound mind. A married Woman can-
not, however, make a will unless the law of
the State in which her property is situated
vests her with the separate ownership of it.
The legal age for making a will devising real
estate is twenty-one years. In most of the
States a male, aged eighteen years, or a female,
aged sixteen years, may bequeath personal pro-
perty by will.
The person making a will, if a male, is
called the testator; if a female, the testatrix.
A will is of no effect during the life of the
maker, and may be set aside, altered or re-
placed by a new will, at any time previous to
the death of the maker.
The last will made annuls all previous wills.
It is, therefore, the duty of the testator to
state distinctly in the first part that this is his
last will. If he has made other wills, he should
state that by this instrument he revokes all
other wills.
The will should close with a formal state-
ment that it is the deliberate act of the testa-
tor, and that it is properly signed and sealed
by him.
All wills must be witnessed. This is a very
important part of making a will, and should
be performed in strict accordance with the
laws of the State in which it is made. Some
of the States require two, and some three
credible witnesses. It is a good plan for the
testator to have the will witnessed by three
persons, in all cases, whether the law requires
it or not.
The witnesses to a will should see the testa-
tor sign it. He should perform the act in
their presence. If the testator cannot write,
or is too feeble by reason of old age or sick-
ness to do so, he may make his mark in the
presence of the witnesses.
A person who cannot write may witness a
will by making his mark.
The word “bequeath” applies to personal
property alone; the word “devise” to real estate
alone. Care should be taken to use these
words properly. The testator should say in
the commencement, “I give, bequeath, and
devise my estate and property as follows, that
is to say.” He should then state his wishes
as to his property in their proper order.
Where it is not intended that the interest of
an heir should be limited to his life, but that
he should have power to dispose of his inherit-
ance at his death, it is best to say, “To A. B.
and his heirs.”
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
439
Where no provision is made in a will for the
children of the testator, the law presumes that
such omission was an oversight, and allows
such child an equal share with the other child-
ren. When a testator designs to exclude a
child from a share in his estate, he must state
it explicitly in the will.
The executors ought always to be named in
the will, though an omission to name them
does not invalidate the will. An administrator
will in such case be appointed by the court of
probate.
A witness to a will should never be a legatee,
as such witness cannot inherit the bequest so
made. This does not interfere with the validity
of the will, however.
Where a will is made, and the testator sub-
sequently disposes of any or all the property
described in the will, the will is invalidated to
the extent of the alienation of the property.
Where a man makes a will, and subsequently
marries and has children, the law regards the
will as revoked, unless the testator, after such
acts, makes a new will confirming the original
ODé.
A person cannot be an executor to a will if
at the time of the probate of the will he is a
minor, a drunkard, a convict, or of unsound
mind.
Witnesses are not required to know the con-
tents of the will. It is sufficient that the tes-
tator declares to them that the document is
his will, and to see him sign it.
Wills are of two kinds, written and verbal
or nuncupative.
~ A codocil is an addition to a will designed
to modify or add new provisions to a will. It
does not revoke the will. Though there can be
but one will, there may be any number of
codicils.
A will made by a single woman is revoked
by her subsequent marriage. By the terms of
her marriage settlement she may, however,
provide for the right to dispose of her property.
A wife cannot be deprived of her dower by
any will of her husband. A husband may,
however, bequeath to his wife a certain sum in
lieu of her dower. She may accept this in
lieu of her dower or not, at her pleasure. If
the will fails to state that this bequest is in
,-
lieu of her dower, she is entitled to such
bequest and to her dower also. 2.
In the Dominion of Canada, the laws with
reference to wills are generally the same as in
the United States. In the Province of Quebec,
however, a will written in the handwriting of
the testator and signed by him is valid with-
out witnesses.
After the death of the testator his property
is liable for his debts. These must be paid
before the provisions of the will can take effect.
The laws of the various States give precedence
to the various claims upon the estate, in the
following order:
1 Funeral expenses, charges of the last sick-
ness, and probate charges.
2. Debts due to the United States.
3. Debts due to the State in which the de-
ceased had his home.
4. Any liens attaching to the property by
law.
5. Debts due creditors generally.
General Form of Will.
I, Thomas Henry Howard, of the city of
Baltimore, State of Maryland, declare this to
be my last will and testament.
1. I give and bequeath to my wife, Catharine
Howard, all the fixtures, prints, books, paint-
ings, linen, china, household goods, furniture,
chattels, and effects, other than money or secu-
rities for money which shall, at my death, be
in or about my house, No. 458 Park avenue, in
the said city of Baltimore.
2. I give and devise to my said wife, her
heirs and assigns, the dwelling-house and lot
of ground, known as Number 458 (four hundred
and fifty-eight) on Park avenue, in the said city
of Baltimore, together with all the appurte-
nances thereunto belonging; to have and to
hold the same unto the said Catherine Howard,
her heirs and assigns, forever.
3. I give and bequeath unto my said wife,
the sum of two thousand dollars, to be paid to
her within one month after my death, without
interest.
4. I also give and bequeath unto my said
Wife, the sum of fifty thousand dollars in the
preferred stock of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-
road Company, now held by ma-
440 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
5. I give and devise to my son, George Fred-
erick Howard, his heirs and assigns, forever,
all that certain brick dwelling and lot of ground,
known as Number 529, on St. Paul street, in the
Said city of Baltimore, together with all the
hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto be-
longing, or in anywise appertaining; to have
and to hold the premises above described to the
Said George Frederick Howard, his heirs and
assigns, forever.
6. I give and bequeath to my said son, George
Frederick Howard, the sum of one hundred
thousand dollars, in the bonds of the United
States of America, known as the five-twenty-
bonds, being all the securities of the United
States now held by me.
7. I also bequeath the following legacies to
the several persons hereafter named: To my
nephew, Thomas Henry Howard, the sum of
ten thousand dollars; to my cousin, Mrs. Re-
becca Jackson, wife of Henry B. Jackson, of the
city of Annapolis, Maryland, the sum of five
thousand dollars; to my old and trusted friend
and clerk, Alfred W. Lee, the sum of five thou-
sand dollars.
8. I also bequeath to each of my domestic
servants who may be living with me at the
time of my death, the sum of two hundred
dollars.
9. All the rest, residue, and remainder of my
real and personal estate, I give, devise, and
bequeath in equal shares, to my wife, Catherine
Howard, and to my said son, George Frederick
Howard, their heirs and assigns, forever.
10. I appoint my said son and my said friend,
Alfred W. Lee, executors of this my will, and
desire that they shall not be required to give
any security for the performance of their duties.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I, Thomas Henry
Howard, have hereunto set my hand and seal
this twenty-fifth day of May, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.
THOMAS HENRY HowARD. [SEAL.]
Subscribed by the testator in the presence of
each of us, and at the same time declared by
him to us as his last will and testament.
Witness our hands, this twenty-fifth day of
May, A. D. 1882.
GEORGE P. FRANCIS.
ROBERT L. PAGE.
THOMAS F. LEWIs.
Another Form.
I, Henry Hubert White, of the county of
Hardin, Frankfort, State of Kentucky, being of
sound mind and memory, do make and publish
this my last will and testament, in manner and
form following, that is to say:
1. It is my will that my funeral shall be con-
ducted without pomp, unnecessary parade or
ostentation, and that the expenses thereof,
together with all my just debts, be fully paid.
2. I give, devise, and bequeath to my beloved
wife, Rachael White, in lieu of her dower, if she
should so elect, the plantation on which we now re-
side, situated in the township aforesaid, and con-
taining two hundred and ten acres, or thereabouts,
during her natural life; and all the live stock,
horses, cattle, sheep, Swine, etc., by me now owned
and kept thereon; also, all the household fur-
niture and other items, not particularly named
and otherwise disposed of, in this my will,
during her said life; she, however, first dispos-
ing of a sufficiency thereof to pay my just debts,
as aforesaid. And that, at the death of my
said wife, all the property hereby devised or
bequeathed to her, as aforesaid, or so much
thereof as may then remain unexpended, I give
unto my three sons, Thomas White, Richard
Lee White, and Alfred White, and to their heirs
and assigns, forever.
3. I give and devise to my eldest son, Thomas
White, the farm on which he now resides, situ-
ated in Hardin county, Kentucky, and contain-
ing one hundred and fifty acres, or thereabouts,
and to his heirs and assigns, forever.
4. I give and devise to my second Son, Richard
Lee White, the farm now in the occupancy of
George P. Woods, situated in Hardin county,
Kentucky, and containing one hundred and ten
acres, to him, the said Richard Lee White, his
heirs and assigns, in fee simple.
5. I give aud devise to my third son, Alfred
White, the house and lot, in the town of Eliza-
bethtown, in the county and State aforesaid,
now in the occupancy of Dr. Alfred Hughes,
known and designated in the plan of Said ——
by No. 47, to him, the said Alfred White, his
heirs and assigns, forever.
And, last : I hereby constitute and appoint
my said wife, Rachael White, and my said son,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
441
Thomas White, to be the executrix and execu-
tor of this, my last will and testament, revok-
ing and annulling all former wills by me made,
and ratifying and confirming this, and no other,
to be my last will and testament.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand this tenth day of October, A. D. 1882.
HENRY HUBERT WHITE.
Signed, published, and declared by the above-
named Henry Hubert White, as his last will
and testament, in presence of us, who, at his
request, have signed as witnesses of the same.
RICHARD Jones.
THOMAs W. TucKER.
PETER W. ZoDLICOFFEB,
A Short Form.
I, John Andrews, of the city and State of
New York, do make this, my last will and tes-
tament:
First. It is my will that my just debts and
all charges be paid out of my estate.
Item. I give and devise all the residue of
my estate to Susan Andrews, my wife, to be
to her and her heirs forever.
Item. I appoint and make the said Susan
Andrews executrix of this my last will and
testament.
Signed and sealed the first day of January,
A. D. 1882.
JoHN ANDREWS. [SEAL.]
Signed and sealed in presence of
ANDREW LEWIS.
THOMAS BLACK.
JoHN JENKINs.
Form of Nuncupative Will.
Numcupative will of Arthur H. Pleasants,
deceased:
On the twelfth day of March, A. D. 1882,
Arthur H. Pleasants, being in the extremity
in his last sickness, in his habitation or dwell-
ing, situated in Wine street, in Cincinnati,
Ohio, where he had resided for more than ten
days next before the making of his will, in the
presence of the subscribers, did declare his last
will and testament in the following words, or
to that effect, viz.:
He mentioned that he was the owner of the
house occupied by him, and had the sum of
three thousand dollars in the five-twenty bonds
of the United States in his safe in the said
house, and the sum of two hundred dollars,
more or less, deposited to his credit in the
First National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio.
He then said: “I want my wife, Mary
Helen Pleasants, to have the house in which
we live, the ground on which it stands, all
the furniture and personal property contained
in the said house, the bonds I have mentioned,
and the money lying to my credit in bank. I
wish her to hold undisputed possession of all
these, and to use them for her own benefit, as
she may see fit, first paying my just debts
and funeral expenses.”
At the time the said Arthur H. Pleasants
pronounced the foregoing will, he was of sound
and disposing mind, memory, and understand-
ing, and did bid us who were present to bear
witness that such was his will.
Reduced to writing this fourteenth day of
March, A. D. 1882.
WALTER W. WHITING.
NoAH. H. PoRTER."
Affidavit of Witnesses,
}ss.
Personally appeared before me, Thomas Hard-
ing, Clerk of the Court of Probate for said
county, the undersigned, Walter W. Whiting
and Noah H. Porter, who, being duly sworn
according to law, did depose and say, that
they were present on the twelfth day of March,
A. D. 1882, at the habitation or dwelling of
Arthur H. Pleasants, in Wine street, in the
city of Cincinnati, Ohio, in the time of his
last illness, and did then and there hear the
said Arthur H. Pleasants utter what is con-
tained in the above writing; that he did bid
them bear witness that it was his last will;
and at the time of so doing he was of sound
mind, memory, and understanding, to the best
of their knowledge and belief.
STATE OF OHIO,
County of HAMILTON.
442
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Also that he had resided for more than ten
days next before the making of his will at the
above residence.
WALTER W. WHITING,
NOAH H. PortER.
Sworn and subscribed before me this fifteenth
day of March, A. D. 1882.
THOMAS HARDING, Clerk.
THE LAW OF AGENCY,
An agent is a person who is employed by
another to represent him in the performance
of certain acts.
One who is legally incompetent to act on his
own account may be an agent for a person
who is competent. Thus, an alien or a mar-
ried woman may act as an agent.
A principal is responsible for the acts of his
agent when he, by his acts or Words, causes
the person with whom the agent deals to
believe him to be vested with lawful authority
to perform such acts.
A person authorized to perform certain
designated acts for another is termed a special
agent; one who has authority to represent his
principal in all his business, or all his busi-
mess of a particular kind, is termed a general
agent.
If a special agent exceeds his authority, the
principal is not bound by his act, because the
person dealing with such an agent is bound to
inform himself of the extent of such agent's
powers. In the case of a general agent, the
principal is bound by his acts, even though he
exceed his authority, provided that in such
acts he does not go beyond the general Scope
of his business. If, however, the person with
whom the agent deals does So with the knowl-
edge that the agent is exceeding his powers,
he thereby releases the principal.
Authority may be given to an agent either
verbally or in Writing. If in Writing, it may
be either under or without Seal. If given by a
written instrument, this instrument is termed
a Power of Attorney.
A power of attorney intended to cover much
time should be recorded and acknowledged.
The person granting the power of attorney
is termed in law the constituent; the person
receiving it is called the attorney.
Form of Power of Attorney in General Use.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,
Albert L. Wilson, of the city of Philadelphia,
State of Pennsylvania, have constituted, or-
dained, and made, and in my stead and place
put, and by the presents do constitute, ordain,
and make, and in my stead and place put
Francis L. Hopkins, of the city of Baltimore,
State of Maryland, to be my true, sufficient,
and lawful attorney for me and in my name
and stead to—
[Here state earplicitly the things the attorney is to
do, and the purpose for which the power is given.]
Giving and hereby granting unto him, the
said attorney, full power and authority in and
about the premises; and to use all due means,
course, and process in law, for the full, effect-
ual and complete execution of the business
afore described; and in my name to make and
execute due acquittance and discharge; and for
the premises to appear, and the person of me
the constituent to represent before any gov-
ernor, judges, justices, officers, and ministers
of the law whatsoever, in any court or courts
of judicature, and there, on my behalf, to
answer, defend, and reply unto all actions,
causes, matters, and things whatsoever relating
to the premises. Also to submit any matter in
dispute, respecting the premises, to arbitration
or otherwise; with full power to make and sub-
stitute, for the purposes aforesaid, one or more
attorneys under him, my said attorney, and
the same again at pleasure to revoke. And
generally to say, do, act, transact, determine,
accomplish, and finish all matters and things
whatsoever relating to the premises, as fully,
amply, and effectually, to all intents and pur-
poses, as I, Albert L. Wilson, the said con-
stituent, if present, ought or might personally,
although the matter should require more special
authority than is herein comprised, I, Albert
Wilson, the said constituent, ratifying, allow-
ing, and holding firm and valid all whatsoever
my said attorney or his substitutes shall law-
fully do, or cause to be done, in and about
the premises, by virtue of these presents.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
443
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this first day of May, in
the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and
eighty-two.
ALBERT L. WILSON.
Executed and delivered in presence of
ROBERT G. *}
PETER CoopFR.
Where a power of attorney does not give the
attorney the right to substitute another in his
place, he may, with the consent of the princi-
pal, appoint another to take his place as the
representative of the constituent. This is done
by a separate instrument, as follows:
[SEAL.]
Power of Substitution.
KNow ALL MEN By THESE PRESENTs, That I,
Henry E. Warren, by virtue of the power and
authority to me given, in and by the letter of
attorney of Moses Y. Wheate, which is here-
unto annexed [or it may be described without
being annexed], do make, substitute, and appoint
Hugh Blair, as well for me as the true and
lawful attorney and substitute of the said con-
stituent named in the said letter of attorney,
to do, execute, and perform all and everything
requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to
all intents and purposes, as the said constitu-
ent or I myself could do if personally present;
hereby ratifying and confirming all that the
said attorney and substitute hereby made shall
do in the premises by virtue hereof and of the
said letter of attorney.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal the fifteenth day of May,
A. D. 1882.
HENRY E. WARREN.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
THOMAS TRUMAN.
RoBERT GOODFELLOW.
[SEAL.]
Proxy, or Power of Attorney to Vote.
KNowN ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That
I, Joshua Barney, of New York, do hereby
appoint Walter Lewis to be my substitute and
proxy for me, and in my name and behalf to
vote at any election of directors or other offi-
cers, and at any meeting of the stockholders of
the New York and New Haven Railroad, as
fully as I might or could were I personally
present.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this fifth day of February,
1882.
Joshua BARNEY. [SEAL.]
Witnesses present.
ANDREW WHITE.
SAMUEL F. JACKSON.
Power of Attorney to Collect Debts.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I,
William H. Johnson, of Philadelphia, Penn-
Sylvania, have constituted, ordained, and made
and in my stead and place put, and by these
presents do constitute, ordain, and make, and
in my stead and place put, Samuel P. Hays,
of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to be my true,
sufficient, and lawful attorney for me, and in
my name and stead, and to my use, to ask,
demand, levy, require, recover, and receive of
and from all and every person or persons
whomsoever the same shall or may concern, all
and singular sum and sums of money, debts,
goods, wares, merchandise, effects, and things,
whatsoever and wheresoever they shall and may
be found due, owing, payable, belonging and
coming unto me the constituent, by any ways
and means whatsoever.
GIVING AND HEREBY GRANTING unto my said
attorney full and whole strength, power and
authority in and about the premises; and to
take and use all due means, course, and pro-
cess in the law, for the obtaining and recovering
the same ; and of recoveries and receipts thereof,
and in my name to make, seal, and execute
due acquittance and discharge; and for the
premises to appear, and the person of me the
the constituent to represent before any gover-
nor, judges, justices, officers and ministers of
the law whatsoever, in any court or courts of
judicature, and there, on my behalf, to answer,
defend, and reply unto all actions, causes, mat-
ters and things whatsoever, relating to the
premises. Also to submit any matter in dis-
pute to arbitration or otherwise, with full power
to make and substitute one or more attorneys
and my said attorney, and the same again at
pleasure to revoke. And generally to say, do,
act, transact. determine, accomplish and finish
all matters and things whatsoever relating to
the premises, as fully, amply, and effectually
to all intents and purposes, as I the said con-
stituent, if present, ought or might personally,
444
AN ENCYCLópºpf A Of pf: AC'ſföAf, INFORMATION.
although the matter should require more special
authority, than is herein comprised, I, the said
constituent ratifying, allowing and holding firm
and valid, all and whatsoever, my said attor-
ney or his substitutes shall lawfully do, or
cause to be done, in and about the premises,
by virtue of these presents.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this first day or January, in
the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun-
dred and eighty-two.
WILLIAM H. JoHNSTON. [SEAL.]
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of us,
THOMAS DUDLEY.
JoHN W. H.ILL. |
APPRENTICES.
AN apprentice is a minor bound out to service
to a master for the purpose of learning a trade.
No one can bind an apprentice who has not
a legal right to control his labor. Thus a
parent or guardian may bind a son or ward.
In the case of an orphan who has no legal
guardian, a minor may bind himself as an
apprentice.
The contract of apprenticeship should bind
the master to teach the apprentice his trade or
business; to supply him with all the necessa-
ries of life, and at the end of his term to give
him money or clothes.
Should the apprentice fall sick, the master
must supply him with the proper medical at-
tendance and medicines.
A master cannot transfer or assign his
responsibilities for, or his rights over, his ap-
prentice.
Neither can a master require of an apprentice
the performance of menial Services not con-
nected with the trade or business in which he
is engaged.
Should a master neglect his apprentice, or
fail in the performance of his covenants, he
forfeits his authority over the apprentice.
Should an apprentice prove unable to learn
a trade, through no fault of his own, such in-
ability does not release the master from his
obligation, because he assumed this risk in
taking the apprentice.
A master cannot discharge an apprentice,
except for a serious failure to perform his duty.
------ms-sº
Should an apprentice desert his master's Ser-
vice and contract another obligation which
would render him unable to return lawfully to
his master, the latter is not bound to receive
him should he offer to return.
A person who induces an apprentice to leave
his master, or one who employs him, although
not knowing his relation to his master, is lia-
ble to the master for the services of the
apprentice.
Form of Articles of Apprenticeship.
THIS INDENTURE, Made the first day of Jan-
uary, A. D. 1882, by and between Andrew Jackson,
of the city of Boston, State of Massachusetts,
and Edward Jackson, his son, of the age of
sixteen years, of the one part, and John
Adams, of the city and State aforesaid, of the
other part,
WITNESSETH, That the said Edward Jackson,
by and with the consent of the said Andrew
Jackson (testified by his signing and sealing
these presents), hath bound out himself as an
apprentice to John Adams, of the city of Bos-
ton, State of Massachusetts, to be taught in the
trade, science or occupation of a carpenter and
builder, which the said John Adams now uses,
and to live with, continue, and serve him as an
apprentice from the day of the date hereof
unto the full end and term of seven years from
thence next ensuing and fully to be complete
and ended.
During all which said term of seven years,
the said Andrew Jackson doth covenant and
promise to and with the said John Adams that
he, the said Edward Jackson, shall and will
well and faithfully serve and demean himself,
and be just and true to him the said John
Adams as his master, and keep his Secrets, and
everywhere willingly obey all his lawful com-
mands; that he shall do no hurt or damage to
his said master in his goods, estate, or other-
wise, nor willingly suffer any to be done by
others, and whether prevented or not, shall
forthwith give notice thereof to his said master;
that he shall not embezzle or waste the goods
of his said master, nor lend them without his
consent to any person or persons whatsoever;
that he shall not traffic, or buy and sell, with
his own goods, or the goods of others, during
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Y
{
445)
the said term, without his master's leave; that
he shall not play at cards, dice, or any other
unlawful games, whereby his said master may
sustain any loss or damage, without his consent;
that he shall not haunt or frequent play-houses,
taverns or ale-houses, except it be about his
master's business there to be done; and that
he shall not at any time, by day or night, de-
part or absent himself from the service of his
said master without his leave; but in all things,
as a good and faithful apprentice, shall and will
demean and behave himself to his said master,
and all his, during the said term.
And for and in consideration of the sum of
one hundred dollars, to him in hand paid, the
receipt of which the said John Adams doth
hereby acknowledge, the said John Adams doth
covenant, promise, and agree to teach and in-
struct his said apprentice, or otherwise cause
him to be well and sufficiently taught and in-
structed, in the said trade of a carpenter and
builder after the best way and manner that he
can ; and shall and will also find and allow
unto his said apprentice meat, drink, washing,
lodging, and apparel, both linen and woollen,
and all other necessaries in sickness and in
health, meet and convenient for such an ap-
prentice, during the term aforesaid; and at the
expiration of the said term, shall and will give
to his said apprentice (over and above his then
clothing) one new suit of apparel, viz.: coat,
waistcoat, and breeches, hat, shoes, and stock-
ings, and linen, fit, and suitable for such an
apprentice. -
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said parties have
interchangeably set their hands and seals here-
unto. Dated the first day of January, in the
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred
and eighty-two. -
ANDREW JACKSON. [SEAL.]
EDWARD JACKSON. [SEAL.]
JoHN ADAMs. [SEAL.]
Witnesses:
TIMOTHY PICKERING.
JoHN HANCOCK. }
ASSIGNIMIENTS,
An assignment is an instrument by which a
person transfers a debt, obligation, bond, or
wages, or any actual interest, to another.
An assignment may be written on the back
of the instrument it is intended to convey, or it
may be written on a separate paper.
Form of Assignment of a Promissory Note.
(To be written on the back of the note.)
I hereby, for value received, assign and trans-
fer the within written note, together with all my
rights under the same, to Thomas Jefferson.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
General Form of Assignment, With Power of
Attorney.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,
Edward Livingston, for value received, have
sold, and by these presents do grant, assign,
and convey unto Robert Morris—
[Here insert a description of the thing or things
assigned.]
To HAVE AND To Hold the same unto the said
Robert Morris, his executors, administrators,
and assigns forever, to and for the use of the
said Robert Morris, hereby constituting aud
appointing him my true and lawful attorney
irrevocable in my name, place, and stead, for
the purposes aforesaid, to ask, demand, sue for,
attach, levy, recover, and receive all such sum
and sums of money which now are, or may
hereafter become due, owing and payable for
or on account of all or any of the accounts,
dues, debts, and demands above assigned to
him, giving and granting unto the said attor-
ney, full power and authority to do and perform
all and every act and thing whatsoever requi-
site and necessary, as fully, to all intents and
purposes, as I might or could do, if personally
present with full power of substitution and re-
vocation, hereby ratifying and confirming all
that the said attorney or his substitute shall
lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal the first day of May, one
thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.
EDWARD LIVINGSTON. [SEAL.]
Executed and delivered in presence of
THOMAS Jones,
DAVID WELCH.
446
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
ARBITRATION.
When two or more persons fail to agree in
the settlement of a business transaction, it is
usual to refer the matter in dispute to One Or
more disinterested persons, who shall determine
what is fair to each and all of the parties to
the controversy. The parties to the dispute
should pledge themselves to abide by the de-
cision of the arbitrators.
Before the award of the arbitrator or arbi-
trators is made, either of the parties to the
dispute may withdraw his offer to accept the
decision of the arbitrators. He must, however,
give formal notice to each and all of the other
parties of his intention, or his withdrawal is of
no effect.
An agreement to submit a matter to arbitra-
tion may be either verbal or in Writing.
Form of Agreement to Refer to Arbitrators.
KNow ALL MEN By THESE PRESENTS, That we,
Richard W. Jenkins and Samuel R. Hicks,
both of the city of Easton, State of Pennsyl-
vania, do hereby promise and agree, to and
with each other, to submit, and do hereby sub-
mit the question and claim between us
respecting the sale of one thousand bushels of
wheat from the said Richard W. Jenkins to the
said Samuel R. Hicks, on the tenth day of
September, 1882, to the arbitrament and deter-
mination of Henry W. Palmer, Joseph B.
Howard, and Alfred T. Simpkins, of the city
of Easton, whose decision and award shall be
final, binding and conclusive on us; and, in
case of disagreement between the said arbitra-
tors, they may choose an umpire, whose award
shall be final and conclusive, and in case of dis-
agreement, the decision and award of a majority
of said arbitrators shall be final and conclusive.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, We have hereunto Set
our hands this tenth day of October, A. D. 1882.
RICHARD W. J.ENKINs.
SAMUEL R. HICES.
Witness,
GEORGE P. FRICK, !
THOMAS H. ALLEN,
Form of Award of Arbitrators.
ALL To whom THESE PRESENTS SHALL ComE:
we, Henry W. Palmer, Joseph B. Howard, and
Alfred T. Simkins, of the city of Easton,
State of Pennsylvania, to whom was submitted
as arbitrators the matters in controversy exist-
ing between Richard W. Jenkins and Samuel
R. Hicks, as by the condition of their respec-
tive bonds of submission, executed by the said
parties respectively, each unto the other, and
bearing date the tenth day of October, one thou-
Sand eight hundred and eighty-two, more fully
appears. -
Now, THEREFORE, KNow YE, That we, Henry
W. Palmer, Joseph B. Howard and Alfred T.
Simpkins, the arbitrators mentioned in the said
bonds, having been first duly sworn according
to law, and having heard the proofs and alle-
gations of the parties, and examined the mat-
ters in controversy by them submitted, do
make this award in writing, that is to say:
The said Richard W. Jenkins shall pay to the
said Samuel R. Hicks the sum of one hundred
and fifty dollars in cash as damages for his
failure to deliver all the wheat sold by him to
the said Samuel R. Hicks at the time he
agreed to deliver it.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, We have have here-
unto subscribed these presents, this fifteenth
day of October, A. D., 1882.
HENRY W. PALMER.
Joseph B. HowARD.
ALFRED T. SIMPKINs.
In presence of
HUGH WHITE. }
JoHN W. GRAY.
Subscriptions.
SUBSCRIPTION is the placing of a signature at
the bottom of a written or printed engagement.
It is the act by which a person contracts, in
writing, to furnish a sum of money for a par-
ticular purpose; as, a subscription to a chari-
table institution, a subscription for a book, and
the like.
When several promise to contribute to a
common object, desired by all, the promise of
each may be a good consideration for the
promise of others. In general, Subscriptions
on certain conditions in favor of the party
subscribing, are binding when the acts stipu-
lated are performed. “The law on the subject
of these subscription papers,” says Parsons,
and of all voluntary promises of contribution,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 447
is substantially this: no such promises are
binding unless something is paid for them, or
unless some party for whose benefit they are
made – and this party may be one or more of
the subscribers—at the request, express or
implied of the promisor, and on the faith of
the Subscription, incurs actual expense or loss,
or enters into valid contracts with other parties
which will occasion expense or loss. As the
objection to these promises, or the doubt about
them, comes from the want of consideration, it
may be cured by a Seal to each mame, or by
one seal which is declared in the instrument
to be the seal of each.”
A person subscribing for a book is bound to
take it when presented by the agent or can-
vasser, provided it corresponds with the sample
copy shown to him at the time he gave his
subscription. The agent or the publisher may
recover the price of the book at law should the
subscriber refuse to take it when presented to
him.
General Form of Subscription Paper.
PHILADELPHIA, June 5th, 1882.
We, the undersigned, agree to pay the amounts
set opposite to our names to the Reverend
Arthur Stanley, for the purpose of paying, the
debt due upon St. Timothy's Protestant Epis-
copal Church, in the city of Philadelphia.
-
SUBSCRIBERS.
SUBSCRIBERS.
Walter Wise.......................... $100 00
Alfred Jenks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . 25 00
Theodore White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $75 00
Alfred Hicks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 00
COLLECTION AND EXEMPTION LAWS.
Of the Various States of the Union, and the Prov-
inces of Canada.
The following abstract of the laws of the
various States of the Union and of the Prov-
inces of Canada will show the amount and
character of property exempted from attachment
or levy and sale on execution. It is quoted
from the Attorney's Directory of the United States;
issued by the United States Reporting and Col-
lecting Association. This company has offices in
the principal cities of the country, and may be
relied upon for the fulfillment of its promises.
Alabama.
Exemptions—Personal property $1,000; home-
stead, not exceeding 160 acres, nor $2,000 in
value, or house and lot same value. Limitation
of Actions—Open or unliquidated accounts, 3
years; trespass to property, real or personal;
liquidated accounts or promises in writing not
under seal, 6 years; instruments under seal,
10 years; for recovery of real property, or on
judgments of courts of record, 20 years.
Revivor—Partial payment or an unconditional
promise in writing. Redemption—Of real estate
sold under execution, decree in chancery, mort-
gage or for taxes, within 2 years. Justice's
Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution—In justices' courts,
under $20, 30 days; over $20, 60 days. Mar-
ried Women—Real or personal property acquired
at any time by the wife, remains her separate
estate and not liable for her husband's debts.
Interest—8 per cent. Usury forfeits interest.
Arizona.
Exemptions—Homestead, $5,000. Limitation
of Actions—Open account or contract not in
Writing, 2 years; contract in writing, 4 years;
real actions, adverse possession on judgment or
decree of any court, 5 years. Redemption of
land sold on execution or foreclosure, 6 months.
Justices' Jurisdiction—$300. Married Women—
Real and personal property acquired at any time,
wife's separate estate and not subject to
husband's debts. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Interest—When no agreement, 10 per
cent. Usury—No law.
448
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION
Arkansas.
Exemptions—Of resident, married or head of
family, personal property, $500, in addition to
Wearing apparel; homestead in country, 160
acres, not exceeding $2,500 in value, or 80 acres
of any value; in city, 1 acre, not exceeding
$2,500 in value, or 3 acre of any value. Limi-
tation of Actions—open accounts, 3 years; promis-
sory notes and written instruments not under
Seal, 5 years; writings under seal, bonds, judg-
ments and decrees, 10 years; for recovery of
real estate, 7 years. Revivor—Part payment
or new promise in writing. Redemption of
lands sold under execution, 1 year; for taxes,
2 years. Justices' Jurisdiction—$300. Witness
—Party in interest may be. Stay of Execu-
tion—May be for 3 months. Married Women—
Property, real and personal, of a feme covert,
acquired at any time, remains her separate
estate, and not subject to husband's debts.
Interest—Legal, 6 per cent. ; 10 per cent.
allowed by contract. Usury voids contract,
both as to principal and interest.
California.
Exemption—Office furniture, $200; neces-
sary household furniture, implements, teams,
and live-stock of farmer or head of family;
cabin of miner, mining tools, teams and machin-
ery used in mining, $2,000. Limitation of
actions—For a demand or obligatin, in writ-
ing or not, created out of the State, 2 years;
open account or verbal contract, 2 years; writ-
ten contract or obligation executed in the State,
4 years; real actions, or on judgments or
decrees of any court, 5 years. Revivor—New
promise in writing only. Redemption of lands
sold on execution or foreclosure, 6 months; for
taxes, 1 year. Justices' Jurisdiction — Amy
amount less than $300. Witness—Governed
by rules of common law. Stay of Execution—
Discretion of court. Married Women—All
property acquired in any manner before mar-
riage, or afterward, by gift, bequest, devise, or
descent, is wife's separate property, and con-
trolled as if feme sole. All property acquired
after marriage by husband or wife, except as
above, shall be common property. Interest—
Legal rate, 7 per cent. ; by contract, any rate,
simple or compound. Usury-–No law of.
Colorado.
Exemptions—Unmarried persons—tools and
animals used in trade; head of family—house-
hold effects, $100, tools, etc., $200; library and
implements of professional men, $300; home-
stead, $2,000. Limitations of actions—On con-
tracts, express or implied, if accruing within
the State, 6 years; if accruing without the
State, 2 years; sealed instruments, judgments
and decrees accruing out of the State, 3 years.
Revivor—Part payment or promise by all the
obligors, part payment or promise by one not
sufficient. Redemption of land sold on execu-
tion or foreclosure, 6 months by heir, and 9
months by judgment creditor; for taxes, 3
years. Justices' Jurisdiction—$300. Witness—
Governed by rules of common law. Married
Women—Real or personal property acquired
at any time wife's separate estate, and controlled
as if sole. Interest—10 per cent. Usury—No
law.
Connecticut.
Exemptions — Personal property, selected,
$200; no homestead exemption; library of any
person, $500. Limitation of Actions—Open
accounts and contracts not under Seal, 6 years;
instruments under seal and promissory notes
not negotiable, 17 years; negotiable demand
notes, overdue and dishonored, after 4 months.
Redemption—Under foreclosure, at the discre-
tion of court; tax sale, 12 months. Justices'
Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—Party in interest
and person convicted of crime may be. Stay
of Execution—At discretion of court. Married
Women—Property of wife, if married since
April 20, 1877, separate estate, and controlled
as if feme sole. Interest—Legal rate, 6 per
cent; by contract, any rate. Usury—No law.
Dakota.
Bxemptions. – Personal property, $1,500;
homestead, 160 acres in country, or lot of 1
acre in city. Limitations of Actions -- On
contract or obligation, 6 years; on sealed in-
struments, judgment or decree of any court,
and real actions, 20 years. Revivor—Part
payment or acknowledgment in Writing. Re-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
417
FoREMAN. That said party of the first part
shall engage and provide, at his own expense,
during the progress of the work, under, and until
the complete fulfillment of, this agreement, a
thoroughly competent “foreman,” whose duty
it is to attend to the general supervision of all
matters hereby undertaken by said party of the
first part, and also the correct marking, pre-
paring, laying out and locating all patterns,
moulds, models and measurements, in, to, for,
and upon the work hereby agreed upon, from,
and in conformity with, said plans, drafts, Speci-
fications and explanations.
FoRFEITURE OF CONTRACT. That if at any time
during the progress of said work, said party of
the second part shall find that said work is not
carried forward with sufficient rapidity and
throroughness, or that the materials furnished,
foreman, sub-contractors or workmen employed
by said party of the first part, are unskilled,
incompetent, and insufficient for the completion
of said work within the time and manner stipu-
lated in the plans, drafts, specifications and
explanations aforesaid, he shall give notice of
Such insufficiency and defects in progress, ma-
terials, foreman, sub-contractors or workmen, to
said party of the first part; and if within ten
days thereafter such insufficiency and defects
are not remedied, then said party of the second
part may enter upon the work and suspend or
discharge said party of the first part, and all
employed under him, and carry on and complete
the work by “day's work,” or otherwise, as said
party may elect, providing and substituting
proper and sufficient materials and workmen;
and the expense thereof shall be chargeable to
said party of the first part, and be deducted
from any sum which may be due to him on a
final settlement. All questions arising out of
this eighth article of this agreement, shall be
subject to the final decision of the arbitrators
hereinbefore mentioned.
LIENS. That in case any lien or liens for la-
bor or materials shall exist upon the property
or estate of Said party of the second part, at
the time or times when by the terms and pro-
visions of this agreement a payment is to be
made by said party of the second part to said
party of the first part, such payment, or such
part thereº shall be equal to less than double
the amount for which said lien or liens shall or
can exist, shall not be payable at the said
stipulated time or times, notwithstanding any-
thing to the contrary in this agreement con-
tained; and that said party of the second part
shall, and may, be well assured that no such
liens do, or can, attach or exist, before he shall
be liable to make either of said payments.
WoRK, wheTHER DESCRIBED OR NOT, ETC. That all
the works described or referred to in the annexed
specifications and explanations, are to be exe-
cuted by said party of the first part, whether
or not said works are illustrated by the afore-
said plans or drafts; and that said party of the
first part is to execute all works shown by Said
plans and drafts, whether or not said works are
described or referred to in said specifications or
explanations.
IN witness whEREOF, The said parties have
hereunto set their hands and seals, the day and
year first above written.
SAMUEL W. PARKER. [SEAL.]
HUGH B. JACKSON. [SEAL.]
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of
WALTER B. GROOME,
DAVID H. LANE.
The specifications should be carefully written
out, passed upon separately by the parties to
the agreement, signed and Sealed by them,
witnessed by the persons who witnessed the
agreement, and attached to the agreement as a
part of it. It is the custom in some cases to
insert these specifications in the body of the
agreement. In such a case they should, in this
agreement, be inserted after the second para-
paragraph.
|BILLS OF SALE.
A bill of sale is a written agreement by which
a person transfers to another person, for a val-
uable consideration, his entire right, title, and .
interest in personal property.
As a general rule, in order to establish own-
ership at law, the purchaser must take actual
possession of the property purchased; but in
some States, if the sale was not made fraud-
ulently, for the purpose of evading the payment
of just debts, the bill of sale is prima facie
evidence of the sale, and will hold good against
the creditors of the seller. Such questions must
be decided by juries, who have power to set
aside the sale in cases where fraud is proved.
418 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Bill of Sale-General Form, With Warranty.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That in
consideration of five hundred dollars, the receipt
of which is hereby acknowledged, I do hereby
grant, Sell, transfer, and deliver unto Thomas
Wright, his heirs, executors, administrators,
and assigns, the following goods and chattels,
V12. .
One set of parlor furniture, upholstered
in purple velvet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $300 00
One set of black walnut chamber furni-
ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 00
$500 00
To have and to hold all and singular the
said goods and chattels forever. And the said
grantor hereby covenants with said grantee that
he is the lawful owner of said goods and chat-
tels; that they are free from all incumbrances;
that he has good right to sell the same, as
aforesaid ; and that he will warrant and defend
the same against the lawful claims and demands
of all persons whomsoever.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said grantor has
hereunto set his hand this tenth day of March,
1882.
Witnesses: GEORGE H. FLETCHER.
HENRY HALL.
JosLPH SMITH.
Bill of Sale—Of a Horse, With Warranty.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That in
consideration of one hundred and fifty dollars,
to me paid by Henry Clayton, the receipt of
which is hereby acknowledged, I, Andrew Lewis,
by these presents do bargain, sell, and convey
to the said Henry Clayton, his heirs, executors,
administrators, and assigns, one bay horse, of
the male sex, bay color, fifteen hands high,
with a white star in the forehead, known as
Old Hickory, to have and to hold the same
unto the said Henry Clayton, his heirs, execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns forever.
And, I, for myself, my heirs, executors, and
administrators, will warrant and defend said
horse unto him, the said Henry Clayton, his
heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns,
against the lawful claims and demands of all
and every person or persons whatsover.
Witness my hand this tenth day of May, 1882.
e ANDREW LEWIS.
Witnesses:
THOMAS JACKSON.
GEORGE FLINT.
Bonds.
A bond is a written promise, signed and
Sealed by a single person, to pay to another
person a certain sum of money at a designated
time. A promise made in writing without a
Seal is not a bond, but merely a simple promise.
The bond must be for some boma fide consid-
eration.
The person giving the bond is called the
obligor, the person to whom it is given is called
the obligee.
A bond is usually given not as a promise to pay
money, for a promisory note would answer that
purpose, but as a promise to pay money in
case certain acts are not done. These acts are
specified in the bond, and are called the condi-
tion of the bond. The faithful performance of
these acts within the time specified renders the
bond null and void.
The amount of money named in the bond is
called the penalty. It is usually sufficient to
cover the debt it is intended to secure, with
interest and costs added. In order to secure
this the sum is fixed at twice the amount of
the actual debt. “The meaning and effect of
this is, that if the obligor fails, in any respect,
to do what the condition recites, then he is
bound to pay the money he acknowledges him-
self, in the bond, bound to pay. But now the
law comes in to mitigate the severity of this
contract. And whatever be the sum which the
obligor acknowledges himself, in the bond,
bound to pay, he is held by the courts to pay
the obligee only that amount which will be a
complete indemnification to him for the dam-
age he has sustained by the failure of the
obligor to do what the condition recites.
“For example: suppose A B makes a bond
to C D in the sum of ten thousand dollars.
The condition recites that one E F has been
hired by C. D as his clerk, and that A B guar-
antees the good conduct of E F; and if E F
does all his duty honestly and faithfully, then
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
419
the bond is void, otherwise remains in full
force. Then suppose E F to cheat C D out of
some money. A B is sued on the bond; C D
cannot recover from him, in any event, more
than the ten thousand dollars; and he will, in
fact, recover from him only so much of this as
will make good to C D all the loss he has sus-
tained by B. F.'s misconduct. As the obligee
can recover from the obligor only actual com-
pensation for what he loses, it is usual in prac-
tice to make the penal sum in the bond large
enough to cover all the loss that can happen.”
A Simple Form of Bond, Without Condition.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,
William Jackson, of the city of Richmond,
State of Virginia, am held and firmly bound
unto Franklin Stearns, of the city and State
aforesaid, in the sum of two hundred dollars,
lawful money of the United States of America,
to be paid to the said Franklin Stearns, or
his certain attorney, Henry Cannon, or his
assigns; to which payment, well and truly to
be made on or before the first day of January,
1882, I bind myself, my heirs, executors, and
administrators firmly by these presents.
Sealed with my seal, dated the first day of
March, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and eighty-two.
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I, William Jackson,
have set my hand and seal to this instrument,
on the first day of March, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-
two. WILLIAM JACKSON. [SEAL.]
Executed and delivered in presence of
WILLIAM H. MYERs. }
SAMUEL W. STOKES.
General Form of Bond, With Condition.
ENow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,
Francis Gibbons, of the city of Covington, State
of Kentucky, am held and firmly bound unto
Robert Breckenridge, of the city and State
aforesaid, in the Sum of one thousand dollars,
to be paid to the Said Robert Breckenridge,
his executors, administrators, or assigns, for
which payment, well and truly to be made, I
bind myself, my heirs, executors, and adminis-
trators, firmly by these presents.
Sealed with my seal, dated the twentieth
day of March, 1882.
The condition of the above obligation is
such, that if the above bounden Francis Gib-
bons, his heirs, executors, and administrators,
or any of them, shall well and truly pay, or
cause to be paid, unto the above named Robert
Breckenridge, his executors, administrators, or
assigns, the just and full sum of five hundred
dollars, on the tenth day of March, 1882, with
interest, at six per cent. per annum, payable
half-yearly from the date hereof, without fraud
or other delay, then the above obligation to
be void; otherwise, to remain in full force.
And it is hereby expressly agreed, that,
should any default be made in the payment of
the said interest, or of any part thereof, on
any day whereon the same is made payable,
as above expressed, and should the same
remain unpaid and in arrear for the space of
thirty days, then and from thenceforth—that
is to say, after the lapse of the said thirty
days—the aforesaid principal sum of five hun-
dred dollars, with all arrearages of interest
thereon, shall, at the option of the said Richard
Jones, or his executors, administrators, or
assigns, become and be due and payable
immediately thereafter, although the period
first above limited for the payment thereof
may not then have expired, anything herein-
before contained to the contrary thereof in
anywise notwithstanding.
FRANCIS GLBBONs. [SEAL.]
Executed and delivered in presence of
THOMAS PRESTON.
ROBERT STEELE.
Form of Bond, with Power of Attorney to Con-
fess Judgment.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That
Robert White, of the city of Richmond, State
of Virginia, is held and firmly bound unto
Richard Jones, of the city and State aforesaid,
in the sum of one thousand dollars, lawful
money of the United States of America, to be
paid, on the first day of March, 1882, to the
Said Richard Jones, or his certain attorney,
executors, administrators, or assigns: to which
payment Well and truly to be made, his heirs,
executors, and administrators, are firmly
bound by these presents.
420
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Sealed with his seal, dated the first day of
January, 1882.
The condition of this obligation is:
That if the above bounden, Robert White, his
heirs, executors, administrators, or any of
them, shall and do well and truly pay, or
cause to be paid, unto the above-named
Richard Jones, or his attorney, executors,
administrators, or assigns, the just sum of
five hundred dollars, without any fraud or
further delay, then the above obligation to be
void, or else to be and remain in full force
and effect.
RoBERT WHITE. [SEAL.]
Sealed and delivered in the presence of
THOMAS WILSON,
HUGH BLAIR.
To George Howard, Esq., attorney of the
Circuit court, at Richmond, in the county of
Henrico, in the State of Virginia, or to any
other attorney of the said court, or of any
other court, there or elsewhere.
Whereas, Robert White, in and by a certain
obligation bearing even date herewith, does
stand bound unto Richard Jones, in the sum
of one thonsand dollars, lawful money of the
United States of America, conditioned for the
payment of a certain promissory note, dated
January 1st, 1882.
These are to desire and authorize you, or
any of you, to appear for said Robert White,
his heirs, executors, or administrators, in the
said court or elsewhere, in an action of debt,
there or elsewhere brought, or to be brought,
against me, or my heirs, executors, or admin-
istrators, at the Suit of said Richard Jones,
his executors, administrators, or assigns, on
the Said obligation, as of any term or time
past, present, or any other subsequent term or
time there or elsewhere to be held, and con-
fe8s judgment thereupon against me, or my
heirs, executors, or administrators, for the
sum of five hundred dollars, debt, besides
costs of Suit, in such manner as you shall
seem meet ; and for your, or any of your, so
doing, this shall be your sufficient warrant.
And I do hereby for myself, and for my
heirs, executors, and administrators, remise,
release, and forever quit-claim unto the said
Richard Jones, or his attorley, executors,
administrators, and assigns, all and all manner
of error and errors, misprisions, misentries,
defects and imperfections whatever, in the enter-
ing of the said judgment, or any process or
proceedings thereon or thereto, or anywise
touching or concerning the same.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my
hand and Seal the first day of January, A. D.
1892.
ROBERT WITITE.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
ALFRED PLEASANTs.
ROBERT JOHNSON.
(SEAL.]
MORTGAGES.
A mortgage is a deed conveying real estate
to a creditor, as security for a debt. It con-
veys the property to him as fully and abso-
lutely as though it were sold outright, with this
difference, that the debtor retains by the terms
of the deed the right to pay the debt and re-
deem the property within a specified time.
The person giving a mortgage is called the
mortgagor, the person receiving one, the mort-
gagéé.
A note is generally given by the debtor, and
the mortgage is designed to secure it. In some
of the States, a bond is given in place of the
note. The words of the mortgage should state
clearly which is given.
The mortgagee has a valid title to the prop-
erty conveyed, and all the mortgagor owns in
relation to it is the right to pay the debt and
redeem the property. Hence, unless the deed
expressly stipulates that the mortgagor may
remain in possession of the the property until
the time for the payment of the debt arrives,
the mortgagee has a perfect right to enter upon
the property and take possession of it. It is,
therefore, customary to include in mortgages a
clause giving the mortgagor the right of posses-
Sion.
In former years a mortgagor lost his right to
redeem his property when the mortgage was
unpaid on the day it became due. Now, how-
ever, the law secures to him three years after
the expiration of the mortgage, in which he may
pay the debt, with interest and costs, and redeem
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
421
his property. This is called his equity of re-
demption. The mortgagor may sell his equity
of redemption, or he may mortgage it by mak-
ing a second or other subsequent mortgage of
the property, and it may be attached by cred-
itors, and would go to assignees as a part of
his property if he became insolvent.
As many persons object to lending money
upon mortgages in which this equity of re-
demption is reserved, it has become common
of late years, to include in the mortgage a
clause stipulatiag that if the money is not paid
when it is due, the mortgagee may, in a cer-
tain number of days thereafter, sell the prop-
erty (providing also such precautions to secure
a fair price as may be agreed upon), and,
reserving enough to pay his debt and charges,
pay over the balance to the mortgagor. This
is called a power of sale mortgage, and is an
arrangement sanctioned by the law. It must
be remembered, however, that the equity of
redemption exists in all mortgages which do
not contain the above express stipulation.
The three years of redemption begin on the
day on which the mortgagee forecloses the
mortgage, or, in other words, takes lawful
possession of the property. If the mortgagee
allows a dozen years to pass without foreclos-
ing, he must reckon the three years of redemp-
tion from the day of foreclosure.
In foreclosing, he must make entry upon the
property in a peacable manner, in the presence
of witnesses, or by an action at law. The mode
of procedure is governed by the laws of the
several States.
When a mortgagor wishes to redeem his
property, he must make a formal tender of the
debt due, together with interest and all lawful
charges of the mortgagee. He is entitled to
such rents or profits as the mortgagee has
actually received, or would have received had
he used due diligence in collecting them.
It is usual for the mortgage to contain an
agreement that the mortgagor shall keep the
premises insured in a certain sum for the benefit
of the mortgagee. Where no such stipulation
is made, and the mortgagee insures the prem-
ises, he cannot recover the cost of the insurance
from the mortgagor.
Should a mortgagor erect buildings upon
mortgaged land, the mortgagee, upon taking
possession, becomes the owner of these build-
ings also. If however, the mortgagee erects
buildings upon lands on which he holds a
mortgage, the mortgagor, upon redeeming the
land, becomes the owner of such buildings
without paying the mortgagee for them. Such
matters may, and should always, be regulated
by an agreement between the parties.
In some of the States it is usual to release
a mortgage by a quit—claim deed from the
holder of the mortgage to the holder of the
property or of the equity of redemption. An-
other common practice is for the Registrar or
Recorder of Deeds to write an acknowledgment
of satisfaction, release, or discharge, on the
margin of the record of the mortgage, which
must be signed by the mortgagee or holder of
the mortgage. Any instrument, or Writing
which plainly states that the sum or sums due
upon such mortgage have been faithfully paid,
will constitute a valid release of the mortgage.
Such instrument must be duly signed, sealed,
and recorded. A release of a mortgage takes
effect from the time it is placed in the hands
of the Recorder of Deeds, whose duty it is to
record in a book kept for that purpose all
proper releases or discharges, or satisfactions
of this kind.
Form of Mortgage in General Use.
THIS INDENTURE, Made the first day of Janu-
ary, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and eighty-two, between Henry A.
Steele, merchant, of the city of Richmond, State
of Virginia, and Mary, his wife, of the one part,
hereinafter called the mortgagor, and Alfred
Howard, banker, of the city and State aforesaid,
hereinafter called the mortgagee, of the other
part.
WHEREAS, The said mortgagor seized of, or
Well entitled to, the inheritance in fee-simple, of
and in the lands and premises hereinafter de-
scribed and released; and having occasion to bor-
row, and take up at interest, the sum of ten
thousand dollars, has applied to and requested
the said mortgagee to lend and advance to him
the same, which he, the said mortgagee, has
agreed to do, on having the re-payment thereof
secured to him by a mortgage of the said lands,
tenements, and hereditaments, in manner here-
inafter mentioned.
422
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Now THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETH, That in
pursuance of the said agreement, and in con-
sideration of the sum of ten thousand dollars
to the said mortgagor in hand paid by the said
mortgagee at or immediately before the seal-
ing and delivery of these presents, the receipt
whereof the said mortgagor does hereby acknowl-
edge, and of and from the same, and every
part thereof, does acquit, release, and discharge
the said mortgagee, his heirs, executors, admin-
istrators, and assigns, and every of them,
forever, by these presents, he, the said mort-
gagor, has granted, aliened, released and
confirmed, and by these presents does grant,
alien, release, and confirm (and the said Mary
Steele, wife of the said Robert Steele, doth
hereby release all her right of dower) unto the
said Mortgagee, Alfred Howard, his heirs and
assigns, all that tract, piece, and parcel of land,
hereditaments and premises, situate, lying and
being—
[Here insert a careful and accurate description
of the property.]
ToGETHER, with all houses, buildings, rights,
members, and appurtenances thereunto belong-
ing, or in anywise appertaining; and all the
estate, right, title, claim, and demand of the
said mortgagor in, to, or upon the said lands
and hereditaments, or any part thereof.
To HAVE AND TO HOLD the said lands, tene-
ments, hereditaments, and premises hereby
released, or intended so to be, with their
appurtenances, unto the said mortgagee, his
heirs and assigns, to the only proper use of the
said mortgagee, his heirs and assigns, forever.
SUBJECT, NEVERTHELEss, to the proviso for
redemption hereinafter contained; that is to
say, provided that if the Said mortgagor, his
heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns,
shall pay unto the said mortgagee, Alfred How-
ard, his executors, administrators, or assigns, the
full sum of ten thousand dollars of lawful
money of the United States, without any abate-
ment whatever, then these presents shall cease,
and be void to all intents and purposes what-
©Věr. º
And the said mortgagor, his heirs, executors
and administrators, covenant with the said
mortgagee, his executors, and administrators,
that he, the said mortgagor, his heirs, executors,
or administrators, shall and will pay, or cause
to be paid unto the said mortgagee, his execu-
tors, administrators, or assigns, the said prin-
cipal sum of ten thousand dollars and interest,
at the times and in the manner hereinbefore
appointed for payment thereof, without any
deduction or abatement whatever, according to
the true intent and meaning of these presents.
And also shall and will, during so long as
the said sum of ten thousand dollars, or any
part thereof shall remain due on security of these
presents, pay, or cause to be paid, to the said
mortgagee, his executors, administrators, or
assigns, interest for the said sum of ten thou-
Sand dollars, or for so much thereof as for the
time being shall remain unpaid, after the rate
of Seven per centum per annum, on the first
day of January in every year.
And also that he, the said mortgagor, now
has in him a good right to grant, release, and
convey the hereditaments hereby released, unto
the said mortgagee, his heirs and assigns, in
manner aforesaid, according to the true intent
and meaning of these presents.
And further, that it shall and may be law-
ful to and for the said mortgagee, his heirs
and assigns, after default shall be made in pay-
ment of Said sum of ten thousand dollars and
interest, or any part thereof respectively, con-
trary to the proviso hereinbefore contained,
peaceably to enter upon the said hereditaments,
and to hold and enjoy the same, without any
interruption, claim, or demand whatsoever.
And, morever, that he, the said mortgagor,
and his heirs, and all persons whatsoever, hav-
ing any estate or interest in the premises, shall
and will at all times hereafter, during the con-
tinuance of said sum of ten thousand dollars
and interest, or any part thereof, on this
security, upon every reasonable request of the
said mortgagee, his executors, administrators,
assigns, but at the costs and charges of the
said mortgagor, his heirs, executors and admin-
istrators, make and execute and perfect all
such further conveyances and assurances in
the law whatsoever, for the further and bet-
ter conveying and assuring the said heredita-
ments hereby released, unto and to the use of
the said mortgagee, his heirs and assigns;
subject to the Said proviso, according to the
true intent and meaning of these presents, as
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
428
by the said mortgagee, his heirs and assigns,
or his or their counsel in the law, shall be
reasonably desired or advised and required,
and tendered to be made and executed.
AND IT IS HEREBY FURTHER PROVIDED, agreed
and declared, by and between the said parties
to these presents, that if default shall be made
in payment of the said sum of ten thousand
dollars, or the interest thereof, or any part
thereof respectively, at the times hereinbefore
appointed for payment of the same respectively,
then and in any of such cases, and when and
so often as any such default shall be made,
the whole amount of the said principal money
shall, notwithstanding any provision or condition
of this mortgage to the contrary, immediately
fall due and become payable, and it shall be
lawful for the said mortgagee, his executors,
administrators, or assigns, at any time or times
after such default shall have been so made,
without any further consent on the part of the
said mortgagor, his heirs and assigns (without
prejudice, however, to the right of the said
mortgagee, his heirs and assigns, to foreclose
the equity of redemption, or to maintain any
action under the covenants hereinbefore con-
tained), to make sale and dispose of the said
messuages, land, and other hereditaments and
premises hereinbefore granted and released, or
expressed or intended so to be, or any part or
parts thereof, either together or in parcels, and
either by public auction or private contract,
with full power upon any such sale or sales to
make any stipulations as to title or otherwise,
which he or the purchaser shall deem neces-
sary; and also with full power to buy in the
said hereditaments and premises, or any part
or parts thereof, at any sale or sales by pub-
lic auction, or to rescind any contract or
contracts for the Sale of the same heredita-
ments and premises, or any part or parts
thereof, and to re-sell the same hereditaments
and premises which shall have been so bought
in, or as to which any contract or contracts
for sale shall have been rescinded as aforesaid,
without being responsible for any loss which
may be occasioned thereby.
And, for the purposes aforesaid, or any
of them, it shall be lawful for the said mort-
gagee, his executors, administrators, or assigns,
to make and execute, or cause to be made and
executed, all such agreements, deeds, convey-
ances and assurances as he or his executors,
administrators or assigns, shall think fit.
And it is hereby also agreed and declared,
that upon any sale or sales which shall be
made under the power of sale hereinbefore con-
tained by the executors or administrators of
the said mortgagee or by any other person or per-
sons who may not be seized of the legal estate
in the hereditaments and premises to be sold,
the heirs of the said mortgagee, or any other
person or persons in whom the legal estate of
the same hereditaments and premises, or any
part thereof, shall be vested, shall make such con-
veyances and assurances of the same, for the
purpose of carrying the sale thereof into effect,
as the person or persons by whom the same
shall be made shall direct.
PROVIDED ALso, and it is bereby agreed and
declared, that the said mortgagee, his execu-
tors, administrators, or assigns, shall not
execute the power of sale hereinbefore contained
(if the sale or sales thereunder be by public auc-
tion) unless and until he or they shall have
first given four weeks’ notice of such sale, by
publishing such notice at least once in every
week for four successive weeks, in some news-
paper published in the city of Richmond, Vir-
ginia.
PROVIDED, ALso, and it is hereby further agreed
and declared, that upon any Sale purporting
to be made in pursuance of the aforesaid power
in that behalf, the purchaser or purchasers
therof shall not be bound to see or inquire
whether either of these cases mentioned in the
clause or provision lastly hereinbefore contained
has happended, or whether any money remains
due on the Security of these presents, or other-
wise, as to the propriety or regularity of such
sale; and notwithstanding any impropriety or
irregularity whatsoever in any such sale, the
same shall, as far as regards the safety and
protection of the purchaser or purchasers
thereat, be deemed and taken to be within the
aforesaid power in that behalf, and to be valid
and effectual accordingly, and the remedy of
the said mortgagor, his heirs or assigns, in
respect of any breach of the clause or pro-
vision lastly hereinbefore contained, shall be in
damages only.
424
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
And it is hereby also agreed and declared,
that, upon arry such sale as aforesaid, the
receipt or receipts in writing of the said mort-
gagee, his executors, administrators, or assigns,
for the purchase-money of the hereditaments
and premises to be sold, shall be an effectual
discharge or effectual discharges to the pur-
chaser or purchasers for the money therein
respectively expressed to be received, and that
such purchaser or purchasers, after payment of
all or a part of the purchase-money, shall not
be concerned to see to the application of such
money, or be answerable for any loss, misap-
plication, or non-application thereof.
And it is hereby further agreed and declared
that the said mortgagee, his executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, shall hold all and singular
the moneys which shall arise from any sale
which shall be made in pursuance of the afore-
said power in that behalf, upon the trusts
following; that is to say, upon trust in the first
place by, with, and out of the same moneys,
to reimburse himself or themselves, and to pay
or discharge all the costs and expenses attend-
ing such sale or sales, or otherwise to be incurred
in or about the exercise of the said power of
sale or in anywise relating thereto; and, in the
next place, upon trust to apply such moneys
in or towards satisfaction of all and singular
the moneys which for the time being shall be
due on the security of these presents, and then
upon trust to pay the surplus (if any) of the
said moneys unto the said mortgagor, his heirs
or assigns, for his and their proper use and
benefit.
And it is hereby also agreed and declared
that the aforesaid power of Sale shall and may
be exercised by any person or persons who for
the time being shall be entitled to receive and
give a discharge for the moneys which for the
time being shall be due on the Security of these
presents.
PROVIDED ALWAYS, and it is hereby agreed and
declared, that the said mortgagee, his execu-
tors, administrators, or assigns, shall not be
answerable nor accountable for any involuntary
losses which may happen in or about the exer-
cise or execution of the aforesaid power or
trusts, or any of them.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties above men-
tioned have hereunto subscribed their names
and affixed their seals to two copies thereof,
interchangeably at Richmond, Virginia, on the
first day of January, in the year of our Lord
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.
HENRY A. STEELE. [SEAL.]
MARY STEELE. [SEAL.]
ALFRED HowARD. [SEAL.]
Executed and interchanged in presence of
LAWRENCE WHITE.
THOMAS LACEY.
$10,000.
RECEIVED, on the day of the date of the with-
in-written indenture, from the within-named
mortgagee, the sum of ten thousand dollars,
being the consideration expressed in the same
indenture, to be paid by him to the within-
named mortgagor.
THOMAS A. STEELE. [SEAL.]
Witness:
LAWRENCE WHITE.
THOMAS LACEY.
THIS DEED was acknowledged before me by
Mary Steele, therein named, apart from her
husband, to have been voluntarily executed by
her, and that she was aware of the nature of
the contents thereof. ALFRED LANE,
J. P. for Henrico County.
Dated this first day of January, A. D. 1882.
Chattel Mortgages.
A chattel mortgage is a mortgage given upon
personal property for the purpose of Securing a
creditor. Formerly, if the mortgagor remained
in possession of the property, it was doubtful
whether the mortgagee held a valid security.
Now, however, in most of the States, the mort-
gagor may retain the property and the mortgagee
is fully secured by recording the mortgage,
according to the provisions of the statutes of
the State in which it is made.
All chattel mortgages should contain a clause
providing for the equity of redemption. The
average period allowed for redemption is sixty
days. This right may be waived by including
in the mortgage a power of sale clause.
The mortgagee may transfer the mortgage to
another party for a valuable consideration, but
property thus mortgaged cannot be seized or
sold until the period for which the mortgage
was given has expired. ..
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
425
Chattel Mortgage, With Power of Sale.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,
John F. Thomas, of the city of Wilmington,
State of Delaware, in consideration of five hun-
dred dollars to me paid by Henry A. Davis, of
the city and State aforesaid, the receipt of
which is hereby acknowledged, do hereby grant,
bargain, and sell unto the said Heury A. Davis,
and his assigns, forever, the following goods
and chattels, to-wit:
[Here insert an accurate list of the articles mort-
gaged, giving a full description of each.]
To HAVE AND TO Hold, All and singular the
said goods and chattels unto the mortgagee
herein, and his assigns, to their sole use and
behoof forever. And the mortgagor herein, for
himself and for his heirs, executors, and admin-
istrators, does hereby covenant to and with the
said mortgagee and his assigns, the said mort-
gagor is lawfully possessed of the said goods
and chattels, as of his own property; that the
same are free from all incumbrances, and that
he will warrant and defend the same to him,
the said mortgagee and his assigns, against the
lawful claims and demands of all persons.
PROVIDED, NEVERTHELESS, that if the said
mortgagor shall pay to the mortgagee, on the
tenth day of May, in the year 1882, the sum
of five hundred dollars, then this mortgage is
to be void, otherwise to remain in full force
and effect.
AND PROVIDED FURTHER, That until default be
made by the said mortgagor in the performance
of the condition aforesaid, it shall and may be
lawful for him to retain the possession of the
said goods and chattels, and to use and enjoy
the same; but if the same or any part thereof
shall be attached or claimed by any other per-
son or persons at any time before payment, or
the said mortgagor, or any person or persons
whatever, upon any pretense, shall attempt to
carry off, conceal, make way with, sell, or in
any manner dispose of the same or any part
thereof, without the authority and permission of
the said mortgagee, or his executors, adminis-
trators, or assigns, in Writing expressed, then it
shall and may be lawful for the said mortgagee,
with or without assistance, or his agent or at-
torney, or his executors, administrators, or
assigns, to take possession of Said goods and
chattels, by entering upon any premises wherever
the same may be, whether in this county or
State, or elsewhere, to and for the use of said
mortgagee or his assigns. And if the moneys
hereby secured, or the matters to be done or
performed, as above specified, are not duly paid,
done or performed at the time and according
to the conditions above set forth, then the said
mortgagee, or his attorney or agent, or his
executors, administrators, or assigns, may by
virtue hereof, and without any suit or process,
immediately enter and take possession of Said
goods and chattels, and sell and dispose of the
same at public or private Sale, and after satis-
fying the amount due, and all expenses, the
surplus, if any remain, shall be paid over to
said mortgagor or his assigns.
The exhibition of this mortgage shall be
sufficient proof that any person claiming to act
for the mortgagee is duly made, constituted, and
appointed agent and attorney to do whatever
is above authorized.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said mortgagor
has hereunto set his hand and seal this tenth
day of May, in the year of our Lord, one thou-
sand, eight hundred and eighty-two.
JoBN F. THOMAs.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
WILLIAM WISE.
HARRIson Wool. }
STATE of DELAwarE, SS
SUSSEx County. *
|SEAL.]
This mortgage was acknowledged before me
by J. F. Thomas, this tenth day of May, A.
D., 1882. ANDREW WHITE, J. P.
IDEEIDS.
In former times, any writing signed or sealed
was termed a deed. Now, the law confines the
meaning to instruments for the sale of land.
In this country, no lands can be transferred
excepting by a deed, which must be properly
signed, sealed, witnessed, acknowledged, delivered
and recorded. In some of the States, seals are
not necessary to the validity of a deed.
A deed should be written or printed on parch-
ment, as paper is more perishable in character.
426
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
The person making the deed is called the
grantor; the person in whose favor the deed
is made is called the grantee.
The deed should be signed by the grantor
With his full name, written clearly in ink of
the best quality. A person accepting a deed
signed with a lead pencil places his rights in
jeopardy. If the grantor cannot write his name,
he may make his mark.
The name of the grantee should be written
clearly, and with good ink, in the proper place
in the deed.
In the States which require a seal, great care
must be given to see that only those recognized
in law are used. Strictly speaking, a seal is a
piece of paper wafered on, or a piece of seal-
ing-wax pressed on the paper. In the New
England States and in New York, the law does
not acknowledge any other kind. In the South-
ern and Western States, the written word Seal,
with a scrawl around it, placed after the signa-
ture constitutes a legal seal.
A deed must be delivered in order to render it
valid. There is no special form necessary to con-
stitute a proper delivery. If the deed comes into
the possession of the grantee with the knowledge
and consent of the grantor, however it may
have been gotten possession of, it is a valid
delivery. If a man makes a deed and fails to
deliver it, and dies with it in his possession,
the deed is of no effect whatever. A deed to a
married woman may be delivered either to her
or to her husband.
Some of the States require that deeds shall
be attested by two witnesses. New York re-
quires but one. Other States do not require
any witnesses; but in all cases a deed ought
to be witnessed by at least two persons, whether
the law requires it or not. It is best to have
adult witnesses; but minors may act in the
capacity if they be of sound mind. The witness
must have no interest in the deed. For this
reason a wife cannot witness her husband's
signature.
As a general rule, deeds are valid between
parties even when not acknowledged. It is
always best to have them acknowledged, how-
ever, as an unacknowledged deed cannot be
recorded. The acknowledgment must be made
before a person authorized by law to receive it.
In some places a deed may be acknowled by
either of the grantors, but the old custom of
acknowledgment by all the grantors is the safest
as well as the most general. Where a wife
joins with her husband in conveying away her
land, or does so separately, a particular form
and mode of acknowledgment is generally re-
quired to show that she acted without undue
influence from him, and of her own free will.
It is the duty of the justice taking the ac-
knowledgement to state in his certificate exactly
how it was made before him.
A deed must be recorded to be valid. That
is, the grantee must deliver it to the Recorder
of Deeds, or other official appointed by law for
that purpose, who must cause it to be copied
in fuli in a book kept in his office for that
purpose. A deed is regarded as recorded from the
moment it is placed in the hands of this officer,
and he generally writes upon it the year, month,
day, hour, and minute when he received it.
Deeds should be presented for record at the
earliest possible moment. Sometimes the own-
ership to the land conveyed may depend upon
the exact minute at which the deed was deliv-
ered for record. This system of recording deeds
enables a person to trace the title to a property
with absolute certainty.
All erasures or additions to a deed should be
noted at the end of it, and properly witnessed.
Any such change without being thus provided
for renders the deed null and void.
In order to make a valid deed, the grantor
must be the true and lawful owner of the prop-
erty; must be of legal age; and must be of
sound mind.
A deed takes effect, as between the parties,
from the moment of its delivery. It takes effect
as against the creditors of the grantor from the
moment of its delivery for record.
The land conveyed in the deed should be
accurately described, no pains being spared in
this respect. In this country it is the usual
custom to refer to the previous deeds by which
the grantor obtained his title. This is done by
describing them, their parties, date, and book,
and page of registry. A deed thus described
in a deed, becomes, for most purposes in law,
a part of the deed referring.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
427
A deed should convey land to the grantee
and his heirs. Deeds conveying land to the
grantee only, limit his title to his life, and he
cannot leave lands thus acquired to his heirs;
nor can he dispose of it during his life.
Quit-Claim Deed–Simple Form.
THIS INDENTURE, Made the first day of
January, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and eighty-two, between John
Hughes, merchant, of the town of Westchester,
State of Pennsylvania, of the first part, and
Albert Nicholas, farmer, of the town and State
aforesaid, of the second part, witnesseth, that
the said party of the first part, for and in
consideration of the sum of five thousand dol-
lars, lawful money of the United States of
America, to him in hand paid by the said
party of the second part, at or before the
ensealing and delivery of these presents, the
receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, has
remised, released, and quitclaimed, and by
these presents does remise, release, and quit-
claim, unto the said party of the second part,
and to his heirs and assigns, forever, all—
[Here insert a minute and accurate description
of the lands or property granted.
ToGETHER with all and singular the tene-
ments, hereditaments, and appurtenances thereto
belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the
reversion and reversions, remainder and re-
mainders, rents, issues, and profits thereof.
And also all the estate, right, title, interest,
property, possession, claim, and demand whatso-
ever, as well in law as in equity, of the said
party of the first part, of, in, or to the above
described premises, and every part and parcel
thereof with the appurtenances. To have and
to hold all and singular the above-mentioned
and described premises, together with the ap-
purtenances, unto the said party of the second
part, and his heirs and assigns forever.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said party of the
first part has hereunto set his hand and seal
the day and year first above written.
JoHN HUGHEs.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
HENRY THoMPsoN. }
FREDERICK WAITE.
[SEAL.]
STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, ) SS
County of CHESTER. “”
On this first day of January, in the year
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two,
before me personally came John Hughes, who
is known by me to be the individual described
in, and who executed the foregoing, instrument,
and acknowledged that he executed the same.
THOMAS W. JACKSON, J. P. [SEAL.]
Deed, with Warranty.
THIS INDENTURE, Made this first day of
January, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and eighty-two, between Thomas
Jonathan Jackson, and Mary Jackson, wife of
the said Thomas Jonathan Jackson, of the
county of Ohio, State of West Virginia, parties
of the first part, and Henry Highland Garnett,
of the county and State aforesaid, party of the
second part.
WITNESSETH, That the said parties of the
first part, for and in consideration of the sum
of ten thousand dollars, lawful money of the
United States, to them paid by the said party
of the second part, the receipt of which is
hereby acknowledged, do by these presents
grant, bargain, and sell unto the said party of
the second part, and his heirs and assigns, the
following described tract or parcel of land,
situate in—
[Here insert a full and minute description of the
land or property granted.]
ToGETHER with all and singular the tene-
ments, hereditaments, and appurtenances thereto
belonging, or in anywise appertaining, and the
reversion and reversions, remainder and remain-
ders, rents, issues and profits thereof; and
also all the estate, right, title, interest property,
possession, claim, and demand whatsoever, as
well in law as in equity, of the said parties of
the first part, of, in, or to the above-described
premises, and every part and parcel thereof,
with the appurtenances. To have and to hold
all and singular the above-mentioned and
described premises, together with the appur-
tenances, unto the said party of the second
part and his heirs and assigns forever. -
428
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
And the said Thomas Jonathan Jackson and
Mary Jackson, the said parties of the first
part, hereby expressly waive, release and relin-
quish unto the said party of the second part,
and his heirs, executors, administrators, and
assigns, all right, title, claim, interest, and
benefit whatever, in and to the above-described
premises, and each and every part thereof,
which is given by or results from all laws of
this State pertaining to the exemption of home-
steads.
And the said parties of the first part, for
themselves and their heirs, executors, and
administrators, do hereby covenant, promise,
and agree to and with the said party of the
second part, his heirs and assigns, that the
said premises against the claim of all persons,
claiming or to claim by, through or under
them only, they will forever warrant and
defend.
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, The said parties of
the first part have hereunto set their hands
and seals the day first above Written.
THOMAs JONATHAN JACKSON.
MARY JACKSON.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
WALTER HICEs.
ALFRED HOLLIDAY.
[SEAL.]
[SEAL.]
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA, S3
County of OHIo. tº
I, Francis Walker, Justice of the Peace, in
and for said county, in the State aforesaid, do
hereby certify that Thomas Jonathan Jackson,
personally known to me as the same person
whose name is subscribed to the annexed deed,
appeared before me this day in person, and
acknowledged that he signed, sealed, and
delivered the said instrument of writing, as his
free and voluntary act, for the uses and pur-
poses therein set forth.
And the said Mary Jackson, wife of the said
Thomas J. Jackson, having been by me examined,
separate and apart and out of the hearing of
her husband, and the contents and meaning
of the said instrument of Writing having been
by me fully made known and explained to her,
and she also by me being fully informed of
her right under the Homestead Laws of this
State, acknowledged that she had freely and
voluntarily executed the Same, and relinquished
her dower to the lands and tenements therein
mentioned, and also all her rights and advan-
tages under and by virtue of all laws of this
State relating to the exemption of homesteads,
Without compulsion of her said husband, and
that she does not wish to retract the same.
Given under my hand and official seal this
first day of January, A. D. 1882.
THOMAS HUBBELL, J. P. [SEAL.]
Deed of Gift, without Warranty.
THIS INDENTURE, Made the first day of March,
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and eighty-two, between Henry A.
Wilson, merchant, of the city of Baltimore,
State of Maryland, of the first part, and
Thomas Henry Wilson, attorney-at-law, of the
city and State aforesaid, of the second part.
WITNESSETH, That the said Henry A. Wilson,
as well for and in consideration of the love
and affection which he has and bears towards the
said Thomas Henry Wilson, as for the sum of
one dollar, lawful money of the United States,
to him in hand paid by the said party of the
second part, at or before the ensealing and
delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof
is hereby acknowledged, has given, granted,
aliened, enfeoffed, released, conveyed, and
confirmed, and by these presents does give,
grant, alien, enfeoff, release, convey, and con-
firm unto the said party of the second part
and his heirs and assigns forever, all—
[Here insert a minute and carefully prepared de-
seription of the property granted, and refer by
volume and page to the deed of the property to the
grantor, under which he holds it.]
ToGETHER with all and singular the tenements,
hereditaments, and appurtenances thereunto be-
longing or in anywise appertaining, and the
reversion and reversions, remainder and remain-
ders, rents, issues and profits thereof. And
also, all the estate, right, title, interest, prop-
erty, possession, claim, and demand whatsoever,
of the said party of the first part, of, in, and
to the same, and every part and parcel thereof,
with their and every of their appurtenances.
To have and to hold the Said hereby granted
and described premises, and every part and
parcel thereof, with the appurtenances, unto the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
429
said party of the second part, and his heirs and
assigns, to his and their only proper use, benefit,
and behoof forever.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said party of the
first part has hereunto set his hand and seal
the day and year first above written.
HENRY A. WILSON, [SEAL.]
Sealed and delivered in presence of
ROBERT RICHARDSON.
OWEN C. Owens.
The Rights and Duties of Landlords and Tenants.
A landlord is the owner of real estate who
hires or lets his property to another person for
a valuable consideration. The person who oc-
cupies rented property is called the tenant.
The agreement between the landlord and the
tenant, stating the terms upon which the latter
occupies the property, is called a lease. The
person granting the lease is called in law the
lessor; the person to whom the lease is made
is known as the lessee.
Leases should be written. No particular form
of words is essential, but the lease should state
in the clearest manner the terms and condi-
tions of the agreement, so that nothing may be
left to dispute between the landlord and tenant.
The law does not recognize verbal promises as
binding. Therefore the lease must state explic-
itly all the covenants between the parties.
No matter how bad the condition of a house,
the landlord is under no legal obligation to
make the necessary repairs, unless he sees fit
to do so. The lease should therefore contain a
clause providing for the necessary repairs.
Under an ordinary lease, should the house be
destroyed by fire, the tenant must continue to
pay the rent, because the law looks upon the
land as the principal thing leased, and the house
as merely secondary. So also, if the tenant
agrees to “return and redeliver the house at
the end of the term, in good order and condi-
tion, reasonable wear and tear excepted,” he is
bound by this agreement to rebuild the house
should it be destroyed by fire. At present all
well-drawn leases provide that the rent shall
cease in case the house shall be destroyed or
rendered uninhabitable by fire or any other
unavoidable calamity. A similar clause is
also inserted with regard to the return of the
house. Such a clause in a lease relieves the
tenant of the obligation to rebuild the house,
even though it should be burned through his
own carelessness or that of his servants.
Where the landlord desires to prevent his
tenant from subletting a part or the whole of the
premises, he must provide for it in the lease.
A person holding a lease which does not con-
tain this prohibition can sublet at his pleasure.
The lease should definitely state the period
for which it is given. If no time is specified,
the tenant can hold the property for one year,
but no longer. A tenant-at-will cannot vacate
the property without giving notice of his inten-
tion, nor can he be put out without being given
notice of the landlord's desire to regain pos-
session of the property. The laws in the various
States are quite uniform as to the time of no-
tice required. If the rent be payable quarterly,
three months' notice must be given. If it be
payable at more frequent periods, then the no-
tice must equal in length the period of the
payment. If the rent is payable monthly, a
month's notice is sufficient; if weekly, a week's
notice will answer.
A lease given for a specified time, as one
year, expires at the end of that time, and the
tenant may leave without giving notice, or the
landlord may put him out without notice.
A lease should be recorded, whether the law
requires it or not. Such record binds a subse-
quent purchaser of the property to assume all
the obligations of the former landlord as ex-
pressed in the lease.
A lease should be drawn in duplicate, and
each party to it should retain a copy.
Where a tenant is induced through the willful
misrepresentations of a landlord to lease prop-
erty, and thereby suffers loss or inconvenience,
he can deduct the amount of his damages from
the rent, and the landlord is bound to bear
the loss.
A landlord, in accepting a new tenant in
place of the Original holder of the lease, can-
cels by this act the original lease.
A tenant is not bound to make repairs unless
he agrees to do so. The landlord can, how-
ever, require him to keep the roof and the
windows in good order, so as to protect the
house from injury by rain.
430
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
A tenant is not bound to pay the taxes on
the property he occupies, unless he expressly
agrees to do so.
In case a lease contains a clause forbidding
a tenant to sublet the property, and the tenant,
in spite of this, does sublet it, the landlord
may either hold the tenant for the rent and
for such damages as he may sustain by such
Subletting, or he may enter upon the property
and take possession of it, and terminate the
lease. He may avail himself of either remedy,
but not of both.
When the rent is in arrear, a brief notice to
quit may be given, The average period in the
several States is fourteen days. It must specify
the day on which the tenant must leave.
A tenant of a farm is bound to cultivate the
land in the ordinary way required by good and
careful husbandry and the custom of the neigh-
borhood in which the farm is located. Any
departure from such customs should be stipu-
lated for in the lease.
If the lease of a farm is terminated by any
event which the tenant could not foresee or
control, he is entitled to the annual crop which
he sowed while the lease was running.
Should the tenant purchase the property be-
fore the expiration of the lease, such purchase
terminates the lease, as it vests him with all
the former owner's rights.
A tenant is responsible for any injury a
stranger may sustain by reason of his failure
to keep the premises in good condition; as, by
not keeping the covers of his vaults sufficiently
closed so that a person walking in the street
falls through or is injured thereby. If he re-
pairs or improves the building, he must make
such provision as will ensure the Safety of the
passers-by, or he is responsible for such inju-
ries as they may suffer in consequence of his
neglect. -
Should a person lease a house and use it for
immoral purposes, he forfeits the lease by Such
act.
All improvements of a permanent character
made by the tenant upon property leased by
him become the property of the landlord, and
cannot be removed. Fences, out-houses, etc.,
are regarded as belonging to the land, no mat-
ter who puts them there. There are things,
however, that a tenant can add, and afterwards
remove. The general rule is that the tenant
may remove whatever he has placed upon the
property that can be taken away, leaving the
premises in as good condition as when he re-
ceived them. Among these are ornamental
chimney-pieces, coffee-mills, cornices screwed
on, furnaces, fire-frames, stoves, iron backs to
chimneys, looking-glasses, pumps, gates, rails
and posts, out-buildings set on blocks and not
fixed in the ground.
Form of Lease in General Use.
THIS AGREEMENT WITNESSETH, That Robert
A. Walker doth hereby let unto Thomas W.
Green, the dwelling and lot of ground thereunto
belonging, situate on High street, Germantown,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for the term of one
year, from the tenth of April, Anno Domini
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two, at
the rent of one thousand dollars per annum,
payable in equal portions on the tenth day of
each and every month during said term; and
the said lessee doth hereby bind himself, his
heirs, executors, and administrators, and cove-
nant and promise to pay to the said lessor, his
heirs, or assigns, the said rent, in proportions
and at the times aforesaid; and the said lessee,
his executors, and administrators, shall and will
not at any time during the said term, let or
demise, or in any manner dispose of the hereby
demised premises, or any part thereof, for all
or any part of the term hereby granted, to any
person or persons whatever, nor occupy nor
use the same in any other manner than as a
dwelling for his family, without the consent and
approbation in writing of the said lessor, his
heirs, or assigns, first had for that purpose;
and at the expiration of Said term, shall yield
up and surrender possession of the said prem-
ises, with appurtenances, unto the said lessor,
his heirs, or assigns, in the same good order
and condition as the same now are, reasonable
wear and tear thereof, and accidents by fire
and other casualties excepted; and the said
lessee, his executors, and administrators, do
hereby agree that all the personal property on
the premises shall be liable to distress; and
also all personal property, if removed there-
from, shall, for thirty days after such removal,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
431
be liable to distress, and may be destrained and
sold for rent in arrear; the said lessee, his
executors and administrators, hereby waiving
all right to the benefit of any laws now made,
or hereafter to be made, exempting personal
property from levy and sale for arrears of rent;
and if the said lessee shall in any particular
violate any one of his said promises, or fail to
comply with any of the conditions of this lease,
or notice given under the terms hereof, then the
said lessor may cause a notice to be left on the
premises, of his intention to determine this
lease; and at the expiration of ten days from
the time of leaving such notice this lease shall
absolutely determine, and said lessor may
re-enter on the demised premises, or proceed
to recover possession of the same by legal
means, and in the same manner and with the
same remedies as if legal notice to quit had
been given three months previously. It is fur-
ther agreed, that, in case the said lessee shall
hold over and remain in possession of said
premises after the expiration of said term, then
the said lessee shall be considered a tenant for
another year upon the same terms and condi-
tions as are above specified, and so on from
year to year until legal notice is given for re-
moval.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said Robert A.
Walker and Thomas W. Green have hereunto
set their hands and seals this tenth day of April,
Anno Domini 1882.
ROBERT A. WALKER.
THOMAS W. GREEN.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
ROBERT WHITWORTH.
Joseph ASHMEAD.
[SEAL.]
[SEAL.]
Form of Lease Generally Used in the Western
States.
THIS INDENTURE, Made this first day of May,
1882, between David Flint, of the city of Rich-
mond, State of Indiana, party of the first part,
and Alexander Holmes, of the city and State
aforesaid. *
WITNESSETH, That the said party of the first
part, in consideration of the covenants of the
said party of the Second part, hereinafter set
forth, do by these presents lease to the said
party of the Second part the following described
*
property, to-wit: the brick dwelling and certain
parcel of land, situated on the south side of
Church street, between Ninth and Tenth streets,
and known as No. 920 Church street.
To HAVE AND To Hold the same to the said
party of the second part, from the first day of
May, 1882, to the first day of May, 1883. And
the said party of the second part, in considera-
tion of the leasing the premises as above set
forth, covenants and agrees with the party of the
first part to pay the said party of the first part, as
rent for the same, the sum of six hundred dollars,
payable as follows, to-wit: in equal sums of fifty
dollars on the first day of each and every
month, payable at the residence or place of
business of the said party of the first part.
The said party of the second part further
covenants with the said party of the first part
that at the expiration of the time mentioned in
this lease, peaceable possession of the said
premises shall be given to said party of the
first part, in as good condition as they now
are, the usual Wear, inevitable accidents, and
loss by fire excepted ; and that upon the non-
payment of the whole or any portion of the
said rent at the time when the same is above
promised to be paid, the said party of the first
part may, at his election, either distrain for
said rent due, or declare this lease at an end,
and recover possession as if the same was held
by forcible detainer; the said party of the
second part hereby waiving any notice of such
election, or any demand for the possession of
said premises.
The covenants herein shall extend to and be
binding upon the heirs, executors, and admin-
istrators of the partes to this lease.
Witness the hands and seals of the parties
aforesaid.
DAVID FLINT.
ALEXANDER HOLMEs.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
|SEAL.]
[SEAL.]
JAMES THOMAs. !
WILLIAM MILLER.
Form of Lease of a Farm and Buildings.
THIS AGREEMENT, Made this first day of Jan.
uary, 1882, between Roger Sherman, of Chester
county, State of Pennsylvania, party of the
432
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
first part, and Truman Dodson, of the county
and State aforesaid, party of the second part.
WITNESSETH, That the said Roger Sherman
lets, and the said Truman Dodson agrees to
take and hold of him as tenant, all that parcel
of land, with the buildings and improvements
appertaining and belonging to it, situate—
[Here insert an accurate and careful descrip-
tion of the property.]
From the first day of February next ensuing,
upon the terms following, that is, to say:
Said tenant shall be deemed a tenant from
year to year;
That said tenant enter and take possession
of said premises on the first day of February
next ;
That either party may determine the tenancy
by a notice in writing, three months before the
expiration of any year from the first day of
February next preceding;
That said tenant shall go out of possession
at the expiration or determination of his term ;
That the rent of said premises shall be five
hundred dollars per annum, payable in half-
yearly payments on, etc., and on, etc., without
deduction on account of any tax or assessment
now in existence or hereafter to be imposed,
except, etc., which is to be paid by the said
Truman Dodson ;
That the said tenant agrees to cause the fol-
lowing repairs to be made, viz., [Here state the
repairs agreed upon,] and to keep the buildings
in tenantable repair;
That said tenant agrees to keep the gates and
fences in good repair, said tenant finding rough
timber or fencing stuff;
That said tenant shall not lop or cut any
oak, etc., on the estate, except such as have
usually been lopped, and those only to be used
for making and repairing the fences to the
estate, etc.;
That said tenant shall not mow any grass or
meadow land above once in any one year of
his tenancy, and if he breaks up any old
meadow or old pasture land, unless with the
said landlord's consent, in Writing, then he
shall pay the further yearly rent of three dol-
lars for every acre so broken up, and after
that rate for any part of an acre;
That said tenant may crop the arable land
in each year as follows, viz, ; one equal third
part thereof with wheat or barley, one other
equal third part with beans, peas, clover, or
Oats, etc., and the remaining third part to lie
in fallow ;
That said land shall not be cropped with
Wheat twice, or barley twice, in any period of
three years;
That said tenant shall use and consume on
the farm all hay and straw made and grown
thereon ;
That said tenant shall use and spread dung
and manure arising or made on the farm, in
such manner as that every acre in tillage of
the farm aforesaid may be well manured once
in every three years of his tenancy, except
that all hay and wheat straw on the farm
unconsumed at the expirtion of the tenancy
may be purchased by the landlord or succeed-
ing tenant, at a fair valuation by two indiffer-
ent persons, one to be named by each party.
That said tenant shall leave on the premises,
without compensation, not only all lent and
white straw arising upon or from the premises
and remaining unconsumed thereon at the expi-
ration of his tenancy, but also all dung and
munure arising or made on the farm, and then
remaining unconsumed;
That said tenant shall keep clean, by well
hoeing, twice at least, and weeding all the
land whilst cropped with beans, peas, clover,
etc.;
That said tenant shall endeavor to prevent
any injury by persons, cattle, or sheep, to any
of the hedges, or trees, or fences, and to pre-
serve the same, and not to do any injury to
any timber or other trees, in taking such lop-
pings, as before allowed to him;
That said tenant shall not crop or sow any
of the land with rape, flax, hemp, etc.;
That said tenant shall not underlet or assign
the premises or any part thereof, except, etc.;
That said tenant on quitting the farm shall
receive such pecuniary compensation for im-
provements in fencing, etc., as two arbitrators
(one of which arbitrators shall be nominated
by each party, and if either neglect to nomi-
nate his arbitrator, the other party may
nominate both arbitrators) shall award, which
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
433
Ar—
arbitrators shall abate according to the benefit
derived by the tenant from such repairs,
improvements, and additions, and take into
consideration how far, at the expiration of the
tenancy, they may be beneficial to the estate.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said parties have
hereunto set their hands and seals the day
and year first above written.
ROGER SHERMAN.
TRUMAN DODSON.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
HIRAM. A. GEORGE.
PETER T. §:..}
[SEAL.]
[SEAL.]
Landlord’s Certificates
THIS IS To CERTIFY, That I have this first
of March, 1882, let and rented unto Frederick
Thompson, my house and lot known as num-
ber 529, on East Twentieth street, in the city
of Wheeling, West Virgnia, with the appurte-
nances, and sole and uninterrupted use thereof,
for the term of one year, to commence on the
first day of April next, at the yearly rent of
three hundred dollars, payable in equal sums
of twenty-five dollars on the first day of each
and every month.
JOHN P. HoLCOMBE.
Tenant’s Certificate.
THIS IS To CERTIFY, That I, Frederick Thomp-
son, have hired and taken from John P. Hol-
combe his house and lot, known as number
529, on East twentieth street, in the city of
Wheeling, West Virginia, with the appurte-
nances thereof, for the term of one year, to
commence on the first day of April next, at
the yearly rent of three hundred dollars, pay-
able in equal sums on the first of each and
every month.
And I do hereby promise to make punctual
payment of the rent in manner aforesaid, except
in case the premises become untenantable from
fire or any other cause, when the rent is to
Ce3S0.
And I do further promise to quit and sur-
render the premises at the expiration of the
term in as good state and condition as reason-
able use and Wear thereof will permit, damages
by the elements excepted.
Given under my hand this first day of
March, 1882.
FREDERICK THOMPson.
In presence of
GEORGE QUARRIER.
THOMAS HUGHEs.
Landlord’s Certificate–Fuller Form.
THIs Is To CERTIFy, That I, the undersigned,
have, this first day of March, let and rented
to Frederick Thompson the following premises,
situated in Wheeling, in Ohio county, and
State of West Virginia, to wit: that certain
brick dwelling and lot of ground known as
Number 529, on East Twentieth street, in the
city of Wheeling, together with the appurten-
ances, and the sole and uninterrupted use
and occupation thereof:
For a term of one year, from the first day
of April next, at the annual rent of three hun-
dred dollars, payable in equal sums of twenty-
five dollars on the first day of every month.
And said tenant has agreed to make punctual
payment of the rent in the manner aforesaid,
except in case the premises become untenant-
able, from fire or any other cause, when the
rent is to cease; to quit and Surrender the
premises at the expiration of said term, in as
good a condition as reasonable use and wear
thereof will permit, damages by the elements
excepted. And not use or occupy said premises
in any business deemed extra-hazardous on
account of fire or otherwise, nor let or under-
let the same, except with the consent of said
landlord, in writing, under penalty of forfeiture
and damages. And has mortgaged and pledged
all the personal property of what kind soever
which he shall at any time have on said
premises, whether exempt by law from distress
for rent, or sale under execution, or not,
waiving the benefits of and from the exemp-
tion, valuation and appraisement laws of said
State, to secure the payment thereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, He has hereunto set
his hand and seal this first day of March,
A. D. 1882.
JoHN P. Holcombe.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
GEORGE QUARRIER.
THOMAS HUGEES.
[SEAL.]
28
434
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Tenant’s Certificate–Fuller Form.
THIS IS To CERTIFY, That I, the undersigned,
have hired and taken from John P. Holcombe
the following premises, situated in Wheeling,
Ohio county, State of West Virginia, to wit:
that certain brick dwelling and lot of ground
known as Number 529, on East Twentieth
street, in the city of Wheeling:
For a term of one year, from the first day
of April, A. D. 1882, at the rate of three hun-
dred dollars, payable in equal sums of twenty-
five dollars on the first day of each and every
month.
And I do hereby agree to make punctual
payment of the rent in the manner aforesaid,
except in case the premises become untenant-
able, from fire or any other cause, when the
rent is to cease; to quit and surrender the
premises at the expiration of said term, in as
good a condition as reasonable use and wear
thereof will permit, damnges by the elements
excepted. And not use or occupy said premises
in any business deemed extra-hazardous on
account of fire or otherwise, nor let or under-
let the same, except with the consent of said
landlord, in writing, under penalty of forfeiture
and damages. And do mortgage and pledge
all the personal property of what kind Soever
which I shall at any time have on said
premises, whether exempt by law from distress
for rent, or sale under execution, or not,
waiving the benefits of and from the exemp-
tion, valuation and appraisement laws of Said
State, to secure the payment thereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal this first day of March, A. D.
1882.
FREDERICK THOMPSON.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
GEORGE QUARRIER.
THOMAS HUGHES.
[SEAL.]
Landlord’s Notice to Quit for Non-Payment of
Rent.
STATE of WEST VIRGINIA,
CITY OF WHEELING. } SS
September 1st, 1882.
To FREDERICK THOMPSON:
You being in possession of the following
described premises, which you occupy as my
tenant, namely, that certain brick dwelling and
lot of ground known as Number 529, on East
Twentieth street, in the city of Wheeling,
county of Ohio, State of West Virginia, afore-
Said, are hereby notified to quit and deliver up
to me the premises aforesaid, in fourteen days
from this date, according to law, your rent
being due and unpaid. Hereof fail not, or I
shall take a due course of law to eject you
from the same.
JoHN P. HoLCOMBE.
Witness:
HENRY HARPER.
Landlord’s Notice to a Tenant to Quit at the End
of the Term.
To FREDERICK THOMPSON :
SIR: Being in the possession of a certain
messuage or tenement, with the appurtenances,
situate in the city of Wheeling, and known as
Number 529, on East Twentieth street, in said
city, which said premises were demised to you
by me for a certain term, to wit, from the
first day of April, A. D. 1882, until the first
day of April, A. D. 1888, and which said term
will terminate and expire on the day and year
last aforesaid, I hereby give you notice, that
it is my desire to have again and re-possess
the said messuage or tenement, with the appur-
tenances, and I therefore do hereby require
you to leave the same upon the expiration of
the said hereinbefore mentioned term.
Witness my hand this first day of March,
city of Wheeling, A. D. 1882.
JOHN P. HoLCOMBE.
Witness:
HENRY HARPER.
Landlord’s Notice to Determine a Tenancy at
ill.
STATE of PENNSYLVANIA, SS
County of CHESTER. &
WEST CHESTER, PA., March 1st, 1882.
To HENRY LEWIS : *
SIR: You being in possession of the follow-
ing described premises, which you occupy as
my tenant at Will, known as Number 565, on
Mulberry street, in the town of West Chester,
are hereby motified to quit and deliver up to
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
435
me the premises aforesaid on the first day of
April, 1882, according to law, it being my
intention to determine your tenancy at Will.
Hereof fail not, as I shall take a due course
of law to eject you from the same.
JoHN B. THOMAS.
Witness :
HENRY A. WHITE.
Power of Attorney.
A power of attorney is an instrument in writ-
ing whereby one person delegates to another
authority to do and act for him, with the same
binding effect as though it were done by the
principal.
Every person who has power, in his own
right, to do any act, may delegate the power to
do that act to any other person; but an attor-
ney cannot substitute another in his place unless
express authority is given him to do so.
Every person intrusted with discretionary
power in respect to the business of another,
should perform the duties himself; for, gener-
ally speaking, he cannot give to another author-
ity to exercise those discretionary powers.
The authority of an attorney ceases when
withdrawn by his principal; but when the
attorney has an interest in the execution of the
power, it is then irrevocable.
The revocation of a power of attorney takes
effect as to third persons from the time they
have notice of it.
Powers of attorney, to be used in a foreign
country, should be acknowledged before a notary
public, and the signature of the notary certified
by the consul of the government to which the
power of attorney is to be sent.
When intended to be used in another State,
they should be duly proved or acknowledged
according to the laws of the State where they
are executed.
EXAMPLE OF FORM.
Know all men by these presents, that I—
, hereby make, constitute, and appoint
, of , my true and lawful attoney,
for me, and in my name, place, and stead, to
(here state duty of attorney), granting unto my
said attorney full power and authority to do
and perform each and everything necessary and
of
proper to be done in the performance of his
duty, as fully as I might or could do if per-
sonally present, hereby ratifying and confirming
all the lawful acts of my said attorney, done
under and by virtue hereof.
Witness my hand and seal this—day of—
A. D. 188—.
Name (SEAL.j
NoTE.—To be signed and acknowledged as a
deed for the conveyance of real estate.
THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP.
A PARTNERSHIP is an agreement between two
or more persons for joining together their
money, goods, labor, and skill, or any or all of
them, in some lawful commerce or business,
under an understanding, express, or implied,
from the nature of the undertaking, that the
parties to the agreement shall share between
them the profits and loss arising therefrom.
As stated, a partnership may be formed by
oral agreement, but it is always better and safer
that it should be based upon written articles
of agreement, in which the terms and conditions
of the partnership must be stated explicitly.
A single joint transaction, out of which, con-
sidered by itself, neither profit nor loss arises,
will not create a partnership. Neither is it a
partnership where parties make a joint pur-
chase and each then and there takes his proper
share of the goods.
No especial form of words is necessary in the
preparation of articles of partnership. The
agreement should give the full names of the
parties to it, the amount of money or goods, or
the nature of the services, contributed by each;
should state clearly the responsibility assumed
by each; and should set forth the manner in
which the profits arising from the agreement
are to be divided. In the absence of such state-
ment the law assigns an equal responsibilty,
and presumes an equal division of the profits.
The partnership dates from the date of the
articles, unless otherwise expressly stated in
the agreement.
It is not necessary that each partner should
contribute an equal amount of money to be en-
titled to an equal share of the profits. An
436
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
individual may contribute his knowledge of the
business to be engaged in, or his skill, or his
labor, or all three; the other partner or part-
ners contributing a specified sum of money, or
the money and their services. The agreement
must state exactly what is contributed.
Each and every partner is liable for the debts
or losses of the concern. A partnership may
bind one or more partners to bear the losses,
and exempt another partner, or other partners,
from such losses. This agreement is perfectly
valid between the partners, but is not good
against creditors unless such creditors in dealing
with the firm were aware of this agreement,
and based their transactions upon it.
The act of one partner binds all the others.
Thus, if one partner gives a negotiable note
for the use of the firm, and signs it with his
individual name, such signature binds all the
other partners. -
Each partner is absolutely responsible to every
creditor of the firm for the whole amount of
the debt. If his agreement with them limits
the amount of his responsibility he may proceed
against them to recover his loss.
A person lending his name to a firm, or
causing, or allowing it to be published as one
of the partners in a concern, or allowing it to
be used as a partner after he has withdrawn
from the concern, is in the meaning of the law
a partner as regards the claims of creditors.
A person who contributes his money to the
capital of a firm and shares its profits, without
allowing his name to be used, is termed a
secret or silent partner. A person contributing
to the capital and sharing the profits of the
concern, but taking no active part in its man-
agement, is termed a sleeping or dormant
partner. Both of these are liable to creditors
for the debts of the concern, even though they
did not know them to be members of the firm.
The test of partnership is the participation in
the profits of the business.
In forming partnerships it is generally the
rule to form them for a stated period, which
must be expressed in the agreement. This is
termed a limited partnership, and expires “by
limitation” at the end of the period named.
The partners are then free to remew their agree-
ment or not, as they may see fit. Where an
agreement does not specify such a period, the
law presumes that a general partnership is in-
tended. This may be dissolved or ended at the
pleasure of either party.
A sleeping or dormant partner is not liable
for the debts of the firm contracted after his
retirement, even though he may give no notice
of his retirement, as such debts are not con-
tracted upon the strength of his credit; and as
he has no further participation in the profits
of the firm, he cannot be called on to share its
liabilities.
When a general partnership is dissolved by
the wanton or arbitrary withdrawal of either
partner, such partner renders himself liable to
the others for the loss or damage they may
suffer by his action. It is usual to state in the
agreement how a general partnership may be
terminated, and this stipulation is binding upon
all the partners.
A partnership may be dissolved by the unan-
imous consent of all the partners, or a court
of equity may, for sufficient cause, decree the
dissolution of such partnership. Dissipation on
the part of a partner, dissolute or reckless
habits, calculated to endanger the credit or
safety of the firm, are sufficient grounds for the
other partners to invoke the action of the
courts, where a mutual agreement cannot be
had. y
The death of a partner dissolves the firm,
and its affairs must be adjusted as soon as pos-
sible thereafter. e -
The interest of a partner in a business may
be attached by his creditors for his private
debts. Such attachment operates as a dissolu-
tion of the firm.
When a partnership is dissolved, notice of
such dissolution should be promptly published
in the principal newspapers of the place in
which the business was conducted. Notice should
also be sent to the correspondents of the firm.
In the absence of such precautions each partner
continues liable for the acts of the others to
all persons who have no knowledge of the dis-
solution.
The property of a partnership is bound for
the debts of the firm. The creditor of one of
the partners cannot attach such property until
the debts of the partnership are paid. If, aſter
such payment, a surplus remain, then such
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
437
creditor may attach his debtor's interest in the
partnership funds in payment of his private
debt.
The statutes of some of the states recognize
another kind of partnership, known as special
partnership. A special partner is one who
contributes a stated sum of money to the busi-
ness of the concern, for a designated period.
He shares in the profits of the business accord-
ing to his agreement with the general partners;
but his liability is limited to the amount of
money contributed by him to the capital of the
firm.
In order to render a special partnership valid,
the partners must publish in one or more news-
papers, published in the town in which they do
business, an advertisement setting forth the
nature and limitation of their partnership, giv-
ing the names of the general partners, the name
of the special partner, and the exact amount
contributed by him to the capital of the con-
cern. This statement must be verified by the
signatures of all the parties, and sworn to before
a magistrate, and this attestation must form a
part of the advertisement. Care must be taken
to see that the advertisement states the eacact
amount contributed by the special partner. An
error in this respect, even though it be the
fault of the printer, if allowed to remain uncor-
rected, destroys the effect of the agreement, and
renders the special partner a general partner.
In such a case he becomes liable for the whole
debt of the firm.
Form of Partnership Agreement.
ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT, made this first day
of January, one thousand eight hundred and
eighty-two, between Thomas W. Hunter, of the
city and State of New York, and Henry L. Clin-
tom, of the city and State aforesaid,
WITNESSETH, The said parties above named
have agreed to become copartners in the busi-
mess of buying and selling dry goods, and by
these presents do agree to be copartners together
under and by the name or firm of Hunter &
Clinton, in the buying, selling, and vending all
sorts of goods, Wares, and merchandise, to the
said business belonging, their copartnership to
commence on the fifth day of January, 1882,
and to continue for five years from that date,
and to that end and purpose the said Thomas
W. Hunter and the said Henry L. Clinton have
each contributed the sum of ten thousand dol-
lars as capital stock, to be used and employed
in common between them for the support and
management of the said business, to their
mutual benefit and advantage. And it is agreed
by and between the parties to these presents,
that at all times during the continuance of their
copartnership, they and each of them, will give
their attendance, and do their and each of their
best endeavors, and to the utmost of their skill
and power exert themselves for their joint in-
terest, profit, benefit, and advantage, and truly
employ, buy, sell, and merchandise with their
joint stock, and the increase thereof, in the busi-
ness aforesaid. And also that they shall and
will at all times during the said copartnership
bear, pay, and discharge equally between them,
all rents and other expenses that may be re-
quired for the support and management of the
said business; and that all gains, profits, and
increase that shall come, grow, or arise from or
by means of their said business, shall be divided
between them, in equal proportions, and all loss
that shall happen to their said joint business,
by ill commodities, bad debts or otherwise, shall
be borne and paid between them.
And it is agreed by and between the said
parties, that there shall be had and kept at all
times during the continuance of their copartner-
ship, perfect, just, and true books of account,
Wherein each of the said copartners shall enter
and Set down, as well all money by them or
either of them received, paid, laid out, and ex-
pended in and about the same business, as also
all goods, Wares, commodities and merchandise,
by them or either of them, bought or sold by
reason Or on account of the said business, and
all other matters and things whatsoever to the
said business and the management thereof in
anywise belonging; which said books shall be
used in common between the said copartners,
so that either of them may have access thereto,
Without any interruption or hindrance of the
other. And also the said copartners, once in
each and every year, or oftener if necessary,
shall make, yield, and render each to the other,
a true, just, and perfect inventory and account
of all profits and increase by them, or either of
them, made, and of all losses by them, or either
438
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
of them, sustained; and also all payments, re-
ceipts, disbursements, and all other things by
them made, received, disbursed, acted, done, or
suffered in this said copartnership and business,
and the same account so made shall and will
clear, adjust, pay, and deliver, each to the other,
at the time, their just share of the profits so
made as aforesaid.
And the said parties hereby mutually covenant
and agree to and with each other, that during
the continuance of the said copartnership,
neither of them shall nor will indorse any note,
or otherwise become surety for any person Or
persons whomsoever, without the consent of the
other of the said copartners. And at the end,
or other sooner determination of their copartner-
ship, the said copartners, each to the other, shall
and will make a true, just, and final account of
all things relating to their said business, and
in all things truly adjust the same ; and all and
every the stock and stocks, as well as the gains
and increase thereof, which shall appear to be
remaining, either in money, goods, Wares, fixtures,
debts, or otherwise, shall be divided between them.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said parties have
hereunto set their hands the day and year first
above written.
THOMAS W. HuntER.
Witness, HENRY L. ULINTON.
HENRY WILLIAMs.
JoHN A. LANE.
Last Wills and Testaments.
A will is the legal declaration of what a
person desires to have done with his property
after his death.
There is nothing more difficult than to make
a proper will; nothing in which legal advice
of the most trustworthy character is needed.
Every man should regard it as his solemn
duty to make a will, whether he have much or
little to leave behind him ; but no one should
venture to do so unaided, where the property
to be disposed of is of importance, or where it
is liable to become a subject of dispute among
his heirs.
Any one may make a will who is of legal
age and sound mind. A married Woman can-
not, however, make a will unless the law of
the State in which her property is situated
vests her with the separate ownership of it.
The legal age for making a will devising real
estate is twenty-one years. In most of the
States a male, aged eighteen years, or a female,
aged sixteen years, may bequeath personal pro-
perty by will.
The person making a will, if a male, is
called the testator; if a female, the testatrix.
A will is of no effect during the life of the
maker, and may be set aside, altered or re-
placed by a new will, at any time previous to
the death of the maker.
The last will made annuls all previous wills.
It is, therefore, the duty of the testator to
state distinctly in the first part that this is his
last will. If he has made other wills, he should
state that by this instrument he revokes all
other wills.
The will should close with a formal state-
ment that it is the deliberate act of the testa-
tor, and that it is properly signed and sealed
by him.
All wills must be witnessed. This is a very
important part of making a will, and should
be performed in strict accordance with the
laws of the State in which it is made. Some
of the States require two, and some three
credible witnesses. It is a good plan for the
testator to have the will witnessed by three
persons, in all cases, whether the law requires
it or not.
The witnesses to a will should see the testa-
tor sign it. He should perform the act in
their presence. If the testator cannot write,
or is too feeble by reason of old age or sick-
ness to do so, he may make his mark in the
presence of the witnesses.
A person who cannot write may witness a
will by making his mark.
The word “bequeath” applies to personal
property alone; the word “devise” to real estate
alone. Care should be taken to use these
words properly. The testator should say in
the commencement, “I give, bequeath, and
devise my estate and property as follows, that
is to say.” He should then state his wishes
as to his property in their proper order.
Where it is not intended that the interest of
an heir should be limited to his life, but that
he should have power to dispose of his inherit-
ance at his death, it is best to say, “To A. B.
and his heirs.”
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
439
Where no provision is made in a will for the
children of the testator, the law presumes that
such omission was an oversight, and allows
such child an equal share with the other child-
ren. When a testator designs to exclude a
child from a share in his estate, he must state
it explicitly in the will.
The executors ought always to be named in
the will, though an omission to name them
does not invalidate the will. An administrator
will in such case be appointed by the court of
probate.
A witness to a will should never be a legatee,
as such witness cannot inherit the bequest so
made. This does not interfere with the validity
of the will, however.
Where a will is made, and the testator sub-
sequently disposes of any or all the property
described in the will, the will is invalidated to
the extent of the alienation of the property.
Where a man makes a will, and subsequently
marries and has children, the law regards the
will as revoked, unless the testator, after such
acts, makes a new will confirming the original
OD16.
A person cannot be an executor to a will if
at the time of the probate of the will he is a
minor, a drunkard, a convict, or of unsound
mind.
Witnesses are not required to know the con-
tents of the will. It is sufficient that the tes-
tator declares to them that the document is
his will, and to see him sign it.
Wills are of two kinds, written and verbal
or nuncupative.
A codocil is an addition to a will designed
to modify or add new provisions to a will. It
does not revoke the will. Though there can be
but one will, there may be any number of
codicils.
A will made by a single woman is revoked
by her subsequent marriage. By the terms of
her marriage settlement she may, however,
provide for the right to dispose of her property.
A wife cannot be deprived of her dower by
any will of her husband. A husband may,
however, bequeath to his wife a certain sum in
lieu of her dower. She may accept this in
lieu of her dower or not, at her pleasure. If
the will fails to state that this bequest is in
,--
lieu of her dower, she is entitled to such
bequest and to her dower also.
In the Dominion of Canada, the laws with
reference to wills are generally the same as in
the United States. In the Province of Quebec,
however, a will written in the handwriting of
the testator and signed by him is valid with-
out witnesses.
After the death of the testator his property
is liable for his debts. These must be paid
before the provisions of the will can take effect.
The laws of the various States give precedence
to the various claims upon the estate, in the
following order:
1 Funeral expenses, charges of the last sick-
ness, and probate charges.
2. Debts due to the United States.
3. Debts due to the State in which the de-
ceased had his home.
4. Any liens attaching to the property by
law. -
5. Debts due creditors generally.
General Form of Will.
I, Thomas EHenry Howard, of the city of
Baltimore, State of Maryland, declare this to
be my last will and testament.
1. I give and bequeath to my wife, Catharine
Howard, all the fixtures, prints, books, paint-
ings, linen, china, household goods, furniture,
chattels, and effects, other than money or secu-
rities for money which shall, at my death, be
in or about my house, No. 458 Park avenue, in
the said city of Baltimore.
2. I give and devise to my said wife, her
heirs and assigns, the dwelling-house and lot
of ground, known as Number 458 (four hundred
and fifty-eight) on Park avenue, in the said city
of Baltimore, together with all the appurte-
nances thereunto belonging; to have and to
hold the same unto the said Catherine Howard,
her heirs and assigns, forever.
3. I give and bequeath unto my said wife,
the sum of two thousand dollars, to be paid to
her within One month after my death, without
interest.
4. I also give and bequeath unto my said
wife, the sum of fifty thousand dollars in the
preferred stock of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-
road Company, now held by me.
440
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
5. I give and devise to my son, George Fred-
erick Howard, his heirs and assigns, forever,
all that certain brick dwelling and lot of ground,
known as Number 529, on St. Paul street, in the
Said city of Baltimore, together with all the
hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto be-
longing, or in anywise appertaining; to have
and to hold the premises above described to the
Said George Frederick Howard, his heirs and
assigns, forever.
6. I give and bequeath to my said son, George
Frederick Howard, the sum of one hundred
thousand dollars, in the bonds of the United
States of America, known as the five-twenty-
bonds, being all the securities of the United
States now held by me.
7. I also bequeath the following legacies to
the several persons hereafter named : To my
nephew, Thomas Henry Howard, the sum of
ten thousand dollars; to my cousin, Mrs. Re-
becca Jackson, wife of Henry B. Jackson, of the
city of Annapolis, Maryland, the sum of five
thousand dollars; to my old and trusted friend
and clerk, Alfred W. Lee, the sum of five thou-
sand dollars.
8. I also bequeath to each of my domestic
servants who may be living with me at the
time of my death, the sum of two hundred
dollars.
9. All the rest, residue, and remainder of my
real and personal estate, I give, devise, and
bequeath in equal shares, to my wife, Catherine
Howard, and to my said son, George Frederick
Howard, their heirs and assigns, forever.
10. I appoint my said son and my said friend,
Alfred W. Lee, executors of this my will, and
desire that they shall not be required to give
any security for the performance of their duties.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I, Thomas Henry
Howard, have hereunto Set my hand and seal
this twenty-fifth day of May, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.
THOMAS HENRY HowARD. [SEAL.]
Subscribed by the testator in the presence of
each of us, and at the same time declared by
him to us as his last will and testament.
Witness our hands, this twenty-fifth day of
May, A. D. 1882.
GEORGE P. FRANCIS.
ROBERT L. PAGE.
THOMAS F. LEWIs.
Another Form.
I, Henry Hubert White, of the county of
Hardin, Frankfort, State of Kentucky, being of
sound mind and memory, do make and publish
this my last will and testament, in manner and
form following, that is to say:
1. It is my will that my funeral shall be con-
ducted without pomp, unnecessary parade or
Ostentation, and that the expenses thereof,
together with all my just debts, be fully paid.
2. I give, devise, and bequeath to my beloved
wife, Rachael White, in lieu of her dower, if she
should so elect, the plantation on which wenow re-
side, situated in the township aforesaid, and con-
taining two hundred and ten acres, or thereabouts,
during her natural life; and all the live stock,
horses, cattle, sheep, Swine, etc., by me now owned
and kept thereon ; also, all the household fur-
niture and other items, not particularly named
and otherwise disposed of, in this my will,
during her said life; she, however, first dispos-
ing of a sufficiency thereof to pay my just debts,
as aforesaid. And that, at the death of my
said wife, all the property hereby devised or
bequeathed to her, as aforesaid, or so much
thereof as may then remain unexpended, I give
unto my three sons, Thomas White, Richard
Lee White, and Alfred White, and to their heirs
and assigns, forever.
3. I give and devise to my eldest son, Thomas
White, the farm on which he now resides, situ-
ated in Hardin county, Kentucky, and contain-
ing one hundred and fifty acres, or thereabouts,
and to his heirs and assigns, forever.
4. I give and devise to my Second Son, Richard
Lee White, the farm now in the occupancy of
George P. Woods, situated in Hardin county,
Kentucky, and containing one hundred and ten
acres, to him, the said Richard Lee White, his
heirs and assigns, in fee simple.
5. I give aud devise to my third son, Alfred
White, the house and lot, in the town of Eliza-
bethtown, in the county and State aforesaid,
now in the occupancy of Dr. Alfred Hughes,
known and designated in the plan of Said ——
by No. 47, to him, the said Alfred White, his
heirs and assigns, forever.
And, last : I hereby constitute and appoint
my said wife, Rachael White, and my said son,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
441
Thomas White, to be the executrix and execu-
tor of this, my last will and testament, revok-
ing and annulling all former wills by me made,
and ratifying and confirming this, and no other,
to be my last will and testament.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand this tenth day of October, A. D. 1882.
HENRY HUBERT WHITE.
Signed, published, and declared by the above-
named Henry Hubert White, as his last will
and testament, in presence of us, who, at his
request, have signed as witnesses of the same.
RICHARD Jon Es.
THOMAs W. TucKER.
PETER W. ZoDLICOFFER,
A Short Form-
I, John Andrews, of the city and State of
New York, do make this, my last will and tes-
tament:
First. It is my will that my just debts and
all charges be paid out of my estate.
Item. I give and devise all the residue of
my estate to Susan Andrews, my wife, to be
to her and her heirs forever.
Item. I appoint and make the said Susan
Andrews executrix of this my last will and
testament.
Signed and sealed the first day of January,
A. D. 1882.
JOHN ANDREWS. [SEAL.]
Signed and sealed in presence of
ANDREW LEWIs.
THOMAS BLACK.
JoHN JENKINs.
Form of Nuncupative Will.
Nuncupative will of Arthur H. Pleasants,
deceased:
On the twelfth day of March, A. D. 1882,
Arthur H. Pleasants, being in the extremity
in his last sickness, in his habitation or dwell-
ing, situated in Wine street, in Cincinnati,
Ohio, where he had resided for more than ten
days next before the making of his will, in the
presence of the subscribers, did declare his last
will and testament in the following words, or
to that effect, viz.:
He mentioned that he was the owner of the
house occupied by him, and had the sum of
three thousand dollars in the five-twenty bonds
of the United States in his safe in the said
house, and the sum of two hundred dollars,
more or less, deposited to his credit in the
First National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio.
He then said: “I want my wife, Mary
Helen Pleasants, to have the house in which
we live, the ground on which it stands, all
the furniture and personal property contained
in the said house, the bonds I have mentioned,
and the money lying to my credit in bank. I
wish her to hold undisputed possession of all
these, and to use them for her own benefit, as
she may see fit, first paying my just debts
and funeral expenses.”
At the time the said Arthur H. Pleasants
pronounced the foregoing will, he was of sound
and disposing mind, memory, and understand-
ing, and did bid us who were present to bear
witness that such was his will.
Reduced to writing this fourteenth day of
March, A. D. 1882.
WALTER W. WHITING.
NoAH. H. PoRTER."
Affidavit of Witnesses.
}ss.
Personally appeared before me, Thomas Hard-
ing, Clerk of the Court of Probate for said
county, the undersigned, Walter W. Whiting
and Noah H. Porter, who, being duly sworn
according to law, did depose and say, that
they were present on the twelfth day of March,
A. D. 1882, at the habitation or dwelling of
Arthur H. Pleasants, in Wine street, in the
city of Cincinnati, Ohio, in the time of his
last illness, and did then and there hear the
said Arthur H. Pleasants utter what is con-
tained in the above writing; that he did bid
them bear witness that it was his last will;
and at the time of so doing he was of sound
mind, memory, and understanding, to the best
of their knowledge and belief.
STATE OF OHIO,
County of HAMILTON.
4:42
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Also that he had resided for more than ten
days next before the making of his will at the
above residence.
WALTER W. WHITING,
NOAH H. Port ER.
Sworn and subscribed before me this fifteenth
day of March, A. D. 1882.
THOMAS HARDING, Clerk.
THE LAW OF AGENCY,
An agent is a person who is employed by
another to represent him in the performance
of certain acts.
One who is legally incompetent to act on his
own account may be an agent for a person
who is competent. Thus, an alien or a mar-
ried woman may act as an agent.
A principal is responsible for the acts of his
agent when he, by his acts or words, causes
the person with whom the agent deals to
believe him to be vested with lawful authority
to perform such acts.
A person authorized to perform certain
designated acts for another is termed a special
agent; one who has authority to represent his
principal in all his business, or all his busi-
ness of a particular kind, is termed a general
agent.
If a special agent exceeds his authority, the
principal is not bound by his act, because the
person dealing with Such an agent is bound to
inform himself of the extent of such agent's
powers. In the case of a general agent, the
principal is bound by his acts, even though he
exceed his authority, provided that in such
acts he does not go beyond the general scope
of his business. If, however, the person with
whom the agent deals does So with the knowl-
edge that the agent is exceeding his powers,
he thereby releases the principal.
Authority may be given to an agent either
verbally or in Writing. If in Writing, it may
be either under or without Seal. If given by a
written instrument, this instrument is termed
a Power of Attorney.
A power of attorney intended to cover much
time should be recorded and acknowledged.
The person granting the power of attorney
is termed in law the constituent; the person
receiving it is called the attorney.
Form of Power of Attorney in General Use.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,
Albert L. Wilson, of the city of Philadelphia,
State of Pennsylvania, have constituted, or-
dained, and made, and in my stead and place
put, and by the presents do constitute, ordain,
and make, and in my stead and place put
Francis L. Hopkins, of the city of Baltimore,
State of Maryland, to be my true, sufficient,
and lawful attorney for me and in my name
and stead to—
[Here state earplicitly the things the attorney is to
do, and the purpose for which the power is given.]
Giving and hereby granting unto him, the
said attorney, full power and authority in and
about the premises; and to use all due means,
course, and process in law, for the full, effect-
ual and complete execution of the business
afore described; and in my name to make and
execute due acquittance and discharge; and for
the premises to appear, and the person of me
the constituent to represent before any gov-
ernor, judges, justices, officers, and ministers
of the law whatsoever, in any court or courts
of judicature, and there, on my behalf, to
answer, defend, and reply unto all actions,
causes, matters, and things whatsoever relating
to the premises. Also to Submit any matter in
dispute, respecting the premises, to arbitration
or otherwise; with full power to make and sub-
stitute, for the purposes aforesaid, one or more
attorneys under him, my said attorney, and
the same again at pleasure to revoke. And
generally to say, do, act, transact, determine,
accomplish, and finish all matters and things
whatsoever relating to the premises, as fully,
amply, and effectually, to all intents and pur-
poses, as I, Albert L. Wilson, the said con-
stituent, if present, ought or might personally,
although the matter should require more special
authority than is herein comprised, I, Albert
Wilson, the said constituent, ratifying, allow-
ing, and holding firm and valid all whatsoever
my said attorney or his substitutes shall law-
fully do, or cause to be done, in and about
the premises, by virtue of these presents.
AN ENCYCLOPMEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
443
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this first day of May, in
the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and
eighty-two.
ALBERT L. WILSON. [SEAL.]
Executed and delivered in presence of
RoBERT G. DUNN.
PETER CoopFR.
Where a power of attorney does not give the
attorney the right to substitute another in his
place, he may, with the consent of the princi-
pal, appoint another to take his place as the
representative of the constituent. This is done
by a separate instrument, as follows:
Power of Substitution.
KNow ALL MEN By THESE PRESENTS, That I,
Henry E. Warren, by virtue of the power and
authority to me given, in and by the letter of
attorney of Moses Y. Wheate, which is here-
unto annexed [or it may be described without
being annexed], do make, substitute, and appoint
Hugh Blair, as well for me as the true and
lawful attorney and substitute of the said con-
stituent named in the said letter of attorney,
to do, execute, and perform all and everything
requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to
all intents and purposes, as the said constitu-
ent or I myself could do if personally present;
hereby ratifying and confirming all that the
said attorney and substitute hereby made shall
do in the premises by virtue hereof and of the
said letter of attorney.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal the fifteenth day of May,
A. D. 1882.
HENRY E. WARREN.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
THOMAS TRUMAN. }
[SEAL.]
RoBERT GooDFELLOW.
Proxy, or Power of Attorney to Vote.
RNOWN ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That
I, Joshua Barney, of New York, do hereby
appoint Walter Lewis to be my substitute and
proxy for me, and in my name and behalf to
vote at any election of directors or other offi-
cers, and at any meeting of the stockholders of
the New York and New Haven Railroad, as
fully as I might or could were I personally
present.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this fifth day of February,
1882.
Joshua BARNEY. [SEAL.]
Witnesses present.
ANDREW WHITE.
SAMUEL F. JACKSON.
Power of Attorney to Collect Debts.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,
William H. Johnson, of Philadelphia, Penn-
Sylvania, have constituted, ordained, and made
and in my stead and place put, and by these
presents do constitute, ordain, and make, and
in my stead and place put, Samuel P. Hays,
of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to be my true,
Sufficient, and lawful attorney for me, and in
my name and stead, and to my use, to ask,
demand, levy, require, recover, and receive of
and from all and every person or persons
whomsoever the same shall or may concern, all
and singular sum and sums of money, debts,
goods, wares, merchandise, effects, and things,
whatsoever and wheresoever they shall and may
be found due, owing, payable, belonging and
coming unto me the constituent, by any ways
and means whatsoever.
GIVING AND HEREBY GRANTING unto my said
attorney full and whole strength, power and
authority in and about the premises; and to
take and use all due means, course, and pro-
cess in the law, for the obtaining and recovering
the same ; and of recoveries and receipts thereof,
and in my name to make, seal, and execute
due acquittance and discharge; and for the
premises to appear, and the person of me the
the constituent to represent before any gover-
nor, judges, justices, officers and ministers of
the law whatsoever, in any court or courts of
judicature, and there, on my behalf, to answer,
defend, and reply unto all actions, causes, mat-
ters and things whatsoever, relating to the
premises. Also to submit any matter in dis-
pute to arbitration or otherwise, with full power
to make and substitute one or more attorneys
and my said attorney, and the same again at
pleasure to revoke. And generally to say, do,
act, transact. determine, accomplish and finish
all matters and things whatsoever relating to
the premises, as fully, amply, and effectually
to all intents and purposes, as I the said con-
stituent, if present, ought or might personally,
444
AN ENCYCLOp;DTA OF ºf AC ſtcAt, throftMATION.
although the matter should require more special
authority, than is herein comprised, I, the said
constituent ratifying, allowing and holding firm
and valid, all and whatsoever, my said attor-
ney or his substitutes shall lawfully do, or
cause to be dome, in and about the premises,
by virtue of these presents.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this first day or January, in
the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun-
dred and eighty-two.
WILLIAM H. JoHNSTON. [SEAL.]
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of us,
THOMAS DUDLEY. }
JoBN W. H.ILL.
APPRENTICES.
AN apprentice is a minor bound out to service
to a master for the purpose of learning a trade.
No one can bind an apprentice who has not
a legal right to control his labor. Thus a
parent or guardian may bind a son or ward.
In the case of an orphan who has no legal
guardian, a minor may bind himself as an
apprentice.
The contract of apprenticeship should bind
the master to teach the apprentice his trade or
business; to supply him with all the necessa-
ries of life, and at the end of his term to give
him money or clothes.
Should the apprentice fall sick, the master
must supply him with the proper medical at-
tendance and medicines.
A master cannot transfer or assign his
responsibilities for, or his rights over, his ap-
prentice.
Neither can a master require of an apprentice
the performance of menial Services not con-
nected with the trade or business in which he
is engaged.
Should a master neglect his apprentice, or
fail in the performance of his covenants, he
forfeits his authority over the apprentice.
Should an apprentice prove unable to learn
a trade, through no fault of his own, such in-
ability does not release the master from his
obligation, because he assumed this risk in
taking the apprentice.
A master cannot discharge an apprentice,
except for a serious failure to perform his duty.
Should an apprentice desert his master's Ser-
vice and contract another obligation which
would render him unable to return lawfully to
his master, the latter is not bound to receive
him should he offer to return.
A person who induces an apprentice to leave
his master, or one who employs him, although
not knowing his relation to his master, is lia-
ble to the master for the services of the
apprentice.
Form of Articles of Apprenticeship.
THIS INDENTURE, Made the first day of Jan-
uary, A. D. 1882, by and between Andrew Jackson,
of the city of Boston, State of Massachusetts,
and Edward Jackson, his son, of the age of
sixteen years, of the one part, and John
Adams, of the city and State aforesaid, of the
other part,
WITNESSETH, That the said Edward Jackson,
by and with the consent of the said Andrew
Jackson (testified by his signing and Sealing
these presents), hath bound out himself as an
apprentice to John Adams, of the city of Bos-
ton, State of Massachusetts, to be taught in the
trade, science or occupation of a carpenter and
builder, which the said John Adams now uses,
and to live with, continue, and serve him as an
apprentice from the day of the date hereof
unto the full end and term of seven years from
thence next ensuing and fully to be complete .
and ended.
During all which said term of seven years,
the said Andrew Jackson doth covenant and
promise to and with the said John Adams that
he, the said Edward Jackson, shall and will
well and faithfully serve and demean himself,
and be just and true to him the said John
Adams as his master, and keep his Secrets, and
everywhere willingly obey all his lawful com-
mands; that he shall do no hurt or damage to
his said master in his goods, estate, or other-
wise, nor willingly suffer any to be done by
others, and whether prevented or not, shall
forthwith give notice thereof to his said master;
that he shall not embezzle or waste the goods
of his said master, nor lend them without his
consent to any person or persons whatsoever;
that he shall not traffic, or buy and sell, with
his own goods, or the goods of others, during
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
445)
the said term, without his master's leave; that
he shall not play at cards, dice, or any other
unlawful games, whereby his said master may
sustain any loss or damage, without his consent;
that he shall not haunt or frequent play-houses,
taverns or ale-houses, except it be about his
master's business there to be done; and that
he shall not at any time, by day or night, de-
part or absent himself from the service of his
said master without his leave; but in all things,
as a good and faithful apprentice, shall and will
demean and behave himself to his said master,
and all his, during the said term.
And for and in consideration of the sum of
one hundred dollars, to him in hand paid, the
receipt of which the said John Adams doth
hereby acknowledge, the said John Adams doth
covenant, promise, and agree to teach and in-
struct his said apprentice, or otherwise cause
him to be well and sufficiently taught and in-
structed, in the said trade of a carpenter and
builder after the best way and manner that he
can ; and shall and will also find and allow
unto his said apprentice meat, drink, Washing,
lodging, and apparel, both linen and woollen,
and all other necessaries in sickness and in
health, meet and convenient for such an ap-
prentice, during the term aforesaid; and at the
expiration of the said term, shall and will give
to his said apprentice (over and above his then
clothing) one new suit of apparel, viz.: coat,
waistcoat, and breeches, hat, shoes, and stock-
ings, and linen, fit and suitable for such an
apprentice.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said parties have
interchangeably set their hands and seals here-
unto. Dated the first day of January, in the
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred
and eighty-two.
ANDREW JACKSON. [SEAL.]
EDWARD JACKSON. [SEAL.]
JoHN ADAMs. [SEAL.]
Witnesses:
TIMOTHY PICKERING.
JoHN HANCOCK. }
ASSIGNMENTS.
An assignment is an instrument by which a
person transfers a debt, obligation, bond, or
wages, or any actual interest, to another.
An assignment may be written on the back
of the instrument it is intended to convey, or it
may be written on a separate paper.
Form of Assignment of a Promissory Note.
(To be written on the back of the note.)
I hereby, for value received, assign and trans-
fer the within written note, together with all my
rights under the same, to Thomas Jefferson.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
General Form of Assignment, With Power of
Attorney.
KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I,
Edward Livingston, for value received, have
sold, and by these presents do grant, assign,
and convey unto Robert Morris—
[Here insert a description of the thing or things
assigned.]
To HAVE AND TO Hold the same unto the said
Robert Morris, his executors, administrators,
and assigns forever, to and for the use of the
said Robert Morris, hereby constituting aud
appointing him my true and lawful attorney
irrevocable in my name, place, and stead, for
the purposes aforesaid, to ask, demand, sue for,
attach, levy, recover, and receive all such sum
and sums of money which now are, or may
hereafter become due, owing and payable for
or on account of all or any of the accounts,
dues, debts, and demands above assigned to
him, giving and granting unto the said attor-
mey, full power and authority to do and perform
all and every act and thing whatsoever requi-
site and necessary, as fully, to all intents and
purposes, as I might or could do, if personally
present with full power of substitution and re-
vocation, hereby ratifying and confirming all
that the said attorney or his substitute shall
lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set
my hand and Seal the first day of May, one
thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.
EDWARD LIVINGSTON. [SEAL.]
Executed and delivered in presence of
THOMAS JoNES,
DAVID WELCH.
446
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
ARBITRATION.
When two or more persons fail to agree in
the settlement of a business transaction, it is
usual to refer the matter in dispute to One or
more disinterested persons, who shall determine
what is fair to each and all of the parties to
the controversy. The parties to the dispute
should pledge themselves to abide by the de-
cision of the arbitrators.
Before the award of the arbitrator or arbi-
trators is made, either of the parties to the
dispute may withdraw his offer to accept the
decision of the arbitrators. He must, however,
give formal motice to each and all of the other
parties of his intention, or his withdrawal is of
no effect.
An agreement to submit a matter to arbitra-
tion may be either verbal or in Writing.
Form of Agreement to Refer to Arbitrators.
KNow ALL MEN By THESE PRESENTS, That We,
Richard W. Jenkins and Samuel R. Hicks,
both of the city of Easton, State of Pennsyl-
vania, do hereby promise and agree, to and
with each other, to submit, and do hereby sub-
mit the question and claim between us
respecting the sale of one thousand bushels of
wheat from the said Richard W. Jenkins to the
said Samuel R. Hicks, on the tenth day of
September, 1882, to the arbitrament and deter-
mination of Henry W. Palmer, Joseph B.
Howard, and Alfred T. Simpkins, of the city
of Easton, whose decision and award shall be
final, binding and conclusive on us; and, in
case of disagreement between the said arbitra-
tors, they may choose an umpire, whose award
shall be final and conclusive, and in case of dis-
agreement, the decision and award of a majority
of said arbitrators shall be final and conclusive.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, We have hereunto set
our hands this tenth day of October, A. D. 1882.
RICHARD W. JENKINs.
SAMUEL R. HICKS.
Witness,
GEORGE P. FRICK, !
THOMAS H. ALLEN,
Forry of Award of Arbitrators.
ALL To WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME:
we, Henry W. Palmer, Joseph B. Howard, and
Alfred T. Simkins, of the city of Eastom,
State of Pennsylvania, to whom was submitted
as arbitrators the matters in controversy exist-
ing between Richard W. Jenkins and Samuel
R. Hicks, as by the condition of their respec-
tive bonds of submission, executed by the said
parties respectively, each unto the other, and
bearing date the tenth day of October, one thou-
Sand eight hundred and eighty-two, more fully
appears.
Now, THEREFORE, KNow YE, That we, Henry
W. Palmer, Joseph B. Howard and Alfred T.
Simpkins, the arbitrators mentioned in the said
bonds, having been first duly sworn according
to law, and having heard the proofs and alle-
gations of the parties, and examined the mat-
ters in controversy by them submitted, do
make this award in writing, that is to say:
The said Richard W. Jenkins shall pay to the
said Samuel R. Hicks the sum of one hundred
and fifty dollars in cash as damages for his
failure to deliver all the wheat sold by him to
the said Samuel R. Hicks at the time he
agreed to deliver it.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, We have have here-
unto subscribed these presents, this fifteenth
day of October, A. D., 1882.
HENRY W. JPALMER.
Joseph B. HowARD.
ALFRED T. SIMPKINs.
In presence of
HUGH WHITE. }
JoBN W. GRAY.
Subscriptions.
SUBSCRIPTION is the placing of a signature at
the bottom of a written or printed engagement.
It is the act by which a person contracts, in
writing, to furnish a sum of money for a par-
ticular purpose; as, a subscription to a chari-
table institution, a subscription for a book, and
the like.
When several promise to contribute to a
common object, desired by all, the promise of
each may be a good consideration for the
promise of others. In general, Subscriptions
on certain conditions in favor of the party
subscribing, are binding when the acts stipu-
lated are performed. “The law on the subject
of these subscription papers,” says Parsons,
and of all voluntary promises of contribution,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
447
is substantially this: no such promises are
binding unless something is paid for them, or
unless some party for whose benefit they are
made—and this party may be one or more of
the subscribers—at the request, express or
implied of the promisor, and on the faith of
the subscription, incurs actual expense or loss,
or enters into valid contracts with other parties
which will occasion expense or loss. As the
objection to these promises, or the doubt about
them, comes from the want of consideration, it
may be cured by a Seal to each mame, or by
one seal which is declared in the instrument
to be the seal of each.”
A person subscribing for a book is bound to
take it when presented by the agent or can-
vasser, provided it corresponds with the sample
copy shown to him at the time he gave his
subscription. The agent or the publisher may
recover the price of the book at law should the
subscriber refuse to take it when presented to
him.
General Form of Subscription Paper.
PHILADELPHIA, June 5th, 1882.
We, the undersigned, agree to pay the amounts
set opposite to our names to the Reverend
Arthur Stanley, for the purpose of paying the
debt due upon St. Timothy's Protestant Epis-
copal Church, in the city of Philadelphia.
SUBSCRIBERS.
SUBSCRIBERS.
Walter Wise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100 00
Alfred Jenks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . 25 00
Theodore White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $75 00
Alfred Hicks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COLLECTION AND EXEMPTION LAWS.
Of the Various States of the Union, and the Prov-
inces of Canada.
The following abstract of the laws of the
various States of the Union and of the Prov-
inces of Canada will show the amount and
character of property exempted from attachment
or levy and sale on execution. It is quoted
from the Attorney's Directory of the United States;
issued by the United States Reporting and Col-
lecting Association. This company has offices in
the principal cities of the country, and may be
relied upon for the fulfillment of its promises.
Alabama.
Exemptions—Personal property $1,000; home-
stead, not exceeding 160 acres, nor $2,000 in
value, or house and lot same value. Limitation
of Actions—Open or unliquidated accounts, 3
years; trespass to property, real or personal;
liquidated accounts or promises in writing not
under seal, 6 years; instruments under seal,
10 years; for recovery of real property, or on
judgments of courts of record, 20 years.
Revivor—Partial payment or an unconditional
promise in writing. Redemption—Of real estate
sold under execution, decree in chancery, mort-
gage or for taxes, within 2 years. Justice's
Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution—In justices' courts,
under $20, 30 days; over $20, 60 days. Mar-
ried Women—Real or personal property acquired
at any time by the wife, remains her separate
estate and not liable for her husband's debts.
Interest—8 per cent. Usury forfeits interest.
Arizona.
Exemptions—Homestead, $5,000. Limitation
of Actions—Open account or contract not in
Writing, 2 years; contract in writing, 4 years;
real actions, adverse possession on judgment or
decree of any court, 5 years. Redemption of
land sold on execution or foreclosure, 6 months.
Justices' Jurisdiction—$300. Married Women—
Real and personal property acquired at any time,
wife's separate estate and not subject to
husband's debts. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Interest—When no agreement, 10 per
cent. Usury—No law.
448
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION
Arkansas.
Exemptions—Of resident, married or head of
family, personal property, $500, in addition to
Wearing apparel; homestead in country, 160
acres, not exceeding $2,500 in value, or 80 acres
of any value; in city, 1 acre, not exceeding
$2,500 in value, or 3 acre of any value. Limi-
tation of Actions—open accounts, 3 years; promis-
sory notes and written instruments not under
Seal, 5 years; writings under seal, bonds, judg-
ments and decrees, 10 years; for recovery of
real estate, 7 years. Revivor—Part payment
or new promise in writing. Redemption of
lands sold under execution, 1 year; for taxes,
2 years. Justices' Jurisdiction—$300. Witness
—Party in interest may be. Stay of Execu-
tion—May be for 3 months. Married Women—
Property, real and personal, of a feme covert,
acquired at any time, remains her separate
estate, and not subject to husband's debts.
Interest—Legal, 6 per cent. ; 10 per cent.
allowed by contract. Usury voids contract,
both as to principal and interest.
California.
Exemption—Office furniture, $200; neces-
sary household furniture, implements, teams,
and live-stock of farmer or head of family;
cabin of miner, mining tools, teams and machin-
ery used in mining, $2,000. Limitation of
actions—For a demand or obligatin, in writ-
ing or not, created out of the State, 2 years;
open account or verbal contract, 2 years; writ-
ten contract or obligation executed in the State,
4 years; real actions, or on judgments or
decrees of any court, 5 years. Revivor—New
promise in writing only. Redemption of lands
sold on execution or foreclosure, 6 months; for
taxes, 1 year. Justices' Jurisdiction — Any
amount less than $300. Witness—Governed
by rules of common law. Stay of Execution—
Discretion of court. Married Women—All
property acquired in any manner before mar-
riage, or afterward, by gift, bequest, devise, or
descent, is wife's separate property, and con-
trolled as if feme sole. All property acquired
after marriage by husband or Wife, except as
above, shall be common property. Interest—
Legal rate, 7 per cent. ; by contract, any rate,
simple or compound. Usury—No law of.
Colorado.
Exemptions—Unmarried persons—tools and
animals used in trade; head of family—house-
hold effects, $100, tools, etc., $200; library and
implements of professional men, $300; home-
stead, $2,000. Limitations of actions—On con-
tracts, express or implied, if accruing within
the State, 6 years; if accruing without the
State, 2 years; sealed instruments, judgments
and decrees accruing out of the State, 3 years.
Revivor—Part payment or promise by all the
obligors, part payment or promise by one not
sufficient. Redemption of land sold on execu-
tion or foreclosure, 6 months by heir, and 9
months by judgment creditor; for taxes, 3
years. Justices' Jurisdiction—$300. Witness—
Governed by rules of common law. Married
Women—Real or personal property acquired
at any time wife's separate estate, and controlled
as if sole. Interest—10 per cent. Usury—No
law.
Connecticut.
Exemptions — Personal property, selected,
$200; no homestead exemption; library of any
person, $500. Limitation of Actions—Open
accounts and contracts not under Seal, 6 years;
instruments under seal and promissory notes
not negotiable, 17 years; negotiable demand
notes, overdue and dishonored, after 4 months.
Redemption—Under foreclosure, at the discre-
tion of court; tax sale, 12 months. Justices'
Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—Party in interest
and person convicted of crime may be. Stay
of Execution—At discretion of court. Married
Women—Property of wife, if married since
April 20, 1877, separate estate, and controlled
as if feme sole. Interest—Legal rate, 6 per
cent; by contract, any rate. Usury—No law.
Dakota.
Exemptions. – Personal property, $1,500;
homestead, 160 acres in country, or lot of 1
acre in city. Limitations of Actions -- On
contract or obligation, 6 years; on Sealed in-
struments, judgment or decree of any court,
and real actions, 20 years. Revivor—Part
payment or acknowledgment in Writing. Re-
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
449
demption—Land sold on execution or fore-
closure, 1 year; for taxes, 2 years. Justices’
Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution—No law. Married
Women—Real and personal property acquired
at any time, wife's separate estate, and con-
trolled as if unmarried; neither husband nor
wife has any interest in the property of the
other. Interest—Legal rate, 7 per cent. ; by
contract, 12 per cent. Usury—If taken or con-
tracted for above 12 per cent., interest forfeited.
Delaware.
Exemptions—Tools and implements for trade
or business, $75; in addition thereto, to head
of family, $200; no homestead. Limitation of
Actions—Open accounts and contracts not in
Writing, 8 years; contracts in writing, 6 years,
Sealed instruments, judgments, decrees and
real actions, 20 years. Revivor—Direct acknowl-
edgment or distinct admission of the debt.
Redemption—None on property sold on execu-
tion or mortgage; for taxes, 2 years. Justices’
Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—interest excludes.
Stay of Execution—In justice's court, on filing
Security 9 months; in court of record, 6 months.
Married Women—Real and personal property
acquired from any person other than husband,
Separate estate. Interest—6 per cent. Usury—
Forfeits sum equal to money loaned.
District of Columbia.
Exemptions—For head of family; household
furniture, $300, mechanics' tools and imple-
ments, $200, also stock, $200; library and im-
plements of professional men, $300; for farmer,
necessary stock and implements, family pictures
and library, $400; no homestead. Limitation
of Actions —Open accounts and simple con-
tracts, 3 years; bills, bonds, judgments or other
specialties, 12 years. Revivor—No statute.
Redemption –Land sold under execution, fore-
closure, or for taxes, no provision for. Justices'
Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution—On filing bond,
time at discretion of court. Married Women—
Real or personal property acquired at any time
other thºom husband, wife's separate estate.
9
Interest—6 per cent; by contract in writing 10
per cent. Usury forfeits interest if above 6 per
cent. on verbal, or above 10 per cent. On writ-
ten contracts.
Floridae
Exemptions—For head of family, personal
property, $1,000, additional $1,000 for debts
incurred prior to May, 1865; 160 acres of land
in county, or ; acre in city. Limitation of
Actions—Open accounts and verbal contracts,
3 years; contracts in writing not under seal, 5
years; judgments or decrees of any court, and
instruments under seal, 20 years. Revivor—
Only by new promise in writing. Redemption—
Under execution or foreclosure, no statute for
taxes, 1 year. Justices' Jurisdiction—$100.
Witness—Party in interest may be. Stay of
Execution—No statute. Married Women—All
property of wife, acquired at cny time, sepa-
rate estate. Interest—In absence of contract,
8 per cent. ; under contract, no limit. Usury—
No statute.
Georgia.
fºxemptions—To head of family or guardian
of minor children, personalty, $1,000; home-
stead, $2,000. Limitation of Actions—Open
accounts and contracts not in writing, 4 years;
contracts in writing not under seal, 6 years;
bonds and instruments under seal, 20 years;
foreign judgments, 5 years. Revivor—New
promise in writing, or payment on note indorsed
by debtor. Redemption—Only when sold for
taxes, then 1 year. Justices' Jurisdiction—$100.
Witness—Party in interest may be. Stay of
Execution—In justice's court, less than $30,
40 days; over $30, 60 days; superior court 60
days. Married Women—All property of wife
acquired before or after marriage, her separate
estate. Interest—7 per cent. ; under written
contract, 12 per cent. Usury—Above 12 per
cent. forfeits the interest and the excess
charged.
Idaho.
Exemtions—Office furniture and library, $100;
necessary household furniture, professional li-
brary, homestead, $5,000. Limitation of
450
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Actions—Contracts not in writing, 4 years;
instruments in writing, 5 years; judgments and
decrees, 6 years. Revivor—Only by instrument
in writing, part payment does not. Redemp-
tion—Land sold on execution or foreclosure,
6 months; 60 days additional for each subse-
quent redemption. Justices' Jurisdiction—$100.
Stay of Execution—Only on appeal, with Surety.
Married Women—All property, real or personal,
acquired before marriage, and acquired after
marriage by gift, bequest, devise or descent,
wife's separate property; all other property
acquired after marriage, common property;
wife must record inventory of separate property.
Interest—10 per cent. ; by contract in Writing,
2 per cent. per month. Usury—Forfeits three
times the amount paid, and penalty, $300 fine
or 7 months' imprisonment, or both.
Illinois.
Exemptions—Personal property of every per-
son, $100, and in addition for head of family
residing with the same, $300; but property so
exempt does not include money or wages due
the debtor; no exemption allowed when the
debt is for the wages of laborer or servant;
homestead farm or lot and buildings thereon,
$1,000. Limitation of Actions—On unwritten
contracts, 5 years; bonds, notes and judg-
ments recovered in foreign states, 10 years;
real actions and judgments recovered in this
State, 20 years. Revivor—Part payment or
new promise. Redemption—Lands sold on exe-
cution or foreclosure, 1 year, for defendant;
and by judgment creditor after 12 and within
15 months; no redemption under foreclosure
by advertisement, under power of sale in mort-
gage or trust deed; for taxes, 1 year. Justices'
Jurisdiction—$200. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution—No law. Married
Women—Hold and control personal and real
property, obtained by descent, gift, or purchase,
as if unmarried. Interest–Legal rate, 6 per
cent. ; by contract in Writing, 8. Usury for-
feits entire interest; corporations cannot inter-
pose this defense.
Indiana.
Exemptions—To resident householder, real
or personal property, $600; no homestead.
Limitation of Actions—Open accounts and con-
tracts not in writing, 6 years; actions not lim-
ited by statute, 15 years; written contracts,
judgments of courts of record and real actions,
20 years. Revivor—Part payment or new
promise in writing. Redemption—Of lands sold
on execution, 1 year; for taxes, 2 years. Jus-
tices' Jurisdiction—$200. Witness—Party in
interest may be, and each party may compel
the other to testify. Stay of Execution—On
$6 to over $100, 30 to 180 days, on filing free-
hold securities. Married Women—Hold their
real and personal property absolutely as their
Separate estate. Interest—Legal rate, 6 per
cent. ; by agreement in writing, 8. Usury for-
feits the excess above 8 per cent.
Iowa.
Exemptions — Tools, instruments, libraries,
necessary team, etc., of mechanic, farmer,
teacher, or professional man; homestead to
head of family, 40 acres in country and # acre
in city, including buildings, without limit as
to value. Limitation of Actions—Unwritten
contracts, 5 years; written instruments and
real actions, 10 years; on judgments of any
court of record, 20 years. Revivor—Admission
that the debt is unpaid, or new promise to
pay in writing. Redemption of lands sold on
execution or foreclosure, 1 year, except where
there has been a stay of execution or an appeal;
for taxes, 3 years. Justices' Jurisdiction—$100;
by consent of parties, $300. Witness—Party
in interest may be. Stay of Execution—With
freehold sureties, $100, 8 months; over $100,
6 months; no stay after an appeal, and no
appeal after a stay. Married Women may own
real or personal property acquired by descent,
gift or purchase, and control the same as if
feme sole. Interest—Legal rate, 6 per cent. ;
by agreement in writing, 10. Usury—Contract
for above 10 per cent. forfeits 10 per cent. on
amount of contract.
Kansas.
Exemptions—To unmarried person: tools
and stock, $400, or library and implements of
professional man; to head of family: house-
hold furniture, $500, also team, wagon, etc.;
farming utensils, $800; stock and tools of
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
451
mechanic, $400; libraries, etc., of professional
men; homestead, 160 acres farm land, or 1
acre in city, with improvements, without limit
as to value. Limitation of Actions—Contract
not in writing, 3 years; contract or promise
in writing, 5 years; to recover land sold for
taxes, 2 years after recording deed; on execu-
tion, 5 years; in other cases, 15 years. Revi-
vor—Part payment or written promise or
acknowledgment. Redemption—No redemption
except of lands sold for taxes, then 3 years.
Justices' Jurisdiction—$300. Witness—Party
in interest or convict may be. Stay of Execu-
tion—In justices courts, on $20 to over $100,
30 to 120 days. Married women—Real or
personal property acquired at any time (except
from husband) remains sole and separate pro-
perty of wife, and controlled as if unmarried.
Interest—Legal rate, 7 per cent. ; by agree-
ment in writing, 12 per cent. Usury—Any
payment above 12 per cent. Shall be considered
as principal.
Kentucky.
Exemptions—The usual schedule of personal
effects, furniture, implements and stock, and
professional libraries, etc., $500; homestead,
$1,000. Limitation of Actions—Open accounts,
promissory notes and contracts not in writing,
5 years; contracts in writing and judgments or
decrees of any court, 15 years; real actions,
30 years. Revivor—New promise. Redemp-
tion—Real estate sold under execution for less
than two-thirds its appraised value, 1 year;
for taxes, 2 years. Justices Jurisdiction—$50;
Jefferson county, $100. Witness—Party in in-
terest may be. Stay of Execution—On filing
bond, 8 months. Married Women—Wife's sep-
arate estate is not liable for husband's debts,
but is subject to court in its control. Interest—
Legal rate, 6 per cent. ; by agreement in writ-
ing, 6 per cent. Usury—Above 6 per cent.
forfeits whole interest.
Louisiana.
Exemptions—To head of family: 160 acres
of land and improvements, if owned and occu-
pied as residence, together with certain furni-
ture; stock, implements, provisions, etc., the
property not to exceed $2,000, and no exemp-
tion if wife has separate property worth over
$1,000 and enjoyed. Limitation of Actions—
Open accounts, 3 years; notes, bills, etc., 5
years; judgments, foreign or domestic and
mortgages, 10 years. Revivor—Express ac-
knowledgment and promise to pay. Redemp-
tion—None for property sold under execution
or mortgage; tax sales, 2 years. Justices'
Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution—Discretion of
court. Married Women—Separate property of
wife controlled by her; revenues of all separate
property and all property acquired by either
husband or wife after marriage held in com-
munity—a marriage partnership. Interest—
Legal rate, 5 per cent. ; 8 per cent. by written
contract; a higher rate if embodied in face of
obligation. Usury—Stipulation for over 8 per
cent. after maturity forfeits entire interest.
Maine.
Exemptions—The usual furniture, library,
tools, implements, stock, team, boat, etc.;
homestead to householder registering claim,
$500. Limitation of Actions—Debt contracts
and liabilities, express or implied, not under
seal, 6 years; all other actions, 20 years. Re-
vivor—New promise in writing or part pay-
ment. Redemption—Land sold on execution,
1 year; under mortgage, 8 years, except when
power of sale contained in mortgage; tax sales
2 years. Justices' Jurisdiction—$20. Witness
—Party civil or criminal may be. Stay of
Execution—Discretion of court in extreme
cases. Married women—May own, manage,
and convey real and personal estate acquired
from any source except from husband, as if
single. Interest—Legal, 6 per cent. ; by con-
tract in writing, any rate. Usury—No law.
Maryland.
Exemptions –Wearing apparel, books, me-
chanics' tools, and other property to the value
of $100; no homestead. Limitation of Actions
—Open accounts and simple contracts, 3 years;
sealed instruments and judgments, 12 years.
Revivor—No statute. Redemption—Tax sales,
452
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
1 year. Justices' Jurisdiction—$100. Witness
—Party in interest may be. Stay of Execution
—When under $30, 6 months; when over $30,
1 year. Married Women—Property of wife, real
or personal, acquired at any time, separate
estate, and not subject to debts of husband.
Interest—Legai, 6 per cent. Usury forfeits all
interest.
Massachusetts.
Exemptions—Household furniture, $300:
library, $50; tools and implements, $100; stock,
$100; boat and fishing tackle, $100; certain
live-stock, etc.; homestead to householder, if
recorded as such, $800. Limitation of Actions
—Contracts or liabilities not under seal, express
or implied, 6 years; real actions upon an attested
note, and personal actions on contracts not
otherwise limited, 20 years. Revivor—Part pay-
ment (as to party making it) or new promise
in Writing. Redemption—Real estate set off on
execution by the debtor, 1 year; none under
foreclosure ; tax sales, 2 years. Justices' Juris-
diction—$300. Witness—Party in interest may
be. Stay of Execution—No special stay. Mar-
ried Women—Real and personal property of
wife, acquired at any time, subject solely to her
liabilities and control. Interest—Legal, 6 per
cent. ; any rate by contract in Writing. Usury
—No law.
Michigan.
Exemption—Warious personal property and
library, $150; certain live-stock, household goods
and furniture, $250; tools, implements, stock
and team, etc., to carry on trade or profession.
$250; homestead, 40 acres of land, or lot in
city and house thereon, $1,500. Limitation of
Actions—Contracts or liabilities not under seal,
6 years; on judgments or decrees of any court,
and actions on contract not otherwise limited,
10 years. Revivor—Part payment or promise
in writing to pay. Redemption—Real estate
sold under execution and foreclosure at law, 1
year; none under foreclosure in chancery; tax
sales, 1 year. Justices' Jurisdiction—$300.
Witness—Party not excluded by reason of interest
or crime. Stay of Execution–In justice's court,
$50 four months; over $50 Six months. Mar-
—-º
ried Women—Real and personal property of
Wife acquired from any source, at any time,
held and controlled by her as if unmarried.
Interest—Legal, 7 per cent. ; by contract in
.ng 10. Usury—Forfeits excess over 7 per
CéIlli.
Minnesota.
Exemptions—Personal property, household
effects, etc., $500; implements and stock of
farmer, $300; tools, stock, etc., of mechanic or
miner, $400; library and implements of profes-
Sional man; presses and material of printer or
publisher, $2,000, together with stock, $400;
homestead, 80 acres in country, 4 acre in village
less than 5,000 inhabitants, or 1 lot in city
over 5,000 inhabitants, and dwelling on each.
Limitation of Actions—On contracts, express
or implied, 6 years; on judgments or to forelose
mortgage, 10 years; real actions, 20 years.
Revivor—Part payment or new promise in
writing. Redemption—Real estate sold under
execution and foreclosure, 1 year; for taxes, 3
years. Justices' Jurisdiction—Any amount under
$100. Witness—Party not excluded by reason
of interest or crime. Stay of Execution—Judg-
ment of district court, 6 months; justices’ courts,
$10 to over $75, 1 to 6 months. Married
Women—All property acquired by wife, before
or after marriage, remains her separate estate,
neither controlled by nor subject to debts .
of husband. Interest—Legal, 7 per cent. ; by
contract in Writing, 10. Usury—Interest taken
above 10 per cent, or compounding, forfeits all
interest.
Mississippi,
Exemptions—Necessary tools and implements
of farmer or mechanic, library and implements
of professional man, $250; household furniture,
$100; homestead 80 acres, or residence in city,
value $2,000. Limitation of Actions—Open
accounts, 3 years; contracts not under seal,
express or implied, 6 years; bonds, notes, and
contracts under Seal, 7 years; judgments and
decrees rendered in another State against resi-
dent of this, 3 years; rendered in this, 7 years;
real actions, 10 years. Revivor—An acknowl-
edgement of the debt or new promise in writing.
Redemption—No law of. Justices' Jurisdiction
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
453
—$150. Witness—Party in interest may be.
Stay of Execution—Justice's court, 60 days.
Married Women—Property of wife acquired in
any manner and at any time, her separate
property. Interest—Legal, 6 per cent., by con-
tract in Writing 10. Usury—Stipulation for more
than ten per cent, forfeits excess.
Missouri.
Exemptions—To heads of families—Personal
property, various articles and stock named, or
else, if chosen by debtor, in value $300; home-
stead, 160 acres in country, or 30 square rods
in city of less than 40,000 inhabitants, either
in value $1,500; in cities over 40,000 inhabi-
tants, 18 square rods, value $3,000. Limitation
of Actions—Open accounts and all promises
not in writing, 5 years; contracts and instru-
ments in writing, 10 years; judgments and
decrees of courts of record, 20 years. Revivor
—New promise in writing. Redemption—Lands
sold since May, 1877, under trust deed, without
foreclosure, 1 year. Justices' Jurisdiction—On
contracts, debts or balance due, exclusive of
interest, $90; on bonds and notes, exclusive of
interest $150; in counties over 50,000 inhabi-
tants, the above limits are enlarged respectively,
as follows: $90 to $200 and $150 to $300.
Witness—Party in interest may be. Stay of
Execution—Neither stay nor attachment known
in this State. Married Women—Wife holds
her real and personal property free from her
husband and his debts, but through the inter-
vention of a trustee. Interest—Legal, 6 per
cent. ; by contract in writing 10. Usury—It is
unlawful to take or stipulate for more than 10
per cent., if done, lender forfeits all interest, but
borrower pays 10 per cent., which goes to school
fund.
Montana.
Exemptions—Usual personal schedule, and to
farmer, implements, Stock, seeds, etc., $800;
tools, teams and libraries of mechanics, business
and professional men; dwelling of miner, $500,
his tools and machinery, $500, also team;
homestead, 80 acres in country, + acre in city,
value each $2,500. Limitation of Actions—
Upon contract or account not in writing, 2
years; contracts, obligations or instruments in
writing, judgment, and decrees of any court, 6
years. Revivor—Part payment, acknowledge-
ment or promise in writing. Redemption—
Lands sold under execution, 6 months. Justice's
Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution—Discretion of
court. Married Women—Wife's property, ac-
quired at any time, her separate estate, pro-
vided it is specified in a list and recorded as
such. Interest—Any rate by stipulation; when
no contract, 10 per cent. Usury—No law.
Nebraska.
Exemptions—The usual schedule of furni-
ture, tools, stock, etc.; homstead, 160 acres in
country, or ; acre if within the town plat; if
debtor has no lands, then $500 in personal
property. Limitation of Action—Upon verbal
contracts, express or implied, 4 years; specialty
or promise in writing or foreign judgments, 5
years; real actions, 10 years. Revivor—Part
payment or an acknowledgment, or any prom-
ise to pay in writing. Redemption—None under
execution or mortgage, except before confirma-
tion of sale; after confirmation title is abso-
lute, even if judgment is subsequently reversed;
tax sales, 2 years. Justices' Jurisdiction—
$100. Witness—Party in interest may be.
Stay of Execution—$50, 3 months, $100, 6
months; all others, 9 months. Married Women
—Property of wife acquired at any time from
any source except from her husband her sole
property and controlled as if unmarried. In-
terest—Legal, 7 per cent. ; by contract in writ-
ing, 7. Usury forfeits all interest.
Nevada.
Exemptions—Office furniture, $100; house-
hold furniture, farming utensils, $200; team,
etc., tools of mechanic, libraries, etc., of pro-
fessional men, dwelling of miner, $500, also
tools and machinery, $500; homestead to head
of family, $5,000. Limitation of actions—Open
or store account and contract not in writing, 2
years; upon contract or instrument of writing,
4 years; recovery of mining claims, 2 years;
real actions, or judgment or decree of any
court, 5 years. The above applies to contraets
before March 2d, 1877; to contracts since that
454
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTIOAL INFORMATION.
date (the above periods), 2 years extended to 4,
and 4 and 5 respectively to six years. Revivor
—Acknowledgment or new promise in writing.
Redemption—Of lands sold on execution, 6
months; except for taxes, then none. Justices'
Jurisdiction—$300, exclusive of interest. Wit-
ness—Party in interest may be. Stay of Exe-
cution—In discretion of court. Married Women
—All property of the wife, owned by her before
marriage, and that acquired afterwards by gift,
bequest, devise or descent, her separate prop-
erty; all other property acquired during cover-
ture by husband or wife, common property, but
controlled by husband. Interest—Legal, 7 per
cent. ; any rate by agreement. Usury—No law.
New Hampshire.
Exemptions—Household furniture, $100; tools
of mechanic, $100; library, $200, together with
the usual live-stock, teams, etc.; homestead or
interest therein to wife, widow and children
during life or minority, $500. Limitation of
Actions—Contracts not under Seal, 6 years;
real actions, judgments, notes Secured by
mortgage and contracts under Seal, 20 years.
Revivor—New promise, verbal or written.
Redemption—Lands sold under execution, fore-
closure or for taxes, 1 year. Justice's Juris-
diction—$13.33. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution—Discretion of
court. Married women may hold and control
their separate property, real and personal, and
earnings, as if sole. Interest—Legal, 6 per
cent. Usury—A person receiving above 6 per
cent. forfeits three times the excess.
New Jersey.
Exemptions—Personalty, $200; homestead
under statutory notice, lot and building occu-
pied as residence, $1,000. Limitation of
Actions—Debt not founded on Specialty and
all actions of account, 6 years; upon sealed
instruments, 16 years; judgments and real
actions, 20 years. Revivor—Part payment or
written acknowledgement. Redemption—None
except for taxes, then time governed by Special
laws. Justice's Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—
Party in interest may be. Stay of Execution—
*
Justice's court, not over $15, 1 month; over
$15 and under $60, 3 months; over $60, 6
months. Married Women—Wife holds and
controls her property, acquired at any time,
as if she was single. Interest—Legal, 6 per
cent. Usury forfeits all interest.
New Mexico.
Exemptions—Real estate to head of family
residing on the same, provided it is claimed
as exempt, $1,000; also small amount of per-
sonal property, including tools, etc. Limita-
tion of Actions—No statute affecting the col-
lection of moneys; adverse possession, 10 years.
Bevivor—No statute. Redemption—Lands sold
under execution or for taxes, 1 year. Justices'
Jurisdiction—Any amount less than $100.
Witness—Rules of common law govern exclu-
sively. Stay of Execution—No statute, except
by appeal. Married Women—Wife is the sole
owner of her separate property, but it is Sub-
ject to the control of her husband, and the
proceeds become their joint property. Interest—-
Legal, 6 per cent., but any amount by agree-
ment. Usury—No law of.
New York.
Exemptions—Necessary furniture, tools, team,
library, etc., not to exceed $250; homestead
lot and building, owned and occupied as resi-
dence, and recorded as homestead, $1,000.
Limitation of Actions—Contracts, express or
implied, except those under seal, 6 years;
recovery of real estate upon judgments of
courts of record and sealed instruments, 20
years. Revivor—Part payment or new promise
in writing. Hedemption—No law, except for
lands sold for taxes, then 2 years. Justices'
Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution—No law, but
court may order in discretion. Married
Women—Wife has same rights and subject to
same liabilities in relation to her separate
property as if single. Interest–Legal, 6 per
cent. Usury voids contract, forfeits principal
and interest, and is misdemeanor.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
455
North Carolina,
Exemptions—Personalty, $500, homestead,
$1,000. Limitation of Actions—Contracts not
under Seal, 3 years; upon instruments under
seal, judgments, courts of record or foreclosure
of mortgage. Revivor—New promise in writ-
ing. Redemption—None for property sold on
execution or mortgage; tax sales, 1 year.
Justices' Jurisdiction—$200. Witness—incom-
petency for interest or crime abolished. Stay
of Execution—$25, 1 month ; $25 to $50, 3
months; $50 to $100, 4 months; above $100,
6 months. Married Women—Property of wife
acquired at any time and in any manner her
separate estate, but cannot convey without
consent of husband. Interest—Legal, 6 per
cent., by stipulation, 8. Usury forfeits entire
interest, and party paying may recover double
the amount paid.
Ohio.
Exemptions—The usual furniture, tools, in-
struments, library, horse or team, etc., and if
no homestead, to head of family $500; addi-
tional personal property, homestead, $1,000.
Limitation of Actions—Upon contracts not in
writing, express or implied, 6 years; Specialty
or any agreement in writing, 15 years; real
actions, 20 years. Revivor—Part payment,
acknowledgment or promise in writing. Re-
demption—None for lands sold under execu-
tion or foreclosure; for taxes, 2 years. Justices’
Jurisdiction—$300. Witness—Neither interest
nor crime disqualifies. Stay of Execution—
Only in justices' court, then on judgments
from $5 to over $50 from 60 to 240 days.
Married Women—Real and personal property
of wife acquired at any time her separate
estate and under her Sole control. Interest—
Legal, 6 per cent., may contract in writing for
8; if contract is for more than 8 per cent.,
only principal and 6 can be recovered.
Oregon.
Exemptions—The usual schedule, also neces-
sary tools, implements, library, team, etc., of
trade or profession, $400; and further to house-
holder, if kept for use; farm stock, utensils,
etc., $300; no homestead. Limitation of Ac-
tions—On contracts not under Seal, express or
implied, 6 years; on judgments or decrees of
any court and Sealed instruments, 10 years;
recovery real property, 20 years. Revivor—
Part payment or new promise in writing.
Redemption—Lands sold under execution or
mortgage may be within 60 days from sale, or
last redemption; for taxes, 2 years. Justices'
Jurisdiction –$250; Witness—Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution—No statute for.
Married Women—Wife controls her separate
estate as if single, except that it must be
registered as such. Interest—Legal, 10 per
cent. ; 12 by contract; above 12 per cent.,
illegal.
Pennsylvania.
Exemptions—Either real or personal prop-
erty, $300; no homestead law. Limitation of
Actions—Contracts, notes and instruments not
under Seal, 6 years; judgments, mortgages and
sealed instruments, 20 years. Revivor—
Acknowledement coupled with promise to pay;
promise may be implied, if acknowledgment
is plain, express, and nothing to negate such
implication. Redemption—None except sales
for taxes and municipal doings, then 2 years.
Justices' Jurisdiction—Generally $100; Erie,
Wenango, Lawrence, Crawford, Mercer and
Warren counties, $300. Witness—Party in in-
terest may be. Stay of Execution—Judgment
not exceeding $200, 6 months; $200 to $500,
9 months; over $500, 1 year. Justices' judg-
ments, $20 to over $60, 3 to 9 months. Married
Women—All property of wife acquired before
or after marriage, held and enjoyed as her
separate estate, but may be charged for neces-
saries contracted by her for her family.
Interest—Legal, 6 per cent. ; usurious interest
cannot be collected.
Rhode Island.
Exemptions—Necessary working tools, $200;
also, if householder, furniture, etc., $300, besides
certain stock; no homestead law. Limitation
of Actions—All actions of account, except be-,
456 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
tween merchants, and any contract without
Specialty, 6 years; other actions of debt and
conveyance, 20 years. Revivor—No statutory
provision, as at common law. Redemption—
None of sale on execution; under mortgage, 3
years; for taxes, 1 year. Justices' Jurisdiction
–$100. Witness—Neither interest nor crime dis-
qualifies. Stay of Execution—Discretion of the
court. Married Women—Property of wife, ac-
Quired before or after marriage, remains her
Separate estate. Interest—Legal, 6 per cent.,
but any rate may be taken by agreement.
South Carolina.
Exemptions—To head of family: furniture,
library, tools, farming implements, cattle, work
animals, etc., $500; homestead, $1,000. Limi-
tation of Actions—Upon contracts not under
seal, sealed notes or personal bonds, 6 years;
judgments or decrees of any court, and upon
Sealed instruments (except as above), 20 years;
to recover real property, 10 years. Revivor—No
statute, as at common law. Redemption—No
law except of sales for taxes, then 2 years.
Justices' Judgment—$100. Witness—Party in
interest may be. Stay of Execution—No law
of ; court may grant order for. Married Women
—-All property of a woman held at time of mar-
riage, or acquired afterwards (except that gift
or grant of husband shall not be detrimental to
his creditors) held as her separate property,
and controlled as if unmarried. Interest—Le-
gal, 7 per cent. ; Same by contract in Writing;
usury laws abolished.
Tennessee.
Exemptions—To head of family: various ar-
ticles, food, etc., together with furniture, cattle,
team, tools, etc., to value of $165; homestead
in possession of head of family, $1,000. Limi-
tation of Actions—Upon bonds, notes, accounts
and contracts generally, 6 years; judgments or
decrees of courts of record, and other cases not
expressly provided for, 10 years. Revivor—Ac-
knowledgment, expressed Willingness to pay or
promise; part payment not in itself sufficient.
Redemption—Of lands sold for cash under exe-
cution or mortgage (with power of sale), 2
years; for taxes, 1 year. Justices' Jurisdic-
tion—Against makers of notes, acceptors of bills,
and upon liquidated accounts signed by party
to be charged, $1,000; against indorsers of notes
and bills, and on open or unliquidated accounts,
$500. Witness—Party in interest may be. Stay
of Execution—On justices' judgment, 8 months.
Married Women—Wife's separate property not
Subject to debt or disposition of husband, ex-
cept authorized by instrument under which she
acquired it. Interest—Legal, 6 per cent., prior
to March 20, 1877; by contract, 10 per cent. ;
since that date, excess of 6 per cent. usury.
Texas.
Exemptions—All furniture, implements of hus-
bandry, tools, apparatus, or library belonging
to trade or profession, teams, stock, etc.; home-
stead, 200 acres, in one or more parcels, with
improvements; in city or village, lot or lots,
$5,000 at time of designation, without reference
to present value of improvements. Limitation
of Actions—Open accounts, except as between
merchants, 2 years; contracts in Writing, 4
years; to recover land against one in posses-
sion under title, 3 years; in possession without
title, 10 years; judgments, courts of record, 10
years. Revivor—Acknowledgment of justice of
claim in writing. Redemption—None for lands
sold except for taxes, then 2 years. Justices' Juris-
diction $200. Witness—Party in interest may be.
Stay of Execution—-3 months on justice's judg-
ments only. Married Women—All property of wife
at marriage, and all acquired thereafter by gift,
devise or descent, remains her separate property,
but subject to the husband's management. In-
terest—Legal, 8 per cent. ; by contract, 12.
Usury forfeits all interest.
Utah.
Exemptions—Office furniture, $100; house-
hold furniture, farming implements, certain
cattle, team, etc, also seed, grain, etc., $100;
tools, instruments and libraries of professional
men; home, tools, etc., of miner, $400; horse
or team, etc., when used for livelihood; home-
stead to head of family, $1,000, and the further
sum of $250 for each member of the family.
Limitation of Actions—Open accounts and con-
tracts not in Writing, 2 years; contracts or
obligations founded on Writing, 4 years; judg-
ments, 5 years; recovery of lands, 7 years,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
457
Revivor—Acknowledgment of promise in writing.
Redemption of lands sold under execution or
mortgage, 6 months, and 60 days from last re-
demption. Justices' Jurisdiction—$200. Wit-
mess—Party in interest may be. Stay of
Execution—Court may stay for a limited time.
Married Women—All property of wife acquired
at any time, held, managed and controlled as
if unmarried. Interest—Legal, 10 per cent. ;
by agreement, any rate. Usury—No law.
Vermont.
Exemptions—Necessary furniture, tools, cattle,
etc.; professional library and instruments, $200;
team used for work, $200; homestead to head
of family, $500. Limitations of Actions—Con-
tract, obligation, or liability not under seai, 6
years; instruments under seal, and judgment
of court of record, 8 years; recovery of land,
15 years. Revivor—New promise in writing.
Redemption—Lands sold on execution, 6 months;
under foreclosure, 1 year, unless value of prop-
erty less than incumbrance, then in discretion
of court; for taxes, 1 year. Justices' Jurisdic-
tion—$200. Witness—Party in interest may be.
Stay of Execution—No general law, but court
may allow. Married Women—Wife's separate
property, acquired at any time, not liable for
husband's debts, except created for her and
family, and then chargeable only upon annual
products of her separate estate. Interest—
Legal, 6 per cent. Usury forfeits excess.
Virginia.
Exemptions—Pictures, library, etc., $100;
necessary furniture, certain cattle, house, etc.; a
mechanic's tools, $100; also to head of family,
called homestead exemption, real or personal
property, $2,000. Limitations of Actions—For
articles charged in store account, 2 years; con-
tracts not under Seal, 5 years; contracts under
seal, 20 years; recovery of lands, 15 years.
Revivor—New promise in writing; part pay-
ment not sufficient. Redemption—No statutory
provisions; right exists in mortgagor as at com-
mon law; under tax sales, 2 years. Justices'
Jurisdiction—See Stay of Execution. Witness—
Party in interest may be. Stay of Execution—
Only on Justice's judgment, between $10 and
$20, 40 days; between $20 and $30, 60 days;
over $30, 90 days. Married Women—Recent
statutes not judiciálly construed, hence law
uncertain; by act of April 4, 1877, property of
women married since that date—or if married
before, acquired since that date, shall be her
separate estate, subject, however, to the cour-
tesy of the husband. Interest—Legal, 6 per
cent. Usury forfeits all interest.
Washington Territory.
Exemptions—To each householder: house-
hold goods, coin value, $1,500; also certain
cattle to farmer, team, utensils, etc., $200; to
professional men, office furniture, also libraries
and instruments, $500; boatmen, boats, $250;
draymen, team ; homestead to head of family,
while occupied by family, and entered in office
of auditor as such, $1,000. Limitation of Action
—Contracts not in writing, 3 years; contracts
in writing, or liability arising out of a written
agreement, or a judgment or decree of any
court, 6 years; recovery of real property 20 years.
Revivor—Part payment or new promise in writing.
Redemption—Lands sold on execution, 6 months.
Justices' Jurisdiction—$100. Witness—Party in
interest may be. Stay of Execution—In superior
court, under $500, 30 days; between $500 and
$1,500, 60 days; over $1,500, 90 days. In dis-
trict court, under $300, 2 months; between $300
and $1,000, 5 months; over $1,000, 6 months.
Married Women—Property of wife acquired
before marriage, and afterward by gift, devise
or descent, her separate property; same with
husband; property otherwise acquired during
coverture held in common; all, however, subject
to control of husband; to avoid liability for
husband's debts, wife must record inventory
of her separate estate, duly executed. Interest
—Legal, 10 per cent. ; any rate by agreement
in writing. Usury—No law.
West Virginia.
Exemptions—Parent or infant children of
deceased parents may set apart personal estate,
$200; mechanic or laborer, tools, $200; home-
stead as against debts created since August 22d,
1872, $1,000, provided it was recorded as such
before the debt was contracted. Limitation of
458
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Actions—Store account, 3 years; accounts con-
cerning trade between merchants, 5 years;
contracts not in writing, or in writing and not
under Seal, 5 years; contracts under seal, 20
years, except that contracts eacecuted after April
1st, 1869, whether under seal or not, 10 years;
to recover land, 10 years. Revivor—Acknowl-
edgment of debt, or promise in writing to pay.
Redemption—None for land sold under execu-
tion or mortgage; for taxes, 1 year. Justices'
Jurisdiction—$100, exclusive of interest. Wit-
ness—Party in interest may pay. Stay of
Execution—Justice's judgments, $10 to over $50,
1 to 4 months. Married Women—Property of
Wife acquired at any time and from any source
other than her husband, held to her sole and
separate use ; provided that the husband must
join in conveyance of realty. Interest—legal, 6
per cent. Usury forfeits excess.
Wisconsin.
Exemptions—Library, household furniture,
etc., $200; firearms, $50; necessary team, cat-
tle and utensils; 1 year's provisions; tools or
stock in trade of mechanic, miner or other per-
son, $200; library and instruments of profes-
sional man, $200; printing material, presses,
etc., $1,500; homestead in country, 40 acres,
or in town-plat # of an acre. Limitation of
Actions--On contracts not under seal, 6 years;
judgments of courts within the State on sealed
instruments, cause accruing within the State,
20 years; foreign judgments and specialties,
cause accruing without the State, 10 years;
recovery of bonds, 20 years. Revivor—Part
payment or Iew promise in Writing; if by one
joint debtor, it revives only as to him. Re-
demption—Of lands sold under execution, 2
years; mortgage, 1 year; taxes, 3 years. Jus-
tices' Jurisdiction—$200. Witness—Party in
interest may be. Stay of Execution—Only on
justice's judgments; $10 to over $50, exclusive
of costs, 1 to 4 months. Married Women—
Property of wife acquired at any time, from any
source other than her husband, held to her sole
and separate use and disposal. Interest—Legal,
fi per cent. ; by contract, in Writing, 10. Usury
frofeits all interest.
Wyoming.
Exemptions—Household furniture, provisions,
etc., $500; tools, team, implements or stock in
trade of mechanic, miner or other person, kept
for his trade or business, $300; library and
instruments of professional man, $300; home-
stead actually occupied as such by head of
family, in country, 160 acres, in town, lot or
lots in value, $1,500. Limitation of Actions—
On contracts not in writing, 4 years; upon
specialty or agreement in writing, 5 years; on
all foreign judgments or contracts made or in-
curred before debtor becomes resident, within
1 year after he establishes residence in terri-
tory; recovery of land, 21 years. Revivor—Part
payment or acknowledgment in writing. Re-
demption—Under mortgage, 6 months. Jus-
tices' Jurisdiction — $100. Witness—Neither
interest nor crime disqualifies. Stay of Execu-
tion—Stay law repealed, except as to justice's
judgments. Married Women—Wote, hold office,
and control separate property as though un-
married. Interest—Legal, 12 per cent. ; any
rate by agreement in writing. No usury law.
Quebec-Canada.
Exemptions—Limited amount of furniture,
fuel, food, cattle, tools of trade, etc., etc. Lim-
itation of Actions—For wages of domestics, or
farm servants, 1 year; by teachers for tuition,
board, etc., 2 years; notes, bills of exchange,
claims of a commercial nature and contracts
generally, 5 years; contractor's warranty or re-
cission of contracts, 10 years; judgments and
mortgages, 30 years. Jurisdiction of “Circuit
Court” (Similar to justices' court in the United
States)—In country districts, $200; in Mon-
treal and Quebec, $100. Witness—Party to
suit cannot be witness in his own behalf, but
may be examined by his adversary. Married
Women—As a rule, unless modified by ante-
nuptial contract, wife retains in her own right
all the immovable property possessed at time
of marriage; the same With husband, consti-
tuting two separate estates; all movables, brought
in or required by each, constitute the third
estate, called the community, controlled by hus-
band. Interest–Legal, 6 per cent. ; any rate
by stipulation.
AN JENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
459
Ontario-Canada.
Exemptions—Furniture, farm stock, tools and
implements of trade, $60; free grants and home-
steads in districts Algoma and Nipissing and
between the river Ottawa and Georgian Bay.
Limitation of Actions — Contracts, notes and
instruments not under seal, 6 years; contracts
under Seal, mortgages, judgments, and to recover
land, 10 years; to recover wild lands never in
possession of crown, grantee as against person
in possession, but not claiming under original
grantee, 20 years. Revivor—Part payment or
written acknowledgment. Division Court's Juris-
diction — $100. Witness — Party in interest
may be. Stay of Execution: —Only by appeal.
Married Women—Every woman married since
May 4th, 1859, without marriage settlement,
holds all her property, real and personal, free
from debts and control of husband, except as
to property received from him during marriage;
women married before May 4th, 1859, same
rights as to real estate not then reduced to hus-
band's possession; husband must join wife in
deed conveying her separate estate, otherwise
she acts as feme sole. Interest—Legal, 6 per
cent. ; any rate by agreement.
New Brunswick.
Exemptions—Homestead act gives owner of
his homestead exemption to value of $600;
household effects to value of $60. Limitation
of Actions—On contracts not under seal, 6
years; contracts under Seal, or judgments, 20
years. Revivor—Part payment or written ac-
knowledgment. Courts' Jurisdiction—Magis-
trates up to $20; county courts from $20 to
$200; supreme court from $200 upward. Wit-
ness—Party in interest may be. Married
Women—The real or personal property belong-
ing to a woman before or accruing after mar-
riage, except such as may be received from her
husband while married, shall vest in her and
be owned by her as her separate property, and
cannot be seized for husband's debts; but he
must join in any conveyance. If wife lives
separate and apart from her husband, she can
dispose of it as if unmarried. Interest—Legal,
6 per cent. ; any rate by agreement.
Nova Scotia.
Exemptions—The necessary wearing apparel
and bedding of debtor and his family, and the
tools and instruments of his trade or calling;
one stove and his last cow. Limitation of
Actions—On all contracts not under Seal, 6
years; judgments and contracts under Seal, 20
years; no arrear of dower, rent or interest can
be recovered after 6 years. Revivor—Part pay-
ment or acknowledgment in writing. Courts'
Jurisdiction—Magistrates up to $20; county
courts from $20 to $200 ; supreme court from
$200 upward. Married Women—All personal
property owned by the wife at the time of mar-
riage, or acquired by her in any manner
afterwards (unless trusted for her sole benefit),
becomes the property of the husband. She
may hold real estate in her own name, but
cannot make a conveyance without he consent
of her husband. Interest—Legal rate, 6 per
cent.
BUSINESS LETTERS.
Letters relating to matters of business should
be written with the most scrupulous care and
exactness.
The writer should determine in his mind what
he wishes to say before beginning his letter,
and should say it as briefly as possible. Make
your Words convey your exact meaning, so that
nothing may be left to doubt or uncertainty.
A few complimentary or friendly phrases may
be introduced, but apart from these, the letter
should be restricted to the business to which it
relates.
The letter should be written legibly and neatly,
and should be divided into paragraphs, if many
Subjects are alluded to.
Should the letter be a reply to one received
Irom your correspondent, discuss each subject to
which you reply in a separate paragraph.
Business letters should be dated with the day
of the month and the year at the head of the
sheet.
You should answer a business letter, if possi-
ble, on the day of its receipt, or at the earliest
460 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
moment you can do so. Promptness in corres- Reply from the Wholesale House.
pondence is one of the most useful habits of
business.
You should read carefully all business letters, BALTIMORE, May, 4th, 1882.
and file them away for future reference, endors- || MR. ALFRED LEE,
ſing upon them the date of your answer. BALTIMORE, MD.
Should your letter contain a remittance of DEAR SIR:
money, state in the letter the amount you send, Agreeably to your esteemed order of the first
and the means by which you send it. inst., we have now the pleasure to emelose in-
Money sent by mail should be in the form of voice of goods amounting to $1,500, subjeet to
a draft, check, or postal order, or should be five per cent. discount for prompt cash.
sent in a registered letter. To enclose a bill in
an envelop and trust it to the mails is to incur
a great risk.
In ordering goods by letter, state plainly the
l
We may mention that, from the opinion en-
tertained of you by the Messrs. Delaplaine, we
have no hesitation in opening the accetºt, and
at once placing you on our best terms. The
º º: #. * ..". . goods have been despatched this day per B. &
etc., so that neither the meronant nor his ºlerk | O. R. R., and we trust they will arrive safely,
may be obliged to guess at your wishes. It is
a good plan to make out your order on a sepa-
rate sheet, and enclose it in your letter.
With these suggestions, we offer several forms
for business letters of different kinds:
and prove satisfactory. We believe they will
bear a favorable comparison with those of any
house in the trade, and desire that you should
satisfy yourself as to value and qualities before
remitting settlement.
We are, dear sir, yours respectfully,
HAMILTON EASTER & SONs.
From a Young Man Commencing Business to a
Wholesale Merchant, with Order.
Ordering Dry Goods for Eamily Use.
CHARLESTown, W. W.A., May 1, 1882.
MESSRs. HAMILTON EASTER & SoNS, CHICAGo, IL.L., 25th March, 1882.
BALTIMORE, MD. MESSRs. LoRD & TAYLOR,
NEW YORK.
GENTLEMEN:
Enclosed find a postoffice order for $53, for
which send me by the U. S. Express the fol-
lowing goods:
GENTLEMEN :
Having commenced business here on my own
account, with every prospect of success, I shall
be glad to open an aocount with your house,
doubting not it will be to our mutual advan-
tage. With this view, I enclose an order, which
I shall thank you to execute with the least pos. 1 dozen linen handkerchiefs, 50....... $6 00
sible delay, and on your best terms as to goods | 10 yards calico, blue ground With white
and prices. I beg to refer you to my late dots, 200. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 00
employers, Messrs. Delaplaine & Son, of Wheel- 20 yards black silk, $100............. 20 00
ing, W. Va., who will satisfy you as to .”y | 1 dozen ladies' Balbriggan hose, No. 8,
integrity and trustworthiness; but as this is a $1 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & e s e e e 18 00
first transaction, on your forwarding me an . º * l º
invoice of the goods, deducting discount for 20 yards white flannel, 850. . . . . . . . . . . . 7 00
cash, I shall remit a sight draft on a bank in *-ºsmº
º - e $58, 00,
your city for the amount, by return of mail. º
Requesting your usual prompt attention, I Direct the parcel to
ſam, gentlemen, Yours Respectfully, MRs. MARY GREEN,
ALFRED LEE. Chicago, Ill
AN ENCYCLOPMEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 461;
From a Country Merchant to a Wholesale House,
Requesting an Extension of Credit.
WHITEHALL, IL.L., May 18th, 1882.
MESSRs. BLACK & WHITE,
NEW YoFK,
GENTLEMEN:
You have perhaps observed that my trans-
actions with you have been steadily increasing
in amount for a considerable time back, which
I feel pleasure in assuring you is only an indi-
cation of a proportionate exteasion of my gen-
eral business.
From the inadequacy of the capital with
which I commenced to meet the growing re-
quirements of my trade, and the lengthened
credit I am obliged to give, generally four, and
in many instances six months, I have been
under the necessity of keeping but a very small
stock, which has materially inconvenienced me
in the execution of orders. Under the impres-
sion that you have confidence in my honesty,
steadiness, and unflagging attention to business,
I beg to ask if you would favor me by extend-
ing your term of credit from three months to
six, or, say, accept my note at three months
in settlement of the quarterly account. This
arrangement would afford me greater facility in
meeting my obligations, and enable me to keep
stock sufficient for all ordinary demands.
I may add that my customers are all of a
highly respectable class, my trade a safe and
steady one, and that anything like a reckless
extension of it is very far indeed from my in-
tention.
I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earli-
est convenience, and
I am, gentlemen, yours respectfully,
HENRY CASWELL.
From a Book Agent, Reporting the Result of His
Canvass.
DAYTON, OHIo, May 12th, 1882.
O. C. ST. CLAIR & Co., PUBLISHERS,
SPRINGFIELD, ILL.
GENTLEMEN: -
I send you herewith my report for the week
ending to-day.
You will perceive that I am succeeding well.
The Encyclopædia of Practical Information and
Universal Formulary is the best book for which
I ever canvassed, and I find that the sale of
it repays my efforts very handsomely. Your
Bible also gives entire Satisfaction, and Seſſlsº
well. It is pronounced the most compkete work
as to its contents, and the most beautiful and
substantial as to its mechanical workmanship,
offered to the public. The ministers of all the
churches in my territory endorse it, and this
is a great help to me in selling it.
I am hopeful of making a large sale of your
books, and shall spare no effort to do so. I
receive many circulars from other publishers,
offering me the agency of their books, but pay
no attention to them. I know that a book pub-
lished by your house is certain of a large sale,
and I prefer to canvass for the most valuable
and popular works.
I expect to send you an order for books the
first of next month.
Thanking you for your courteous and liberak
treatment of me in our numerous transactions,
I am Very respectfully yours,
GEORGE STEVENs.
Recommending a Successor on Retiring from
Business.
CHARLESTON, S. C., March 20th, 1882.
MESSRs. ARNOLD, CONSTABLE & Co.,
NEW YORK.
GENTLEMEN :
We flatter ourselves that there are many
friends among our connection who will regret;
to hear that we are just upon the point of re-
linquishing business. In doing so, our premises
and stock of goods will be transferred to the
hands of Messrs. Harris & Co., who will, in
future, carry on the business on the same ap-
proved system and extensive scale as ourselves,
provided they can rely on receiving the patron-
age of our connection; in the hopes of which
it is our pleasure and duty to present those
gentlemen to your notice. We cannot speak
too highly of the confidence we feel in their
liberal mode of conducting business, and their
strict attention and punctuality in their mer-
cantile transactions; and in the hope that they
may be honored with the same countenance
received by ourselves from your respectable firm,
We beg to subscribe ourselves,
Your obliged and most obedient servants,
GooD, BRIGHT & Co.
462
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Urging the Payment of a Bill.
ST. Louis, Jan, 10, 1882.
DEAR SIR:
As I have a heavy payment to meet on the
20th of this month I must beg you to give
immediate attention to my account, which has
already run far beyond my usual limit of credit.
You have not made any payment on this ac-
count for the last three months, and I must
really urge greater promptness on your part, as
the nature of my business does not allow me
to remain out of my capital so long.
Very respectfully yours,
HENRY FRENCEI.
MR. STEPHEN FREE, Boston, Mass.
An Urgent Application for Payment.
BosTon, Jan. 20, 1882.
SIR :
Feeling much disappointed by your failure to
settle my account according to promise, I am
compelled to say that the profits on my business
will not admit of longer credit. At the same time,
I should be sorry to inconvenience you, and will
therefore fix the 27th instant for payment, after
which it will be quite impossible for me to wait,
however unpleasant the alternative.
I am, sir, yours obediently,
HENRY FRENCB.
Request for Extension of Time.
DENVER, CoL., May 20, 1882.
MR. JoHN GRESHAM,
San Francisco, Cal. :
SIR :
It is with undisguised vexation that we find
ourselves obliged to inform you that, after
having conducted our business affairs with sat-
isfactory punctuality for a series of years, we
have, by reason of the untoward stoppage of
the Artizan's Bank, discovered our financial
matters to be 80 disarranged as to solicit at the
hands of our creditors an extension of time, not
only for the payment of our paper now matured,
but of all outstanding liabilities. We are, at
the present moment, engaged in the balancing
of our books, and request that you will not only
forward to us an abstract of your account cur-
rent with us, but your consent that we be al-
lowed the term of twelve months for the adequate
adjustment of our liabilities and the collection
of our assets, by the end of which we trust to
be able settle to the satisfaction of our credi-
tors in full of all their demands.
Humiliating as this proposition is to us, rest
assured that it has been forced upon us through
circumstances beyond our foresight or control,
and is now made with a due sense of our re-
sponsibility towards the body of our creditors.
Our assets, managed in our own hands, we are
confident, will realize, within the time specified,
not only an amount adequate for the liquida-
tion of all our debts, but leave a balance in
our favor, which, conjoined with the advances
of friends, will doubtlessly enable us to resume
business under favorable auspices. On the other
hand, should we be compelled to declare our-
selves bankrupts, our honor, as well as our
credit and resources, will have to be sacrificed
to realize but a dividend, in favor of creditors,
upon an estate which, properly nursed, can be
rendered productive of payments in full for all
claims at present held against us.
Trusting to your appreciation of our motives,
and convinced of your reliance upon our probity
and honor, we remain, sir,
Your very humble servants,
GREENWAY & Co.
APPLICATIONS FOR SITUATIONS.
Application for a Clerkship.
KANSAs CITY, April 5th, 1882.
MESSRs. ASPINWALL & Co.
GENTLEMEN:
Being desirous of obtaining a clerkship, and
seeing, by an advertisement in the Herald, that
your firm is in Want of a confidential clerk, I
beg to offer myself as a candidate for the po-
sition. I held a similar appointment for some
years with Messrs. Turine & Medei, of San Paulo.
I can write, Speak fluently, interpret and trans-
late French, Spanish and German.
I enclose copies of my testimonials. Should
you be pleased to appoint me, no exertion on
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
463
my part shall be wanting to give you satisfac-
tion. I remain, gentlemen,
Your obedient servant,
HENRY WILLIAMS.
Application for a Clerkship at Washington.
CoLUMBUS, OHIo, Jan. 1, 1882.
HoN. JoHN SHERMAN,
Secretary of the Treasury,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
SIR:
I beg to submit herewith my application for
a position as clerk in the Department of the
Treasury of the United States, and to ask your
favorable consideration of it.
I am proficient in the branches of an ordi-
nary English education, and am a good account-
ant. This letter will show you the character of
my handwriting.
I enclose a number of references from gen-
tlemen well known to you.
Should you be pleased to give me a position
in your Department, I will strive, by diligent
and faithful application, to deserve your appro-
val, and to discharge, to the best of my ability,
the duties of the position to which I may be
assigned.
Hoping to receive a favorable answer, I have
the honor to be,
Your obedient servant,
- RICHARD H. THOMPSON.
A Sugar Refiner Applying for a Situation.
SHOREDITCH, May 19th, 1882.
MESSRs. SHARP & SWEET,
NEw York.
GENTLEMEN:
Being out of employment at present, and hear- |
ing you required a Sober, steady, active and
pushing man to superintend your business up-
stairs, I write to inform you that for years I
was head up-stairs man at Messrs. Newhall &
Co.'s. You will see by the enclosed copy of a
testimonial from them, that the duties of filling
out the goods up to the stoving, were carried
out in such a manner as to convince them I
thoroughly understood the business. A reply
at your convenience will much oblige,
Yours respectfully,
HUGH WRIGHT.
Application for a Clerkship.
DETROIT, MICH., May 6, 1882.
MESSRs. HooD, & Co.
GENTLEMEN:
Seeing an advertisment for a salesman in The
Ledger, I beg to offer my application for the
position. I am familiar with your line of busi-
ness, having been in the employment of Messrs.
H. B. Claflin & Co., of New York, for several
years. I refer to them by their permission.
Hoping to receive a favorable reply, I am,
Very respectfully yours.
ARTHUR READY.
From a Person Desirous of Employment as a
Manager of a Wholesale or Retail Business.
LouisvilDE, Ky., April 5, 1882.
MESSRs. KING, DAVIS & Co.,
BALTIMORE.
GENTLEMEN:
I beg to forward a strong recommendation
from Messrs. Carter & Greene for the post of
manager of your [retail or wholesale] business.
For some years previous to the late war I was
employed by Messrs. Carter & Greene, and was
selected by them to manage a branch estab-
lishment at Boston, which is now progressing
most satisfactorily. I am a good correspondent
in French and Italian and German, and under-
stand the business well in all its branches.
Trusting that you will favorably consider my
friend's recommendation,
I remain, gentlemen, yours faithfully,
GEORGE WILLING.
A Book-keeper and Accouxltant Applying for
Employment.
HAMPTON, WA., February 1, 1882.
MR. DAVID HICKs,
CHARLESTON.
SIR :
My late employer, Mr. Joseph Lee, having
relinquished business, and hearing that you
required a book-keeper, I venture to apply for
the situation. For many years I have had
great business experience, having been entrusted
with matters of great responsibility. I am a
good accountant and correspondent, and can
speak German fluently.
464
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Hoping to receive a favorable reply, I am,
Slr, Yours faithfully,
GERALD MASSEY.
From a Coachman Seeking a Place.
GERMANTown, PA., March 2d, 1882.
MR. EDGAR WHITE,
SIR:
Having heard that you are in want of a
coachman, I respectfully beg to offer myself
for the situation.
I am a married man and have five children.
I have been used to driving since I was a boy.
I have lived in my last place with John
Thomas, Esq., East Walnut Lane, and hold
his written certificate as to my character.
If you should be pleased to engage me, I
shall endeavor to do my best to serve you.
Very respectfully,
JOHN JAMEs.
Applying for a Situation as a Gardener.
CoLUMBUs, OHIO, May 1st, 1882.
GEORGE BROWN, ESQ.,
ToLEDO.
SIR:
Understanding that there will be a vacancy
shortly in your establishment for a gardener,
I respectfully beg to offer myself for the place.
From boyhood I have been under the best of
gardeners. I served my apprenticeship with,
and have been from time to time improving
myself under the direction of, one of the most
experienced landscape gardeners employed in
the Central Park. I enclose you a copy of the
opinion formed of my capabilities by those
under whom I placed myself, and assure you
my whole time and study shall be devoted to
your service.
I remain, yours obediently,
E. GARDNER.
Applying for a Situation as a Cook.
CARLTON PLACE, September 8th, 1882.
MADAM :
Having seen your advertisement for a cook
in to-day's Times, I beg to offer myself for
your place. I am a thorough cook. I can
make clear soups, entrées, jellies, and all kinds
of made dishes. I can bake, and am also used
to a dairy. My wages are $4 per week, and I
can give a good reference from my last place,
in which I lived for two years. I am thirty-
three years of age.
I remain, Madam,
Yours very respectfully,
ELLEN O'RourEE.
A Lady Recommending a Governess to another
Lady.
BooBHAMPTON, April 23d, 1882.
MADAM :
In reply to yours of the-inst. I have
much pleasure in testifying to the capabilities
of Miss—as a governess. My children made
the greatest improvement under her tuition.
Her views are purely evangelical, her manner
most refined; she teaches English thoroughly,
music and drawing well. Her method of in-
structing in French was most wonderful, and
having been educated abroad her accent is per-
fect. You may safely confide your children to
her care.
I remain, Dear Madam,
Yours truly,
ELIZABETH MonTAGUE.
From a Milliner, Leaving Address.
GRAHAM STREET, June 22d, 1882.
MADAM:
I take the liberty of leaving my address,
as you kindly said you would employ and
recommend me when an opportunity occurred.
I am, Madam,
'Your obedient servant,
E. GREENE.
To a Friend, asking her to Inquire About a Nurse.
HIGHGATE, June 21st, 1882.
My DEAR FRIEND:
I am in great distress, my nurse having
suddenly left me in consequence of her father's
death, and there is no probability of her com-
ing back, as she will have to take charge of an
invalid mother, and little family. Perhaps you
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
465
will assist me out of my difficulty by calling
on Mrs. Gregory, Bloomsbury Square, to inquire
the character of Ann Price, whom I have heard
spoken of in very high terms.
I need not mention the qualities I require.
You know what a treasure my last nurse was ;
I should think myself most fortunate could I
meet with such another modest and good Ser-
want. I would not trouble you were I able to
go such a long distance, but knowing how kind
and ready you always are to oblige a friend, I
do not hesitate to ask you if you will do so.
You really will be conferring a great favor on
yOur Affectionate friend,
MARGARET HAMILTON.
Answer,
SLOANE STREET, June 25th.
MY DEAR FRIEND:
I have called on Mrs. Gregory to inquire the
character of Ann Price, and hasten to tell you
the result, and to advise you to take her at once,
for so valuable a servant is not to be met with
every day. She is clean, good-tempered, civil,
and very fond of children, and amongst other
qualifications she is an excellent needlewoman,
and I think would suit you admirably.
Pray do not apologize for asking me a favor,
as I feel most happy to be of use to you, and
I consider it the surest mark of friendship when
my friends call on me for little services.
Adieu. With love,
Believe me,
Very sincerely yours,
LAURA MIDDLETON.
From a Governess, Desiring to Know the Result
of her Application.
Wycom BE, February 3d, 1882.
MADAM :
Yesterday I received a note from Mrs. Lan-
berg, stating that you had written last Monday
for my reference. I shall feel extremely obliged
if by return of post you will let me know your
decision, as I am holding myself disengaged
till I hear from you.
I am, Madam,
Yours respectifully,
MARIA GEE.
From a Young Lady to a Clergyman, asking a
Recommendation.
NANTWICH, May 18th, 1882.
REVEREND AND DEAR SIR:
Having seen an advertisement for a school
mistress in the Daily Telegraph, I have been
recommended to offer myself as a candidate.
Will you kindly favor me with a testimonial as
to my character, ability, and conduct, while at
Boston Normal School 2 Should you consider
that I am fitted for the position, you would
confer a very great favor on me if you would
interest yourself in my behalf.
I remain,
Reverend Sir,
Your most obedient and humble servant,
RACHEL LEE.
Thanking a Clergyman for his Assistance in Pro-
curing an Appointment.
WHITCHURCH, May 18th, 1882.
REVEREND AND DEAR SIR:
The election for schoolmistress at . . . School
having resulted in my favor, I must now sin-
cerely and truly thank you for the great kind-
mess shown me on your part, and on that of
your friends, whose support you secured for me.
Without that assistance I am convinced I should
not have succeeded. I beg to assure you,
reverend sir, that the high character you have
formed of me shall ever be maintained, and
that my future conduct through life shall give
you no cause to regret your recommendation.
I have the honor to be, Reverend Sir,
Your dutiful and grateful servant,
RACHEL LEE.
Engaging a Music Master.
Mrs. Griffiths presents her compliments to
Mr. Brewster, and will feel obliged if he will
call on her in the course of the week (he can
name his own day and hour), to arrange a
course of music lessons for her daughters.
BLooMSBURY SQUARE, May 1st.
Inquiring About Drawing or Other Lessons.
Mrs. Percival presents her compliments to
Mr. Reubens, and will be obliged if he will
send her his terms for private lessons or for
classes. An early answer Will oblige.
SUSSEX SQUARE, June 24th.
80
466
AN ENCYCLOPMEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Inquiring the Character of a Gardener.
Mrs. Smith would feel obliged to Mr. White
for the character of his gardener, Samuel Neal.
She wishes to know if he is an honest, active
and sober man, thoroughly master of his busi-
ness, and capable of taking charge of the
kitchen and flower gardens.
DEECH VILLA, June 24th.
Applying for a Housemaid’s Character.
WESTBourne, WILLA, January 17th, 1882.
MADAM :
Will you kindly answer the following ques-
tions respecting Elizabeth Jones, who has ap-
plied to me for the situation of housemaid: Is
she homest, clean, an early-riser; steady, Sober,
and a good workwoman? I should be also much
obliged if you would favor me with your reasons
for parting with her.
Believe me, Madam, yours faithfully,
AMELIA WELBY.
Applying for a Position as a Teacher of Music.
RocBESTER N. Y., January 21st, 1882.
MADAM :
Seeing your advertisement in the Ledger of
to-day, I write to offer my services as a teacher
of music in your family.
I am a graduate of the Peabody Institute,
of Baltimore, where I was thoroughly instructed
in instrumental and vocal music. I am a good
performer, and have for the past two years
given instruction in music.
I refer by permission to Mrs. A. J. Davis,
1922 Walnut street; Mrs. Franklin Hill, 2021
Spring Garden street; and Mrs. William Murray,
1819 Spruce street, in whose families I have
given lessons.
}Hoping you may see fit to employ me, I am,
Wery respectfully yours,
MARY B. LANE.
Letters of Recommendation.
A conscIENTIOUS person Will be very careful
&n recommending one person to another. It
should never be done unless you have full
knowledge of the person you endorse. By giving
guch a letter, you make yourself, to a certain
extent, morally responsible for the character and
conduct of the person you recommend. You
should, therefore, exercise the greatest caution
in the giving of such letters, and should not
hesitate to refuse one where you cannot con-
Scientiously give it.
A letter of recommendation should be brief
and to the point. Use as few and as simple
words as possible.
Recommending a Clerk or Salesman.
SPRINGFIELD, IL.L., May 20th, 1882.
MESSRS. HooD, BonBRIGHT & Co.,
CHICAGo.
GENTLEMEN:
The bearer, Mr. Benjamin Higgins, being
desirous of obtaining employment as a clerk or
salesman in your house, I take great pleasure
in commending him to your fullest confidence
both as to ability and integrity.
I have known him for many wears, and have
uniformly found him a man of correct habits,
irreproachable character, and decided business
ability. He is a good accountant, and punctual
and faithful in his attention to business.
I am confident that, should you see fit to
employ him, you will find him a most useful
and agreeable addition to your establishment.
Very truly yours,
SoLOMON WISE.
Another Form.
NEw Yorº, May 25th, 1882.
MESSRs. Scott, LEE & Co.,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GENTLEMEN:
Finding that Mr. Alexander is a candidate for
a situation in your house, we beg to say that
during the two years he was in our employ we
had every reason to approve highly of his char-
acter and services. Mr. A.'s principal duty was
that of first salesman in our establishment, and
while he kept our interests steadily in view, his
polite manners and obliging disposition secured
the good opinion of our customers. Mr. Alex-
ander has frequently assisted us in the selection
and purchase of goods, in which department his
knowledge and taste were of great value. He
is qualified to conduct correspondence, and is
expert and accurate at calculations. Should any
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
467
further particulars regarding Mr. A. be required
it will afford us pleasure to communicate the
same on application.
We are, gentlemen,
Your obedient servants,
SLOAN & Co.
Recommending a School Teacher.
GLENDALE, IL.L., February 10th, 1882.
CoL. A. P. WILLIS,
PRESIDENT BOARD OF TRUSTEEs, ETC :
DEAR SIR:
I take pleasure in recommending to your
favorable consideration the application of Miss
Hannah Alexander for the position of teacher
in the public school at Weymouth.
Miss Alexander is a graduate of the Davidson
Seminary, and for the past year has taught a
school in this place. My children have been
among her pupils, and their progress has been
entirely satisfactory to me.
Miss Alexander is a strict disciplinarian, an
excellent teacher, and is thoroughly competent
to conduct the School for which she applies.
Trusting that you may see fit to bestow upon
her the appointment she seeks, I am,
Very respectfully yours,
THOMAS WILSON.
Recommending a Cook.
GEORGETown, D.C., March 10th, 1882.
I take pleasure in certifying that Bridget
O'Leary has lived with me two years as a cook,
during which time she has given me entire sat-
isfaction. She is a good plain and fancy cook,
and is attentive to her work, and honest and
reliable in her habits.
MARGARET THOMPsoN.
Recommending a Gardner.
WEST CHESTER, PA., May 10th, 1881.
The bearer, Lawrence Callaghan, has lived
with me for the past two years as a gardener.
He is honest and reliable, and a practical
gardener. He has given entire satisfaction, has
kept my grounds in perfect order, and has made
my garden yield all that could be reasonably
expected of it. I cordially recommend him as
an excellent and practical gardener.
ROBERT STEELE.
LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION.
Letters of Introduction should not be given
except to persons with whom you are well
acquainted, and for whom you are entirely will-
ing to vouch.
They should be given with great caution, and
should be carefully and explicitly worded. Re-
member that in introducing a person to a friend,
you pledge your own character for his, to a
certain extent, and any misconduct on his part
will damage you in the estimation of the friend
to whom you introduce him. The necessity of
exercising the greatest care thus becomes appa-
rent.
While you are uncertain as to the propriety
of giving a letter of introduction, refuse it with
firmness, and let nothing induce you to alter
your decision.
In giving a letter of introduction, be careful
to state your exact intention, in order that
your friend may know what attention you
wish him to show the person you introduce.
If your letter is simply a business introduction,
confine it to an explicit statement of the per-
son's business, and your knowledge of his
capacity. If you wish the bearer of the letter
to receive any Social attention at the hands of
your friend, say So. Leave nothing to uncer-
tainty.
The letter of introduction should be left un-
sealed. The person delivering it should seal
before presenting it.
A social introduction should be sent by mes-
senger to the person addressed, and accompa-
nied by the card of the person introduced. It
is customary to present a business introduction
in person.
Introducing One Gentleman to Another.
BoSTON, January 10th, 1882.
J. H. DUGGAN, ESQ.,
112 Fifth Avenue,
NEw York.
MY DEAR SIR:
Allow me to introduce to you my friend,
Walter Hazelhurst, who visits your city for the
purpose of spending a few weeks there.
I commend him to your cordial hospitality,
and will be grateful for any attentions you may
be able to show him.
Yours truly, DAVID B. WHITE.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
A Business Introduction.
PoRTLAND, ME., February, 1st, 1882.
HENRY WILSON, Esq.,
10 Wall Street,
NEW YORK.
MY DEAR SIR:
This will be handed you by my friend, Mr.
Walter Lewis, who visits your city for the pur-
pose of making purchases in his business.
Mr. Lewis is one of our largest wholesale
grocers, and is a gentleman of high standing
in this community. Any favor you can render
him by giving him information, or by intro-
ducing him to your leading wholesale houses,
or otherwise, will be appreciated by Mr. Lewis,
and gratefully acknowledged by
Yours sincerely,
HIRAM WAITE.
Introduction to a Foreign House.
SAN FRANCIsco, CAL., April 15th, 1882.
MR. Hugh McCULLOUGH,
LONDON.
SIR:
We beg to recommend to your favorable
notice and particular attention the bearer, Mr.
Anthony Wayne, son of Mr. Hugh Wayne,
senior partner in the house of Wayne Brothers,
of this city.
Our esteemed young friend is on his way to
Paris upon business connected with the house;
we therefore urgently request you to extend him
advice and assistance, and to render his visit to
your metropolis as agreeable as possible. As he
is a gentleman of intelligence, probity, and good
breeding, We are convinced that a closer ac-
quaintance will prove him worthy of your con-
sideration and esteem.
In similar cases command us freely, and rest
assured that we will use our best endeavors to
do justice to your introductions.
We remain, with high consideration,
Your obedient servants,
Towns CND & Co.
Another Form.
ST. PAUL, MINN., January 8th, 1882.
MESSRs. SCHMIDT & Co.,
FRANKFORT, GERMANY.
GENTLEMEN:
Permit me to introduce to you my very old
and intimate acquaintance, Mr. Gustavus
Brooke, and to bespeak for him your friendly
offices and polite attentions.
Mr. Brooke has been the recipient of a good
mercantile education, in addition to which,
through his own energies and application, he
has acquired a proficient knowledge of modern
languages. He has served most creditably in
many confidential positions, ever giving Satis-
faction to the respectable houses honoring him
with their confidence. By reason of failing
health, and in deference to professional advice,
he is induced to seek a residence abroad, and
therefore may be inclined, should opportunity
offer, to accept a mercantile situation.
As I am well acquainted with Mr. Brooke's
character, having been with him for over ten
years in the counting house of Hunt & Co., the
principals of which view his departure with
regret, I cannot speak too decidedly in his
favor. I consequently speak with justice, and
urgently request that you will afford him every
assistance within your power in accomplishing
the object of his present journey. And I am
willing to admit that I anticipate better results
from any friendly exertions you may make in
his favor, than from the letters with which the
house have furnished him.
Satisfied that you will use every endeavor to
render Mr. Brooke's stay in your city both
agreeable and profitable to him, I can only ex-
press the deep obligations I will be under for
your kind attentions to him, while, in return,
I shall be most happy to reciprocate in favor
of your friends visiting America. Believe me,
gentlemen, Yours faithfully,
HENRY DoDGE.
Introducing a Firma.
CINGINNATI, O., May 2d, 1882.
MESSRs. LORD & TAYLOR,
NEW ORLEANs.
GENTLEMEN:
I have the pleastire of introducing to your
acquaintance the respectable firm of Dugan &
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
46.9
Co., of the Salt Lake City, the senior of which,
Mr. James Dugan, is at present in this city;
but proposes extending his trip to your metrop-
olis. Any civilities or attentions you may ad-
judge proper to extend to him will be regarded
as a personal obligation. These gentlemen deal
largely in dry goods, as a branch of a miscel-
laneous business; and, from conversation with
Mr. Dugan, I am induced to believe that they
will give your house a preference of their orders
in future. Should the present introduction lead
to the establishment of permanent relations, I
shall be most happy. Believe me, gentlemen,
Your obedient servant,
THOMAS HUGHES.
Taetter of Introduction and Credit.
SAN FRANCISCO, May 7th, 1882.
MESSRs. TAYLOR & Co.
Broad St., NEW York.
GENTLEMEN:
We take pleasure in introducing to your
acquaintance, Mr. Gonzales Orteaga, of the
highly respectable firm of Vega, Orteaga & Co.,
of Mazatlan, Mexico, who contemplates a tour
through the oil regions of Pennsylvania and the
manufacturing districts of that State. Should
you have the power to further his inclination
in that direction, it will be a sort of gratifica-
to us, as we trust that this introduction may
prove productive of mutual aduantage to your-
selves and to our friend.
Should Mr. Orteaga find it necessary to take
up any cash for traveling expenses, oblige us
by accommodating him to any sum not exceed-
ing $1000, coin, taking his draft upon us at
three days, sight, in payment.
We refer to our letter of this date, per mail,
for Mr. Orteaga's signature.
We remain, gentlemen,
Yours very truly,
STRATMAN, HILL & Co.
A Business Introduction.
CHICAGO, ILL., May 1st, 1882.
J. W. DAWson, Esq.,
ST. Louis.
My DEAR SIR:
This will introduce to you Mr. William Chan-
ning, of this city, who visits Philadelphia on a
matter of business which he will explain to you
in person. You can rely upon his statements,
as he is a gentleman of high character; and
should you be able to render him any assistance,
it will be greatly appreciated by
Yours truly,
HAMILTON DExrer.
Tintroducing One Lady to Another.
UTICA, N. Y., May 5th, 1882.
DEAR MARY:
Allow me to introduce to you my very dear
friend, Miss Nellie Lee, the bearer of this letter.
You have heard me speak of her so often that
you will know at once who she is. As I am
sure you will be mutually pleased with each
other, I have asked her to inform you of her
presence in your city. Any attention you may
show her will be highly appreciated by
Yours affectionately,
LIZZLE BRIGHT.
LETTERS ASHING FAVORS.
A letter asking a favor should be worded as
simply and plainly as possible.
The writer should avoid expressing himself
too strongly.
A letter granting a favor should be cordial
and hearty, that the recipient may see that it
is a pleasure to you to grant his request.
A letter refusing a favor should be written
with the greatest consideration for the feelings
of your correspondent. Make the refusal as
kind as possible, and state the reasons why you
cannot grant the request.
Request for a Loan of Money.
NEw York, March 6th, 1882.
DEAR GREEN :
I am obliged to raise a certain sum of money
by the 8th inst., and am not able to procure
the whole amount.
Can you, without inconvenience, lend me fifty
dollars for one month? I will give you my note
for that amount, and pay it promptly at ma-
turity. i
Let me hear from you as soon as possible.
Yours sincerely,
GEORGE BLACK.
470
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
A Favorable Reply.
NEw York, March 7th, 1882.
DEAR GEORGE:
Yours of the 6th at hand. I enclose my check
for fifty dollars, and am glad to be able to ac-
commodate you.
You can send me your note at your conven-
ience. Yours sincerely,
RoBERT GREEN.
An Unfavorable Reply.
NEw York, March 7th, 1882.
DEAR GEORGE: 4.
Yours of the 6th at hand. I regret that I
am unable to comply with your request. I have
several heavy payments to make to-morrow and
on the 10th, and these will require every dollar
I can raise. Were it not for this, I would take
pleasire in assisting you, and sincerely regret
my inability to do so.
Yours sincerely,
RoBERT GREEN.
Roquesting the Loan of a Book.
THURSDAY AFTERNoon.
DEAR JENNIE :
Wilt you lend me your copy of Owen Mere-
dith’s Poems? I will take good care of it, and
return in a few days. Yours,
JESSIE FRENCB.
Reply Granting the Request.
THURSDAY AFTERNoon.
DEAR JESSIE :
I send with this the copy of Owen Meredith.
I hope it may prove as great a Source of pleasure
to you as it has been to me. Keep it as long
as you wish, and return it at your convenience.
Yours affectionately,
JENNIE.
Letters of Excuse.
A letter of excuse should be written as
promptly as circumstances will permit.
Should the letter be one of apology for mis-
conduct, or a failure to keep an engagement,
state the cause frankly, and make your excuse
in a dignified manner. Do not be to gushing;
neither be too cool, nor too abject.
Apology for Failing to Keep an Engagement.
NASHVILLE, TENN., May 24th, 1882.
MR. HUGH BLAKE,
MACON, GA.
MY DEAR SIR:
I was very sorry to be obliged to break my en
gagement with you yesterday afternoon. I would
not have done so had I been able to leave my
house; but yesterday morning I was seized
with a sudden indisposition which rendered me
unable to walk, and which still confines me to
the house.
Be good enough to appoint another day for
our meeting. Suit yourself as to the time.
Yours truly,
DAVID BRANCH.
To a Lady Apologizing for a Broken Engage-
ment,
RICHMOND, IND., May 10th, 1882.
My DEAR Miss LEE:
Permit me to explain my failure to keep my
appointment with you this evening. I was on
my way to your house, with the assurance of
a pleasant evening, when I unfortunately
stepped upon some slippery substance, lost my
footing and fell to the ground, spraining my
ankle severely. I am now confined to the
house in consequence of this accident.
I regret my disappointment as much as the
accident, but hope that the future may afford
us many pleasant evenings.
Sincerely your friend,
ALBERT HollſDAY.
Form of Excuse for a Pupil.
THURSDAY MORNING, April 4th, 1882.
MR. HITCHCOCK :
You will please excuse William for non-at-
tendance at school yesterday, as I was com-
pelled to keep him at home to attend to a
matter of business.
JoHN ARTHUR.
From a Tenant to a Landlord, Excusing Delay
in Paying His Rent.
29 W. FoETY-THIRD STREET,
NEW York, March 1st, 1882.
SIR:
For ten years I have been your tenant, and
you are aware that I never failed to pay my rent
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
471
when it was due ; but now, owing to sickness
and the general business depression, which has
prevented me from obtaining regular employ-
ment, I am reluctantly compelled to ask your
indulgence. Next month I will be in receipt
of funds from a friend in the western part of
this State, when I will liquidate your just
demand. Your concession of this favor will be
ever gratefully acknowledged by,
Yours very respectfully,
GEORGE HILL.
To JoHN JAY, Esq.,
WEST FOURTEENTH ST., NEw York.
PATENTS.
Directions for Securing Patents.
A patent may be secured by any person,
whether a citizen of the United States or an
alien, who is the original and first inventor or
discoverer of any new and useful art, machine,
manufacture, or composition of matter, or any
new and useful improvement, provided the in-
vention, discovery, or improvement has not been
in public use or sale for more than two years
prior to the application for a patent.
Before completing his invention, the inventor
(if a citizen of the United States, or an alien
who has resided here one year and has declared
his intention to become a citizen), in order to
secure himself, may file a caveat (fee, ten dol-
lars), which is a description of the, as yet,
immatured invention or discovery. This caveat
entitles him one year to an official notice of any
other application for a patent of a similar or
interfering nature, filed during that time.
Within three months from the date of such no-
tice, he will be required to complete his own
application. A renewal of the caveat (fee, ten
dollars) may be secured, on petition, for another
year.
Actual joint inventors must obtain a joint
patent, for neither can claim one separately.
The furnishing of capital by a man to an in-
ventor does not enable them to secure a joint
patent; nor can independent inventors of sep-
arate improvements in the same machine take
out a joint patent for their separate inventions.
Every patented article must be stamped with
the word “Patented,” together with day and
year the patent was granted. When, from the
character of the article this cannot be done, a
label, containing the like notice, must be affixed
to each package wherein one or more is en-
closed.
Every assignment of a patent, or part thereof,
must be recorded in the Patent Office within
three months from the date thereof, otherwise
it is void.
How to Apply for a Patent.
The first thing is to send a petition in writing
to the Commissioner of Patents, and file in the
Patent Office a specification; that is to say, a
Written description of it, and of the manner
and process of making, constructing, compound-
ing, and using it, in such clear terms as to
enable any person skilled in the art or science
to which it appertains, or with which it is most
nearly connected, to make and use it; and in
case of a machine, he must explain its principle
and the best mode in which he has contem-
plated applying that principle, so as to
distinguish it from other inventions; and he
must particularly point out, and distinctly claim
the part, improvement, or combination which
he claims as his invention or discovery; and
the specification and claim must be signed by
the inventor and attested by two witnesses.
The applicant must make, at the same time,
oath of invention, or affirmation, that he believes
himself to be the original and first inventor or
discoverer of the improvement for which he
Solicits a patent; that he does not know, and
does not believe that it was ever before known
or used; and must state of what country he is
a citizen. This oath or affirmation may be
made before any person in the United States
authorized by law to administer oaths; Or,
When the applicant resides in a foreign coun-
try, before any minister, charge d'affaires, Consul,
or commercial agent, holding commission under
the government of the United States, or before
any notary public of the foreign country in
which the applicant may be.
Below are the forms to be used in making
the petition, the specification, and the oath of
invention:
472
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Form of Petition.—To the Hon. Commissioner
of Patents, Washington, D. C. : Your petitioner
prays that letters patent may be granted to him
for the invention set forth in the annexed
specification.—John Edwards. (See, of course,
that the letter is dated, the full address given, and
the name signed distinctly.
Form of Specification.—To all whom it may
concern: Be it known that I, John Edwards, of
the city of—, county of—, State of L,
have invented a new and improved—(Here
specify the invention with great care, so as to set
jorth its eacact object.)
I claim as a new invention my —, as above
set forth. JOHN EDWARDS.
Witnesses, (two).
Form of Oath of Invention (to follow the speci-
fication):
State of , County of . John Ed-
wards, the above-named petitioner, being duly
sworn, deposes and says that he verily believes
himself to be the original and first inventor
of [Here name the invention] described in the
foregoing specification; that he does not know,
and does not believe, that the same was ever
before known or used ; and that he is a citizen
of the United States [or, a citizen of
resident in the United States, &c.]
JoHN EDWARDs.
Sworn and subscribed before me, this first
day of Angust, 1882.
9
JOHN WILLIAMs,
Justice of the Peace.
In addition to the above forms, drawings,
compositions, or models, may be required.
Drawings must be furnished whenever the case
admits of them. The applicant must furnish
one copy signed by the inventor or his attorney
in fact, and attested by two witnesses, which
will be filed in the Patent Office and a copy of
these drawings must be attached to the patent
as a part of the Specification. They must be
on thick, smooth drawing paper, sufficiently
stiff to support itself in the portfolios of the
office. They must be neatly and artistically
executed, with Such detached Sectional views
as to clearly show what the invention is in
construction and operation. Each part must be
distinguished by the same number or letter
whenever it appears in the several drawings.
The name of the invention should be written
at the top, the shortest side being considered
as such. These drawings must be signed by
the applicant or his attorney, and attested by
two witnesses, and must be sent with the Speci-
fication. The sheets must not be larger than
ten inches by fifteen, that being the size of the
patent.
Compositions.—When the invention or dis-
covery is of a composition, the applicant, if
required by the Commissioner, must furnish
specimens of ingredients and of the composi-
tion, sufficient in quantity for the purpose of
experiment.
Models.-In all cases which admit of represen-
tation by model, the applicant, if required by
the Commissioner, must furnish one of conve-
nient size to exhibit advantageously the several
parts of his invention or discovery.
Such model must clearly exhibit every feature
of the machine which forms the subject of a
claim of invention.
The model must be neatly and substantially
made, of durable material. It should be made
as small as possible, but not in any case more
than one foot in length, width or height. If
made of pine, or other Soft Wood, it should be
painted, stained or varnished. Glue must not
be used, but the parts should be so connected
as to resist the action of heat or moisture.
A working model is always desirable, in order
to enable the office fully and readily to under-
, stand the precise operation of the machine.
The name of the inventor, and of the assignee
(if assigned), and also the title of the invention,
must be affixed upon it in a permanent manner.
The above papers, etc., should be forwarded,
pre-paid, by express, “To the Hon. Commis-
sioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.”
On the filing of any application and the pay-
ment of the duty required by law, the Commis-
sioner causes an examination to be made of
the alleged new invention or discovery; and if, on
such examination, it appears that the claimant
is justly entitled to a patent under the law, and
that it is sufficiently useful and important, the
Commissioner issues a patent for it.
All applications must be completed within two
years after the filing the petition.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 473
Design Patents.-A patent for a design may
be granted to any person, whether citizen or
alien, who, by his own industry, genius, efforts
and expense, has invented or produced any new
and original design for a manufacture, bust,
statue, alto-relievo or bas-relief, etc., etc.
Patents for designs are granted for 33 years,
for 7 years, or for 14 years, as the applicant
may elect in his application.
Patent Office Fees.
The following fees are official by Act of Con-
greSS :
On filing every application for a design
for three years and six months. . . . . . . $10 00
On filing every application for a design,
for seven years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 00
On filing every application for a design,
for fourteen years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 00
On filing every caveat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 00
On filing every application for a patent. . 15 00
On issuing each original patent. . . . . . . . 20 00
On filing a disclaimer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 00
On filing every application for a re-issue. 30 00
On filing every application for a division
of a re-issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 00
On filing every application for ae axten-
Sion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 00
On the grant of every extension. . . . . . . . 50 00
On filing the first appeal from a primary
examiner to examiners-in-chief....... 10
On filing an appeal to the Commissioner
from examiners-in-chief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 00
On depositing a trade-mark for registra-
tion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 00
For every copy of a patent or other in-
strument, for every 100 words. . . . . . . . 10
For recording every assignment of 300
words or under... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 00
For recording every assignment of over
300 and not over 1,000 words. . . . . . . . 2 00
For recording every assignment, if over
1,000 words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & © e o e º e <e e 3 00
COPYRIGHTS.
A Copyright is an exclusive privilege given
to any citizen, or resident in the United States
to print, publish, or sell any book, map, chart,
engraving, or musical composition of which he
or she is the author or proprietor. This right
is given by the laws of Congress. No State
can give it. The object is to encourage authors,
and to compensate them for their labors, which
they could not be sure of obtaining if any one
might publish and sell their productions. A
copyright conveys all the rights of ownership,
and may be bought and sold like other prop-
erty.
Directions for Securing Copyrights under the Re-
vised Act of Congress, which took effect
July 8, 1870.
1. A printed copy of the title of the book,
map, chart, dramatic or musical composition,
engraving, cut, print, photograph, or a descrip-
tion of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue,
statuary, or model or design for a work of the
fine arts, for which copyright is desired, must
be sent by mail, prepaid, addressed, “Librarian
of Congress, Washington, D. C.” This must be
done before publication of the book or other
article.
2. A fee of 50 cents, for recording the title
of each book or other article, must be inclosed
with the title as above, and 50 cents in
addition (or $1 in all) for each certificate of
copyright under the seal of the Librarian of
Congress, which will be transmitted by return
mail.
8. Within ten days after publication of each
book or other article, two complete copies of
the best edition issued must be sent, to per-
fect the copyright, with the address LIBRARIAN
of CoNGRESS, WASHINGTON, D. C.
It is optional with those sending books and
other articles to perfect copyright, to send
them by mail or express; but, in either case,
the charges are to be prepaid by the senders.
Without the deposit of copies above required,
the copyright is void, and a penalty of $25 is
incurred. No copy is required to be deposited
elsewhere.
4. No copyright hereafter issued is valid
unless notice is given by inserting in every
copy published, on the title page or the page
following, if it be a book; or, if a map, chart,
musical composition, print, cut, engraving, pho-
tograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue,
statuary, or model or design intended to be
perfected as a work of the fine arts, by inscrib-
474
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
ing upon some portion of the face or front
thereof, or on the face of the substance
on which the same is mounted, the fol-
lowing words, viz.: Entered according to the
act of Congress, in the year , by , in
the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wash-
ington.
The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any
person who has not obtained copyright who
shall insert the notice “Entered according to
the act of Congress,” etc., or words of the same
import, in or upon any book or other article.
5. Any author may reserve the right to
translate or dramatize his own work. In this
case notice should be given by printing the
words, Right of translation, reserved, or All rights
reserved, below the notice of copyright entry,
and notifying the Librarian of Congress of
such reservation, to be entered upon the
record.
6. Each copyright secures the exclusive
right of publishing the book or article copy-
righted for a term of twenty-eight years. At
the end of that time, the author or designer,
or his widow or children, may secure a renewal
for the further term of fourteen years, making
forty-two years in all. Applications for renew-
al must be accompanied by explicit statement
of ownership in the case of the author, or of
relationship in the case of his heirs, and must
state definitely the date and place of entry of
the original copyright.
7. The time within which any work copy-
righted may be issued from the press is not
limited by any law or regulation but depends upon
the discretion of the proprietor. A copyright
may be secured for a projected work as well
as for a completed one.
8. Any copyright is assignable in law by any
instrument of writing, but such assignment
must be recorded in the office of the Libra-
rian of Congress within sixty days from its
date. The fee for this record is fifteen cents
for every 100 words, and ten cents for every
100 words for a copy of the record of assign-
ment.
9. A copy of the record (or duplicate cer-
tificate) of any copyright entry will be fur-
nished under seal, at the rate of fifty cents
each.
10. In the case of books published in more
than one volume, if issued or sold separately,
or of periodicals published in numbers, or of
engravings, photographs, or other articles pub-
lished with variations, a copyright is to be
taken out for each volume of a book or num-
ber of a periodical, or variety, as to size or
inscription, of any other article.
11. To secure a copyright for a painting,
statue, or model or design intended to be per-
fected as a work of the fine arts, so as to pre-
vent infringement by copying, engraving, or
vending such design, a definite description must
accompany the application for copyright, and
a photograph of the same, at least as large
as “cabinet size,” must be mailed to the Libra-
rian of Congress within ten days from the com-
pletion of the work.
12. Every applicant for a copyright must
state distinctly the name and residence of the
claimant, and whether the right is claimed as
author, designer or proprietor. No affidavit or
formal application is required.
Up to 1849 the Secretary of State had the
care of issuing copyrights. It was then assigned
to the newly created Department of the In-
terior, and so remained until 1870, when it
was transferred to the Librarian of Congress.
HOW TO SECURE PUBLIC LANDS.
There are two classes of public lands subject
to entry; one at $1.25 per acre, known as
minimum, and one at $2.50, known as double
minimum, the later being the alternate Sections
along the lines of railroads. Title may be ac-
quired by purchase at public sale, or by “private
entry,” and in virtue of the Prečmption and
Homestead Laws.
At Public Sale,
Lands are offered at auction to the highest
bidder, pursuant to proclamation or public
notice.
Private Entry.
Lands subject to private entry, are those
which have been once offered at public sale
without finding purchasers. In order to ac-
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 475
*
quire title to these lands, a written application
must be made to the Land Register of the
district in which the land is located, describing
the tract desired. The Register certifies the
fact to the Receiver, stating price, and the
applicant then pays the money and takes a
receipt, and at the close of the month the
Register and Receiver make return of the
Sale to the General Land Office, when a patent
or full title issues on due surrender of the re-
ceipt, and will be delivered at the option of the
purchaser, at the General Land Office in Wash-
ington, or by the Register at the District Land
Office.
Land Warrants.
When lands are to be located with land war-
rants, application must be made as in cash
cases, accompanied by an assigned warrant.
When the tract is $2.50 per acre, $1.25 per
acre must be paid in addition to the warrant.
Receipts are given and patents delivered, as in
the preceding case. At the time of location, a
fee of 50 cents for a 40 acre warrant, and a
corresponding amount for larger ones, must be
paid to the Register, and a like sum to the
Receiver.
Agricultural College Scrip.
This may be used in the location of lands at
private entry, but is only applicable to lands
subject to entry at $1.25 per acre, and is re-
stricted to a technical “quarter section,” and
to three sections in each township of land.
The proceeding to acquire title is the same as
in cash and warrant cases, the fees being the
same as on warrants. The Scrip may be used
in payment of prečmption claims.
Pre-emption.
Any person being the head of a family, or
widow, or single man over 21 years of age
and a citizen of the United States, or a person
who has filed his declaration to become such, by
settling upon and improving any of the “offered,”
“unoffered,” or unsurveyed lands of the United
States, may obtain a prečmption right to pur-
chase 160 acres so occupied, at the regular
government price, whether it be $1.25 or $2.50
per acre. Where the tract is “offered” land,
the settler must file with the District Land
Office his statement as to the fact of settle-
ment, within thirty days thereafter, and within
one year must make proof to the Land Office,
of his actual residence and cultivation, and
Secure the land by payment in cash or land
warrant. Where the land has been surveyed
and not offered at public sale, the statement
must be filed within three months after settle-
ment, and payment made within 21 months.
Where settlement is made upon unsurveyed
lands, the settler is required to file a statement
within three months after the survey, and pay
within eighteen months thereafter. No person
is entitled to more than one prečmption right.
The Homestead Privilege.
The Homestead laws give to every citizen the
right to a homestead of 160 acres minimum,
or eighty acres double minimum. To obtain
homestead, applicant must swear that he is
head of a family, or over the age of twenty-
one, a citizen, or has declared his intention to
become such ; and that the entry is for his
exclusive use and benefit, and for actual settle-
ment and cultivation. When an applicant has
made actual settlement upon the land he de-
sires, he must make affidavit of the fact before
the Land Register, and pay fees amounting,
On 160 acres of minimum land, to $18, or an
equal sum for eighty acres of double minimum,
for which he gets a receipt; and after five
years' occupation and cultivation of the land,
he is entitled upon proof of such cultivation to
a patent or full title to the homestead. Any
loyal person in the naval or military service of
the United States, may acquire a homestead
by reason of his family occupying land and
making application in his stead. All officers,
soldiers, and Sailors who have served in the
army or navy for ninety days and remained
loyal, may enter 160 instead of 80 acres of
double minimum lands. The fees above for
entering homestead apply to surveyed lands in
Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Minne-
Sota, Kansas, Kebraska, Dakota, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Florida, Ohio,
Indiana, and Illinois. In California, Nevada,
Oregon, Colorado, New Mexico, Washington
476
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Territory, Arizona, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, and
Montana, the fees are $22 instead of $18. A
settler having filed a prečmption declaration,
lnay change his filing into homestead, and re-
ceive the benefit of the homestead laws. If a
homestead settler does not wish to remain five
years on his land before obtaining a title, he
may pay for it in cash or land warrants. Lands
obtained under the Homestead laws are exempt
from liability for debts contracted prior to the
issuing of the patent. `
United States Land Offices are located at
Fort Des Moines, Council Bluffs, Fort Dodge
and Sioux City, Iowa; Menasha, Falls of St.
Croix, Stevens' Point, La Crosse, Bayfield and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin; San Francisco, Marys-
ville, Humboldt, Stockton, Visalia, Sacramento,
and Los Angeles, California; West Point,
Beatrice, Lincoln, Dakota City, and Grand
Island, Nebraska; Taylor's Falls, St. Cloud,
T}uluth, Alexandria, Jackson, New Ulm, and
Litchfield, Minnesota; Oregon City, Roseburg,
and Le Grand, Oregon; Topeka, Junction City,
Bumboldt, and Augusta, Kansas; Carson City,
Austin, Belmont, and Aurora, Nevada; Wer-
million, Springfield, and Pembina, Dakota;
T)enver City, Fair Play, and Central City,
Colorado; Boonville, Ironton, and Springfield,
Missouri; Mobile, Huntsville, and Montgomery,
Alabama; New Orleans, Monroe, Natchiloches,
Louisiana; Detroit, East Saginaw, Iona, Mar-
quette, and Traverse City, Michigan; Little
JRock, Washington, and Clarksville, Arkansas;
Boise City, and Lewiston, Idaho; Chillicothe,
Ohio; Indianapolis, Indiana; Springfield, Illinois;
Jackson, Mississippi; Tallahassee, Florida;
Olympia, and Vancouver, Washington Territory;
Belena, Montana; Prescott, Arizona; Salt Lake
City, Utah.
Pre-emption Laws.
A prečmption right is the right of a squatter
upon the lands of the United States to pur-
chase, in preference to others, when the land
is sold. Such right is granted to the following
persons: Any citizen of the United States;
any person who has filed his declaration of in-
tention to become a citizen ; any head of a
family; any widow ; any single Woman of the
age of twenty-one years or over; and any per-
son who has made a settlement, erected a
dwelling-house upon, and is an inhabitant of
the tract sought to be entered—provided such
settlement was made since June 1, 1840, and
previously to the time of application for the
land, which land must, at the date of the set-
tlement, have had the Indian title extinguished,
and been surveyed by the United States.
A person bringing himself within the above
requirements by proof satisfactory to the Regis-
ter and Receiver of the land district in which
the land may lie, taken pursuant to the rules
hereafter prescribed, will, after having taken
the affidavit required by the Act, be entitled to
enter, by legal subdivisions, any number of
acres, not exceeding one hundred and sixty, or
a quarter-section, to include his residence; and
he may avail himself of the same at any time
prior to the day of the commencement of the
public sale, including said tract, where the land
has not yet been proclaimed.
Where the land was subject to private entry,
June 1, 1840, and a settlement shall thereafter
be made upon such land, or where the land
shall become hereafter subject to private entry,
and after that period a settlement shall be made,
which the settler is desirous of Securing, notice
of such intention must be given within thirty
days after such settlement; and in all such
cases, the proof, affidavit and payment must
be made within twelve months after Such set-
tlement.
The tracts liable to entry are embraced under
the following designations: First, a regular
quarter-section, notwithstanding the quantity
may vary a few acres from one hundred and
sixty; or a quarter-Section, which, though
fractional in quantity by the passage of a nav-
igable stream through the same, is still bounded
by regular sectional and quarter-Sectional lines;
second, a fractional Section containing not over
one hundred and sixty acres, or any tract being
a detached or anomalous Survey made pursu-
ant to law, and not exceeding such quantity;
third, two adjoining half-quarter-Sections (in all
cases to be separated by a north and south
line, except on the north side of township,
where the Surveys are made so as to throw the
excess or deficiency on the north and west
sides of the township), of the regular quarters
AN ENOYOLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
477
mentioned in the first designation; fourth, two
half-quarter or eighty-acre subdivisions of a
fractional or broken section, adjoining each
other, the aggregate quantity not exceeding one
hundred and sixty acres; fifth, a regular half-
quarter and an adjoining fractional Section, or
an adjoining half-quarter subdivision of a frac-
tional section, the aggregate quantity not ex-
ceeding one hundred and sixty acres; sixth, if
the prečmptor does not wish to enter one hun-
dred and sixty acres, he may enter a single
half-quarter section (made by a north and south
line), or an eighty-acre subdivision of a frac-
tional section; seventh, one or more adjoining
forty-acre lots may be entered, the aggregate
not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres;
and, eighth, a regular half-quarter, a half-quar-
ter subdivision, or a fractional Section, may
each be taken, with one or more forty-acre
subdivisions lying adjoining, the aggregate not
exceeding one hundred and sixty acres. Forty-
acre tracts, or quarter quarter-Sections, may be
entered in the same manner that eighty-acre,
or half-quarter sections, have been.
Only one person upon a quarter-section is
protected, and he the one who made the first
settlement, provided he conform to the other
provisions of the law. A person who has once
availed himself of the provisions of the Pre-
émption Act, cannot, at any future period, or
at any other land office, acquire any other
right under it. No person, who is the proprie-
tor of three hundred and twenty acres of land
in any State or Territory of the United States,
or who quits or abandons his residence on his
own land to reside on the public land in the
same State or Territory, is entitled to the
benefit of the Prečmption Acts.
The approval of the tracts by the local land
office is the evidence of the survey; but the
land is to be construed as Surveyed when the
requisite lines are run on the field, and the
corners established by the deputy-surveyor. No
assignment or transfers of prečmption rights
are recognized at the land office; the patents
issuing to the claimants in whose names alone
the entries are made.
The following description of lands are not
liable to entry: First, lands included in any
reservation by any treaty, law, or proclamation
of the President of the United States, and
lands reserved for salines and for other pur-
poses; second, lands reserved for the Support
of schools; third, lands acquired by either of
the last two treaties with the Miami Indians in
Indiana, or which may be acquired of the Wyan-
dot Indians in Ohio, or any other Indian reserva-
tion, to which the title has been, or may be
extinguished at any time during the operation
of the Prečmption Acts, by the United States;
fourth, sections of lands reserved to the United
States, alternate to other sections granted to
any State for the construction of any canal,
railroad, or other public improvement; fifth,
sections, or fractions of sections, included with-
in the limits of any incorporated town; sixth,
every portion of the public lands which has
been selected as a site for a city or town;
seventh, every parcel or lot of land actually set-
tled and oocupied for the purposes of trade
and agriculture; and, eighth, all lands in which
are situated any known Salines or mines.
Persons claiming the benefit of the Prečmp-
tion Acts, are required to file duplicate affidavits,
such as are specified by law, and to furnish
proof, by one or more disinterested witnesses,
of the facts necessary to establish the requi-
sites mentioned in the first paragraph of this
article; such witnesses having first been duly
sworn or affirmed by some competent authority.
If adverse claims are made to the same tract,
each claimant is to be notified of the time and
place of taking testimony, and allowed to cross-
examine the opposite witnesses, and to furmish
counter-proof, itself subject to cross-exami-
nation. If, by reason of distance, sickness,
or infirmity, the witnesses cannot appear be-
fore the Register of the land office, their
depositions, taken in conformity with the fol-
lowing regulations, may be received:
The notice to adverse claimants must be in
Writing, and served in time to allow at least one
day for every twenty miles which the party may
have to travel in going to the place of taking
evidence. The proof, in all cases, should com-
sist of a simple detail of facts merely, and not
of broad and general statements. If the pre-
emptor be “the head of a family,” the witnesses
must state the facts constituting him such,-
whether he be a husband having a wife and
children, or a Widower, or an unmarried person
under twenty-one years of age, having a family,
478
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
either of relatives or others, dependent upon
him, or hired persons. All the facts relative to
the settlement in person, inhabitancy, or per-
Sonal residence, the time of its commencement,
the manner and extent of its continuance, as
also those sharing the apparent objects, must be
stated. It must be stated that the claimant
made the settlement on the land in person; that
he has erected a dwelling upon the land; that
he lived in the same and made it his home, etc.
In the event of a decision by the land officer
against the claimant, he may appeal to the
Commissioner of the Land Office at Washington.
No entry will be permitted until the affidavit
required of the claimant is taken. Duplicates
thereof may be signed by the claimant, and the
fact of the oath being taken must be certified
by the Register or Receiver administering the
same ; one copy to be filed in the Register's
office, and the other to be sent to the Land
Office at Washington.
A purchaser of public land is only required
to make written application to the Register of
the local land office for the tract desired to be
entered, and to pay to the Receiver the pur-
chase money therefor. Blank forms of such ap-
plication are furnished gratuitously at the Land
Office where the tract is desired to be entered.
COLLECTION OF DEBTS.
What to Do when Necessary to Settle an Ac-
count by Legal Process. Outline of Proceedings.
Although an earnest effort be made to do
business upon a strictly cash basis, debts will
be incurred which dishonest, careless, improvi-
dent and unfortunate people will neglect to pay.
To understand the necessary steps to be taken
in the collection of such debts, is a matter
which, while it concerns all, is nevertheless un-
derstood only by the few ; and, thus lacking ac-
quaintance with the course which should be
pursued, vast numbers of people are defrauded
of their hard earnings and honest dues, and
themselves frequently thrown into bankruptcy,
when prompt and decisive measures pursued in
the collection of debts would have saved to them
fortune and independence.
Indebtedness having occurred, and the party
owing the same neglecting to pay, What shall
be the first step taken in its collection? Natu-
rally that will very materially depend upon the
nature of the indebtedness, and the circum-
stances under which the debt was made. To
illustrate, the following are among the various
means by which debts are incurred :
How Debts are Made.
By buying goods to be paid for when conve-
nient.
By buying goods on credit, settlement to be
made at certain times.
By employing service, to be paid for at cer-
tain stated periods.
By obtaining the use of lands, houses and
other property, and contracting to pay for the
Same as per agreement.
By purchasing houses, lands and other pro-
perty, giving a mortgage on the same as security
for balance unpaid.
By borrowing money; usually secured by note
and mortgage, or responsible endorsement, as
the case may be.
General Suggestions,
To avoid any of these various classes of in-
debtedness, the following safeguards can be
used:
First, do a strictly cash business. Mark
goods in the beginning as low as you intend
they shall be sold, and then part with them
only for cash in hand, unless in cases of emer-
gency. This is the best way to obviate all
necessity of collecting, and is by far the best
course to pursue alike for the buyer and the
Seller.
By adopting the cash System as the method
of dealing, the price would rule much lower,
and yet the merchant would suffer no loss,
while the customer Would thus be enabled to
buy much cheaper, and paying for everything
at time of purchase, would buy more sparingly,
more economically, and hence Would save and
lay up money.
Precautionary Measures.
Send goods abroad only to be paid for when \
taken.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 479
If goods are bought on account, to be paid
for at Stated periods, let such period be as short
as possible, and collect promptly at the tinie
specified.
If engaged in the service of others, secure
payment if possible once a week, unless engaged
in working for a strictly responsible firm who
make it a rule to pay monthly.
If furnishing boarding-house or hotel accom-
modations, make it a positive rule to collect
all bills at periods not exceeding a week apart.
To do otherwise is almost certainly to meet
with loss, though there are exceptional cases
with strictly responsible parties who may arrange
to pay monthly.
If renting houses, lands, or other property,
always have leases made in duplicate, one of
which should be kept by the landlord, and the
other by the tenant, the wording of the lease
being specific as to the conditions of payment
and forfeiture, if payment be not made promptly.
In cities it is customary to have rent paid
weekly or monthly, in advance. The payments
should always be made at the landlord’s resi-
dence or place of business. Acknowledgment
of the payment should be made on the back
of the lease when rent is paid.
Loaning Money.
If loaning money, always require a promissory
note of the borrower. Some exceptions may be
made, of course, where the amount is quite
small, among very intimate friends. Ordinarily,
however, always take a note; and if the amount
is considerable, or the responsibility of the bor-
rower in the least doubtful, have the payment
of the note secured by a mortgage on property
worth several times the amount loaned. When
difficulty is experienced in collecting on account,
get the same, if possible, converted into a note,
as it is much easier to handle and collect.
Be very certain, when loaning money on real
estate, that the amount of Security is not only
sufficient to pay the note, but that it is free
from encumbrance. If a loan is made taking
personal property as security, covered by chattel
mortgage, see that no other mortgage has been
placed on the same property before.
If the loan is secured by mortgage on real
estate, which is much the Safest, an Abstract
of Title should be required of the borrower,
signed by the county clerk or other responsible
person, showing that the property mortgaged is
entirely free from encumbrance. Or, if there
be encumbrance already upon the Same,
ascertain what its amount may be. See also
that your mortgage, taken as Security, is re-
recorded immediately.
We have thus enumerated some of the means
with which loss by credit may be avoided ; but
should credits be given, and the parties owing
neglect or refuse to pay, the following sugges-
tions, it is hoped, may aid in the collection of
the debt.
Preliminary Proceedings.
Of course the first steps to be taken in the
collection of a debt will depend upon circum-
stances. The party owing may have met with
a sudden reverse of fortune—may be willing,
but unable, without great sacrifice, to pay at
present; and thus a variety of circumstances
will tend to determine the action to be pursued
in the commencement—whether it be sharp,
postive and energetic, or mild and lenient.
We will suppose, however, that the debtor
neglects or refuses to pay a just debt. It be-
comes necessary, therefore, to proceed to its
collection by the various discreet and legal steps
at command. These are:
First, To write a letter calling attention to
the account unpaid, stating the time when the
obligation was due, and accompanying the same
with a bill of goods bought, when, etc.
Second, Another letter, a little more pointed
than the first, urging the necessity of immediate
settlement.
Third, To sue for the same before a compe-
tent legal officer.
First Efforts at Collection.
The necessary forms will be very similar to
the following:
DUNNING LETTER No. 1.
ELYRLA, O., Feb. 10, 1882.
MR. A. B. CUSHMAN,
Oberlin, O.
DEAR SIR: Please find enclosed a statement
of your account to January first, at which time.
we had hoped to have settled with all our cus-
480
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
tomers. Early attention to this will greatly
oblige.
Yours Respectfully,
BROWN, MEYER & Co.
DUNNING LETTER No. 2.
ELYRIA, O., Feb. 20, 1882.
MR. A. B. CUSHMAN,
Oberlin, O.
DEAR SIR: We are compelled to place Some
of our accounts in the hands of collectors for
settlement; but our relations with you have
always been so pleasant, we wish to avoid do-
ing so in your case. As all uncollected bills go
into the hands of the collector next Monday,
you will please call upon us before then, and
oblige.
Yours respectfully,
BROWN, MEYER & Co.
Borrowed Money.
In case the indebtedness is for borrowed
money, possibly a small amount, for which no
promisory note was given, the easiest method,
probably of disposing of the matter, when it is
discovered that the individual does not intend
to pay, is to erase the transaction from the
juemorandum and forget the affair entirely, if
possible; considering yourself fortunate in dis-
covering, before loaning a larger amount, that,
the borrower was a dead-beat. It may be best
that you continue on friendly terms, and you
connot afford to break pleasant relations for a
small amount of money, though by this neglect
the borrower has forever forfeited your confi-
dence, unless the matter is Satisfactorily ex-
plained. Should you propose, however, to press
collection, a letter similar to the following may
loe written:
REMINDER No. 1.
GALESBURG, IL.L., Aug. 15, 1882.
y. WrestER:
The ten dollars borrowed by you on the
Fourth of July was to have been paid, accord-
ing to agreement, on last Monday. Thinking
that, possibly, the matter had escaped your
recollection, I take this means of reminding
you of the fact.
Respectfully Yours,
CHAs. B. WEEKs.
No attention being paid to the letter, it may
be well enough to write one letter more, as fol-
lows:
REMINDER No. 2.
GALESBURG. ILL., Aug. 24, 1882.
MR. WEBSTER:
I mailed a note to your address some days
since, in relation to money borrowed of me on
the Fourth. I fear you must have failed to
receive it, otherwise you surely would have given
it your attention. As I put all unsettled ac-
counts into the hands of a justice for collection
next week on Wednesday, I should like to see
you before that time.
Respectfully yours,
CHAs. B. WEEKs.
Legal Proceedings.
You have exhausted the usual moral means
of collecting your due, and the debt is not yet
paid. It is proposed now to collect it, if possi-
ble, by legal process.
Being satisfied that the debt is collectible, you
now place the account in the hands of a Justice
of the Peace, unless the amount to be collected
is so large as to be out of the justice's juris-
diction. The amount which can be collected
through a justice varies in different States.
Limit of Jurisdiction with Justice of the Peace.
The following shows the largest amount in the
different States and Territories which the justice
of the peace, through his official position, can
have jurisdiction over:
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & C & © e º 'º e º e s e º e s e e e 300
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Dakota Territory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Idaho Territory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * Sº º e º e º e s e e s e e *100
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
*By consent of parties, $300.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
481
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Nebraska. . . . ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
New Hampshire.......................... 100
New Jersey. --- . . . . . . . . . . ----. . . . . . . . . . . . 100
New Mexico Territory .................... 100
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 100
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Utah Territory. . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 300
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Washington Territory..................... 100
West Virginia----........................ 100
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 300
Wyoming Territory....................... 100
First Legal Steps.
The amount to be collected being within the
jurisdiction of the justice, he will issue a Sum-
mons, which will be taken by a constable to the
debtor, if he can be found, and read to him,
which is termed “serving a summons” upon the
person owing the debt.
Form of Summons.
The wording of this summons will be some-
what as follows:
} SS.
STATE OF
County,
The People of the State of
of said County—GREETING:
You are hereby commanded to summon A B
to appear ºfore me at-on the—day of
to any Constable
, at o'clock —M., to answer the com-
plaint of C D for a failure to pay him a cer-
tain demand not exceeding—; and hereof
make due return as the law directs. Given
under my hand this—day of—18—.
JoHN DOE, J. P.
It may be remarked that the law varies in
different States as to where a debtor may be
sued. In some States he cannot be sued out of
the town where he resides. In others more lat-
itude is given, the facts concerning which the
justice will explain, upon application, as to his .
own State.
Upon the issuance of a summons, the con-
stable will proceed to serve the same imme-
diately. But if the defendant connot be found,
or shall evade the service of process by refusing
to listen, or by secreting himself, the consta-
ble may leave a copy of the summons with
Some member of his family of the age of ten
years or upward; and afterward report to the
justice when and how this summons was served,
and the circumstances attending the same.
In the summons the justice will specify a cer-
tain place, day and hour for the trial, not less,
usually, than five, nor more than fifteen, days
from the date of such summons, at which place
and time defendant is notified to appear. A
summons is usually served at least three days
before the trial is to take place.
The justice indorses on the summons the
amount demanded by the plaintiff, with the
costs due on the same, and upon the serving
of the summons the debtor may pay to the
constable the demand and costs, taking his re-
ceipt for the same, which will satisfy the debt
and prevent all further costs.
The Costs.
The average costs accruing up to this point
are: justice for issuing summons, 25 cents; con-
stable for serving, 85 cents; the entire cost de-
pending, somewhat, upon how far the constable
has to travel, he being entitled, ordinarily, to
five cents per mile each way for mileage.
In many cases, when served with a summons,
the debtor will immediately settle the claim
rather than allow a greater accumulatinn of
costs; but should he refuse to make settlement,
(482
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
the constable will return the summons indorsed
Somewhat as follows:
“Served by reading the within to defendant
on the 5th day of July, 1882.
JoHN SMITH, Constable.”
In suing an incorporated company, a copy of
the Summons must be left with the president.
If he is absent, then with the secretary, general
agent, cashier, or principal clerk, if either can
be found in the county in which suit is brought.
If neither can be found in the county, then by
leaving a copy of the summons with any clerk,
engineer, director, station agent, conductor, or
any such agent found in the county.
At the time for the trial, both the plaintiff
and defendant, or their representatives, are re-
quired to be promptly in attendance, the plain-
tiff being present for the purpose of proving his
claim, and the defendant for the purpose of
stating his defense, or the reason why the claim
should not be paid. Should either party fail
to appear, he must suffer the penalty hereafter
explained.
Trial by Justice and Jury.
When the parties appear, the justice will
proceed to try the case, and after hearing the
allegations and proofs, will, if the claim be
proved, give judgment against the defendant, in-
cluding costs and such interest as the law allows.
If no claim is proved, the judgment will be
against the plaintiff, who will be held responsi-
ble for costs.
Should either party demand a jury, he can
have the same in all cases of trial before a jus-
tice of the peace, upon making a deposit with
the justice of the jury fees. The jury shall
comprise any number from Six to twelve, as the
parties may agree, though the number usually
provided by law is six or twelve.
Upon determining to have the case tried by
jury, the justice will put into the hands of
the constable, or other authorized officer, the
following
FORM OF WRIT FOR SUMMONING JURORS :
STATE of | SS
—County, e
The People of the State of —to any Constable
of said County—GREETING:
We command you to Summon—lawful men
of your county to appear before me at—o'clock
—M., who are not related to plaintiff, or
to defendant, to make a jury between said
parties in a certain cause pending before me;
and have then and there the names of this jury
and this writ.
Witness my hand this—day of ,18–.
JoHN DoE, J. P.
In the case of jury trial, the justice will enter
judgment according to the verdict of the jury.
Who are Competent as Jurors.
In most States the following requisites are
necessary to make the individual competent
to serve on a jury.
1. He should be a resident of the county,
and not exempt from serving on the jury.
2. Twenty-one years old and under sixty.
3. Of fair character, in the possession of
natural faculties, free from legal exceptions, of
sound judgment, well informed, and who under-
stands the English language.
Who are Exempt from Serving on Juries.
In general, the following persons, according
to the statutes of many States, are exempt
from serving on juries, mamely: the Governor,
Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Audi-
tor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superinten-
dent of Public Instruction, Attorney-General,
members of the General Assembly during their
term of office, Judges of Courts, clerks of courts,
sheriffs, coroners, postmasters, mail carriers,
practicing attorneys, all officers of the United
States, officiating ministers of the gospel, School
teachers during their term of School, practicing
physicians, constant ferrymen, mayors of cities,
policemen, and active members of fire depart-
ment.
The Result of Failing to Appoar.
Should the plaintiff fail to appear withir: the
hour appointed, the jury, or the justice alone,
being in readiness to hear the trial, and no
good reason being given for his non-attendance,
the suit is dismissed, unless the defendant
should desire to have the case tried then or at
another time.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
483
Should the defendant fail to appear, the
justice will hear the case, and if the claim is
proved, he will enter Judgment against the de-
fendant for the amount which is due the
plaintiff, and will issue an Execution for its
collection.
A “Judgment” is simply the decision of the
court that a certain demand or claim shall be
paid, and no particular form is required in
rendering it.
The Executions
An execution is a writ which authorizes an
officer, to whom it is directed, to carry into
effect the decision of the court. In some States
the law permits the imprisonment of a debtor
if he refuses to pay the claim against him,
and an execution can be issued directing the
proper officer to imprison the delinquent until
the claim is satisfied. It is more common,
however, to issue an execution authorizing an
officer to levy upon personal property of the
debtor, and a judgment being rendered by
the justice against a party, the next step
usually takeri is to issue an execution for the
collection of the amount due.
If the plaintiff is satisfied that the debt will
be lost unless execution issue immediately, he
may take oath to that effect, and the justice
will issue an execution authorizing an officer to
make levy upon goods at once, but sale of the
same usually will not take place under twenty
'days.
If no fear of losing the debt is expressed, ex-
ecution will issue, generally, in about twenty
days from the time judgment was rendered,
and the officer usually has about seventy days
to make a levy and sell the property to satisfy
said execution.
Form of Execution Against Goods and Chattels.
STATE OF- SS
& County, tº
The People of the State of to any Constable
of said County—GREETING:
We command you that, of the goods and
chattels of A B in your county, you make the
sum of — dollars and -— cents, judgment, and
—— dollars and cents, costs, which C D
lately recovered before me in a certain plea
against the said A. B., and hereof make return
to me within seventy days of this date.
Given under my hand this day of —,
18 —.
JoBN DoE, J. P.
When the writ of Execution against perSorsal
property is placed in his hands, it is the duty
of the constable to make a levy upon and sell
such personal property as he can find sufficient
to satisfy the debt, which is not exempted
from sale by law, giving ten days’ previous
notice of such sale by advertisement in writing,
to be posted up at three of the most public
places in the vicinity where the sale is to be
made, and on the day appointed for the Sale,
the constable sells to the highest bidder the
property levied upon, or as much of the same
as may be necessary to pay the judgment, in-
terest and costs.
Of course discretion must be used by the con-
stable in selecting property not exempted from
sale, and not already attached or covered by
chattel mortgage; and when covered by the
latter, whether it will sell for enough to pay
both claims.
Attachment of Goods. |
If a creditor, his agent or attorney, has good
reason to believe that there is danger of losing
his claim, because the debtor is a non-resident
of the State, or conceals himself, in defiance of
an officer, so that process cannot be served
upon him, or has departed from the State with
the intention of removing his goods from the
State, or has fraudulently conveyed or assigned
his effects So as to hinder or delay his credi-
tors, or is about to do so, he can go before a
justice of the peace and make affidavit setting
forth the nature and amount of the indebeted-
ness, after allowing all just credits and set-offs,
for any one or more of the causes mentioned.
He will also state the place of residence of
defendant, if known, and file a bond with said
Justice in double the amount sworn to be due,
with sufficient Security, payable to defendant,
484
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
against whom the writ is issued, conditioned
for Satisfying all costs and damages awarded
to such defendant, for wrongfully suing out
said attachment.
That being done, the justice will issue a
Writ of attachment, which authorizes the con-
stable in whose hands it is placed to proceed
at once to the residence or place of business
of the debtor, or elsewhere where he may have
goods and effects within the jurisdiction of the
court, and immediately take possession of a
sufficient amount of personal property with
which to pay the claim and all costs: provided,
however, if at the residence of the debtor he
is allowed to enter. Should the debtor be pre-
sent when the constable has got possession, he
will read the writ to him, the time being
specified in the same when his trial will take
place. In the meantime the constable or officer
will take possession of the goods by removing
them or putting them in charge of some per-
son until the day of the trial. If the goods
are being removed to another county, he can,
in most States, follow and take them there.
The Trial.
At the trial, if it is proven that the debtor
had no intention of leaving or refusing to pay
his just due, and any damage has been done
by the seizure of the property, the creditor
will be held responsible for such damage. If
the defendant or his representative does not
put in an appearance, after having been notified,
the justice at, the day appointed, which is usually
within a month from the time the attachment was
issued, will hear the case, and if the claim be
proved, will render judgment accordingly, and
order a sale of the necessary amount of goods
to pay the debt and all costs.
Attaching the Body.
Where an attachment has been issued against
a defendant, and the constable returns no prop-
erty found, and yet the plaintiff is satisfied
that the defendant has property concealed,
removed or assigned with intent to defraud his
creditors, and that there is danger of losing his
claim unless the debtor is held to bail, it is
common in several States for the justice to
issue a capias for the arrest of the debtor, the
form of which is as follows:
Form of Capias.
— County,
The People of the State of
stable of said County—GREETING:
You are hereby commanded to take the body
of and bring him forthwith before me, un-
less special bail be entered; and if such bail
be entered, you will then command him to
appear before me at , on the day
of , at o'clock —M., to answer to the
complaint of A B for failure to pay him a
certain demand not exceeding dollars; and
hereof make due return as the law directs.
Given under my hand, this day of 2
18—. JoBN DoE, J. P.
Before issuing a capias, the justice will take
from the plaintiff, or his representative, a bond
with approved surety, which is substantially in
the following form:
STATE OF–, ! S8.
to any Con-
&
Form of Bond for Capias,
A— B—, *
WS. Before —, Justice of the Peace.
C—— D—,
STATE OF–
—County, | SS.
We do hereby bind ourselves to pay all dam-
ages and costs, if any, which may be wrong-
fully occasioned by a capias in this case.
Dated this — day of —, 1882—.
[SEAL.]
[SEAL.]
Ordinarily the capias is issued only as a last
resort, and when it is evident that the claim can
only be collected by arresting the defendant and
depriving him of his liberty, unless he give
satisfactory bail.
Being provided with a warrant for the appre-
hension of the debtor, the defendant is arrested,
if found, and brought forthwith before the jus-
tice, unless Some friend or other person will
guarantee that the debtor will promptly appear
at the hour and place appointed for trial.
This guarantee, termed “giving bail,” is in the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
485
following form, written on the back of the
capias:
Form of Special Bail.
I, A B, acknowledge myself special bail for
the within named C. D. Witness my hand,
this — day of —, 18–. A. B.
This indorsement must be signed by one or
more responsible persons whom the Constable
is willing to take as Security, the condition
being that the defendant, if judgment is ren-
dered against him, at the time of trial, will
pay the same, with costs, or surrender himself,
according to the terms of the capias. And, in
case he fails to pay, or surrender, the persons
who signed the bail are held for the payment
of the claim.
Who Cannot be Arrested.
By constitutional right, the following persons
are privileged from arrest: Members of Con-
gress, except for treason, felony, and breach of
the peace, are not liable to arrest during their
attendance upon the session of their respective
houses, nor while going to or returning from
the same. Electors are also privileged from
arrest, except for treason, felony, or breach of
the peace, while in attendance upon elections,
or while going to or returning from the same.
In many States, also, the militia, except in the
above cases, are exempt during their attendance
at musters, or while going or returning. At-
torneys and Counselors at Law, Judges, Clerks,
Sheriffs, and all other officers of the several
courts, are likewise free from arrest while at-
tending court, and while going to and returning
from the same, as are also witnesses and other
persons necessarily attending any courts of
record on business.
Suing the Garnishee.
Another means left open for the collection of
a claim in various States of the Union, is that
of securing the debt by suing a third person
who may be owing the defendant. In such case
the plaintiff can proceed against this third per-
son, who is called the garnishee, in the same
manner as against the debtor, though a cer-
tain amount of the money owing is, in some
States, exempt, and cannot be garnisheed.
Levying Upon Real Estate.
When no personal property can be found
with which to pay the debt, and the debtor is
known to possess real estate in sufficient amount
to pay the claim, then it is allowable, in cer-
tain States, for the justice to certify to the
Clerk of the Circuit Court, in the county where
judgment was rendered, a transcript of the
judgment, which shall be filed by the clerk;
and thereupon the same will become a lien upon
the real estate of the debtor, and execution,
may issue from that court, and proceedings be
had for the sale of the land and payment of
the debt and costs from the proceeds of the
Sale.
Appealing to Higher Courts.
Where an action has been brought before a
justice to secure a claim, a summons has been
issued, the day has been set for a hearing, and,
judgment has been rendered by a justice or a
jury, and the decision is that the debtor must .
pay the claim with costs, the debtor can then
appeal to the next higher legal tribunal, being
the Circuit, District Court, Court of Common
Pleas, or other courts, which are known by
different names in different States.
Before the defendant can appeal, however,
he is required to give a bond, which must be
signed by one or more responsible persons, by
which he guarantees, in a sum twice the amount:
of the claim, to pay the debt and all costs if
he is beaten in the higher court.
The case is then entered upon the docket of
the clerk of the higher court for trial, and if
time permits will be tried at the next term of
that court.
Upon trial in this court, if the defendant is
beaten again, he can, by giving bond as before,
in double the amount of the debt and costs
then accrued, carry the case for triad up to the
Supreme Court of the State, where the matter
generally ends.
486
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
How Soon the Debt May be Collected.
Thus it will be seen where, in each trial, the
defendant promptly defends his case and ap-
peals to the higher courts when he finds him-
self beaten, he can escape the payment of the
original debt for one, two or more years. As
each appeal is attended with heavy costs, how-
ever, few men care to punish themselves So
much for the sake of wreaking revenge upon
anybody else. In most cases the debtor will
pay the debt in the earlier part of the prose-
cution, unless he thinks he has good reason
for not doing so.
What Does Law Cost?
What will it cost to collect the debt 2 That
question naturally arises, and is, very properly,
one that should be considered. Of course it is
impossible to determine, definitely, what the
costs will be. If a lawyer be employed for an
ordinary justice suit, occupying the time but
an hour or so, his fee will be five dollars.
Should the claim be of considerable amount,
and the time of the attorney be employed a
day or two, the lawyer's charge will be from
ten to twenty dollars. Should the plaintiff
come off victorious, and obtain judgment against
the debtor, the other costs will be mainly borne
by the debtor. Should it be shown that the
plaintiff has no just claim, the justice or jury,
if there be a jury, will decide that there was
no cause of action, and will assess the costs of
suit to the plaintiff.
The cost of an ordinary justice in most
States, will average about as follows:
I)ocketing the Suit, 25 cents; issuing sum-
mons, 25 cents; constable for serving summons,
35 cents; each mile traveled in Serving sum-
mons by constable, 5 cents; justice fee for en-
tering up judgment, 25 cents; for discharge of
docket, 25 cents; fee of justice for hearing
statement of each party and giving decision, $2.
The above are the inevitable costs which will
be incurred if the plaintiff and defendant have
a trial without witnesses, lawyers or jury, and
then settle according to the decision of the jus-
tice.
If witnesses are called, the expense is 50
cents per day for each witness, to be claimed
at time of trial. Fee of justice for issuing each
Subpoena for witness, 25 cents; constable for
Serving each subpoena, 25 cents; for mileage
each Way in serving a subpoena, 5 cents; for
administering oath to each witness, 5 cents.
Should the suit be tried by a jury, each
juryman is entitled, before a justice, to 50
cents for hearing the case, should the jury
agree; for entering verdict of the jury, 15
cents; fee of constable for waiting on jury, 50
cents; for entering satisfaction of judgment, 10
cents.
Should judgment be obtained against the
debtor, and he refuse to settle, the justice will
issue an execution to levy upon and sell a suf-
ficient quantity of debtor's goods to pay the
debt and all costs. Fee for execution, 50 cents;
fee of constable for serving and returning exe-
cution, 50 cents; for advertising property for
Sale, 50 cents; commissions on sales, not ex-
ceeding $10, 10 per cent. ; for all in excess of
that amount, 5 per cent. ; except when through
settlement or other cause the property is not
sold, in that case the commissions will be one-
half the above amount.
The defendant, thinking that equity may not
be had before a certain justice, may have the
case tried before the nearest justice; this pro-
cedure is termed a “Change of Venue.” Fee of
justice for transcript in change of venue, 50
cents.
Should either party desire to appeal to a
higher court, the expenses of appeal before the
justice will be: For bond, 35 cents; for enter-
ing appeal, 25 cents; for transcript of judg-
ment and proceedings in case of appeal, 50
cents.
In the higher court the cost of trial will
usually average from twenty to fifty dollars.
Collecting Large Amounts.
When the amount to be collected exceeds the
jurisdiction of the justice, the plaintiff will
apply to the clerk of such higher court as has
jurisdiction in the case. This is the circuit
court, district court, court of common pleas, or
other court of similar character. The clerk of
this court, upon application, will issue a sum-
mons, which is placed in the hands of a sherif
or his deputy, is served upon the debtor as
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 487
before, and the case is tried usually before a
jury of twelve persons at the next term of that
Court.
The proceedings in this court are usually so
intricate as to make it advisable for the per-
Son unaccustomed to legal technicalities to
employ an attorney to conduct the case, as is
also generally most convenient even in the
lower courts.
The Law of Different States.
We have given thus, in outline, the princi-
pal methods resorted to in the different States
for the collection of debt. The forms here
shown, while not conforming fully to the exact
methods pursued in different States, are yet
sufficiently accurate to enable the reader to
possess a general understanding of the methods
of procedure.
The special law of the State where the credi-
tor may reside, as it relates to the collection
of debt, can be learned by application to the
justice of the peace in that State, who, upon
the plaintiff stating the circumstances, will
usually give the necessary information with
which legal proceedings may be commenced.
COUNTERFEIT MONEY.
How to Detect.
The United States government prints all the
paper money of the nation from plates made
four in a set, and lettered to order, respectively,
A, B, C, D. These four plates, being in one
piece and alike, except the single different letter
on each one, are used together, and print at
each impression, on one sheet, a series or set
of four bills; so each bill is always marked with
the same one letter of its own plate. The coun-
terfeiter makes but one plate, copying one bill
of one letter of the genuine set. Of late, in a
few exceptional cases, certain banks have been
supplied with bills lettered, respectively, either
E, F, G, or H.
Whenever any counterfeit National Bank bill
appears, the United States Redemption Agency
quickly gathers up and retires all genuine bills
of the same denomination, National Bank and
letter, and thus leaves the field to the counter-
feit. All National Bank bills of the same de-
nomination, LETTER and date of the counterfeit,
should be refused by every person who would
avoid great risk. All bills of the same denomi-
nation and National Bank, of the other differ-
ent check letters, are NOT COUNTERFEITED, and still
continue in circulation. Counterfeiters seldom
use the same plate on two or more check let-
ters of the same denomination of any National
Bank, but when the counterfeit has become
notorious, they change the issue, inserting, by
the use of skeleton plates, the name of another
and unsuspected National Bank, on which no
counterfeit of that particular denomination has
yet appeared. Evidently any other course would
be suicidal in their case.
The principle involved is quite plain, and the
method of discrimination most concise and cer-
tain. For ready reference, the counterfeited
check letters of each denomination of National
Bank bills are placed in large type directly
under the coats of arms of the States of which
the counterfeits were made, and to the right
of the name of each bank, after the number
of the bank, in the list of counterfeits.
433
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
List of Counterfeit One Dollar National Bank Bills.
DESCRIPTION OF GENUINE BILL.
Face of Note.—Two females standing in front of an altar, one of them pointing upward—1–
large ornamental, 1 across, on which is “Secured,” etc.
Back of Note.—Landing of Pilgrims—ONE, eagle and shield in an oval, ONE–ONE, arms
of the State in which the bank is located—ONE.
The Treasury number of all One Dollar National Bank Bills is at the left end of the bill,
and the bank's number of the bill at the upper right-hand corner.

PLATE
BANKS HAVING COUNTERFEITS. CELARTER NO. LETTER. DATE. CAPTURED.
Boston, Mass., 1 National Eagle Bank. 993 A July 1, ’65. Photo. Red.
No. painted.
List of Counterfeit Two Dollar National Bank Bills.
DESCRIPTION OF GENUINE BILL.
Face of Note.—Large 2 extending two-thirds the length of the note, United States, etc., on
upper part and 2 on lower part of the 2. Left end, female seated holding the American flag, on
which is a wreath. º º
Back of Note.—Sir Walter Raleigh Smoking, six men and boy grouped around a table—2, eagle
and shield in an oval—2, arms of the State in which the bank is located.
The Treasury number of all Two Dollar National Bank bills is at the lower left-hand corner,
and the bank's number of the bill at the upper right-hand corner.

BANKS HAVING COUNTERFEITS. CHARTER NO. LETTER. DATE. cººp.
New York City, 2 Market National Bank. 964 A July 1, 1865|Oct. 25, 1871
New York City, 2 Marine National Bank. 1215 A July 1, 1865 Oct. 25, 1871
New York City, 2 Ninth National Bank, 887 A July 1, 1865|Oct. 25, 1871
TNew York City, 2 Ninth National Bank. 387 A Jan. 2, 1865 Oct. 25, 1871
TNew York City, 2 St. Nicholas National Bank. 972 A July 1, 1865 Oct. 25, 1871
JKinderh’k, N.Y. 2 National Union Bank. 929 A July 1, 1865|Oct. 25, 1871
Peekskill, N.Y. 2 Westchester Co. Nat’l Bank. 1422 A |Aug. 15, 1865 Oct. 25, 1871
Linderpark, N.Y. 2 National Union Bank. No such bank. A no such bank|Oct. 25, 1871
Newport, R.I., 2 National Bank of Rhode Island 1532 A Nov. 1, 1865 June, 1869
Philadelphia, Pa. 2 Sixth National Bank. 352 A July 1, 1865 Oct. 25, 1871
List of Counterfeit Five Dollar National Bank Bills.
DESCRIPTION OF GENUINE BILL.
Face of Note.—United States and title of bank—5, Columbus introducing America to Europe,
Asia and Africa, the countries represented by females–Five, Columbus discovering America.
Back of Note.—Landing of Columbus—Five, spread eagle, 5–Five, arms of the State in which
the bank is located—5.
The Treasury number of all Five Dollar National Bank bills is at the upper right-hand corner,
and the Bank number of the bill at the lower left-hand corner.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
489
PLATE
BANKS HAVING COUNTERFEITS. CHARTER NO. LETTER. DATE. CAPTURED.
Aurora, Ill., 5 First National Bank. 38 A Nov. 2, 1863 Oct. 29, 1875
Canton, Ill., 5 First National Bank. 415 A. May 21, 1864 Oct. 29, 1875
Cecil, Ill., 5 First National Bank. No such bank. A May 10, 1865 Oct. 29, 1875
Chicago, Ill., 5 First National Bank. 8 A May 10, 1865 Oct. 29, 1875
Chicago, Ill., 5 Traders' National Bank. 966 A May 10, 1865 Oct. 29, 1875
Chicago, Ill., 5 Merchants' National Bank 642 A May 10, 1865 Oct. 29, 1875
Chicago, Ill., 5 Central National Bank. 2047 A May 10, 1865, hº
Chicago, Ill., 5 Union National Bank. 698 A Mar. 10, 1865; the fragers'
Chicago, Ill., 5 German National Bank. 1734 A Mar. 10, 1865;
Virginia, Ill., 5 Farmers’ National Bank. J 1471 A May 10, 1865|and insertions.
‘Gakema, Ill., 5 First National Bank. No such bank! A May 10, 1865 Oct. 29, 1875
Paxton, Ill-, 5 First National Bank. 1876 A Oct. 20, 1871 Oct. 29, 1875
Peru, Ill., 5 First National Bank. 441 A #..# #} Oct. 29, 1875
Amsterdam, N.Y., 5 Manufacturers’ Nat’l Bank. 2239 B Apr. 15, 1875|Not captured
Pawling, N.Y., 5 National Bank of Pawling. 1296 A July 20, 1865|April 1, 1880
Rome, N. Y., 5 Fort Stanwix Nat’l Bank. 1410 B Sept. 1, 1865|Not captured
Troy, N.Y., 5 National State Bank. 991 A May 10, 1865 April 1, 1880
Hanover, Pa., 5 First National Bank. 187 D Feb. 20, 1865 April 1, 1880
Tamaqua, Pa., 5 First National Bank. 1219 B July 1, 1865|April 1, 1880
Jackson, Mich., 5 People's National Bank. 1533 D Oct. 2, 1865 May, 1867
Jewett City, Conn. 5 Jewett City Nat’l Bank. 1478 B Sept. 1, 1865 June, 1869
Boston, Mass., 5 Globe National Bank. 936 C Apr. 20, 1865|Photo., tint’d
Boston, Mass.. 5 Pacific National Bank. 2373 B Ser's of 1875|Photo., tint'd.
Dedham, Mass., 5 Dedham National Bank. 669 B Jan. 2, 1865|Photo., tint’d
Fall River, Mass., 5 Pocasset National Bank. 679 C Jan. 2, 1865|Photograph.
Northamp'n, Mass., 5 First National Bank. 383 C May 2, 1864|June 26, 1876
New Bedford, Mass., 5 Merchants' National Bank. 799 C Feb. 14, 1865|June 26, 1876
Southbridge, Mass., 5 Southbridge National Bank. 934 B Apr. 20, 1875|Photo., tint’d
Westfield, Mass., 5 Hampden National Bank. 1367 CD Aug. 1, 1865|June 26, 1876
Montpelier, Wt., 5 Montpelier National Bank. 857 A Photograph.
(St. Johnsbury, Wt., 5 First National Bank. 489 C Ser's of 1875|Photo., tint’d
Leicester, Mass., 5 Leicester National Bank. 918 Photo., kint'd
Boston, Mass. 5 Boylston National Bank. 545 O Ser's of nºw. tint’d

List of Stolen Five Dollar National Bank Bills.
The bills described below were stolen when unsigned; signatures of bank officers forged.
National Banks claim exemption from the payment of such bills:
*
The

LOCATION. NAME OF BANK. DENOMINATION.BANK NO. LOWER LEFT COR. TREAS, NO. UPPER RIGHT COR.
Osage, Ia., Osage Nation'l Bank 5s. 1,751 to 2,200 560,958 to 561.407
Pontiac, Ill. The Nation’l Bank of 5s. 741 to 765 252,111 to 252,185
List of Counterfeit Ten Dollar National Bank Bills,
DESCRIPTION OF GENUINE BILL.
Face of Note.—United States and title of Bank—10, half nude females seated on spread eagle
in clouds—Ten, Franklin drawing lightning from the clouds with a kite, boy seated.
490
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Back of Note.—De Soto discovering the Mississippi—10, spread eagle, 10, arms of the State
in which the bank is located—10.
The Treasury number of all Ten Dollar National Bank bills is at the upper right-hand corner,
and the bank's number of the bill at the lower left-hand corner.
BANIKS HAVING COUNTERFEITS. CELARTER, NO. LETTER. DATE. PLATE
CAPTURED.
New York City, 10 First National Bank. 29 A July 1, 1865. Aug. 1, 1866.
New York City, 10 Merchants' Nat. Bank. 1870 A Aug. 1, 1866.
New York City, 10 Mechanics' Nat. Bank. 1250 A July 1, 1865. Aug. 1, 1865.
New York City, 10 Nat. B’k of State of N. Y. 1476 A July 1, 1865. Aug. 1, 1866.
New York City, 10 American National Bank. 750 A July 1, 1865. Aug. 1, 1866,
New York City, 10 Union National Bank. 1278 A Aug. 1, 1866.
New York City, 10 Nat. Bank of Commerce. 733 A July 1, 1865. Aug. 1, 1866.
New York City, 10 Croton National Bank. 1556 A Aug. 1, 1866.
New York City, 10 Marine National Bank. 1215 A July 1, 1865. Aug. 1, 1866.
New York City, 10 Market National Bank, 964 A July 1, 1865. Jan., 1869.
Albany, N. Y., 10 Albany City Nat. Bank. 1291 A July 20, 1865 Jan., 1869.
Auburn, N. Y., 10 Auburn City Nat. Bank, 1285 A July 20, 1865 Jan., 1869.
Rome, N. Y., 10 Central National Bank. 1376 A |May 12, 1865 Jan., 1869.
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 10 First National Bank. 465 A July 5, 1864. Oct. 25, 1871.
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 10 Farmers & M'frs’ Nat. B'k 1812 A |Aug. 1, 1865. Oct. 25, 1871.
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 10 City National Bank. 1305 A July 5, 1864. Oct. 25, 1871.
Syracuse, N. Y., 10 Syracuse National Bank. 1341 A |Aug. 1, 1865. Jan., 1869.
Lockport, N. Y., 10 First National Bank, 211 A Feb. 20, 1865 Aug. 1, 1866,
łed Hook, N. Y., 10 First National Bank, 752 A Feb. 20, 1865 Aug. 1, 1866.
Buffalo, N. Y., 10 Farmers' & M'frs' Nat. B'kNo such bank A. Aug. 1, 1865.jan. 1870.
Rochester, N. Y. 10 Flour City National Bank. 1362 A July 1, 1865. Jan., 1870.
Waterford, N. Y., 10 Saratoga Co. Nat. Bank. 1229 A July 1, 1865. Jan., 1870.
Newburg, N. Y., 10 Highland National Bank. 1106 A July 1, 1865. Jan., 1869.
Troy, N. Y., 10 Mutual National Bank, 992 A May 10, 1865 Aug. 1, 1866.
Watkins, N.Y., 10 Watkins National Bank. A |Aug. 1, 1865. Aug. 1, 1866.
Tichmond, Ind., 10 Richmond National Bank. 2090 A Mar. 15, 1873 Jan. 7, 1877.
Layfayette, Ind., 10 Lafayette National Bank. 2213 A Dec.22, 1874Jan. 7, 1877.
Muncie, Ind., 10 Muncie National Bank. 793 A Feb. 14, 1865 Jan. 7, 1877.
|Philadelphia, Pa., 10 First National Bank, 1 B |Feb. 20, 1864 Sept. 26, 1867
Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Third National Bank. 234 B Feb. 20, 1864 Sept. 26, 1867
List of Counterfeit Twenty Dollar National Bank Bills.
DESCRIPTION
OF GENUINE BILL.
Face of Note.—United States and title of bank—20, allegorical representation of Loyalty, Lib-
erty bearing National flag, farmers, artisans, etc., rallying round the flag—20, Battle of
Lexington.
Back of Note.—Baptism of Pocahontas–20, eagle and shield XX–20, arms of the State in
which the bank is located—XX.
The Treasury number of all Twenty Dollar National Bank bills is at the upper right-hand
corner, and the bank's number of the bill at the lower left-hand corner.
491ſ
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.

PLATE
BANKS HAVING COUNTERFEITS. CELARTER NO. LETTER. DATE. CAPTURED.
New York City, 20 First National Bank. 29 B July 19, 1865 Oct. 1870
New York City, 20 Merchants’ National Bank. 1870 B July 19, 1865 Oct. 1870
New York City, 20 Market National Bank. 964 B Jan. 19, 1865 Oct. 1870
New York City, 20 National Bank of Commerce. 733 B Jan. 19, 1865 Oct. 1870
New York City, 20 Nat'l Shoe and Leather Bank. 917 B July 19, 1865 Oct. 1870
New York City, 20 Tradesmen's National Bank. 905 B July 19, 1865 Oct. 1870
Utica, N. Y., 20 Oneida National Bank. 1892 B Aug. 19, 1865 Oct. 1870
Utica, N. Y., 20 City National Bank of Utica.no such ba’l: B |Aug. 19 1865 - Oct. 1870
Portland, Conn., 20 First National Bank. 1013 A |May 10, 1865 May 7, 1867
Philadelphia, Pa., 20 Fourth National Bank. 286 A Mar. 7. 1864 May 7, 1867
Indianapolis, Ind. 20 First National Bank. 55 A Nov. 2, 1863 May 7, 1867
List of Stolen Ten and Twenty Dollar National Bank Bills.
The bills described below were stolen when unsigned, signatures of Bank officers forged, and
the notes put in circulation. The National Banks claim release and exemption from the pay-
ment of such bills merely upon the opinion of the legal advisers of the Treasury Department.
LOCATION. NAME OF BANK. DENOMINATION. BANE NO, LOWER LEFT COR. TREAS. N.O. UPPER RIGHT COR.
Barre, Vt. The Nat. Bank ot. 10s and 20s. 911 to 936 932.805 to 932,830
Boston, M’s Nat. Hide & L. B'k 10s and 20s. 11,919 to 11,1972 22,900 to 22,953
N. Y. City. Third Nat. Bank. 10s and 20s. 9,414 to 9,428 644,416 to 644,430
Albany, N.Y|Merch’ts Nat. B'k. 10s and 20s. 759 to 766. 45,195 to 45,202
Detroit, Mi. First Nat. Bank. 10s and 20s. 4,933 to 4,984. 509,210 to 509,261

List of Counterfeit Fifty Dollar National Bank Bills.
DESCRIPTION OF GENUINE BILL.
Face of Note.—United States and title of Bank–50; allegorical representation of Victory;
three figures in a cloud; soldier kneeling, praying for victory—50; Washington crossing the
Delaware.
Back of Note.—Embarkation of the Pilgrims—50, eagle and shield, L–50, arms of the State
in which the Bank is located, L.
The Treasury number of all Fifty Dollar National Bank Bills is at the upper right-hand
corner, and the Bank's number of the bill at the lower left-hand corner.
BANKS HAVING COUNTERFEITS. CHARTER NO. LETTER. DATE. PLATE
CAPTURED.
Buffalo, N.Y. 50 Third National Bank. 850 A Mar. 10, 1865|April, 1880.
Nº. York City. 50 Central National Bank. 376 A |Apr. 15, 1864|April, 1880.
ew York City. 50 Union National Bank. 1278 A |Apr. 15, 1864|Qū, gºunterfeit
5 bill, 50 Central
§aº.
New York City. 50 National Broadway Bank. 687 AQ Jan. 10, 1865|April, 1880."
New York City. 50 Tradesmen's Nat. Bank. 905 AD Apr. 20, 1865|April, 1880.
New York City. 50 Nat. Bank of Commerce. 733 AC Jan. 10, 1865; § Nººl
, 5 8P8Cs
New York City. 50 Metropolitan Nat. Bank. 1121 AC Jan. 10, 1865%iº,Nºl
* I'801,
New York City. 50 Mechanic's National Bank. 1250 A. Apr. 20, 1865|Count ft Trades
men's, 50 altºd.

492 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
List of Stolen Fifty Dollar National Bank Bills.
The bills described below were stolen when unsigned; signatures of Bank officers forged.
The National Banks claim exemption from the payment of such bills.
LOCATION. NAME OF BANK. DENOMINATION. BANK NO. LOWER LEFT COR. TREAS. NO. UPPER RIGHT COR.

Jerºy gig. First Nat. Bank. 50s. 671 to 750 19,609 to 19,688
Lynn, Mas
.
Nat. City Bank. 50s. 121 to 150 66,796 to 66,825.
List of Counterfeit One Hundred Dollar National Bank Bills.
DESCRIPTION OF GENUINE BILL.
Face of Note.—United States and title of Bank—100 C, female seated with wings, allegorical
representation, maintenance of Liberty and Nationality—C, 100, men in row-boat, two vessels
in back.
Back of Note.—Signing Declaration of Independence—100, eagle in oval, C–100, arms of the
State in which the bank is located, C.
The Treasury number of all One Hundred Dollar National Bank Bills is at the upper right-
hand corner, and the bank's number of the bill at the lower left-hand corner.

.* PLATE
BANKS HAVING COUNTERFEITS. CHARTER NO. LETTER. DATE. CAPTURED.
New York City, 100 Central National Bank. 376 A |Apr. 15, 1864|Mar. 14, 1867
Boston, Mass., 100 First National Bank. 200 A Feb. 2, 1864|Mar. 14, 1867
Boston. Mass., 100 National Revere Bank. 1295 A July 20, 1865 Nov. 25, 1880
New Bedford, Mass., 100 Merchants' Nation'l Bank. 799 A Feb. 14, 1865 Nov. 25, 1880
Pittsfield, Mass., 100 The Pittsfield Nat’l Bank. 1260 A July 20, 1865 Nov. 25, 1880
Wilkesbarre, Pa., 100 Second National Bank. 104 A Nov. 2, 1863|Nov. 25, 1880
Pittsburg, Pa., 100 Pittsburg Nat’l Bk. of Com. 668 A Ser's of 1875|Nov. 25, 1880
Cincinnati, Ohio, 100 Ohio National Bank. 630 A Dec. 22, 1864|Mar. 14, 1867
Baltimore, Md., 100 National Exchange Bank. 1109 A July 1, 1865 Nov. 25, 1880
List of Stolen One Hundred National Bank Bills.
The bills described below were stolen when unsigned; signatures of bank officers forged. The
National Banks claim exemption from the payment of such bills.

LOCATION. NAME OF BANK. DENOMINATION.BANK NO. LOWER LFFT. COR. TREAS. No. UPPER RIGHT COR.
Jersey City, First Nat’l Bank. 100s. 671 to 750 19,609 to 19,688
N. J.
Lynn, Mass|Nat’l City Bank. 100s. 121 to 150 66,796 to 66,825
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
493
UNITED STATES TREASURY NOTES.
Description of Genuine and Account of Counter-
feits.
$1 Wignette, large oval portrait of Wash-
ington—center. Act of March 3, 1863, Series
of 1869 and subsequent years. Counterfeited.
Series of 1875, Letter D. John Allison, Register;
A. U. Wyman, Treasurer. General appearance
fair, at a distance; engraving coarse; lines
broken and very irregular. Wignette very coarse.
Lettering poor; numbering defective. On back
of notes Debts is spelled “Ddebts”; except,
“exoets”; Imports, “Im Ports”; Interest, “In-
trest”; imprisonment “imprisionment.”
$2 Wignette, view of United States Capitol
—center; oval portrait of Jefferson—left. Act
of March 3, 1863, Series of 1869 and subsequent
years. Counterfeited. Photograph of Legal
Tender Note, Series of 1875, Letter D, Number
8347504. John Allison, Register; A. U. Wyman,
Treasurer. Back of note numbered 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
Two, Two. All imprints from the negative
bear same Treasury number. Not dangerous,
but the improvement of this class of counter-
feits is to be apprehended.
$5 Wignette, emigrant family—center; oval
portrait of Jackson—left. Act of March 3,
1863, Series of 1869 and subsequent years.
Counterfeited. Series of 1875, Letter C. Good
appearance, nicely printed from a well engraved
plate; lettering good in general, but the shad-
ing of the words United States, in title line,
“scratchy.” Portrait of Jackson has a startled
or frightened expression. On genuine, upper
left corner, flourishes are seen above and below
1875; on counterfeit they are omitted. Some
have been seen made with a pen. Genuine
notes of this series all on distinctive fibre paper;
counterfeits on plain, fibre imitated by printing
fine lines on the back. Handle notes of this
series and denomination with care.
$5 Photographic Counterfeit of Series 1875,
Letter D, Plate 14. Act of March 3, 1863, Treas-
ury number B 8058120. John Allison, Register;
A. U. Wyman, Treasurer. Paper, poor. Treasury
number poorly tinted by pen work, the only
color on face of note. “Series of 1875” on
lower right of genuine is pink; on counterfeit
the same is black. Some specimens are shorter
than genuine.
$5 Another counterfeit from the same nega-
tive plate as just described. John Allison,
Register; A. U. Wyman, Treasurer. Imperfectly
printed on an imitation of localized fibre paper,
rather heavy, but equal to genuine in appear-
ance, made by cementing a thin back to a
thicker face sheet, with fibre in place between
them. Treasury number and Seal tinted, but
off color. The face of Jackson lacks the clearly
dotted lines of the genuine.
$10 Wignette, portrait of Daniel Webster—
left. Act of March 3, 1863, Series of 1869, and
subsequent years. Counterfeited. Series of 1875.
Letter C. John Allison, Register; Jno. C.
New, Treasurer. Portrait of Webster has a
surly expression, nose and lips heavy. Imprint
of Bureau of Engraving under “THIS NOTE:
IS A LEGAL TENDER” at the top of bill
poorly done, lettering imperfect. On all genuine
U. S. Treasury Notes of this series, “Series
1875” is printed in red between signatures of
Register and Treasurer and “1875” in red near
right upper corner, face of note. From original
counterfeits of the same these red imprints
were omitted, but have appeared on later issues
in exact imitation of the genuine. All genuine
notes of this series on distinctive fibre paper;
counterfeits on plain, fibre imitated by printing
fine lines on the back.
$20 Wignette, oval side view of Alexander
Hamilton. Act of March 3, 1863, Series of
1869 and subsequent years. Counterfeited.
Series of 1875. Letter A. B. C. D. John Al-
lison, Register, John C. New, Treasurer. Dan-
gerous at first glance, Will not bear examina-
tion. The outlines of this counterfeit are sup-
posed to have been produced by some modifica-
tion of the photographic process, and the finish
and details by the skillful and artistic use of
pens and brushes. The portrait of Hamilton
finely executed, but the back ground a mass of
black washed in, nearly the proper shade, but
lacking the fine lines which make up the
ground work of the genuine. No attempt at
lathe-work in center surrounding the figures
“20”—of similar nature to back-ground of por-
trait. A moistened thumb applied to Treasury
numbers of green tint on back of note removes
the color.
494
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
$20 Same description as the preceding.
Counterfeited. Series of 1878, Letters, A. B.
C. D. Made by photo. process and pen and
brush; inks and paper nearly perfect. A
meistened thumb applied to Treasury numbers
or green tint on back of note removes the color.
$50 Wignette, bust of Benjamin Franklin.
Act of March 3, 1863, Series of 1869 and sub-
Sequent years. Counterfeited. Series of 1875.
Letter D. Made with pen and brush. A
moistened thumb applied to Treasury numbers
or green tint on back of note removes the color.
$50 Wignette, portrait of Henry Clay. Act
of March 8, 1863, Series of 1869. Counter-
'feited. Series of 1869, Letter B. A superior
and dangerous imitation. Well engraved; lathe-
work nearly perfect; numbering well done. The
flourish which appears on the genuine between
“Series of" and “1869” at upper left of face of
note is omitted on the counterfeit, but may be
imperfectly supplied by pen work. On back
center of genuine note, at top of large 50, two
stars emerging show five points each ; two stars
bottom of 50 four points each. On counterfeit
the star top of large 5 in 50 shows six points;
the star top of 0 in 50, and two stars bottom
of 50, five points each. All genuine notes are
printed on distinctive fibre paper, counterfeits
on plain paper. Plates captured. Handle with
CQ.7°6.
$500 Wignette, portrait of John Quincy
Adams. Act of March 3, 1863, Series of 1869.
Counterfeited. A superlative imitation. Series
of 1869, Letters A. B. C. D. Exceedingly dan-
gerous. Engraving and general execution equal
to the genuine. The buttons on the coat of
Adams are not round in the counterfeit, while
on the genuine they are perfectly so and stand
out like pincushions; the foot of the Goddess
of Liberty on left end of note on counterfeit is
slightly deformed, the top or instep of the same
is nearly flat, while in the genuine it is oval;
by a close observance of the counterfeit, it will
be seen that the foot has the appearance of
having six toes, two little toes, or a corn on
the side of the foot. Of $45,000,000 in genuine
notes of this series and denomination issued
but about a thousand pieces ($500,000) remain
unredeemed. Postively refuse all notes of this
series and denomination.
Counterfeits of $1 National Bank Bills.
National Eagle Bank, Boston, Mass.-Letter
A, dated July 1, 1865. This photograph is the
only counterfeit of the One Dollar Bills of the
National Banks. Having been done on good
paper, the black work fairly reproduced, though
the red numbering is inferior, it is in some re-
spects the best early photographic counterfeit,
yet not dangerous, being blurred in spots and
off color.
COUNTERFEITS OF $2 NATIONAL BANK
BILLS.
Special Points.
Market National Bank of New York.-Letter
A, dated July 1, 1865. In the genuine issue over
the letters AR of the title Market appear three
flourishes. In the counterfeit there is only one.
Marine National Bank of the city of New
York.-Letter A, dated July 1, 1865. In the
genuine note the black panel under the title
reads CITY OF NEW YORK; in the counterfeit
it simply reads NEW YORK, the CITY OF being
entirely omitted from the panel.
Ninth National Bank of the City of New
York.-Letter A, dated July 1, 1865. In the
counterfeit THE after OF, in the title, is omitted.
In the genuine, under BANK, appear two
flourishes; in the counterfeit there are none.
Saint Nicholas National Bank of New York.-
Letter A, dated July 1, 1865. In the genuine NEW
YORK over the date of July 1, 1865, is engraved
in italic, sometimes called stump letters; in the
counterfeit the NEW YORK is engraved in
script. -
National Union Bank, of Kinderhook, N. Y.-
Letter A, Dated July 1, 1865. On the genuine
the check-letter A at the left of the note, near
the vignette, has one flourish under it; on the
counterfeit there are two flourishes under the
check letter.
National Union Bank of Linderpark, Linder-
park, N. Y. —Letter A. No such bank.
National Bank of Rhode Island, of Newport,
R. I.-Letter A, dated Nov. 1, 1865. The coun-
terfeits on this issue are very inferior and
printed from stone. The Imprint “National
Bank Note Co., New York,” and other small
lettering is hardly legible, the letters are so
poorly formed, with no approximation to the
original work.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
495
West Chester County National Bank of Peeks-
kill, Peekskill, N. Y.-Letter A, dated August 15,
1865. This bank has two bills, check-letters A
and B; check-letter A counterfeited. In the
counterfeit, under the left check-letter A, there
are two flourishes, in the genuine but one.
COUNTERFEITS OF $5 NATIONAL BANK
BILLS.
General Points.
The counterfeits of the Five Dollar Bills of
National Banks in Illinois were printed from
one series of plates engraved by Ben Boyd,
and captured by the Secret Service, October
29, 1875. All this issue of counterfeits may be
instantly detected by comparison of the lower
right corner of the back of the same with the
genuine. On the genuine the vertical line divid-
ing the vignette from the coat of arms, if con-
tinued downwards, would strike the top of one
of the little figures “5” in the margin. In the
counterfeit the same line would pass between
two of the figures, thus: 5 || 5.
The counterfeits of the Five Dollar Bills of
National Banks in Massachusetts were (except-
ing the photographs), all printed from one series
of plates engraved by Irvine White, in 1865-6,
and captured by the Secret Service, June 26,
1876. All this issue of counterfeits may be in-
stantly detected by comparison of the lower
right face of same with the genuine. On the
genuine the vignette of Columbus discovering
America on left end of bill is well engraved and
complete. In the counterfeit the same is poorly
engraved and imperfect, notably the end of the
ship's rail on which a Sailor is leaning shows
no mark of a joint where it rests upon the up-
right stanchion, and the vertical line between
the stanchion and knee is indistinct.
The counterfeits of the Five Dollar Bills of
National Banks in Pennsylvania were printed
from one series of plates engraved by Chas. F.
Ulrich, the same being afterwards used with
extra “title lines” to print counterfeits of the
same denomination of bills on The National
Bank of Pawling, Pawling, New York, and the
National State Bank of Troy, Troy, New York,
and captured by the Secret Service, April 1,
1880. All this issue of counterfeits may be
readily detected by observation of the various
points of difference between the same and the
genuine, as described hereafter in this connec-
tion under the title of the several banks already
named.
The counterfeits of the Five Dollar Bills of
the Manufacturers' National Bank of Amsterdam,
New York, and the Fort Stanwix National
Bank of Rome, New York, were both printed
from one series of plates engraved by Some as
yet unknown artist. All this issue of counter-
feits may be readily detected by observation of
the various points of difference between the
same and the genuine, as described hereafter
in this connection under the title of the several
banks already named.
From the plates engraved by Irvine White
for producing counterfeits of the Five Dollar
Bills of The Highland National Bank of New-
burg, Newburg, New York, and the National
Bank of Castleton, Castleton, New York, which,
with $80,000 of counterfeits on the first-named
bank, were captured in Brooklyn, N. Y., by the
Secret service, June 26, 1876, no impressions
have been found in circulation.
Photographic counterfeits of the Five Dollar
Bills of National Banks in Massachusetts and
Vermont, have had a limited circulation. They
are not dangerous. However, the last issue of
these experimental frauds presents new features,
and the process used is to be regarded as a
source of danger for the future.
Special Points.
Traders' National Bank, Chicago, Ill.—Letter
A, dated May 10th, 1865. The parent plate for
all counterfeit fives of the Illinois issue, all of
which have the same check letter, and, with
but four exceptions, the Some date. In addition
to the “General Points” already given, it may
be observed that “Ch” in “Chicago” strikes the
shading of “Five” on counterfeit, but not on
genuine. No genuine Five Dollar note on this
bank bears date May 10th, 1865. The bank is
closed, its notes cancelled. Best refuse all.
First National Bank, Cecil, Ill.—No such bank.
Merchants' National Bank, Chicago, Ill.—Let-
ter A, dated May 10th, 1865. None genuine
signed “S. B. Colby, Register of the Treasury.”
496
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
First National Bank, Aurora, Ill.—Letter A,
dated Noy, 2d, 1863. None genuine signed “S.
B. Colby, Register of the Treasury.”
First National Bank, Canton, Ill.—Letter A,
dated May 21st, 1864. None genuine signed
“S. B. Colby, Register of the Treasury.”
First National Bank, Chicago, Ill.—Letter A,
dated May 10th, 1865. None genuine signed
“S. B. Colby, Register of the Treasury.”
Central National Bank, Chicago, Ill.—Letter
A, dated May 10th, 1865. Nome genuine signed
“S. B. Colby, Register of the Treasury.”
German National Bank, Chicago, Ill.— Letter
A, dated March 10th, 1865. None genuine signed
“S. B. Colby, Register of the Treasury.”
First National Bank, Paxton, Ill.—Letter A,
dated Oct. 20th, 1871. None genuine signed
“S. B. Colby, Register of the Treasuy.”
First National Bank, Peru, Ill.—Letter A,
dated June 2d, 1864, and May 10th, 1865. None
genuine signed “S. B. Colby, Register of the
Treasury.”
Union National Bank, Chicago, Ill.—Letter
A, dated March 10th, 1865. None genuine da-
ted May 10th, 1865.
Farmers' National Bank, Virginia, Ill.—Let-
ter A, dated May 10th, 1865. Refuse all dated
May 10th, 1865.
First National Bank, Galena, Ill.—No such
bank.
Manufacturers' National Bank, Amsterdam,
N. Y. —Letter B, dated April 15th, 1875. John
Allison, Register; F. E. Spinner, Treasurer.
General appearance deceptive, engraving coarse,
especially on back. Shading under “Manufac-
turers” done in straight lines, spaces broken out
roughly. No shading inside first A in “Manu-
facturers,” and but two lines of the same in
second A, in same word. The line “with the
U. S. Treasurer at Washington,” very irregular.
Just above signature of Allison is a flourish
not in genuine, unless pen-made. Face of man
kneeling lower left corner looks wild and ago-
nized; in genuine the same appears devout.
This bank issues fives only.
Fort Stanwix National Bank, Rome, N. Y. —
Letter B, dated Sept. 18t, 1865. Printed from
the same plates as counterfeits on the Manu-
facturers' National Bank of Amersterdam, N.Y.
First National Bank, Tamaqua, Pa.-Letter
B, dated July 1st, 1865. None of these coun-
terfeits seen bear the charter number, 1219.
On upper right back of note “owing” is spelt
ownig; on lower right back “thousand” is spelt
thousaud.
First National Bank, Hanover, Pa.—Letter
D, dated Feb. 20th, 1864. Printed from same
plates as the counterfeits on the First National
Bank of Tamaqua, Pa. Under “Continental
Bank Note Co., New York,” lower centre bor-
der, face of note, the genuine has “Act approved
Feb. 25th, 1863;” counterfeit has “Act approved
June 3d, 1864.” On back of note “owing” and
“thousand” are properly spelled, but left ir-
regular.
National Bank of Pawling, Pawling, N Y.—
Letter A, dated July 20th, 1865. Printed from
the same plates as the counterfeits on the First
National Bank of Tamaqua. Signatures of
President and Cashier, which are written on the
genuine notes, are printed on the counterfeit.
The check-letter, upper left corner of genuine
note, is about an eighth of an inch from the
yard-arm of the frigate; on counterfeit notes
the check-letter is nearer to and generally
touches the yard-arm. In vignette (right end)
of the genuine, the arrows in the quiver on back
of Indian Woman standing beside Columbus, are
lightly engraved, and not prominent; on the
counterfeit the arrows and quiver are heavily
blurred, looking like a hump on the back.
National State Bank, Troy, N. Y. —Letter A,
dated May 10th, 1865. Printed from the same
plates as the counterfeits on the First National
Bank of Tamaqua, Pa. None genuine signed
“John C. New, Treasurer of the Ucited States,”
and bearing at the same time the old pointed
Treasury Seal.
Merchants' National Bank, New Bedford,
Mass.-Letter C, dated February 14th, 1865,
The parent plate for all counterfeit fives of the
Massachusetts issue, except the photographs.
In addition to the General Points already given,
it may be observed that in the words “Five
Dollars,” lower centre face of bill, the letter S
appears engraved irregularly above the line of
the other characters. On the genuine, to the
left of the figure of Pocahontas, in the distance
is a vessel, which is not to be found on the
counterfeit. In the vignette on back of the
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 497
counterfeit, the right thigh of the figure of Co-
lumbus has a deformed appearance.
First National Bank, Northampton, Mass.-
Letter C, dated May 2d, 1864. Printed from
the same plates as the counterfeits of fives
on the Merchants' National Bank, New Bed-
ford, Mass. None genuine signed “S. B. Colby,
Register of the Treasury.”
Hampden National Bank, Westfield, Mass.-
Letters C and D, dated; Aug. 1st, 1865. Printed
from the same plates as the counterfeits of fives
on the Merchants' National Bank, New Bedford,
Mass., and showing the same defects.
People's National Bank, Jackson, Mich.-Let-
ter D, dated October 24, 1865. Printed from a
coarse original counterfeit plate, presenting the
appearance of a poor lithograph or common
wood cut. The defects are numerous. The
bill not likely to deceive.
Jewett City National Bank, Jewett City, Conn.
—Letter B, dated Sept. 1st, 1865. Printed from
an original counterfeit plate in various kinds
of execution, Some Samples of which have been
called dangerous, while others are very poor.
This bank is closed, being merged into the Na-
tional Bank, Norwich, Conn. Best refuse all.
Photographs.
The counterfeits mentioned under this head
were all made by photographic process. They
are all off color and should be readily detected,
yet a number of them have been passed. The
printing of the seal has been improved; they
are now numbered variously, even when from
the same plate, and such bills may soon be
made very dangerous.
Globe National Bank, Boston Mass.-Letter
C, dated April 20th, 1865. Photograph.
Pacific National Bank, Boston, Mass.-Letter
B, series of 1875. Photograph.
Dedham National Bank, Dedham, Mass.-
Letter B, dated Jan. 2d, 1865. Photograph.
Pocasset National Bank, Fall River, Mass.-
Letter C, dated January 26, 1865. Photograph.
Southbridge National Bank, Southbridge,
Mass.-Letter B, dated April 20th, 1876. Pho-
tograph.
Montpeller National Bank, Montpelier, Wt.—
Letter A. gholograph.
First National Bank, St. Johnsbury, Wt.—
Letter C, series of 1875; dated August 6th,
1864. Photograph.
Leicester National Bank, Leicester, Mass.-
Similar to last named photograph.
Boylston National Bank, Boston, Mass.-Let-
ter C, Series of 1875; dated October 28th, 1864.
COUNTERFEITS OF $10 NAT”L BANK BILLS.
General Points.
The counterfeits of the Ten Dollar Bills of
National Banks in Pennsylvania were printed
from one series of plates engraved by Irvine
White, and captured by the Secret Service,
Sept. 26th, 1867. On the original plate the
Word “Currency,” in the border, was mis-spelt
“Curreny,” but afterwards corrected. The post
in vignette, lower left corner, was made perfect
or plain; the genuine shows a knot hole or
nick. This issue bears no charter number.
The counterfeits of the Ten Dollar Bills of
National Banks in Indiana, were printed from
One Series of plates engraved by Miles Ogle,
and captured by the Secret Service, Jan. 7th,
1877. The engraving is course, especially in
vignette, lower left corner face of bill. All yet
seen bear Bank Number 1496. Treasury Num-
ber B 165,167. The charter numbers used on
part of this issue, are not the true charter
numbers of the banks named.
The counterfeits of the Ten Dollar Bills of
National Banks in New York, were printed from
Various original plates, or from electrotypes of
the same, all of which have been captured by
the Secret Service, in different portions, part
August 1st, 1866, and the rest at several sub-
Sequent dates. The engraving upon these plates
is from fair to good, yet similar defects are to
be observed in all. The lathe-work is irregular,
as may be seen in the ovals bearing the large
figures 10, where the small, heart-shaped centres
are variable and incomplete. The vignette of
the Goddess of Liberty, seated upon an eagle,
is incomplete in detail. The features of her
face are imperfect, or wanting, and there are
no toes defined upon the extended foot. The
| title lines of the various banks used with these
498
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
plates, are generally shaded in an irregular and
faulty manner, and there are other differences
from the genuine, some of which are given
hereafter.
Special Points.
First National Bank New York City, N. Y.—
Letter A, dated July 1st, 1865. None genuine
signed “S. B. Colby, Register of the Treasury.”
Merchants' National Bank, New York City,
N. Y.-Letter A. Signatures printed; the genu-
ine are written.
Mechanics's National Bank of New York City.
—Letter A, dated July 1st, 1865. No genuine
note of this denomination on this bank bears
on its face “Mechanics' National Bank of New
York.” Title of good note reads, “Mechanics'
National Bank of the City of New York.”
National Bank of the State of New York,
N. Y. —Letter A, dated July 1, 1865. Refuse
all dated July 1st, 1865.
American National Bank of New York.-Let-
ter A, dated July 1, 1865. Refuse all dated
July 1, 1865.
Union National Bank, New York City.—Let-
ter A, dated July 1, 1865. Refuse all dated July
1st, 1865.
National Bank of Commerce, New York City.
—Letter A, dated July 1, 1865. Refuse all dated
July 1st, 1865.
Croton National Bank, New York City.—Let-
ter A. Note “General Points” already given.
This bank is closed, and the genuine bills upon
the same are very rare. Best refuse all.
Marine National Bank of New York City.—
Letter A, dated July 1, 1865. No genuine note
of this description, on this bank, bears upon its
face “Marine National Bank of New York.”
Title of good note reads, “Marine National Bank
of the City of New York.”
Market National Bank, New York City.—Let-
ter A, dated July 1, 1835.-Refuse all dated
July 1st, 1865.
Albany City National Bank, Albany, N. Y.-
Letter A, dated July 20, 1865. A superior
counterfeit issue. Note “General Points” already
given.
Auburn City National Bank, Auburn, N. Y.-
Letter A, dated July 20, 1865. In vignette,
lower left corner, Franklin's kite string is broken,
or hidden by clouds; in genuine it is wholly
visible. Note “General Points” already given.
Central National Bank, Rome, N. Y. —Letter
A, dated May 12, 1865. Refuse all dated May
12, 1865.
First National Bank, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.-
Letter A, dated July 5, 1864. None genuine
signed “S. B. Colby, Register of the Treasury.”
Farmers' and Manufacturers' National Bank,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. —Letter A, dated August
1, 1865. Engraving and shading of title line
defective. In the word Pough KEEPSIE, the capi-
tal “P” strikes the letter “O,” and extends below
the base line of the other letters. On the
genuine the letters are separated, and all in
line at the bottom.
City National Bank, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.-
Letter A ; dated July 5, 1864. Note “General
Points” already given. The Tens put in circu-
lation by this bank bore bank numbers from 1
to 1789 only, included in Treasury series 389,828
to 391,616, nearly all of which have been can-
celled.
Syracuse National Bank, Syracuse, N. Y.-
Letter A.; dated August 1, 1865. A dangerous
counterfeit when well printed. The lathe-work
was re-touched and the plate improved to pro-
duce these bills. Carefully note “General
Points” already given, and sharply observe the
work upon the back of the bill in comparison
with the genuine.
First National Bank, Lockport, N. Y.—Let-
ter A ; dated February 20, 1865. None genuine
signed “S. B. Colby, Register of the Treasury.”
First National Bank, Red Hook, N. Y. —Let-
ter A ; dated February 20, 1865. Refuse all
dated February 20th, 1865.
Farmers' and Manufacturers' National Bank,
Buffalo, N. Y.-Letter A ; dated August 1, 1865.
No such bank.
Flour City National Bank, Rochester, N. Y. —
Letter A; dated July 1, 1865. Refuse all dated
July 1st, 1865.
Saratoga County National Bank, Waterford,
N. Y.-Letter A; dated July 1, 1865. Refuse
all bearing bank number 1048. Treasury num-
ber 810,516.
Highland National Bank, Newburg, N. Y.-
Letter A; dated July 1, 1865. Note “General
Points” already given.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
499
Mutual National Bank, Troy, N. Y. —Letter
A ; dated May 10, 1865. On this counterfeit a
portion of the eagle's wing covers bottom of
“65” in date. The wing does not reach date on
the genuine.
Watkins National Bank, Watkins, N. Y.-
Letter A ; dated August 1, 1865. Refuse all
dated August 1st, 1865.
Richmond National Bank, Richmond, Ind.—
Letter A ; dated March 15, 1873. On this coun-
terfeit a portion of the eagle's wing covers
bottom of date “1873.” On upper left margin
in border, the word “Currency” is lettered in
reverse, and appears to be spelt backwards.
Refuse all bearing bank number 1496. Treas-
ury number B 165167.
Richmond National Bank, Richmond, Va.-
No such bank. Altered Warning Notes of
Richmond, Ind., plate.
Lafayette National Bank, Lafayette, Ind.—
Letter A ; dated December 22, 1874. From
same plate as counterfeits of tens of Richmond
National Bank, Richmond, Ind., by change of
title lines, and showing the same defects. These
counterfeits bear charter number 346, but the
true charter number of the bank named is 2213.
Refuse all bearing any other charter number
than 2213. Refuse all bearing bank number
1496, Treasury number B 165167.
Muncie National Bank, Muncie, Ind.—Letter
A , dated February 14, 1865. From same plate
as counterfeits of tens of Richmond National
Bank, Richmond, Ind., by change of title lines,
and showing the same defects. These counter-
feits bear charter number 846, but the true
charter number of the bank named is 793. Re-
fuse all bearing any other charter number than
793. Refuse all bearing bank number 1496,
Treasury number B 165167.
First National Bank, Philadelphia, Pa.-Let-
ter B; dated February 20, 1864. Refuse all
dated February 20th, 1864.
Third National Bank, Philadelphia, Pa.-Let-
ter B; dated February 20, 1864. Note “General
Points' already given, Lettering and shading
of title lines imperfect, being darker than gen-
uine. In the word Philadelphia the capital
letter “P” extends below the base line of the
other letters; on the genuine the letters are all
in line at the bottom.
COUM's TERFEITS OF $20 NATIONAL BANK
BILLS.
General Points,
The counterfeits of the twenty dollar bills of
National banks in the State of New York, are
all from one series of plates, the issue having
been varied by the use of skeletons and extra
title lines to imitate the bills of eight different
banks, until October, 1870, when all the plates
were captured by the Secret Service.
In the vignette, lower right corner, face of
bill, appears the Goddess of Liberty rallying
the people. Over her head loyalty is inscribed.
On the genuine, the inscription is legible and
clear, but on the counterfeit, hardly to be seen.
On the genuine, the details of the figure of the
goddess are plain, but on the counterfeit the
smaller points are very indistinct or not to be
seen, and the toes are missing. The features
of the figures around the goddess are very much
blurred, and the general expression of the faces
wild and unnatural. On the back of the coun-
terfeit, the lathe-work is irregular and defective.
The counterfeits of the twenty dollar bills of
National banks in the States of Connecticut,
Indiana and Pennsylvania, one bank in each
State, are all from one series of plates captured
by the Secret Service, May 7, 1867. The en-
graving of these plates was coarse, and the bills
from them are dark and blurred. The foliage
to the right of figures “20,” upper left end of
counterfeit, is coarse, bunchy and heavy; on
the genuine, it presents a Soft, vapory appear-
ance. On counterfeit, in vignette of battle of
Lexington, lower left corner, face of bill, the
musket lying on the ground appears to be thrust
through the leg of the fallen man, and the fea-
tures of the kneeling woman are defective, the
eyes mere dots. On the back of counterfeit,
the lathe-work is very coarse, scratchy and
irregular, and the details of the other work
incomplete.
Special Points.
First National Bank, New York City, N. Y. —
Letter B; dated July 19, 1865. Refuse all dated
July 19th, 1865,
500
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Merchants' National Bank, New York City,
N. Y. —Letter B; dated July 19, 1865. None
genuine signed “L. E. Chittendem, Register of
the Treasury.”
Market National Bank, New York City, N.
Y.—Letter B; dated January 19, 1865. None gen-
uine signed “L. E. Chittenden, Register of the
Treasury.”
National Bank of Commerce, New York City,
N. Y. —Letter B; dated January 19, 1865. None
genuine signed “L. E. Chittenden, Register of
the Treasury.”
National Shoe and Leather Bank, New York
City, N. Y.-Letter B; dated July 19. 1865.
None genuine signed “L. E. Chittenden, Regis-
ter of the Treasury.”
Tradesmen's National Bank, New York City,
N. Y.-Letter B; dated July 19, 1865. None
genuine signed “L. E. Chittenden, Register of
the Treasury.”
Oneida National Bank, Utica, N. Y.-Letter
B; dated August 19, 1865. None genuine
signed “L. E. Chittenden, Register of the
Treasury.” -
City National Bank of Utica, Utica, N, Y. —
Letter B; dated August 19, 1865. No such
bank.
First National Bank, Portland, Conn.—Letter
A ; dated May 10, 1865. Note “General Points”
already given. On shield with the eagle, back
of counterfeit, are six imperfect stars; on gem-
uine, seventeen perfect stars appear.
First National Bank, Indianapolis, Ind.—Let-
ter A ; dated November 2, 1863. Note “General
Points” already given.
Fourth National Bank, Philadelphia, Pa.-
Letter A ; dated March 7, 1864. Engraving of
title lines defective ; “A” in Philadelphia, not
crossed. The letter “W’’ in the word twenty,
lower right end border, face of note, is shorter
than rest of the letters in counterfeif. The
lettering in margin, either end of back of coun-
terfeit note, is Scarcely legible.
COUNTERFEITS OF $50 NATIONAL BANK
BILLS.
General MPoints.
The counterfeits of the Fifty Dollar National
Bank bills, of banks in the State of New York,
include all as yet issued, and were produced
—-
|
|
from one series of plates made by Charles F.
Ulrich, and captured by the Secret Service in
April, 1880. The original plate was an imita-
tion of the bills of the Central National Bank
of New York City. The title line was changed
to the Third National Bank, Buffalo, New York;
the National Broadway Bank, New York City,
and the Tradesmen's National Bank, New York
City. By various alterations of the bills printed
in imitation of those of the banks above named,
Several other spurious issues have been made
to appear, as may be noted in the list of coun-
terfeits on which “Special Points” are given
hereafter. The lathe-work on this series of
plates was very well done; the best result be-
ing obtained at the corners and on the back of
the bills. In the vignette, lower right corner
of face of bills, the eyes of the praying soldier
are mere dots among imperfect features. On
genuine, the eyes are perfect and upturned with
devout expression. In the vignette, upper right
end, face of bill, the uplifted arm of the cen-
tral figure, representing victory, ends in a stump
without a hand, at the shading of the large
figures “50.” On the genuine, the thumb and
finger of a hand appear defined. In the wig-
nette of Washington crossing the Delaware,
lower left corner, face of bill, the oar, in the
hand of the soldier in the bow of the boat,
does not touch the border of the bill. On the
genuine, the oar extends higher, and touches
the circle surrounding “50” in the border. In
the counterfeit, the check letter A, lower end
of note, is farther from the outline of the work
of the margin than in the genuine. On the
back of the bills, the bandage crosses the fore-
head of the figure of Justice in the State coat
of arms. In the genuine, the eyes of the figure
are hidden by the bandage.
Special Points.
Central National Bank of New York City.—
Letter A.; dated April 15, 1864. The charter
number of this bank is 376; the counterfeits
bear various figures as charter numbers. None
genuine bearing other charter number than 376.
None genuine signed “L. E. Chittenden, Reg-
ister of the Treasury,” and having the imprint
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
501
“Printed at the Bureau of Engraving and Print-
ing, U. S. Treasury Dep’t,” in the upper left
hand corner of the bill.
Third National Bank of Buffalo, Buffalo, N,
Y.—Letter A; dated March 10, 1865. The char-
ter number of this bank is 850; the counterfeit
bears various figures as charter numbers. None
genuine bearing other charter number than 850.
None genuine signed “L. E. Chittenden, Reg-
ister of the Treasury.”
National Broadway Bank of New York City.—
Letter A and C ; dated January 10, 1865. The
genuine fifty dollar bills of this bank all bear
the check letter A. The plates from which the
counterfeits on this bank were printed are the
same as had been used to print the $50 notes
on the Central National Bank, of New York
City, and the Third National Bank, of Buffalo,
New York, with this exception: the imprint,
“Printed at the Bureau of Engraving and Print-
ing,” which appeared on the two notes last
mentioned, was omitted in printing the coun-
terfeit on the Broadway Bank, of New York
City. The date was also changed to corres-
pond with the genuine issue of the Broadway.
Bank. These counterfeits bear the charter
number of this bank, 687.
Tradesmen's National Bank of New York City.
—Letter A and D; dated April 20, 1865. The
genuine fifty dollar bills of this bank all bear
the Check Letter A. The plates used in print-
ing the counterfeit notes on the Tradesmen's
National Bank, are the same we have described
in “Special Points” on the National Broadway
Bank. The date was changed to correspond
with the genuine issue of the Tradesman's Bank.
These counterfeits bear the true charter number
of this Bank, 905. Note “General Points” already
given.
National Bank of Commerce of New York
City.—Letters A and C ; dated January 10,
1865. The charter number of this bank is 733.
Imitations of its fifty dollar bills have been
made by erasing the title, “National Broadway
Bank” from a counterfeit bill and working in
the name of this bank. Such altered counter-
feits bear the charter number 687, and the
names of “J. L. Everett, Cashier,” and “F. L.
Palmer, President.” The genuine fifties of this
bank bear only the Check Letter A. None
genuine bearing other charter number than 783,
Refuse all dated Jan. 10, 1865.
Metropolitan National Bank of New York
City.—Letters A and C, dated January 10,
1865. The charter number of this bank is
1121. Imitations of its fifty dollar bills have
been made by erasing the titles “National
Broadway Bank” and “Tradesman's National
Bank” from counterfeit bills and working in
the name of this bank. Such altered counter-
feits bear respectively charter numbers 687 or
905. None genuine bearing other charter num-
ber than 1121. Note “General Points” as already
given.
|Union National Bank of New York City.—
Letter A, dated April 15, 1864. The charter
number of this bank, is 1278. Imitations of
its fifty dollar bills have been made by erasing
the title “Central National Bank” from coun-
terfeit bills and working in the name of this
bank. None genuine bearing other charter
number than 1278. None genuine signed “L.
E. Chittenden, Register of the Treasury.” Re-
fuse all dated April 15, 1864.
Mechanic's National Bank, New York City.—
Letter A, dated April 20, 1865. The charter
number of this bank is 1250. Imitations of its
fifty dollar notes have been made by erasing
the title “Tradesmen's National Bank” from
counterfeit bills and working in the name of
this bank. Such altered counterfeits bear the
charter number 905. None genuine bearing
other charter number than 1250. Note “General
Points” already given.
COUNTERFEITS OF $100 NATIONAL BANK
BILLS.
The Ulrich Plates,
The counterfeits of the Hundred Dollar Bills
of the First National Bank of Boston, Mass.,
The Central National Bank of the City of New
York and the Ohio National Bank of Cincinnati,
State of Ohio, were all printed from one series
of plates, which were engraved by Charles F.
Ulrich in 1866, and captured by the Secret
Service near Cincinnati, Ohio, March 14,
1867.
502
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
General Points of Difference.
Face of bills.-On genuine in right lower
corner of bill under the hand of the Goddess
of Liberty. and in a sun-burst, appears the
Word MAINTAIN. In the counterfeit the same
reads MAIN1AIN, the top cross of the “T” being
omitted. This defect is generally mended by
pen or pencil, but not so as to deceive close
observers.
Back of Bills.-On the genuine the vignette
center, representing the signing of the Declara-
tion of Independence, is finely engraved, and
all the principal figures are fair likenesses. In
the counterfeit the engraving of the same is in-
ferior—in the standing group at the table the
Second man from the left shows a sorry face,
as if in pain or anger; the hands of all the
figures are coarsely done and imperfect, while
the likenesses of Jefferson and Franklin are
scarcely recognizable. On the genuine the let-
tering of the Several panels is properly punctua-
ted. In the counterfeit in the lower panel
containing a quotation from the law against
counterfeiting, on second line, after the word
IT a comma is omitted, also after the word
PRINTED on the fourth line of the same panel.
The First National Bank of Boston, Mass-
achusetts.-Letter A, dated February 2, 1864.
L. E. Chittenden, Register; F. E. Spinner,
Treasurer.
On genuine, under large panel BOSTON,
each side of “Will Pay” appear two flourishes
(four in all). In counterfeit the same are
omitted. On genuine the various inscriptions
are properly punctuated. In counterfeit the
comma after Boston engraved in Script, is
omitted, also the period after the abreviation
“Feby” in date.
The Central National Bank of the City of
New York, State of New York.-Letter A, dated
April 15, 1864. L. E. Chittenden, Register; F.
E. Spinner, Treasurer.
On the genuine, under the panel CITY OF
NEW YORK, appear four flourishes. In the
counterfeit the same are omitted. On the
genuine at the right upper corner of bill the
top of the large C is a full Sixteenth of an inch
from the border of the bill. In the counterfeit
the top of the large C almost touches the border
of the bill.
The Ohio National Bank of Cincinnati, State
of Ohio.—Letter A, dated December 22, 1864.
L. E. Chittenden, Register F. E. Spinner,
Treasurer. On the genuine, the outer white
line extending the length of the panel enclos-
ing CINCINNATI is of the same width as the
white parallel lines running through the body
of the panel. In the counterfeit the white line
around the panel is broader than the white
lines through the body of the panel.
The Smith Plates.
The counterfeits of the Hundred Dollar Bills
of the National Exchange Bank of Baltimore,
Maryland, The Merchants' National Bank of
New Bedford, Massachusetts, The National Re-
vere Bank of Boston, Massachusetts, the Pitts-
field National Bank of Pittsfield, Massachusetts,
The Second National Bank of Wilksbarre, Penn-
sylvania, and the Pittsburgh National Bank of
Commerce, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Were
all printed from one series of plates, which
were engraved in Brooklyn, New York, by Charles
H. Smith, for William E. Brockway, by whom
they were surrendered to the Secret Service,
November 25, 1880.
General Points of Difference.
Face of bills.-On genuine the man standing
in the bow of the boat in the vignette in lower
left corner of bill has a closed mouth and fair
face. In the counterfeit the same man has a
very open mouth and a haggard face. On the
genuine the water has the distinct appearance
of falling from both the fore and aft sides of
the bow oar. In the counterfeit the water
seems to fall altogether from the aft side of
the oars and toward the observer only. The
engraving of the lower left part of counterfeit
is inferior, the faces of the men in the boat are
coarsely done and other adjacent details imper-
fectly executed. On the genuine the distance
between the outer edge of the wing of the
Goddess of Liberty in the upper right corner
of bill and the check-letter A to the right of
the same is three-sixteenths of an inch, or more.
In the counterfeit the distance from the edge
of the wing to the check-letter A is no more
than one-eighth of an inch.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
50%
wº---—
Back of bills.-On the genuine the vignette
center representing the signing of the Declara-
tion of Independence is finely engraved and all
the principal figures are fair likenesses. In the
counterfeit, although the engraving of the vig-
nette center is comparatively good and the
principal figures mostly recognizable, the eyes
of the portraits are generally prominent and
unnatural; all lack the life-like expression of
the genuine, and the faces in the rear and left
distance are blurred and imperfect. On the
genuine in lower left corner of bills is an oval
counter of geometrical lathe-work inscribed with
a large C, and a duplicate of the same counter
and inscription appears also in the lower right
corner. In the counterfeit the geometric lathe-
work of these oval patterns does not fully re-
produce the principal central lines of the genuine,
and the two counters are not in this respect
duplicates of each other. On the genuine in
the upper lettered panel on the third line,
right, the words OTHER DEBTS are properly
spaced. In the counterfeit the R in OTHER
joins the D in DEBTS.
Counterfeit Coins—New Issues.
The manufacturers of the bogus and the imi-
tators of coins have been exceedingly active of
late, despite numerous arrests by the Secret
Service. Some of the new issues are from old
dies, and some from those entirely new ; the
first are dangerous, and the last equal to any-
thing ever done in the Way of frauds in coin.
We note:
United States Eagle (1877).—Base metal; cast
in a mould ; gold plated or gilt; bearing upon
the obverse, beneath the eagle, the letter S, in
imitation of the mark of the San Francisco
Mint. This piece was put in circulation a short
time since in California, and has been passed
in many places along the Pacific Slope.
United States Eagle (1841).-Composition;
struck in a die; heavily gold-plated; bearing
upon the obverse, beneath the eagle, the letter
O, in imitation of the mark of the New Orleans
Mint; 22.8 grains light. Some ten years ago
this counterfeit was extensively circulated, but
since that time until the present few specimens
of the plate have been seen.
United States half Eagle.—Counterfeits of
this coin are again appearing in considerable
numbers. One recently discovered in Cincinnati,
Ohio, was assayed by the Director of the Mint
in washington, who reported: “Weight of coin,
65.27 grains (63.73 grains light); gold 493.7 fine ;
silver, 238 fine; alloy, composed of tin and
copper; value of coin, $1.37.” A very fair
sample of its kind. A second specimen of like
character, was presented at the United States
Sub-Treasury in the city of New York.
United States Half Eagle (1869).-White
metal, composed of Silver and Platinum ; struck
in a die; gold-plated; gold-ring; size and weight
nearly correct.
United States Three Dollar Gold Piece (1854).
—Genuine; swedged between plates of copper
to the diameter of half eagles, among which it
might pass for five dollars.
United States Gold Dollar (1856).-Bronze;
struck in a die; gold-plated or gilt ; a fine
sample of false coinage, but light weight.
United States Gold Dollar (1857).—Brass;
struck in a die; one-third lighter than the
genuine coin.
United States Silver Dollars (1880 and 1881).
White metal; cast in a mold; well done; silver-
plated; of fair appearance ; 108 grains light.
United States Half Dollar (1876).-Brass;
struck in a die; silver-plated; well done; a
minute trifle over size, and but 1-4 grains light
weight; ring very fair, but a trifle dull. Ex-
ceedingly dangerous when new.
United States Half Dollar (1876).-Base white
metal; cast in a mold exact size of genuine;
silver-plated; 41 grains light weight.
United States Half Dollar (1877).-Brass;
struck in a die; silver-plated; well done; but
a very little oversize, and only 7.7 grains light
weight.
The counterfeits of the United States half
dollars of 1876 and 1877, here described as of
brass, are from new dies, of which duplicates
seem to have been made. They are well coined,
the latest issues being the best. They are all
very dangerous, but on all produced thus far
the relief of the impression is not as great as
in the genuine. The pieces look and feel
smoother than the issue of the United States
Mints. In these counterfeits the lettering is
defective, especially on the shield borne by the
Goddess of Liberty on the obverse, where the
504
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Word Liberty is inscribed. These brass pieces
have become a considerable part of the cur-
reacy of Philadelphia and New York. The
conductors on one of the Philadelphia Passen-
ger railways returned to the Heceiver seven of
them in one morning, and many intelligent
people take them when new without perceiving
their character.
Silver Half Dollar of Newfoundland (1871.)—
Spelter; cast in a mold; silver-plated; well
done, but light weight.
United States Silver Quarter Dollar (1876.)—
Spelter; cast in a mold; silver-plated; a rough
piece, and of light weight.
United States Silver Quarter Dollar (1877.)—
Spelter; cast in a mold; silver-plated; 80 grains
light weight.
United States Silver Quarter Dollar (1877.)—
Unknown composition; very near the specific
gravity of standard silver, having a fracture
like iron; cast in a mold; silver-plated; of
good appearance, but over size, and as much
too heavy.
Silver Quarter Dollar of Canada (1872.)—
Spelter; cast in a mold; silver-plated; light
weight.
United States Silver Dime.—White metal;
cast in a mold; looks well when new, but can
be bent by a strong grip of the fingers. Such
pieces of various dates are dangerous; circulat-
ing at present mostly in New Orleans and
throughout the Southwest.
United States Dimes (1873 and 1878), bearing
the letter S in imitation of the mark of the
San Francisco Mint. The lettering of this
piece is defective, and the drapery of the God-
dess of Liberty and the word Liberty upon her
shield are indistinct and blurred. Circulating
in the Southwest to a notable extent, but fre-
quently passed elsewhere.
How to Detect Base Gold Coins and Counterfeits.
To detect base gold pieces, or counterfeits of
standard gold coins, compare their color,
impress, device, size, Weight, ring and general
appearance with that of the genuine of the
same period and coinage. To further test the
piece, if necessary, prick its edge with a knife;
if white metal is discovered, the piece is fraudu-
lent or counterfeit. To suspected coins, seem-
ing to be gold, apply the United States Mint
Fluid Gold Coin Test, prepared according to
the formula printed below, taking care to have
a clean Surface and to touch the worn corner
of the edge of the coin or reach the body of
the piece through a little cut; if the metal ex-
posed is discolored by the chemical action of
the fluid test, the coin is base or counterfeit.
Counterfeits of gold coins are generally gilt or
plated with standard gold, and bored or filled
pieces present an original surface of the same.
Upon standard gold or upon genuine gold coin,
the fluid test described has no observable effect;
but gold of a low grade is soon turned brown,
and base yellow metal at once made black by
its action when properly applied.
United States Mint Fluid Gold Coin Test,
Acid Nitric “Strong” 98 Parts.
Acid Muriatic 2 Parts.
Pure Water 25 Parts.
United States Mint Fluid Silver Coin Test,
Nitrate of Silver 24 Grains.
Acid Nitric 10 Drops.
Distilled Water 1 Ounce.
COUNTERFEIT SILVER CERTIFICATES.
Twenty Dollars.
A counterfeit silver certificate, of the denom-
ination of $20, was received at the office of the
Secret Service Division of the Treasury Depart-
ment, at Washington, May 20, 1881. It was pen
made, and its execution was such that an ordi-
nary judge of money should detect the fraud
on sight. The paper was of ordinary bank note
quality, being thinner than that upon which the
genuine certificate is printed, and in color
darker. The counterfeiter has imitated the dis-
tinctive paper of the government by drawing
two parallel lines throughout the length of the
note.
There are so many defects and omissions in
the spurious certificate when compared with
the genuine, that it would be futile to enumerate
them, seeing they are the product of the pen
and not of the plate. It is sufficient to state
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
505
that the Treasury number can be wiped off by the
aid of a damp sponge. The diamond-shaped fig-
ure between each letter of the word “certificate”
on the back, which, in the genuine, is geometric-
ally exact in its duplication, is, in the counter-
feit, utterly destitute of uniformity, either in
shape or size. “Engraved and printed at the
Bureau of Engraving and Printing” appears un-
der the word “certificate” on the back, also out-
side of the border, at the right end of the face of
the note. It does not appear at either place in
the counterfeit.
Ten Dollars.
A counterfeit silver certificate of the denomina-
tion of $10, was received at the office of the Secret
Service Division of the Treasury Department.
This $10 counterfeit certificate was made by the
same pen-work used in producing the imitation
of the $20 issue of the same class of Securities.
The work is coarse and sketchy, still effective,
the expression being well preserved. The paper
is poor, yet near the proper tint, and the Superfi-
cial resemblance of the whole to the genuine, is
quite remarkable. No part of this counterfeit
will bear close inspection or a moment's compari-
son with the genuine certificate, but at first sight
it would be dangerous to most persons, especially
if taken at night by gas-light, or at any time in a
poor light.
+THE BANKINE SYSTEM++
Organization of a Bank.
The organization of a bank under a general
law, either National or State, is a very simple
matter. Articles of association are drawn up in
accordance with the statute of the State or act of
Congress. In either the form is nearly always
prescribed. These articles recite, 1st, the title of
the proposed bank; 2d, the amount of its capital
stock, the number of shares into which it is divi-
ded, and the amount of each. Usually these ar-
ticles countain the names of the first directors,
and are signed by them, the act of subscription
including their election. Each subscriber to the
capital stock places opposite his name the num-
ber of shares he desires.
When the capital stock is all taken up, a cer-
tificate of organization must be filed with the
Secretary of State, and a certified copy thereof
with the clerk or recorder of the county in which
the bank is located. Generally, a publication of
the articles of association is made necessary by
State law.
The executive management of the bank is con-
fided to a board of directors, who are elected
annually, at a meeting of the stockholders. These
directors are usually selected from among the
wealthiest stockholders, for their business experi-
ence, their standing in community, and conse-
quent influence in gaining business for the bank.
They are expected to meet weekly or semi-weekly,
for the purpose of regulating the affairs of the
bank, discussing its present and future policy,
and the status of money matters in general. In
most banks they also pass on the merits of paper
offered for discount, although in some banks this
is left almost entirely to the cashier or president.
The President-
The president is elected by the directors. He
should be, and generally is, the executive officer
of the bank. In all legal relations he is the bank,
as he is plaintiff and defendant in suits at law.
The president, with the cashier, signs the shares
of stock issued to shareholders.
The directors depend upon the president for
their knowledge of the transactions of the bank,
and his vote or advice settles most of the ques-
tions of bank policy that come before the board.
They also depend upon him for an explanation of
the Weekly or semi-weekly “bank statement.”
Hence the bank president needs be, and, if suc-
cessful, must be, a man of approved and tried
character, of good education, and having a large
506
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
fund of general knowledge, keen sagacity in ob-
Serving character, quick in arriving at conclu-
sions, and decided in action, with a thorough
knowledge of the principles and practice of book-
keeping.
The weekly or semi-weekly bank statement, for
instance, is as unintelligible to the ordinary busi-
neSS man as So many characters in an unknown
language. It is simply an accumulation of fig-
ures, but to the skilled president it shows not only
the present actual condition of the bank, but all
its availabilities to meet not only probable, but
possible, contingencies. The successful bank
president must watch the currents of trade, must
not only forecast the future, but he must keep
his bank in a condition to meet any possible ebb
or flow in the financial tides, as he is the personal
and moral representative of his bank. If disaster
overtakes the bank, upon his head will rest the
heaviest weight of the blame.
Also, to attract the proper class of customers,
the president should be honorable and high-
minded in all his own dealings, and free from
speculation of any sort or kind.
The Cashier.
The cashier is the president's right hand, as to
him are committed all the details of the business.
In many respects his duties are co-ordinate with
those of the president, while the Supervision of
the clerks and their accounts, the correspondence
with other banks and customers, the siguing of
drafts drawn upon other banks—in fact, the ex-
ecutive work of the bank, in all its details, is his
department. He is elected by the directors, and
is the direct representative of the stockholders.
The cashier is the representative of the bank in
its daily dealings with its customers. He needs
all the qualifications ascribed to the successful
president, with an additional imperturbility that
can be ruffled by no amount of fault-finding or
interruption. He must have a perfect mastery of
accounts, so that his eye can comprehend a page
at a glance of any book or record kept by the
bank. He cannot be expected, in a large bank,
to examine and prove all the separate entries and
accounts, but he can and must compare the foot-
&ngs of proof sheets with the general ledger.
The Paying Teller
Is, usually, next in order of promotion to the
sashier. As denoted by the name, his duty is to
pay out money. No other clerk, not even an offi-
cer of the bank, in a large bank, would think of
interfering with the duties of the paying teller. In
fact, from the very nature of the banking busi-
mess, there must be a complete division of labor,
and each employé must be assigned specific du-
ties. No one must shirk his own, or assume an-
other's responsibility. In many banks bonds are
required of all the clerks and employés, as a
measure of protection against even an inducement
to defraud.
The position of paying teller is the most respon-
sible of any employé of the bank. He has the
custody and disbursement of its funds, or at least
of the funds necessary for the transaction of its
business. The vault key is the emblem of the
trust reposed in him, and that key he should sur-
render to no one, under any circumstances, ex-
cept a demand from the officers of the bank. His
OWn reputation might be seriously compromised,
if not utterly destroyed, by confiding the key of
his vault, for even an hour, to any other. Never-
theless, his vault, and the currency in his keep-
ing, should be made the subject of frequent,
thorough and unexpected examinations, in his
presence.
The system of the paying teller's accounts is
simple in the extreme. He keeps on hand a cer-
tain amount of money with which to pay checks.
Subtracting the amount paid out from the amount
on hand in the morning, ought to agree with the
balance on hand at close of bank hours, modified
by the amount of debit and credit of clearing
house exchanges.
Usually the bills of smaller denominations are
kept in packets of fifty each, and a check for the
precise amount of any of these packages is paid
without any recount of the bills.
The first duty of the paying teller is to dispatch
the checks on other banks, received on deposit
the day before, to the clearing house, and this
must be done before the hour for opening the
bank.
Almost universally, in city banks, the paying
teller is alone authorized to certify checks, hence
he is subject to be frequently interrupted by
“Please certify that, sir.” “That” is a check for
ten thousand dollars, drawn by Jones & Co.
They may not have that sum then on deposit,
but such checks are sometimes certified under
certain circumstances relating to the capital,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 507
character and other matters, which may make it
Safe to pay checks in advance of deposit. These
must be thought over and decided upon in an in-
stant. Should he refuse, he may utterly wreck
the credit of the firm. Should he even hesitate,
he creates a doubt as to its strength and relia-
bility. Enviable is the business man or firm
whose checks are certified without hesitation, the
teller knowing that the firm will deposit, before
closing hour, enough money to keep its account
good. The officers of the bank do not like to
be referred to in this matter. They want a teller
who “understands his business,” and does not
bother them with every doubt.
C E RTIFI EID
JUNE 13, 1884.
&242.
First National Bank,
With the tellers stamp and signature across a
check as a certification, it will be received at
other banks as good, without reference to the
maker.
Three questions are instinctively asked and
answered by the paying teller in regard to every
check presented at his wicket:
1. Is the signature genuine? 2. Is the
drawer's account good? 3. Is this man who
presents this check the man who should receive
the money on it 2
These suggest three classes of gentry whom it
is the teller's duty to guard against, detect and
thwart.
First, the forger. Every bank keeps a signa-
ture book in which every depositor and each
member of a depositing firm must write his and
their names. To familiarize himself with all the
peculiarities of a thousand to fifteen hundred sig-
natures so as to identify them at sight is no easy
task. Yet this the paying teller must do or be.
come the victim of the forger, who is a standing
terror to the bank.
Bank checks are usually made payable to or-
der. The drawer wishes the indorsement of the
person to whom he gives it, as an evidence of
payment. The person receiving it wishes it in-
dorsed as a security, in case it should be stolen.
All the riskis thus thrown upon the bank. Hence
the bank rule, that the person to whom the check
is paid should be personally known to the paying
teller, or else vouched for by some one the teller
does know. This “identification” causes great
annoyance to the teller, and also to the holder of
the check, hence the teller naturally prefers
checks drawn payable to bearer.
On “panic days” the paying teller would seem
to be unable to protect his bank. Men are ren-
dered desperate and resort to means of relief
they would have scorned to entertain a moment,
in easy times. Every officer of the bank is in a
“state of seige” for accommodations. But the
paying teller must be completely cool and im-
passive, Seremely unconscious of all the flurry
and excitement. Closing hour at length arrives
and the teller begins to look after his “favored
accounts.” A late depositor or so, come in to
make their accounts good, and the teller is at
liberty to count his cash and make up his proof
sheet for the day.

The Receiving Teller.
The receiving teller, sometimes called the de-
posit teller, receives funds deposited by firms or
individuals, known as individual accounts.
The mote teller attends to the business with
other banks and the money received by the bank
for notes deposited for collection.
Both are receiving tellers, and are sometimes
termed Second and third tellers, as showing their
places in the line of promotion.
Open before the receiving teller usually lies his
receiving teller's cash book. In this he enters
the name of the depositor and the amount of his
deposit, as shown by the footing of the customer's
deposit ticket, and then makes the entry in the
customer's bank book.
Form of Deposit Ticket.
DEPOSITED WITH
THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK.
BY DAY & FIXMER,
Springfield. Ill., June 4, 1884.

Currency------------------------. $1,250 || 75
Ohecks...------- - - $300
250
125 || 75 675 || 75
508
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
The teller should not receive money without
this deposit ticket, as to do so would be to open
the door to disputes with the customer. If the
depositor should be without his pass book, as if
he has left it with the book-keeper to be written
up, he should then make out two deposit tickets,
one of which the receiving teller will keep and the
other he will certify and return to the depositor
as a receipt for the money deposited.
Form of Depositors’ Pass Book.
FIRST NATONAL BANK, in ACG't with DAY & FIWMER.
Dr. Cr.
1884. T884.
June 1, To cash $ tº º tº º ſº e º $ 300 || 00 ||June 6, By cash, Š 163 25
.. 3, " ------- 1,926 50 “ 9, “ “ . 200 || 00
... .3, . . . .----- 650 | 00 || “ 17, “ “ ..] 325 25
15, - " ------ . 2,500 || 00 ‘‘ 20, “ “. . . ] , 275 50
‘‘ 25, Bills Disc’nt'd. 3, 125 || 75 ‘‘ 30, Balance. 6,538 i25
$8,502 || 25 $8,502 || 25
July 1, To Balance. . . . . $6,538 || 25
Should his cash not prove at the close of the
day, the teller re-examines his entries on his cash
book and checks off each item by the deposit
tickets, at the same time revising each addition.
Kiting.
A practice not uncommon among dealers when
hard pressed, and one which is regarded by bank
officials as disreputable, is called “kiting.” This
consists in issuing checks in advance of a deposit,
trusting to make a sufficient deposit the next
morning before the check gets around through
the clearing house to the bank on which it is
drawn. Checks issued in this Way are called
“kiting checks,” and the practice means to teller
and cashier, beware
Mr. Kite comes into the bank in a hurried and
very excited manner, and says to the cashier,
“What kind of clerks do you have in your bank 2"
“We intend that they should be gentlemen.”
Mr. Kite produces his bank book, and with
hand trembling with passion, points to a deposit
of eight hundred dollars, made that day, “Do you
see that, sir?”
The cashier sees it.
“Well, sir, your teller has thrown out my check
for eight hundred dollars, When you see yourself
the money was here to my credit, and has sent
the check back, and my name is dishonored.
That's a pretty tale that a man's credit is to be
ruined by a miserable teller who doesn’t under-
stand his business, I should say.”
The cashier is cool. “Mr. Kite, our tellers are
very careful. I think probably you have made
some mistake.”
“Mr. Book-keeper, let us see Mr. Kite's
account.”
The kook-keeper turns to Mr. Kite's account
and finds that when the check was drawn on the
day before, there was a balance to his credit of
$14.80. It is apparent that Mr. Kite has had
the use of eight hundred dollars one day in ad-
vance of his deposit. Had the person or the
bank receiving the check from Mr. Kite, presented
it for certification, “his name would have been
dishonored” sooner than it was.
The practice of kiting is often resorted to by
parties who know better, as an expedient to raise
funds, and if certification is not required, they
might propagate from day to day overdrafts to
any amount, without a dollar of capital.

Collection Clerk.
As the name implies, the collection clerk re-
ceives payments for all promissory notes and
drafts collected by the bank. In Small banks
this is made a portion of the receiving teller's
duties, but as the business of the bank increases,
it becomes necessary to subdivide the labor. The
first duty of the collection clerk upon reaching
the bank in the morning is to make his entries
of mail remittances, received by the early mail.
These come to him from the cashier's desk, and
the teller places his initial as a receipt upon the
letter of the sending bank. The same is true
with all letters containing cash documents. He
then takes up the collection notes due upon that
day, checks them off upon the tickler, to make
sure he is correct, and then enters them up on his
cash book, alphabetically arranged by the names
of the endorsers. These collection notes and
drafts have been deposited by their owners, either
for payment to their credit, or by one not a de-
positor, for collection, and have all been carefully
“timed” and entered up by the proper clerk in
the collection register.
Panic Q
When everything moves regularly along, the
duties of the bank cashier and president are
pleasant. The working machinery of the bank
moves with precision and clears up each day's
business without jars or discords. The balances
at the clearing house are favorable and quite uni-
form. The daily press teems with representa-
tions of different classes of business. The abun-
dant crops are said to have enriched the farmer
and stock grower, and the manufacturer is pressed
AN 19 NCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
509
to supply the demand for his wares. Looking
out into the financial skies, the bank president
can discern no indication of any coming storm,
and the volume of loans is allowed to run up
higher. Checks are certified in advance of de-
posits, trusting dealers to make their accounts
good, and credit extended in every direction.
Suddenly stocks begin to decline on the board.
The banks begin to contract their loans immedi-
ately, realizing that they are far from shore.
There is reported an embezzlement of a large
sum of money by a railroad official, which, blazed
forth in the daily papers, tends to unsettle the
public mind. Resources everywhere seem to
contract, while obligations expand and loom up
before debtors. The cashier is importuned for
loans and discounts. Customers press their de-
mands in a manner which they would never think
of doing in an ordinary market. The cashier is
in a state of siege, and is powerless to satisfy his
customers. They press into the president's
room, and demand, as a matter of right and jus-
tice, that their paper be discounted. The failure
of a large iron firm is reported, with liabilities of
five hundred thousand dollars; but this is ex-
plaimed as incident to the depressed condition of
that market. Merchants, brokers, bankers, and
all classes of business men exhibit excitement
and fear. Suddenly the failure of a large bank-
ing institution is announced on the bulletins,
printed and issued in eactras by the newspapers,
and sent by telegraph all over the country. This
failure falls like a bomb-shell on the ears of the
excited public. Embarassments and suspensions
are the chief topics of news and conversation.
Rumors of dishonest jobbing and misuse of funds
fill the air, destroying the confidence of man in
man. Reports are started and rapidly circulated,
aggravating the circumstances of failure. Can-
did and thoughtful business men seem to have
entirely lost reason and judgment, and all join
in the great excitement and distrust. Men lose
confidence in all moneyed institutions, and old
and substantial concerns are swept down and be-
come a part of the common Wreck, while this
mad whirlwind of discredit and fear sweeps on to
ruin.
Credit is the banker's capital to a large extent,
and is to him what the stock of goods is to the
merchant. In prosperous times the banker dis-
penses this credit to his various customers, per-
haps to the extent of five times his actual capital,
and a handsome profit is the result. But let this
confidence of the public be destroyed, and the
banker is left with nothing but his actual capital
to meet liabilities. The whole commercial and
financial fabric rests largely on confidence.
When word goes forth that a run has been com-
menced on the banks, the climax of panic excite-
ment is soon reached. Each depositor is eagerly
bent on securing his balance before the treasures
in the vault of the bank are exhausted. Check
after check is presented and paid, and still they
come. Thousands of people are in the street,
either discussing the situation or struggling for
entrance to the banking room. Excitement runs
high. Bank books are examined, but a moment
is required to write a check, a signature is hur-
riedly dashed off at its bottom, and in another
instant the check is on its way to the bank, to
press amid the great throng struggling for en-
trance and payment. When the excitement
reaches a certain pitch it becomes a frenzy, and
the police are powerless to stay the pressure of
the tide, which threatens to overwhelm the bank.
Such is unreasoning, unreflecting man, when
confidence has been destroyed.
It is amusing to note by what thin devices the
excited depositors of banks in times of panic
have been entirely quieted, had their confidence
restored, and have gone away satisfied. In one
case the president of a bank is said to have ob-
tained a number of sacks of meal, opened them
at the top, put a good thick layer of coin upon
the contents, then placed them untied where the
glittering coins would be manifest to all observers.
Another bank obtained a number of people as
confederates, to whom they paid gold, then
slipped around again to a back door, and refunded
it. Others placed peck measures, inverted and
covered with a pile of gold coin on top, in the
windows facing the street.
Protest and Notice.
Bills of Exchange are distinguished as either
foreign or inland. They are called foreign when
they are drawn in one State or country upon a
person residing in another. The States of
the American Union are foreign countries so
far as bills of exchange are concerned, for the
reason that the laws of the different States con-
cerning negotiable paper are not uniform. Inland
510
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
bills of exchange are those which are drawn on a
person residing in the same State or country as
the drawer.
When a foreign bill of exchange is dishonored,
that is, when payment or acceptance is refused,
it is not only customary but necessary, in order
to hold the drawer or indorsers, that the paper
should be properly protested, and notice given in
due form to the parties to be charged.
The object in protesting foreign paper is to
afford satisfactory evidence of its dishonor, for
the benefit of the parties to the paper, who, from
residence abroad, in a foreign country or another
State, might experience great difficulty in obtain-
ing reliable and sufficient evidence of the fact,
and perhaps be at last compelled to rely upon
the representation of the holder alone.
Courts always give due respect and considera-
tion to such an official act as a protest under the
seal of a foreign notary. Although not necessary
in the case of inland bills, the practice of protest-
ing nogotiable paper has yet been extended very
largely to inland bills of exchange and promissory
notes, and as these have found their way exten-
sively into bank transactions in the ordinary
course of business, the protest has become a co-
gent and effectual method of exposing the breaches
of punctuality which occur in payment of com-
mercial paper at the bank, and the merchant or
business man who allows his note to “go to pro-
test,” is advertised as incumbered, embarrassed,
or financially disgraced.
Protest and notice must be made by a notary
public, except in cases where the law provides
that, should there be no notary in the place, a
protest may be made by any respectable mer-
chant, attested by witnesses, and will then have
the same effect as though made by a notary
public.
A notary was anciently a scribe, who made
writings of all descriptions, both public and pri-
vate ; but with us he is a public officer, appointed
by the governor, and properly provided with a
notarial seal.
In case of non-payment or non-acceptance of a
foreign bill by the drawee, protest must be made
forthwith by a notary, under the formality pre-
scribed by the law of that place, and proper no-
tice given to indorsers. This protest must be
made on the day on which the instrument becomes
payable—that is, on the third or last day of grace,
though it may not be drawn up and completed in
legal form until afterwards.
After protest, the next step is to give proper
notices to all such persons as the holder of the
bill designs to hold responsible. The holder may
notify all the parties prior to himself, so as to
avoid hazard of some of the parties being dis-
charged by the omission of the notice, but if he is
Satisfied with the responsibility of his immediate
indorser, there is no necessity for giving notice
to others, and if this indorser desires to hold
those prior to him, it is his business to take care
of himself, and see that the party responsible to
him is duly notified. Notice must always be sent
with diligence, for if they are not given within the
prescribed time, the remedy of the holder on these
parties is lost.
Notice may be either verbal or written, but it is
generally written, and must be precise, either to
describe accurately the instrument, by giving the
name of the drawer, indorsers, payee, amount,
and also of the fact that presentment and demand
for acceptance or payment has been refused.
If the notice of dishonor is given in writing, it
may be left at the residence or place of business
of the person to be notified. If the party resides
at a distance, the notice may be given by letter.
Should his residence, place of busness, or present,
post office address be unknown, the notice is to be
sent where he is known to have formerly resided.
If all of these be unknown, and after the exer-
cise of due diligence, then want of notice will be
excused.
Notice of Protest of Note.
STATE OF ILLINOIS. |
COUNTY OF-------------- SS,
a s sº gº & ºn sº e º gº ºg & sº me sº gº º ºs º is º dº tº º ºs &
Payable-------------------------------------------------------------.
Signed by----------------------------------------------------------.
Endorsed by--------------------------------------------------------.
Being this day due and unpaid, and by me PROTESTED for
non-payment, I hereby notify you that the payment thereof
has been duly demanded, and that the holders look to you for
payment, damages, interest and costs.
Done at the request of-----------------------------------------.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 51*
C E R T I IF I C A T E O IF P R O T E S Te
STATE OF ILLINOIS, BE IT KNowN, That on this.-------- day of-----------
tº º ſº º ºs º ºs º ºs º sm º ºs º sº º me me sº as County, ). ss
sº tº gº tº º º ºs º ºs º Gº tº me sº ºn tº ºn tº gº ºn sº ºne e º ºs e me in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and------
I.--------------------------------- , a Notary Public, duly commissioned and sworn, and residing
in the ---------------- in said County and State, at the request of.------------------------------
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ~ * sº es sº tº me º sm we went with the original------------------which is above
attached, to the office of.------------------------------------------------------- and demanded
ſº me tº º ºs º ºs º ºs sº sº ºne sº º me ºn tº as sº -thereon, which was refused.-----------------------------------------------
Whereupon I, the said Notary, at the request aforesaid, did PROTEST, and by these
presents do Solemnly Protest, as well against the----------------- of Said---------------- the
indorsers thereof, as all others whom it may or doth concern, for exchange, re-exchange, and all costs,
charges, damages and interest already incurred by reason of the non-------- of the Said-----------.
And I, the said Notary, do hereby certify, that on the same day and year above written, due
notice of the foregoing Protest was put in the post office at---------------------------- as follows:
Each of the above named places being the reputed place of residence of the person to whom
this notice was directed.
In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal, the day
and year first above written.
Pºis-Noting for Protest... .250. Protest........ 750. Noting Protest.------ .250. Notices...... tºº-º-º:
Certificate and Seal. .250. Postage.-----. *mºnºs Wol. -, page gº * ----------------- *º e
512 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Laws Relating to Indorsement, Protest and Notice.
A first indorser is liable to all subsequent in-
dorsers.
An indorsement is subject to the law of place
where the indorsement is made.
An indorser of a check is on the same footing
as on all other forms of negotiable paper.
A presumption of law is, that indorsements
and transfers have been made before the paper
became due.
Where there are joint payees of a bill or note,
all must join in an indorsement, unless they are
partners.
All parties to negotiable paper, whether maker,
drawer, indorser or acceptor, have a defense as
against fraud.
A finder of a bill or note lost by the owner, ac-
quires no rights thereby as against maker, drawer,
acceptor or indorser.
An indorser has certain conditional responsi-
bilities, but he can qualify them in writing his
indorsement, if he chooses.
If the letter containing a protest of non-pay-
ment be put into the post office, any miscarriage
does not affect the party giving notice.
A negotiator may guaranty the payment of a
note at maturity, and the purchaser will have the
advantages of an indorsement without its disad-
Vantages.
In case a holder begins a suit against an in-
dorser, the beginner cannot be allowed to strike
out the name of any one who has indorsed before
the defendant.
If an indorsement be stricken out through mis-
take of a holder, he may restore it. If he strikes
it out on purpose, the indorser is released from
all obligation.
A purchaser of a bill or note may prudently
insist on a waiver of demand, protest and notice,
at the time of the transfer, especially when the
indorser lives at a distance.
A person receiving a note under a blank in-
dorsement, or when drawn payable to bearer,
he is, on first view the holder, and entitled to
recover the amount due on the note.
A payee who parts with a note for value by in-
dorsement, has no further interest in it other
than its payment at maturity by the maker, so as
to save him harmless.
Where a person puts his name on the back of
an instrument on demand or on time, at the time
of its inception, he is liable, not as indorser, but
as original promisor.
A person that transfers by delivery, and not by
indorsement, a bill of exchange or promissory
note made payable to bearer, does not render
himself liable on the bill or note to the person
who receives it.
An indorser of a note is entitled to notice when
it is due, in order to hold him for payment. If
an indorser chooses, he may waive notice before
maturity of the paper by writing, “I waive no-
tice.”
A holder's right of action arises at once when
a bill is dishonored. The drawee's refusal to
accept involves the breaking of the contract,
Since, by the act of drawing and indorsing, the
drawer and indorser guaranty acceptance.
An indorser must be motified whether a drawer
is entitled to notice or not. Even if the other
parties are guilty of fraud, that would not deprive
the indorser of his right to proper notice, unless
he is guilty of fraud himself.
Paper that is indorsed solely for the accommo-
dation of another, is called accommodation pa-
per. If the maker, drawer, indorser or acceptor
is compelled to pay such paper, he may recover
the amount, together with costs, from the accom-
modated party.
Notice of the dishonor of a bill must be given,
even if the drawee be dead. The holder will not
be excused from giving notice on account of the
death of the drawer or indorser. In such cases
he must use due diligence, if necessary, in giving
notice to the surviving representatives. t
A lost bill or note must be described with cer-
tainty, or a copy of it must be shown. When a
demand is made on a lost note, a bond of indem-
nity must be executed and tendered to the party
on whom demand is made; otherwise the remedy
on drawer or indorser will be lost.
A bill or note is not finally discharged when
paid by an indorser, except in respect to subse-
quent indorsers. It is not extinguished until
paid by the maker in case of a note, or acceptor
in case of a bill. Hence an indorser who takes
up a dishonored note or bill, may put it again in
circulation; whereas, if paid by or on behalf of
maker or acceptor, it is no longer negotiable.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
513
A check drawn payable to James Smith, or
bearer, may be transferred to any other person,
by handing it over as if it were a bank bill. If
the word “order” instead of “bearer” were Writ-
ten, the one who is to receive pay must put his
name on the back in order to transfer it to an-
other; then the payee becomes indorser, and the
person receiving it from him indorsee. The check
may be indorsed thereafter by many parties, as
in the case of a bill of exchange or promissory
note.
A maker or acceptor of a note or bill, before
paying it, should know that the indorsements are
genuine. If indorsed in blank, to know that the
payee's indorsement is genuine. The holder can
not acquire any title through a forged paper, no
matter how many indorsers there are. The
holder's title arises through the first indorser,
and hence the maker or acceptor is protected in
making payment, as if the paper were payable to
a certain person or order.
A negotiable note that is properly transferred
to an innocent holder for value before it is due,
may be collected by the holder without regard to
the rights and equities which existed as between
the original parties. A negotiable paper that is
transferred after it has become due, is taken by
a purchaser at his own peril. Though negotiable
as before maturity, the party takes it subject to
every defense existing against it in the hands of
the holder when it matured. Over-due paper is
considered payable within a reasonable time, on
demand, when it is transferred.
Laws Relating to Drafts and Bills of Exchange.
As in the case of a promissory note, no par-
ticular form is necessary to a draft or bill of ex-
change. Most of the rules which apply to notes,
bear the same relation to bills of exchange.
At any time before a bill becomes due, the
holder may present it to the drawee for accept-
ance, which must, in case of an inland bill, be by
Writing on the instrument; but in case of a for-
eign one, it may be either written or verbal, but
it is to be regretted that anything short of the
usual regular and proper mode of acceptance in
Writing should, under any circumstances, be con-
sidered an acceptance.
After an acceptance, if a bill be not paid on
arriving at maturity, the holder has a right of
action against any, or either, of the parties whose
names appear thereon antecedently to his ; but
such right is subject to the condition that he
shall have presented it to the drawee on the day
it became due, and that he gave reasonable notice
of its dishonor or non-payment; that is, under
ordinary circumstances, notice on the following
day, or, to persons not residing in the same town,
by the post of that day, or in case of a foreign
bill, by the next ordinary post or conveyance, to
all the parties whom he intends to charge, or at
least to him whose name was last placed on the
bill, in order that the latter may give the like no-
tice to the party next before him; and so in
succession, each party being allowed, in turn, a
similar time for the purpose.
An original payee can only resort to the drawer.
If the drawee refuse acceptance—the law will
imply a refusal unless he accepts at once, or
within twenty-four hours after the bill is left with
him for that purpose—the drawer and indorsers
are liable to make immediate payment, though
the bill has not arrived at maturity; but notice
of the non-acceptance must be given, as before
stated, in reference to the case of non-payment.
After this notice the holder may hold it, and pre-
sent it for payment when it comes to maturity,
without waiving his right of recourse against the
other parties.
A bill need not be presented for acceptance,
unless it be drawn payable at a specified time
after sight or after demand.
Where the ceremony of presentment for accep-
tance is (except in the cases last mentioned)
omitted, the bill must be presented for payment,
and the same law of proceeding against the
drawer and indorsers will then apply, as already
stated in reference to the case where an accepted
bill is presented for payment.
The most common form of a bill of exchange is
for the drawer to address it to the intended payer
or acceptor, Who accepts it at once. It then be-
comes subject to all the incidents above men-
tioned in the case of an accepted bill.
It is always safest to protest a bill after its
acceptance is refused.
After a bill has been protested for want of ac-
ceptance or payment, it may be accepted supra
protest by a party not on the bill, to save the
honor of the drawer or a particular indorser.
33
514
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Two Or more persons may become acceptors supra
protest for the honor of different individuals. An
acceptor supra protest is bound to pay the bill if
it is not paid by the drawee. *
Any material alteration of a bill of exchange
Vitiates the bill, and it cannot be legally enforced
against any of the parties, unless the alteration
be made before the bill is accepted, and also be-
fore it has passed out of the hands of the drawer.
Thus, if a bill be left for acceptance by the
drawer, and the drawee alter the note, either
time or amount of the bill, and then accept it,
the alteration does not affect the validity of the
bill; but if it be left for acceptance by a third
party, and the drawee then alters and accepts the
bill, the bill is vitiated.
Any alteration in the date, sum, time, name of
drawee or payee, or appointing a new place of
payment, is a material alteration. But any
alteration made with the view of correcting a
mistake, does not vitiate a bill, provided it be
made with the concurrence of all the parties.
If a drawee accepts a bill, and before he gives
the bill out of his possession, corrects his accep-
tance, he cannot be compelled to pay it.
A bill given for an illegal consideration cannot
be enforced by the drawer, but it may be enforced
by an innocent holder, who had no knowledge of
the illegal consideration, and who received the
bill before it was due.
The principal illegal considerations are those
arising from usury, gambling and Smuggling.
A person under 21 years of age, whether ac-
ceptor, drawer or indorser of a bill of exchange,
cannot be sued at law and compelled to pay; but
if he draw a bill and transfer it to the third person,
the third party may sue and collect of the ac-
ceptor.
If a banker or other person should receive a bill
by post, they would not be required to present it
until the next day.
The holder of a bill pryable on demand, has
the whole of the banking hours of the next day
after he receives such bill, within which to pre-
sent it.
A finder of negotiable paper is under obliga-
tions to make reasonable efforts to discover the
owner, and cannot use the property found until
he has failed in his efforts. If he conceals the fact
of finding, and appropriates the thing found to his
own use, he may be charged with larceny or theft.
Where it is evident that words are wanting in
a bill, such as are deemed necessary may be in-
Serted afterward, and if any question is raised
Over them, the jury will decide it. Misspelled
Words will not lessen the force of the bill.
If a draft is drawn on two persons who are
partners, it should be presented to each, as in
this instance one cannot bind the other; but if
drawn on the firm, it may be accepted by either
one of the members.
If the drawee of a draft fails or refuses to pay
it in accordance with the terms, the holder can
come upon the drawer for payment.
Letters of Credit,
Tourists in foreign lands, and Americans travel-
ing abroad on business, have been the means of
calling into existence in this country Letters of
Credit. To carry the necessary amount of money
for one or more years' journey would not only be
inconvenient to the tourist, but unsafe, and in
every new country with a different coinage, this
money would need to be exchanged for current
funds at a broker's office, another inconvenience
and an expense.
Bills of exchange are not suited to the traveler's
needs, as he must be identified at any bank where
he desires to cash a bill of exchange, and in a
strange land this is troublesome, if not impos-
sible. Not only so, but he must draw all the
money called for by the bill of exchange at One
time. Thus, a traveler from America, having a
bill of exchange on Paris for 5,000 francs, must
draw the amount when he arrives in Paris, and
then, if he expects to visit Berlin, he may buy a
bill on Berlin. But this entails an extra expense
for exchange. And even if our American banks
could sell the traveler a separate bill of exchange
on London, another on Paris, another on Berlin,
Rome, Constantinople, and all the principal cities
of the Orient, this might prove an inconvenience
to the traveler, as it would limit his expenditures
in each city, if it did not decide the length of his
stay. And it would be about impossible to pro-
vide against this on a long journey, by any fore-
cast or calculation.
The Letter of Credit as adopted by our banks
at the present time, obviates all these difficulties,
and places the funds of the traveler as much at
his disposal, wherever he may be, as though he
were at home near his own bank.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
515
The method of managing the finances on a
foreign trip is about as follows: Having decided
upon the amount of money necessary for the
journey, the would-be tourist steps into any bank
Where Letters of Credit are sold, either in his own
town or in the large cities, and purchases a letter
of credit similar to the form below, payable in
pounds, in London, and addressed to a number
of banks and bankers in all parts of the world,
whose names will appear on the back of the letter.
The bank here then immediately notifies the
London bank that such a letter has been issued,
and for the issue of the letter the banks usually
charge a small fee.
Armed with this document, he proceeds to Lon-
don, and there finding his funds becoming short,
he goes to the City Bank, or to any other bank
as Well, and draws a draft on the City Bank of
London, payable to himself and signed by him-
self, for whatever sum he may need, just as a
depositor draws a check. The bank compares
the handwriting and signature at the bottom of
the Letter of Credit, and if genuine, the amount
is indorsed on the back of the Letter of Credit,
and the money is paid over, after deducting a
commission of two per cent. In Paris, Rome,
Constantinople, India or Australia, whenever the
tourist needs funds, he repeats the above opera-
tion of drawing on the City Bank of London, and
the money is paid over to him, less the commis-
sion and five per cent interest for the time required
in collecting the draft in London.
The drafts, as they are drawn, are sent at once
to the City Bank of London for collection, and
are then charged to the account of the First
National Bank of Springfield. When the last
draft is drawn by the tourist, wherever he may
then be, the Letter of Credit is returned with it.
Should the traveler complete his journey and
return home without drawing the entire amount
of the Letter of Credit, he may present if at the
bank where it was purchased, and receive the
unpaid remainder.
Letter of Credit.
First National Bank of Springfield.
Špziwgfic ſo, #!/wwows, §ſtaff 16, 1884.
@entlemen: £his ſette witt 60 ſhiesented to you fly
§ & ſandſ, in whose favot we dog to often a ctedit with you collectiveſ,
for the sum of ºve &fundred &bund, Stetting, to which extent ſo heasad
to futnisſ, hayment, in sums as tequited insetiffing the amount so had
on the back of this ſettei. Jn wimſuisement you will take ſº, daft on
the Çity &amſ of £ondon, ins etting thetein the date and numbet of this
cºedit, which we engage ºftaff meet with due honot.
Vout chaºye, ate to be haid by the ſcate; howof
*questiny for ſºm yout ſet attention, we have the honot to 4,
@entlemen, -
Jout offedent getvant,
& & Zedºe, Çaºffſet.
Sºo. 1673.

Sº 500
This letter is in force until January 1, 1835.
This letter must be returned with the last draft.
Signature Qſ & 2%3. ź. .
516
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
*THE I:HIEAEII HDIARII IIF TRAIIE++
-º-e
o-Cº-
HOW FORTUNES ARE MADE AND LOST IN AN HOUR,
One of the most important and influential in-
stitutions of this continent, and, in fact, of the
whole commercial world, is the Board of Trade
of the city of Chicago. Standing, as it were, in
the natural gateway where producers and con-
Sumers of breadstuffs must meet for purposes of
exchange, it becomes the medium through which
the wants of each class are most readily made
known to each other. Perhaps the volume of its
transactions can be better realized when we say
that this association has received, sold and for-
warded more than one hundred and fifty millions
of bushels of grain in a single year, in addition
to mill product, such as flour, middlings, mixed
feed, meal, bran, shorts and screenings. It has
also become a large exchange for field seeds, such
as clover, timothy, hungarian, millet and flax
Seed. Another large branch of its trade is in hog
product, embracing mess pork, hams, bacon,
dry-salted middles, and lard. There are thou-
sands of persons who transact business occa-
sionally through some of the commission mer-
chants of the Board of Trade, yet who do not
feel familiar with the rules and customs which
must govern the transactions made by their ap-
pointed agents.
Objects.
The objects of the association are: To main-
tain a commercial exchange; to promote uni-
formity in the customs and usages of merchants;
to inculcate principles of justice and equity in
trade; to facilitate the speedy adjustment of
business disputes; to acquire and disseminate
valuable commercial and economic information,
and generally to Secure to its members the bene-
fits of co-operation in the furtherance of their
legitimate pursuits,
Early Organization
During the years 1848 and 1849 the Board was
a voluntary organization; from 1850 to 1859, it
of the State of Illinois. Since early in 1859 it
has remained under a special charter granted by
the Legislature in February of that year.
This association was incorporated by an Act
of Congress, approved February 18, 1859, and
empowered to “sue and be sued; to receive, hold
and dispose of property; to have a common seal;
and to make such rules, regulations and by-laws
from time to time as they may think proper or
necessary for the government of the corporation,
not contrary to the laws of the land.” It is
granted the power to “constitute
Committees of Arbitration and Appeal
for the settlement of such matters of difference as
may be voluntarily submitted for arbitration by
members of the association, or by other persons
not members thereof; the acting chairman of
either of said committees, when sitting as arbi-
trators, may administer oaths to the parties and
witnesses, and issue subpoenas and attachments
compelling the attendance of witnesses, the same
as justices of the peace, and, in like manner, di-
directed to any constable to execute.”
“When the submission of any case shall have
been made in writing to the Arbitration Commit-
tee, and a final award shall have been rendered,
and no appeal taken within the time fixed by the
by-laws (two business days after such award shall
have been delivered to the parties in controversy),
then, on filing such award and Submission with
the clerk of the circuit court, an execution may
issue upon such award as if it were a judgment
rendered in the circuit court, and such award
shall thenceforth have the force and effect of Such
a judgment, and shall be entered upon the judg-
ment docket of said court.”
The association is authorized to elect or ap-
point its officers, inspectors, gaugers and weigh-
ers (whose certificates as to quality or quantity
of any article of produce or traffic commonly deals
in by the members of the corporation, shall be
was organized under a general incorporation law | binding evidence between buyers and Sellers who
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
51*
have required or assented to the employment of
such appointee), and may require proper bonds
for the faithful discharge of the duties of such
persons, the President or Secretary to administer
the oath of office.
Officers.
The government of the Board of Trade is vested
in the President, two Vice-Presidents, and fifteen
Directors. The President holds his office for the
term of one year, the Vice-Presidents two years,
and the Directors three years each. The Presi-
dent, one Vice-President and five Directors are
elected annually, by ballot, on the first Monday
after the second day of January, between the
hours of ten o'clock A. M. and two o'clock P. M.,
in the Exchange Hall.
The Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Treasurer,
Gaugers, Weighers, and Inspectors of provisions,
flour, hay, lumber, etc., are appointed by the
Board of Directors on the first Tuesday succeed-
ing the annual election, and hold office for one
year. The Standing Committees are, upon the
nomination of the President, appointed by the
Board of Directors from their own number. The
Inspection Committees, for the purpose of having
the proper branches of trade represented, may be
selected in part or wholly from the other mem-
bers of the association. These committees are
as follows;
Executive, consisting of three members.
On finance, consisting of three members.
On membership, consisting of three members.
On rooms, consisting of three members.
On market reports, consisting of three members.
On provision inspection, consisting of five
members.
On flour inspection, consisting of five members.
On flax-seed inspection, consisting of five
members.
On other inspection, consisting of three mem-
bers.
On commercial building, consisting of three
members.
On rules, consisting of five members.
On legal advice, consisting of three members.
On transportation, consisting of three mem-
bers.
On Warehouses, consisting of three members.
On Weighing, consisting of three members.
On commissions, consisting of three members.
On distilled spirits, consisting of three members.
On meteorological observations, consisting of
three members.
On miscellaneous business, three members.
The Board of Directors appoint, annually, an
Inspector and Register of Provisions, an Inspec-
tor, each, of flour, flaxseed, hay and sample
grain, the duty of the latter being merely to de-
termine whether the grain is fully equal in quality
to the sellers's sample, and uniform throughout
the car or vessel when delivered. They also ap-
point a Weigher of Packing-house Product, and
a Weigher of other commodities. The General
Rules provide, however, that the employment of
these appointees is not compulsory.
Visitors
may be introduced to the Exchange Rooms, pro-
vided that they are not residents of, or located in
business in, the city of Chicago. No such per-
son, however, is permitted to negotiate or trans-
act any business in the Exchange Rooms.
Practical Workings.
In order to make our readers acquainted with
the practical workings of the Board of Trade, we
called at the office of a member, and requested to
be introduced on 'change during business hours.
Our guide readily complied with our request, and
our tour of inquiry commenced.
The member said: “This is the open market,
wherein all our trades are made. Each group of
traders has its invariable location, assigned by
the Room Committee, and orders for grain, pro-
visions or flour can be executed at once, without
error or confusion, by going among those who are
trading in the product you desire to buy or sell.
Thus the telegraph messengers can deliver our
dispatches promptly, and the result of the order
made known by an almost immediate reply by
WII’é.
“The contracts for future delivery are made in
the amphitheatres, or pits, as we call them, in
the centre of the room, and the sample of car-
lots on track, or to arrive, are shown upon the,
tables near the windows, where they get the best
light. When you entered the hall a moment ago,
no doubt you wondered how we could do business
where all seemed confusion, but you see now.
what a perfect system exists.”
518
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
“Supposing that we were farmers or grain buy-
ers,” We asked ; “how, and upon what terms,
could we sell our grain upon this market?”
“If you wrote me in the fall from some location
Where corn was plenty,” he answered, “and said
that you intended to buy and crib corn for ship-
ment to our market, I should reply that we would
receive the grain at the out-station of the rail-
road, and after sampling each car load and
placing our value upon it, based upon the imme-
diate condition of the market, we should either
exhibit the ſample on 'change, and sell to some
One who was forwarding corn to Eastern markets
by rail, or else send the corn to the elevator to be
stored, and should sell it by grade.”
“But new corn is not sufficiently dry in the
fall, and usually brings a higher price in the fol-
lowing summer. Suppose our cash capital be-
came exhausted in purchases, upon what terms
could we borrow, in order to hold our corn for an
advance in price?”
“You would issue warehouse or crib receipts,
stipulating that you owned a given number of
bushels of corn, stored in a given location;
that you would keep such grain fully insured;
that you would ship it to me when called for; and
that you would pay freight, shelling, if any, com-
mission when sold, and interest on advances
made. I would thereupon loan you the value of
the corn, less reasonable margin for decline in
value, in case of a temporary adverse market.”
“With such an obligation outstanding, how
could we sell our grain in case of an advance in
the market 2'
“You could ship it to me at any time, and
could refund the loan at your pleasure from the
proceeds, or could sell for future delivery, and
ship the corn to fill the contract at the date there-
in specified. For instance, if you cribbed corn
in October which would cost you fifty cents per
bushel delivered at Chicago, and in December our
market should reach sixty cents per bushel (to be
delivered in elevator here any day during the fol-
lowing May, at your convenience, or “seller's
option May,” as we say), you could instruct me
to make such a contract, and at once have a
profit of ten cents per bushel Secured.”
“And what if corn should advance further?”
“Ship the grain and fill the contract, as your
profit would be a good one.”
“Would a decline be of any damage to our in-
terests 2'"
“Quite the contrary. If, during the stringency
of the money market, which is usual early in
January, the price of corn for May delivery
should drop to fifty-five cents, and you believe in
eventually higher prices, you could purchase
contracts any day to fill your sixty-cent sale, and
hold your corn in the country to resell for
June or July delivery whenever an ‘upturn'
Came. In this way you would have gained five
cents per bushel, less one-fourth cent commis-
Sion, making the original corn 45} cents here,
instead of fifty cents.”
“But does any one ever make much money in
this way? We have known shippers to lose
heavily sometimes. How is it?”
“Such cases are where the party sells more
than he is able to deliver, and is obliged to buy
other corn at a higher price to fill his contracts;
or where his grain ‘misses contract grade' on
account of dampness, rot, dirt, or other cause,
and must be sold at a loss. In this case, again,
he is obliged to buy sound grain with which to
fill his contracts, all of which are made for No.
2 quality, whatever the variety of grain.”
“But here must be a prolific source of dif-
ficulty. Who fixes the grade of the grain 2’”
“That is done by inspectors appointed by the
State Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis-
sioners,” said the dealer, “and is entirely be-
yond the control of the Board of Trade, or any of
its members. Here is a copy of the rules we are
now working under, which have been found to be
very satisfactory to both sellers and buyers.”
Rules Governing Inspection of Grain in Illinois.
The following are the rules adopted by the
Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis-
sioners, establishing a proper number and stand-
ard of grades for the inspection of grain, as re-
vised by them; the same to take effect on and
after the 2d day of April, 1883, in lieu of all rules
on the same subject heretofore existing.
RULE I–WINTER WHEAT.
No. 1 White Winter Wheat shall be pure White Winter Wheat,
sound, plump and well cleaned.
No. 2 White Winter Wheat shall be White Winter Wheat,
sound and reasonably clean.
No. 3 White Winter Wheat shall include White Winter Wheat
not clean and plump enough for No. 2, but weighing not less
than 54 pounds to the measured bushel.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
519
Rejected White Winter Wheat shall include White Winter
Wheat damp, musty, or from any cause so badly damaged
as to render it unfit for No. 3.
No. 1 Long Red Winter Wheat shall be pure Red Winter
Wheat of the long berried varieties; sound, plump and well-
Cleaned.
No. 2 Long Red Winter Wheat shall be of the same varieties
a8 No. 1, Sound and reasonably clean.
Turkish Winter Wheat—The grades of Nos.1 and 2 Turkish
Winter Wheat shall correspond with the grades of Nos. 1 and
2 Red Winter Wheat, except that they shall be of the Turkish
Variety.
Mo. 1 Red Wºrv/er Wheat shall be pure Red Winter Wheat of
both light and dark colors of the shorter berried varieties;
sound, plump and well cleaned.
No. 2 Red Winter Wheat shall be Red Winter Wheat of both
light and dark colors; Sound and reasonably clean.
No. 3 Red Winter Wheat shall include Red Winter Wheat not
Clean and plump enough for No. 2, but weighing not less than
54 pounds to the measured bushel.
Ičejected Red Winter Wheat shall include Red Winter Wheat
damp, musty, or from any cause so badly damaged as to ren-
der it unfit for No. 3.
In case of the mixture of Red and White Winter Wheat, it
shall be graded according to the quality thereof (but not above
No. 2, ) and Classed with the variety which predominates in the
mixture.
This rule shall be in force on and after April 2, 1883; but it is
provided that all wheat in store on said date, inspected in
under the rule hereby amended, shall be inspected out in
accordance with the provisions of said rule in force when in-
Spected in.
RULE II-SPRING WHEAT.
No. 1 Hard Spring Wheat shall be sound, plump and well
cleaned.
Mo. 2 Hard Spring Wheat shall be sound, reasonably clean,
and of good milling quality.
No. 1 Spring Wheat shall be sound, plump and well cleaned.
No. 2 Spring Wheat shall be sound, reasonably clean, and of
good milling quality.
No. 3 Sprint) Wheat shall include all inferior, shrunken or
dirty Spring Wheat, weighing not less than 53 pounds to the
measured bushel.
Rejected Spring Wheat shall include Spring Wheat damp,
musty, grown, badly bleached, or for any other cause which
renders it unfit for No. 3.
In case of the mixture of Spring Wheat and Winter Wheat
if equal or Superior to No. 2, it shall be graded as Mixed Wheat,
ace ording to the quality thereof, and if inferior to No. 2, it
shall bo graded as Spring Wheat, according to the quality
thereof.
Black Sea and Flinty Pfife Wheat shall in no case be in-
spected higher than No. 2, and Rice Wheat no higher than
Rejected.
RULE III–CORN.
No. 1 Yellow Corm shall be yellow, sound, dry, plump and
Well Gleaned.
Mo. 1 White Corm shall be White, sound, dry, plump and well
cleaned.
IVo. 1 Corm shall be sound, dry, plump and Well cleaned,
white and yellow, unmixed With red.
High Mia!ed Corn shall be three-quarters yellow, and equal
to No. 2 in condition and quality.
No. 2 Corra shall be dry, reasonably clean, but not plump
enough for No. 1.
No, ‘2 Kiln-I**ed ſºorºo shall be sound, plump and well
cleaned, white or yellow . .ail kiln-dried Coxil 11ot good enough
for No. 2 kiln-dried shall be graded as rejected kiln-dried Corn.
New High Mia!ed Corn shall be three-fourths yellow of any
age, and reasonably dry and reasonably clean, but not suffi-
eiently dry for High-Mixed or No. 2.
New Mized Corn may he less than three-fourths yellow of
any age, and shall be reasonably dry and reasonably clean,
but not sufficiently dry for No. 2.
Rejected—All damp, dirty, or otherwise badly damaged Corn,
shall be graded as Rejected.
RUILE IV—OATS.
No. 1 Oaſs shall be white, sound, clean, and reasonably free
from other grain.
No. 2 White (Jats shall be three-quarters white, and equal to
No. 2 in all other respects.
No. 2 Oats shall be sound, reasonably clean, and reasonably
free from other grain.
Rejected—All Oats damp, unsound, dirty or from any other
cause unflt for No. 2, shall be graied as Rejected.
R U LE V–RYE,
No. 1 Rye shall be sound, plump, and well cleaned.
No. 2 Rye shall be sound, reasonably clean, and reasonably
free from other grains.
Ifejected—All Rye damp, musty, dirty, or from any cause
unfit for No. 2, shall be graded as rejected.
RULE VI–IBARLEY.
No. 1 Barley shall be plump, bright, clean, and free from
Other grain.
No. 2 Barley shall be sound, of healthy color, bright or but
slightly stained, not plump enough for No. 1, reasonably clean
and reasonably free from other grain.
No. 3 Barley shall include slightly shrunken and otherwise
slightly damaged Barley, not good enough for No. 2.
Mo. 4 Barley shall include all Barley fit for malting purposes,
not good enough for No. 3.
JNo. 5 Barley shall include all Barley which is badly damaged
or for any cause unfit for malting purposes, except that Barley
which has been chemically treated shall not be graded at all.
Scotch Barley—The grades of Nos. 1, 2 and 3 Scotch Barley
shall correspond in all respects with the grades of Nos. 1, 2 and
3 Barley, except that they shall be of the Scotch variety.
This rule shall be in force on and after December 15, 1882, but
it is provided that all Barley in store on said date, inspected
in under the rule hereby amended, shall be inspected out in
accordance with the provisions of said rule.
RULE VII.
The Word “new” shall be inserted in each certificate of in-
Spection of a newly harvested crop of Oats until the 15th of
August, of Rye until the 1st day of September, of Wheat until
the 1st day of November, and of Barley until the 1st day of
May, of each year. This change shall be construed as estab-
lishing a new grade for the time specified, to conform in every
particular to the existing grades of grain excepting the dis-
tinction of “new” and “Old.”
RULE VIII.
All grain that is Warm, or that is in a heating condition, is
otherwise unfit for Warehousing, shall not be graded.
RULE IX.
All inspectors shall make their reasons for grading grain,
when necessary, fully known by notations on their books. The
weight alone shall not determine the grade.
RULE X.
Each inspector is required to ascertain the weight per meas-
ured bushel of each lot of Wheat inspected by him, and note
the same on his book.
Any person who shall assume to act as an Inspector of
Grain, who has not flrst been so appointed and sworn, shall
be held to be an imposter, and shall be punished by a flne of
not less than $50 nor more than $100 for each and every attempt
to so inspect grain, to be recovered before a Justice of the
Peace.
520
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Any duly authorized Inspector of Grain who shall be guilty
of neglect of duty, or who shall knowingly or carelessly in-
Spect or grade any Grain improperly, or Who shall accept any
money Or Other consideration, directly or indirectly, for any
neglect of duty, or the improper performance of any duty as
Inspector of grain, and any person who shall improperly in-
fluence any Inspector of Grain in the performance of his duties
as such inspector, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
and on Conviction, shall be fined in a sum of not less than $100
nor more than $1,000, in the discretion of the court, or shall be
imprisoned in the county jaſi no less than three nor more than
twelve months, or both, in the discretion of the court.
The said Chief Inspector, and all persons inspecting grain
under his direction, shall in no case make the grade of the
grain above that of the poorest quality found in any lot of
grain inspected, when it has evidently been “plugged” or
otherwise improperly ſoaded for the purpose of deception.
Wheat which has been subjected to “scouring,” or to any pro-
cess equivalent thereto, shall not be graded higher than No. 3.
All persons employed in the inspection of grain shall report
all attempts to defraud the system of Grain Inspection as
established by law. They shall also report to the said Chief In-
Spector, in Writing, all instances where warehousemen deliver,
or attempt to deliver, grain of a lower grade than that called
for by the warehouse receipt. They shall also report all
attempts of receivers or shippers of grain to instruct or in any
way influence the action or opinion of the Inspector, and the
Chief Inspector shall report all such cases to the Commis-
Sioners.
Tho Said Chief Inspector is hereby authorized to collect On
and after April 8, 1882, on all grain inspected under his direc-
tion, as follows:
For In-Inspection—30 cents per gar load, 10 cents per Wagon
or cart load, 25 cents per 1,000 bushels from canal boats, 4 of 1
per cent. per bushel from bags.
For Out-Inspection—40 cents for 1,000 bushels to vessels, 30
cents per car load to cars, 30 cents per car load to teams, or
10 cents per wagon load to teams.
The Shipping Trade.
Having seen how grain was received and in-
spected, sent to elevators to be sold in store by
grade, or held “on track” to be sold by Sample, we
turned our attention to the shippers who were ac-
tively examining and comparing the cleanliness,
dryness, weight, color and smell of the Samples on
exhibition. As a rule, the Selections are made
from grain which is almost equal in quality to
the next grade above, and hence, brings several
cents per bushel more than the market price of
the same grade in store, a part of which differ-
ence, however, is offset by storage charges.
Excepting the Small percentage of grain for
Chicago city consumption, usually delivered to
buyers on team, track, or Switched to private
warehouses or mills, the Sales by Sample are
made “free on board” buyers' cars, and are paid
for upon the sellers' presentation of invoice with
bill of lading, inspector's certificate, and weigh-
master's certificate attached. The shipper in
turn invoices his purchases to his customer, upon
whom he makes a draft with bill of lading and
certificates attached. These “shippers' documen-
tary bills of exchange” are eagerly sought by
bankers, as they are usually drawn for large sums
of money, and carry their callateral security.
If grain is bought by grade, the shipper pur-
chases warehouse receipts, which he surrenders
at the office of the elevator, duly canceled by the
State Registrar of Grain, and upon payment of
storage charges, receives an order for the de-
livery of the grain to such transportation agent
as he may designate. The cars or vessels are
then ordered sent to be loaded, and generally
Several days elapse before the commercial paper
is issued, and the grain under way toward its
destination.
Careful judgment must be exercised, at certain
Seasons of the year, as to the condition of the
grain selected and the state of the weather during
transit, in order to guard against damage by heat
or must. The initial, intermediate and terminal
charges for transportation and handling of the
commodity must be carefully canvassed, if the
shipper is forwarding grain as principal, in order
to determine which locality affords the most
profitable market.
The Speculative Trade.
Again we asked our guide to explain the modus
operandi of the speculators, whose enormous ag-
gregate transactions exert such a powerful influ-
ence upon values as not infrequently to turn aside
the tide of commerce, and for a time completely
nullify the ordinary demand and supply. In re-
ply, he said:
“Suppose that in November mess pork is offered
at $18 per barrel for delivery in January, and
you believe that on account of a scarcity of hogs
or the high price of corn, pork will soon command
a higher figure. You direct your commission
merchant to buy five hundred barrels, depositing
$500 as a margin to secure him against loss.
Now, if at any time between the date of purchase
and the last day of January, pork should advance
to $20 per barrel for January delivery, you could
order its sale, and at once receive your margin and
the profit arising from the transaction.”
“But,” we suggested, “as a matter of fact, we
consider $18 per barrel too high, as a rule, for
mess pork.”
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
521
“In that case,” said the member, “you would
be ‘bearish,” as we say, and would sell the five
hundred barrels for delivery during January, or
some other future month, and await a period of
depression in prices during which to buy the pork
for delivery upon your contracts. This is what
we call ‘selling short,' because you contract to
deliver that of which you are not, as yet, fully
posssesed, although you have the means of be-
coming so at any time.”
“Of course, we cannot doubt the propriety of
the sale of any commodity by its possessor, but is
it legitimate or right for one to contract to de-
liver that which he does not own 2''
“Perfectly so,” responded the member. “If
you go to the Palmer House and engage a month's
board, you do not question the morality or le-
gality of the arrangement, and yet the proprietor
thereby agrees to deliver you a given...amount of
provisions (what one person can consume) at a
given price, in a given manner, and within a
specified time. You do not for a moment Sup-
pose, however, that he possesses all that he has
contracted to deliver, nor do you question his
perfect right to buy when and where he pleases
in order to fulfill the contract. Again, as a par-
allel, if the market prices of flour, meat, vegeta-
bles, fuel, rent or hired labor should advance
during that month, the hotel proprietor would
suffer a shrinkage in profit, or might even have
to “buy in his shorts' at an actual loss. On the
other hand, a general decline would result to his
benefit. The farmer, also, who agrees with his
grocer to deliver butter at a given price the ‘year
'round,' is a short seller, and the essence of his
contraet is precisely the same as those we make
on the Board.”
“Toward which side of the market do specula-
tors usually incline 2"
“They are pretty evenly divided. Some men
are so constituted that, even though they be-
lieved a large decline imminent, they would rather
wait and buy when an upturn started than to ‘sell
short.” Others are ‘chronic bears,’ and never
buy anything except to fill outstanding contracts.
Still another class of traders are without preju-
dice, and turn from the ‘long' to the ‘short’ side
of the market almost daily, and sometimes sev-
eral times a day, if following the fluctuations
closely. This latter class we call ‘scalpers.”
–-mºssº
Speculators of small or moderate means are gen-
erally ‘bears.’ The annual charge for storing grain
of any kind in Chicago, amounts to about 17 cents
per bushel; of pork, 72 cents per barrel; of lard,
96 cents per tierce; and of meat, 60 cents per
100 pounds. These charges, as also interest, in-
surance and shrinkage, have to be paid by the
holders of the actual property; hence, in Selling,
they add these items to the cost, as a basis for
fixing future prices. The short seller gains all
these items clear, even though the price of the
commodity remains unchanged. For example,
suppose that on May 1st, No. 2 wheat is selling
for $1.00 per bushel, spot delivery. It would cost
per bushel 3c for storage, Éc for insurance and
1}c for interest, to hold it until July 1st, or, in
all, nearly 5c per bushel. Now suppose that on
May 1st you sold about five thousand bushels of
July wheat at $1.05, and that, on July 1st, No. 2
wheat was still being received and sold at $1.00
per bushel, spot delivery, you could fill your con-
tract and gain the ‘carrying charges,' which the
holders during that period would lose. So that
if a man bought corn in store at 50 cents per
bushel and held it a year, he would have to sell
at 70 cents to cover storage and insurance charges,
and at 74 cents to make him eight per cent on his
investment.”
9
“If this showing be true,” we suggested, “why
do not all speculators “go short on futures 2'"
“Because the natural laws of supply and de-
mand step in and say, ‘Thus far, and no further.’
There always comes a time when the great pro-
ducts of the country are in demand for actual
use, and the conservative, moneyed merchants
Who believe that prices are unnaturally depressed
by tightness of money or general ‘bear' specula-
tion, come forward and purchase as much as their
trade will require for a season, and wait for an
advance. Such men also frequently have a large
following of speculative friends who operate simi-
larly, and sometimes jointly, and thus enormous
quantities of pork, lard or grain become centered
in a few hands, and the result is frequently
A “Cornered’ Market.
This state of commercial affairs results, in rare
instances, by accident. If, for instance, a serious
disaster to crops or a general European war were
threatened, two hundred men in different parts
j-2
AN FNCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
of the United States, who were entirely un-
known to one another, might each order his
commission merchant to contract in Chicago for
50,000 bushels of wheat for July delivery, and
forward the grain to New York as fast as received.
Thus an aggregate of 10,000,000 bushels would be
engrossed, and if but 5,000,000 bushels of No. 2
Wheat could be delivered according to agreement,
the ‘shorts' would probably bid the market up to
an extravagant figure in the settlement of their
contracts. Often the price paid is as much as at
the Seaboard, and sometimes European prices
are demanded.
“A corner is usually the result of weeks or
months of shrewd planning, and intent watching
for a favorable opportunity to spring the trap
upon the unwary. Some mistaken persons argue
that corners in grain and provisions are a benefit
to purchasers, inasmuch as they temporarily en-
hance the price of produce, and make farming
more profitable. The same might be said of an
internal war, and yet no same man would suggest
a war as a blessing.
“Corners are seldom attempted until the par-
ticular product has passed largely from first
hands, so that the high prices attained do not
benefit the producer, but only tend to stimulate
an over-production of the next succeeding crop,
and the result is a reaction to market prices much
lower than actual values. Legitimate trade having
been stifled or driven elsewhere for a time, is
timid and slow to return, and a period;of unnatu-
ral depression follows.
“That corners are abhorent to law, is indispu-
table. The Roman law made the engrossing or
‘cornering' of any kind of provision a crime, and
punishable by a fine. In the English common
law, “engrossing' the market is described by
Blackstone as ‘getting into one's possession or
buying up large quantities of corn, or other dead
victual, with intent to sell them again at an un-
reasonable price, and is injurious to the public,
and an offense indictable and punishable at the
common law. They have been declared by
courts to be ‘mischievous conspiracies,’ and
“frauds leveled against the public,’ and contracts
made in contemplation of them are considered
gambling contracts, and are set aside and made
utterly void by a court of equity. Under the
statute law of Illinois, whoever ‘corners’ the mar-
ket, or attempts to do so in relation to any com-
modity, shall be fined not less than $10, not
more than $1,000, or confined in the county jail
not exceeding one year, or both.' Still, with the
law so explicit and distinct, the difficulty of ob-
taining sufficient legal proof of a corner is such,
that the indictment of the persons who are sup-
posed to have operated them, has seldom been
attempted.
“There is one other form of contract which
Some of our so-called ‘best members of the Board'
still persist in making. The practice is contrary
to law, explicitly forbidden in the Exchange Hall,
under penalty, and is acknowledged to be permi-
cious by the Board as a body, and yet it is by no
means an uncommon practice for certain mem-
bers to buy and sell
Puts, Calls and Straddles.
“A ‘put' is an agreement to receive and pay for
a given amount of a certain commodity at a fixed
price, if delivered within a specified time. The
privilege is sold for a consideration, and the buyer
may deliver the commodity or not, as he may
prefer.
“A ‘call’ is an agreement to deliver a given
amount of a certain commodity at a fixed price,
if required within a specified time. The privilege
is sold for a consideration, and the buyer may
call for the commodity or not, as he may prefer.
“A “straddle' is an agreement, for a considera-
tion, to either buy or sell, (as the buyer of the
‘straddle' may elect) a given amount of a certain
commodity at a fixed price, provided that such
commodity be tendered or called for within a
specified time.
“For instance, suppose that on April 1st No. 2
corn for May delivery is selling at 55 cents per
bushel, and A sells B a “straddle' on 5,000 bush-
els, good for three days, in consideration of 1 cent
per bushel, or $50 cash in hand. Now if, during
the next three days, May corn should decline to
52 cents, B could buy 5,000 bushels and ‘put' it
(by giving notice of his intention to deliver it) to
A at 55 cents, and thus make a net profit of two
cents per bushel, including the cost of the
privſlege. If, on the other hand, May corn should
within three days advance to 57 cents, B could
sell 5,000 bushels in the market, and then ‘call’
the same amount from A at 55 cents, under the
agreement, and the transaction would show to B
a net profit of one cent per bushel.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
528
º |
“Still further, if May corn should, within those
three days, continue to fluctuate only between 54
and 56 cents, the privilege to ‘straddle the mar-
ket' would be useless, and B would receive no
equivalent for the $50 he had paid out. Thus you
see the ‘straddle' was only a wager of $50 that
the fluctuation would exceed 1 cent per bushel
from 55 cents within three days; and the law de-
clares all such to be gambling contracts, and void
on their face.”
“How do these gambling contracts vary from
the contracts which you make from day to day,
and which are legally and morally right?”
“I can best illustrate by an actual case. Here
is a contract for some wheat which I purchased
a week ago. Read it:
Form of Contract.
CHICAGO, IL.L., May 15, 1884.
A. Jones & Son have this day sold to the Springfield Milling
Company, Twenty Thousand bushels of No. 2, Red Winter
Wheat, at One Dollar and Twelve Cents per bushels in store,
to be delivered at the sellers' option during November, 1884;
deliverable in lots of Five Thousand bushels each; regular on
delivery. This contract is subjegt in all respects to the rules
and regulations of the Board of Trade of the City of Chicago.
Signed in duplicate,
20,000 Bus.
No. 2 #: *Wheat: ###Nārśilling co.
Per JOHN BURCH, Agt.
“Now you will notice,” said the broker, “that
I have bought the grain in good faith, and for its
legitimate purpose. The seller may have it now
in store, or he may intend to deliver it after his
growing crop is harvested, or he may be ‘selling
short' for a speculation, expecting to buy of some
one else before the maturity of our contract, at a
price that will pay him a profit. As for myself,
if, in a few weeks, Red Winter Wheat should ad-
vance in Chicago, say to $1.20, and at the same
time was offered in New York City at $1.30, and
the freight was 15 cents per bushel from here to
New York, I should sell my 20,000 bushels here,
and buy the same in New York, and thus save 5
cents per bushel.”
“And yet the courts sometimes decline to pass
judgment for damages for non-fulfillment of your
‘options,' on the ground that they are gambling
contracts.” S
“Never Wºhere the case is presented as it actu-
ally exists,” the member explained. “That word
‘option' puzzles some well-read lawyers and ex-
cellent judges a good deal. They confuse the
ideas of ‘puts' and calls' (where the seller may
deliver or not, and the buyer may receive or mot.)
with our perfectly valid contract, in which the
only option possible or intended is the day, during
a given month, on which the Seller may choose
to deliver the property. I have heretofore ex-
plained that no trade is ever made upon the Board
in which both buyer and seller agree that no
property shall pass, but the difference be settled
in money, and therefore, none of our trades can
be set aside as 'gambling contracts,' unless made
in contemplation of a ‘corner.’
“Although contracts for future delivery of any
commodity at the buyer's demand as to time,
within a specified period, are permissible under
our rules, they are rarely made nowadays, but all
contracts give the seller the privilege of delivering
the property, in store, on any business day during
the specified time, between the hours of 9 and 11
o'clock A. M., by tendering the proper warehouse
receipts, or between the hours of 1:30 and 2: 15
P. M., by delivery of a notice stating in detail the
warehouse receipts proposed to be delivered, the
contract price, the net cash value (deducting extra
storage, if any,) of the property at the contract
price, and the place where such receipts may be
obtained.”
“Please explain the technical phrases in the
form of contract you have just shown us.”
“Well, firstly,” was the respone, “all our grain
trades for future delivery are made in lots of five
thousand bushels each, or multiples thereof; so,
for convenience sake, the seller is required to de-
liver my 20,000 bushels of wheat in lots of 5,000
bushels each, as I may, perhaps, have re-sold it
to four different parties in such amounts, and the
labor of sorting out the warehouse receipts for re-
delivery would be considerable.
“Secondly, by “regular delivery' we mean that
the elevator receipts tendered shall have been
issued by warehousemen of unquestioned good
financial standing and credit; that the ware-
houses shall be accessible to vessels connected
with eastern railway lines, and have modern ap-
pliances for handling grain; that such receipts
shall have been registered by the proper State
officer; that they shall have five days to run free
of storage, and that the tender shall be made at
the proper time of day, as prescribed by our
rules.
“Thirdly, the reference to the rules and regula-
tions entails observance of our requirements as
to time and mode of payment, and of procedure
in case of default in delivery, or refusal to re-
ceive, with prescribed penalties.”
524 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
GRAIN CONTRACT-SOLID.
Office el A., JONES & tºº,
SPRINGFIELD, IL.L., May 15, 1884.
A. Jones & Son (or We) have this day sold to the Springfield Milling
Company, Twenty Thousand Bushels of No. 2 Red winter wheat, at One
Dollar and Twelve Cents per bushel in shore, to be delivered at the seller’s
option during JVovember, 1884, deliverable in lots of Five Thousand
Bushels each ; regular on delivery. -
This contract is subject, in all respects, to the Rules and Regulations of the Board of Trade in the City of Chicago.
A. JONES & SON.
W0–
GRAIN CONTRACT-BOUGHT.
Office Of SPRING FIELD MILLING CO.
SPRINGFIELD, IL.L., May 15, 1884.
The Springfield JMilling Company (or We) have this day bought of
.A. Jones & Son, Twenty Thousand Bushels of No. 2 Red winter wheat, at
One Dollar and Twelve Cents per bushel, in store, to be delivered at the
seller’s option during JWovember, 1884, deliverable in lots of Five Thou-
sand bushels each ; regular on delivery,
This contract is subject, in all respects, to the Rules and Regulations of the Board of Trade in the city of Chicago.
SPRING FIELD IVIII, LING COMIPANY.
If condemned as unmerchantable when re-
ceived—For the first ten days, or parts thereof,
2 cents per bushel. For each additional five
days, or parts thereof, cent per bushel.
“If convenient,” we requested, “we would like
to see your form of warehouse receipts.”
“I have with me,” said my friend, “a receipt for
a car load of rye which I am about to ship.” (It
reads as illustrated by the form following.) “These
From November 15 to April 35, the above rates
receipts, after having been properly registered
and indorsed, are negotiable, and the grain de-
liverable to the holder of the receipt ; So that if
one is lost it must be advertised and delivery
stopped at once, in order to prevent fraud.”
The published rates of storage, we were in-
formed, are as follows on grain received in bulk:
If inspected in good condition when received
—For the first ten days, or parts thereof, 1}
cents per bushel. For each additional ten days,
or part thereof, ; cent per bushel.
will be charged on grain in good condition until
4 cents per bushel has accrued, after which no
additional storage Will be charged during the time
named, so long as the grain remains in good con-
dition. After April 15, the ‘surnmer rate' of
storage is again resumed.
The usual charge for storage of provisions per
calendar month is 6 cents per barrel for mess
pork, 8 cents per tierce for lard, and 5 cents per
100 pounds for Salted meats in bulk.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
525
WAREHOUSE RECEIPT.
SPRINE FIELII
JW0, 560.
Bus. 500. Lös. 32.
§PRINGRIELD ELEVATOR 00.
£eceived in 3fote fºom cat No. 250, (4 & 7), ºve
Jéunded £usſeſ, of No. 2 RYE, suffect only to the otde:
#eteon of ſ, & 38town 3 (ſo, and the Auttendet of this
{eceiht and hayment of chatges.
It is hereby agreed by the holders of this receipt, that the erain herein mentioned may be stored
with other grain of the same quality by inspection. Loss by fire or heating at owner's risk.
§htingfield, Whtil 19, 1864.
This grain is subject to our
advertised rates of storage.
§htingfield &levatot (30.
Margins.
“In case you make a sale to a member of the
Board of Trade, who becomes insolvent before the
maturity of the contract,” we asked, “how do you
dispose of the property, and who suffers the loss
in case that the market has declined since the
sale was made 2"
“The fulfillment of contracts is, in all cases,
guaranteed to our customers,” said the member,
“and any loss incurred by default on the part of
his fellow-member, falls upon the commission
merchant. Under our rules, however, there is
no necessity for making such a loss, and if we
avail ourselves of our margin rules in all cases,
there can be no such thing as an insolvent com-
mission merchant.
“On all time contracts purchasers have the
right to require of sellers, as a security, ten per
cent. margin, based upon the contract price of
the property bought, and further security, from
time to time, to the extent of any advance in the
market value above said price. In like manner,
sellers have the right to require ten per cent. of
the contract price as margins from the buyers,
and in addition, any difference that may occur
between the estimated legitimate value of any
such property and the price of sale.
“For instance, on a contract for 5,000 bushels
of wheat at $1.00 per bushel, the buyer and seller
may each be required to deposit (with the treasu-
rer of the association, or with some bank duly
authorized by the Board of Directors to receive
Such deposits,) $500, as a margin at the time the
contract is made. If the price should decline to
95 cents per bushel, the seller could require the
buyer to deposit $250 additional margin, and he
would thus be secured against loss until the mar-
ket had declined below 85 cents. Again, if the
market should advance from $1.00 to $1.05, the
buyer could require the seller to furnish $250 ad-
ditional margin, and he could thus suffer no loss
until the advance should reach $1.15. Thus you
See that a commission merchant can guaranty
ample Security to his customer and not ‘stand in
the gap,' except in case of unusually severe fluc-
tuations. As the rules require margins to be de-
posited within one hour after they are properly
called, we can generally protect our interests be-
fore the Security is entirely exhausted.
“On account of a desire to seem lenient, or
through a false notion of courtesy, the parties to
contracts do not always require sufficient mar-
gins, and hence incur unnecessary losses. Not
long ago I met all ex-member of the Board, who
is now in a moderate salaried position in an
office in Chicago, who said to me, ‘You will re-
member that I failed in business a few months
ago. Nobody was more surprised at my failure
than I was, myself. I started out with a splendid
line of trade, and every assurance of success that
one could wish. I had $50,000 cash capital and
excellent credit, and the earned commissions on

526
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
my books were $2,500 per week from the start.
Now what do you suppose caused my suspen-
sion ?’
“I said I presumed that he got to speculating
in larger amounts of product than he could safely
carry, and was sold out by other parties during
Some depression, after his margins had become
exhausted.
“‘No, sir!" said he, impressively. ‘I never
was personally interested to the extent of a single
dollar in any trade I ever made, and as this was
generally known among my fellow-members, they
did not usually require me to deposit margins on
my trades with them. Hence, as I had no im-
mediate need for the money, I did not call upon
my customers for such security as I should have
done, if my friends had compelled me to do so.
When, therefore, a sudden depression occurred in
values, and I was required to furnish margins
down to the market prices within one hour's
time, of course I faced a physical impossibility,
and so suspended business, and my contracts
were sold out during a panic. Of course I tele-
graphed my correspondents of the situation, but
before answers came the market had recovered,
and prices were away up again. I am now hold-
ing some slow notes and indulging in hope.'
“You will therefore appreciate the necessity of
placing margins in the hands of the commission
merchant at the time the contract is made. He
needs this to protect the interests of his customer,
his fellow-members, and himself.”
“What amount of margin is usually required
of parties who sell and buy for future delivery in
your market 2"
“That is wholly a matter of agreement between
the principal and his broker; but experience has
determined that the following amounts are equi-
table, and custom has established them as the
usual rates:
On each 5,000 bushels of wheat, 5c per bushel,
or $250.
On each 5,000 bushels of corn, Bc per bushel,
or $150.
On each 5,000 bushels of oats, 3c per bushel,
or $150.
On each 250 tierces of lard (estimated at 320
Ibs per tierce—80,000 fps), c per fö, or $400.
On each 50,000 Ibs of salted meats, 3c per Ib,
or $250.
“These quantities are the smallest amounts
which can be bought or sold for future delivery
under our rules, and all contracts are made fo
these amounts, or their multiples. -
Of course, customers are always understood to
be trading subject to the rules of the association
Where their contracts are made, and they there-
fore stand in the same relation to their commis.
Sion merchant (so far as margins and fulfillment
of contracts are concerned) that he does to the
other members of the association.”
“It occurs to me, that when the speculative
trading is very large, and especially in any com-
modity for a late future delivery, these margins
must absorb enormous amounts of capital.”
“Yes, our banks usually hold several millions
of money, for marginal purposes, during the last
of Summer, to secure contracts for the delivery of
the maturing crops, for which sales for future
delivery have, in many cases, been effected.
Sometimes, however, as I have explained, the
prices in autumn are so low that the farmer
would rather buy the grain in Chicago to fill his
contract than to ship his own, preferring to await
higher prices in Spring. Suppose that he does
this, and that in a few weeks a sudden advance
in prices occurs, and he makes a second sale of
his grain. Now a second decline may also occur,
and he will again buy back sufficient grain to fill
his obligations. Should this process be repeated
five times before the farmer finally shipped in
his own grain for actual delivery, you will see at
once that the commission merchant's books would
represent sales of five times the amount of grain
which the farmer raised. Now, in fact, the first
four trades (sale and re-purchase) became purely
speculative, although in each instance the farmer
may have originally concluded that he would for-
ward his own crop to market.”
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
527
THE COMIMISSION MEN.
Practical Hints to Shippers of Live Stock.
A necessary element in the machine work of
the live stock trade is the commission man. He
is to the shipper what the attorney is to his
client—a counsel, advocate, and experienced and
skillful agent. Without the commission man, the
shipper would be at the mercy of sharks and
sharpers, who would take every advantage of his
inexperience and ignorance in the market, and
would impose upon him by all manner of tricks
and devices, so that he would verily believe that
he had fallen into the hands of the Philistines.
The result of this would be the destruction of the
market; and it may then be said that the com-
mission man is essential to the live stock trade.
To him all live stock is consigned by the shipper,
and the disposition of it is a matter of his judg-
ment, skill and honor. It is essential to the
shipper ihat he place his property thus in the
hands of only an honorable and trustworthy com-
mission firm, who will secure him every advan-
tage in the market, and make prompt and reliable
returns. It is also essential, in many cases, that
the commission merchant have ample capital at
his command, and is prepared to make advances
to the shipper of perhaps one-half or two-thirds
the value of the cattle before they are sold. The
buyer in the country market, after having shipped
a consignment of stock to his commission mer-
chant in Chicago, may thus, by getting an ad-
vance of a portion of the value of his shipment,
be enabled to continue his purchases without
interruption. Considering that the large com-
mission firms who have numerous buyers in
various parts of the country, may be advancing
money to many of them at the same time, the
amount of floating capital or actual cash required
to conduct a large commission business is con-
siderable, and easily runs into the hundreds of
thousands.
There are over seventy-five commission firms
in the Chicago live stock market, all having their
offices in the Exchange building. These firms
are each under bonds to the Union Stock Yards
Company in large amounts, something like $25,-
000, for the safe and proper performance of all
obligations and the settlement of all items, such
as freight, yardage and feed bills, to the Stock
Yards Company. Each commission firm employs
one or more helpers for duty about the yards in
handling stock, and these, added to the force of
700 yard men employed by the company, make
nearly 1,000 men scattered throughout pens,
streets and alleys.
There is, among the legitimate commission
men, no such thing as speculation. No “longs,”
“shorts” or “straddles,” and no buying or selling
for future delivery. No “margins,” no “puts” or
“calls” ever intrude their hydra heads into this
live stock market. The “bulls” and “bears” are
there, however, as they are and must be in every
market, although not always denominated by
those names. The commission man is always
the “bull,” for it is his business to toss the mar-
ket, stiffen prices, and get the best figure for the
stock of his consignor that is possible. On the
other hand, the buyers are always “bears,” and
are always aiming to depress values and buy at
the lowest price possible, for the packers or east-
ern markets which they represent. These two
opposing forces meet daily, and although not in
excited or violent combat or vociferation, as on
the Board of Trade, yet the bargains and bicker-
ings are all gone through with, which finally
result in a trade.
The receipts or arrivals of stock are disposed
of each each day, unless, for sufficient reason,
any portion may be held over until the next morn-
ing, in anticipation of a more favorable market.
The stock is sold on its merits, at the market
price for the day, and the commission man re-
ceives his compensation for selling without
regard to what the stock brings. There is, con-
sequently, among the careful and well established
commission firms, no such thing as the “gigantic
failures” which characterize speculation. The
commission man performs his service and re-
ceives his compensation, together with any ad-
vances, freight, etc., which he may have made,
and is thus always on the safe side.
There are a large number of live stock buyers
employed regularly at the stock yards. All the
heavy packing establishments employ buyers to
purchase their hogs for them, and all the ship-
pers of hogs do the same. All the heavy cattle
dealers have their buyers employed to make their
purchases; the parties that slaughter cattle and
ship beef in the carcass, and the canners, have
their buyers.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
NOTE.
HIS DEPARTMENT was not Writ-
ten for mineralogists, but expressly
for the landholder, the farmer, the
º, mechanic, the miner, the laborer—
even the most unscientific. It is de-
*> signed to enable such to discover, for
themselves, minerals and ores of use in
the arts, and thus develop the resources
and ascertain the value of any particular farm
or region. It may save the owner from ruinous
bargains, and may reveal a mine of mineral
wealth more sure and more profitable than any
bank.
IDESCRIPTIVE LIST OF USEFUL MIHNERALS.
I •- Agate.
This stone is a mixture of several kinds of
quartz, mainly the White, red, brown and black,
disposed in layers or clouds. The layers are
zigzag, circular, or in straight bands (onyx).
Occurs in irregular, rounded masses; not very
translucent; not altered by heats or acids; can-
not be cut with a knife nor Split into plates;
takes a high polish ; lustre, glossy; gravity, 2.5.
Value.—Used for jewelry and ornamental
work, mortars, vases, knife handles, burnishers,
etc. . The colors are deepened by boiling in oil
and then in Sulphuric acid.
Localities.—Found in granite and trap re-
gions, generally by the shores of rivers, lakes,
and the sea; as, northwest Shore of Lake Su-
perior; Missouri, Columbia, Colorado and Con-
necticut rivers; Crescent City, Cal. ; Hancock
county, Ga.; near Tampa Bay, Fla, ; Fulton,
Penn.; Yellowstone Lake, Wy.
2 ..—Alum º
Occurs in mealy or solid crusts, often fibrous;
dissolves in water; tastes sweetish-astringent;
melts and froths up when heated.
Value.—Extensively used in dyeing and calico
printing, candle making, dressing skins, clari-
fying liquors, and in pharmacy.
Localities.—Found incrusting and impregna-
ting dark slaty rocks, with yellow streaks. Cape
Sable, Md. ; Cleveland county, N. C.; coal
slates on Ohio river, and in caves in Sevier,
DeKalb, Coffee and Franklin counties, Tenn.;
also Esmeralda and Storey counties, Nev.
3.-Amethyst.
Same as Rock Crystal, but colored purple or
bluish violet. Generally in clustered crystals.
Value.—When clear and finely colored, it is
a favorite gem.
Localities.—Usually found with agate. Ke-
weenaw Point, Pic Bay, and Gargontwa on
Lake Superior; Bristol, R. I. ; Surry, N. H.;
East Bradford, Aston, Chester, Thornbury, Edge-
mont, Sadsbury, Birmingham, Middletown and
Providence, Penn.; Greensboro, N. C.
4.—Anthracites
Occurs massive; compact; high lustre; brit-
tle; breaks with a curved surface; will not



AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
529
scratch marble; burns, but not readily, with a
pale blue flame and little smoke; will not form
coke by roasting; gravity, 1.4 to 1.8.
Value.—Used for fuel, and sometimes cut into
inkstands, etc.
Localities.—Found in beds between slates and
sandstones, and east of the Alleghany range
only, as Eastern Pennsylvania; Portsmouth, R.
I. ; Mansfield, Mass.; North Carolina. No
workable beds will be found in New York.
The rocks in anthracite regions are tilted,
bent and broken, never level to any great ex-
tent. Impressions of leaves are good indica-
tions.
5.-Antimony Ore.
Occur s fibrous or granular; color lead gray,
often tarnished; shining lustre, brittle, but thin
pieces can be cut off with a knife; melts in a
candle, at a high heat passing off in vapor;
gravity 4.5.
Value.—The source of the antimony of com-
merce, containing Seventy per cent.
Localities.—Found associated with Silver, Spa-
thic Iron, Blende, Baryta and Quartz. Carmel,
Me...; Lyme, N. H.; Soldier's Delight, Md. ;
Aurora, Nev.; San Amedio Canon and Tulare
county, Cal.
6.-Asbestus.
Occurs finely fibrous, flax-like; flexible, not
elastic; silky lustre, sometimes greenish;
gravity 8.
Value.—Used for lining Safes and steam-pack-
ing, and for making incombustible cloth, lamp
wicks, etc.
Localities.—Found in granite regions east of
the Alleghanies; often with Serpentine. Brighton,
Dedham, Newbury, Pelham and Sheffield Mass.;
Milford, West Farms, Winchester and Wilton,
Conn., Chester, Mt. Holly and Cavendish, Vt. ;
Patterson, Phillipstown, Monroe and Staten Is-
land, N.Y.; Bruswick, N. J.; East Nottingham,
Goshen and Aston, Penn.; Bare Hills and
Coopton, Md.; Barnet's Mills, Wa.
7.-Asphaltunn.
Occurs massive; brittle; breaking with high
sultre like hºned tar, and with curved
surface; melts and burns readily with flame
and Smoke; gravity 1.2; Sometimes floats on
Water.
Value.—Used for eements and varnishes.
Localities.—Found generally near the surface.
Near the coast of Santa Barbara, Cal. ; West
Virginia, twenty miles South of Parkersburg.
8.-Azurite,
Occurs in crystals and masses with glassy
lustre, or earthy and dull; brittle; crackles
and blackens, and finally fuses by heat; dis-
solves with effervescence in nitric acid; gravity
3.5.
Value.—A valuable ore of copper, containing
sixty per cent.
Localities.—Found chiefly in lead and copper
mines. Perkiomen lead mine, Cornwall, Phoe-
nixville and Nicholson's Gap, Pa., ; near New
Brunswick, N. J.; near Mineral Point, Wis.;
Polk county, Tenn.; Calaveras and Mariposa
counties, Cal. ; near Virginia City, Mont.
9.—Baryta, or Heavy Spar.
Occurs in crystals, plates and masses; powder
white; brittle; crackles when strongly heated;
not dissolved in acids; easily distinguished by
its weight; gravity 45, twice as heavy as
Gypsum.
Value.—Used extensively as white paint and
in pottery.
Localities.—Found in mining districts, often
with lead, copper and iron ores, and in lime-
stone. Piermont, N. H.; Hatfield, Southampton
and Leverett, Mass.; Cheshire and Berlin, Conn.;
Pillar Point, Rossie, Carlisle, Scoharie, De
Kalb, Gouverneur, N. Y.; Fauquier and Buck-
ingham counties, Va.; Union, Gaston and Orange
counties, N. C. ; near Paris, and in Anderson,
Fayette, Mercer and Owen counties, Ky. ; on
Brown's creek and Haysboro, Tenn.; Bain-
bridge, O.; Scales Mound, Ill.; Prince Wein,
Lake Superior. ; Mine-a-Barton, Mo.; near Fort
Wallace, N. M.; Ingo county, Cal.
10.-Bituminous Coal.
Occurs in masses, beds or seams; softer and
duller than Anthracite; often a bright pitchy
530
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
lustre; brittle; showing a slaty or jointed
structure rather than curved surface; powder
black; burns readily with yellow flame; by
roasting, forms coke; gravity 1.5 or less.
Value.—Used for fuel and the production of
gas, coke, carbolic acid and aniline.
Localities.—Found west of Harrisburg, Pa.,
in rocks (slates and sandstones) less disturbed
than in the Anthracite region. Western Penn-
Sylvania; Southeast Ohio;West Virginia, Eastern
Kentucky and Tennessee to Tuscalooso; North-
West Kentucky; Illinois; Iowa; Missouri; Kam-
Sas; Arkansas; Northern Texas; Central Michi-
gan ; Owyhee county, Idaho; Deer Lodge and
Gallatin counties, and sixty miles north-east of
Bannock, Mont.
11.-Blende.
Occurs in crystals and masses; waxy lustre,
but not always very apparent ; usual color,
rosin-yellow to dark brown; brittle; the powder,
which is whitish to reddish-brown, dissolves in
muriatic acid giving off the odor of rotten eggs;
by roasting gives off sulphur-fumes; infusible
alone, but on charcoal at a high heat gives off
white fumes; gravity, 4.
Value.—An ore of zinc (containing sixty-six
per cent.) and a source of white vitriol. Often
worked for its silver and gold.
Localitics.-Found with lead and other ores.
Lubec and Bingham, Me. ; Eaton, Warren and
Shelburne, N. H.; Sterling, Southampton and
Hatfield, Mass.; Brookfield, Berlin, Roxbury
and Monroe, Conn.; near Wurtzboro’, Cooper's
Falls, Mineral Point, Fowler, Ancram, Clinton
and Spraker's Basin, N. Y.; Wheatley and
Perkiomen lead-mines, Schuylkill, Shannonville
and Friedensville, Pa.; Austin's lead-mine,
Va.; Haysboro’, Brown's Creek and Polk
counties, Tenn.; Prince Wein, Mich. ; Dubuque,
Ia.; Warsaw, Rosiclare and Galena, Ill. ;
Shullsburg, Wis.; Stillwater, Minn.
12–Bog Iron Ore.
Occurs in masses or beds, looking much like
hard brown earth; loose or porous and earthy,
rather than compact and nodular; powder yel-
lowish-brown; when strongly heated becomes
black and magnetic ; gravity nearly 4. An
earthy yellow variety is called yellow ochre.
Value.—An important ore, yielding thirty-five
per cent. - -
Localities.—Found in low, marshy grounds;
Widely distributed. Lebanon, N. H.; Berkshire
and Plymouth counties, Mass.; Columbia, St.
Lawrence, Franklin and Jefferson counties, N.
Y.; New Limerick, Katahdin, Newfield, Shap-
leigh, Argyle, Clinton, Williamsburg and Leb-
anon, Me. ; Darien and Martin counties, Ind.,
Monmouth county, N. J.; Somerset and Wor-
cester counties, Md. ; Michigan, Ohio, Illinois,
Wisconsin, etc.
| 3–Brittle Silver Öre
Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic lus-
tre; tarnishes yellow, gray and finally black;
easily cut or broken; when heated gives off
fumes of Sulphur and antimony, affording a
button of silver; dissolved in mitric acid, it
silvers copper placed in it; gravity 6.
Value.—A rich ore of silver, containing over
sixty per cent.
Localities.—Found in veins with other silver
ores, in Nevada and Idaho.
14–Brown Coal,
Occurs like Bituminous Coal, but usually
brownish-black with less lustre, and often show-
ing a woody or slaty structure; powder always
brown; contains fossil plants; gravity between
1.2 and 1.5.
Value.—Inferior to No. 10. Makes no coke.
Can be used in the manufacture of alum.
Localities.—Found in thin veins or elliptical
masses, never in extensive layers like Penn-
sylvania coal. Near Richmond, Va.; Deep
River, N. C.; Michigan, Missouri, Texas; Evan-
ston, Utah; Coal Creek and Bellmonte, Col. ;
Boreman, Dearborn River and Greenhorn Gulch,
Montana.
15-Calamine.
Occurs in crystals and masses; glossy lustre;
harder than marble; brittle; heated it swells
up, becomes opaque and emits a green light;
dissolves, when powdered, in hot sulphuric acid
without effervescence; gravity 3.4.
Walue.—An ore of zinc yielding from forty to
sixty per cent.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
531
Localities.—Found in limestone rock with other
ores. Friedensville, Perkiomen, Phoenixville,
Lancaster and Selin's Grove, Pa.; Austin's
Mines in Wythe county, Va.; Claiborne county,
Tenn.; Jefferson county, Mo.
16–Cannel Coal.
Occurs in compact masses; dull lustre; brit-
tle, breaking with a curved surface; burns
readily but does not melt; does not soil the
fingers; gravity about 1.2.
Value.—Used for fuel and for making gas, oil
and ornaments.
Localities.—Found in the Mississippi Valley;
Kentucky; Lick, Ohio; Illinois; Moniteau
county, Mo.; Kenawha county, Va.; Beaver
county, Pa.
17–Carnelian.
Occurs in masses or pebbles; at first grayish,
but by exposure to the Sun becomes uniform
flesh, red or brown, never striped,—although
Carnelian may form one of the bands of an
Agate; brittle, breaking with curved surface;
very hard; takes a fine polish; glassy or resin-
ous lustre; gravity 2.6.
Value.—Used for jewelry. When of two layers,
white and red, (properly called Sardonyx), it is
used for cameos.
Localities.—Same as Agate.
18–Celestine,
Occurs crystallized, fibrous and massive;
color white, often faint bluish; glassy lustre;
very brittle; under the blow-pipe crackles and
melts, tinging the flame red; does not dissolve
in acids; gravity 4. '
Value.—The source of nitrate of strontia,
used in fire-works.
Localities.—Found in limestone, gypsum and
sandstone. Rossie, Schoharie, Chaumont Bay,
Depauville and Stark, N.Y.; Frankstown, Pa.;
Strontian and Put-in-Bay Islands, Lake Erie;
near Nashville, Tenn.; Fort Dodge, Iowa.
19–Cerussite.
Occurs in crystals, in powder or masses;
glassy lustre; brittle; dissolves in nitric acid
with effervescence; heated strongly on charcoal
crackles and fuses, giving a globule of lead;
gravity 6.4.
Value.—A rich ore of lead yielding Seventy-
five per cent.
Localities.—Found in lead mines. Southamp-
ton, Mass.; Perkiomen, Phoenixville, Charles-
town and Schuylkill, Pa.; Wythe county, Va.;
Washington Mine, N. C.; Valle's Diggings,
Mine-la-Motte and Mine-a-Burton, Mo.; Jo
Daviess and Rock Island counties, Ill. ; Blue
Mounds, Wis.; Ingo county, Cal.
20–Chronic Iron.
Occurs in compact masses; powder dark
brown; small pieces sometimes attracted by the
magnet; brittle, breaking with uneven surface;
with borax melts into a green globule; not acted
upon by acids; little lustre; gravity 44.
Value.—Used in making the chrome pig-
ments.
Localities.—Found in Serpentine. Bare Hills,
Cooptown and north part of Cecil county, Md. ;
Nottingham, W. Goshen, Williston, Fulton,
Mineral Hill, Texas and Unionville, Pa.; Jay,
New Fame, Westfield and Troy, Vt. ; Chester
Blanford, Mass.; Loudon county, Va.; Yancy
county, N. C.; North Almaden, New Idria and
Coloma, Cal.
21-Cinnabar.
Occurs in granular or earthy masses; resem-
bles iron-rust, but is a yellowish-red; powder
Scarlet ; easily cut with a knife; thrown on
red-hot iron, evaporates, giving off odor of sul-
phur; rubbed on copper, “silvers” it; gravity
9, or about as heavy as Copper.
Value.—The source of mercury (containing
eighty-four per cent.) and vermilion.
Localities.—Found in slate and limestone
rocks. Centreville, Coulterville, New Idria and
New Almaden, and Lake and San Luis Obispo
counties, California; Idaho.
22.-Cobalt Pyrites.
Occurs crystallized and massive; does not
Scratch glass easily; metallic lustre: tarnish,
copper-red; powder, blackish-gray; brittle;
582
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
y
sº
heated on charcoal gives off sulphur fumes;
heated with borax gives a blue glass; gravity
5.
Value.—An ore of cobalt, yielding twenty per
cent.
Localities.—Usually found in slate or granite
rocks with Copper Pyrites. Mineral Hill, Md. ;
Mine-a-Motte, Mo.
23–Copper.
Occurs in irregular masses; metallic lustre;
can be cut with a knife; malleable; ductile;
fusible; gravity 8.8.
Value.—A source of copper and silver.
Localities.—Most abundant in the trap and
“freestone” regions. New Brunswick, Somer-
ville, Schuyler's and Flemington, N. J.;
Whately, Mass.; Cornwall and Shannonville,
Pa.; Polk county, Tenn.; Keweenaw Point,
Lake Superior; Calaveras, Amador and Santa
Barbara counties, Cal. ; on Gila River, Ariz.
24.—Copper Glance.
Occurs crystallized and massive; color,
blackish lead-gray, often tannished blue or
green; nearly as hard as marble; brittle; a
splinter will melt in a candle, giving off the
odor of sulphur; dissolved in nitric acid, it
will coat a knife-blade with copper; metallic
lustre; gravity 5.5.
Value.—An ore of copper, yielding Seventy-
five per cent. -
Localities.—Found at copper mines. Sims-
bury, Bristol and Cheshire, Conn.; Schuyler's
Mines, N. J.; Orange County, Va.; near New-
market, Md. ; Lake Superior copper-region; La
Paz, Arizona; Washoe, Humboldt, Nye and
Churchill counties, Nev.
25.-Copper Nickel.
Occurs in masses; metallic lustre; color pale
copper-red; tarnishes gray to black; powder
pale brownish-black; brittle; on charcoal melts,
giving the odor of garlic; becomes green in ni-
tric acid; gravity 7.5.
Value.—An ore of nickel (containing forty-four
per cent.) and arsenic.
Localities.—Found in granite regions.
ham, Conn.
Chat-
26.-Copper Pyrites.
Occurs in crystals and masses; color brass-
yellow; tarnishes green; metallic lustre when
freshly broken; can be cut with a knife; brit-
tle; powder greenish black; on charcoal melts,
giving off sulphur fumes; dissolves in nitric
acid, making a green liquid; gravity 4.2.
Value.—If of a fine yellow hue, it is a valua-
ble copper ore (yielding from twelve to forty
per cent.) and source of blue vitriol.
Localities.—Found in mountainous or granite
regions with other ores. Lubec and Dexter,
Me. ; Franconia, Unity, Warren, Eaton, Lyme,
Haverhill and Shelbourne, N. H.; Corinth, Wa-
terbury and Strafford, Vt. ; Southampton, Tur-
ner's Falls, Hatfield and Sterling, Mass.; Bristol
and Middletown, Conn.; Ancram, Rossie, Wurtz-
boro’ and Ellenville, N. Y. ; Phoenixville and
Pottstown, Pa.; Bare Hills, Catoctin Mountains,
near Newmarket and Finksbury, Md. ; Phoenix
and Walton Mines, Va.; Greensboro, Charlotte
and Phoenix Mines, N. C.; Hiwassee Mines,
Tenn. : Cherokee, Rabun and Habersham coun-
ties, Ga.; Presque Island, Lake Superior; Min-
eral Point, Wis.; Union, Keystone, Empire and
other mines, Calaveras county, La Victoire and
Haskell claims in Mariposa county, Amador
and Plumas counties, Cal.; near Virginia City,
Mont.
27-IDiamond.
Occurs in crystals and irregular angular
masses; cannot be Scratched by any other min-
eral or the file; brilliant lustre; feels cold to
the touch; when rubbed on the sleeve exhibits
electricity for hours; retains the breath but a
short time; often tinged yellow, red, or green;
gravity, 3.5.
Value.—Used for jewelry, lenses and for cut-
ting glass.
Localities.—Found in gold-regions, in river-
washings of Sand and pebbles; usually with
coarse gold, but deeper down. Rutherford, Ca-
barras, Franklin and Lincoln counties, N. C.;
Hall county, Ga.; Manchester, Va.; Cherokee
Ravine, N. San Juan, French Canal, Forrest
Hill, Placerville and Fiddletown, Cal.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
533
28–Emery.
Occurs in granular masses, sometimes with
bluish crystals; looks like fine-grained iron ore ;
breaks with uneven surface; scratches quartz
easily; very tough; brittle; gravity 4.
Value.—Used extensively as a cutting and
polishing material.
Localities.—Found generally in limestone or
granite with magnetic iron ore. Chester, Mass.;
Newlin and Unionville, Penn.; Macon and
Guilford counties, N. C.
29–Fluor Spar.
Occurs in square crystals and in masses;
glassy lustre; powder white; brittle ; crackles
when heated, and then Shines in the dark;
does not effervesce with acids; is not scratched
by marble; gravity 3.
Value.—Used as flux in glass and iron-works.
Localities.—Found in limestone, granite, slate,
etc., often at lead-mines. Blue Hill Bay, Me. ;
Westmoreland, N. H.; Putney, Vt. ; Southamp-
ton, Mass.; Trumbull, Plymouth, Middletown
and Williamantic, Conn.; Muscolonge Lake,
Rossie and Johnsburg, N. Y.; near Franklin,
N. J.; near Woodstock and Shepardstown, Va.;
Smith county, Tenn.; Mercer county, Ky. ;
Gallatin county, along the Ohio, Ill. ; Castle
Dome District, Arizona.
30.-Franklinite.
Occurs in crystallized and in masses; gen-
erally made of coarse grains; brittle; powder
dark reddish-brown; heated with soda turns
bluish-green;dissolvés in muriatic acid; gravity 5.
Value.—An ore of zinc.
Localities.—Found in limestone with Garnet
and Zincite. Hamburg and Sterling Hill, N. J.
Occurs in crystals and masses; brilliant
lustre; brittle; easily broken; powder, when
finely rubbed is black; can be cut with a
knife; heated it gives off sulphur and melts;
dissolves in nitric acid leaving a white powder
at the bottom; gravity 7.5—or a little heavier
than cast-iron.
Value.—The main source of lead (yielding
eighty per cent), and also smelted for the silver
it contains. Used also in glazing Stone-Ware.
Localtties.—Generally found in limestone with
Iron Pyrites, zinc-ore, etc. That found in Slate
is richest in silver. Abounds in Missouri,
Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Arkansas; Rossie,
Wurtzboro, Ancram, Macomb and Ellenville,
N. Y.; Lubec, Blue Hill Bay, Bingham and Par-
sonsville, Me. ; Eaton, Shelburne, Haverill,
Warren and Bath, N. H.; Thetford, Vt. ;
Southampton, Leverett and Sterling, Mass. ;
Middletown and Roxbury, Conn.; Phoenixville,
Charlestown, Schuylkill, Pequea Valley and
Shannonville, Pa.; Austin's and Walton's Mines,
Va.; Cabarras county, N. C.; Brown's Creek
and Haysboro, Tenn.; Chocolate river, Mich. ;
Ingo county Cal. ; on Walker's river and
Steamboat Springs, Nev.; Castle Dome and
Eureka, Ariz. ; Clear Creek county, Col, ;
Virginia City and Red Bluff Lodge, Mont. ;
Cache Walley, Utah.
32.-Garnet,
Occurs in crystals with four-sided faces often
nearly round; deep red, which grows darker
by heat; rarely yellow ; also in brown masses;
melts at a high heat; brittle ; not scratched by
a knife; glassy lustre; gravity 4.
Value.—The clear deep red and yellow varie-
ties are used for jewelry; the massive brown is
ground for “emery.”
Localities.—Found in slate and granite rocks.
Bethel, Parsonfield, Phippsburg, Windham, Ran-
ford and Brunswick, Me. ; Hanover, Franconia,
Warren, Unity, Lisbon and Grafton, N. H.;
New Fame, Cabot and Cavendish, Vt. ; Carlisle,
Boxborough, Brookfield, Brimfield, Newbury,
Bedford, Chesterfield and Barre, Mass.; Read-
ing, Monroe, Haddam and Middletown, Conn.;
Rogers' Rock, Crown Point, Willsboro, Middle-
town, Amity, and near Yonkers, N.Y.; Franklin,
N. J.; Pennsbury, Warwick, Aston, Knauertown,
Chester, Leiperville and Mineral Hill, Pa.;
Dickson's Quarry, Del. ; Hope Valley, Cal.;
near Virginia City, on Yellowstone and Madison
rivers, Mont.
3 3.-Gol d.
Occurs in Scales, grains and nuggets, or dis-
Seminated through cellular quartz; metallic
534
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
U. ºr *=s==s*T
lustre; without tarnish ; can be cut and ham-
mered into thin plates; not dissolved by nitric
acid; gravity 19, when pure, and of a rich yel-
low color. The pale or brass-yellow specimens
are much lighter, the gravity being as low as
13. A grayish yellow gold, occurring in small,
flat grains, has a gravity of about 16.
Localities.—Found in veins of quartz running
through greenish or grayish slates, the quartz
at the surface being generally full of cavities
and rusted, and the slates below the surface
often containing little cubic crystals of Iron
Pyrites: also in the valleys traversed by moun-
tain streams, and in the river Sands and gravel
below. Iron and Copper Pyrites, Galena and
Liende, frequently contain gold. Masses of
quartz and pyrites from the gold regions, which
make no show of gold, sometimes pay well;
the value of such specimens can be determined
only by an assayer. Eastern range of Appa-
lachians, as Habersham, Rabun, Clark, Hall,
Lumpkin and Lincoln counties, Ga.; Abbeville,
Chesterfield, Union, Lancaster and Pickens
counties, S. C.; Montgomery, Babarras, Mech-
lenburg, Burke and Lincoln counties, N. C.;
Spottsylvania, Buckingham, Fauquier, Stafford,
Culpepper, Orange, Goochland and Louisa
counties, Va.; Dedham, Mass.; Bridgewater,
Wt. ; Canaan and Lisbon, N. H.; on Sandy
river and Madrid, Me. Numberless points along
the higher Rocky Mountains and Western slope
of Sierra Nevada, as near Santa Fe, Cerillos
and Avos, New Mexico. ; San Francisco, Wauba
and Yuma District, Ariz. ; between Long's Peak
and Pike's Peak, Col. ; Comstock Lode, Nev.;
Owyhee, Boise and Flint Districts and Poorman
Lode, Idaho; Emigrant and Alder Gulches, Red
Bluff and near Jefferson River, Mont. ; Jose-
phine District, Powder, Burnt and John Day
rivers, western slope of Cascade Mountains,
southern coast, Oregon; Tulare, Fresno, Mari-
posa, Tuolumne, Calaveras, El Dorado, Placer,
Nevada, Yuba, Sierra, Butte, Plumas, Shasta,
Siskiyou, Amador and Del Norte counties, Cal.
Rare in the coal regions and Mississippi Valley.
Occurg in foliated, Scaly and granular masses;
can be cut into thin slices, which are flexible,
but not elastic : impressible by the nail; feels
===
greasy; leaves a shining trace on paper; metallic
lustre; not altered by heat or acids; gravity 2.
Value.—Used for pencils, polishing, glazing,
for making steel crucibles, overcoming friction,
etc.
Localities.—Found in granite, slate and lime-
stone rocks. Sturbridge, North Brookfield,
Brimfield, Hinsdale and Worthington, Mass. ;
Cornwall and Ashford, Conn.; Brandon, Vt. ;
Woodstook, Me. ; Goshen, Hillsboro and Keene,
N. H.; Ticonderoga, Fishkill, Roger's Rock,
Johnsburg, Fort Ann, Amity, Rossie and Alex-
andria, N. Y.; Franklin and Lockwood, N. J.;
Southampton and Buck's county, Penn.; on the
Gunpowder, Md. ; Albemarle county, Va.; Wake,
N. C.; Tiger river and Spartanburgh, S. C.;
Sonora, Cal. (The soft black Flate, often mis-
taken for Graphite, leaves a coally trace on
paper not a shining streak.)
35–Gray Copper Ore.
Occurs in crystallized or granular masses;
metallic lustre; color between steel-gray and
iron-black; brittle; the powder dissolved in nitric
acid makes a brownish green solution; melts
at a red heat; gravity 5.
Value.—An ore of copper, (containing thirty-
three per cent.) and silver, of which Nevada
specimens have sixteen per cent.
Localities.—Found with gold, silver, and lead.
Kellogg Mines, Ark. ; Mariposa and Shasta
counties, Cal.; Sheba and De Soto Mines, and
near Austin, Nev.; Heintzelman and Santa
Rita Mines, Arizona.
3, 6.-Gypsum.
Occurs in plates, fibres coarse and fine, and
massive; pearly or glistening; powder white,
which, if heated and mixed with Water, turns
hard; does not dissolve in Sulphuric acid; may
be scratched by the mail; gravity 2.3.
Value.—Used for stucco, manure, glazing,
statuary, manufacture of glass, etc. A variety,
called Satin Spar, worked into necklace beads
and other ornaments, is finely fibrous and com-
pact, taking a polish (though easily Scratched),
and then resembles pearl or opal.
Localities.—Found with marl or clay, lime-
stone and salt. Camillus, Manlius, Stark and
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 585
Lockport, N. Y. ; on the St. Mary's and Pa-
tuxent, Md. ; Washington county and Lynch-
burg, Va.; Charleston S. C. ; Poland, Ottawa.
and Canfield, O.; Davidson and Summer cout-
ies, Tenn.; Grand Rapids and Sagenaw Bay,
Mich. ; Des Moines river, Iowa; Walker Lake
and Six Mile Canon, Nev.; Fort Dodge.
37.-Horn Silver,
Occurs in crystals, wax-like masses, or in
crusts; when scratched shows a shining streak;
becomes brown on exposure ; quite soft, easily
cut; a small piece placed on zinc and moist-
ened, swells up, turns black, and shows metallic
silver on being pressed with a knife; dissolves
in hartshorn; gravity 5.5.
Value.—An ore of silver, yielding seventy per
cent.
Localities.—Found in slate with other silver
ores. Lake Superior Mining Region; Austin
and Comstock Lode, Nev.; Willow Springs and
San Francisco districts, Eldorado Canon, Ariz. ;
Poorman Mine, Idaho.
38–Iron Pyrites.
Occurs in masses and square crystals; splen-
dent lustre; color, bronze-yellow ; brittle ; strikes
fire with steel; heated it gives off sulphur
fumes; powder brownish ; gravity 5.
Value.—Affords sulphur, copperas and alum.
When found outside of the coal region, it often
contains gold and silver.
Localities.—Found in all kinds of rocks.
Bingham, Corinna, Farmington, Waterville,
Brooksville, Peru and Jewett's Island, Me. ;
Shelburne, Unity and Warren, N. H.; Balti-
more, Hartford and Shoreham, Wt. ; Heath,
Hubbardston and Hawley, Mass.; Roxbury,
Monroe, Orange, Milford, Middletown, Stafford,
Colchester, Ashford, Tolland and Union, Conn.;
Rossie, Malone, Phillips, Johnsburgh, Canton,
Chester, Warwick and Franklin, Putnam and
Orange counties, N. Y.; Chester, Knauertown,
Cornwall and Pottstown, Pa.; Greensboro’, N.
C.; Mercer county, Ky. ; Bainbridge, O.; Ga-
lena, at Marsden's Diggings, Ill, ; on Sugar
Creek, Ind. ; mines of Colorado and California.
39—Jasper.
Occurs in masses, either in veins or as rounded
stones; dull lustre, yet takes a high polish ;
breaks with a curved surface; not attacked by
acids; is scratched by Rock Crystal; gravity 2.5.
Value.—Used for Mosaics and other orna-
ments when compact, fine-grained and bright
color.
Localities.—Found everywhere. Sugar Loaf
Mountain and Machiasport, Me. ; Sangus,
Mass.; Castleton and Colchester, Vt. ; Bloom-
ingrove, N. Y.; Murphy's, Col. ; Red Bluff,
Montana.
Occurs in beds; it is a fine, white clay,
plastic when wet; when dry is scaly or com-
pact; can be crumbled in the fingers and feels
gritty; adheres to the tongue; does not dissolve
in acids.
Value.—Used for the finest porcelain and for
adulterating candy.
Localities.—Found generally with Iron-ore and
fire-clay. Common on the eastern slope of the
Alleghanies; Branford, Vt. ; Beekman, Athol,
Johnsburgh and McIntyre, N. Y. ; Perth Amboy,
N. J.; Reading, Tamaqua and New Garden,
Penn.; Mt. Savage, Md. ; Richmond, Va.;
Newcastle and Wilmington, Del. ; Edgerfield,
S. C.; near Augusta, Ga.; Jacksonville, Ala.
41.-Lenticular Iron Ore.
Occurs in beds or masses, consisting of minute
flattened grains; little lustre; generally soils
the fingers; breathed upon has a clayey odor;
color, brownish-red, powder more red; dissolves
in strong muriatic acid with some effervesence;
brittle; gravity 4.
Value.—An ore of iron yielding thirty-three
per cent. Generally mixed with other ores at
the furnace.
Localities.—Found in sandstone. Wayne,
Madison, Oneida and Herkimer counties, N.
Y.; Marietta O.
536
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
42.-Limonite, or Brown Hematite.
Occurs in masses, with smooth rounded sur-
faces and fibrous structure; sometimes as
hollow nodules, which are velvety-black inside;
its powder when rubbed is yellowish-brown;
when strongly heated turns black; Scratches
glass feebly; brittle; dissolves in hot aqua-
regia; gravity 4.
Value.—A common ore of pig-iron, contain-
ing sixty per cent. ; used also for polishing
buttons, etc.
Localities.—Found in heavy beds with mica-
slate, quartz, limestone, etc. Salisbury and
Kent, Conn.; Amenia, Fishkill, Dover and
Beekman, N. Y. ; Richmond and Lennox,
Mass.; Pittsfield, Putney, Bennington and
Ripton, Vt. ; Hamburgh, N. J.; Pikeland and
White Marsh, Penn.; Marquette, Mich. ; Mako-
quata river, Iowa. ; Iron Mountains, Stow and
Green counties, Mo.; Centerville, Ala.; near
Raleigh and Smithfield, N. C.; on Coal Creek,
Col. ; and in coal areas generally.
43.-Magnetic Iron Ore.
Occurs in granular masses, coarse or fine;
attracted by the magnet, or affecting the com-
pass-needle; powder black; brittle; dissolves in
muriatic acid; gravity 5.
Value.—An important ore, yielding sixty-five
per cent.
Localities.—Found in granite, slate and lime-
stone rocks. Warren, Essex, Clinton, Saratoga,
Herkimer, Orange and Putnam counties, N.
Y.; Raymond and Marshall's Island, Me. ;
Franconia, Jackson, Winchester, Lisbon, Swan-
zey and Unity, N. H.; Bridgewater, Chittenden,
Marlboro, Rochester, Troy and Bethel, Vt. ;
Cambealon, R. T.; Hawley and Bernardston,
Mass.; Haddam, Conn.; Goshen, Webb's Mine,
Cornwall and White Marsh, Penn.; Hamburg,
N. J.; Scott's Mills and Deer Creek, Md. ;
Mitchell and Madison counties, N. C.; Spar-
tanburg, S. C.; Laclede and Crawford counties,
Mo.; Sierra county, (Gold Walley,) Plumas,
Tulare, Mariposa, Placer and El Dorado
counties, Cal.
44.-Magnetic Pyrites.
Occurs massive; brittle; deep orange-yellow;
powder grayish-black; metallic lustre; tarnishes
easily; slightly attracts the compass-needle;
melts at a high heat, giving off sulphur fumes;
gravity 4.5.
Value.—Affords sulphur, copperas and nickel.
Localities.—Found in granite regions, often
with copper and iron ores. Stafford, Corinth
and Shrewsbury, Vt. ; Trumbull and Monroe,
Conn.; Port Henry, Diana and Orange county
N. Y.; Hurdstown, N. J.; Gap Mine, Lan-
caster county, Pa.; Ducktown Mines, Tenn.
45.-Malachite,
Occurs in incrustations with smooth surface
and fibrous; powder paler green than the
mineral; brittle ; by heat crackles and turns
black; effervesces in acids; takes a fine polish,
showing bands or rings, gravity 4.
Value.—Used for jewelry and inlaid work.
Localities.—Found in copper and lead mines.
Cheshire, Conn.; Brunswick and Schuyler's
Mines, N. J.; Morgantown, Cornwall, near
Nicholson's Gap, Perkiomen and Phoenixville
Lead Mines, Pa.; Petapsco Mines, Md. ; David-
son county N. C. ; Polk county, Tenn.; Left
Hand river and Mineral Point, Wis.; Falls of
St. Croix, Minn.; Jefferson county and Mine
la Motte, Mo.; Calaveras county, Cal.; Big
Williams' Fork, Ariz. ; Wild Cat Canyon and
near Virginia City, Montana.
46.-Manganese Spar.
Occurs in masses; glassy lustre; color flesh
or rose-red; becomes black on exposure; tough;
melted with borax gives a violet-blue color;
gravity 8.5.
Value.—Used in glazing stoneware.
Localities.—Found in granite regions, often
with iron-ore. Blue Hill Bay, Me., Cumming-
ton, Warwick and Plainfield, Mass.; Irasburg
and Coventry, Vt. ; Winchester and Hinsdale,
N. H.; Cumberland, R. I. ; Franklin and Ham-
burg, N. J.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
537
4 7 .-Marble e
Occurs coarse and fine granular; frequently
veined or mottled; brittle; can be cut with a
knife, takes a polish; effervesces with acids;
reduced te quicklime by heat; a gray variety
contains stems and joints of worm-like fossils;
gravity 2.5.
Localities.—Brandon, Rutland, Dorset, Shore-
ham, Pittsford, Middlebury, Fairhaven, Caven-
dish, Lowell, Troy and Sudbury, Vt. ; West
Stockbridge, Egremont, Great Barrington,
Lanesboro, New Ashford, Sheffield, New Marl-
boro, Adams, Cheshire and Stoneham, Mass.;
Clinton, Essex, Dutchess, Onondaga, Putnam,
St. Lawrence, Warren and Westchester, coun-
ties, N. Y.; Smithfield, R. I. ; New Haven,
Milford, Comn. ; near Philadelphia, N. J.; Texas
and Hagerstown, Md. ; Lancaster county, Pa.;
Jefferson and Genevieve counties, Mo.; Knox
and Sevier counties, Tenn.; Joliet, Ill. ; Chero-
kee and Mason counties, N. C.; Marquette,
Mich. ; near Deep river and on the Michiga-
mig and Menominee rivers, Wis.
4 8.-Mica.
Occurs in masses, which can be split into
very thin, elastic leaves; pearly lustre; at a
high heat becomes opaque; gravity 3.
Value.—Used for doors of stoves, etc.
Localities.—Found in granite regions. Buck-
field, Freeport and Oxford, Me. ; Acworth, Graf-
ton and Alstead, N. H.; Chesterfield, Barre,
Mendon, South Royalston, Brimfield, Goshen
and Russell, Mass.; Monroe, Haddam and
Middletown, Conn.; Warwick, Edenville, Ed-
wards, Monroe and Greenfield, N. Y.; Penns-
bury, Thornbury, Unionville, Middletown and
Chestnut Hill, Pa.; Jones' Falls, Md.
49.-Micaceous Iron Oree
Resembles Specular Iron Ore, but consists of
thin shining scales or leaves; powder dark
red; a thin flake is translucent, showing red
light; feels somewhat slippery.
Value.—Used as an ore of iron and for pol-
ishing.
Localities.—Hawley, Mass.; Piermout, N. H.;
Ticonderaga, N. Y.; Warwick, Penn.; London
county, Wa
50.-Nitre.
Occurs in thin crusts, delicate needles, or
disseminated through the loose earth in caves;
glossy lustre; brittle; cool, Saline taste; crackles
and burns brightly on live coals; a little
harder than Gypsum.
Value.—Used in the manufacture of Gun-
powder, fulminating powders, nitric acid, etc.
Localities.—Marion county, Ky. ; White county,
Tenn.; near Rosiclare, Ill.; Silver Peak, Nev.
5l.-Oxyde of Manganese.
Occurs in masses and little columns, often
with small rounded surfaces; one ore is soft
enough to be impressed by the nail, and soils;
the other will scratch glass faintly; heated
with borax, makes a violet glass; dissolves in
hot muriatic acid, giving forth a yellowish-
green gas, gravity 4 to 5.
Value.—Used for bleaching and for obtaining
OXygen.
Localities.—Found in granite regions, often
with iron-ore. Brandon, Bennington, Monkton,
Irasburg and Chittenden Wt. ; Hillsdale, West-
moreland and Westchester, N. H.; Plainfield,
West Stockbridge and Conway, Mass.; Salis-
bury and Kent, Conn.; Montgomery county,
Md. ; Lake Superior Mining Region; Dubuque,
Iowa; Deep Diggings, Mo.; Red Island, Cal.;;
Martinsburg, N. Y.
5 2.-Platinum.
Occurs in grains or lumps; metallic silvery
lustre; can be hammered out heavier and
harder than silver; not dissolved in nitric acid;
gravity 17.
Value.—Nearly equal to Gold. Used for mak-
ing chemical and philosophical apparatus, for
coating copper, brass, etc.
Localities.—Found in river-gravel, with Gold.
Rutherford county, N. C.; Klamath region,
Cape Blanco, on Salmon river, South Fork of
Trinity, Butte, Honcut, Canon and Wood's
Creeks, and on Middle Fork of American river,
Cal.; at Gold Flat, Nev.
J35 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
53.-Red Copper Ore. 56.-Rensselaerite.
e e Occurs in masses; wax-like; a trifle harder
Occurs in crystals and masses; cochineal-
te than marble; when fresh can be scratched by
red; powder brownish-red; nearly opaque;
brittle; dissolves in nitric acid; heated on char-
coal yields a globule of copper; gravity 6.
Value.—Affords copper, (sixty per cent.,) and
blue vitriol.
Localities.—Found in trap regions with other
copper ores. Schuyler's, Sommerville, New
Brunswick and Flemington Mines, N. J.; Corn-
Wall, Pa.; Ladenton, N. Y.; Lake Superior
Region. Not abundant.
54.—Red Hematite.
Occurs in compact masses, with rounded
Surfaces or kidney-shaped; fibrous structure;
color brownish-red to iron-black; but powder
invariably red; when black, the lustre is some-
what metallic, otherwise dull; brittle; scratches
glass with difficulty; dissolves slowly in strong
muriatic acid; gravity 4.5 to 5.
Value.—An ore of iron, yielding from thirty-
six to fifty per cent. In powder, used as pig-
ment and for polishing metals.
Localities.—Found usually in beds with granite
or limestone, Aroostook county and Hodgdon
Me. ; Antwerp, Ticonderoga, Crown Point and
Gouverneur, N. Y. ; Vernon,
Whiteland, Pa.; Chatham and Orange counties,
N. C.; Marquette, Mich. ; Shasta county, Cal.
This mineral graduates into a soft, earthy
variety, called red ochre, and into a compact,
slaty variety, called red chalk, which has a
clayey odor when breathed on.
55.-Red Silver Oree
Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic lustre;
brittle; powder cochineal-red; easily cut ; at a
high heat yields a silver globule; the powder
heated with potash turns black; gravity 6.
Value.—An ore of silver yielding sixty per
cent.
Localities.—Found at gold and silver mines.
Washoe and Austin, Nev. ; Poorman Lode,
Idaho.
N. J.; West
the nail; Soapy feel; takes a polish; cleavable;
gravity 2.8.
Value.—Used as a marble and worked into
inkstands, etc.
Localities.—Found with steatite, serpentine,
Limestone, etc. Antwerp, Canton, Fowler, De
Kalb, Edwards, Russell and Gouverneur, N. Y.
Occurs in crystals and masses; transparent;
glassy lustre; colorless; tough; brittle; not
acted upon by acids or heat; electric by friction;
gravity 2.5.
Value.—Cut for ornaments, lenses, etc.
Localities.—Common in sandstone, limestone
and iron ore. Paris, Me. ; Benton and Bartlett,
N. H.; Sharon and Woodstock, Wt. ; Pelham
and Chesterfield, Mass.; Ellenville, Little Falls,
Watervliet, Fairfield, Middleville, Fowler, Ant-
werp, Rossie, Lake George and Palatine, N.
Y.; Minnesota Mine, Lake Superior; Ouachita
Spring, Ark. |
58.-Rock Salt,
Occurs in irregular beds or masses; brittle;
saline taste; crackles in the fire.
Localities.—Found with Gypsum, clay and
sandstone. Washington county, Va.; Petit
Anse, La. ; Silver Peak, Nev.; Salmon River
Mountains, Oregon.
5 9 .-Rutile,
Occurs in crystals generally; metallic lustre;
powder pale brown; brittle; unchanged by heat
or acids; if powdered and fused with potash,
then dissolved in muriatic acid, the solution
boiled with tin-foil assumes a beautiful violet
color; gravity 4.
Value.—Used for coloring porcelain and arti-
ficial teeth.
Localities.—Found in granite and limestone
rocks. Warren, Me. ; Merrimack, and Warren,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
539
N. H.; Bristol, Putney, and Waterbury, Vt. ;
Windsor, Shelburne, Barre, Conway and Ley-
den, Mass.; Monroe, Conn.; Warwick, Eden-
ville, Amity and Kingsbridge, N. Y.; Sudsbury,
West Bradford, Parksburg, Concord and New-
lin, Pa.; Newton, N. J.; Crowder's and Clubb
Mountains, N. C.; Habersham and Lincoln
counties, Ga.; Magnet Cave, Ark.
60.-Serpentine.
Occurs in masses; feeble, resinous lustre;
color oily green; powder whitish ; often yellow-
ish-gray on the outside; can be cut easily;
takes a fine polish; becomes reddish by heat;
gravity 2.5—same as marble.
Value.—Worked into mantels, jambs, table-
tops, and many other ornaments.
Localities.—Found as a rock in large masses.
Dear Isle, Me. ; Baltimore, Cavendish, Jay and
Troy, Vt. ; Newbury, Blamford, Middlefield and
Westfield, Mass.; Newport, R. I. ; near New
Haven and Milford, Conn.; Port Henry, Ant-
werp, Syracuse, Warwick, Phillipstown, Canton,
Gouverneur, Johnsburg, Davenport's Neck, New
Rochelle and Rye, N. Y. ; Frankfort, Hoboken
and Montville, N. J.; Texas, Pa.; Cooptown,
Md. ; Patterson, N. C. ; Calaveras county, Cal. ;
Alder Gulch, Mont. Marble veined with ser-
pentine is called verd-antique.
61.-Silicate of Copper.
Occurs in incrustations and masses; color
bluish-green; not fibrous; surface Smooth;
easily cut; does not effervesce in acids; blackens
by heat; gravity 2.
Value.—An ore of copper, yielding thirty per
cent.
Localities.—Found with other copper ores.
Somerville and Schuyler's, N. J.; Morgantown
and Cornwall, Pa.; Wolcottville, Conn.; Big
Williams' Fork, Ariz.
6 2 ..—Silver.
Occurs in masses, or strings and threads,
penetrating rocks and native copper and galena;
metallic lustre; tarnishes grayish-black; can
be cut in slices and hammered out; dissolved
in muriatic acid, it turns black on exposure;
gravity 10.
Localities.—Chiefly found with copper near
trap-rocks, and in fine grained galena and dark
brown blende. Gold contains from one to
fifteen per cent. Bridgewater, N. J.; Davidson
and Stanley counties, N. C.; Lake Superior
Region; Poorman's Lode, Idaho; Comstock
Lode and Montezuma Ledge, Nev.; Alpine
county and Maris Wein, Cal.; Clear Creek
county, Col.
63.-Silver Glance.
Occurs in small lumps, plates and threads;
color dark gray; cuts like lead; melts in a
candle giving off sulphur fumes; gravity 7.
Value.—The most important ore of silver,
containing eighty-seven per cent.
Localities.—May be found almost everywhere,
except in the coal regions; associated with
other ores, quartz, limestone, baryta, etc. Most
abundant where mineral veins cross one
another. Comstock Lode, Gold Hill, Reese
river, Cortez District and Silver sprout Wein,
Nev.; Clear Creek county, Nev.
64.—Smaltine.
Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic
lustre; color tin-white to steel-gray; powder
dark gray; brittle; gives off garlic odor in a
candle; melted with borax makes a deep blue
glass; gravity 6.5 to 7.
Value.—An ore of cobalt and arsenic, con-
taining eighteen to seventy per cent.
Localities.—Found in veins in granite regions
with other ores, Mine la Motte, Mo.; Chatham,
Conn.
65.-Smithsonite.
Occurs in masses, often rounded, covered
with minute crystals, or honey-combed; color
white, dirty yellow or stone color; glassy lustre;
brittle; effervesces in nitric acid; barely
scratches glass; barely translucent; gravity 4.4.
Value.—Yields fifty per cent. of zinc.
Localities.—Found generally in limestone with
galena and blende. Friedenville, Lancaster
5 tº
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
and Perkiomen, Pa.; Linden and Mineral Points,
Wis.; Lawrence, county, Ark. ; Ewing's Dig-
gings, Minn.
66.-Spathic Iron.
Occurs in crystals or plates somewhat curv-
ing; also (in cold regions) in nodules with
concentric layers like an onion; brittle; color
Varies from white to yellowish-brown or dark-
brown; strongly heated it blackens and will
then attract the compass needle; the powder
effervesces in nitric acid; melted with borax
makes a green or yellow glass; gravity 3.8.
Value.—Yields thirty per cent of iron, well
adapted for steel.
Localities.—Found in granite and coal-forma-
tions, often with other ores. Plymouth, Vt. ;
Sterling, Mass.; Roxbury, Conn.; Antwerp,
Herman and Rossie, N. Y. ; Fentress and
Harlem Mines, N. C. ; Coal Regions of Western
Pa.; Virginia, Eastern Ohio, etc.
67.-Specular Iron Ore.
Occurs crystalized and in large masses; high
metallic lustre; color steel-gray or iron-black;
brittle; obaque except when very thin ; the
powder when very fine and rubbed on white
paper shows red; the powder dissolves slowly
in muriatic acid; by a strong heat yields a
black mass which attracts the needle ; gravity 5.
Value.—Yields from fifty to Seventy per cent.
of iron.
Localities.—Found in granite regions. Mar-
quette, Mich. ; Pilot Knob and Iron Mountains,
Mo.; St. Lawrence county, N. Y.; Bartlett,
Lisbon and Franconia, N. H.; Chittenden and
Weathersfield, Wt. ; Sauk county Wis.
68.-Spinel Ruby.
Occurs in pyramidal crystals; glassy lustre;
powder white; scratches rock-crystal; by heat
becomes black; gravity 3.5.
Value.—A gem; clear specimens weighing
over four carats, are valued at half the price
of the diamond.
Localities.—Found in granular limestone and
clay. Amity and Gouverneur, N. Y. ; Franklin
and Byram, N. J.; Bolton and Boxborough,
Mass. -
Occurs in masses, consisting of minute pearly
Scales or grains; can be marked by the nail;
hardens by heat; soapy feel; gravity 2.5.
Value.—Used for fire-stones, tubes, in manu-
facture of porclaim, etc.
Localities.—Found in beds with limestone,
Serpentine and slate. Orr's Island, Me. ;
Francestown, Keene, Orford and Pelham, N.
H.; Athens, Cavendish, Marlboro, Moreton,
New Fane, Bradboro, Troy, Waterville, West-
field, Weathersfield and Windham, Wt. ; Middle-
field, Lennox and Westfield, Mass.; Mamayunk
and Chestnut Hill, Pa.; Albemarle and Lou-
don counties, Va.; Staten Island and St. Law-
rence county, N. Y.; Bare Hills, Md.
Occurs in crystals and in fibrous or granular
masses; glassy lustre; brittle; thin pieces melt
before a blow-pipe, tinging the flame red;
effervesces with acids; gravity 3.6.
Value.—A source of nitrate of strontia used
in fireworks.
Localities.—Found in limestone. Schoharie,
Muscalonge Lake, Chaumont Bay and Theresa,
N. Y.
71.-Sulphur.
Occurs in crystals, masses and crusts;
brittle; can be easily cut ; burns with a blue
flame and sulphur Odor; gravity 2.
Localities.—Found in limestone and gypsum,
and around sulphur Springs. Springport, N.
Y.; on the Potomac, twenty-five miles above
Washington; Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie;
Clear Lake, Cal. ; Santa Barbara county, Col. ;
Humboldt county, Nev.
'72.—Tin Ore.
Occurs in crystals, grains and masses; high
lustre; powder gray or brownish ; brittle; will
strike fire with steel; unaltered by heat or
acids; gravity 7,-being nearly as heavy as
lead-Ore.
Value.—The only ore of tin, containing
seventy-nine per cent. No gold-mine ever paid
such profits as the tin mines of Cornwall.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
541
Localities.—Jackson, N. H.; Temescal, Cal.;
Boonville, Idaho; near Fredericktown, Mo.
73.--Topaz.
Occurs in crystals; glassy lustre; brittle;
scratches rock-crystal; not acted upon by
ordinary heat or acids; gravity 3.5.
Value.—A gem; the most esteemed are the
rose-red and white.
Localities.—Found in granite. Trumbull,
Willimantic and Middletown, Conn.; Crowder's
Mountain, N. C.; Thomas's Mountains, Utah.
74.-Turmaline.
Occurs in crystals, usually in long, slender,
three-sided prisms which break easily; glassy
lustre; brittle; becomes milk-white by heat;
scratches rock-crystal and garnet; gravity 3.
Value.—Used for jewelry.
Localities.—Found in granite rocks. Paris,
Albany and Eſebron, Me. ; Chesterfield and
Goshen, Mass.; Newlin and Marple, Pa.
75.-Variegated Copper Ore.
Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic
lustre; quickly tarnishes; color between copper-
red, and light-brown; powder pale grayish-
black; dissolves in nitric acid; at a high heat
melts to a copper globule; heated on charcoal
gives off fumes of sulphur; gravity 5.
Value.—An important ore of copper, yielding
sixty per cent.
Localities.—Found in granite, freestone, etc.,
with other ores. Bristol and Cheshire, Conn.;
Mahoopeny, Pa.; Copper Mines of N. J.
7 6.-Wade
Occurs in masses; earthy and loose; can be
broken by the fingers, and soils; no lustre;
melted with borax makes a violet glass; feels
very light.
Value.—Used in bleaching and for making
Smalt.
Localtites.—Found in low places, generally in
the vicinity of slate or iron ore beds. Warren,
Wt. ; Blue Hill, Hodgdon and Thomaston, Me. ;
Columbia and Dutchess counties, Austerlitz,
Canaan Centre and Martinsburg, N. Y.; East
Bradford and White Marsh, Pa.; Mine la
Motte, Mo.
Occurs in crystals and masses; feeble lustre;
brittle; can hardly be cut with a knife; some-
times scratches glass; makes a jelly in muriatic
acid; gravity 4.
Value.—Contains seventy per cent. of zinc.
Localities.—Found in limestone with zincite.
Franklin and Sterling, N. J.
'78. –Zincite,
Occurs in foliated masses or grains; powder
orange-yellow ; brittle; dissolves in acids with-
out effervescence; gravity 5.5.
Value.—Yields seventy-five per cent. of zinc.
Localities.—Found in limestone with Frank-
linite, Garnet, etc. Sterling Hill and Mine
Hill, N. J.
Prospecting for Diamonds, Gold, Silver, Copper
Lead and Iron.
The mineral riches of a country are frequently
discovered by attentively observing the frag-
ments brought down by the action of water
from the hills into the valleys; and on tracing
these to their several Sources, the veins from
which they were originally detached, are in
many instances found. Water also acts in
another way, a very important part in the dis-
covery of mineral veins, as by closely examin-
ing the faces of the different gullies and ravines,
which intersect a country, a ready means is
afforded of ascertaining whether its strata are
traversed by metalliferous deposits; and, there-
fore in exploring with a view to its mineral
productions, no opportunity should be lost of
observing the various sections thus naturally
laid bare.
When fragments of an ore are found on a
hill-side, it is very evident that the vein must
542
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
lie higher up. If the vein is horizontal and
the fragments are found on the top of the hill,
there is no probability of finding much if any
of the vein, for generally it has been washed
away. Ore-veins, however, are almost always
nearly vertical; so that boring is of little use,
as it might pass by the richest vein, or, Strik-
ing it lengthwise, give a too favorable result.
As heavy minerals do not drift far, metals
are always found near their source.
Horizontal beds can be worked at the least
cost.
Pockets and nodules, or any detached masses
of minerals, are soon exhausted. Weins, lodes
and beds are most valuable.
Boring a three-inch hole, which costs about
$1 a foot, is a good method of testing a mineral
vein or bed which lies more or less horizontally.
A shaft may be sunk in Sandstone for from $6
to $3 per cubic yard; in slate and gravel, at
from $2 to $1.
The existence of mineral Springs, and the
rapid melting of the Snow in any locality, are
no indications of Ores.
Searching for Diamonds.
Few things are so unpromising and unat-
tractive as gems in their native state.
Hence their slow discovery. There is lit-
tle doubt that diamonds exist in many
places as yet unknown, or where their presence
is unsuspected. It is very difficult for the un-
practiced eye to distinguish them from crystals
of quartz or topaz. The color constitutes the
main difficulty in detecting their presence.
They are of various shades of yellowish brown,
green, blue and rose-red, and thus closely re-
semble the common gravel by which they are
surrounded. Often they are not unlike a lump
of gum arabic, neither brilliant nor transparent.
The finest, however, are colorless, and appear
like rock-crystals.
In Brazil, where great numbers of diamonds,
chiefly of small size, have been discovered, the
method of searching for them is to wash the
sand of certain rivers in a manner precisely
similar to that employed in the gold fields,
namely, by prospecting pans. A shovelful of
earth is thrown into the pan, which is then
immersed in water, and gently moved about.
As the washing goes on, the pebbles, dirt and
sand are removed, and the pam then contains
about a pint of thin mud. Great caution ls
now observed, and ultimately there remains
only a small quantity of Sand. The diamonds,
and particles of gold, if present, sink to the
bottom, being heavier, and are selected and
removed by the practiced fingers of the
operator. But how shall the gems be detected
by one who has had no experience, and who
in a jeweler's shop could not separate them
from quartz or French paste 2 The difficulty
can only be overcome by testing such stones
as may be suspected to be precious. Let these
be tried by the very sure operation of attempt-
ing to cut with their sharp corners glass,
crystal or quartz. When too minute to be
held between the finger and thumb, the Speci-
mens may be pressed into the end of a stick
of hard wood and run along the surface of
window glass. A diamond will make its mark,
and cause, too, a ready fracture in the line
over which it has traveled. It will also easily
scratch rock-crystal, as no other crystal will.
But a more certain and peculiar charac-
teristic of the diamond lies in the form of its
crystals. The ruby and topaz will Scratch
quartz, but no mineral which will scratch
quartz has the curved edges of the diamond.
In small crystals this peculiarity can be seen
only by means of a magnifying glass; but it
is invariably present. Interrupted, convex or
rounded angles, are Sure indications of the
genuineness. Quartz crystal is surrounded by
six faces; the diamond by four. The diamond
breaks with difficulty; and hence a test some-
times used is to place the Specimen between
two hard bodies, as a couple of coins, and
force them together with the hands. Such a
pressure will crush a particle of quartz, but
the diamond will only indent the metal.
The value of the diamond is estimated by the
carat, which is equal to about four grains, and
the value increases rapidly with its weight. If
a small, rough diamond Weighs four grains, its
value is about $10; if eight grains, $40; if 16
grains, $640. A cut diamond of one carat is
worth from $50 to $100.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
B48
The imperfections of the diamond, and, in
fact, of all cut gems, are made visible by
putting them into oil of cassia, when the
slightest flaw will be seen.
A diamond weighing 10 carats is “princely;”
but not one in ten thousand weighs so much.
If a rough diamond resemble a drop of clear
Spring Water, in the middle of which you per-
ceive a strong light; or if it has a rough coat,
So that you can hardly see through it, but
White, and as if made rough by art, yet clear
of flaws or veins; or, if the coat be smooth
and bright, with a tincture of green in it, it
is a good Stone. If it has a milky cast, or a
yellowish-green coat, beware of it. Rough
diamonds with a greenish crust are the most
limpid when cut.
Diamonds are found in loose pebbly earth,
along with gold, a little way below the surface,
towards the lower outlet of broad valleys,
rather than upon the ridges of the adjoining
hills.
Searching for Gold.
The paying localities of gold deposits
are the slopes of the Rocky and Alle-
ghany Mountains. Gold need not be looked
for in the anthracite and bituminous coal-
fields nor in lime-stone rocks. It is seldom
found in the beds of rivers. The thing itself is
the surest indication of its existence. If soil
or sand is “washed” as described on page
522, and the particles of gold are not heavy
enough to remain at the bottom but float
away, the bed will not pay.
Along the streams rather high up among the
mountains, and in the gravelly drift covering
the slopes of the valley below, are the best
prospects. Where the stream meets an obstacle
in its path or makes a bend or has deep holes,
there we may look for “pockets” of gold. Black
or red sands are usually richest. Gold-bearing
rock is a slate or granite abounding in rusty
looking quartz veins, the latter, containing iron
pyrites or cavities. Almost all iron pyrites and
silver ores, may be worked for gold. When
the quartz veins are thin and numerous rather
than massive, and lie near the surface, they
are considered most profitable.
Few veins can
be worked with profit very far down. As traces
of gold may be found almost everywhere, no
one should indulge in speculation before calcu-
lating the percentage and the cost of extraction.
Gold-hunting, after all, is a lottery with more
blanks than prizes.
The substances most frequently mistaken for
gold are iron pyrites, copper pyrites and mica.
The precious metal is easily distinguished from
these by its malleability (flattening under the
hammer) and its great weight, sinking rapidly
in water.
Searching for Silver.
This metal is usually found with lead
ore and native copper. Slates and sand-
stones intersected by igneous rocks as trap
and porphyry, are good localities. Pure
silver is often found in or near iron ores and
the dark brown zinc blende. The Colorado
silver lodes are porous at the surface and
colored more or less red or green. Any rock
suspected of containing silver should be
powdered and dissolved in nitric acid. Pour
off the liquid and add to it a solution of salt.
If a white powder falls to the bottom which
upon exposure turns black, there is silver in it.
Silver mines increase in value as in depth,
whereas gold diminishes as we descend.
Searching for Copper.
The copper ores, after exposure, or after
being dipped in vinegar, are almost in-
variably green on the Surface. They are
most abundant near trap dykes. The
pyrites is generally found in lead mines, and
in granite and clay-slate. Copper very rarely
occurs in the new formations, as along the At-
lantic and Gulf borders, and in the Mississippi
Walley South of Cairo. -
Searching for Lead.
Lead is seldom discovered in the surface
soil. It is also in vain to look for
it in the coal region and along the
coast. It must be sought in steep hills, in
limestone and slate rocks. A surface cut by
frequent ravines or covered by vegetation in
544
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
lines, indicates mineral crevices. The galena
from the slate is said to contain more silver
than that from the limestone. The purest
Specimens of galena are poorest in silver; the
small veins are richest in the more precious
metal. A lead vein is thickest in limestone,
thinner in Sandstone and thinnest in slate.
Searching for Iron.
Any heavy mineral of a black, brown,
red or yellow color may be suspected
to be iron. To prove it, dissolve some
in oil of vitriol and pour in an infusion of nut-
gall or oak-bark; if it turns black, iron is
present. If a ton of rich magnetic ore costs
more than $4 at the furnace, good hematite
more than $3, and poor ores more than $1.50
or $2, they are too expensive too pay, unless
iron is unusually high. Deep mining for iron
is not profitable. Generally Speaking, a bed of
good iron ore, a foot thick, will repay the cost
of stripping it of soil, etc., twelve feet thick.
Red and yellow earths, called Ochres, contain
iron. Magnetic ore is easily found by a com-
påSS.
ASSAY OF ORES.
WHEN AN ORE WILL PAY—WASHING FOR GOLD AND
PLATINUM –HOW TO ASSAY GOLD IN THE SIMPLEST
WAY—TO TEST ANY ROCK FOR GOLD AND SILVER
TO FIND THE PURITY OF GOLD-TO DETECT AND
ASSAY SILVER ORES-ASSAY OF COPPER, IRON, ZINC,
TIN AND LEAD ORES-READY METHOD OF TESTING
GRAPHITE.
One of the first questions asked after the
discovery of a metallic ore, is—“will it pay?”
We propose to state in plain words a method
of determining the character and value of the
principal ores, so that any intelligent man,
however unscientific, may answer his own
question. The chemical analysis or exact assay-
ing of ores is too complicated, and must be
left to professional aSSayers.
“Will it pay?” is an important query; for
many ores of even precions metals, are not
“paying.” Whether an ore is profitable depends
not so much upon the relative value of the metal
as upon the ease of seperating it from the rock
or “gangue” as it is called. Thus the minimum
percentage of metal, below which the working
of the ore ceases to be profitable, is—
Of Iron, 25 per cent.
Zinc, 20 & &
Lead, 20. & 6
Antimony, 20 . 66
Copper, 02 66
Tin, 01} 66
Quicksilver, 01 & 6
Silver, 1–2000 66
Platinum, 1–10000 & 6
Gold, 1–100000 6 &
That is, an ore of iron which contains less
than 25 per cent. of metal will not pay for
working; for the reduction of iron in compari-
son with copper ore is very difficult. Gold is
very easily extracted, and hence some quartz
rocks which do not apparently contain a particle
of gold, pay well, a bushel of rock often yield-
ing half an ounce. •
Iron occurs in large masses or beds; but the
other metals are scattered in fragments through
sand or soil, or exist in veins running through
rocks.
Washing for Gold and Platinum,
This operation called “panning,” is the oldest and
simplest method of extracting the precious
metals. At the present time, it furnishes to
Russia nearly all the gold produced in that
empire. It is based on the principle that sub-
stances of different weights may be separated
by means of water, the heaviest going to the
bottom first. To examine the bank or bed of a
river, suspeeted to contain gold, fill a milkpan
with the sands and carry it to a tub or pool
of quiet water. Dip it under, stirring the mass
with one hand or a stick. Then pour off the
muddy water, fill with fresh water stirring
again, and again pour off the light Sand, clay etc.
Scales of gold will sink fast; mica flakes will
take their time. Repeat this process till all
the fine particles are washed off; then allow
just enough water to enter the pan as will gover
the sand. By Bhaking the pan and gradually
lowering the side by which it is held, the light
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
545
sand will flow off, leaving in the corner a heap
of coarse sand. Put in a small quantity of
water and turn the pan around so as to create
a gentle current, when the precious metal, if
there be any, can be easily detected,—the gold
by its bright lustre, the platinum by its lead
color, and both by their malleability. Parti-
cles of gold are of uniform color and are either
flat or rounded, while other yellow grains are
angular. Holding the pan in the sunshine,
secure any glittering glassy crystals, and test
them for diamonds or rock-crystals. A magnet
will remove any particles of magnetic iron-ore.
Assay of Gold Ore.
Gold may be found in quartz rock, in iron
and copper pyrites, and in silver ores.
To ascertain if any gold is present in qrartz,
reduce the rock to powder and sift it. A cer-
tain quantity, say half a peck, is then washed
as above described, till a manageable quantity
of sand is left. If there is any show of gold,
dry the mass and put it in a bowl or glass
dish, and add an Óunce of quicksilver, stirring
the mixture well with a wooden rod. The
quicksilver, which will unite with every particle
of gold which may be there, is then poured off
into a soft leather (chamois) bag. This is
squeezed to remove Superfluous quicksilver, and
a pasty amalgam is left, which is put into an
iron vessel and heated red hot. The yellow
powder remaining is mixed with Saltpetre and
melted, when a button of pure gold will be
found in the crucible. Quartz ores should yield
$6 to the ton in order to pay.
To test pyrites for gold, reduce a given
quantity to powder and wash as before; then
roast the residue at a red heat. Upon cooling,
add quicksilver and treat as just described.
Pyrites should yield $1 of gold to the bushel
of ore to be profitable.
Native silver often contains gold. To sepa-
rate them, carefully flatten the alloy with a
smooth hammer on an anvil, and then boil it
in strong nitric acid in a glass flask for about
ten minutes. Carefully pour off the acid into
phial, and wash the powder in the flask, (which
is fine gold) with Water, and dry. To the liquid
in the phial add a solution of common salt.
The white powder which falls should be re-
| moved, washed with water, and fused with
powdered chalk or iron filings; a button of
pure silver is the result.
Any substance supposed to be or to contain
gold may be tested by dissolving it powdered
in aqua regia and then pouring in a solution
of copperas; if there is gold, the reddish-brown
precipitate, by rubbing, assumes a bright metal-
lic lustre.
To tell whether a globule of silver has any
gold in it, put it on a white porcelain dish and
moisten it with a drop of nitric acid; if it is
pure silver, it will dissolve and retain its white
color; if mixed with gold, it will soon turm
gray or black.
To test the purity of gold, rub some of it
off on a hard black flint slate, and apply to
the mark a drop of aqua fortis. If the gold is
pure, the yellow streak remains unchanged, but
if alloyed it partly disappears; if it is only an
imitation of gold, it wanishes altogether. -
A ready method of finding the amount of
gold in quartz rock with considerable accuracy,
is by taking the specific gravity of the rock
(well cleaned) as given on page 512. If the
gravity is not over 2.7, it contains little or no
gold. If it is 3, it very likely is gold bearing,
although pyrites may be present. But if it is
over 5, it is undoubtedly auriferous, and if 12,
it is very rich in gold.
It is generally considered that the sand of
any river is worth working for the gold it con-
tains, provided it will yield twenty-four grains
to the hundred Weight.
Assay of Silver Ore.
Pure silver is easily recognized. But lead
and copper ores often contain a large per cent-
age of the precious metal.
To detect silver in lead ore, disolve the pow-
dered ore in strong nitric acid; pour off the
liquid and insert a piece of pure copper. If
silver is present, it will go to the bottom. Or,
add to the liquid a solution of common salt,
and it will instantly become cloudy or white.
If lead ore yields three ounces of silver to a
ton, it may be worked for the silver as well as
the lead. In Colorado, the average value of
silver-bearing galena is $100 per ton.
35 -
546
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
To test the copper ores for silver, dissolve
them in nitric acid; then add a few drops of
imuriatic acid, and if silver is present a white
curdy precipitate will fall to the bottom. Na-
tive copper, when polished, often shows white
spots of silver.
To estimate the proportion of silver in lead
ore, reduce a known quantity of the clear ore
to powder, mix with a little dry soda a few
nails, and heat in a round-bottomed pot or
crucible. The lead which is obtained should
then be put in a cup having ashes at the bot-
tom, and strongly heated in an open furnace.
A globule of silver will be left if any is present,
and being weighed, the per centage can be
found.
Rich silver ores may be reduced by mixing
them with ten parts of common salt, and
exposing the mass for hours in an open fur-
nace, stirring it frequently. When cold reduce
to powder and mix with an equal quantity of
quicksilver and enough water to make a paste,
and agitate the mixture for two days, when the
amalgam will fall to the bottom. The amalgam
is then squeezed in a leather bag and washed.
Silver glance will yield its metal by heating
it before a blow-pipe.
Assay of Copper Ore.
When the ore is native copper and rock, as
at Lake Superior, it should be pounded and
the earthy matter washed away. Then mix
with a little potash or Soda and bring to a
high heat in a crucible.
Other copper ores may be tested by dissolv-
ing them powdered in dilute aqua regia. The
presence of silver will be shown by a white
powder on the bottom. Then add considerable
ammonia. If there is any copper a blue liquor
will be produced. Strain this through tissue
paper, and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the
residue in auriatic acid, and by putting in a
piece of iron or zinc, the copper will fall down.
Or, add to this solution pure potash; dry and
weigh the powder thrown down; every 5 parts
of it contains 4 parts of copper.
Gray copper and red copper ores may be
assayed by heating with charcoal, (both pow-
dered,) in a furnace. Malachite and azurite
should be smelted with borax; copper pyrites
and silicate of copper with soda or powdered
marble.
A ton of copper ore which contains 10 per cent.
of metal, pays $25 at the furnace. The ore of
copper when roasted, turns black; and when
thrown into nitric acid makes a sky-blue solu-
tion. A clean knife-blade when put into this
Solution will be coated with copper.
Assay of Iron Ore.
Take a known quantity of the ore in fine
powder and mix thoroughly with dry borax (or
with one part of fluor spar, one of charcoal and
four of Salt,) and expose it for an hour in
a covered crucible lined with charcoal to a white
heat in a wind-furnace for an hour. A button
of iron will be found at the bottom, which de-
termines the per centage.
Assay of Zinc Ore.
If the weighed ore is roasted with powdered
charcoal, white flowers of zinc will be formed
on a piece of cold iron held over it. After
thorough roasting, the residue should be weighed;
the loss is the oxide of zinc, and every 100 parts
of this contain 81 of metal
All the ores of zinc will dissolve in either
nitric or hot sulphuric acid.
Assay of Tin Ore.
Tin-stone will yield up its metal if mixed
with charcoal, borax and Soda, and heated on
the hearth of a furnace or before a blow-pipe.
The presence of tin may be tested by dissolv-
ing the metal thus roasted out, in aqua regia
and adding a decoction of Brazil-wood; if the
metal was tin, the liquid will be colored a
beautiful crimson.
Assay of Lead Ore.
Both galena and cerussite are rich ores, and
when abundant pay well. They are easily
reduced by heat, the former being usually
mixed with charcoal and iron filings. If a
western backwoodsman Wants shot or bullets,
he kindles a fire in a hollow tree or an old
stump, puts some galena on the charred wood
and melts it down. After cooling, he finds the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PIRACTICAL INFORMATION.
5.
£7
metal at the bottom. The smelting of a ton
of lead costs about $6. The average price per
ton of galena is $30. When galena is dis-
solved in warm nitric acid, a clean plate of
zinc placed in it will be coated with brilliant
blades of lead; if the galena contains silver, a
plate of copper will be served in the same way.
A solution of chromate of potash poured into
a solution of lead ore in nitric acid will throw
down a yellow color.
To Test the Purity of Graphite.
Its value depends upon the amount of its
carbon. Pulverize and then dry at a heat of
about 350 degrees, twenty grains of it; then
place it in a tube of hard glass four or five
inches long, half an inch wide and closed at
one end. Add twenty times as much well dried
oxide of lead and well mix. Weigh the tube
and contents, and afterward heat before a
blow-pipe till the contents are completely fused
and no longer evolve gases. Ten minutes will
suffice for this. Allow the tube to cool and
weigh it. The loss in weight is carbonic acid.
For every twenty-eight parts of loss there must
have been twelve of carbon.
MINERAL SPRINGS.
Any spring which contains a large amount
of foreign matter, as gas, Salts and earthy
ingredients, is called mineral water. The
special prominence of any ingredient gives it
its particular name. Many iron springs con-
tain Salt, Salt Springs contain iron, and both
may contain gas; the name is derived from the
most prominent ingredient.
Our country is rich in mineral springs;
there is not a State without one. But in
general they are most numerous in hilly or
mountainous regions, especially where the
rocks are much deranged in position, or
“faulted,” as the miners say. As for example,
in Eastern New York and in the valley between
the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany from Har-
per's Ferry to the Natural Bridge. The Pacific
States, also, are as remarkable for the num-
ber and variety of their mineral springs as
for their metallic ores.
Carbonated or Gas Springs.
Springs of this class have a peculiar spark-
ling character and are continually sending up
bubbles of gas. When the quantity of gas is
small, it may be detected by adding a little
lime water which will give it a milky appear-
ance and deposit a white sediment; or, dip in
a piece of blue litmus paper, which can be
had of most druggists, and if there is any
carbonic acid gas in the water, it will be red-
dened ; or, pour in a little vinegar, stir well,
and then add a little finely powdered sugar,
when the gas, if it is there, will rise in small
bubbles.
The most celebrated carbonated springs are
the following: Saratoga and Ballston, N. Y.;
Clarendon, Vt. ; Sweet Springs in Shover's Wal-
ley, Pa.; Bladon and Bailey Springs, Ala.;
“Boiling Springs,” near Pike's Peak, Col. ; Bear
Springs, near Bear River, Or. These springs
contain Salt, Soda, magnesia, lime and iron,
and are sometimes classed as saline, soda or
chalybeate springs.
Chalybeate or Iron Springs.
The presence of iron in a spring may be as-
certained by pouring into it an infusion of nut-
galls, of logwood or of tan-bark, which will
change it immediately to a black or dark color.
If the water contains much iron, it may be
recognized by its inky taste and by a yellowish
powder on the border of the spring or at the
bottom of a tumbler when allowed to stand
awhile.
If waters have a cool but earthy taste, they
contain lime; if bitter, they have magnesia.
The “soda springs,” so called, are often only
Saline, carbonated or magnesia waters.
The most famous iron springs are at Sara-
toga, Sandlake and Catskill, N. Y.; West
Bethel, Fryeburg, Eberne and Bethel, Me...;
Schooley's Mountain in Washington, N. J.;
Bedford, Pittsburg, Frankfort and York, Pa.;
Brandywine Springs, Del.: Red Sweet Springs
in Monroe County, Tawley's Spring in Rocking-
ham County, and Huguenot Springs in Powhat-
tan County, Va.; in Bath County, Ky. ; Yellow
Springs, O.; twenty miles east of Knoxville,
Tenn.; Madison County, Geo.; Raymond and
B48
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Lynchburg, Miss.; near Ogden City, Utah; near
Mt. Shasta, Col.
Sulphur Springs.
These are easily recognized by their unpleas-
ant odor, resembling that of rotten eggs. The
water blackens silver and a solution of sugar of
lead.
Sulphur springs are very numerous. The
best known are at Saratoga, Sharon, Clifton,
Avon, Manlius, Chittenango, Dryden and Rich-
field, N.Y.; Highgate and Newburg, Vt. ; Togus,
Bethel and West Newfield, Me. ; Shover's Wal-
ley, Carlisle and Doubling Gap, Pa.; Winches-
ter and Warrenton, Va.; Greenbrier and Mon-
roe Counties, W. Va.; Bath County, Ky. ;
White's Creek, near Nashville and in Granger
County, Tenn.; Spartanburg, S.C.; Butts Coun-
ty, Ga.; Tallahatta, Ala.; Tampa, Fla.; near
Bitter Creek and Great Salt Lake, Utah; along
the Yellowstone River, Mont. ; Jackson, Cal.
Acid or Alum Springs.
These waters have a more or less sour taste
and redden blue litmus-paper.
They are found at Byron and Oak Orchard,
N. Y.; Blossburg, Pa.; Bath, Richmond and
Rockbridge, Wa.
Magnesian or Epsom Springs.
These have a bitter taste. To test any water
for magnesia, add to a glass of it a solution of
phosphate of soda and some hartshorn; if mag-
nesia is present, the liquid first becomes turbid,
and finally minute crystals fall to the bottom.
There are Epsom Springs at Harrodsburg and
Perryville, Ky. ; Westport, O.; Raymond, Miss. ;
Orange County, Ind. ; Scott County, W. Wa.
Saline or Salt Springs.
These contain a large per centage of common
salt, and are recognized by their taste. They
generally contain many ingredients (generally
seven or eight), but the Salt predominates. A
well should contain at least ten per cent. of
salt to pay for working. The Syracuse spring
yields a bushel of Salt to every thirty-three
gallons; while the Great Salt Lake contains 22
per cent. Among the most important salt wells
are those at Syracuse, Salina and Liverpool,
N. Y. ; Lubec, Me. ; Shannondale, Va.; Bath
County, Ky. ; Athens County, O. ; Hartford,
Ind. ; Saginaw, Mich. ; Oneida, Idaho.
Thermal or Warm Springs.
Any Spring is so called, the temperature of
which throughout the year is above that of the
Soil around it. They generally occur near the
line of junction between the granite or igneous
rocks and the stratified rock (slate or lime-
Stone) resting upon its flanks. The tempera-
ture of such waters in the United States ranges
from 73 to 200 degrees, the latter being reached
by the Geysers of Montana. Many iron and
Sulphur Springs are also thermal.
The most noted warm springs are at Lebanon,
N. Y. ; in Bath, Berkley, Monroe and Scott
counties, Va.; Buncome counties, N. C.; French
Brood River, Tenn.; Meriwether county, Ga.;
Washitaw, Ark. ; Salt Lake Walley, Utah; near
Pyramid Lake, Nev.; along the Malheur and
Fall Rivers, Ore. ; Lincoln Walley, Idaho; on
Gardiner's River, in Madison county, and es-
pecially in the Yellowstone Basin, Montana.
Artesian Wellse
To sink a flowing well with any reasonable
prospect of success, it is essential that the spot
selected should be lower than land in the vicin-
ity, although those higher elevations may be
several miles away. The layers of the rocks,
also, should dip towards the spot rather than
away from it. The best indication, but not a
certain one, is a great basin-shaped valley, to
the center of which the rocks dip on one or
more sides. Sandy, lime and slate rocks are
more propitious than granite.
Oil Wells.
Where there are marks of disturbance and
misplacement of the rocks, there the experienced
sink wells. Rugged hills and sharply-defined
valleys are, generally, signs of such dislocation.
The line or “break” from which the rocks dip
like the roof of a house is considered mosé
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
549
favorable. There is no such thing as an “oil
rock,” for the oil is found at different depths,
and the fissure containing it is more or less
Vertical. In Pennsylvania, the greatest flowing
Wells have been found in the third sand rock.
No limestone has afforded any large supply of
oil. Coal in no large quantities is ever found
upon or in the immediate vicinity of the oil
territory. The “show of oil” increases in value
as a sign, with the depth at which it is found.
Especially is the finding of a large amount of
imprisoned gas, though no oil may be present,
regarded as a good indication that oil is near.
In the bituminous coal region, a gas spring
indicates the probable existence of oil in the
rocks below. But generally, “surface shows”
are seductive. The great oil belt runs south-
Westerly from Oil Creek, Pa., to Burning
Springs, W. Wa. But Ohio, Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, Georgia, Alabama, Missouri, Texas,
Illinois, Indian, Michigan and Southern Cali-
fornia are also rich in petroleum.
ARTIFICIAL, JEWELRY.
How Made and How Detected.
“Bristol Stones,” “Irish Diamonds,” “Cape
May Diamonds,” and “California Diamonds,” are
skillfully-cut quartz crystals. They are easily
detected by the file and by their lightness.
“Paris Brilliants” are more dangerous coun-
terfeits, and are very often sold for genuine.
The great establishment of Boarguiguon, in Paris,
is the most famous manufactory of artificial
gems in the World, employing about one hun-
dred hands. The gems are such perfect imita-
tions that they can be distinguished from real
stones only by the closest scrutiny of those
experienced in such matters. They fail chiefly
in hardness; in brilliancy and gravity they
nearly or quite equal the genuine.
Nature has made the most precious stones
with the most common materials. The diamond
is purified charcoal, while the matter of clay
and white pebbles is the base of all other gems.
The chemist has imitated nature in the pro-
duction of colored gems. The base of these
imitations, called “pastes,” is “strass”—a white
glass compound of 800 parts of pure Sand, 96
of potash, 27 of borax, 514 of white lead, and one
–ºmº
of arsenic. The mixture is put in a crucible,
and kept at a high heat for 24 hours. This is
the philosopher's stone which competes with
Golconda. The uncolored glass is used in ma-
king mock diamonds and white topaz. Another
paste, which has very great brilliancy, and,
unfortunately, the same gravity as the diamond,
is made by melting 100 parts of pure sand, 150
of red lead, 30 of calcined potash, 10 of cal-
cined borax, and 1 of arsenic, keeping the
mixture melted for two or three days and then
cooling very slowly. Each ingredient is sepa-
rately reduced to a fine powder.
False Ruby.
Is made by fusing together of strass 1 ounce
and 6 drachms, glass of antimony 37 grains,
and purple of cassius 1 grain; then add eight
parts more of strass, and fuse for 30 hours;
cool and remelt pieces in a blow-pipe. Or,
melt 5 ounces of strass and 1 drachm of man-
gameSe.
False Topaz.
Can be made from 1008 grains of strass, 43
grains of glass of antimony, and one grain of
purple of cassius.
False Sapphire.
Add to 8 ounces of strass, 52 grains of pure
oxide of cobalt.
False Emerald.
To 1 pound of strass add 1 drachm of verdi-
gris and 15 grains of crocus martis. Or, take
2304 grains of Strass, 21 grains of green oxide
of copper, and 1 grain of oxide of chrome. Or,
take an ounce and a half of rock crystal, 6.
drachms of dry borax, 8 drachms of red lead,
1 drachm of nitre, 20 grains of red oxide of
iron, and 10 grains of green carbonate of copper.
False Carnelian.
Strass 2 pounds, glass of antimony 1 pound,
rouge 2 ounces, manganese 1 drachm.
False Amethysts and Opals.
These are manufactured; but the fine opal
defies imitation, and the amethyst is too com-
mon in nature to allow much margin for “pastes.”
In distinguishing trae and falsa gems, no one
character should be depended upon. All genu-
550 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
ine stones will bear rough handling. If the
merchant says “hands off,” refuse to purchase.
Any gem Worth buying is worth testing.
First : try the hardness. The file will make
no impression on the diamond and ruby, and
will with difficulty scratch the other gems,
while the “pastes” are easily marred. All the
precious stones Scratch window glass, although
opal will not attack common bottle glass. All
imitations yield easily to sand. The Sapphire
is the hardest of colored gems, and opal is the
softest. The emerald will hardly scratch rock
crystal—its counterfeit not at all. Topaz will
scratch ordinary ruby, but will not touch sap-
phire.
Secondly : as to weight. This is the most
accurate method, but the stone must be taken
from its setting. Garnet is the heaviest of
gems; weighed in water it loses only one-fourth
of its weight—i.e., if a red garnet be suspended
by a fine thread from a delicate balance, and
immersed in a glass of water under it, one-
quarter of its ordinary weight in air must be
added to the pan from which it is suspended
to restore the equilibrium. In like manner,
ruby and sapphire lose a little more. The dia-
mond and white topaz lose two-Sevenths of
their weight. Rock crystal, amethyst, carnelian
and agate lose five-thirteenths, and opal about
one-half, being the lightest of gems. The em-
erald loses more than one-third.
As “paste” can be made so as to have the
same specific gravity as the genuine article,
this test alone cannot be relied upon; but very
few of the imitations are so carefully made.
The test is very convenient in distinguishing
gems of like color from each other, as oriental
ruby, spinel ruby and red tourmaline, and
green tourmaline and emerald.
Thirdly : characteristics depending on light
and electricity. It is not easy to look through
a diamond of the first water, while imitations
readily permit objects to be seen through them.
A very delicate and perfect test of a diamond,
distinguishing it from all colorless gems, as
white topaz, white Sapphire and White Zircon,
but not from “pastes,” is to look through it at
a pin-hole in a card, This requires Some dex-
terity, and the gem should be fixed to a steady
object by a bit of wax at a proper distance.
A true diamond will show but one hole, all the
others will show two. As white topaz, when
large, is a magnificent stone, it is often palmed
off for a diamond of great value; but this test
is invariably certain.
A true diamond retains its brilliancy under
Water.
When a colored stone is placed in the path
of the solar spectrum (the row of seven colors
into which sunlight is separated by a prism),
its color will vary with the portion of the spec-
trum which falls upon it; and two stones of
the same color, but of a different nature, will
exhibit different effects. Thus, a paste placed
beside a fine colored gem, betrays its worth-
lessness. A simpler method of testing stones
is to look at them through a bit of glass, col-
ored red, yellow, blue or green. Every stone
will exhibit, under this test, properties peculiar
to itself, and by which its nature may be recog-
nized. This is also a severe test for the purity
of tint; for if pure and unmixed, the stone will
appear completely black in every other light
but its color. Milky and turbid stones cannot
bear this test.
A first-class ruby has the color of the blood
as it spurts from the artery. The deeper the
hue of the emerald, the more it is valued ; it
loses none of its brilliancy by artificial light.
The pale rose topaz, the kind most esteemed,
is artificially colored by heating it.
If topaz or tourmaline be gently heated, it
becomes electric and will attract a thread or
suspended pith-ball. No imitation will do this.
All real gems when rubbed will attract the
pith-ball, and retain the power a long time;
the pastes also become electric, but soon lose
their attraction. Rub a glass tube with a piece
of flannel, and bring it near a suspended pith-
ball; the latter will be strongly attracted and
then repelled. Immediately rub a genuine dia-
mond and bring it near the ball, and it will
be attracted. A paste diamond thus rubbed
would repel it.
Finally: the breath remains much longer on
the pastes than on real gems. The former also
betray, under a magnifying glass, Small air
bubbles. Diamonds and other first-class stones
are always cold to the touch.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
551
False Pearls.
These are glass beads coated with a mixture
of three ounces of scales of the blay or bleak
fish, half ounce of fine glue, one ounce of white
Wax and one ounce of pulverized alabaster.
Powdered opal is sometimes used; also the
powdered pearl of the oyster and other shells
soaked in vinegar, and made up with gum
tragacanth. Artificial pearls are usually brittle,
and do not weigh more than two-thirds as
much as the genuine.
False Corals.
These are made of resin and vermilion; or
of marble powder made into a paste with var-
nish or soluble glass and a little isinglass,
colored by Chinese vermilion, and then moulded.
They are used for setting in cheap jewelry.
The knife shows it to be too soft to be genuine.
Artificial Gold.
The following oroid or imitation gold is some-
times sold for the genuine article which it
closely resembles. Pure copper, 100 parts by
weight, is melted in a crucible, and then 6
parts of magnesia, 8.6 of Sal-ammonic, 1.8 of
quicklime and 9. of tartar are added separately
and gradually in the form of powder. The
whole is then stirred for about half an hour,
and 17 parts of zinc or tin in Small grains are
thrown in and thoroughly mixed. The cruci-
ble is now covered and the mixture kept
melted for half an hour longer, when it is
skimmed and poured out.
Any imitation of gold may be detected by
its weight, which is not one-half of what it
should be, and by its dissolving in nitric acid
while pure gold is untouched.
PRECIOUS STONES.
Arranged According to Color and in Order of
Hardiness.
Limpid.
Diamond, Topaz,
Sapphire, Rock-Crystal.
Blue.
Sapphire, Spinel,
Topaz, Aquamarine,
Indicolite, Kaynite,
Turquoise,
Green.
Oriental Emerald, Emerald,
Chrysoberyl, Chrysoprase,
Amazon Stone, Chrysolite,
Malachite,
Yellow.
Diamond, Fire-Opal,
Topaz,
Red.
Sapphire-Ruby, Brazilian-Topaz,
Spinel-Ruby, Hyacinth,
Rubellite, Carnelian,
Garnet,
Violet.
Oriental-Amethyst, Amethyst,
Black and Brown.
Diamond, Hyacinth,
Tourmaline. Garnet.
Discovery of Gold in California.
It was on the 19th day of January, 1848,
that James W. Marshall, while engaged in dig-
ging a race for a saw-mill at Coloma, about
thirty-five miles eastward from Sutter's Fort,
found some pieces of yellow metal, which he
and the half-dozen men working with him at
the mill supposed to be gold. He felt confi-
dent that he had made a discovery of great
importance, but he knew nothing of either
chemistry or gold-mining, so he could not
prove the nature of the metal nor tell how to
obtain it in paying quantities. Every morning
he Went down to the race to look for the bits
of metal; but the other men at the mill thought
Marshall was very wild in his ideas, and they
continued their labors in building the mill, and
in sowing Wheat and planting vegetables. The
Swift current of the mill-race washed away
a considerable body of earthy matter, leaving
the coarse particles of gold behind; so Mar.
552
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
shall's collection of specimens continued to
accumulate, and his associates began to think
there might be something in his gold mines
after all. About the middle of February, a Mr.
Bennett, one of the party employed at the mill,
went to San Francisco for the purpose of
learning whether this metal was precious, and
there he was introduced to Isaac Humphrey,
who had washed for gold in Georgia. The ex-
perienced miner saw at a glance that he had
the true stuff before him, and, after a few in-
quiries, he was satisfied that the diggings must
be rich. He made immediate preparation to
visit the mill, and tried to persuade some of
his friends to go with him ; but they thought
it would be only a waste of time and money,
so he went with Bennet for his sole coin-
panion.
He arrived at Coloma on the 7th of March,
and found the work at the mill going on as if
no gold existed in the neighborhood. The next
day he took a pan and Spade, and washed
some of the dirt in the bottom of the mill-
race in places where marshall had found his
specimens, and, in a few hours Humphrey
declared that these mines were far richer than
any in Georgia. He now made a rocker and
went to work washing gold industriously, and
every day yielded to him an ounce or two of
metal. The men at the mill made rockers for
themselves, and all were soon busy in Search
of the yellow metal. Everything else was
abandoned; the rumor of the discovery spread
slowly. In the middle of March Pearson B.
Reading, the owner of a large ranch at the
head of the Sacramento Valley, happened to
visit Sutter's Fort, and hearing of the mining
at Coloma, he went thither to see it. He said
that if similarity of formation could be taken
as a proof, there must be gold mines near his
ranch; so, after observing the method of Wash-
ing, he posted off, and in a few weeks he was
at work on the bars of Clear Creek, nearly
two hundred miles north-westward from Coloma.
A few days after Reading had left, John Bid-
well, now representative of the northern dis-
trict of the State in the lower House of
Congress, came to Coloma, and the result of
his visit was that, in less than a month, he
had a party of Indians from his ranch wash-
ing gold on the bars of Feather River, twenty-
five miles north-westward from Coloma. Thus
the mines were opened at far distant points.
The first printed notice of the discovery of
gold, was given in the California newspaper
published in San Francisco on the 15th of
March. On the 29th of May the same paper,
announcing that its publication would be sus-
pended, says: “The whole country, from San
Francisco to Los Angelos, and from the Sea-
shore to the base of the Sierra Nevada, resound
the sordid cry of gold 1 gold! gold / while the
field is left half planted, the house half built
and everything neglected but the manufacture
of pick and shovels, and the means of trans-
portation to the spot where one man obtained
one hundred and twenty-eight dollars' worth
of the real stuff in one day's Washing; and the
average for all concerned, is twenty dollars per
diem.”
The first to commence quartz mining in
California were Capt. Wm. Jackson and Mr.
Eliason, both Virginians, and the first machine
used was a Chilian mill.
The Reid Mine, in North Carolina, was the
first gold mine discovered and worked in the
United States, and the only one in North
America from which, up to 1825, gold was sent
to the Mint.
Discovery of Silver in Nevada, and United States
Gold and Silver Statistics.
Separated from California by the snowy
chain of the Sierra, the State of Nevada has
been celebrated, since 1860, for its silver min-
ing. In November, 1859, the news of the dis-
covery of silver mines near Lake Washoe was
confirmed at San Francisco; and in June,
1860, the mines of Washoe, the central western
portion of the State, had already sent such
rich results to Europe, that the French Minis-
ters of Finance and Commerce despatched a
mining engineer to Nevada to make a close
inspection of these Wonderful mines. It seemed
as if the world were about to be inundated
with silver, as it had been by gold ten years
previously; and what would these economists
now say, who had only recently counseled
that the value of gold coin should be lowered
t AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
55.8
or that gold should be demonetized on account
of the disturbed relation of these precious
metals—the bases of the standard of payment
throughout the world generally. Whilst the
French engineer visited Nevada and prepared
his report, the miners of Washoe continued
working their veins of metal. At the present
time, 1882, the mines on the eastern slope of
the Sierra Nevada annually produce about
$12,500,000 of silver, chiefly from the Com-
stock lode; the total yield of gold from the
quartz mines of California is about $17,000,000
per annum. The Comstock lode, in the State
of Nevada, may be ranked among the most
productive metalliferous deposits ever encoun-
tered in the history of mining enterprise; its
productive capacity, as now being developed,
surpassing, if the mass of its ores do not in
richness equal, those of the most famous mines
of Mexico and Peru.
The known limits of this lode cover a space
of 22,546 feet in a nearly due north and south
direction (magnetic). The variation of the
needle in that locality is 16} degrees east.
Upon this extensive seat of metalliferous de-
posits, the mines are divided into three groups:
the Virginia Group, seventeen mines, with
claims of 18,549% feet; Gold Hill Group, nine
mines, of 8,6973 feet; American Flat Group,
three mines, of 2,600 feet. The three groups
of twenty-nine mines thus occupy a total length
On the lode of 22,546 feet. The Comstock lode
was discovered in 1859, by a pit sunk for a
water hole on the ground of the Ophir mine;
milling the ore began in October of the same
year, but the amount of bullion taken out in
1860 is estimated at but $100,000. Since then
the Comstock has become the greatest gold and
Silver mine in the world. To the end of 1878
the yield was estimated at $291,162,205, as fol.
lows: From 1860 to 1870 inclusive, of gold and
silver together, unclassified, $102,466,240; 1871
to 1878 inclusive, gold, $88,691,498, silver, $91,-
—-f
278,623; 1877 and 1878, gold and silver, unclas-
sified, $1,725,844. Making allowance for the loss
by slimes and tailings, the gross contents of the
lode as worked up to 1878 are estimated at
$363,961,205. About 6,500,000 tons of ore have
been extracted in this time, which a good au-
thority estimates of an average value to the
company of $45 per ton of 2,000 pounds.
Annual Production of Gold and Silver in the
United States from 1853 to 1880 Inclusive.
PRODUCTION.
Year. Total.
Gold. Silver.
1853. . . . $65,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . $65,000,000
1854. . . . 60,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,000,000
1855, . 55,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,000,000
1856. . 55,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,000,000
1857. . . 55,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,000,000
1858. . 50,000,000 $500,000 50,500,000
1859. . . 50,000,000 100,000 50,100,000
1860. . . . 46,000,000 150,000. 46,150,000
1861...] 43,000,000 2,000,000| 45,000,000
1862. . . 39,200,000 4,500,000 43,700,000
1863. . . . 40,000,000 8,500,000 48,500,000
1864. . . 46,100,000 11,500,000 57,100,000
1865. . . 53,225,000 11,250,000 64,475,000.
1866. . . 53,500,000 10,000,000 63,500,000
1867. . . 51,725,000 13,500,000 65,225,000
1868. . . . 48,000,000 12,000,000 60,000,000
1869. . . 49,500,000 12,000,000 61,500,000
1870. . . 50,000,000 16,000,000 66,000,000
1871 . . . 43,500,000 23,000,000 66,500,000
1872. . . 36,000,000 28,750,000 64,750,000
1873. ... 36,000,000 35,750,000 71,750,000
1874. . . . 40,000,000 32,000,000 72,000,000
1875. . . . 40,000,000 32,000,000 72,000,000
1876. . . 46,750,000, 38,500,000 S5,250,000
1877 . . . 45,100,000, 38,950,000 84,050,000
1878... 50,000,000 49,000,000 99,000,000
1879, ... 38,900,000 40,812,000 79,712,000
1880... 36,000,000 37,700,000 73,700,000

554
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
P---sºm-
* ENELIHH ERAMIMAR-43.
HE English language is called our
mother tongue, because it is our native
speech. We begin to learn it as Soon
º, as we begin to talk.
Nº The English language has been grow-
* ing for more than a thousand years. It
is called English from the word Angles, the
name of a tribe of Germans, who, with the
Saxons and other German tribes, settled in Bri-
tain about the 5th century A. D. The language
that was spoken by this people is called Anglo-
Saxon. It was quite unlike our present English,
but it is the basis of our speech, furnishing the
larger part (nearly three-fourths, perhaps,) of
our customary words and the grammatical frame-
work of our whole language. Our language is
made up of words borrowed from almost every
country of the globe, Latin, Greek, Hebrew,
Celtic, Saxon, Danish, French, Spanish, Italian,
German,—nay, the languages of Indians and
China lie mixed together in the English diction-
ary; but not a single drop of foreign blood has
entered into the organic system of the English
language. The grammar, the blood and soul of
the language, says Max Muller, is as pure and
unmixed in English as it was when spoken on
the shores of the German Ocean by the Angles,
Saxons and Jutes of the Continent. The Anglo-
Saxon, however, became largely influenced by the
French language, spoken by the Normans, Who
conquered England in the 11th century. In the
15th and 16th centuries it received a very great
number of words from Latin and Greek, and
subsequently from other sources. By the time
of Shakespeare, in the 16th century, it had grown
into nearly its present form. The English lan-
guage is fast becoming the language of the whole
World. It is now spoken by nearly one hundred
and fifty millions of people. It is the language
of the United States and of British America, of
Great Britain and Ireland, of Australia and New
Zealand, South Africa, India and elsewhere. To
have a free and accurate use of it is one of the
finest of accomplishments, and such a use the
grammar should give. But you must bear in
mind that the knowledge of the grammar of a
language does not involve a knowledge of the lan-
guage itself. Grammar is a means to an end, a
pathway to the temple of great thoughts. It is
for this treasure that a language is worth the
labor of study; and in regard to literary treas-
ures, no language will repay attention more fully
than the English.
The English language, like other languages,
was spoken before its laws were formed into a
systematic treatise called a “grammar.” So the
real facts of the language, in their primary and
their model form, exist and are to be looked for
in the every day speech of well-educated persons.
Hence the speech of educated persons is of author-
ty in grammar, no less than the language of the
best authors; and the best teachers of English
grammar are to be found in the well-educated
English speaking mothers, and the nursery the
best class-room.
English grammar teaches us to speak and
write the English language correctly. Grammar
is usually divided into four parts, namely:
1. Orthography. 3. Syntax.
2. Etymology. 4. Prosody.



AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
655
§ Of Orthography.
Orthography includes a knowledge of the nature
and power of letters, and teaches how to spell
words correctly. This part of grammar is usually
learned from spelling-books and dictionaries.
Orthography means word-making, or spelling.
Part I–Etymology.
This branch of English Grammar relates to
the changes in the forms of words in our language
or inflection, as it is called. It also traces out
the origin, primitive significance and history of
words, and their classification.
Classification.
All language is made up of words, which may
be defined to be sounds significant of some idea
or relation.
The vocabulary of our language is made up of
about 100,000 words; nevertheless, it is found
that the whole stock of English words can be
assorted into a very few kinds. Thus, all words
used to assert are put in one class; all words
expressive of things which exist, or are conceived
to exist of themselves, and not as qualities of any-
thing else, or in other words to name things, in
another. Words that express qualities of things,
or describe them in a third, etc.
There are nine of these classes of words, and
they are called the parts of speech. They are
the following:
1. The Article.
The Noun.
5. The Werb.
6. The Adverb.
The Pronoun. 7. The Preposition.
The Adjective. 8. The Conjunction.
9. The Interjection.
Of Nouns.
The word Noun is derived from the Latin
nounen, a name. Nouns, them, are words that
name things; as, a gallant ship, London, James.
Every person, place, object or thought must have
a name, and every name is a Noun.
In the following sentences the nouns are printed
in italics:
The rain fell fast. The wind blew. The battle
raged. Napoleon lost the battle of Waterloo. The
sun rises in the east, and sets in the west. Glad-
stone is an English statesman. The soil is often
covered with weeds. The mechanical powers are,
the lever, the pulley, the wheel and aarle, the in-
clined plane, the wedge and the screw.
Nouns are of two kinds—Proper and Common.
Common nouns are general names; that is,
they are common to all individuals of the same
kind or sort, as house, city, river, etc.
Proper nouns are particular names; that is,
they are the names of particular individuals of
the same kind or sort, as George, Boston, Ger-
many, Wellington, Lisbon, Victoria, New York,
London, Rhine, Thames. When proper names
have an article placed before them, they are used
as commoun nouns; as, “He is the Cicero of his
age.” When a proper noun admits of a plural,
it becomes a common noun; as, “The Twelve
Caesars,” or “The Seven Jameses.” This is ob-
vious from the fact that a proper name is, in its
nature, descriptive of one object only, and, there-
fore, essentially singular. Accordingly, the nouns
Spaniard, European, American, etc., are common
nouns, as well as their plurals, Spaniards, Euro-
peans, Americans, etc.
Common nouns may also be used to signify
individuals, by the addition of articles or pro-
nouns; as, “The boy is studious,” “That girl is
discreet.”
When a noun signifies many, it is called a noun
of multitude, or a collective noun; as, “The Peo-
ple,” “The Army,” etc.
Abstract signifies taken from ; hence an ab-
stract noun is the name of a quality abstracted
from its substance; as, knowledge, goodness,
virtue, etc. -
During the course of study, you will find that
all the parts of speech may be regarded and used
as nouns. You may know that a word not a
noun is used as a moun, by its being constructed
as a moun; that is, by its having connected with
it such particles as nouns usually take. New
nouns take before them the articles the and a, and
they have after them the preposition of Con-
sequently those words are nouns which have THE
or A before them, and OF after them.
Words Used as Nouns.
Adjectives used as Nouns—The blacks of Af-
rica are bought and sold.
Pronouns used as Nouns—The nameless He,
whose nod is Nature's birth.
Verbs used as Nouns—To err, is human; to for-
give, divine.
556 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Participles used as Nouns—Reading, writing
and ciphering are necessary parts of education.
Adverbs used as Nouns—One long mow. In
these cases we examine the why.
Conjunctions used as Nouns.—None of your
ifs. Your if is the only peacemaker. Much
virtue lies in an if.
Interjections used as Nouns—Will cut him short
with a what then 2
Person.
When any person, in speaking, introduces his
own name, it is in the first person; as, “I, James,
of the city of Boston, do give,” etc.
The name of the person spoken to, is the
Second person; as, “James, come to me.”
The name of the person or thing spoken of, or
about, is the third person; as, “James has come.”
Gender.
The English is the simplest of all languages in
its rule for gender. We know the gender of any
noun by its sense. If it denotes a living being,
it is Masculine or it is Feminine, according to
the sex of the thing. If not the name of a living
being, the noun is said to be Neuter; that is,
neither masculine nor feminine; as, chair, table.
The term Common gender is applied to nouns that
may be either masculine or feminine; as, parent,
child. By Gender is meant distinction of sex.
Some nouns, naturally neuter, do, by a figure
of speech, become masculine or feminine; as
when we say of the sun, “He is setting,” and of
a ship, “She sails well,” etc.
The English language has three methods of
distinguishing Sex, viz:
1. By different words; as,
Male. Female.
Bachelor, Maid.
Boar, Sow.
Boy, Girl.
Brother, Sister.
Buck, Doe.
Bull, Cow.
Bullock, or Steer, Heifer.
Cock, Eſen.
Dog, Bitch.
Drake, Duck.
Earl, Countess.
Father, Mother.
Male.
Friar,
Gander,
Hart,
Horse,
Husband,
King,
Lad,
Lord,
Man,
Master,
Milter,
Nephew,
Singer,
Sir,
Sloven,
Son,
Stag,
Uncle,
Wizard,
Female.
Nun.
Goose.
Roe.
Mare.
Wife.
Queen.
Lass.
Lady.
Woman.
Mistress.
Spawner.
Niece.
Songstress or
Singer.
Madam.
Slut.
Daughter.
Hind.
Aunt.
Witch.
2. By a difference of termination; as,
Male.
Abbot,
Actor,
Administrator,
Adulterer,
Ambassador,
Arbiter,
Baron,
Bridegroom,
Benefactor,
Caterer,
Chanter,
Conductor,
Count,
Czar,
Deacon,
Duke,
Elector,
Emperor.
Enchanter,
Executor,
God,
Governor,
Heir,
Hero,
Hunter,
Host,
Female.
Abbess.
Actress.
Administratrix.
Adulteress.
Ambassadress
Arbitress.
Baroness.
Bride.
Benefactress.
Cateress.
Chantress.
Conductress.
Countess.
Czarina.
Deaconess.
Duchess.
Electress.
Empress.
Enchantress.
Executrix.
Goddess.
Governess.
Heiress.
Heroine.
Huntress.
Hostess.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
B57
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Male. Female.
Instructor, Instructress.
Jew, Jewess.
Landgrave, Landgravine.
Lion, Lioness.
Marquis, Marchioness.
Mayor, Mayoress.
Parton, Patroness.
Peer, Peeress.
Poet, Poetess.
Briest, Priestess.
8. By prefixing a noun, pronoun or adjective; as,
A cock ſparrow,
A man servant,
A he goat,
A male child,
Male descendants,
A hen sparrow.
A maid servant.
A she goat.
A female child.
Female descendants.
Number.
Number relates to the question whether a noun
indicates one object, or more objects than one. If
a noun indicates one object, it is said to be in the
singular number. If a noun indicates more ob-
jects than one, it is said to be in the plural num-
ber. The word singular comes from the Latin sin-
gularis, one only, and has its representative in our
term single; as, a single star, a single city, a
single act. The word plural comes from the
Latin plus, more; that is, more than one. There
are, then, two numbers—the singular number
and the plural number.
RULE I. The plural is generally formed by
adding 8 to the singular; as, book, books.
RULE II. Nouns ending in sounds that do not
easily combine with s, form their plural by add-
ing es; as, losses, fishes, churches.
RULE III. Nouns ending y, following a conso-
nant, change the y for i, and add es for the plu-
ral; as duty, duties; glory, glories.
RULE IV. Nouns ending in for fe make the
plural by changing for fe into v and adding es,
sounded like 2 ; as wolf, wolves, wife, wives.
The following nouns form their plurals not
according to any general rules:
Singular. Plural.
Man, Men.
Woman, Women.
Child, Children.
Ox, Oxen.
Tooth, Teeth,
Singular.
Eoot,
Goose,
Mouse,
Louse,
Cow,
Penny,
Die,
Pea,
Fish,
Cupful,
Spoonful,
Brother-in-law,
Courtsmartial,
Brother,
Plural.
Feet.
Geese.
Mice.
Lice.
Cows or
Kine.
Pence. (1.)
Dice. (2.)
Peas. (3.)
Fishes. (3.)
Cupfuls.
Spoonfuls.
Brothers-in-law.
Courts-martial.
Brothers or
Brethren.
Mathematics, metaphysics, pneumatics, ethics,
politics, etc., are reckoned either as singular or
plural nouns.
alms, amends.
The same is equally true of means,
Antipodes, credenda, minutiae,
literati, etc., are always plural.
considered the singular of banditi.
news is always singular.
Bandit is now
The noun
Many nouns form their
plurals according to the laws of the language
from which they are derived. The following are
of this class:
Singular. Plural.
Antithesis, Antitheses.
e l
Appendix, łº"
Apex, Apices.
Arcanum, Arcana.
Automaton, Automata.
Axis, Axes.
Beau, Beaux or Beaus.
Basis, Bases.
Calx, Calces.
herubi
Cherub, } Ǻn OT
Crisis, Crises.
Criterion, Criteria.
Datum, Data.
Diaeresis, Diareses.
Desideratum, Desiderata.
Effluvium, Effluvia.
Ellipsis, Ellipses.
Emphasis, Emphases.
Encomium, #. Or
IlCOIllllllll:S.
Erratum, Errata.
558
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Singular. Plural.
Genius, Genii. (4.)
Genus, Genera.
Hypothesis, Hypotheses.
Ignis fatuus, Ignes fatu.
Index, } #. Or
ndexes.
Lamina, Laminae.
Magnus, Magi.
Memoranda or
Memorandum, | Memorandums.
Metamorphosis, Metamorphoses.
Parenthesis, Parentheses.
Phenomenon, Phenomena.
Radius, Radii or Radiuses.
Stamen, Stamina.
Seraphim o
Seraph, } §. r
Stimulus, Stimuli.
Stratum, Strata.
Thesis, Theses.
Wertex, Vertices.
r O
Wortex, } W. *
Case.
Case means the different state, condition, or
relation which nouns have to other words in the
Same sentence.
In English, nouns have three cases—the
nominative, the possessive, and the objective.
The nominative case is usually the agent or
doer, and always the subject of the verb.
The subject is the thing chiefly spoken of ; as,
“John assists William ;” here John is the subject
spoken of, or the nominative case to the verb
assists.
The possesssive case denotes possession, owner-
ship, property, etc.; as, “William's book.” This
case may be distinguished from the other cases
by the apostrophe or the letter 8.
A noun in the singular forms its possessive case
by taking the apostrophe and the letter 8 after it;
as “John's hat.”
Plural nouns usually form their possessive case
simply by taking the apostrophe; as, “On eagles'
wings.”
When the plural of nouris does not end in 8,
they form their possessive case by taking both
the apostrophe and the letter 8; as, “Men's
houses.”
When the singular ends in 88, the apostrophe
only is added; as, “For goodness' sake;” “The
witness' deposition,” etc.
Nouns ending in nce form the possessive by
adding the apostrophe only; as, “For conscience'
Sake;” because an additional 8 would occasion
too much of the hissing sound, or increase the
difficulty of pronunciation.
The objective case denotes the objeet of an
action or relation.
In the sentence, “John strikes him,” him is the
object of the action denoted by strikes; and in the
Sentence, “He went from New York to Chicago,”
Chicago is the object of the relation denoted by
the preposition to.
Declension of Nouns.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nominative case, Mother, Mothers, Man, Men.
Possessive case, Mother's Mothers' Man's Men's.
Objective case, Mother, Mothers, Man, Men.
Article.
The word article comes from the Latin artus,
a joint, and according to its etymology or deriva-
tion, signifies a little joint. The article the does
not essentially differ from what is called the
demonstrative pronoun this; for “the man” and
“this man” are phrases of kindred import. The
article an (a before a consonant) is the same with
the German ein and the Scotch ane.
In English there are two articles, a or an, and
the. The is called the definite article; the other,
namely, an, is called the indefinite article. The
indefinite article points out one object of its kind.
The office of determining what objects is meant,
belongs to the definite or determining article the.
For example: “I saw a man.” “What man?”
“The man whom you and I met yesterday.”
A has the same origin as one; but a differs
from one—“a man” and “one man” does not sig-
nify exactly the same.
A becomes an before a vowel, and before a
silent h; as an army, an hour; but if the h be
sounded, the a only is used ; as, a hand, a heart.
Before words beginning with a w long, a is used
instead of an: as a union, a university, a useful
thing. A is also used for an before the Word one,
because, in pronouncing one, we sound it as:
written, wwn. s
RULE I. The indefinite article a or an belongs
to nouns of the singular or plural number.
RULE II. The definite article the belongs to
nouns of the singular or plural number.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
559
Words, the initial letter of which has a consonan-
tal sound—A European, a ewer, a uniform, a
union, a unit, a unitarian, a united (company), a
universal (custom), a university, a usage, a
usurper, a humorous (story), a horseman.
An before words beginning with a silent h-An
heir, an herb, an honor, an hospital, an hostler
an honest (mam), an honorable (man).
Adjectives.
If we look at the etymology of the word adjec-
tive (Latin, ad, to and jacio, I throw or put), We
find that an adjective is a word which is put to
another. This is not a specific definition, for
equally well may it be said that a pronoun or a
preposition is a word put to another. Failing in
the etymology, we must look to the sense for in-
formation. Take the following phrases:
White linen pleases the eye.
Long days come in Summer.
Tall men are often weak.
Here we find the words white, long and tall re-
lated in the same way to the several nouns linen,
days and men; and the former Words are related
to the latter so as to ascribe to them a certain
quality—that is, to tell us of what sort or kind
they are. Thus: the linen spoken of is clean, not
dirty; the days are long, not short; the men are
tall, and not of low stature. These three words,
then, assign the quality of the three mouns before
which they are placed, and these three words are
commonly called adjectives. Hence we learn that
it is the office of adjectives to assign the qualities
of nouns. An adjective may then be called a
qualifier—that is, a word which states the quality
of a noun.
As the adjective qualifies, so does it answer to
the question of what kind. Thus in the instance
above given. Limen of what kind? Answer,
white. What kind of days? Answer, long. What
kind of men 2 Answer, tall. But a qualifying
word depends for its meaning on the word quali-
fied. What is the signification of clean, long,
tall, without the name before which they stand?
“A lofty” are words having no sense until you add
“tower,” or a similar term. There is then, you
See, Some reason for the word adjective—that is,
the added word—inasmuch as the adjective has
mo independent meaning only in union with a
noun. As added words, adjectives come into ex-
istence after nouns; they have no meaning by
themselves. A red are senseless words, but a
red orange conveys an idea.
In English, an adjective is varied only to ex-
press the degrees of comparison. There are
three degrees of comparison—the positive, the
comparative, and the Superlative.
The positive degree simply describes an object;
as, John is good.
The comparative degree increases or lessens
the positive in meaning; as, William is better
than John. It implies a comparison between two.
The superlative degree increases or lessens the
positive degree to the highest or lowest; as,
Thomas is the best; Walter is the worst.
It implies a comparison between three or more.
The simple word, or positive, if a monosyllable
(1), becomes the comparative, by adding r or er,
and the superlative by adding storest to the end
of it; as, wise, wiser, wisest; great, greater,
greatest.
In words of more than one syllable, the com-
parison is usually made by placing the adverbs
more and most before the positive; as, benevolent,
more benevolent, most benevolent.
The comparison is sometimes formed by the
adverb less and least; as, wise, less wise, least
wise.
Dissyllables (2) ending in y; as, happy, lovely,
and in le, after a mute; (3), as, able, ample, or
accented on the last syllable; as, discreet, polite,
easily admit of er and est—as, happier, happiest,
abler, ablest, etc. Words of more than two syl-
lables hardly ever admit of these terminations.
In some words the superlative is formed by
adding the adverb most to the end of them; as,
neithermost, uttermost, uppermost.
Some adjectives, having in themselves a su-
perlative signification, do not admit of compari-
Son; as, eactreme, perfect, right, wrong, infinite,
Supreme, etermal. By adding ish to adjectives, we
have a slight degree of comparison below the
positive; as, black, blackish ; salt, saltish. Very
expresses a degree of quality, but not the highest;
as, good, very good. Words used in counting and
numbering are called numeral adjectives; as, one,
two, three : first, second, third.
560
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Pronouns.
A PRONOUN is a word used instead of a noun, to
avoid the too frequent repetition of the same
Word; as, “The man is happy; he is benevolent;
he is useful.”
There are three kinds of pronouns, viz: the PER-
SONAL, the RELATIVE, and the ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
There are five personal pronouns, viz: I, thou,
he, she, it; with their plurals, we ye, or you, they.
Personal pronouns admit of person, number,
gender and case.
The persons of pronouns are three in each
number, viz:
I, is the first person.
Thou, is the second person.
He, she, or it, is the third person.
We, is the first person.
Ye or you, is the second person.
They, is the third person.
This account of persons will be very intelligible,
when we reflect, that there are three persons who
may be the subject of any discourse: first, the
person who speaks, may speak of himself;
secondly, he may speak of the person to whom
he addesses himself; thirdly, he may speak of
some other person; and as the Speakers, the per-
sons spoken to, and the other persons spoken of,
may be many, so each of these persons must
have the plural number.
The numbers of pronouns, like those of sub-
stantives, are two, the singular and the plural;
as, I, thou, he, we, you, they.
Gender has respect only to the third person
singular of the pronouns, he, 8he, it. He is mas-
culine, she is feminine; it is neuter.
Pronouns have three cases; the nominative,
the possessive, and the objective.
The objective case of a pronoun has, in general,
a form different from that of the nominative, or
the possessive case.
The personal are thus declined:
| Singular.
Plural. -
Person. Case. Singular. Plural.
First. Nom. I. We.
Poss. Mine. Ours.
Oly. Me. Us.
Second. Nom. Thou. Ye or you.
Poss. Thine. Yours.
Obj. Thee. You.
Person Case. Singular. Plural.
Third. Nom. He. They.
Mas. Poss. His. Theirs.
Obj. Him. Them.
Third. Nom. She. They.
Fem. Poss. Hers. Theirs.
Obj. Her. They.
Third. Nom. It. They.
Newter. Poss. Its. Theirs.
Obj. It. Them.
Relative Pronouns.
RELATIVE pronouns are such as relate, in gen-
eral, to some word or phrase going before, which
is thence called the antecedent; they are, who,
which, and that; as, “The man is happy who
lives virtuously.”
What is a kind of compound relative, including
both the antecedent and the relative, and is
equivalent to that which ; as, “This is what I
Wanted;” that is to say, “the thing which I
wanted.”
Who is applied to persons, which to animals
and inanimate things; as, “He is a friend, who is
faithful in adversity;” “The bird, which sung so
Sweetly, is flown;” “This is the tree, which pro-
duces no fruit.”
That, as a relative, is often used to prevent the
too frequent repetition of who and which. It is
applied to both persons and things; as, “He that
acts wisely deserves praise.”
What is of both numbers, and is thus declined:
Singular and Plural.
Nominative. Who.
Possessive. Whose.
Objective. Whom.
Which, that, and what, are likewise of both
numbers, but they do not vary their termination;
except that whose is sometimes used as the pos-
sessive case of which ; as, “Is there any other
doctrine whose followers are punished ?”
By the use of this license, one word is substi-
tuted for three; as, “Philosophy, whose end is to
instruct us in the knowledge of nature,” for,
“Philosophy, the end of which is to instruct us.”
Who, which, and what, have Sometimes the
words soever and ever annexed to them ; as, “who-
soever or whoever, whichsoever or whichever, what-
soever or whatever;” but they are seldom used in
modern style.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
561
The word that is sometimes a relative, some-
times a demonstrative pronoun, and sometimes
a conjunction. It is a relative, when it may be
turned into who or which without destroying the
sense; as, “They that (who) reprove us, may be
our best friends;” “From everything that (which)
you see, derive instruction.” It is a demonstra-
tive pronoun when it is followed immediately by a
substantive, to which it is either joined, or refers,
and which it limits or qualifies; as, “That boy
is industrious;” “That belongs to me,” meaning,
that book, that desk, etc. It is a conjunction,
When it joins sentences together, and cannot be
turned into who or which, without destroying the
Sense; as, “Take care that every day be well em-
ployed.” “I hope he will believe that I have not
acted improperly.”
Who, which and what, are called Interrogatories,
when they are used in asking questions; as, “Who
is he?” Which is the book?” “What are you
doing?”
Whether was formerly made use of to signify
interrogatories; as, Whether of these shall I
choose?”
ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
Adjective Pronouns are of a mixed nature, par-
ticipating the properties both of pronouns and
adjectives.
The adjective pronouns may be subdivided into
four sorts, namely, the possessive, the distributive,
the demonstrative, and the indefinite.
The possessive are those which relate to pos-
Session or property. There are seven of them;
viz: my, thy, his, her, our, your, their.
Mine and thine, instead of my and thy, were
formerly used before a substantive, or adjective,
beginning with a vowel, or a silent h; as, “Blot
out all mine iniquities.”
The possessive, his, mine, thine, may be ac-
counted either possessive pronouns, or the pos-
Sessive cases of their respective personal pro-
11OUIIlS.
When they are separated from the the noun by a
Verb, or when the noum is understood, all of them
except his, vary their terminations; as, “This hat
is mine, and the other is thine; those trinkets are
hers; this house is ours, and that is yours; theirs
is more commodious than ours.” But these varia-
tions are in fact the possessive cases of the per-
sonal pronouns.
The two words own and self, are used in con-
junction with pronouns. Own is added to pos-
sessives, both singular and plural; as, “My own
hand, our own house.” It it emphatical, and
implies a silent contrariety or opposition; as, “I
live in my own house,” that is, “not in a hired
house.” Self is added to possessives; as, myself,
yourselves; and sometimes to personal pronouns;
as, himself, itself, themselves. It then, like own,
expresses emphasis and opposition; as, “I did
this myself,” that is, “not another;” or it forms
a reciprocal pronoun; as, “We hurt ourselves
by vain rage.”
The distributive are those which denote the per-
Sons or things that make up a number, as taken
Separately and singly. They are each, every,
either; as, “Each of his brothers is in a favorable
situation;” “Every man must account for him-
self;” “I have not seen either of them.”
The demonstrative are those which precisely
point out the subjects to which they relate; this
and that, these and those, are of this class; as,
“This is true charity; that is only its image.”
This refers to the nearest person or thing, and
that to the most distant; as, “This man is more
intelligent than that. This indicates the latter,
or last mentioned; that, the former, or first
mentioned; as, “Both wealth and poverty are
temptations; that, tends to excite pride; this,
discontent.”
The indefinite are those which express their
Subjects in an indefinite or general manner. The
following are of this kind: some, other, any, one,
all, such, etc.
Of these pronouns, only the words one and
other are varied. One has a possessive case,
which it forms in the same manner as substan-
tives; as, one, one’s. “One ought to pity the
distresses of mankind.” “One is apt to love one's
self.” The Word is often used, by good writers, in
the plural mumber; as, “The great ones of the
world.” “The boy wounded the old bird, and
stole the young ones.” My wife and the little
ones are in good health.”
Other is declined in the following manner:
Singular. Plural.
Nom. Other. Others.
Poss. Other's. Others’.
Obj. Other. Others.
36
562
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
The plural others is only used when apart from
the noun to which it refers, whether expressed or
understood; as, “When you have perused these
papers, I will send you the others.” He pleases
Some, but he disgusts others.” When this pro-
noun is joined to nouns, either singular or plural,
it has no variations; as, “The other man,” “The
other men.”
Verbs.
A verb is a word which signifies to BE, to Do, or
to SUFFER; as, “I am, I rule, I am ruled.”
Verbs are of three kinds: ACTIVE, PASSIVE, and
NEUTER. They are also divided into REGULAR,
IRREGULAR, and DEFECTIVE.
A Verb Active expresses an action, and neces-
Barily implies an agent, and an object acted upon ;
as, to love; “I love Penelope.” -
A Verb Passive expresses a passion, or a suf-
fering, or the receiving of am action, and neces-
Sarily implies an object acted upon; as, to be
loved; “Penelope is loved by me.”
A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor pas-
Sion, but being, or a state of being; as, “I am,
I sleep, I sit.”
The Werb Active is also called transitive, be-
cause the action passes over to the object, or has
an effect upon some other thing; as, “The tutor
instructs his pupils.” “I esteem the man.”
Verbs Neuter may properly be denominated
intransitive, because the effect is confined within
the subject, and does not pass over to any object;
as, “I sit, he lives, they sleep.”
A Neuter Werb, by the addition of a preposi-
tion, may become a compound active verb. To
8 mile is a neuter verb; it cannot, therefore, be
followed by an objective case, nor be construed
as a passive verb. We cannot say 8he Smiled him,
or, he was Smiled. But to Smile on being a com-
pound active verb, we properly say, she smiled on
him; he was smiled on by fortune in every under-
taking.
Auxiliary or helping verbs are those by the
help of which the English verbs are principally
conjugated. They are, do, be, have, shall, will,
may, can, with their variations; and let and must,
which have no variation.
NUMBER AND PERSON.
Werbs have two numbers, the Singuiar and the
Plural; as, “I run, we run,” etc.
lovest; he loveth, or loves;
In each number there are three persons; as,
Singular. Plural.
First Person. I love. We love.
Second Person. Thou lovest. Ye or you love.
Third Person. He loves. They love.
Thus the verb, in some parts of it, varies its
endings, to express or agree with different per-
Sons of the same number; as, “I love, thou
“ and also to express
different numbers of the same person; as, “thou
lovest, ye love; he loveth, they love.” In the plural
number of the verb there is no variation of end-
ing to express the different persons; and the verb,
in the three persons plural, is the same as it is in
the first person singular. Yet this scanty pro-
vision of terminations is sufficient for all the
purposes of discourse, and no ambiguity arises
from it, the verb being always attended either
with the moun expressing the subject acting or
acted upon, or with the pronoun representing it.
For this reason, the plural termination in en,
they loven, they weren, formerly in use, was laid
aside as unnecessary, and has fong been obsolete.
MOODS AND PARTICIPLES.
Mood or Mode is a particular form of the verb,
showing the manner in which the being, action,
or passion is represented.
The nature of a mood may be more intelligibly
explained by observing that it consists in the
change which the verb undergoes to signify va-
rious intentions of the mind, and various modi-
fications and circumstances of action; which
explanation, if compared with the following ac-
count and uses of the different moods, will be
found to agree with and illustrate them.
There are five moods of verbs:
The Indicative, The Subjunctive,
The Imperative, and
The Potential, The Infinitive,
The Indicative Mood simply indicates or de-
clares a thing; as, “He loves, he is loved.” Or
it asks a question; as, “Does he love?” “Is he
loved ?”
The Imperative Mood is used for command-
ing, extorting, entreating or permitting; as,
“Depart thou, mind ye, let us stay, go in peace.”
Though this mood derives its name from its
intimation of command, it is used on occasions
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
663
of a very opposite nature, even in the humblest
supplications of an inferior being to one who is
infinitely his superior; as, “Give us this day our
daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses.”
The Potential Mood implies possibility or lib-
erty, power, will, or obligation; as, “It may
rain; he may go or stay; I can ride: he would
walk; they should learn.”
The Subjunctive Mood represents a thing un-
der a condition, motive, wish, supposition, etc.,
and is preceded by a conjunction, expressed or
understood, and attended by another verb; as,
“I will respect him, though he chide me.” “Were
he good, he would be happy”—that is, “If he
were good.”
The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a
general and unlimited manner, without any dis-
tinction of number or person; as, “to act; to
speak; to be feared.”
The Participle is a certain form of the verb,
and derives its name from its participating, not
only of the properties of a verb, but also of those
of an adjective; as, “I am desirous of knowing
him.” “Admired and applauded, he became vain.”
“Having finished his work, he submitted it,” etc.
There are three Participles, the Present or Ac-
tive, the Perfect or Passive, and the Compound
Perfect; as, “loving, loved, having loved.”
The Participle is distinguished from the Ad-
jective by the former expressing the idea of time,
and the latter denoting only a quality. The
phrases, “loving to give as well as to receive,”
“moving in haste,” “heated with liquor,” contain
participles giving the idea of time; but the epi-
thets contained in the expressions, “a loving
child,” “a moving spectacle,” “a heated imagina-
tion,” mark simply the qualities referred to,
without any regard to time; and may properly
be called participial adjectives.”
Participles sometimes perform the office of
Substantives, and are used as such, as in the fol-
lowing instances: “The beginning.” “A good
understanding.” “Excellent writing.” “The chan-
cellor's being attached to the king, secured his
crown.” “The general's having failed in this en-
terprise, occasioned his disgrace.”
Tenses.
Tense, being the distinction of time, might
seem to admit only of the present, past and future;
—-º
but to mark it more accurately, it is made to
consist of six variations, viz:
The Present,
The Imperfect,
The Perfect.
The Pluperfect,
and the
First and Second Future Tenses.
The Present Tense represents an action or
event, as passing at the time in which it is men-
ioned; as, “I rule; I am ruled; I think; I
fear.”
The Present Tense likewise expresses a char-
acter, quality, etc., at present existing; as, “He
is an able man. “She is an amiable woman.”
It is also used in speaking of actions continued,
with occasional intermissions, to the present
time; as, “He frequently rides.”
The Imperfect Tense represents the action or
event, either as past and finished, or as remain-
ing unfinished at a certain time past; as, “I loved
her for her modesty and virtue.” “They were
traveling post when he met them.”
The Perfect Tense not only refers to what is
past, but also conveys an allusion to the present
time; as, “I have finished my letter.” “I have
seen the person that was recommended to me.”
The Pluperfect Tense represents a thing not
only as past, but also as prior to some other
point of time specified in the sentence; as, “I
had finished my letter before he arrived.”
The First Future Tense represents the action
as yet to come, either with or without respect to
the precise time; as, “The Sun will rise to-mor-
row.” “I shall see them again.”
The Second Future Tense intimates that the
action will be fully accomplished at or before the
time of another future action or event; as, “I
shall have dinner at one o'clock.” “The two
houses will have finished their business when the
king comes to prorogue them.”
Adverbs.
An Adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb,
an adjective, and sometimes to another adverb,
to express Some quality or circumstance respect-
ing it; as, “He reads well.” “A truly good man.”
“He writes very correctly.”
Some Adverbs are compared thus: “Soon,
Sooner, Soonest;” “often, oftener, oftenest.”
Those ending in ly are compared by more and
most; as, “Wisely, more wisely, most wisely.”
564
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Adverbs, though very numerous, may be re-
duced to certain classes, the chief of which are
those of Number, Order, Place, Time, Quantity,
Manner or Quality, Doubt, Affirmation, Negation,
Interrogation and Comparison.
1. Of number; as, “Once, twice, thrice,” etc.
2. Of order; as, “First, secondly, thirdly,
fourthly, fifthly, lastly, finally,” etc.
3. Of place; as, “Here, there, where, else-
where, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere, herein,
Whither, hither, thither, upward, downward, for-
Ward, backward, whence, hence, thence whither-
Soever,” etc. *
4. Of time.
Of time present; as, “Now, to-day,” etc.
Of time past; as, “Already, before, lately, yes-
terday, heretofore, hitherto, long since, long
ago", etc.
Of time to come; as, “To-morrow, not yet, here-
after, henceforth, henceforward, by and by, in-
stantly, presently, immediately, straightway,” etc.
Of time infinite; as, “Oft, often, oft-times,
often-times, sometimes, soon,
Weekly, monthly, yearly, always, when, then,
ever, never, again,” etc.
5. Of qauntity; as, “Much, little, sufficiently,
how much, how great, enough, abundantly,” etc.
6. Of manner or quality; as, “Wisely, foolishly,
justly, unjustly, quickly, slowly,” etc. Adverbs
of quality are the most numerous kind, and they
are generally formed by adding the termination
ly to an adjective or participle, or changing le to
ly; as, “Bad, badly; cheerful, cheerfully; able,
ably; admirable, admirably.”
7. Of doubt; as, “Perhaps, peradventure, pos-
sibly, perchance.”
8. Of affirmation; as, “Werily, truly, undoubt-
edly, doubtless, certainly, yea, yes, Surely, indeed,
really,” etc.
9. Of negation ; as, “Nay, no, not, by no
means, not at all, in no wise,” etc.
10. Of interrogation; as, “How, why, where-
fore, whether,” etc.
11. Of comparison; as, “More, most, better,
best, worse, worst, less, least, very, almost, little,
alike,” etc.
Prepositions,
Prepositions serve to connect words with one
another, and to show the relation between them.
They are, for the most part, put before nouns
Seldom, daily,
and pronouns; as, “He went from London to
York;” “She is above disguise;” “They are in-
structed by him”.
The following is a list of the principal preposi-
tions:
Of into above at Off
to within below I168," On or upon
for without between up among
by OVer beneath down after
under from before about
with
in through beyond
Werbs are often compounded of a verb and a
preposition; as, to uphold, to invest, to overlook,
and this composition sometimes gives a new sense
to the verb; as, to understand, to withdraw, to
forgive. But in English the preposition is more
frequently placed after the verb, in which situa-
tion it is not less apt to affect the sense of it, and
to give it a new meaning, and may still be con-
sidered as belonging to the verb, and a part
of it; as, to cast is to throw, but to cast up, or to
compute, an account, is quite a different thing;
thus, to fall on, to bear out, to give over, etc.; So
that the meaning of the verb and the propriety
of the phrase depend on the preposition sub-
joined. As the distinct component parts of these
words are, however, no guide to the Sense of the
whole, this circumstance contributes greatly to-
wards making our language peculiarly difficult to
foreigners.
behind against
Conjunctions.
A conjunction is a part of speech that is chiefly
used to connect sentences; so as, out of two or
more sentences to make but one. It sometimes
connects only words.
Conjunctions are principally divided into two
sorts, the coPULATIVE and the DISJUNOTIVE.
The Conjunction Copulative serves to connect
or to continue a sentence, by expressing an addi-
tion, a supposition, a cause, etc.; as, “He and
his brother reside in London;” “I will go if he
will accompany me;” “You are happy, because
you are good.”
The Conjunction Disjunctive serves not only to
connect and continue the sentence, but also to
express opposition of meaning in different de-
grees; as, “Though he was frequently reproved,
yet he did not reform;” “They came with her,
but went away without her.”
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
565
The following is a list of the principal con-
junctions:
The Copulative—And, if, that, both, then, since,
for, because, therefore, wherefore.
The Disjunctive—But, or, nor, as, than, lest,
though, unless, either, neither, yet, notwithstand-
1Ilg.
The same word is occasionally used both as a
conjunction and as an adverb, and sometimes as a
preposition. “I rest, then, upon this argument.”
Then is here a conjunction. In the following
phrase it is an adverb: “He arrived then, and not
before.” “I submitted, for it was vain to resist.”
In this sentence for is a conjunction; in the next
it is a preposition: “He contended for victory
only.” In the first of the following sentences,
since is a conjunction; in the second, it is a
preposition; and in the third, an adverb: “Since
We must part, let us do it peaceably.” “I have
not seen him since that time.” “Our friendship
commenced long since.”
Interjections.
Interjections are words thrown in between the
parts of a sentence, to express the passions or
emotions of the speaker; as, “Oh ! I have alien-
ated my friend; alas ! I fear for life.” “O virtue !
how amiable thou art.”
The English Interjections, as well as those of
other languages, are comprised within a small
compass. They are of different sorts, according
to the different passions which they serve to ex-
press. Those which intimate earnestness of
grief, are, O ! oh! ah / alas! Such as are ex
pressive of contempt, are, pish / tush! Of wonder,
heigh / really / strange / Of calling, hem! ho 1
Soho.1 Of aversion or disgust, foh / fie / away /
Of a call of the attention, lo! behold / hark / Of
requesting silence, hush / hist / Of Salutation,
welcome 1 hail! all hail! Besides these, many
others, often in the mouths of the multitude,
might be enumerated; but we have perhaps men-
tioned a sufficient number of them. Amy word
or phrase may indeed become an interjection, or,
at least, it may be used as such, when it is ex-
pressed with emotion and in an unconnected
manner; as, behold ! peace strange ungrate-
ful creature | folly in the extreme !
Syntax.
This suject is one of great importance, as it
treats of the agreement and construction of words
in a sentence.
A sentence is an assemblage of words forming
a complete sense. -
Sentences are of two kinds, simple and com-
pound.
A simple sentence has in it but one subject
and one finite” verb; as, “Life is short.”
A compound sentence contains two or more
simple sentences, joined together by one or more
connective words; as, “Life is short, and art is
long.”
There are three sorts of simple sentences, the
eaplicative, or explaining; the interrogative, or
asking; the imperative, or commanding.
An explicative sentence is when a thing is said
to be or not to be, to do or not to do, to suffer or
not to suffer, in a direct manner; as, “I am;
thou writest; Thomas is loved.” If the sentence
be negative, the adverb not is placed after the
auxiliary, or after the verb itself, when it has no
auxiliary; as, “I did not touch him;” or, “I
touched him not.”
In an interrogative sentence, or when a ques-
tion is asked, the nominative case follows the
principal verb, or the auxiliary; as, “Was it he 2"
“Did Alexander conquer the Persians?”
In an imperative sentence, when a thing is
commanded to be, to do, to suffer, or not, the
nominative case likewise follows the verb or
auxiliary; as, “Go, thou traitor l’’ ‘‘Do thou
go; “Haste ye away,” unless the verb let be
used; as, “Let us be gone.”
A phrase is two or more words rightly put to-
gether, making Sometimes part of a sentence, and
sometimes a whole sentence.
The principal parts of a simple sentence are,
the subject, the attribute, and the object.
The subject is the thing chiefly spoken of ; the
attribute is the thing or action affirmed or denied
of it; and the object is the thing affected by such
action.
The nominative denotes the subject, and usu-
ally goes before the verb or attribute, and the
word or phrase denoting the object follows the
verb; as, “A wise man governs his passions.”
Here a wise man is the subject; governs, the at-
tribute, or thing affirmed; and his passions, the
object.
* Finite verbs are those to which , number and person apper-
tain. Werbs in the infinite mood have no respect to number
Or perSOIl.
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICA. INFORMATION.
Syntax principally consists of two parts, Con-
cord and Government.
Concord is the agreement which one word has
With another in gender, number, case or person.
Government is that power which one part of
speech has over another, in directing its mood,
tense, or case.
In arranging the Rules of Syntax, we have
adopted that scheme which appeared to be the
least liable to objections, and most likely to im-
press the mind and be retained in the memory.
RULE I. A verb must agree with its nomina-
tive case in number and person; as, “I learn;”
“Thou art improved;” “The birds sing.”
The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence,
is sometimes put as the nominative case to the
verb; as, “To see the sun is pleasant;” “To be
good is to be happy;” “A desire to excel others
in learning and virtue is commendable;” “That
warm climates should accelerate the growth of
the human body, and shorten its duration, is
very reasonable to believe.”
Every verb, except in the infinitive mood or
the participle, ought to have a nominative case,
either expressed or implied; as, “Awake, arise;”
that is, “Awake ye, arise ye.”
RULE II. Two or more nouns, etc., in the
singular number, joined together by one or more
copulative conjunctions, expressed or under-
stood, must have verbs, nouns and pronouns
agreeing with them in the plural number; as,
“Socrates and Plato were wise; they were the
most eminent philosophers of Greece. “The Sun
that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive,
the rest that we enjoy, daily admonish us of a
superior and superintending Power.”
This rule is often violated; some instances of
which are as follows: “And so was also James
and John, the sons of Zebedee, who were part-
ners with Simon ;” “and so were also.” “All joy,
tranquility and peace, even for ever and ever,
doth dwell;” “dwell for ever.” “By whose power
all good and evil is distributed;” “are dis-
tributed.”
RULE III. The conjunction disjunctive has an
effect contrary to that of the conjunction copula-
tive, for as the verb, noun or pronoun is referred
to the preceding term B taken Separately, it must
be in the singular number; as, “ignorance or
negligence has caused this mistake ;” “John,
James or Joseph intends to accompany me;”
There is, in many minds, neither knowledge nor
understanding.”
RULE TV. A noun of multitude, or signifying
many, may have a verb or pronoun agreeing with
it, either of the singular or plural number, yet
not without regard to the import of the word, as
conveying unity or plurality of idea ; as, “The
meeting was large;” “The parliament is dis-
Solved;” “The nation is powerful;” “My people
do not consider; they have not known me;” “The
multitude eagerly pursue pleasure as their chief
good;” “The council were divided in their senti-
ments.”
RULE W. Pronouns must always agree with
their antecedents, and the nouns for which
they stand, in gender and number; as, “This is
the friend whom I love;” “That is the vice which
I hate; “The king and queen had put on their
robes;” “The moon appears, and she shines, but
the light is not her own.”
The relative is of the same person as the ante-
cedent, and the verb agrees with it accordingly;
as, “Thou, who lovest wisdom;” “I, who speak
from experience.” -
RULE WI. The relative is the nominative case
to the verb, when no nominative comes between
it and the verb; as, “The master who taught us;”
“The trees which are planted.”
When a nominative comes between the relative
and the verb, the relative is governed by some
word in its own member of the sentence; as, “He
who preserves me, to whom I owe my being, whose
I am, and whom I serve, is eternal.”
RULE VII. When the relative is preceded by
two nominatives of different persons, the relative
and verb may agree in person with either, accord-
ing to the sense; as, “I am the man who com-
mand you; or, “I am the man who commands
you ;”
RULE VIII. Every adjective, and every adjec-
tive pronoun, belongs to a substantive, expressed
or understood, as, “He is a good, as well as a
wise man;” “Few are happy,” that is, “persons;”
“This is a pleasant walk,” that is, “This walk
} }
is,” etc.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
567
Adjective pronouns must agree, in number,
with their substantives; as, “This book, these
books; that sort, those sorts; another road, other
roads.”
RULE IX. The article a or an agrees with
nouns in the singular number only, individually
or collectively; as, “A christian, an infidel, a
score, a thousand.”
The definite article the may agree with nouns
in the singular and plural number; as, “The
garden, the houses, the stars.”
The articles are often properly omitted. When
used, they should be justly applied, according to
their distinct nature; as, “Gold is corrupting;
the sea is green; a lion is bold.”
RULE X. One substantive governs another,
signifying a different thing, in the possessive or
genitive case; as, “My father's house;” “Man’s
happiness;” “Wirtue's reward.”
RULE XI. Active verbs govern the objective
case ; as, “Truth ennobles her;” “She comforts
me;” “They support us;” “Wirtue rewards her
followers.”
In English, the nominative case, denoting the
subject, usually goes before the verb; and the
objective case, denoting the object, follows the
verb active, and it is the order that determines
the case in nouns: as, “Alexander conquered the
Persians. But the pronoun, having a proper
form for each of those cases, is sometimes, when
it is in the objective case, placed before the verb;
and, when it is in the nominative case, follows
the object and verb; as, “Whom ye ignorantly
worship, him declare I onto you.”
RULE XII. One verb governs another that
follows it, or depends upon it, in the infinitive
mood; as, “Cease to do evil; learn to do well;”
“We should be prepared to render an account of
our actions.”
The preposition to, though generally used be-
fore the latter verb, is sometimes properly omit-
ted; as, “I heard him say it;” instead of “to
say it.”
RULE XIII. In the use of words and phrases
which, in point of time, relate to each other, a
due regard to that relation should be observed.
Instead of saying “The Lord hath given, and the
Lord hath taken away,” we should say, “The
Lord gave,” and “The Lord hath taken away.”
which, you may avoid mistakes.”
Instead of “I remember the family more than
twenty years,” it should be, “I have remembered
the family more than twenty years.”
RULE XIV. Participles have the same govern-
ment as the verbs from which they are derived;
as, “I am weary with hearing him.” “She is in-
structing us.” “The tutor is admonishing Charles.”
Participles are sometimes governed by the ar-
ticle; for the present participle, with the definite
article the before it, becomes a substantive, and
must have the preposition of after it; as, “These
are the rules of grammar, by the observance of
It would not
be proper to say “by the observing which,” nor
“by observing of which,” but the phrase, without
either article or preposition, would be right; as,
“by observing which.” The article a or an has the
same effect; as, “This was a betraying of the
trust reposed in him.”
RULE XV. Adverbs, though they have no gov-
ernment of case, tense, etc., require an appropri-
ate situation in the sentence, viz.: for the most
part before adjectives, after verbs, active or neu-
ter, and frequently between the auxiliary and the
verb; as, “He made a very sensible discourse; he
spoke unaffectedly and forcibly, and was attentively
heard by the whole assembly.”
A few instances of erroneous positions of ad-
verbs may serve to illustrate the rule. “He must
not expect to find study agreeable always;”
“always agreeable.” “We always find them
ready when we want them ;” “we find them always
ready,” etc. “Dissertations on the prophecies
which have remarkably been fulfilled ;” “which
have been remarkably.” “Instead of looking con-
temptuously down on the crooked in mind or in
body, we should look up thankfully to God, who
hath made us better.” “Instead of looking down
contemptuously, etc., we should thankfully look
wp,” etc. “If thou art blessed naturally with a
good memory, continually exercise it;” “matu-
rally blessed,” etc., “exercise it continually.”
RULE XVI. Two negatives in English, de-
stroy one another, or are equivalent to an affirm-
ative; as, “Nor did they not perceive him ;” that
is, “they did perceive him.” “His language,
though inelegant, is not wngrammatical;” that is,
“it is grammatical.”
RULE XVII. Prepositions govern the objective
case; as, “I have heard a good character of her.”
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
“From him that is needy turn not away.” “A
Word to the wise is sufficient for them.” “We
may be good and happy without riches.”
The following are examples of the nominative
case being used instead of the objective; “Who
Servest thou under ?” “Who do you speak to?”
“We are still much at a loss who civil power be-
longs to ?” “Who do you ask for ?” “Associate
not with those who mone can speak well of.” In
all these places it ought to be “whom.”
The prepositions to and for are often under-
stood, chiefly before the pronouns; as, “Give me
the book;” “Get me some paper;” that is, “to
me; for me.” “Woe is me;” i.e. “to me.” “He
was banished England;” i. e. “from England.”
RULE XVIII. Conjunctions connect the same
moods and tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns
and pronouns; as, “Candor is to be approved
and practiced.” “If thou sincerely desire, and
earnestly pursue, virtue, she will assuredly be
found by thee, and prove a rich reward.” The
master taught her and me to write.” “He and
she were school-fellows.”
RULE XIX. Some conjunctions require the
indicative, some the subjunctive mood, after
them. It is a general rule, that when Something
contingent or doubtful is implied, the Subjunctive
ought to be used; as, “If I were to write, he
would not regard it;” “He will not be pardoned
unless he repent.”
Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute
nature, require the indicative mood. “As virtue
advances, so vice recedes.” “He is healthy, be-
cause he is temperate.”
The conjunctions if, though, unless, eaccept,
whether, etc., generally require the subjunctive
mood after them ; as, “If thou be afflicted, re-
pine not;” “Though he slay me, yet will I trust
in him ;” “He cannot be clean, unless he wash
himself;” “No power, eaccept it were given from
above;” “Whether it were I or they, Sowe preach.”
But even these conjunctions, when the Sentence
does not imply doubt, admit of the indicative;
as, “Though he is poor, he is contented.”
RULE XX. When the qualities of different
things are compared, the latter noun or pronoun
is not governed by the conjunction than or as, but
agrees with the verb, or is governed by the verb
or the preposition, expressed or understood; as,
“Thou art wiser than I;” that is, “than I am.”
“They loved him more than me;” i.e. “more than
they loved me.”
Prosody.
Prosody consists of two parts. The former
teaches the true PRONUNCIATION of words, com-
prising ACCENT, QUANTITY, EMPHASIs, PAUSE, and
TONE ; and the latter, the laws of VERSIFICATION.
ACCENT.
Accent is the laying of a particular stress of
the voice on a certain letter or syllable in a word,
that it may be better heard than the rest, or dis-
tinguished from them, as in the word presume,
the stress of the voice must be on the letter u,
and Second syllable, Sume, which take the accent.
QUANTITY.
The quantity of a syllable is that time which
is occupied in pronouncing it. It is considered
8,S LONG OF SEIORT.
The vowel or syllable is long when the accent
is on the vowel, which occasions it to be slowly
joined in pronunciation with the following letters;
as “Fall, bale, mood, house, feature.”
A syllable is short when the accent is on the
consonant, which occasions the vowel to be
quickly joined to the succeeding letter; as, “Ant,
bonnet, hunger.”
A long syllable generally requires double the
time of a short one in pronouncing it, thus:
“Mate” and “Note” should be pronounced as
slowly again as “Mat” and “Not.”
EMPHASIS.
By emphasis is meant a stronger and fuller
sound of voice, by which we distinguish Some
word or words on which we design to lay particu-
lar stress, and to show how they affect the rest
of the sentence. Sometimes the emphatic words
must be distinguished by a particular tone of
voice, as well as by a greater stress.
PAUSES.
Pauses or rests, in speaking and reading, are a
total cessation of the voice during a perceptible,
and, in many cases, a measurable Space of time.
TONES.
Tones are different both from emphasis and
pauses, consisting in the modulation of the voice,
the notes or variations of Sound which we em-
ploy in the expression of our Sentiments.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
669
VERSIFICATION.
Versification is the arrangement of a certain
number and variety of syllables, according to
certain laws.
Rhyme is the correspondence of the last sound
of one verse to the last sound or syllable of an-
Yther.
Punctuation.
Punctuation treats of the marks used in wri-
ting and printing, and is used principally for
marking the gramatical divisions of a sentence.
The principal marks of this kind are—comma,
Semicolon, colon, period, exclamation-point, in-
terrogation-point, and dash.
THE COMMA IS USED :
1. To separate two or more words closely re-
lated, between which the connecting word is
omitted; as, he was a brave, honest, upright man.
2. Before a relative clause, where it is ex-
planatory of the antecedent; also to set off any
part of the sentence which contains the case abso-
lute, the nominative independent, or any paren-
thetical clause; also simple members of sentences
connected by words expressing comparison; as,
night having come on, the enemy withdrew;
knowledge and wisdom, far from being one, have
ofttimes no connection; he will then, however, do
as I have instructed.
3. To separate terms that are contrasted or in
opposition; as, though strong, he was not rough.
4. To separate a noun or phrase when put in
apposition; as, Homer, the Greek poet, is said to
have been blind.
5. To separate the predicate from the subject,
when the subject is so long, or has a clause so
long, that the meaning would not be obvious; as,
he who thinks so little of himself as to do that,
will have few admirers.
6. To separate the following words and phrases
from the remainder of the Sentence: may, so,
hence, however, besides, namely, perhaps, in short,
at least, finally, moreover, again, first, secondly,
thirdly, lastly, once more, on the contrary.
7. To separate a person or an object addressed
from the rest of the sentence; as, John, bring
the horse from the stable.
8. To separate numbers into periods; as,
area in square miles, 126,480.
9. To supply the place of an omitted word,
as, cruelty begets hate; kindness, love.
THE SEMICOLON IS USED :
1. To separate the members of a sentence
which are distinct propositions having a depend-
ence upon each other, or upon Some common
clause; as, prosperity is naturally, though not
necessarily, attached to virtue and merit; ad-
versity, to vice and folly. Honesty is a jewel; it
is above price.
2. To separate parts that have the comma, or
that require a point greater than the comma; as,
he was respectful, not servile, to superiors; affa-
ble, not improperly familiar, to equals; and
condescending, not supercilious, to those beneath
him.
3. To separate short sentences following one
another, and slightly connected in sense or in
construction; as, the old men sit at their doors;
the gossip leans over her counter; the children
shout and frolic in the streets.
4. To separate as, viz, namely, to-wit, i. e., or
that is, from an example which they precede, or
list of subjects which they enumerate ; as, to
Campbell we are indebted for the best didactic
poem in the language; namely, “The Pleasures
of Hope.”
TEIE COLON IS USED :
1. To separate parts less connected than those
which are divided by a semicolon, but which do
not form distinct, independent sentences; as, the
evil that men do lives after them : the good is
oft interred with their bones.
2. To separate a clause that is complete in
itself, but which is followed, without a conjuc-
tion, by some remark or illustration; as, do not
spurn a poor man: his misery entitles him to
pity.
3. Before a quotation or speech, or an enu-
meration of articles, when introduced formally;
as, the concluding words of the “Siege of War-
saw,” by Campbell, are beautiful:
“Hope, for a season, bade the world farewell,
And Freedom shrieked as Rosciusko feil.”
4. After a formal statement that ends with as
follows, thus, the following, or other words of the
same import.
TELE PERIOD IS USED :
1. To separate every complete sentence which
is independent, also initial letters standing alone,
and abbreviations; as, virtue is its own reward.
William M. Evarts, Esq., addressed the meeting.
C. O. D. for “collect on delivery.”
570
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
2. To separate whole numbers from decimals,
as 61.5, and after the enumeration of letters or
figures; as, the earth has two motions—1. The
diurnal motion. 2. The annual motion.
THE INTERROGATION-POINT IS USED :
After every sentence or part of a Sentence
which contains a question; as, who is the man?”
“will you surrender,” said he, “or will you die?”
THE EXCLAMLATION-POINT IS USED
After a word, phrase or sentence that denotes
some sudden or violent emotion of the mind; as,
Ah me, how long you are absent “Alas, poor
Yorick | I knew him, Horatio.”
THE DASH IS USED :
1. To show some sudden stop or change of
subject, and to show the omission of Words, let-
ters or figures; as, he sometimes counsel takes,
and sometimes—snuff; men will Wrangle for re-
ligion, write for it, fight for it, anything but—live
for it.
2. Before echoes, that is, before a Word or
phrase repeated in an emphatic matter; as, they
were impelled by the purest motives—patriotism
and liberty.
PARENTHESIS OR CURWES ARE USED
To enclose some incidental or explanatory re-
mark that breaks the regular construction of the
sentence, but which can be omitted without in-
juring the grammatical sense; as,
“He gave the world ('t was all he had) a tear.
He gained from Heaven ('t was all he wished) a friend.”
BRACKETS ARE USED,
Chiefly, to give an explanation, to rectify a
mistake, or to supply an omission; as, yours [the
United States] is a nation of vast resources; do
you know if [whether] he will go?”
TEIE EIYPEIEN
Is used to connect the parts of a compound
word; as, land-league. It is also used at the end
of a syllable when the remainder of the word fol-
lows on the next line, and also to divide a word
into syllables; as, co-op-er-ate.
QUOTATION MARKS ARE USED
To show that the words of an author or speaker
are quoted, and consist of two inverted commaS
at the beginning and two apostrophes at the end
of a quotation; as, “Know thyself” was in-
Scribed upon the oracle at Delphi.
THE CARET (A) IS USED
In manuscript to denote that something has
been accidentally omitted, and the omitted mat-
O
ter is placed above; as, I am *io Boston.
UNDERSCORE.
The underscore is a line or lines drawn under
words in writing that are to be printed in italics
or capitals. One line is drawn to have the let-
ters italics, two lines for SMALL CAPITALs, and
three lines for LARGE CAPITALS.
Words are generally placed in italics when they
are meant to be emphatic; also foreign Words
are usually italicized.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 571
* TWELVE THIIIISANII SYNDINYMS, ºr
OR WORDS OF SIMILAR MEANING S.
Words having the same meaning are called synonyms. In writing or expressing oneself, it is
very essential to use different words conveying the same idea, so that a repetition may not occur in
the same sentence. Correct: His company at this time was very acceptable; agreeable in manners,
pleasing in address, he was a most welcome visitor. Incorrect: His company at this time was very
acceptable; acceptable in manners, acceptable in address, he was a most acceptable visitor.
There are many dictionaries of synonyms which contain only one synonym to each word, such
as abridge, abbreviate. In this work you will find the following synonyms with the word: abridge,
abbreviate, diminish, curtail, restrict, condense, compress. In fact, such works are abridged, abbre-
viated, diminished, curtailed, restricted, condensed and compressed to such an extent that they are
of little value. The reader will find in this work a full alphabetical list of words, and, in many
instances, as many as twelve or more synonyms to each word. It has been our aim to make one of
the most complete lists of words ever issued.
ABACK, backward, back. Ability, power, force, capacity, talent, skill, dex-
Abaft, sternward, aft, behind. terity, faculty, qualification.
Abandon, desert, leave, relinquish, discontinue, Abject, low, mean, base,...worthless, despicable,
cease, quit, renounce, give up, Surrender, fore- Vile, contaqiptible, servile, miserable, slavish.
go, forswear. Abjure, forswear, renounce, disclaim, revoke,
Abandonment, leaving, desertion, dereliction, re- retract.
nunciation, defection. Abnormal, unsound, strange, unnatural, excep-
Abase, depress, reduce, humble, degrade, dis- tional.
grace, humiliate, dishonor. Abolish, repeal, revoke, cancel, invalidate, oblit-
Abasement, degradation, depression, disgrace, erate, destroy, subvert, overthrow.
dishonor, humiliation. Abominate, loathe, detest, hate.
Abash, confuse, confound, discompose, shame, Aboriginal, primeval, native, first, original.
humiliate, mortify, humble. Abortion, miscarriage, failure, downfall, defeat.
Abate, moderate, decrease, diminish, terminate, Abound, plentiful, swarm, revel
reſſlOV6. 9 2 5 e
Abbreviate, abridge, shorten, reduce, condense,
compress.
Abdicate, relinquish, resign, Vacate, renounce, Abridge, abbreviate, diminish, curtail, restrict,
quit. condense, compress.
Aberration, rambling, illusion, hallucination, Abridgement, abbreviation, abstract, synopsis,
insanity. outline, digest.
Abet, aid, help, ingratiate, encourage, promote, *º ºp Craggy, Sud-
9 9 y, narSh.
About, concerning, respecting, with respect to,
relative to, nearly, almost, near.
countenance.
Abettor, confederate, helper, assistant, accessory, Abscond, run away, depart, decamp.
encourager, associate, companion. Absent, not present, elsewhere, thoughtless.
Abhorrence, loathing, hatred, horror, detesta- || Absolute, complete, entire, unconditional, arbi-
tion, dislike, distaste, disgust. trary, despotic, authoritative.
Abhorrent, odious, detestable, hateful, abomina- || Absolve, set free, liberate, clear, pardon, forgive.
ble, revolting. Abstain, forbear, stop, desist, discontinue, avoid.
Abiding, continuing, permanent, constant. Abstemious, temperate, self-denying, sober.
572 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Alºe. hidden, intricate, difficult, profound,
eep.
Abundance, sufficiency, plenty, plentitude, co-
plousness.
Abundant, plentiful, copious, lavish, ample.
Abuse, ill-treat, misuse, injure, upbraid, villify,
insult, defame, slander.
Accede, consent, acquiesce, coincide, approve.
Accelerate, hasten, hurry, despatch.
Accept, receive, take, admit.
Acceptable, agreeable, pleasing, welcome.
Acceptation, meaning, significance.
Access, admission, approach, admittance.
Accession, increase, augmentation, addition.
Accident, casualty, contingency.
Acclamation, applause, exultation, joy, cheering,
triumph.
Acclivity, ascent, rise, incline.
Accommodate, adapt, adjust, serve, supply.
Accompany, attend, escort.
Accomplice, confederate, accessory, abettor.
Accomplish, execute, effect, perform, achieve,
consummate, complete, bring about.
Accomplished, finished, completed,
skilled, talented, polished.
Accord, concede, admit, allow, grant.
Accordingly, conformably, agreeably, suitably,
consequently.
Accost, speak to, Salute, greet, hail.
Accountable, responsible, liable, amenable, pun-
ishable.
Accredited, authorized, commissioned, confiden-
tial, trusted.
Accumulate, collect, heap up, gather, bring to-
gether, hoard.
Accumulation, heap, collection, mass.
Accuracy, precision, fidelity, nicety.
Accurate, correct, unerring, precise, just, actual.
Accusation, charge, impeachment, arraignment,
imputation.
Accuse, charge, impeach, censure, impute.
Acerbity, tartness, sharpness, acrimony, bitter-
|Cl6288.
Achieve, accomplish, perform, execute, gain, win,
attain, finish.
Achievement, feat, exploit, deed, attainment.
Acknowledge, admit, confess, avow, grant, con-
cede.
Acquaint, inform, tell, apprise, disclose, make
known, notify, divulge.
Acquiesce, agree, consent, comply, concur.
Acquire, gain, procure, obtain, realize, earn.
Acquirement, attainment, qualification, accom-
plishment.
executed,
Acquit, absolve, discharge, release.
Acrimonious, sharp, biting, harsh, sarcastic.
Acrimony, asperity, tartness, sourness, bitterness.
Act, do, perform, effect, make, work, personate.
Action, deed, achievement, feat, exploit.
Actor, player, performer, comedian, tragedian.
Acumen, shrewdness, cleverness, sagacity.
Actual, real, positive, genuine.
Actuate, impel, instigate, induce, prompt.
Adage, proverb, maxim, motto.
Adapt, suit, fit, adjust, arrange, conform.
Add, cast up, increase, enlarge, extend, join.
| Addicted, attached, accustomed.
Addition, accession, increase, enlargement, ex-
tension.
Additional, extra, more.
Address, skill, ability, tact, dexterity, ingenuity.
Adduce, present, offer, advance.
Adept, proficient, experienced, practiced.
Adhere, cleave, cling, unite, fix, join.
Adherence, attachment, fidelity, devotion.
Adherent, follower, partisan, pupil.
Adhesion, attachment, fidelity, devotion.
Adieu, good-by, au revoir, farewell, leave-taking.
Adjacent, near to, adjoining, contiguous, border-
ling.
Adjourn, prorogue, postpone, delay.
Adjunct, appendage, appurtenance, appendency.
Adjust, set right, accommodate, adapt, arrange,
settle.
Administer, serve, supply, afford, contribute.
Admirable, striking, surprising, wonderful.
Admonition, warning, notice, caution.
Adopt, assume, appropriate, choose.
Admire, Wonder at, approve, love, esteem, praise,
commend, applaud.
Admit, allow, permit, acknowledge, own, grant,
avow, suffer, concede, accept.
Admonish, advise, forewarn, caution, counsel,
reprove, rebuke.
Adore, worship, idolize, love, hallow, praise, rev-
erence, glorify.
Adroit, dexterous, skillful, expert,
clever.
Adulterated, impure, debased, vitiated, deterio-
rated, spurious.
Advancement, progress, progression, improve-
ment, propulsion, preferment, promotion.
Advantage, benefit, good, profit, avail, gain, in-
terest, utility, Service.
Advantageous, beneficial, profitable, serviceable,
useful.
Adventurous, bold, enterprising, daring, rash.
proficient,
AN ENOYOLOPAEDIA OF
573
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Adventure, chance, hazard, casualty, incident,
occurrence, event.
Adversary, enemy, opponent, assailant.
Adverse, opposed to, opposite, conflicting.
Adversity, misfortune, affliction, calamity disas-
ter.
Advertise, publish, announce, notify, proclaim,
circulate.
Alºisement notice, announcement, proclama-
1OI).
Aiº, counsel, warning, information, instruc-
1OIl.
Advise, inform, acquaint, instruct, admonish,
warn, counsel, notify, deliberate.
Advisedly, deliberately, designedly, discreetly.
Advocate, counsel, defender, upholder.
Advocate, propose, maintain, Support.
Aerial, light, etherial, volatile.
Affable, courteous, polite, sociable, gentle.
Affair, matter, business, subject.
Affecting, touching, moving, pathetic, tender,
impressive, exciting.
Affectionate, tender, attached, devoted.
Affirm, swear, testify, asseverate, tell, declare,
assert, aver.
Affirmation, asseveration, attestation, averment,
declaration.
Afflict, grieve, distress, trouble, torment.
Affluence, wealth, riches, oppulence.
Affray, contention, altercation, wrangle, contest.
Affright, frighten, terrify, appall, overawe.
Affront, wrong, insult, offense, outrage.
Afraid, timid, timorous, faint-hearted.
Afterward, hereafter, Subsequently, ultimately.
Age, time, date, generation.
Aged, old, elderly.
Agency, instrumental, influence.
Aggregate, total, complete.
Aggregate, amass, accumulate.
Aggression, encroachment, assault, attack, of.
fense.
Aggressive, attacking, assailing.
Aggrieve, injure, Wrong.
Agitate, convulse, disturb, stir, move, shake.
Agitate, perturbation, emotion, tremor.
Agonize, distress, rack, excruciate, pain.
Agony, anguish, pang, suffering, woe.
Agºble gratifying, pleasant, pleasing, ami-
a,016.
Agreement, concurrence, coincidence, contract,
bargain.
Ailing, unwell, ill, sick, diseased, poorly, indis-
posed.
Aid, help, assist, co-operate, relieve, succor.
Aim, direct, point, level, aspire.
Aim, intent, purpose, design, aspiration.
Air, look, cast, manner, address, bearing, de-
portment.
Alacrity, quickness, willingness, briskness.
Alarm, affright, fright, terror, dismay.
Alert, watchful, vigilant, active, brisk.
Alienate, estrange, wean, disaffect.
Alike, similar, same, identical, twin, equal.
Aliment, food, sustenance, nourishment, victuals.
Alive, living, existing, existent, breathing, Sub-
sisting, safe.
All, entire, full, complete, perfect.
Allay, appease, assauge, soothe, calm, compose,
alleviate, soften, moderate.
Allege, say, declare, affirm, assert, state, main-
tain, advance.
Allied, connected, related, leagued, joined, con-
federated, alike, kindred.
Allow, permit, suffer, tolerate, admit, concede,
authorize, Sanction, yield.
Allowance, grant, stipend, wages, recompense,
Salary.
Allude, hint, insinuate, intimate, imply, suggest.
Allure, entice, Seduce, attract, tempt, decoy, in-
veigle.
Alluring, attractive, enticing, inviting, tempting.
Almighty, God, Jehovah, the Supreme Being, the
Infinite, the Eternal.
Alone, Solitary, lone, Sole, single, retired.
Also, in addition, likewise, moreover.
Alter, change, make. different, vary, modify.
Alteration, change, variation, modification, shift-
ling.
Altercation, quarrel, dispute, controversy, dissen-
Slon, Varlance.
Although, though, yet, but, still, notwithstanding.
Altogether, totally, wholly, entirely, utterly, com-
pletely.
Always, ever, continually, constantly.
Amazed, astonished, surprised.
Amazement, astonishment, wonder, surprise.
Ambiguous, doubtful, dubious, equivocal, uncer-
tain.
Ambitious, aspiring, soaring.
Amenable, answerable, accountable, liable, re-
sponsible.
Amend, mend, better, correct, rectify, improve,
repalr.
Amiable, lovely, pleasing, charming, engaging,
fascinating.
Aºple friendly, Sociable, social, amiable, cor-
81.
Ö74
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Ample, full, plentiful, copious, abundant, com-
plete, spacious.
Amuse, entertain, please, divert, enliven, recreate.
Amusement, pleasure, diversion, recreation, pas-
time, sport.
Analogy, resemblance, comparison, similarity.
Ancestors, forefathers, ancestry, predecessors.
Ancient, old, antiquated, antique, aged.
Anger, enrage, incense, exasperate, irritate.
Angry, enraged, incensed, raging, furious, pas-
Sionate.
Anguish, pain, distress, suffering, woe, torture,
torment.
Animate, quicken, enliven, exhilarate, cheer, re-
Vive, inspirit, inspire.
Animation, life, vivacity, spirit, liveliness, exhila-
ration, Sprightliness, buoyancy.
Annals, chronicles, records.
Annex, add, attach, append, subjoin.
Annihilate, destroy, annul, extinguish.
Announce, make known, publish, advertise.
Annoy, vex, tease, chafe, molest, incommode.
Annul, revoke, abolish, abrogate, repeal, cancel.
Anomalous, irregular, abnormal, eccentric,
Antagonism, animosity, enmity, opposition.
Antagonistic, hostile, opposite, adverse.
Anterior, preceding, previous, prior.
Antipathy, aversion, repugnance, opposition, ha-
tred, antagonism.
Anxiety, care, Solicitude, attention, intentness,
eagerness.
Apathetic, insensible, impassive, indifferent.
Apocryphal, uncertain, unauthentic, legendary.
Apparent, visible, clear, plain, transparent.
Appeal, refer, invoke, call upon.
Appease, pacify, quiet, calm, compose, soothe.
Appellation, name, denomination, cognomen.
Applaud, praise, extol, commend, approve.
Appoint, ordain, depute, Order, constitute.
Apportion, distribute, allot, appropriate.
Approbation, approval, concurrence, assent, con-
Sent.
Approval, assent, approbation.
Apt, suitable, permanent, prompt, ready, quick.
Arbitrary, despotic, imperious, domineering.
Arbitrator, arbiter, judge, umpire, referee.
Argue, discuss, dispute, debate.
Arouse, stir up, awaken, excite, stimulate.
Arrange, put in order, place, assort, classify.
Arrant, notorious, flagrant, heinous, monstrous.
Array, rank, order, disposal, disposition.
Array, range, place, draw up, dress, deck out.
Arrogance, assumption, haughtiness, pride, lofti-
IlêSS.
Artifice, trick, stratagem, deception, cheat, im-
posture, delusion.
Artless, fair, honest, ingenuous, frank, candid.
Ascend, climb, mount, rise, scale.
Ascendency, Superiority, authority, sway.
Ask, request, entreat, solicit, demand.
Aspect, appearance, complexion, feature, air,
look, mien,
Asperse, accuse falsely, malign, slander, tra-
duce, defame, Scandalize.
ASSemble, congregate, collect, gather, muster.
Assent, consent, accede, acquiesce, comply.
Assert, declare, aver, protest, maintain.
Assign, adduce, allege, advance, bring forward,
appoint.
Assist, help, aid, co-operate, relieve, succor.
Associate, colleague, ally, partner, coadjutor.
Association, company, Society, partnership, com-
panionship.
Assuage, compose, pacify, allay, Soothe, con-
ciliate.
Assume, arrogate, usurp, appropriate.
Assurance, confidence, certainty, consciousness.
Athletic, stalwart, powerful, brawny, muscular.
Atrocious, villainous, notorious, monstrous, in-
human.
Attach, subjoin, annex, connect, stick.
Attachment, affection, devotion, fondness, love.
Attend, accompany, escort.
Attentive, careful, intent, wistful.
Attire, dress, apparel, garments, clothes.
Attitude, posture, gesture, gesticulation, action.
Attractive, winning, charming, fascinating.
Audacious, assuming, forward, presumptuous.
Augment, increase, enlarge, extend.
August, majestic, noble, dignified.
Auspices, protection, favor, influence.
Auspicious, fortunate, favorable, propitious.
Authoritative, commanding, SWaying, imperative.
Authority, weight, force domination.
Authorized, empowered, commissioned.
Auxiliary, assistant, helping, furthering.
Avail, profit, use, benefit service, utility.
Avarice, covetousness, greediness.
Avocation, employment, calling, business.
Avow, declare, acknowledge, recognize.
Awaken, arouse, stir up, excite.
Awkward, rough, clumsy, unpolished.
Awry, crooked, bent, curved, inflected.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PHACTiOAL INFORMATION.
575
BAD, wicked, evil, unsound.
Baffle, defeat, discomfit, bewilder.
Balmy, fragrant, sweet-scented, perfumed.
Baneful, hurtful, destructive, pernicious.
Banquet, feast, fete, entertainment.
Barbarous, Savage, brutal, cruel, inhuman.
Barely, hardly, merely, scantily, Scarcely.
Bargain, agreement, convention, compact.
Base, low, mean, groveling, ignoble.
Battle, conflict, contest, fight.
Bear, sustain, support, carry, maintain, convey.
Bearing, manner, deportment, behavior.
Beastly, brutish, brutal, sensual.
Beau, sweetheart, wooer, lover, suitor.
Beautiful, elegant, beauteous, handsome, fair,
pretty.
Becoming, befitting, comely, proper.
Beginning, commencement, outset opening.
Beguile, amuse, deceive, mislead.
Blamable, culpable, reprehensible, censurable,
faulty.
Blame, censure, reprove, condemn, reprehend,
reprobate.
Blameless, innocent, guiltless, faultless, Spotless,
stainless, sinless.
Blast, blight, destroy, wither, shrivel.
Blatant, noisy, bellowing, vociferous, clamorous.
Blemish, stain, Sully, spot, blur, tarnish, mar,
soil, injure.
Blend, mix, mingle, commingle, combine, fuse,
merge.
Blind, sightless, eyeless, ignorant.
Blockhead, simpleton, numskull, ignoramus.
T}loodshed, butchery, slaughter, massacre.
Blot, stain, spot, foul, discolor, pollute, blur, tar-
nish, Sully.
Blow, stroke, knock, shock, misfortune, calamity.
Bluff, surly, blustering, Swaggering, brusque,
bullying, coarse, discourteous.
Blunt, dull, pointless, obtuse, coarse, uncivil.
Blustering. See Bluff.
Boasting, bragging, vaunting, bravado, vain-
glory.
Bode, forebode, foreshadow, foreshow, portend,
augur.
Bodily, corporal, corporeal, material, physical.
Boisterous, noisy, turbulent, violent, furious, im-
petuous.
Bold, daring, courageous, brave.
Booty, plunder, pillage, spoils, prey.
Border, brink, margin, confine, brim.
Bore, perforate, pierce, penetrate.
Boundless, unbounded, unlimited, infinite.
Bºtul liberal, munificent, generous, abund-
3,1015.
Branch, bough, limb, shoot, off-shoot, twig, Sprig,
Spray.
Brand, stigmatize, denounce, disgrace.
Brave, courageous, fearless, dauntless, bold.
Brawny, muscular, sinewy, athletic, stalwart,
powerful, robust.
Break, burst, rend, sever, shatter, crack, frac-
ture, demolish, destroy.
Brevity, shortness, conciseness, terseness.
Brief, short, concise, succinct, condensed, terse.
Bright, clear, shining, Sparkling, gleaming, radi-
ant, brilliant.
Brilliant, splendid, glittering.
Brisk, lively, active, quick, agile, nimble, alert.
Brittle, fragile, frail, frangible. J.
Broad, wide, large, extensive, expanded, ample,
SpacIOuS.
Broken-hearted, inconsolable, comfortless, for-
lorn, sorrowful. -
Bºhood, fraternity, association, society, fel-
Snlp.
Brotherly, fraternal, kind, affectionate, tender.
Bruise, contuse, break, crush, bray, pound.
Brutal, cruel, inhuman, unfeeling, merciless, sav-
age, ruthless, brutish, beastly.
Brutish, stupid, irrational, gross.
Build, erect, construct, make, raise.
Bullying, blustering, overbearing, bluff.
Bulwark, bastion, rampart, fortress, citadel, forti-
fication.
Burden, load, cumber, encumber, overlay.
Burdensome, weighty, ponderous, cumbersome,
grievous, Oppressive, troublesome.
Burial, Sepulture, interment, entombment.
Burlesque, mockery, parody, caricature, farce,
travesty, mimicry.
Burning, hot, fiery, ardent, glowing, fervent.
Burst, break, rend, split, explode, disrupt.
Bury, inter, inhume, entomb, hide, conceal.
Business, employment, calling, vocation, occupa-
tion, trade, profession.
But, except, excepting, notwithstanding.
By and by, Soon, before long, presently, shortly.
Bystander, looker-on, spectator, beholder, ob-
Servēr.
CABAL, faction, combination, political intri
plot, confederacy. p intrigue,
Calamitous, ill-fated, fatal, hapless, unlucky.
Calculate, compute, reckon, estimate.
576
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Call back, recall, recant, retract.
Calling, employment, business, vocation, work,
occupation, profession, pursuit.
Callous, hardened, obdurate, unfeeling, insensi-
ble, apathetic, cruel.
Calumniate, slander, traduce, willify, malign, as-
perse, defame, libel.
Calumnious, slanderous, defamatory, Scurrilous,
abusive.
Cancel, obliterate, efface, blot out, annul, abolish,
repeal, rescind, abrogate, nullify.
Cº. sift, examine, discuss, Solicit, applying
Ol’.
Capable, able, competent, qualified, efficient,
clever, skillful, gifted.
Capacious, roomy, ample, spacious, wide, exten-
SIVé.
Caprice, whim, humor, freak, fancy, crotchet,
Vagary.
Capricious, whimsical, fanciful, freakish.
fickle, fitful.
Captious, critical,
CITOSS.
Captivity, bondange,
prisonment.
Care, anxiety, solicitude, concern, trouble, heed.
Careful, thoughtful, attentive, watchful, cautious.
Careless, heedless, negligent, regardless, listless.
Carnage, slaughter, massacre, bloodshed.
Carnal, fleshy, sensual, wordly, impure, lustful.
Carol, warble, sing, chirp, chant.
Carousal, revel, festivity, banquet.
Carriage, walk, bearing, behavior, deportment,
vehicle, conduct, conveyance.
Carry, bear, convey, transport, Sustain.
Carry on, conduct, manage, transact, regulate.
Cº. through, accomplish, complete, consum-
IOO 8,062.
Case, occurrence, circumstance, plight, predica-
ment.
Cash, money, coin, Specie, currency.
Cast, mould, figure, aspect, character, manner,
look, mien.
Cast, throw, fling, hurl, pitch, project, construct.
Cast down, disheartened, discouraged, downcast,
melancholy. th
Casualty, accident, fortuity, chance, occurrence,
misfortune.
Catch, overtake, grasp, seize, capture, clutch.
Cause, reason, incentive, inducement, incitement,
impulse.
Cause, occasion, induce, provoke, incite.
Cautious, careful, prudent, vigilant.
Cavity, hollow, chasm, opening.
cynical, petulant, irritable,
subjection, slavery, im-
Cede, Surrender, relinquish, quit, forego,
Celebrate, commend, applaud, extol.
Celebrated, famous, renowned, illustrious.
glorious.
Celerity, quickness, speed, rapidity, velocity.
Celestial, heavenly, divine, godlike, angelic.
Censure, blame, reprove, reprehend.
Certain, Sure, unquestionable, unfailing.
Certify, testify, vouch, declare.
Cessation, intermission, rest, pause, discontinu-
8,1] C6.
Chafe, fret, irritate, gall, vex, chagrin.
Champion, leader, chieftain, head.
Chance, accident, fortune, casualty, hazard, luck.
Change, alter, transform, exchange, barter.
Chºº variety, alteration, alternation, vicissi-
ll Clé.
Changeable, variable, unsteady, undecided, wa-
Vering, hesitating, restless, fitful, capricious.
Character, cast, description, nature, disposition,
reputation.
Characteristic, peculiar to, sign of, feature, linea-
ment.
Characterize, name, designate, denominate, de-
scribe.
Charge, accuse, impeach, arraign, inculpate.
Charge, care, custody, ward, trust, management,
ºprice expense, account, fee, bill, assault,
SEl OCK.
Chºº, kindness, benignity, beneficence, benevo-
€IlCé.
Charm, enchant, fascinate, bewitch, enrapture,
captivate.
Chary, wary, careful, cautious, prudent.
Chasten, chistise, correct, punish.
Chat, chatter, prattle, prate, babble, gossip.
Cheat, defraud, gull, dupe, trick, beguile, delude,
deceive.
Cheat, deception, imposture, fraud, delusion, ar-
tifice, deceit, trick.
Check, curb, restrain, repress, counteract, re-
prove, rebuke.
Cheer, exhilarate, animate, inspire, gladden,
comfort, Solace.
Cheerfulness, gayety, Sprightliness, merriment,
mirth, liveliness, vivacity.
Cheerless, comfortless, disconsolate, inconsola-
ble, desolate, forlorn.
Cherish, nourish, nurture, nurse, foster, Sustain.
Chief, principal, supreme, paramount, leader.
Choice, rare, select, option.
Choose, prefer, select, elect, call, pick.
Circuitous, roundabout, tortuous, tiresome.
Circumspection, caution, watchfulness, vigilance.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
577
Circumstance, situation, condition, position, fact,
incident,
Civil, polite, complaisant, affable, courteous,
well-bred.
Civilize, polish, humanize, cultivate, refine.
Clamor, outcry, fuss, noise, hubbub, uproar.
Clandestine, hidden, secret, private.
Clause, stipulation, proviso, term, article.
Clear, absolve, acquit, liberate, deliver, release,
set free, unbind.
Clear, apparent, palpable, visible, plain, evident,
manifest, unmistakable, distinct.
Clearly, obviously, distinctly, explicitly.
Clemency, mercy, mildness, mitigation.
Clever, skillful, expert, adroit.
Climb, scale, mount, Soar, ascend.
Cling, hold, stick, adhere, attach.
Cloak, mask, veil, cover, blind.
Close, conclude, shut, end, terminate, finish.
Clothes, garments, vestments, dress, attire, ar-
ray, raiment, Vesture, drapery.
Cloudy, dim, obscure, dusky, indistinct.
Clutch, grasp, lay hold on, catch, seize, grip.
Coalition, union, alliance, confederacy, league,
combination.
Coarse, rough, rude, rugged, gruff, harsh.
Coincide, agree, correspond, concur.
Coincidence, concurrence, correspondence, agree-
ment.
Colleague, fellow, compeer, companion.
Collect, gather, assemble, muster.
Collected, composed, placid, calm, Serene.
Collossal, large, gigantic, huge, enormous, vast.
Combat, engagement, conflict, contest, fight, ac-
tion, battle.
Combat, oppose, resist, withstand, thwart.
Combination, alliance, union, league.
Comely, becoming, decent, seemly, agreeable
graceful.
Comfortless, cheerless, forlorn, disconsolate.
Comic, funny, laughable, droll, ludicrous.
Commence, begin, enter upon.
Commend, praise, applaud, extol, recommend.
Commendable, praiseworthy, laudable.
Comment, observation, remark, elucidation.
Commerce, dealing, trade, traffic, intercourse.
Commit, perpetrate, intrust, confide, consign.
Commodious, convenient, useful, Suitable.
Communicate, make known, divulge, disclose.
Communication, intercourse, correspondence,
COOlDºlò TC0.
Community, society, commonwealth, Social state.
Companion, comrade, partner, ally, associate,
confederate.
Company, association, society, assembly, assem-
blage, audience, auditory, corporation, troop.
Comparison, simile, similitude, illustration.
Compassionate, kind, merciful, element, gracious.
Compel, force, constrain, enforce, oblige.
Compendious, brief, short, succinct, concise.
Cºate, recompense, make amends, remun-
€E8,156.
Competence, able, capable, efficient, qualified,
fitted.
Competitor, candidate, rival, aspirant.
Complaint, malady, disease, distemper, disorder.
Complex, compound, complicated, involved, in-
tricate.
Complexion, aspect, appearance, feature, linea-
ment.
Complicated, complex, compound, involved.
Compliment, praise, flatter, adulate, applaud.
Composed, calm, serene, sober, serious, placid,
imperturbable.
Composure, tranquuillity, serenity, sedateness,
Self-possession.
Compound, composite, complex.
Compound, mix, combine, intermingle.
Comprehend, comprise, include, embrace, grasp,
See, understand, perceive.
Comprise, include, contain, embody.
Comprehensive, broad, wide, extensive, capa-
CIOUlS.
Compress, condense, reduce.
Comprise, include, comprehend, embrace.
Compromise, settle, involve, endanger.
Compunction, remorse, regret, Sorrow.
Cºle, companion, associate, partner, ally,
Iſlate.
Conceal, hide, secrete, cover, screen, disguise,
dissemble.
Concede, yield, Surrender, grant, admit.
Conceit, Vanity, egotism.
Concert, concord, harmony, musical entertain-
ment.
Concise, short, brief, curt, laconic, terse.
Conclude, end, close, terminate, finish, decide,
determine.
Conclusion, termination, result, end, close, in-
ference, deduction, decision.
Conclusive, decisive, final, definitive, indisputa-
ble.
Concourse, crowd, throng, assemblage,
Conduct, management, behavior, deportment,
demeanor.
37
578
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Condemn, blame, censure, reprove, disapprove.
Confess, admit, grant, concede, acknowledge,
8,VOW.
Confidence, faith, trust, belief, assurance, cour-
age.
Conflict, contest, struggle, fight, battle.
Confound, amaze, perplex, bewilder, stupefy,
dumbfound.
Confound, confuse, blend, mix, intermingle.
Confront, encounter, resist.
Confused, involved, complex,
abashed.
Confusion, misrule, turmoil, commotion, anarchy.
Confute, disprove, refute.
Conjure, beseech, implore, entreat.
Connect, join, link, unite.
Connection, affinity, relationship, kindred, kins-
Iſla, Il.
Conquer, subjugate, surmount, overthrow.
Conscientious, equitable, upright, high-minded.
Consent, assent, concurrence, acquiescence.
Consequence, weight, effect, result, issue.
Consider, reflect, deliberate, regard, weigh.
Considerate, reflective, circumspect, attentive.
Consideration, deliberation, reflection, contem-
plation.
Consistent, congruous, accordant, agreeing.
Console, solace, encourage.
Conspiracy, intrigue, plot, treason, treachery,
machination, coalition.
cºnt steady, continual, perpetual, faithful,
rue,
Consternation, amazement, astonishment, terror.
Constitution, frame, temper, temperament, char-
acter.
Constrain, compel, force, oblige, coerce, drive.
Construct, build, form, compose, erect.
Consume, destroy, absorb, burn, devour.
Consummate, finish, accomplish, execute.
Contain, enclose, embrace, comprise.
Contemptuous, scornful, disdainful, insolent.
Contend, strive, compete, cope, argue, maintain.
Content, satisfied, contented, pleased.
Contention, strife, bickering, dissension.
Contest, strife, conflict, combat, fight.
Contiguous, touching, adjacent, adjoining.
Contingency, chance, possibility, event, occur-
€10 C6.
Continuation, continuance, duration, perpetua-
tion. .
Continue, stay, remain, persevere, persist.
Contortion, distortion, twisting, writhing.
embarrassed,
Contract, abridge, abbreviate, compress.
Contract, agreement, convenant, compact.
Contradict, confute, refute, oppose.
Contrition, repentance, penitence, remorse.
Contrivance, device, scheme, plan.
Control, curb, repress, guide, manage.
Controversy, quarrel, strife, contention.
Convenient, adapted, suitable, fitted.
Converse, talk, speak, discourse.
Converse, opposite, reverse, contrary, counter.
Convert, change, alter, turn, transform.
Convey, transport, transfer, remove.
Conviction, assurance, belief.
Convivial, festal, jovial, social.
Cool, not warm, collected, calm, dispassionate.
Copy, transcribe, imitate.
Cordial, sincere, warm, hearty, heartfelt.
Correct, right, true, accurate, faultless.
Correspondent, answerable, suitable.
Counsel, counselor, attorney, lawyer.
Counterfeit, forged, spurious, sham, feign, simu-
late.
Couple, pair, brace.
Courage, bravery, spirit, valor, heroism, fearless-
Il62S8.
Courtesy, civility, urbanity, politeness.
Covert, secret, disguised, hidden, concealed.
Covetousness, stinginess, avarice, parsimony.
Cowardice, fear, timidity, poltroonery.
Cowardly, dastardly, pusilanimous, timorous.
Craftsman, artificer, mechanic, workman.
Crafty, artful, cunning, Wily, tricky, sly, subtle.
Crave, ask, Solicit, implore, pray.
Crazy, insane, mad, demented.
Credulity, gullibility, simplicity.
Crest, top, Summit, apex, crown.
Crew, company, gang, Set.
Crime, offense, misdeed, felony.
Criminal, felon, malefactor, culprit. *
Criminate, charge, implicate, accuse, arraign,
impeach.
Criticise, examine, scan, discuss.
Criticism, stricture, animadversion.
Cross, irritable, peevish, Snappish.
Crotchety, freakish, wayward.
Cruel, barbarous, inhuman, brutal, hard-hearted.
Cultivate, till, promote, foster.
Cunning, crafty, artful, tricky.
Cupidity, avarice, covetousness.
Curb, restrain, hold, check.
Curiosity, rarity, Wonder.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
579
Curious, inquiring, inquisitive, prying, rare.
Curse, execration, imprecation, denunciation.
Cursory, summary, hasty, slight.
Curtail, shorten, abbreviate, contract.
Custody, keeping, guardianship, care.
Custom, usage, practice, habit.
Cut, sever, Sunder, shear.
Cutting, sharp, bitter, sarcastic, stinging, Severe.
DALLY, delay, dawdle, fondle.
Damage, injury, loss, mischief.
Damp, moderate, slack, dishearten.
Danger, peril, risk, hazard.
Dare, brave, hazard, risk, defy, challenge.
Daring, bold, courageous, fearless.
Dash, cast, throw, drive, rush.
Date, time, age, period.
Daunt, frighten, intimidate, appall.
Dauntless, valiant, fearless, intrepid.
Dawn, gleam, begin, rise.
Dead, deceased, defunct, departed, heavy, un-
COI) SC1011S.
Deadly, mortal, fatal, destructive.
Dealing, trade, traffic, intercourse.
Dear, costly, expensive, beloved.
Debase, lower, degrade, impair.
Debatable, doubtful, uncertain, disputable.
Debate, discuss, contend, dispute, controvert.
Debauch, corrupt, pollute, defile, ravish.
Decay, wasting, away, decadence.
Decayed, rotten. corrupt, unsound, decomposed.
Deceit, deception, cheat, trick, delusion fraud.
Deceitful, deceptive, fallacious, fraudulent.
Decent, becoming, respectable, decorous.
Decide, determine, settle, resolve.
Decipher, unravel, Solve, unfold, explain.
Decision, judgment, determination, conclusion.
Decisive, conclusive, convincing, decided.
Declamatory, rhetorical, high-sounding.
Declaration, ordinance, profession, assertion,
affirmation.
Declare, aver, state, affirm, express, profess.
Decorum, propriety, decency, dignity, order.
Decoy, allure, entice, tempt, Seduce.
Decrease, diminish, decline, curtail, reduce.
Decree, order, law, ordinance, manifesto, deci-
sion, proclamation, verdict.
Decrepit, enfeebled, superannuated, infirm.
Decry, disparage, depreciate, detract.
Deem, consider, think, believe, suppose.
Deep, low, sagacious, penetrating, designing,
mysterious.
Deface, disfigure, deform, Spoil.
Defame, slander, vilify, asperse, traduce.
Default, failure, defect, want, absence.
Defeat, conquer, overpower,
throw, rout.
Defect, flaw, fault, blemish.
Definite, exact, correct, determined.
Deformity, ugliness, hideousness, monstrosity.
Defray, liquidate, pay, discharge.
Degenerate, deteriorate, decline, retrograde.
Degree, grade, extent, measure, quantity.
Dejected, dispirited, gloomy, desponding.
Deliberate, consider, meditate, consult.
Deliberate, purposed, intentional, designed.
Delight, enjoyment, pleasure, happiness, trans-
port, ecstacy, gladness, rapture, bliss.
Demonstrate, prove, show, illustrate.
Deny, refuse, reject, contradict.
Depart, leave, quit, start, retire.
Department, section, division, office, branch.
Deprive, strip, bereave, rob, divest.
Depute, appoint, commission, charge, intrust.
Derision, scorn, contempt, disrespect.
Derivation, origin, Source, cause.
Describe, draw, portray, explain, illustrate.
Desecrate, profane, misuse, abuse, pollute.
Desert, wild, waste, solitude, void.
Deserve, merit, earn, win.
Design, delineation, sketch, cunning, artfulness.
Desist, cease, stop, drop, abstain.
Desolate, bereaved, forlorn, forsaken.
Despair, hopelessness, despondency, desperation.
Desperate, daring, audacious, determined.
Destination, intention, design, consignment.
Destine, purpose, intend, design, devote.
Destructive, hurtful, noxious, injurious.
Desultory, rambling, loose, unmethodical, un-
settled.
Detail, particularize, enumerate, specify.
Detect, discover, descry, unmask, expose.
Deter, warm, dissuade, discourage, terrify.
Detract, lessen, deteriorate, diminish.
Develop, amplify, expand, enlarge.
Device, artifice, expedient, contrivance.
Devious, tortuous, circuitous, distorted.
Devoid, void, wanting, destitute.
Devolve, impose, place, charge, befall.
Devoted, attached, fond, absorbed, given.
Devotion, piety, devoutness, dedication, love.
Overcome, OWer-
680
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Dictate, prompt, enjoin, order, command.
Dictatorial, imperative, imperious, overbearing.
Die, expire, depart, perish, decline.
Difference, discord, dissent, variety, estrange-
ment.
Difficult, arduous, troublesome, intricate, per-
plexing.
Digest, arrange, dispose, classify, study, con-
sider.
Dignified, exalted, noble, lofty, grand.
Dignify, exalt, advance, elevate, honor, adorn.
Dilapidation, ruin decay, downfall.
Dilate, widen, expand, enlarge, swell.
Dilatory, slow, procrastinating, loitering.
Diligence, assiduity, application, care, heed, in-
dustry.
Diminish, reduce, contract, curtail, retrench.
Diplomatic, clever, politic, Sagacious.
Dire, dreadful, dismal, horrible, fearful.
Direct, regulate, control, command.
Dirty, unclean, foul, filthy, soiled.
Disadvantage, injury, damage, prejudice, hurt.
Disarrange, disorder, disturb, displace.
Discern, observe, recognize, discriminate, per-
ceive.
Discernible, visible, conspicuous, palpable.
Discharge, dismiss, discard, acquit, release.
Discipline, training, instruction, order, control,
punishment.
Disclose, discover, confess, divulge.
Disconcert, disturb, defeat, upset, discomfit.
Disconsolate, desolate, forlorn, melancholy, un-
happy.
Discover, reveal, disclose, unearth, invent, as-
certain, discern.
Discredit, disbelieve, distrust, disgrace.
Discreet, prudent, cautious, Wary.
Disdain, contempt, Scorn, haughtiness.
Disease, complaint, malady, sickness.
Disgrace, dishonor, discredit, reproach, infamy,
shame.
Disguise, conceal, cloak, dissemble.
Disgusting, loathsome, sickening, distasteful, re-
volting.
Dishonest, unfair, fraudulent, disceitful, cheat-
ing, deceptive.
Dishonor, disgrace, ravish, pollute.
Dislike, displeasure, distaste, repugnance, aver-
SIOIl.
Dismal, gloomy, lonesome, Sorrowful, melan-
choly.
Disobedient, undutiful, refractory, unruly.
Disorder, confusion, disease, complaint.
Disorderly, irregular, lawless, unruly.
Disown, disclaim, deny, ignore, repudiate.
Display, show, exhibit, parade.
Displease, offend, vex, anger, irritate.
Disposition, temper, inclination, humor.
Dispute, debate, controversy, discussion, quarrel.
Disregard, neglect, slight, overlook, despise.
Disreputable, disgraceful, dishonorable.
Dissolute, licentious, wanton, vicious.
Distance, interval, remoteness, space.
Distant, remote, separate, indistinct, obscure.
Distasteful, disagreeable, offensive, repugnant.
Distinct, clear, plain, different, separate.
Distinguished, conspicuous, famous, renowned,
illustrious.
Distribute, share, apportion, diffuse, scatter.
Distrust, doubt, suspicion, disbelief, misgiving.
Disturb, agitate, confuse, annoy, trouble, plague,
vex, worry.
Diversion, Sport, amusement, pastime, recrea-
tion.
Divine, God-like, sacred, heavenly.
Dogmatic, positive, authoritative, arrogant.
Dominion, power, rule, sway, territory, empire.
Doom, sentence, judgment, condemnation, ver-
dict, destiny.
Doubt, uncertainty, suspense, indecision, distrust.
Dread, fear, terror, horror, dismay.
Dress, clothes, attire, apparel, costume.
Drill, train, teach, discipline, exercise.
Drive, urge on, impel, compel, guide, direct.
Droll, odd, queer, whimsical, funny, comical.
Drowsy, sleepy, stupid, torpid.
Dubious, doubtful, equivocal, uncertain.
Dunce, numscull, dullard, simpleton.
Dutiful, obedieut, duteous, submissive.
Dwell, inhabit, reside, lodge, Sojourn, linger.
EAGER, hot, ardent, impassioned, impatient.
Earn, acquire, win, gain, achieve.
Earnest, ardent, serious, grave.
Ease, calm, alleviate, allay, appease.
Eccentric, irregular, singular, Odd.
Eclipse, shade, overcast, cloud.
Economical, sparing, Saving, provident, thrifty.
Edge, border, brink, rim, brim, margin, verge.
Efface, blot out, obliterate, wipe out, cancel.
Effect, consequence, result, execution, operation
Efficient, effectual, competent, capable.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTIOAL INFORMATION.
581
Eliminate, drive out, expel, eject, cast out.
Embolden, inspirit, animate, encourage, cheer.
Embrace, clasp, hug, comprise, comprehend.
Eminent, distinguished, conspicuous, famous.
Encircle, embrace, encompass, surround.
Enclose, fence in, confine, circumscribe.
Encounter, attack, conflict, combat, assault.
End, result, conclusion, upshot, extremity, Sequel.
Endanger, imperil, peril, hazard, jeopardize.
Endless, everlasting, perpetual, deathless, un-
dying.
Endorse, superscribe, ratify, confirm.
Endurance, continuation, duration, fortitude.
Endure, last, continue, support, bear, Sustain,
suffer.
Energetic, effectual, efficacious, powerful, bind-
1Ing.
Energy, force, vigor, efficacy, potency, strength.
Pºement word, promise, battle, action, com-
at.
Engross, busy, occupy, engage, monopolize.
Engulf, imbibe, drown, submerge, bury, entomb,
overwhelm.
Enjoyment, pleasure, gratification.
Enlarge, increase, extend, augment.
Enlighten, illumine, illuminate, instruct, inform.
Enmity, animosity, hatred, hostility.
Enormous, colossal, huge, vast, immense, pro-
digious.
Enough, sufficient, plenty, abundance.
Enrapture, enchant, fascinate, charm, captivate,
Entangle, perplex, embarrass, inveigle, implicate.
Enterprise, adventure, undertaking, effort, at-
tempt.
Entrance, entry, inlet, ingress, porch, portal.
Entrance, charm, enchant, fascinate, bewitch.
Entreat, beg, crave, solicit, beseech, implore.
Enumerate, tell over, relate, narrate, recount.
Envy, jealousy, suspicion, grudging.
Epitome, abridgment, abstract.
Equal, companion, peer, compeer.
Equal, uniform, alike, adequate.
Bººle. just, fair, honest, impartial, reason-
8, 1916.
Erring, misguided, misled.
Especially, specially, mainly, chiefly.
Estate, domain, lands, property, possessions.
Esteem, appreciate, respect, regard, reverence,
venerate.
Estimate, value, measure, calculate.
Evasion, shift, subterfuge, prevarication.
Event, occurrence, adventure, issue.
Ever, always, eternally, everlastingly, evermore,
incessantly.
Everlasting, endless, infinite.
Evidence, testimony, proof, declaration.
Evil, wicked, unfair, mischief, harm.
Evince, argue, prove, evidence, demonstrate.
Exaggerated, overstated, heightened, enlarged.
Exceed, excel, surpass, transcend,
Excellence, superiority, perfection.
Except, unless, save, saving.
Excessive, unreasonable, immoderate, inordinate.
Exchange, change, commute, interchange.
Exclusive, sole, only, alone.
Excuse, plea, justification, pretense,, pretext, pre-
tension.
Execrable, abominable, hateful, accursed.
Execute, accomplish, fulfill, effect, complete,
finish.
Exemption, immunity, freedom, privilege.
Exercise, exertion, practice, use, employment.
Exercise, exert, practice, use.
Exhale, emit, give out, evaporate.
Exhaust, spend, drain, empty, consume.
Exile, banishment, expulsion, ostracism.
Exist, live, remain, continue, endure.
Exonerate, clear, discharge, absolve, justify.
Exorbitant, extravagant, excessive, immoderate,
extortionate.
Expand, open, unfold, diffuse, dilate, extend, en-
large, amplify.
Expect, anticipate, foresee, wait for.
Expedient, fit, necessary, essential, requisite.
Expel, eject, exclude, dispossess, displace, ex-
communicate.
Expert, skilled, experienced, clever, dexterous,
adept.
Expiration, close, termination, cessation, com-
pletion.
Expire, die, perish, decease.
Explanatory, descriptive, elucidatory.
Explicit, express, plain, definite, positive,
Explore, search, examine, view, investigate.
Express, declare, assert, indicate, denote, repre-
sent, signify,
Expunge, obliterate, efface, erase.
Exquisite, delicate, choice, delicious, perfect,
matchless.
Extend, reach, enlarge, amplify, expand, in-
C]'é8,86.
Extensive, wide, spacious, capacious, expanded.
Exterminate, eradicate, destroy, annihilate.
Extol, laud, eulogize, praise, celebrate.
Extort, exact, Wrest, wring, despoil.
S82
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Extract, elicit, select, cite, quote,
Extraordinary, remarkable, wonderful, unusual,
Strange.
Extravagance, waste, prodigality, wastefulness.
FACE, meet, brave, oppose, encounter.
Facetious, jocose, jocular, humorous.
Falsehood, untruth, story, iie, falsity.
Fame, reputation, glory, renown, honor.
Family, household, house, lineage, ancestry, race.
Fanciful, ideal, fantastical, whimsical.
Fancy, imagination, notion, conceit.
Farming, tillage, agriculture, culture.
Farthest, extreme, remotest, utmost.
Fashion, form, mould, shape, fit.
Fashion, custom, manner, mode, form.
Fatal, deadly, mortal, inevitable.
Favor, benefit, kindness, civility, grace.
Fearless, brave, bold, courageous, dauntless,
daring, gallant.
Fearful, afraid, timid, nervous, timorous.
Feeling, emotion, Sentiment, sensation, sensi-
bility.
Feign, pretend, simulate, dissemble, invent.
Felicity, bliss, blessedness, blissfulness.
Ferocious, ravenous, voracious, cruel, inhuman.
Fertile, teeming, productive, rich, luxuriant.
Fervid, glowing, impassioned, fervent, warm.
Festal, festive, convivial, joyous.
Feud, fray, affray, quarrel, dispute.
Fickle, unstable, inconstant, restless, variable.
Fiction, romance, invention, falsehood.
Fidelity, faithfulness, honesty, integrity.
Fierce, furious, violent, Savage.
Fight, action, engagement, combat, conflict, con-
tention.
Figure, image, emblem, type, symbol, shape.
Fill, satisfy, content, Store, stuff.
Filthy, dirty, dingy, unclean, gross.
Final, ending, ultimate, conclusive, decisive.
Finical, overnice, foppish, Spruce.
Finish, complete, perfect, conclude.
Firm, fast, steadfast, Solid, strong, robust, de-
cided, *
First, foremost, leading, earliest.
Fitful, fickle, inconstant, restless, impulsive.
Fitted, suited, adapted, qualified, competent.
Fix, fasten, tie, link, settle, establish.
Flagrant, glaring, enormous, atrocious.
Flashy, showy, gaudy, taudry.
Flat, level, even, insipid, Spiritless, lifeless.
Fº temporary, transient, transitory, short-
lvéCI.
Fleetness, quickness, swiftness, speed, rapidity.
Flexible, pliable, supple, yielding.
Flight, flying, soaring, fleeing.
Flimsy, slight, weak, shallow.
Fling, hurl, throw, cast.
Flood, deluge, overflow, submerge.
Flourish, thrive, prosper, wave.
Fluent, flowing, voluble, ready, smooth.
Fluster, agitate, excite, confuse.
Foe, enemy, opponent, adversary.
Foible, failing, fyult, weakness.
Fold, wrap, envelop.
Follow, chase, copy, obey, observe.
Folly, foolishness, silliness, nonsense, absurdity.
Fondness, affection, love, attachment.
Fool, idiot, simpleton, buffoon, clown.
Foolish, senseless, simple, irrational, prepos-
terous, ridiculous.
Footing, foothold, standing, condition.
Forbid, prohibit, interdict.
Forbidding, repulsive, offensive.
Forcible, strong, powerful, vigorous, energetic,
Impresslye.
Foregoing, antecedent, anterior.
Foreign, strange, extraneous, alien.
Forerunner, harbinger, precursor, herald.
Foresight, forethought, forecast, premeditation.
Form, ceremony, observance, fashion, appear-
8,IlC6.
Form, make, create, produce, arrange.
Formal, precise, exact, stiff, methodical.
Formidable, terrible, fearful, shocking.
Fortitude, endurance, resolution, fearlessness.
Forward, advance, promote, prefer.
Foul, filthy, dirty, unclean, defiled.
Fractiousness, Snappishness, peevishness, petu-
lance.
Fragile, brittle, frail, delicate, feeble.
Fragments, pieces, scraps, chips, remains.
Free, release, deliver, rescue, liberate, emanci-
pate, exempt.
Freedom, liberty, independence.
Fresh, new, novel, recent, modern.
Fretful, peevish, petulant, fractious.
Fright, alarm, dismay, consternation, panic.
Frighten, scare, affright, dismay, terrify.
Frivolous, trifling, trivial, petty.
Front, face, confront, encounter.
Froward, cross, untoward, captious, fractious.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
583
Frugal, provident, economical, saving.
Fruitless, vain, useless, idle, abortive.
Frustrate, defeat, foil, disappoint.
Fulfill, accomplish, effect, complete.
GALE, storm, tempest, gust.
Gallant, gay, splendid, brave, courageous, heroic.
Garrulous, babbling, talkative, chattering.
Gaudy, showy, glittering, bespangled.
Gaunt, emaciated, spare, lean, thin.
Gay, merry, jolly, sprightly, cheerful.
Generation, origination, race, stock, off-spring.
Generous, noble, magnanimous, liberal munifi-
cient, bountiful.
Genial, cheering, cordial, hearty, merry.
Genteel, polished, well-bred, graceful, polite.
Gentle, amiable, placid, meek, tender, soft.
Germinate, Sprout, bud, shoot, vegetate.
Gesture, gesticulation, action.
Ghost, Spectre, spirit, apparition, vision.
Gibe, jeer, mock, deride.
Giddy, unsteady, flighty, thoughtless.
Gift, donation, benefaction, alms, gratuity, boon,
faculty.
Gird, belt, encircle, enclose, encompass.
Girdle, belt, brace, band.
Give, bestow, grant, confer, furnish.
Glad, delighted, gratified, elated, joyful.
Glitter, gleam, shine, glisten, radiate.
Glitter, show, brightness, brilliance.
Gloom, cloud, cloudiness, dulness, sadness.
Glorious, illustrious, famous, celebrated, distin-
guished, noble, exalted.
Godly, holy, pious, devout, righteous, divine.
Good, virtuous, upright, just, excellent.
Good-humored, good-natured, cheerful, amiable.
Goodly, excellent, comely, pleasant, desirable.
Goodness, virtue, benevolence, excellence, value.
Grace, favor, mercy, pardon.
Graceful, comely, elegant, beautiful, lovely.
Grade, rank, standing, degree.
Gradual, slow, regular, progressive.
Grandeur, pomp, magnificence, display.
Ground, rest, base, establish.
Group, assembly, assemblage, collection, clump.
Grow, increase, expand, advance.
Grudge, malice, rancor, spite, aversion.
Gruff, rough, rugged, rude, harsh.
Guarantee, warrant, secure, verify.
Guard, shield, Security, defence, sentinel.
Guardian, protector, conservator, preserver.
Guess, conjecture, surmise, reckon, fancy.
Guide, lead, direct, regulate, manage.
Guise, manner, aspect, mien, habit, dress.
HALT, rest, falter, limp, hobble.
Hand, operative, workman, artisan.
Handle, manage, use, wield, feel.
Happy, prosperous, successful, fortunate.
Harass, distress, worry, vex.
Hardened, hard, unfeeling, insensible.
Harm, evil, misfortune, mischief, injury.
Harsh, severe, rigorous, gruff, rugged.
Hasten, accelerate, quicken, expedite, hurry.
Hasty, quick, rash, excitable, fiery.
Hate, detest, abominate, loathe, dislike.
Hateful, detestable, execrable, abominable.
Havoc, destruction, desolation, devastation.
Hazard, risk, dare, adventure.
Headstrong, obstinate, stubborn, forward.
Heal, cure, remedy, reconcile.
Healthy, hearty, hale, sound, strong.
Hear, hearken, overhear, listen.
Help, aid, assist, succor, relieve.
Heroic, brave, bold, intrepid, gallant.
Hesitate, falter, pause, scruple.
Hidden, secret, mysterious.
Hide, conceal, disguise, Screen.
Hideour, grim, grisly, horrible.
High, tall, elevated, proud.
Hint, suggest, intimate, insinuate.
Hire, pay, salary, Wages.
Homest, honorable, virtuous, sincere.
Hope, expectation, trust, confidence.
Horrible, dreadful, awful, fearful, terrific.
Horror, terror, dread, fright, dismay.
Horse, steed, courser, charger.
Huge, bulky, large, great, immense, stupendous.
Humane, kind, tender, merciful, benevolent.
Humanity, kindness, tenderness, benevolence,
humanitary, human race.
Humble, lower, mortify, degrade, debase.
Humor, temper, mood, caprice, drollery, fun.
Hurl, fling, cast, throw, sling.
Hurry, hasten, speed, quicken.
Hurtful, mirchievous, noxious, detrimental, pre-
judicial.
IGNOMINIOUS, mean, shameful, dishonorable,
infamy, reproach.
Ill-Will, enmity, hatred, antipathy.
Illegal, unlawful, illegitimate.
Illiterate, unlearned, untaught, uninstructed.
584 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Illness, sickness, indisposition, disorder.
Illustrious, celebrated, noble, eminent renowned.
Image, likeness, picture, representation.
Imagine, conceive, fancy, apprehend, think,
Imbibe, absorb, swallow up, consume.
Imbolden, inspirit, animate, encourage.
Immediate, pressing, instant, proximate.
hº enormous, huge, prodigious, immeasu-
l'a, Ole.
Immodest, shameful, indecent, indecorous.
Immure, imprison, confine, incarcerate.
Impart, bestow, give, communicate, reveal, dis-
COWer.
Impartial, just, eqitable, unprejudiced.
Impassioned, glowing, fiery, impetuous, spirited.
Impel, move, incite, instigate, encourage, em-
bolden, stimulate.
Imperfect, defective, faulty, incomplete.
Imperfection, deficiency, defect, fault, failing.
Impertinent, unmannerly, meddling, intrusive,
officious.
Impetuous, violent, furious, boisterous, passion-
ate.
Impious, irreverent, profane, godless, wicked.
Imposing, impressive, striking, commanding,
grand.
Imposition, cheat, fraud, imposture.
Impotent, powerless, unable, weak, enfeebled,
helpless.
Impression, imprint, sentiment, sensation.
Improvement, progress, proficiency, advance-
ment.
Improvident, careless, incautious, imprudent.
Impudence, confidence, insolence, rudeness.
Impudent, bold, impertinent, forward, rude, in-
Solent.
Impulsive, rash, hasty, forcible, violent.
Imputation, blame, censure, reproach, charge.
Inability, weakness, incapacity.
Inanimate, lifeless, dead, defunct, inert, extinct.
Incapable, unable, inadequate, incompetent.
Incapacity, disability, inability, incompetency.
Incessant, unceasing, continual, perpetual.
Incident, event, occurrence, circumstance.
Incidental, accidental, casual, contingent.
Inclement, Bevere, harsh, rigorous, stormy.
Incoherent, unconnected, loose, inconsequential.
Include, embrace, contain, comprehend, inclose,
hold.
Incommode, inconvenience, aunoy, molest, dis-
turb.
Incompetent, incapable, unable, insufficient.
Incomplete, imperfect, defective.
Increase, extend, advance, heighten, expand, en-
hance, raise, magnify,
Increase, augmentation, accession, enlargement,
addition, growth.
Indecent, improper, indelicate, immodest.
Indicate, show, mark, denote, designate.
Indifferent, apathetic, unconcerned, careless.
Indigence, poverty, want, destitution, privation.
Indignation, displeasure, anger, exasperation,
Wrath.
Indiscriminate, promiscuous, confused, undistin-
guishing.
Indispensable, necessary, essential, requisite.
Indisputable, undoubted, sure, certain, infallible,
Indistinct, confused, uncertain, indiscriminate,
imperfect.
Indolent, idle, lazy, listless, inactive.
Induce, persuade, influence, move, prompt ac-
tuate. .
Industrious, diligent, laborious, assiduous, bussy.
Ineffectual, fruitless, useless, unavailing, inef-
fective.
Inequality, disparity, inadequacy.
Inert, inactive, passive, indolent.
Inevitable, unavoidable, certain, irresistible.
Infamous, shameful, ignominious, disgraceful.
Infect, pollute, contaminate, corrupt.
1nfectious, contagious, pestilential, catching.
Inference, deduction, conclusion, consequence.
Infidelity, distrust, incredulity, disbelief.
Infinite, illimitable, unlimited, immense.
Infirm, weak, feeble, enfeebled.
Inflame, anger, enrage, incense, aggravate, ex-
asperate.
Inform, tell, report, acquaint, apprise.
Information, advice, counsel, instruction.
Infringe, invade, intrude, break, violate.
Infuse, instil, implant, inspire, impart.
Ingenuous, candid, generous, open, frank, sincere.
Inhuman, cruel, Savage, barbarous, ruthless.
Injurious, hurtful, pernicious, deleterious.
Injustice, wrong, iniquity, grievance.
Inquiry, investigation, examination, interroga-
tion.
Inquisitive, prying, curious, peering.
Insane, deranged, delirious, demented.
Inscribe, dedicate, devote, impress.
Inside, interior, within, inland.
Insipid, dull, tasteless, vapid, lifeless.
Insist, persist, persevere, urge.
Insnare, entrap, decoy, allure, entoil, entangle.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 585
Inspect, examine, overhaul, supervise.
Instability, mutability, fickleness.
Instigate, animate, incite, stimulate, encourage.
Instil, inculcate, infuse, insinuate.
Instruct, teach, educate, enlighten, initiate.
Instruction, advice, counsel, information, educa-
tion.
Instrument, tool, implement, medium.
Instrumental, conducive, assistant, helping.
Insurrection, rebellion, revolt, sedition.
Integrity, uprightness, honesty, entirety.
Intellect, brains, mind, intelligence, ability, ge-
nius.
Intelligent, understanding, instructed.
Intelligible, clear, obvious, plain.
Intermperate, excessively, immoderate, drunken.
Intend, design, purpose, contemplate.
Intercede, interpose, mediate, plead.
Intercourse, connection, commerce, intimacy.
Interdict, forbid, prohibit, debar.
Interest, concern, profit, benefit, share.
Interior, internal, inward, inner, inside.
Interpretation, explanation, sense, exposition,
solution.
Intimacy, fellowship, familiarity, friendship.
Intimate, familiar, friendly, conversant.
Intimate, suggest, insinuate.
Intimidate, alarm, frighten, affright, brow-beat.
Intoxicated, drunk, muddled, tipsy.
Intoxication, drunkenness, inebriation, inebriety.
Intrigue, conspiracy, artifice, ruse, amour, love
affair.
Intrinsic, genuine, real, true, inherent.
Introduce, present, make known, usher in.
Introduction, presentation, preface, prelude.
Introductory, preliminary, preparatory.
Intrude, obtrude, infringe, trespass.
Intrust, confide, commit, consign.
Invalidate, nullify, make Void, overthrow, vacate.
Invaluable, inestimable, priceless, precious.
Invasion, incursion, irruption, inroad.
Invective, railing, abuse, sarcasm.
Inveigle, entice, delude, seduce.
Invent, contrive, frame, fabricate, forge, feign.
Inventor, creator, author, originator.
Inventory, schedule, register. -
Investigation, examination, research, scrutiny,
Inquiry.
Inveterate, confirmed, chronic, deep-rooted.
Invert, reverse, overturn, overthrow.
Inºº, include, implicate, compromise, compli-
C3,562.
Inward, internal, inner, interior.
Irony, satire, sarcasm, ridicule.
Irregular, unnatural, unsystematic, disorderly,
erratic.
Irreligious, profane, godless, impious. -
Irresistible, restless, all-powerful, mighty.
Irresolute, wavering, vascillating, undetermined.
Irritable, excitable, irrascible, fretful, peevish.
Issue, emerge, proceed, rise, Spring, emanate.
JUDGMENT, discernment, sagacity, sentence,
decision.
Judicious, discerning, wise, sage.
Junction, union, alliance, connection.
Justify, excuse, exonerate, defend.
Justness, accuracy, correctness.
Jut, project, protrude, bulge.
KEEN, sharp, penetrating, cutting.
Keep, retain, detain, preserve, maintain.
Key, explanation, translation, solution.
Kill, murder, assassinate, slay.
Kºhoughtful, gentle, meek, tender, indul-
gent.
Kindred, affinity, relatives, related.
LABOR, work, task, exertion, duties.
Lame, crippled, halt, defective, imperfect.
Lament, bewail, bemoan, regret, grieve for.
Lºgº Speech, tongue, expression, diction,
lalect.
Languid, exhausted, flagging, faint, spiritless.
Large, great, vast, immense, bulky.
Lascivious, lustful, lewd, wanton.
Lash, whip, scourge, beat, bind.
Lasting, enduring, durable, abiding, permanent,
perpetual.
Laud, praise, applaud, extol, magnify, commend.
Lazy, indolent, slothful, sluggish, idle.
Lead, conduct, precede, induce, influence.
Leader, chief, director, head, guide.
Leading, chief, principal, governing.
Lean, incline, bend, slope.
Leap, jump, Spring, bounce.
Learned, Scholarly, versed, knowing.
Learner, Scholar, student, pupil, beginner.
Legend, marvelous story, fable, fiction.
Legitimate, lawfully begotten, fairly deduced.
Level, horizontal, plain, smooth, flat.
586
AN ENCYCLOPMEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Levity, lightness, flightiness, vanity.
Liable, exposed, subject, responsible.
Liberal, noble-minded, bounteous, plentiful, mu-
nificent.
Lie, falsehood, falsity, fabrication.
Life, existence, vitality, vivacity, activity.
Light, bright, whitish, easy, not difficult, slight.
Liº. similarity, representation, picture, por-
F8,115.
Liking, fondness, inclination, partiality.
Limit, bound, boundary, border, confine.
Lineage, descendants, race, ancestry, family.
Listen, harken, hear, heed.
Listless, careless, heedless, indifferent.
Literature, learning, letters, literary works.
Little, Small, dwarf, tiny, slight.
Live, exist, subsist, dwell.
Livelihood, living, support, sustenance.
Lively, vigorous, active, quick, spirited.
Loose, unfastened, unrestrained, slack, indefinite,
dissolute, licentious, wanton.
Loss, damage, detriment, injury, privation.
Lot, fate, destiny, fortune.
Loud, noisy, clamorous, vociferous.
Love, affection, regard, attachment.
Lovely, pleasing, charming, amiable.
MAD, wild, frantic, furious, rabid.
Madness, insanity, lunacy, mania, frenzy.
Magnanimous, dignified, noble, exalted, lofty.
Magnificence, Splendor, grandeur.
Magnitude, greatness, size, bulk.
Maintain, assert, hold, Support, sustain.
Maintenance, living, livelihood, Subsistence.
Majestic, dignified, noble, stately.
Make, create, form, shape.
Malady, ailment, disease, disorder, sickness.
Malediction, ourse, imprecation, anathema.
Malefactor, criminal, culprit, convict.
Malice, spite, grudge, pique.
Malicious, virulent, wicked.
Management, direction, Superintendent.
Manager, director, Supervisor, overseer.
Mangle, lacerate, mutilate, hack.
Mania, madness, insanity, rage.
Manifest, show, reveal, exhibit.
Manifest, clear, evident, open, plain.
Manifold, various, Sundry, several.
Manly, vigorous, manful, brave, fearless, noble,
masculine.
Manner, way, method, style, habit, custom, air,
look, appearance.
Manmerly, gentlemanly, civil, polite.
Margin, edge, border, brink, limit.
Mark, sign, symbol, character, impression, track,
symptom, badge.
Masculine, manly, vigorous, brave, courageous.
Massacre, slaughter, carnage, butchery.
Massive, bulky, weighty, heavy.
Master, director, ruler.
Master, overpower, overcome, conquer.
Masterly, skillful, clever, expert.
Matchless, unequaled, peerless, incomparable,
inimitable.
Matrimony, marriage, wedlock, wedding.
Matter, material, affair, business, concern, ques-
tion, subject.
Mature, ripe, perfected, ready, mellow, fit.
Maudlin, silly, sickly, sentimental.
Mawkish, loathsome, Squeamish.
Maybe, perhaps, possibly, perchance.
Meagre, poor, barren, lank, emaciated, gaunt.
Mean, abject, vile, ignoble, degraded, stingy.
Mean, intend, signify, design, purpose, indicate.
Meaning, signification, import, Sense.
Meddlesome, meddling, officious, obtrusive.
Memory, remembrance, retention, recollection.
Menace, threat, threatening.
Mend, repair, correct, improve, better, rectify.
Menial, servant, domestic, hireling.
Mental, intellectual, metaphysical, ideal.
Merchant, trader, tradesman, dealer.
Merciful, compassionate, tender, human, gra-
CIOUIS. e
Merciless, cruel, unfeeling, ummerciful.
Mercy, leniency, clemency, tenderness.
Merriment, mirth, jollity, conviviality.
Merry, jovial, mirthful, joyous, lively, Sprightly.
Mº, manner, process, regularity, System,
TU116.
Middling, ordinary, moderate, tolerably.
Might, power, strength, force, ability.
Mighty, powerful, potent, strong, Valiant.
Migratory, roving, wandering.
Mild, meek, gentle, tender.
Mind, intellect, understanding.
Mindful, heedful, observant, attentive.
Mingle, mix, amalgamate, confuse.
Minister, clergyman, parson, preacher.
Minute, slight, particular, exact.
Miscellany, mixture, diversity, variety.
Miscreant, caitiff, villain, knave, ruffian.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
58?
Miserable, wretched, unhappy, distressed.
Miserly, niggardly, avaricious, covetous.
Misfortune, calamity, disaster, mishap.
Misguide, mislead, beguile, deceive.
Mistake, err, fail, misconceive.
Misty, murky, dark, dim, obscure, cloudy.
Mitigate, alleviate, relieve, abate.
Mix, mingle, blend, intermix.
Mob, crowd, concourse, throng.
Mode, method, process, course, means.
Moderate, temperate, sober, abstinent.
Moderation, temperamce, sobriety.
Moreover, besides, furthermore, likewise.
Morning, morn, dawn, sunrise.
Morose, gloomy, sullen, Surly.
Mortify, humiliate, humble, annoy.
Mostly, mainly, chiefly.
Motive, incentive, impulse, cause, reason.
Mouldy, musty, mildewed.
Mount, arise, rise, ascend, climb.
Mourn, lament, grieve, bewail.
Mournful, sad, sorrowful, grievous, piteous.
Move, impel, incite, induce, instigate.
Moving, affecting, touching, impressive.
Much, abundant, considerable, ample, plenteous.
Multitude, crowd, throng, host.
Murmur, mutter, complain, repine.
Muscular, strong, stalwart, athletic, lusty.
Muster, collect, rally, gather, assemble.
Mutable, variable, inconstant, unsteady, fickle.
Mutinous, insurgent, seditious, riotous.
NAME, appellation, designation, title, reputa-
tion, character, fame, credit.
Narrate, tell, recount, describe, enumerate.
Narrow, bigoted, illiberal, confined.
Nasty, filthy, unclean, impure, indecent.
Nation, people, community, state.
Native, real, genuine, mother.
Naturally, consequently, necessarily.
Nausea, qualm, Sea-sickness, loathing, aversion.
Neat, nice, spruce, trim, pure.
Necessary, needful, expedient, essential.
Need, necessity, poverty, indigence, penury.
Needless, unnecessary, useless.
Needy, poor, indigent, destitute.
Nººn, neglectful, heedless, careless, thought-
€SS.
Neighborhood, vicinity, nearness, proximity.
Nerve, firmness, courage, force, pluck, resolution.
Nettle, sting, aggravate, provoke, enrage.
Niggardly, miserly, griping, avaricious, Saving.
Nigh, near, close, adjacent.
Nimble, active, quick, agile, Swift, alert, brisk,
lively.
Nobility, rank, dignity, greatness, aristocracy.
Noise, outcry, clamor, din, uproar, tumult.
Nonsense, folly, absurdity, trash.
Nonsensical, absurd, silly, foolish, preposterous.
Notable, remarkable, signal, striking, notorious.
Notable, busy, diligent, careful.
Note, mark, token, remark, observation, com-
ment.
Notify, publish, announce, acquaint, communi-
cate.
Notion, opinion, belief, Sentiment, impression.
Nourishing, nutritious, nutritive.
Nourishment, food, nutriment, aliment, suste-
Ila, IlC6.
Noxious, hurtful, deleterious, baneful, unwhole-
SOLOl62.
OBEDIENT, submissive, dutiful, respectful.
Object, aim, purpose, design.
Object, oppose, contravene, impeach.
Obligation, duty, favor, contract, bond.
Oblige, compel, bind, engage, force.
Obloquy, censure, odium, reproach, abuse, dis-
grace.
Obnoxious, offensive, hateful, unpopular.
Obscene, lewd, indecent, indelicate, disgusting.
Obscure, dim, cloudy, indistinct, unknown, hum-
ble, unintelligible.
Observance, performance, ceremony, solemnity,
rite, custom.
Observe, notice, watch, perceive, respect, regard.
Observer, beholder, spectator, by-stander.
Obsolete, disused, antiquated, ancient.
Obstacle, obstruction, difficulty, check, barrier.
Obvious, evident, manifest, clear, open, apparent,
Occasion, need, opportunity, opening, reason,
CallS6.
Occult, secret, unknown, invisible, dark, mys-
terious.
Occupation, profession, business, trade, vocation,
calling.
Occurrence, event, affair, adventure.
Odd, whimsical, queer, peculiar, droll, uneven,
unmatched.
Odor, Smell, scent, perfume, fragrance.
Offence, injury, wrong, insult, outrage, indignity,
CTIOle.
Offend, displease, anger, irritate, shock, pain.
Off-hand, unpremediated, extempore, unstudied.
588
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Office, duty, employment, business, service, post.
Officer, functionary, official, director.
Officious, obtrusive, intermeddling, interfering.
Omission, failure, oversight, neglect, default.
Omnipotent, almighty, irresistible.
Onerous, laborious, oppressive, toilsome, respons-
ible.
Onset, assault, attack, charge, encounter.
Open, unshut, free, frank, unreserved, genuine,
barefaced, undisguised.
Opportune, Seasonable, timely, proper.
Opportunity, occasion, chance, opening.
Oppose, combat, hinder, resist, contradict.
Oppresssive, heavy, cruel, severe, unjust.
Opprobrious, abusive, insulting, offensive, shame-
ful.
Opprobrium, disgrace, odium, infamy, ignorminy.
Option, choice, preference, election.
Oration, address, speech, discourse.
Ordain, appoint, consecrate, prescribe.
Ordinance, decree, law, statute, edict.
Ordinary, common, vulgar, plain, conventional,
habitual, usual.
Organization, structure, form.
Orifice, aperture, opening.
Origin, commencement, original, rise, source,
CàllS6.
Original, first, primary, pristine, primeval, pecu-
liar.
Originate, create, Spring, issue, proceed.
Ostensible, manifest, visible, outward, colorable.
Outcast, reprobate, vagrant, vagabond.
Outcry, cry, clamor, noise, Scream.
Outdo, exceed, excel, surpass.
Outlandish, strange, foreign, alien.
Outline, sketch, plan, draft.
Outrage, injury, insult, offence.
Outward, outer, external, exterior.
Overcome, overthrow, crush, conquer, vanquish.
Overjoyed, enraptured, delighted.
Overlooked, oversee, Survey, review, excuse, par-
dom.
Overreach, cheat, Swindle, outwit, circumvent.
Overruling, governing, controlling, Superior.
Oversight, inspection, Supervision, neglect, mis-
take, error.
Overweening, conceited, haughty, egotistical.
Overwhelm, drown, overcome, overpower, subdue,
crush.
Own, possess, hold, acknowledge, admit, confess,
allow.
PAIN, agony, distress, suffering.
Painstaking, attentive, laborious, diligent.
Paint, color, represent, delineate.
Palid, pale, wan, whitish, faint.
Palpable, clear, distinct, plain, evident.
Palpitate, flutter, pant, throb.
Paltry, pitiful, mean, sorry, despicable.
Panegyric, eulogy, encomium, praise.
Pang, throe, anguish, pain, distress.
Pant, palpitate, gasp, throb, long.
Parallel, equal, like, similar.
Parsimonious, stingy, niggardly, miserly.
Parson, clergyman, curate, minister.
Part, separate, divide, sever, disunite.
Partial, biased, prejudiced, limited.
Particular, singular, exact, punctual.
Particularly, primarily, especially, chiefly.
Partisan, supporter, follower, disciple.
Partner, colleague, associate, sharer.
Party, confederacy, faction, clique, league.
Passage, journey, road, route, channel, clause.
Passion, emotion, vehemence, impetuosity, love,
affection.
Passive, inactive, unresisting, submissive, patient,
resigned.
Pastime, amusement, recreation, sport, play.
Pathetic, touching, affecting, moving.
Paucity, fewness, lack, deficiency.
Pay, wages, compensation, salary, recompense.
Peace, quiet, calm, rest, harmony.
Pººh, touchy, captious, fractious, fretful, petu-
ant.
Pellucid, translucent, lucid, transparent, clear.
Penalty, fine, forfeiture.
Pendant, protruding, hanging, drooping.
Penetrate, pierce, fathom, reach.
Penetration, insight, sharpness, acuteness, dis-
crimination.
Penurious, sparing, niggardly, stingy.
Penury, poverty, beggary, destitution, privation.
People, populace, mob, nation, tribe, race.
Perception, seeing, sensibility, Sensation, appre-
hension.
Pºlory, absolute, arbitrary, despotic, imper-
8,51V6.
Perfect, complete, finished, mature, ripe.
Perfidious, faithless, treacherous, unfaithful.
Performance, act, exploit, work, enterprise.
Perilous, dangerous, hazardous, insecure.
Period, time, date, era, epoch, end;
Permanent, durable, abiding, enduring, stead-
fast, constant.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 589
Pernicious, destructive, ruinous, baneful.
Perpetual, constant, continuous, eternal, inces-
sant, ceaseless.
Perplex, embarrass, confuse, bewilder, entangle.
Persecute, oppress, harrow, afflict, annoy.
Pertain, belong, appertain, concern.
Pertinacious, obstinate, stubborn, determined.
Pervade, diffuse, spread, permeate.
Perverse, awkward, cross, petulant, peevish, stub-
born.
Pestilential, infectious, pernicious, noxious, bane-
ful, destructive, deadly.
Petition, prayer, Supplication, request.
Phantom, apparition, spectre, ghost.
Philanthropic, charitable, kind, benevolent.
Physical, material, corporeal. natural.
Pierce, penetrate, drill.
Piety, religion, holiness, devotion, godliness.
Pillage, rapine, spoil, plunder, booty.
Pillar, column, shaft, support.
Pine, droop, languish, fade, wither, decay.
Pious, holy, godly, religious.
Piquant, Smart, keen, biting, harsh, cutting.
Pique, spite, grudge, resentment.
Pity, compassion, sympathy, mercy.
Placid, gentle, peaceful, quiet, calm, mild.
Plague, tease, worry, torment, tantalize, molest.
Plan, design, drawing, Scheme, project, contri-
vance, Stratagem.
Plaudit, applause, acclamation, approbation.
Plausible, apparently, specious, ostensible.
Play, amusement, recreation, diversion, game,
Scope, opportunity.
Plead, argue, apologize, vindicate, exonerate,
justify.
Pleasant, agreeable, delightful, delicious, satis-
factory, cheerful, merry.
Pleasing, agreeable, gratifying, pleasant.
Pleasure, comfort, enjoyment, satisfaction, joy,
delight, rapture.
Plentiful, plenteous, abundant, ample, profuse.
Plenty, enough, abundance, profusion.
Pliable, pliant, flexible, supple, docile.
Plodding, drudging, laborious.
Pº Scheme, conspiracy, stratagem, combina-
1OIl.
Plot, devise, frame, contrive, conspire.
Pluck, courage, mettle, spirit, nerve.
Plump, round, fat, chubby, fleshy.
Plunder, pillage, booty, spoil.
Plunge, immerse, dive.
Ply, practice, exercise, work.
Poignant, sharp, keen, biting, Bevere, intense.
Pointed, sharp, marked, Bevere. -
Policy, system, management, prudence, cunning.
Polish, brighten, burnish, refine.
Polite, polished, refined, accomplished, courte-
ous, courtly.
Pollute, corrupt, contaminate, soil, deprave, in-
fect.
Pomp, parade, display, splendor, grandeur, show,
ceremony.
Popular, prevailing, current, favorite, liked.
Portend, foreshow, betoken, augur, threaten, in-
dicate.
Position, locality, situation, spot, gesture, atti-
tude.
Practice, custom, usage, exercise.
Praise, applause, exaltation, honor.
Praiseworthy, laudable, honorable, commen dable.
Prank, freak, trick, escapade.
Prate, tattle, chatter, prattle, gossip.
Preamble, preface, introduction.
Precarious, doubtful, dubious, unsettled, perilous.
Precedence, priority, pre-eminence, preference.
Precept, command, injunction, direction, law,
doctrine.
Preceptor, teacher, instructor, Schoolmaster.
Precipitous, abrupt, rash, dangerous.
Precise, accurate, correct, particular, explicit.
Precision, exactness, accuracy, nicety.
Precursory, premonitory, preceding.
Predatory, marauding, ravenous, greedy, rapa-
ClOllS.
Predict, foretell, prophesy, forecaste, foreshadow.
Predilection, preference, fondness, prejudice.
Pre-eminent, superior, Supreme, noble.
Prefer, select, advance, further.
Preference, choice, precedence.
Preferment, promotion, exaltation.
Pregnant, teeming, replete, fruitful, with child.
Premature, too hasty, rash, ultimately.
Premeditation, forethought, deliberation.
Premium, reward, recompense, bounty, prize.
Prepare, qualify, furnish, provide, adapt, arrange.
Preponderate, overbalance, outweigh, prevail.
Prepossessing, winning, charming.
Present, nigh, immediate, instant, current.
Presentiment, foreboding, foretaste, forethought.
Presently, shortly, immediately, directly.
Preserve, save, defend, protect, maintain.
Preside, direct, control, Superintend.
Presumptuous, presuming, forward, arrogant.
bold, rash, foolhardy.
590
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Presume, infer, think, conjecture, believe.
Prevail, predominate, obtain, succeed.
Prevailing, prevalent, ruling, ascendant.
Prevalence, influence, custom, power.
Prevaricate, quibble, cavil, equivocate.
Prevent, impede, thwart, obviate, hinder, obstruct.
Previous, preceding, foregoing, anterior.
Prey, food, victim, spoil, ravage.
Price, cost, expense, value, worth.
Pride, arrogance, haughtiness, vanity, loftiness,
self-esteem.
Prim, precise, formal, stiff, priggish.
Primary, first, earliest, original, primeval.
Princely, royal, stately, august, noble.
Principal, chief, leading, first, highest, Supreme.
Priority, precedence, preference.
Pristine, primitive, original, infantine.
Privacy, solitude, seclusion, retreat, secrecy.
Privation, loss, bereavement, destitution, poverty.
Prize, assess, value, appraise.
Probability, chance, appearance.
Probity, rectitude, uprightness, homesty, integ-
rity.
Proceed, move, advance, pass.
Procession, caravan, cavalcade, cortege.
Proclaim, announce, publish, advertise, utter.
Proclamation, announcement, decree, notice.
Proclivity, proneness, tendency, inclination.
Prodigy, wonder, monster, miracle.
Produce, give, cause, show, exhibit, extend, pro-
long.
Produce, product, fruit, effect, amount, conse-
Quence.
Production, origination, formation, product.
Profane, impious, irreligious, impure, godless,
irreverent.
Profession, business, trade, occupation, calling,
employment.
Proffer, offer, propose, volunteer.
Proficiency, improvement, skill, dexterity.
Proficient, skillful, competent, trained.
Profit, gain, benefit, service, use.
Progress, progression, movement, improvement.
Prohibit, check, repress, prevent, forbid.
Project, scheme, device, design.
Project, cast, throw, shoot, discharge, hurl.
Prominent, eminent, conspicuous, marked, lead-
Ing.
Promiscuous, mixed, mingled, indiscriminate.
Promise, word, engagement, pledge.
Promptitude, readiness, promptness, activity.
Promulgate, announce, advertise, proclaim, de-
clare.
Pronounce, speak, utter, deliver, enunéiate.
Proof, evidence, testimony, trial, experiment.
Prop, maintain, Sustain, support, stay.
Propagate, circulate, diffuse, disseminate.
Propriety, fitness, justness, decorum.
Prorogue, adjourn, postpone, delay.
Prosecute, continue, persevere, persist, carry.
Prospect, landscape, perspective, scene, hope.
Prosper, succeed, grow rich, thrive.
Protection, preservation, guard, shelter.
Protest, assert, affirm, declare, assure.
Protract, prolong, continue, delay, defer.
Protrude, project, bulge.
Proud, vain, lofty, arrogant, assuming, haughty.
Prove, examine, demonstrate, establish, verify.
Proverb, maxim, aphorism, saying, by-word.
Provide, procure, prepare, furnish, supply, ar-
range.
Provident, cautious, thrifty, prudent.
Provoke, irritate, exasperate, incite, tantalize.
Prowess, courage, heroism, fearlessness.
Puerile, youthful, boyish, childish, silly.
Punctilious, formal, precise.
Pure, unmixed, unspotted, unsullied.
Purify, clarify, clear, cleanse.
Purloin, steal, pilfer, filch.
Purport, tenor, sense, meaning.
Purpose, design, intention, view.
Purpose, propose, intend, mean.
Pursue, chase, track, prosecute.
Push, thrust, impel, drive.
QUAIL, flinch, quake, tremble.
Quaint, fanciful, whimsical, singular.
Quake, shake, tremble, shudder.
Qualification, capacity, fitness, capability.
Qualified, fitted, competent, Suitable.
Qualify, prepare, capacitate, enable.
Quality, property, peculiarity, character, temper.
Quandary, puzzle, perplexity, uncertainty.
Quantity, amount, Sum, portion, part, division.
Quarrel, altercation, broil, dispute, disagreement,
W8, 18,1106).
Quarrelsome, pugnacious, fiery.
Quarter, region, district, locality.
Quash, crush, suppress, nullify, cancel.
Queer, strange, singular, quaint, whimsical.
Quell, crush, Subdue, repress, suppress, over-
power.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
591
Quiescence, rest, repose, quiet, quietude, silence.
Quiet, calm, compose, still, hush, pacify.
Quiet, calm, tranquil, peaceable, silent, gentle,
inoffensive.
Quit, leave, relinquish, abandon, forsake, resign.
Quite, altogether, completely, wholly, entirely.
Quotation, citation, extract, passage.
Quote, cite, adduce, note, repeat, allege.
RACK, strain, torture, agonize.
Racy, pungent, Spicy, spirited, lively, vivacious.
Radiance, brightness, splendor, brilliance, glare.
Radiant, beaming, lustrous, shining, sparkling.
Radiate, Shine, gleam, sparkle.
Radical, fundamental, original, inherent, consti-
tutional.
Raiment, clothing, dress, garments, apparel,
Raise, elevate, heighten, increase, exalt, collect.
Ramble, jaunt, tour, excursion, strolling.
Rampant, luxuriant, wanton, rank, furious.
Rancid, Sour, fetid, tainted, musty.
Ramcor, malignity, malice, enmity, grudge, bit-
terness.
Random, chance, casual, accidental.
Ransom, emancipate, free, liberate, redeem.
Rant, empty, declamation, boasting.
Rapidity, speed, haste, celerity, fleetness, quick-
ness, dispatch.
Rapture, ecstacy, transport, bliss.
Rare, Scarce, uncommon, unusual.
Rascal, scoundrel, rogue, scamp, vagabond.
Rash, hasty, precipitate, venturesome, thought-
less, reckless, careless.
Rashness, precipitation, hastiness, indiscretion.
Rate, appraise, estimate, appreciate, scold, abuse.
Raving, distracted, furious, angry.
Rºº, transport, enchant, charm, abuse, vio-
8,06.
Ready, prepared, prompt, dexterous.
Real, literal, practical, positive, certain, true.
Realize, accomplish, achieve, effect, gain.
Rear, elevate, erect, breed, raise.
Reason, motive, design, proof, cause, purpose.
Reason, deduce, trace, infer, conclude.
Reasonable, intelligent, wise, judicious, fair,
right.
Rebuff, repulse, rebuke, reprove, scold.
Recant, recall, retract, revoke.
Receipt, reception, admission, discharge.
Receive, accept, admit, entertain.
Reception, receiving, receipt, admission.
Reciprocal, mutual, alternate, interchangeable.
Recital, recitation, narrative, statement.
Recite, relate, tell, repeat, rehearse.
Reckless, heedless, regardless, careless.
Reckon, calculate, enumerate, count.
Recognize, acknowledge, confess, concede, re-
member.
Recollect, remember, think of, recall.
Recompense, compensate, repay, redeem, remu-
nerate.
Recount, relate, rehearse, describe, enumerate.
Recover, regain, reclaim, repair, recruit, restore.
Recreant, cowardly, dastardly, fearful, false.
Recreation, pastime, play, amusement, game.
Rectitude, justice, integrity, virtue.
Redress, remedy, repair, abatement, relief.
Reduce, lessen, diminish, lower, shorten, curtail,
Conquer.
Redundant, unnecessary, excessive, luxuriant.
Reference, regard, relation, allusion.
Rºſſing respecting, regarding, about, relative
O.
Refined, polite, polished, genteel.
Reflect, consider, think, ponder, reprove.
Refuge, asylum, protection, Sanctuary, shelter.
Refund, reimburse, repay, return, restore.
Refuse, dregs, dross, Scum, rubbish.
Refute, disprove, falsify, negative.
Regain, recover, retrieve, get back.
Regardless, heedless, unmindful, reckless, incon-
siderate.
Regret, grief, Sorrow, repentence, remorse.
Regular, orderly, systematical, customary, ordi-
nary, periodical.
Reject, refuse, cast aside, renounce, repudiate.
Rejoice, delight, gladden, triumph.
Related, kindred, connected, allied.
Relation, narration, recital, narrative, account,
relative.
Relatives, relations, kindred, kinsmen.
Relax, slacken, loosen, soften.
Release, let go, disengage, liberate.
Relevant, pertinent, appropriate, applicable.
Relieve, ease, help, succor, alleviate.
Religious, devotional, godly, holy, sacred.
Relinquish, give up, forego, forsake, abandon, re-
IT OUlD.C6.
Relish, taste, flavor, appetite, enjoyment.
Reluctant, unwilling, averse, loath, disinclined.
Remain, continue, last, abide, Sojourn, wait.
Remedial, healing, curative, corrective.
Remedy, relief, redress, reparation, specific.
592
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Remembrance, memory, recollection, memorial,
token, memento.
Remit, abate, resign, concede, surrender, pardon,
Remorse, compunction, penitence.
Remorseless, unrelenting, relentless, cruel, mer-
ciless.
Remote, distant, secluded, foreign, indirect.
Remove, transfer, withdraw, suppress, eject, oust.
Remuneration, payment, recompense, reward,
salary, wages.
Renounce, disown, reject, abandon, forsake.
Renowned, celebrated, famous, illustrious.
Repeal, revoke, abolish.
Repine, murmur, grumble, complain, envy.
Reply, answer, response, rejoinder.
Rºº, announce, communicate, relate, circu-
8,56.
Represent, paint, sketch, delineate, play.
Representative, agent, deputy, proxy.
Reproach, blame, upbraid, rebuke, reprove.
Reprobate, villain, miscreamt, castaway.
Reproduce, propagate, imitate, copy.
Repulsive, forbidding, odious, ugly.
Reputable, creditable, honorable, respectable.
Request, beseech, entreat, demand.
Requite, reward, compensate, recompense, re-
T)ay.
Reserve, modesty, reservation.
Resident, occupant, dweller, tenant.
Resign, relinquish, abandon, abdicate.
Resist, oppose, check, hinder.
Resolute, determined, decided, steady, constant.
Resound, echo, re-echo, ring, respond.
Resources, means, material, expedients.
Respect, regard, prefer, venerate.
Respectable, good, laudable, esteemed, fair.
Rest, repose, slumber, quiet, peace, tranquility.
Restive, obstinate, stubborn, uneasy.
Result, termination, conclusion, consequence.
Retain, keep, restrain, detain, engage.
Retaliate, repay, revenge, requite.
Retard, impede, obstruct, detain.
Retire, leave, depart, recede, retreat.
Retirement, privacy, retreat, Solitude.
Retort, reply, answer, repartee.
Retreat, departure, asylum, refuge, haunt, den.
Retrench, reduce, abbreviate, contract, econo-
Iſll 26.
Reveal, disclose, show, expose, publisłi.
Revel, feast, luxuriate, banquet, wallow.
Revenge, vengeance, retaliation, requital.
Revengeful, spiteful, resentful, vindictive.
Reverence, honor, respect, veneration.
Review, retrospect, survey, revisal.
Revile, calumniate, slander, reproach, Scandalize.
Revive, refresh, renew, renovate, animate.
Reward, recompense, remuneration, bounty.
Rhetorical, declamatory, oratorical, spirited.
Rich, wealthy, plentiful, abundant, fertile, fruit-
ful, Superb.
Ridicule, mock, deride, chafe, sneer at, banter.
Hºus laughable, comical, absurd, grotésque,
l'Oll.
Rifle, ransack, despoil, fleece, pillage, plunder.
Right, straight, direct, correct, just, fair.
Rightly, fairly, correctly, properly.
Rigid, inflexible, severe, strict, unyielding, stern,
harsh.
Riº tumult, disturbance, confusion, fray, mu-
lny.
Rise, arise, ascend, climb, break forth.
Rise, fountainhead, origin, beginning, elevation.
Risible, laughable, ludicrous, comical.
Risk, hazard, peril, venture, dare.
Road, thoroughfare, highway, path.
Roam, ramble, wander, stray.
Roar, below, yell, resound, vociferate.
Robbery, plundering, larceny, depredation.
Robust, vigorous, stout, lusty, healthy, Sinewy.
muscular.
Rogue, rascal,
Sharper.
Romantic, wild, extravagant, sentimental.
Room, chamber, boudoir, Space, Scope.
Root, origin, foundation, bottom.
Round, circular, complete, plump, smooth.
Rouse, wake up, awaken, excite, provoke, ami-
mate.
Rout, overthrow, defeat, Scatter.
Route, road, course, march, direction.
Rove, ramble, roam, range, stroll.
Rubbish, debris, litter, refuse, trash, nonsense.
Rude, rough, imperfect, rugged, coarse, unpolish-
ed, awkward, clumsy.
Rueful, woeful, piteous, doleful, grievous, dismal.
Ruin, destruction, shipwreck, desolation, defeat,
mischief.
Ruinous, destructive, permicious, Wasteful.
Rule, govern, manage, direct, command.
Rule, government, mastery, regulation, law, au-
thority, method, system.
Ruling, reigning, controlling, dominant, pre-
valent.
Run, hasten, hurry, speed, race, Scamper.
villian, scoundrel, Swindler,
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
693
SAFE, unharmed, secure, certain, reliable, sub-
stantial.
Sagacious, shrewd, discerning, wise, prudent,
iscriminating, intelligent.
Salary, wages, hire, remuneration.
Salient, remarkable, prominent, projecting.
Salubrious, healthful, healing, sanitary.
Salutation, address, welcome, congratulation.
Sample, specimen, model, example.
Sanative, Sanitary, wholesome, healing.
Sanction, confirm, countenance, encourage, Sup-
port.
Sarcasm, satire, irony, ridicule, mockery.
Satisfaction, gratification, recompense, remune-
ration, contentment.
Satisfy, please, gratify, gorge.
Saucy, impertinent, impudent, insolent, flippant.
Savage, cruel, inhuman, brutal, merciless, blood-
thirsty, fierce.
Scandalize, shock, disgust, offend, traduce, de-
fame, slander.
Scanty, pinched, insufficient, slender, meagre.
Scarce, uncommon, unique, wanting, unusual.
Scatter, spread, disseminate, disperse.
Scorn, contempt, disdain, mockery.
Scraggy, lean, thin, Skinny.
Scrap, bit, fragment, piece, morsel.
Scribe, penman, writer, copyist.
Scrupulous, strict, conscientious, precise.
Scurrilous, abusive, reproachful, opprobrious,
foul.
Search, inquiry, examination, research, pursuit.
Seasonable, opportune, convenient, suitable.
Seclusion, privacy, retirement, Secrecy, retreat,
Separation.
Secondary, second, inferior, under, Subordinate.
Secret, hidden, concealed, unknown, private, sly.
Security, safety, protection, guarantee, deposit.
Sedate, grave, serious, composed, calm, quiet.
Sedative, composing, Soothing, assausive.
Sººn, insurrection, rebellion, revolt, mutiny,
I'l Olſ.
Seduce, mislead, entice, corrupt, deprave, decoy,
attract.
Sedulous, industrious, indefatigable, assidous,
constant, persevering.
Seek, trace solicit, examine, discover, detect.
See, perceive, observe, witness, discern, discover,
understand.
Seemly, becoming, decent, decorous, comely.
Seize, catch, grasp, Snatch, capture, arrest.
Self-conceit, vanity, self-esteem, egotism.
Self-willed, headstrong, stubborn, willful.
Selfish, greedy, sordid, mean, mercenary, illib-
eral.
Send, despatch, forward, diffuse, impel.
Sensation, perception, impression, sentiment,
feeling.
Sense, understanding, reason, judgment, wisdom,
consciousness, import.
Senseless, unconscious, unreasonable, foolish,
nonsensical.
Sensible, reasonable, intelligent, judicious, Sound,
8, Ware.
Sentence, decision, judgment, decree, passage,
phrase.
Sentiment, thought, feeling, susceptibility, emo-
tion, conviction.
sºle distinct, disconnected, disjointed, sev-
6]’éO1.
Serene, calm, undisturbed, tranquil, peaceful.
Serious, grave, solemn, earnest, important.
Serve, assist, help, attend, minister.
Service, employment, use, benefit, utility.
Servile, slavish, cringing, menial, low, Sneaking.
Shadowy, obscure, cloudy, gloomy, mysterious,
uncertain.
Shake, convulse, tremble, quiver, shiver.
Shallow, superficial, flimsy, simple.
Sham, pretence, humbug, imposture.
Shame, disgrace, dishonor, infamy.
Shame, abash, humiliate, disgrace.
Shameful, disgraceful, scandalous, outrageous,
dishonorable.
Shape, form, fashion, mould, cast, model.
Sharp, sarcastic, keen, shrewd, discerning, pene-
trating.
Sºlº, cover, harbor, asylum, Sanctuary, secu-
I'lty.
Shine, give light, glow, glitter, sparkle, radiate.
Shining, brilliant, bright, splendid illustrious.
Shock, offend, disgust, dismay, terrify.
Short, brief, concise, compendious, succinct.
Show, exhibition, spectacle, display, pretence.
sº gorgeous, pompous, Ostentatious, preten-
1OllS.
Shrill, piercing, accute, sharp.
Shum, avoid, keep clear of, evade, elude.
Sight, Seeing, vision, show, spectacle.
Sign, mark, proof, symbol, signal, badge, omen,
Significant, expressive, forcible, weighty, mo.
mentous.
Signify, mean, express, declare, intimate.
Sim, Wickedness, crime, ungodliness, evil.
38
594
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
*--—
sº unvarnished, genuine, true, frank, can-
101.
Single, unmarried, singular, particular, indi-
vidual.
Sinister, unfair, dishonest, evil, unlucky.
Sink, decline, decrease, suppress, submerge.
Size, greatness, magnitude, largeness, dimension.
Slacken, loosen, unbind, moderate.
Slander, defame, asperse, calumniate, abuse.
Slaughter, bloodshed, carnage, butchery.
Sleepy, sluggish, lazy, somnolent.
Slender, small, trivial, slight, slim, thin.
Slippery, smooth, unsafe, deceptive.
Slothful, sluggish, lazy, idle.
Slovenly, loose, negligent, disorderly.
Small, little, slight, inconsiderable, unimportant.
Smart, sharp, Severe, quick, keen, accute, witty.
Smooth, level, plain, polished, insinuating.
Smother, suppress, strangle, choke, Suffocate.
Snarling, Snappish, crabbed, peevish.
Sneak, skulk, lurk, crouch, cringe.
Sneer, scoff, gibe, mock, jeer, taunt.
Snub, rebuke, reprimand, humiliate, mortify.
Sober,
sessed, serious.
Sociable, social, genial, friendly, convivial, con-
versible.
Society, association, fellowship, company, com-
munity, corporation.
Soft, flexible, yielding, docile, gentle, tender.
Soften, mollify, mitigate, abate, moderate.
Sojourn, dwell, reside, abide, rest.
Solace, comfort, consolation, sympathy.
Solemn, grave, formal, Sacred, religious, devo-
tional.
Solicit, beseech, beg, petition, ask, urge, impor-
tune, invite.
Solicitous, desirous, uneasy, earnest, careful.
Soon, shortly, early, promptly.
Soothe, appease, relieve, calm, quiet.
Sorrow, affliction, grief, Sadness, mourning.
Sort, species, quality, condition, character.
Soul, spirit, life, intellect, courage.
Sour, acid, sharp, harsh, morose, peevish.
Source, origin, Spring, original, commencement.
Sparkle, Shine, gleam, flash.
Speak, talk, converse, discourse, pronounce.
Special, particular, peculiar, Specific, distinctive.
Specify, designate, mention, determine, state.
Specimen, Sample, model, pattern, instance.
Spectacle, display, exhibition, Scene, representa-
tion, pageant.
temperate, calm, reasonable, self-pos-
Spectator, observer, witness, beholder.
Speculate, meditate, consider.
Sphere, ball, globe, circuit, department.
Spirit, breath, life, soul, ghost, courage, temper.
Spirited, lively, sprightly, buoyancy, courageous.
Splendid, brilliant, showy, magnificent, glorious,
illustrious.
Spontaneous, voluntary, willing.
Sport, diversion, amusement, recreation, pastime.
Spot, Speck, blemish, reproach, place.
Spotless, unspotted, unsullied, pure, innocent.
Spread, cover, overlay, circulate, propagate, dis-
Seminate.
Spruce, trim, smart, neat, dandified.
Spurious, counterfeit, false, fictitious, forged.
Spurn, reject, disdain, Scout, Scorn.
Squeeze, press, pinch, embrace, oppreSS.
Staid, steady, grave, sedate, demure.
Stain, dye, color, blemish, Spot, Shame.
Steady, firm, fixed, constant.
Steal, purloin, pilfer.
Steep, abrupt, hilly, craggy.
Stigma, mark, infamy, disgrace.
Still, peaceful, Serene, quiet, calm.
Stimulate, spur, animate, encourage.
Stingy, close, mean, sparing.
Stipend, remuneration, pay, wages, salary.
Stipulate, bargain, contract, engage.
Stoop, bend, yield, condescend.
Stop, close, seal, arrest, check, hinder.
Store, stock, supply, provision, treasury.
Stormy, boisterous, blustering, roaring.
Stout, robust, vigorous, stalwart.
Stranger, foreigner, alien.
Stratagem, deception, imposture, delusion, plan,
device.
Strength, power, might, authority, force.
Strengthen, fortify, re-enforce, consolidate.
Strenuous, vigorous, vehement, ardent.
Strict, correct, exact, stringent, Severe.
Striking, marvellous, admirable, astonishing.
Strip, despoil, rob, rifle.
Strive, labor, contend, contest, endeavor.
Strong, powerful, fortified, robust.
Structure, construction, building, edifice.
Stubborn, unbending, hard, obstinate, head
strong. -
Studious, thoughtful, careful, attentive.
Stupid, stolid, heavy-headed.
Sturdy, robust, strong, muscular.
Subdue, conquer, overcome, overpower.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
595
PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Subject, matter, question, material.
Sublime, elevated, lofty, majestic, grand, noble.
Sººne, matter, material, body, meaning, im-
port.
Substantial, material, true, solid, massive.
Subtle, artful, cunning, crafty, shrewd.
Subtract, withdraw, take away, remove.
Succeed, prosper, thrive, flourish, follow.
Success, good fortune, prosperity, victory.
Successful, fortunate, lucky, happy.
| Succor, assist, support, comfort, alleviate.
Sudden, unexpected, hasty, quick, rash.
sº tolerate, allow, let, permit, support, Sus-
all l.
Sufficiency, competence, enough, plenty, abund-
an Ce,
Suggest, intimate, insinuate, allude to, propose.
Suit, petition, action at law, cause, courtship,
WOOlng.
Suitable, fitting, becoming, agreeable, appropri-
ate, proper, convenient.
Sulky, cross, morose, fretful, ill-tempered.
Summary, abstract, abridgment, digest, résume.
Sumptuous, costly, expensive, princely.
Sunder, part, separate, divers, various.
Superb, magnificent, elegant, grand, splendid,
princely.
Superfluous, superabundant, unnecessary, use-
less.
Superior, higher, surpassing.
Superlative, highest, greatest, extreme, consum-
mate.
Supine, indolent, listless, negligent, inattentive,
careless.
Supple, flexible, compliant, fawning.
Supplicate, pray, beseech, implore.
Support, foundation, assistant, influence, patron-
age, food.
Support, sustain, uphold, befriend, help, pro-
mote, cherish, defend, suffer.
Suppose, presume, imagine, conceive, regard,
think.
Suppress, repress, crush, overpower, restrain,
conceal, stifle, Smother.
Surly, morose, ill-natured, splenetic, gloomy.
Surpass, exceed, excel, outdo, eclipse, surmount.
Surprising, astonishing, unexpected, extraor-
dinary.
Surrender, yield, relinquish, resign, abandon.
Sºlitious, underhand, unauthorized, fraudu-
ent.
Surround, encompass, encircle.
Survey, examine, inspect, overlook, Superintend.
Suspense, doubt, uncertainty, indecision, Solici-
tude.
Suspicious, mistrustful, doubtful, questionable.
Sustain, maintain, support, nourish, comfort, re-
lieve.
Swallow, absorb, imbibe, consume, devour, ex-
haust.
Swamp, marsh, morass, slough.
Swarm, cluster, multitude, crowd.
Sway, influence, authority, rule, power, Suprem-
acy.
Sweet, pleasing, agreeable, pure, fresh, fragrant,
lovely.
Swell, expand, increase, enlarge, distend.
Swift, rapid, speedy, quick, nimble, prompt.
Synonymous, equivalent, tantamount, identical.
System, method, regularity, rule.
TACT, address, skill, faculty, discrimination,
judgment.
Taint, contaminate, stain, Sully, corrupt, pollute.
Take, catch, seize, accept, receive, capture.
Tale, story, fiction, romance, legend.
Talent, gift, endowment, ability, genius, clever-
In 688.
Talk, Speech, chat, gossip, discourse, report.
Tangle, Snarl, insnare, complicate.
Tantalize, tease, torment, provoke, irritate.
Tardy, dilatory, sluggish, slow, behindhand, rº
luctant.
Tarnish, soil, dull, stain, blemish, taint.
Tarry, await, loiter, delay, linger, continue, r
Iſla lll.
Taunt, reproach, censure, sneer, scoff.
Teach, instruct, educate, train, inform, enlightºn,
advise.
Tº. slow, dilatory, wearisome, irksome, slug-
glSil.
Teeming, fertile, pregnant, fruitful, full.
Tell, number, count, mention, communicate, as-
certain.
Temerity, audacity, rashness, heedlessness.
Temper, irritability, disposition, temperament,
jº.
Temperate, moderate, sober, calm, sedate.
Tempest, gale, storm, hurricane, tumult, excite-
ment.
Tempestuous, violent, boisterous, windy.
Temporal, Worldly, terrestrial, secular.
Tenacious, retentive, adhesive, stubborn.
Tend, incline, lean, aim, contribute, conduce.
Tender, delicate, feeble, gentle, mild, indulgent.
596
AN ENCYCLOPAEDEA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Tenderness, softness, delicacy, sensibility, kind-
IlêSS.
Tenet, doctrine, opinion, principle, dogma.
Tenor, course, intent, purport, character, stamp.
Tension, strain, force, stretch.
Term, boundary, limit, condition.
Terminate, limit, close, complete, finish, con-
clude.
Tºle. awful, dreadful, fearful, shocking, horri-
€.
Terrify, frighten, alarm, scare.
Territory, domain, country, region.
Terse, compact, concise, forcible, emergetic.
Test, proof, standard, criterion, experience, ex-
periment.
Testify, depose, affirm, swear, attest, witness,
confirm.
Testimony, evidence, proof, confirmation, affirm-
ation.
Testy, peevish, irritable, fretful, petulant, frac-
tious.
Thankful, grateful, obliged, beholden.
Theft, thievery, stealing, robbery, depredation.
Theme, subject, topic, discourse.
Theory, speculation, assumption, doctrine, sup-
position.
Thick, compact, crowded, muddy, turbid, stupid.
Thin, slender, Small, fine, lean, diluted, watery.
Think, meditate, consider, reflect, comtemplate,
conceive.
Through, complete, entire, perfect, powerful.
Thought, conception, imagination, meditation,
reflection, deliberation.
Thoughtless, inconsiderate, inattentive, careless.
Thorny, prickly, troublesome, harassing.
Threatening, menacing, impending.
Thrifty, careful, prudent, economical.
Thrive, prosper, increase, flourish, be successful,
succeed.
Throng, crowd, assemblage, concourse, swarm.
Thrust, push, drive, force, press.
Thwart, cross, oppose, frustrate, defeat.
Tide, current, stream, course, movement.
Tidings, intelligence, report, information.
Tie, bind, restrain, oblige, Secure.
Time, duration, Season, period, age, date.
Timely, seasonable, opportune, judicious.
Timid, timorous, afraid, dastardly.
Tinge, flavor, taste, dye.
Tint, shade, color, stain, complexion.
Tiny, small, diminutive.
Tippling, drinking, Swilling.
Tipsy, drunk, intoxicated, inebriated.
Tire, exhaust, fatigue, weary, harass.
Token, mark, sign, note, symptom, indication.
Tone, style, manner, pitch.
Tongue, speech, language, talk, discourse.
Top, Summit, head, crown, surface.
Topic, subject, theme, question, matter.
Torment, tease, worry, persecute, pain.
Torpid, benumed, dull, stupid, sluggish.
Torpid, heaviness, laziness.
Torrid, parching, scorching, Sultry.
Tough, strong, hard, firm.
Tour, excursion, ramble.
Tow, draw, haul, pull.
Trace, derive, follow, pursue, track.
Track, way, path, trace, trial.
Trade, commerce, occupation, employment, office.
Traduce, slander, vilify, caluminate, malign.
Train, educate, instruct, drill.
Traitorous, treacherous, false, faithless, perfidi-
OllS.
Trammel, shackle, clog, chain.
Transact, perform, conduct, manage.
Transaction, negotiation, occurrence.
Transcend, exceed, excel, eclipse.
Transcendent, superior, surpassing, matchless,
peerless.
Transfer, convey, remove, transmit, assign.
Transgress, violate, infringe, offend, trespass.
Transient, transitory, fleeting, passing, tempo-
rary, momentary.
Trappings, ornaments, decorations.
Trash, dross, trifles, nonsense.
Travel, journey, excursion, Voyage.
Treacherous, faithless, treasonable, falsehearted,
insidious.
Treasure, riches, wealth, stock, store.
Tremendous, dreadful, awful, fearful.
Tremulous, trembling, quivering, vibrating.
Tribulation, affliction, grief, distress, misery.
Tribute, tax, duty, custom, contribution.
Trick, fraud, cheat, stratagem, guile, imposition.
Triumphant, elated, victorious, exultant.
Trivial, trifling, frivolous, unimportant.
Trouble, distress, agitate, annoy, grieve, oppress.
Trouple, affliction, distress, grief, tribulation.
Troublesome, tiresome, irksome, grievous.
Troublous, trying, troublesome, afflictive.
Truant, idling, loitering, Shirking.
Trust, confidence, reliance, expectation, charge,
credit.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
597
Trustworthy, faithful, honest, reliable.
Truth, reality, veracity, faithfulness, fidelity.
Tuition, training, teaching, discipline.
Tumid, swollen, distended, inflated.
Tumult, uproar, commotion, disturbance, excite-
ment.
Tumultuous, disorderly, disturbed, confused, riot-
Ol 18.
Turn, revolve, whirl, change, alter.
UMBRAGE, offense, displeasure, dissatisfaction.
Umpire, referee, arbitrator, judge.
Unadvised, thoughtless, indiscreet, inconsiderate.
Unaffected, unshaken, real, natural, simple.
Unalterable, changeless, stable, permanent.
Unanimity, accord, agreement, concord.
Unanswerable, unquestionable, undeniable.
Unassuming, unpretending, modest, humble.
Unbelief, disbelief, distrust, free-thinking.
Unblemished, pure, spotless, unspotted.
Unbridled, wanton, licentious, dissolute.
Unceasing, continual, perpetual, everlasting.
Uncertain, dubious, questionable, ambiguous, in-
distinct.
Uncivil, discourteous, disrespectful.
Unconcerned, careless, indifferent.
Uncouth, strange, clumsy.
Understanding, knowledge, intellect, judgment,
I'68,800.
Undertake, set about, engage in, promise.
Undisturbed, unmolested, tranquil, peaceful, Se-
reme, unruffled.
Unequal, uneven, insufficient, ill-matched.
Unequalled, matchless, unparalleled, unrivaled.
Unfaithful, faithless, false, perfidious, disloyal.
Unfavorable, unpropitious, inauspicious, dis-
Couragling.
Unfeeling, insensible, cruel, hard-hearted.
Unfeigned, undisguised, clear, sincere.
Unfit, improper, inappropriate, unqualified.
. Unfit, disable, disqualify.
Unfitness, incapacity, disqualification, incompe-
tency.
Unfold, expand, display, disclose, unbosom.
Unfortunate, unlucky, unsuccessful, unhappy,
miserable.
Unfrequented, unvisited, uninhabited, deserted.
Unfriendly, unkind, disobliging, unfavorable, un-
genial.
Ungrateful, thankless, unthankful, disagreeable.
Unºpy, afflicted, painful, deplorable, unfortu-
Il856.
Unite, join, connect, attach.
Unity, concord, agreement, harmony.
Unmistakable, clear, plain, evident, manifest.
Unnecessary, needless, useless.
Unpardonable, unjustifiable, inexcusable.
Unpleasant, disagreeable, offensive.
Unprecedented, unexampled, unrivalled, une-
qualed.
Uphold, maintain, sustain, support, vindicate.
Upright, perpendicular, erect, just, honorable.
Uprightness, honesty, fairness, goodness, honor.
Uproar, tumult, row, disturbance.
Urbanity, politeness, courtesy, courteousness.
Urge, instigate, stimulate, press, induce, solicit.
Usage, custom, fashion, practice.
Use, employ, exercise, occupy, practice.
Useful, advantageous, serviceable, helpful.
Useless, unserviceable, profitless.
Usual, common, accustomed, habitual.
WAGRANT, wanderer, beggar, vagabond.
Wague, unsettled, undetermined.
Wain, useless, fruitless, empty.
Valiant, brave, valorous, courageous.
Walid, weighty, strong, powerful.
Valor, courage, bravery, heroism.
Valuable, precious, estimable.
Value, reckon, appreciate, estimate.
Vanish, disappear, fade, melt.
Vanity, conceit, affectedness.
Wanquish, defeat, conquer, subdue, discomfit
Variable, changeable, unsteady, inconstant.
Variance, disagreement, dissension.
Variation, change, diversity, deviation.
Variety, difference, diversity, change.
Weil, screen, mask, cover, disguise.
Velocity, swiftness, quickness, fleetness.
Venture, speculation, chance.
Verbal, spoken, literal, unwritten.
Verdict, judgment, decision, answer.
Werge, border, brim, brink, margin.
Versatile, unsteady, changeable, unfixed, waver-
ling.
Versed, skilled, practiced, conversant.
Version, interpretation, reading.
Wex, worry, tease, harass, annoy.
Vice, iniquity, guilt, depravity, wickedness.
Vicious, depraved, corrupt, debased, impure.
Victim, sacrifice, prey.
Victorious, conquering, successful.
598
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICA. INFORMATION.
View, Scene, prospect, survey, landscape, aspect.
Vigorous, robust, healthy, strong, powerful.
Wilify, debase, degrade, slander, decry, defame.
Villain, rascal, scoundrel, ruffian.
Windicate, justify, uphold, support.
Violate, infringe, injure, abuse, ravish, debauch.
Violence, fury, rage, vehemence.
Violent, outrageous, raving, passionate.
Virgin, maid, maiden, damsel, maidenly, pure,
untouched, fresh.
Vision, sight, apparition, delusion, dream.
Visionary, delusive, imaginary, fanciful, imprac-
ticable, romantic.
Vital, living, necessary, essential, indispensable.
Witiate, taint, corrupt, spoil.
Vivacious, lively, sprightly, brisk, merry.
Vivid, lively, animated, stirring, striking, clear.
Vocation, calling, trade, occupation, business,
profession, office.
Volume, book, work, capacity, dimensions.
Wouch, attest, assure, warrant, promise.
Wouchsafe, condescend, grant, concede.
Vulgar, common, general, rude, coarse, vile.
WAIT, await, abide, remain, tarry.
Waive, forego, relinquish.
Wake, awaken, arouse, excite, kindle.
Wakeful, sleepless, watchful, observant.
Wander, stroll, ramble, stray.
Wandering, vagrant, roving, strolling.
Want, need, lack, desire, wish.
Want, poverty, penury.
Wanton, licentious, unbridled, dissolute, loose.
Warm, affectionate, attached, devoted.
Weal, prosperity, welfare, well-being.
Wealth, plenty, abundance, mammon, lucre.
Weary, exhaust, fag, harass.
Weep, cry, Sob, lament, bewail.
Well-bred, well-mannered, polite.
Weight, gravity, burden, load, consequences.
Welcome, agreable, pleasing, gratifying.
Welfare, prosperity, success, happiness.
Win, gain, procure, achieve, accomplish.
Winning, fascinating, attractive, charming.
Wºº, Sagacity, prudence, discretion, knowl-
edge.
Wise, sagacious, judicious, discreet, prudent,
skilled, clever.
Wit, understanding, intellect, imagination.
Witchcraft, enchantment, sorcery, magic.
Wonder, surprise, astonishment, amazement,
marvel, prodigy, miracle.
Wonderful, wondrous, surprising, astonishing.
Wonderful, marvellous, wondrous, amazing.
Work, employment, business, occupation.
Workman, craftsman, artificer, journeyman, oper
ative.
Worry, plague, tease, torment.
Wrath, passion, exasperation, indignation.
Wrathful, angry, infuriated, raging.
Wreath, twist, interweave, enfold.
Wreck, debris, ruins, rubbish.
Writhe, twist, wrench, wring, wriggle.
Wrong, incorrect, erroneous, unsuitable.
Wrong, abuse, oppress, aggrieve.
Wrongful, unjust, unfair, dishonest.
Wry, twisted, distorted.
YEARN, long for, desire, crave.
Yearly, per annum.
Yet, nevertheless, notwithstanding.
Yield, give in, concede, relinquish.
Yoke, couple, connect, associate.
Youth, youngster, boy, lad.
ZEAL, ardor, fervor, warmth, energy.
Zealot, fanatic, visionary.
Zenith, height, Summit.
Zest, relish, flavor, gusto, gust, pleasure, enjoy-
ment.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
699
WEALTH, POWER, RESOURCES ºffe PRESENT CONDITION
OF THE UNITED STATE, 3 AND THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD WITH WHICH
SHE MAINTAINS DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS.
8. HE rapidly transpiring events in both
- hemispheres, which are continually
directing the attention of thinking
men to other countries than their
own, cannot fail to demonstrate the fact
that they need to be thoroughly con-
versant with the present condition of the
nations of the world in order that they may
understand the importance of the questions in-
volved and their effect upon the destinies of
mations. The stirring events of the present are
destined to leave their traces upon the pages
of history, and it matters not whether they trans-
pire where ancient dynasties have left the records
of centuries, as in Egypt, or in the newly estab-
lished governments of the Western World, as
Chili and Peru. Every man of intelligence desires
to keep pace with the changing phases of political
history, and to do this, he must seek the latest
and most authentic information available.
To afford him just such valuable information
in the most condensed form for easy reference
and comparison, we have collected from the most
recent sources this epitome of national condition,
strength and resources of all the recognized
countries on the globe. When a man reads, in
the telegraphic column of his morning paper,
that a revolution against the government has
broken out in the East, or that the fleet of a
mighty commercial power is about to bombard a
historic city, he naturally desires to know some-
thing of the material strength of the government
to suppress the revolt, in one case, and the com-
parative resources of the contending forces, in
the other. We give him this needed information
without his being compelled to make a laborious
search through many volumes, at a great loss of
time and patience—if, indeed, he were able, after
all his searching, to find just what he desired.
º
s". A
ARGENTINE REPURLIC.—This country con-
sists of 14 provinces, having an area as large as
all Central and Western Europe combined. Its
Soil is a rich, alluvial deposit of four or five feet
thick, formed by the luxuriant growth of ages.
The province of Buenos Ayres is the most pop-
ulous, with over half a million, and its capital
city, of the same name, of 200,000 people. The
European population predominates in this and
other maritime provinces, and has been rapidly
increasing of late years, because of the free insti-
tutions and the richness of the soil. Two hundred
and twelve thousand people of foreign birth held
2,000,000 acres in the above-mentioned province
alone, according to the last census. They owned
85,000,000 sheep, beside horned cattle and build-
ings, etc., all acquired by men who came there
without means.
The exports are wool, hides and tallow, in
1880 amounting to $66,497,425, against $44,660,-
205 imports.
The premium on gold varied, in 1880, from 30
to 35 per cent. There are twelve limes of steam-
ers running to Europe.
Revenue in 1880, $19,594,305, derived from du-
ties on imports and exports. Expenditure the
same year, $17,193,284. The total national debt
is $57,068,979.
The area of the republic is 1,619,500 square
miles, and the estimated population 2.500,000. It
is a federal republic, modeled on the Constitution
of the United States. The ministry is responsi-
ble to Congress, and an adverse vote in the two
houses causes the appointment of a new cabinet.
There is no distinction between foreign and na-
tive born below the law. Foreigners can natu-
ralize or maintain their old allegance, as they
See fit.











600
AN ENCYCLOPMEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
AUSTRIA.—Officially designated since 1867 as
the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. There are
Seven distinct races comprising the population of
this empire, numbering, in 1880, 37,741,473, and
embracing 240,000 square miles of territory.
The empire is divided into four countries, called
kingdoms. The capital and largest city is Vienna,
having, at the last census, 726,113 inhabitants.
The most numerous nationality in its population
is the German, embracing about one-fourth of
the whole, or nine millions. The others are dis-
tributed as follows: Serbians, Moravians, Poles,
Cretes, Czech, etc., 16,500,000; the Hungarians,
5,500,000; Wallachians, 3,000,000; Jews, 1,100,-
000; the Italians, 515,000, and Gypsies, 140,000.
The prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic,
including two-thirds of its population.
Much attention is paid to the subject of educa-
tion, which is compulsory. Seventy-six per cent.
of all children from six to twelve years of age are
in the common schools. There are 92 Gymnasia
or higher schools in Austria, 142 in Hungary,
with six universities in the former and one in the
latter.
The legislative body of Austria is termed the
Reichsrath, and embraces a House of Lords nomi-
nated by the emperor, part being members for
life and part hereditary nobles, and a House of
Representatives, 353 members, chosen by the
citizens. A slight property qualification is re-
quired for voting for members.
The Reichstag of Hungary comprises a House
of Magnates and a House of Representatives,
elected for three years.
The royal finances are divided in the propor-
tion of 70 per cent. to be raised by Austria, and
80 per cent. by Hungary. The Sovereign is styled
king in Hungary and emperor in Austria. In
1880 the receipts were $58,000,000. The public
debt is $1,589,600,000.
The army, on a peace footing, embraces 289,-
190 men, 16,635 officers. Compulsory service in
the army is required for ten years.
The navy contains 68 vessels, including 11 iron
clads and 30 steam vessels, with 320 guns.
Austria is an inland country, not favorably sit-
uated for commercial enterprise, the chief Seaport
being Trieste, on the Adriatic. Imports of the
empire, $803,000,000; exports, $340,000,000.
Agriculture is the principal pursuit. The pro-
ductive land is estimated at 89 per cent. of the
whole in Austria, 84 per cent. in Hungary. The
annual grain crop is $400,000,000 bushels. About
80 per cent. of the population are engaged in
trade and manufacturing.
BELGIUM.–Belgium, in Western Europe, is
a kingdom. Its capital, Brussels, contains 164,-
594 inhabitants. The people are mostly Roman
Catholics, there being only 15,000 Protestants
and 8,000 Jews. Area, 11,378 square miles;
population in 1878, 5,476,668.
Statistics for 1880: Revenue, $54,501,284; ex-
penditures, $55,763,710; public debt, $851,667,-
293; imports, $452,265,000; exports, $428,149,-
065; army, in time of peace, 46,383 men; rail-
Ways, 2,672 miles; telegraphs, 3,143 miles; post
offices, 585; letters transmitted, 63,641,094; postal
cards, 11,671,295; journals, 77,938,000.
Belgium is a vast workshop, manufactories and
agriculture receiving prominent attention. The
government promotes education and establishes
numerous primary schools, yet 58 per cent. of the
population above seven years of age can neither
read nor write.
BOLIVIA.—Bolivia, in South America, a re-
public named in honor of Bolivar, is divided into
nine departments, each under a governor. There
are three legislative chambers, the members of
one being elected for four years, of another, for
eight, and of the other for life, by popular suf-
frage. The president is elected for life by these
bodies. The ministry has control of administra-
tion, and is responsible to the Senate. The Ro-
man Catholic is the prevailing religion, but all are
free under the law.
This country is filled with lofty plateaus, pro-
ducing immense fields of wheat and rich timber,
while the lowlands abound in tropical forests and
Swamps. It thus embraces within its limits the
climate and productions of the two zones. Coffee,
Sugar cane, cotton, garden vegetables and fruits
are produced in luxuriance. The highest moun-
tains in America are found in western Bolivia,
and frequent volcanoes. Bolivia has but poor
road facilities, and no railroads, on account of
its mountainous condition.
The silver mines of Potosi, world-famous for
richness, have yielded, since opened in 1545, over
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
601
$1,600,000,000. Public debt, 1879, was $30,000,-
000; the revenue, $2,929,574, derived from cus-
toms, Indian tribute, sale of guano, etc.; ex-
penditures, $4,505,504; imports, $5,000,000;
exports, $5,600,000; area, 536,200 square miles;
population, 2,080,000, and 245,000 wild Indians.
BRAZIL.-The only kingdom on the western
continent, is the largest country in South Ameri-
ca. It was first taken by the French in 1858,
then quickly fell to the Portuguese, afterwards
to Spain, and then reverted to Portugal in 1640.
The legislative power consists of a Senate of
58, elected for life, and a Chamber of Deputies
of 122 members, chosen by indirect Suffrage.
The emperor represents the executive power,
with his ministers and secretaries of state. The
kingdom is divided into twenty provinces, con-
taining 642 municipalities, each with a council
elected directly by citizens holding an annual in-
come of $112. -
The commerce is in a flourishing condition.
There are eighteen lines of steamers, receiving a
subsidy from government of $750,000 per year;
the North American steamship line, with $100,-
000 subsidy, from Brazil per year.
Statistics for 1880: Imports, $81,752,900; ex-
ports of coffee, hides, sugars, etc., $102,029,250.
Revenue, $57,423,415, from customs and ex-
port duties; expenditures, $59,762,289.
Army of 15,034, raised to 32,000 men for war
footing. Navy, 41 steam vessels, 230 guns and
4,136 seamen. Two hundred newspapers are
published, six dailies at the capital, Rio de Ja-
neiro.
The government supports free public schools,
and in some of the provinces education is com-
pulsory.
The Roman Catholic religion is established by
law, but other forms are tolerated, though they
must be practised privately.
By a royal decree, the great river Amazon was
opened to the commerce of the world in 1867.
In 1874 a submarine cable connected this
country with Europe. The highways are in a
Wretched condition, but there are twenty rail-
roads, and others are being rapidly constructed
by aid of the state and private enterprise.
DOMINION OF CANADA.—The British North
American provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New
Bruswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British Co-
lumbia, Northwestern Territory, Vancouver's Is-
land and Prince Edward's Island were formed
into a confederate government, to be known ag
“The Dominion of Canada,” in 1867. Its par-
liament meets at Ottawa annually.
The members of the Senate are nominated for
life, on the summons of the Governor-General.
The people elect the members of the House of
Commons for five years. There are 206 members,
and electors must possess a property qualifica-
tion. The present Governor-General is Lord
Lansdowne; salary, $50,000.
Statistics for 1880: Revenue, $23,307,406, de-
rived as follows: From customs, $14,071,843;
excise, $4,232,427; public works, $2,167,401;
post offices, $1,282,498. The expenditures were
$24,250,634.
The chief items of export are as follows: Agri-
cultural products, $32,000,000; animals and
products of $18,500,000; wood, lumber, timber,
etc., $17,000,000; fisheries, $6,500,000; manu-
factured articles, $5,000,000; mining, $3,000,000.
The import receipts were $34,500,000 from Great
Britain ; $29,000,000 from the United States;
$24,400,000 from all other countries. The im-
ports were flour and grain, cotton and wool, iron
and steel manufactures.
The lumber trade of Canada is mostly with the
United States.
The merchant marine numbered 7,377 vessels,
of 1,311,218 tons, and is steadily increasing.
The government of Canada manages the canals
in its borders, which are extensive.
The banks of Canada hold deposits amounting
to $67,000,000, with a note issue of $17,500,000;
coin, $5,500,000, and bills discounted to the
amount of $135,000,000.
The value of fisheries in 1880 was $14,499,980.
The census of 1880 was as follows: 4,352,080;,
as against 3,686,596 in 1871; Indians, 99,650.
The average duty on all imports is 16.34 per
cent. ad Valorem.
CHINA.—The Celestial Empire embraces a
Vast part of Asia, including China proper, Tibet,
Mongolia and Manchuria. It is larger in area
and population than any nation except Russia,
and has the most ancient form of civilization in
the world. Its policy of government is a patri-
archial monarchy, its emperor being an autocrat,
602
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Whose will is supreme. It was for ages exclusive
in its relations, or want of relation, with other
nations. This is now giving way slowly, and the
government sends its ambassadors to the United
States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia,
Spain, the West Indias and Japan, but it still
refuses to allow the introduction of internal for-
eign improvements, and has only fourteen ports
open to the commerce of the world.
The exports in 1878 were $67,172,180, and the
imports $70,804,125. Great Britain controls one-
third of the foreign commerce. Silk and tea
form three-fourths of the exports, and opium and
Cottom two-thirds of the imports.
China has one foreign loan of $3,135,000, at 8
per cent., and this is the only certain information
in regard to her finances.
Area, 4,560,110 square miles; population,
485,000,000. China has an army, modeled on
the European system, of 270,000 men, and a
navy of 38 vessels, and reports on paper 800,000
Chinese and 271,000 Manchoos.
CHILI.—Chili, a republic of South America, is
a country of mountains, subject to frequent earth-
quakes, with every variety of climate and pro-
duction. Its long, narrow territory stretches
along the coast from near the equator to within
twelve degrees of the Antarctic circle. The coast
is level, and extending back to the lofty Andes,
which rise above the line of perpetual snow.
The highest peak of the Andes rises to 22,427
feet above the level of the sea, the mean elevation
being 11,830 feet.
The area of the country is 124,084 square
miles. The population is 2,400,396, to which
should be added 10 per cent. for omissions and
50,000 Indians.
Chili became an independent country in 1810–
17, it having previously been a Spanish settle-
ment.
The legislative power is vested in a National
Congress, composed of 37 members elected for
six years, and a Chamber of Deputies of 109
members. Suffrage is granted to all citizens,
able to read and write, paying a small annual tax.
The President is elected for five years, who,
with a council of state and five cabinet ministers,
have a salary of $6,000 each from the executive
power.
Statistics for 1879 are as follows: Revenue,
$27,693,087, one-half of which came from cus-
toms and monopolies; expenditures, $24,776,-
680; exports, $37,771,440; imports, $22,740,-
000, one-half coming from Great Britain.
Agriculture receives much attention, yet from
the natural situation, 86 per cent. of the land is
desert, pasture or forest, with only 18 per cent.
tillable land, 10,000,000 bushels of wheet are
raised annually.
Chili is rich in gold and silver, but especially
in copper. The army, which, in 1875, was re-
duced to 3,500, was largely increased during the
War with Peru. The navy has 22 steam vessels,
with 1,800 men.
The government supports education throughout
the country, sustaining 810 schools, besides lyce-
ums, and a university having 700 students and 37
professors, with free tuition.
Roman Catholic is the established religion, but
all forms of religion are tolerated.
COLOMBIA.—The form of government is a
confederate republic, and its title is the United
States of Colombia. It is situated in South
America, and includes a large part of what was
termed New Grenada. Its present form origina-
ted in 1863.
The legislative power is vested in a Senate of
27 members, and a House of Representatives of
61 members, elected by popular suffrage. The
President is chosen by the different States, and
holds office for two years. He, with four minis-
ters, exercises the executive power.
Cotton, coffee, tobacco and cinchona bark are
the principal exports. Two railways are in opera-
tion, one across the Isthmus of Panama, 46
miles. Telegraph lines, 1,520 miles. Letters
transmitted through post office, 858,254.
The largest city and capital is Bogota, with
50,000. Panama has 20,000.
Statistics for 1879: Imports, $10,787,684; ex-
ports, $13,711,511; revenue, $4,910; expendi-
tures, $8,634,571; public debt, $19,971,219; area,
320,235 square miles; population, 2,951,358, be-
sides 100,000 Indians.
She has no navy, and an army of 8,000 men
on a peace footing.
Education has been taken from the clergy, and
the several States have been subsidized by the
government to furnish compulsory instruction.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
603
Religious toleration prevails, but the Roman
Catholic is the most prominent form.
COSTA RICA.—This republic is the most
southern of Central America. It is divided into
six provinces. The executive is a President, tWO
Vice-Presidents and four Ministers. The Congress
of Deputies is chosen for four years. Full religi-
ous liberty is granted to all, but the Roman Cath-
olic is established by State. The soil is fertile,
and vast forests of mahogany, ebony, Brazil wood
and india rubber trees abound.
Statistics for 1880: Revenue, $3,819,211; expen-
ditures, $3,904,657; public debt, $12,000,000;
exports, $6,187,062; imports, $3,116,290.
There is no standing army, except 900 men
from the militia, which comprises 16,370 men
between the ages of 15 and 30.
Religious toleration is provided by the Constitu-
tion, but the Roman Catholic prevailes.
Railways, 36 miles; telegraphs, 193 miles.
CUBA.—The Island of Cuba, a colony of Spain,
is the key of the West Indies. Population,
1,414,508; area, 72,000 square miles. Eight per
cent. of the population are black slaves, and 42
per cent. nearly are free blacks.
A Captain-General is responsible to the home
government. He is appointed by the Crown.
The staple product of the Island is Sugar, of
which 800,000 tons are annually exported, with
5,000,000 gallons of molasses.
DENMARK.—Denmark, a constitutional king-
dom, lies between the North Sea and the Baltic.
It has a climate of moderate temperature.
The legislative power is the Rigstag, consisting
of Folksthing of 102 members and a Landsthing
of 66 members. The Constitution Was granted
in 1849. The Folksthing are elected for three
years by universal suffrage, and the Landsthing
by electoral districts for life, except twelve, who
are nominated by the King.
The State church is Lutheran, all forms being
tolerated. Education is compulsory, and widely
diffused. Most of the lower classes can read and
write.
Statistics for 1880: Receipts, $12,800,000; ex-
penditures, $11,200,000; public debt, $46,798,190.
Army, raised by conscription, 35,727, with a
reserve of 15,253 men; navy, 83 Steam Vessels,
230 gums, and 29 sail vessels.
Imports, $53,744,310; exports, $42,576,810.
Railways, 968 miles; telegraphs, 1,650 miles,
Sending 94,655 messages; letters transmitted by
mail, 20,088,128, and 19,381,353 papers.
Area, 14,553 Square miles; population, 1,969,-
454, divided as follows: Lutherans, 1,770,000;
JoWs, 4,300; Baptists, 3,200; Mormons, 2,200;
Roman Catholics, 1,800.
ECUADOR.—Equador lies on the equator, in
South America, and is a republic. Its capital is
Quito, of 80,000 inhabitants. It has a President,
chosen by 900 electors, who are appointed by a
popular vote; Vice-President, who is Minister of
the Interior, and three other cabinet officers.
It has a Senate of 16 members, and House of
Representatives of 30, chosen by popular suffrage.
Its army is only 1,200 men, and a navy of three
vessels. Roads in this country are mere mule
tracks, transportation of goods being on the
backs of these animals. There are 30 miles of
railroad.
The Roman Catholic religion is the only one,
and one-tenth of the church revenue belonging to
the state, goes to the Pope. Education is under
control of the priests.
Guayaquil is the principal seaport, population,
26,000. Two lofty mountain ranges traverse the
country, lifting their peaks 18,000 feet into the air.
Statistics for 1880: Exports, $5,371,912; im-
ports, $6,000,000; revenues, $1,953,690; expendi-
tures, $2,688,000; public debt, $18,350,400.
Area, 248,312 Square miles. Population, 1,-
146,000, besides 200,000 Indians.
EGYPT.-Egypt is a dependency of Turkey,
including Nubia and Soudan.
The khedive is absolute, but a tributary to the
Sultan. The largest city is Cairo, 349,883 in-
habitants.
Statistics for 1880: Imports, $32,749,664; ex-
ports, $64,916,017. More than one-half the com-
merce is with Great Brittain. Revenue, $42,-
683,000; expenditures, $51,260,000, Public debt,
$411,820,700.
Army, 15,000 men. Navy, 14 vessels.
Railways, 1,500 miles; telegraphs, 5,260 miles.
Letters carried by post, 2,648,000; papers, 728,-
949. Area, 1,152,948 Square miles; population,
17,419,980.
604
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
FRANCE.-France is a republic, comprising
204,030 square miles, and by the census of 1876,
a population of 36,905,788.
The second empire, under Napoleon III., came
to an end on the 4th of September, 1870, at which
date the present constitution and form of govern-
ment Went into operation.
The departments of government consist of:
1st. A Council of State, presided over by a
Minister of Justice, whose power is to advise up-
on all matters of law and regulations of adminis-
tration submitted to it. Its decision is final as
regards complaints against all officers of govern-
ment.
2d. The President, in whom is vested the ex-
ecutive power of government, is elected for seven
years by the joint assembly of the Senate and
Chamber of Deputies. His salary is $120,000
per year, and $32,480 for household expenditures.
He has the power to dissolve the Chamber of
Deputies upon advice of the Senate. The ministry
or Secretaries of state, are responsible to the Cham-
ber of Deputies, but the President is cognizant of
all cases of high treason.
3d. A legislative power inheres in the Corps
Legislatiff, composed of a Senate of 300 members,
75 of whom are chosen for life by the National
Assembly, and the remaining 225, for nine years,
by the departments and colonies, and a Chamber
of Deputies, one for each 100,000 inhabitants,
elected by universal suffrage, every Frenchman
of 21 years having the right to vote.
In 1880 there were 10,068,246 legal voters, or
one to every four of the population. Salaries of
senators and deputies, $1,800 per year.
There are 87 departments, subdivided into
“arrondissements,” 2,865 “cantons,” and about
3,6000 “communes.” The prefect, or adminis-
trative officer for each department, is head of
police, issues local decrees, superintends the col-
lection of taxes, and is general agent to represent
the government, assisted by a council elected by
the people of the department. He is appointed
by the President of the republic.
The army on a peace footing numbers 503,000
men and 19,058 officers, costing $115,000,000 per
year.
Every Frenchman over 20 years of age, with
few exceptions, may be called to serve in the army
for five years.
There are 258 vessels, 50,000 marines, and 1,758
officers in the navy.
The larger part of the revenue is derived from
excise and stamp duties, only about 10 per cent.
coming from customs. The excise duty is levied
On Spirits, tobacco, salt, sugar, paper, matches,
coaches, railroads, bridges, etc. There are also
land, poll, stamp and income taxes.
Revenue foy 1876, $5,81,000,000; expenditures,
$547,800,000.
Public debt, 5 per cent. Rentes, $4,750,337,109,
and the floating debt, $65,000,000.
Imports in 1880 amounted to 981,509,400; ex-
ports $680,129,800.
Miles of railroads, Jan. ist, 1879, 15,265.
The Roman Catholic is the prevailing religion,
the clergy of that faith receive about $800,000
per year.
Every commune is obliged to maintain public
instruction, although education is neither gratui-
tious nor compulsory. In 1881, there were 7,722,-
362 illiterates in the country.
GERMANY.—The form of government is a
Constitutional Monarchy, exercised by the Em-
peror in the name of 25 confederate States. The
federal council, called Bundesrath, consists of
59 members for each session, appointed by the
governments of the several States. The House
of Representatives, styled Reichstag, has 397
members, elected by universal Suffrage for three
years, every German of 21 years being entitled to
vote. The sessions of the Reichstag are annual,
and all law must be enacted by the majority of
the members of the House of Representatives and
Council, sanctioned by the Emperor.
The Empire in 1871, when the confederation
took place, consisted of 25 sovereign States, con-
sisting of 4 kingdoms, 6 grand duchies, 7 princi-
palities, and 3 free cities. The 20th member of
the confederation is governed by an imperial au-
thority. It embraces the province of Alsace and
Lorraine, ceded to Germany by France, in 1870-71.
The revenue for the year ending March 31, 1881,
was $148,239,138; one-third from customs; one-
third excise duties on Sugar, Salt, tobacco, Spirits
and malt ; the remaining one-third from other
SOll]"CCŞ.
Expenditures for the army, $90,600,000, and
$20,000,000 for extraordinary expenses. Ordin-
ary expenses $128,239,188.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
605
Public debt $44,000,000, and floating debt $40,-
000,000.
Public education is enforced by law. There
are 6,500,000 pupils, 60,000 primary schools, 360
gymnasia, and 21 universities with 1,915 profes-
Sors, 20,825 students.
The religious status of the people is 27,000,000
Protestants, 15,000,000 Roman Catholics, and
500,000 Jews.
Impo “s in 1880, $973,200,000; exports, $705,-
375,000.
There were, in 1880, 12,000 miles of railroads,
managed by the government, and 7,689 miles
under private control.
In 1880, there were 35,660 miles of telegraph
Wire transmitting 14 million messages. The tele-
graph and postal matters are controlled conjoint-
ly by government, and is constantly increasing in
these later years
GREAT BRITAIN.—Great Britain, with an
area of 121,571 Square miles, and a population of
85,246,665 in 1881, embraces England, Ireland,
Scotland, Wales, and the Channel Islands.
There are landed possessions belonging to Great
Britain in all parts of the world; colonies in Asia,
chiefly British India, with 250,000,000 souls, in
America over 5,000,000, and in Australia 2,700,-
000.
By the Constitution, the supreme legislative
power is vested in a Parliament, which holds for
seven years, unless prorogued by the Queen. The
House of Lords, consisting of Peers of the realm,
numbered 587 in 1880, all but the Irish members
holding for life.
The House of Commons contains 658, elected
by limited suffrage, of whom 40 constitute a
quorum to transact business. The members of
Parliament receive no pay.
The executive department, nominally vested in
the Queen, is really in the cabinet of 18 mem-
bers, whose tenure of office is dependent upon the
majority of the House of Commons.
The First Lord of the Treasury, styled the
Premier or Prime Minister is the head of the
cabinet. He dispenses the patronage of the
Queen, and his colleagues are appointed upon
his recommendation.
Revenue for the year ending March 31, 1881,
$420,207,440. Expenditures, $415,509,620, of
which 140,000,000 were for the army and navy,
and 150,000,000 were for interest on the debt. In
1880, imports $2,956,147,825, and exports $1,432,-
072,330.
The army, in 1882, embraced 139,636 men and
7,299 officers, besides 137,778 militia, at a total
cost of $74,926,500.
The navy maintains 238 vessels, at a cost of
$51,607,975, in 1880.
There is a perfect network of railways, embrac-
ing 17,945 miles.
The post office service has been brought to the
highest state of perfection in England, deliver-
ing 1,176,000,000 and 123,000,000 postal cards in
1880.
Education is widely diffused but not compul-
SOry.
Iron and coal mines abound.
Textile industries are of immense extent.
England is pre-eminently a nation of traders.
Agriculture is carried to its highest perfection,
although the land is in the hands of a few pro-
prietors.
The Protestant religion is the established form
of worship. Episcopal in England, Presbyterian
in Scotland, while all are protected by law.
England is comparatively a free trade country,
only about twenty articles being subject to duty.
GREECE.—Greece, in Southeastern Europe,
is a kingdom governed since 1863 by George I.,
Son of the King of Denmark. The Legislative
power is vested in a single Chamber of Deputies
of 1S7 members, elected for four years by popular
Suffrage.
Statistics for 1880: Revenue, $8,759,000; ex-
penditures, $18,765,000; public debt, $58,572,-
730. Imports, $29,101,400; exports, $17,992,-
000. Army, 12,118 men, capable of being raised
to 200,000; navy, 11 Steam vessels and 10 sail
vessels; merchant marine, 5,001 vessels. There
is only one railroad line, seven and a half
miles, from Athens to the Piraeus, and 1,540 miles
of telegraph. Post offices, 140; letters transmit-
ted, 3,066,630; papers, 1,995,939. Area, 20,018
Square miles; population, $1,679,775.
GUATEMALA.—The largest of the five central
republies in South America, has no railways,
though one is commenced. Public instruction is
fostered by the State.
606
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
The executive is now invested in a President
and cabinet of four ministers, the clerical govern-
ment having been superceded in 1871.
Statistics from last returns: Revenue, $4,505,-
523; expenditures, $4,438,298; public debt,
$3,887,384; imports, $2,727,000; exports, $3,-
928,912, chiefly coffee; telegraphs, 1,200 miles;
army, 3,400; no navy. Gautemala, the finest
city in South America, contains 42,000 inhabi-
tants.
GUIANA.—Guiana, a large territory on the
northeast coast of South America. The chief
products are sugar, rum and molasses, with fine
timber woods. The climate is hot. It is divided
into three parts. British Guiana has a governor
appointed by the queen. Its capital is George-
town, with a population of 36,562. Imports,
$10,325,225; exports, $13,577,675. Area, 86,000
square miles; population, 248,110; classified
as Essiquibo, Demerara and Berbice.
French Guiana has 43,000 square miles of area,
and 36,760 population. Its capital is Cayenne,
a penal settlement.
Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, lies between the
above, and contains 45,000 square miles and a
population of 68,255, four-fifths being black.
Capital, Paramaribo.
HAYTI.-A republic occupying the West end of
the island of the name of Hayti, the other part
being the Spanish possession of Santo Domingo.
Area of whole, 28,009 Square miles. The language
is French, and the religion Roman Catholic.
There is an Assembly, and a President chosen
for four years.
Revenue, $4,194,998; expenditures, $4,023,687;
public debt, $14,000,000; army, 6,828 men, navy,
2 steam corvettes with 8 guns; imports, $7,971,-
000; exports, 8,474,000, chiefly coffee and cocoa ;
population, 550,000, nine-tenths of which are
black.
HONDURAS.—Honduras, in Central America,
has a President, one Minister of State, and 37
Representatives. Education is becoming promi-
ment, and the State Supports a national college.
Statistics for 1880: Revenue, $969,854; ex-
penditures, nearly the same ; public debt, $1,-
578,609; exports, $1,305,000; army, 1,500 men;
one railroad, 90 miles; 1,000 miles of telegraph;
area, 58,108; population, 876,410.
ITALY.—Italy, in Southern Europe, is com-
posed of 69 provinces. It is a constitutional
monarchy, and absolute freedom of the press
prevails. It has a Chamber of Deputies of 508
members elected by the people, and a Senate of
270 members appointed for life. Education is
compulsory and free, supported by the State with
annual subsidies of $3,500,000. Agriculture is the
principal interest, though the manufacture of
cotton, silk, woolen and straw goods is receiving
much attention.
Statistics for 1880; revenue, $287,163,000; ex-
penditures, 283,340,500; public debt, $2,042,000,-
000; imports, $244,155,023; exports, $225,128,-
904; standing army, 736,502; militia, 553,505;
navy, 66 vessels, 339 guns; railways, 5,191
miles, and 14,391 miles of telegraph; area, 114,-
880 Square miles; population, 28,209,620, of
whom 26,658,679 are Catholics.
JAPAN.—Japan, in Eastern Asia, is ruled by
a mikado, aided solely by a great council. The
paper money of the empire is worth only 70 per
cent. of its face value.
Latest statistics: Revenue, $56,446,439; ex-
penditures, $59,376,489; public debt, $363,825,-
677; imports, $32,984,082; exports, $28,731,527.
One-half the commerce fs with Great Britain.
Railroads, 280 miles; telegraphs, 1,891 miles;
post offices, 3,784, transmitting 22,832,938 letters.
Area, 146,613; population, 34,338,404.
MEXICO.-Mexico, our nearest neighboy on
the south, is a republic, divided into 27 States,
not including Lower California and the federal
district. The President is elected for four years
by popular vote. The Senate, elected for six
years, is composed of 56 members, and the House
of Deputies, of 331 members, for two years. The
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is elected for
six years, and is eac-officio Vice-President of the
republic. The national language is Spanish, and
the Catholic religion predominates, but all forms
are tolerated by law. Education is receiving
much attention. There are 4,000 Schools. Ag-
riculture receives much attention, and communi-
cation is established between the cities by good
post roads. Railroads are extending. Mineral
and agriculteral wealth abound. All varieties of
products are raised, from the fruits of the tropics
to the hardy grains of the temperate zone, Cot-
ton and coffee are cultivated, and in the northern
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
607
States vast herds of cattle are raised. Manufac-
tures are restricted, but commerce is on the
increase. The capital is Mexico, dating from
1521, built on Lake Tescoco, 7,435 feet above the
Sea, with a present population of 250,000.
Statistics from latest sources: Revenue, $17,-
821,125; expenditures, $23,138,218; public debt,
variously estimated, $144,800,000 to $395,600,-
000, but the Mexican government claims that the
imposition of the Maximilian dynasty by Eng-
land, France and Spain, annulled the European
debt. Imports, $30,000,000; exports, $32,000,-
000. Railroad from Vera Cruz to the City of
Mexico, 263 miles, and other roads are building.
Army, 24,930 men; navy, four small gunboats.
Area, 741,598; population, 9,489,461.
NETHERLANDS.—Netherlands, a kingdom
of Western Europe, embraces 12,727 square
miles, with a population of 4,060,580.
Statistics for 1881: Revenue, $42,044,240; ex-
penditures, 49,789,774; public debt, $376,908,-
500; army, 65,513; navy, 115 vessels, 503 guns
and 5,197 men; imports, $338,680,009; exports,
$282,680,000; railroads, 1,390 miles; telegraphs,
2,196 miles; post offices, 1,299; letters transmit-
ted, 61,720,675; journals, 30,723,619.
NICARAGUA.—One of the five republics of
Central America, is covered with dense forests of
mahogany, rosewood and dye-Woods. It has a
President chosen for four years, a Cabinet of four
members, a Senate of ten and an Assembly of
eleven members.
Latest statistics: Revenue, $2,446,803; the
expenditures in excess. Imports, $1,470,114;
exports, $2,257,622.
The chief exports are coffee, elastic gum, gold
and silver.
PARAGUAY.—An inland republic of South
America. The language is chiefly Indian, mixed
with Spanish. It has been under control of Bra-
zil since 1870, though nominally republican. The
country is hopelessly insolvent, owing $236,000,-
000 to Brazil, $9,000,000 to Great Britain, and
over $2,000,000 domestic debt—in all amounting
to more than the total value of the entire country.
Area, 91,980 square miles; population, 299,-
844.
Revenue in 1880, $215,567; expenses, $228,-
680, besides interest and army.
Imports, $1,030,000; exports, $1,163,900;
army, 2,000 men; 45 miles of railroad, and the
only telegraph is along the railroad.
PERU.—Peru, on the western coast of South
America, adopted a republican constitution in
1858, with a President chosen for four years, a
Senate of 44 members, and House of Representa-
tives.
Statistics for 1880: Revenue, $39,000,000; ex-
penditures, $54,700,000; imports, $28,000,000;
exports, $46,000,000; public debt, $281,440,683;
interest on foreign debt unpaid ; premiums on
specie, 62 per cent., and the domestic debt sell-
ing for 50 per cent. Army of 4,770, besides
1,200 gendarmes and 1,400 vigilants. In the War
with Chili, lasting from 1879 to 1881, Peru
had an army of 16,900 men, 18 vessels well armed
and equipped, of ,3396 horse power, and 66 guns.
Seven iron-clads and rams were captured by the
Chilians. Merchant marine, 147 sailing vessels
and 8 steamers. In 1880 there were 1,950 miles
of railroad in operation, and 900 in process of
construction.
Siver is lagely produced, the annual yield be-
ing from three to four million dollars. Coinage
is free and unlimited.
The country possesses a fertile soil, producing
Sugar, olives, cotton, grapes, Peruvian bark, etc.
Capital, Lima, with a population of 101,488.
Area, 482,297 Square miles; population, 3,050,-
000.
PORTUGAL.-A kingdom of Western Europe,
has an area of 82,595 Square miles; population,
4,348,551. It is governed by a Cortez, composed
of a Chamber of 100 peers, appointed by the
crown for life, and 149 members of the Chamber
of Deputies, elected by the people.
Statistics for 1880: Revenue, $30,794,004; ex-
penditures, $34,478,143; public debt, $387,659,-
575; imports, $34,046,000; exports. $20,520,000,
Army, 34,874; navy, 44 vessels, with 156 guns
and 3,470 men.
Railroads, 750 miles; telegraphs, 2,300 miles;
post offices, 616; letters carried, 10,470,152;
journals, 6,021,744.
RUSSIA.—Russia is an absolute monarchy,
embracing a total area of 8,188,541 Square miles,
and 82,880,854 Souls in population.
608
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
In 1880, the revenue was $436,548,000; expen-
itures, $470,321,794; public debt, $2,081,417,935,
since increased by issue of loans and scrip to the
amount of $340,000,000.
The army, in 1881, embraced 974,771 men; the
navy, 389 men of war, with 561 guns.
Imports in 1880, $395,450,000; exports, $418,-
466,000; post offices, 3,678; letters transmitted,
90,704,555; postal cards, 2,494,000; journals,
81,130,872. Telegraphs, 42,505 miles; railways,
16,715 miles; public debt, $850,000,000 (irre-
deemable), which has depreciated to 70 per cent.
on par value.
SALWADOR.—Sometimes termed San Salva-
dor, from the name of its capital, is the smallest
of the republics in Central America. It is gov-
ermed by a President chosen for five years, a Con-
gress of 12 Senators and 24 Representatives,
elected for two years. It has universal suffrage,
except for servants. Education is in advance of
that in the state around it. Roman Catholicis
the state religion, but other forms are protected.
Statistics for 1880: Area, 7,226 square miles;
population, 482,422; revenue, $3,272,749; ex-
penditures, $3,122,063; public debt, $2,078,885;
imports, $22,294,542; exports, $4,583,538, chiefly
indigo and coffee. About one-half the commerce
is with Great Britain.
SANTO DOMINGO.-A republic occupying the
eastern portion of Hayti, and adjoinimg the re-
public of that name. The soil is very fertile, the
climate more inviting than that of any part of the
West Indies. Civilization is backward, and there
are no roads. The language is Spanish.
Statistics from latest sources: Revenue, $854,-
258; expenditures, $742,428; foreign debt (repu-
diated in 1872), $3,780,000; imports, $1,845,654;
exports, $1,746,809.
Army, 4,000; navy, five Small vessels, with 44
gun S.
Area, 20,591 square miles, with a population of
250,000; the capital, of the same name, has
about 6,000.
SPAIN.—Spain is a limited monarchy in Wes-
tern Europe. The legislative power is vested in
a Cortes, consisting of a Senate and Chamber of
Deputies, elected by indirect suffrage, chosen for
five years.
In 1880 the revenue was $163,347,097; expendi-
tures, $156,529,840; Public debt, $2,504,571,684;
imports, $88,660,000; exports, $100,980,000.
Army, peace footing, 90,000 men; navy, 189
vessels, with 552 guns. Railways, 4,203 miles;
telegraphs, 8,190 miles; post offices, 2,358, trans-
mitting 80,632,915 letters.
SWEDEN AND NORWAY. —These two coun-
tries are united under one dynasty, and form a
kingdom of Northern Europe.
Sweden.—Revenue, $20,508,260; expenditures,
$20,098,260; public debt, $62,196,184; imports,
$62,139,340; exports, $50,262,280; army, 41,280
men; navy, 42 steamers and 97 Small vessels,
with 218 guns. Railroads, $3,325 miles, and tel-
egraphs, 4,968 miles; post offices, 1,883; letters
transmitted, 27,044,869. Area, 170,927 square
miles; population, 4,531,863.
Norway.—Revenue, $13,454,670; expenditures,
$11,937,340; public debt, $24,705,000; imports,
$40,715,976; exports, $29,359,530, more than
half with Great Britain. Army, 18,750 men;
navy, 29 steamers and 88 small vessels, with 154
guns. Railroads, 501 miles; telegraphs, 5,110
miles; post offices, 870, transmitting 12, 121,044
letters and 5,547,498 journals. Area, 122,824
miles; population, 2,006,900.
SWITZERLAND.—This is a republic of Cen-
tral Europe, governed by a National Council of
135 members, elected for three years, and a
council of 44, one from each canton.
The executive power is vested in a Federal
Council, chosen by the Federal Assembly for
three years, who elect a President for one year.
Statistics for 1880: Revenue, $8,502,901; ex-
penditures, $8,020,764; public debt, $6,120,780.
Army, all men between 22 and 32, 119,440, be-
sides the landwehr (all from 33 to 44), 91,595.
No reports of commerce. Railroads, 1,560 miles;
telegraphs, 4,020 miles; post offices, 799,
transmitting 65,374,646 letters and 48,187,245
journals. Area, 15,908 Square miles; popula-
tion, 2,831,787.
TURKEY. —Turkey has been a constitutional
monarchy since 1876, the Sultan being irrespon-
sible. Area, 935,110 Square miles; population
in Europe, 8,886,500; in Asia (estimated), 16,629,-
980. The General Assembly is convened and
dissolved by the Sultan, the ministry being re-
sponsible to the Chamber of Deputies. The
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA of PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
609
Senate is nominated by the sultan, and the
Chamber of Deputies are elected by Secret bal-
lot, one member to every 150,000 male inhabi-
tants.
The finances of the government are very much
involved, the expenditure exceeding the receipts
annually. In 1880 the public debt was $1,289,-
566,000; the revenue, $63,000,000, and expendi-
tures, $125,000,000. No statistics regarding
&erce are published by the government.
Army, 350,000, peace footing; navy, 116 steam
vessels, 50 sail vessels, and 1,600 guns. Military
service compulsory for 20 years.
Railways, 949 miles; telegraphs, 15,640 miles.
TEIE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.—
This republic of the western world consists of 38
independent States, one District and eight Terri-
tories. Each State has an independent govern-
ment, embracing a legislative, judiciary and
executive department, which has exclusive rights
within its own domain. The general government
consists of a Congress of two branches—the
Senate, composed of two Senators from each
State, and the House of Representatives, com-
posed of members elected by the legal voters of
the several States, in proportion to the number
of population, no State to be deprived of at least
one representative. The Senators are chosen by
the Legislatures of the several States, for the
term of six years. The Representatives are elec-
ted by the legal voters of the Several States, for
the term of two years.
The powers of Congress, as given in the con-
stitution, are to lay and collect taxes, duties,
imports and excises; to provide for the common
defense and general Welfare of the United States;
to borrow money on the national credit; to regu-
late commerce; to provide for naturalization of
foreigners; to coin money; to provide for the
punishment of counterfeiters; to establish and
maintain a postal Service; to declare war, raise
armies and navy, and such other duties as regu-
late and preserve the powers of government.
The executive power is vested in a President,
elected by electors chosen by the citizens of the
States, each state choosing as many electors as
there are Senators and Representatives from that
State. The duties and powers of the several
officers of the government are fully set forth in
the “Constitution of the United States” and
“Duties of Heads of Departments,” which are
found in this volume. A careful study of those
articles is recommended to all who would under-
stand the genius and scope of our institutions.
No man who would intelligently and worthily
discharge his duty as an American citizen, should
fail to become conversant with them.
The whole area of the United State, exclusive
of the territory of Alaska, embraces 1,993,519
square miles, with a population of 50,152,866.
The receipts of the government for 1881 Were
$360,782,292.50, and the expenditures were $178,-
204,146.41; the imports were $758,240,125, and
the exports $898,152,891.
There were in the United States 2,132 national
banks, with total resources amounting to $2,858,-
400,000,000.
There were 44,512 post offices; the expense of
the postal service was $39,251,736, and the re-
ceipts for the same were $36,785,898, including
stamps sold amounting to $34,835,745; the num-
ber of letters transmitted were, foreign, 48,682,-
547; domestic, 1,046,107,348, making a grand
total of 1,089,739,895. There were 107,103 miles
of telegraphsin operation, exclusive of lines owned
by railroads and used for private purposes; the
number of messages sent over the public lines
amounted to 33,155,991.
There were 14,441 patents granted to inventors.
The number of newspapers published in the Uni-
ted States in 1881 was 10,101. There were 1,-
814,788,922 acres of land owned by the United
States, and known as public lands. There were
93,670 miles of railroad, with a capital stock of
$2,553,734,177.
The tonnage in the merchant marine amounted
to 4,068,034 tons. The public debt was $2,069,-
013,570.
There was a foreign immigration of 669,432.
The productions in 1880 were as follows, in
bushels: Corn, 1,754,861,585; wheat, 459,479,-
505; oats, 407,858,999; barley, 44,113,495; rye,
19,831,595; buckwheat, 11,817,827; cotton, 5,-
737,257 bales; cotton seed, 2,725,197 tons.
There were on the pension rolls of the United
States, June 30, 1881, 268,880 pensioners, draw-
|ing an average annual pension of $107.01.
39
810
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
+THE LINITELI STATES HDIVIERNMENT_{{
ELECTION OF PRESIDENT AND WICE PRESIDENT.
The Number of Electors.
Each State shall appoint, in such manner as
the legislature thereof may direct, a number of
electors, equal to the whole number of Senators
and representatives to which the State may be
entitled to in the Congress, but no Senator or rep-
resentative, or person holding an office of trust or
profit under the United States, shall be appointed
as an elector.
Under the constitution and the last apportion-
ment of representatives among the several States,
the whole number of electors for President and
Vice President is 401, and the number of electors
which each State will be entitled to choose, is:
Alabama...... tº e º 'º e º 'º e º 'º dº tº Gº tº e º ºs e º e o e º e º 'º e 10
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Floºda..... © e º e e º º e e e s e e e o e e s e s e e e e e s e s m = • 4
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º 'º e º C C C º º . . . . . . . 22
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * @ º 'º º º º º º ſº º I3
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Maine . . . . . . - e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e o e s a e e s e e s s 6
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Massachusets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a º C tº e ºs 18
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 9
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e º e º e o O © 9 e o e e 16
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q tº e C & © © º ºx º C Q º ºs e º ºs 8
New Jersey........ © tº e º 'º e º 'º © & © Q @ C & © & © 6 c e º e 9
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . .................... 86
North Carolina............................ 11
Ohio. . . . . . . . . ............ © e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e s is 28
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , s e e s e e © c e º G. e. e. e. e. e. e. 8
Pennsylvania............... © e º ºs e º e º 'º e º e e s is 80
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
South Carolina..... © e º e º e º 'º e e º O Gº e º e º e º e e o e 9
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º O & © e º e up tº e e 12
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
West Virginia......... º e º e º 'º e © e º e º 'º e º e º dº e e 6
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Time of Appointing Electors.
Except in case of a presidential election prior
to the ordinary period, as specified in sections
147 to 149, inclusive, when the offices of President
and Vice President both become vacant, the elec-
tors of President and Wice President shall be ap-
pointed in each State on the Tuesday next after
the first Monday in November, in every fourth
year succeeding every election of a President and
Vice President.
Vacancies in the Electoral College.
Each State may, by law, provide for the filling
of any vacancies which may occur in its college
of electors, when such college meets to give its
electoral vote.
In Case of Failure to Elect on the Day Appointed.
Whenever any State has held an election for
the purpose of choosing electors, and has failed
to make a choice on the day prescribed by law,
the electors may be appointed on a subsequent
day, in such a manner as the legislature of Buc'
State shall direct.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
611
Meeting of the Electoral College.
The electors for each State shall meet and give
their votes upon the first Wednesday in Decem-
ber in the year in which they are appointed, a
such place in each State as the legislature of
such State shall direct.
Certified Lists of Electors to be Made.
It shall be the duty of the executive of each
State to cause three lists of the names of the
electors of such State to be made and certified,
and to be delivered to the electors on or before
the day on which they are required to meet.
Manner of Voting.
The electors shall vote for President and Vice
I’resident, respectively, in the manner directed
by the constitution.
Certificates to be Signed by the Electors.
The electors shall make and sign three certifi-
cates of all the votes given by them, each of
which certificates shall contain two distinct lists,
one of the votes for President, and the other of
the votes for Vice President, and shall annex to
each of the certificates: one of the lists of the
electors which shall have been furnished to them
by direction of the executive of the State.
Certificates to be Sealed and Endorsed by the
Electors.
The electors shall seal up the certificates so
made by them, and certify upon each that the
lists of all the votes of such States given for
President, and and all of the votes given for Wic-
President, are contained therein.
Disposition to be Made of the Certificates.
The electors shall dispose of the certificates
thus made by them in the following manner:
1. They shall, by writing under their hands,
or under the hands of a majority of them, appoint
a person to take charge of and deliver to the
President of the Senate, at the seat of govern-
ment, before the first Wednesday in January then
next ensuing, one of the certificates.
2. They shall forthwith forward, by the post
office, to the President of the Senate, at the seat
of government, one other of the certificates.
3. They shall forthwith cause the other of the
certificates to be delivered to the judge of that
district in which the electors shall assemble.
In Case of Failure to Receive the Certificates.
Whenever a certificate of votes from any State
has not been received at the seat of government
on the first Wednesday of January indicated by
the preceding section, the Secretary of State shall
send a special messenger to the district judge in
whose custody one certificate of the votes from
that State has been lodged, and such judge shall
forthwith transmit that list to the seat of governi
ment.
Counting the Electoral Vote.
Congress shall be in session on the second
Wednesday in February succeeding every meet-
ing of the electors, and the certificates, or so
many of them as have been received, shall then
be opened, the votes counted, and the persons to
fill the offices of President and Vice President
ascertained and declared, agreeable to the con-
stitution.
In Case the President of the Senate be Absent, the
Certificates to be Delivered to
the Secretary of State.
In case there shall be no President of the Sen-
ate at the seat of government on the arrival of
the person intrusted with the certificates of the
votes of the electors, then such person shall de-
liver such certificates into the office of the Secre-
tary of State, to be safely kept and delivered over,
as soon as may be, to the President of the Senate,
Mileage of Messengers.
Each of the persons appointed by the electors
to deliver the certificates of votes to the President
of the Senate, shall be allowed, on the delivery
of the list intrusted to him, twenty-five cents for
every mile of the estimated distance, by the most
usual road, from the place of meeting of the
electors to the seat of government of the United
States, computed for the one distance only.
Penalty for Neglect of Duty by any Messenger.
Every person who, having been appointed pur-
suant to subdivision one, of section 140, or to
section 141, to deliver the certificates of the votes
of the electors to the President of the Senate, and
shall neglect to perform the Services required of
him, shall forfeit the sum of one thousand dollars.
In Case of Vacancies in Offices of President and
Vice President.
In case of the removal, death, resignation or
inability of both the President and Vice President
of the United States, the President of the Senate,
612
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
or if there is none, then the Speaker of the House
of Representatives for the time being, shall act
as President until the disability is removed or a
President elected.
Executives of States to be Notified of Vacancies.
Whenever the offices of President and Vice
President both become vacant, the Secretary of
State shall forthwith cause a notification thereof
to be made to the executive of every State, and
shall also cause the same to be published in at
least one of the newspapers printed in each State.
The notification shall specify that electors of a
President and Vice President of the United States
shall be appointed or chosen in the several States
as follows:
1st. If there shall be the space of two months
yet to ensue between the date of such notification
and the first Wednesday in December then next
ensuing, such notification shall Specify that the
electors shall be appointed or chosen within
thirty-four days preceding such first Wednesday
in December. -
2d. If there shall not be the space of two
months between the date of such notification and
such first Wednesday in December, and if the
term for which the President and Vice President
last in office were elected will not expire on the
third day of March next ensuing, the notification
shall specify that the electors shall be appointed
or chosen within thirty-four days preceding the
first Wednesday in December in the year next
ensuing. But if there shall not be the Space of
two months between the date of such notification
and the first Wednesday in December then next
ensuing, and if the term for which the President
and Vice President last in office were elected will
expire on the third day of March next ensuing,
the notification shall not specify that electors are
to be appointed or chosen.
Time of Holding Elections to Fill Vacancies.
Electors appointed or chosen upon the notifi-
cation above prescribed, shall meet and give their
votes upon the first Wednesday of December
specified in the notification.
Regulations for Quadrennial Elections Applica-
ble to Elections to Fill Vacaneies.
The provisions of this title relating to the quad-
rennial election of President and Vice President,
shall apply with respect to any election to fill
vacancies in the office of President and Vice
President, held upon a notification given when
both offices become vacant.
STATE DEPARTMENTS.
The Secretary of State.
The Secretary of State is charged, under the
direction of the President, with the duties apper-
taining to correspondence with the public minis-
ters and consuls of the United States, and with
the representatives of foreign powers accredited
to the United States, and to negotiations of what-
ever character relating to the foreign affairs of
the United States. He is also the medium of
correspondence between the President and the
chief executive of the several States of the United
States. He has the custody of the great seal of
the United States, and countersigns and affixes
Such Seal to all executive proclamations, to va-
rious commissions, and to warrants for pardon,
and the extradition of fugitives from justice. He
is regarded as the first in rank among the mem-
bers of the cabinet. He is also the custodian of
the treaties made with foreign States, and of the
laws of the United States. He grants and issues
passports, and exeguaturs to foreign consuls in
the United States are issued through his office.
He publishes the laws and resolutions of Con-
gress, amendments to the Constitution, and
proclamations declaring the admission of new
States into the Union. He is also charged with
certain annual reports to Congress relating to
commercial information received from diplomatic
and consular officers of the United States.
The Assistant Secretary of State
Becomes the acting Secretary of State in the
absence of the Secretary. Under the organiza-
tion of the department, the Assistant Secretary,
Second Assistant Secretary, and Third Assistant
Secretary are respectively charged with the im-
mediate supervision of all correspondence with
the diplomatic and consular officers in the coun-
tries named in Divisions A, B and C of those
bureaus, and of the miscellaneous correspondence
relating thereto, and, in general, they are 6*-
trusted with the preparation of the correspond-
ence upon any questions arising in the course of
the public business that may be assigned to them
by the Secretary.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
618
The Chief Clerk.
The Chief Clerk has the general Supervision of
the clerks and employés, and of the business of
the department.
Bureau of Indexes and Archives.
The duty of opening the mails; preparing, reg-
istering and indexing daily all correspondence to
and from the department, both by subjects and
persons; the preservation of the archives; an-
Swering calls of the Secretary, Assistant Secreta-
ries, Chief Clerk and chiefs of bureaus for cor-
respondence, etc.
Diplomatic Bureau.
Diplomatic correspondence and miscellaneous
correspondence relating thereto.
Division A.—Correspondence with France, Ger-
many and Great Britain, and miscellaneous cor-
respondence relating to those countries.
Division B.-Correspondence with Argentine
Republic, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chili, Den-
mark, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Paraguay,
Peru, Portugal, Russia and Uruguay, and miscel-
laneous correspondence relating to those coun-
tries.
Division C.—Correspondence with the Barbary
States. Bolivia, Central America, Colombia,
China, Ecuador, Egypt, Fiji Islands, Friendly
and Navigator's Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Ja-
pan, Hayti, Liberia, Madagascar, Mexico, Muscat,
San Domingo, Siam, Society Islands, Turkey,
Venezuela, and other countries not assigned, and
miscellaneous correspondence relating to those
countries.
Consular Bureau.
Correspondence with consulates, and miscella-
neous correspondence relating thereto.
There are three divisions, A, B and C, with
certain countries alloted to each, as in the Di-
piomatic Bureau.
Bureau of Accounts.
Custody and disbursement of appropriations
under direction of the department; charged with
custody of indemnity funds and bonds; care of
the building and property of the Department.
Rolls and Library.
Custody of the rolls, treaties, etc.; promulga-
gation of the laws, etc.; care and superintend-
ence of the library and public documents; care
of the revolutionary archives, and of papers re-
lating to international commissions.
Statistics.
Preparation of the reports upon commercial
relations.
Examiner of Claims.
The examination of questions of law and other
matters submitted by the Secretary or the AS-
sistant Secretary, and of all claims.
TREASURY DEPARTIMIENT.
The Secretary of the Treasury.
The Secretary of the Treasury has charge of
the national finances. He digests and prepares
plans for the improvement and management of
the revenue and support of the public credit; he
superintends the collection of the revenue, and
prescribes the forms of keeping and rendering all
public accounts and making returns; grants all
warrants for money to be issued from the treasury
in pursuance of appropriations by law; makes
report and gives information to either branch of
Congress, as may be required, respecting all mat-
ters referred to him by the Senate and House of
Representatives, and generally performs all such
services relative to the finances as he is directed
to perform ; controls the erection of public build-
ings, the coinage and printing of money, the
collection of commercial statistics, the marine
hospitals, the revenue cutter Service, the life-
Saving service. Under his Superintendence the
light-house board discharges the duties relative
to the construction, illumination, inspection and
Superintendence of light-houses, light-vessels,
beacons, buoys, Sea-marks, and their appendages;
makes provision for the payment of the public
debt under enactments of Congress, and pub-
lishes statements concerning it, and submits to
Congress, at the commencement of each session,
estimates of the probable receipts, and of the re-
quired expenditures, for the ensuing fiscal year.
The routine work of the Secretary's office is
transacted in the following offices: Division of
Appointments; Division of Warrants, Estimates
and Appropriations; Division of Public Moneys;
Division of Customs; Division of Internal Reve-
nue and Navigation; Division of Loans and
614
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Currency; Division of Revenue Marine; Divi-
Sion of Stationery, Printing and Blanks; Division
of Special Agent; and two disbursing clerks pay
the salaries and compensation of the officers and
employés of the department, and disburse, upon
the Orders of the Secretary, such moneys as have
been appropriated to be expended under the di-
rection of the department.
Assistant Secretaries of the Treasury.
One of the two Assistant Secretaries has the
general Supervision of all the work assigned to
the Divisions of Customs, Special Agents, Reve-
nue, Marine, Internal levenue and Navigation,
and to the offices of Supervising Architect, Gen-
eral Superintendent Life-Saving Service, Super-
vising Surgeon-General of the Marine Hospital
Service, Bureau of Statistics, and Supervising
Inspector-General of Steamboats; the signing of
all letters and papers as Assistant Secretary, or
“by order of the Secretary,” relating to the busi-
ness of the foregoing divisions, that do not by
law require the signature of the Secretary of the
Treasury; the performance of such other duties
as may be prescribed by the Secretary or by law.
The other Assistant Secretary has the general
supervision of all the work assigned to the Divi-
gions of Appointments, Warrants, Estimates and
Appropriations, Public Moneys, Stationery, Print-
ing and Blanks, Loans and Currency, Bureau of
Engraving and Printing, and office of Director of
the Mint; signing of all letters and papers as
Assistant Secretary, or “by Order of the Secre-
tary,” relating to the business of the foregoing
divisions and bureau, that do not by law require
the signature of the Secretary of the Treasury;
the performance of such other duties as may be
prescribed by the Secretary or by law.
The Chief Clerk.
The Chief Clerk Supervises, under the immedi-
ate direction of the Secretary and Assistant Sec-
retaries, the duties of the clerks and employés
connected with the department; the Superintend-
ence of all buildings occupied by the department
in Washington; the transmission of the mails;
the care of all horses, Wagons and carriages em-
ployed; the direction of engineers, machinists,
firemen or laborers; the expenditure of the ap-
priations for contingent expenses of the Treasury
Department; for furniture, and repairs of same;
fuel, lights, water and miscellaneous items for
buildings under the control of the department;
the distribution of the mail; the custody of the
records and files and library of the Secretary's
office; the answering of calls from Congress and
elsewhere for copies of records, papers, etc.; su-
pervision of all the official correspondence of the
Secretary's office, so far as to see that it is express-
edin correct and official form; the enforcement of
the general regulations of the department, and
the charge of all business of the Secretary's office
not assigned.
The First Comptroller.
The First Comptroller countersigns all war-
rants issued by the Secretary of the Treasury
covering the public revenues into the treasury,
and authorizing payments therefrom ; all ac-
counts examined by the First Auditor, except
those which go to the Commissioner of Customs,
and all examined by the Fifth Auditor, and ac-
counts of Registers and Receivers of land offices
examined by the Commissioner of the General
Land Office, are re-examined and revised in the
First Comptroller's office. Here, also, are exam-
ined and reported on the drafts for salaries and
expenses drawn by ministers and consuls abroad,
and the reqisitions for advances drawn by mar-
shals, collectors of internal revenue, Secretaries
of the territories, and other disbursing officers.
Powers of attorney for the collection of drafts on
the treasury are examined, and many other duties
having reference to the adjustment of claims
against the United States, pertain to the office,
but are of too varied a character to be mentioned.
The Second Comptroller.
Accounts received from the Second, Third and
Fourth Auditors against the United States, are
examined, revised and certified to, viz: Reported
by the Second Auditor—for organizing volun-
teers, recruiting, pay of the army, special military
accounts, army ordnance, the Indian Service, the
army medical department, contingent military
expenses, bounty to soldiers, the Soldiers' Home,
and the National Home for disabled Volunteers.
Reported by the Third Auditor—disbursements
by the Quartermaster's Department, the Subsis-
tence Department, the Engineer Department,
army pensions, property taken by military au-
thority for the use of the army, and miscellanous
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORM A ; , , , , , ,
6I5
war claims. Reported by the Fourth Auditor—
disbursements of the Marine Corps, by the navy
paymasters for pay and rations, by the paymas-
ters at the navy yards, for navy pensions at
foreign stations, and the financial agent at LOn-
don. These accounts are examined in Divisions
devoted respectively to the affairs of army pay-
masters, army quartermasters, navy paymasters
and the marine corps, army pensions, miscella-
neous claims, and Indian affairs.
The Commissioner of Customs.
The Commissioner of Customs revises and cer-
tifies the accounts of revenues collected from
duties on imports and tonnage; of moneys re-
ceived on account of the marine hospital fund ;
fines, penalties and forfeitures under the customs
and navigation laws; steamboat inspection; li-
censes to pilots, engineers, etc., and from mis-
cellaneous sources connected with customs
matters, accounts of the importatien, withdrawal,
transportation and exportation of goods under
the warehouse system; for disbursements for the
expenses of collecting the revenue from customs,
revenue cutter service, construction and mainte-
mance of lights, marine hospitals, debentures,
excess of deposits for unascertained duties, refund
of duties exacted in excess, life-saving service,
construction of custom houses and marine hospi-
tals; fuel, light, water, etc., for custom houses,
etc.; approves and files the official bonds given
by customs officers, and transmits their commis-
Sions; files the oaths of office of the persons paid
in the accounts certified by him, and prepares for
the use of the law officers of the department the
accounts of those in arrears under the heads
above mentioned.
The office is organized in four divisions, viz:
Customs, Book-keeper's, Bond, and Miscella-
Iſle CºllS.
The First Auditor.
It is the duty of the First Auditor to receive all
accounts accruing in the Treasury Department
(except those arising under the internal revenue
Jaws), and, after examination, to certify the bal-
ance, and transmit the accounts, with the vouch-
ers and certificates, to the First Comptroller or
to the Commissioner of Customs, having re-
spectively the revision thereof. The subordinate
divisions of his office are:
Customs Division.—Receipts and expenditures
of the customs service, including fines, emolu-
ments, forfeitures, debentures, drawbacks, marine
hospital service, revenue cutter service, etc.
Judiciary Division.—Salaries of United States
marshals, district attorneys, commissioners and
clerks; rent of court houses, support of prison-
ers, etc.
Public Debt Division.—Redemption of the pub-
lic debt, including principal, premium and in-
terest; payment of interest; redemption of certifi-
cates of deposit; notes destroyed.
Warehouse and Bond Division.—Examination
of accounts received from custom houses.
Miscellaneous Division.—Accounts of mints and
assay offices; territories; coast survey; Salaries
and contingent expenses of the legislative, execu-
tive and judicial departments of the government;
construction, repair and preservation of public
buildings; Treasurer of the United States for
general receipts and expenditures.
The Second Auditor.
The Second Auditor examines, adjusts and
transfers to the Second Comptroller all accounts
relating to bounties, the recruiting Service, the
pay and clothing of the army, the subsistence of
officers, medical and hospital accounts, the pay
of private physicians, and the expenses of the
War Department, contingent disbursements of
the army, and all accounts relating to Indian
affairs. The divisions are:
Paymasters' Division.—Army paymasters' ac-
counts, and payments to the Soldiers' Home and
the National Home for Disabled Volunteers.
Miscellaneous Claims Division.—Accounts of the
Ordnance and Medical Departments of the army,
contingent expenses, army medical museum and
publications, regular and volunteer recruiting,
freedmen's bounty and pay.
Indian Affairs Division.—Disbursements for the
Indians, money accounts and property returns of
Indian agents, and claims for goods supplied and
services rendered.
Pay and Bounty Division.—Examination and
adjustment of claims of white and colored soldiers
and their heirs for pay and bounty.
Investigation of Frauds Division.—Investigation
of alleged cases of forgery, fraud, over-payments,
unlawful withholding of money, etc., in the pay-
ment of white and colored soldiers.
{516
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
-ass
Book-keepers' Division.—Accounts of the nu-
merous requisitions drawn by the Secretaries of
War and Interior, examined and charged to
various appropriations.
The Third Auditor.
The Third Auditor examines, adjusts and trans-
fers to the Second Comptroller all accounts
relating to the Quartermaster General's Depart-
ment of the army; claims for lost horses, accounts
of nnpaid pensions, State war claims, and the
claims of States for organizing, arming and
equipping volunteers after 1861. The divisions
of the Third Auditor's office are:
Book-keepers' Division.—Accounts of the mu-
merous requisitions drawn by the Secretary of
War and of the Interior, examined and charged
to various appropriations.
Quartermaster's Division. — Accounts of dis-
bursements for barracks and quarters, hospitals,
offices, stables, and transportation of Supplies;
the purchase of clothing, camp and garrison
equipage, horses, fuel, forege, straw, bedding and
stationery; payments of hired men and of extra-
duty men; expenses incurred in the apprehen-
sion of deserters; for the burial of officers and
soldiers; for hired escorts, expresses, interpret-
ers, spies and guides; for veterinary Surgeons and
rmedicines and medicines for horses; for Supply-
ing posts with water, and for all other authorized
outlays connected with the movements of the
army not expressly assigned.
Subsistence and Engineer Division.--Accounts
of all commissaries and acting commissaries in
the army, whose duties are to purchase the pro-
visions and stores necessary for its subsistence,
and to see to their proper distribution; also, ac-
counts of officers of the Corps of Engineers, who
disburse money for the expenses of the Military
Academy, the improvement of rivers and har-
bors, the construction and preservation of fortifi-
cations, the surveys on the coasts, the Surveys of
lakes and rivers, and the construction and repair
of breakwater.
| Army Pension Division.--The duties of this
division embrace the settlement of all accounts
which pertain to the payment of army pensions
throughout the United States. An account is
kept with each pension agent, charging him with
all moneys advanced for payment to pensioners,
under the proper bond and fiscal year. At the
end of each month the agent forwards his vouch-
ers, abstract of payments and money statement
direct to this office, where a preliminary examina-
tion is made, to see if the money advanced is
properly accounted for. The receipt of the ac-
count is then acknowledged, and the account filed
for audit. Each voucher is subsequently exam-
ined, and the payment entered on the roll-book
opposite the pensioner's name. The agent's
account, when audited, is reported to the Second
Comptroller for his revision, and a copy of the
statement of errors, if any, Sent to the agent, for
his information and explanation. That account,
when revised, is returned by the Second Comp-
troller to this office and placed in the settled
files, where it permanently remains.
State War and Horse Claims Division.—The
settlement of all claims of the several States and
Territories for the expenses incurred by them for
enrolling, subsisting, clothing, arming, paying
and transporting their troops, while employed by
the Government in aiding to suppress the recent
insurrection against the United States; also, the
settlement of claims for the loss of horses and
equipages sustained by officers and enlisted men
while in the military service, and for horses,
mules, etc., lost while in the service by impress-
ment or contract.
Miscellaneous Claims Division.—The adjust-
ment of claims for the appropriation of stores,
the purchase of vessels, railroad stock, horses,
and other means of transportation; the occupa-
tion of real estate, court-martial fees, traveling
expenses, etc.; claims for compensation for ves-
sels, cars, engines, etc., lost in the military Ser-
vice; claims growing out of the Oregon and
Washington war of 1855 and 1856, and other
Indian wars; claims of various descriptions un-
der special acts of Congress, and claims not
otherwise assigned for adjudication.
Collection Division.—Prepares accounts for suit
against defaulting officers; answers all calls for
information from the files of the office; examines
all claims for bounty land and pensions granted
to the soldiers of 1812, and certifies them to the
Commissioner of Pensions.
The Fourth Auditor.
The Fourth Auditor examines, adjusts and
transfers to the Second Comptroller all accounts
concerning the pay, expenditures, pensions and
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
617
prize money of the navy, and the accounts of the
Navy Department. The subordinate divisions of
the bureau are:
Record Prize Division. — Adjusts the prize
money accounts and prepares tabulated State-
ments called for by Congress.
Navy Agents' Division.—Examines the accounts
of the disbursements by the navy agents at Ports-
mouth, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Balti-
more, Washington and San Francisco.
Paymasters’ Division.—Examines the accounts
of paymasters, including mechanics' rolls.
The Fifth Auditor.
The Fifth Auditor examines, adjusts and trans-
fers to the First Comptroller the diplomatic and
consular accounts, the expenditures of the De-
partment of State, including all international
commissions; the accounts of the internal reve-
nue, the census, the Smithsonian Institute and
National Museum, and the contingent expenses
of the Post Office Department. There are three
divisions:
Diplomatic and Consular Division.—Adjustment
is made of the expenses of all diplomatic missions
abroad for salaries, contingencies and loss by ex-
change; consular accounts for fees, salaries, loss
by exchange, contingent expenses, emoluments,
Salaries of interpreters and marshals, consular
courts and prisons, the relief and passage of
American seamen, the return of American Sea-
men charged with crime, the rescuing of ship-
wrecked American seamen, estates of Almerican
citizens and seamen dying abroad, accounts of
the bankers of the United States at London,
awards of commissions, and expenses of interna-
tional exhibitions; commissions, boundary sur-
veys, etc.
Internal Revenue Division.—Accounts of col.
lectors of internal revenue, including salaries,
contingent expenses, and compensation of store-
keepers.
Miscellaneous Division.—All miscellaneous in-
termal revenue accounts, including salaries and
expenses of agents, Surveyors of distilleries, fees
and expenses of gaugers, stamp agents’ accounts,
counsel fees, drawbacks, taxes refunded, redemp-
tion of stamps, accounts for the manufacture of
paper and stamps, and for the salaries of the
office of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue;
also accounts of the census office, Smithsonian
Institution and National Museum; contingent ex-
penses of the Post Office Department, and Sundry
accounts of the Department of State and the
Patent Office.
The Sixth Auditor.
The Sixth Auditor examines and adjusts all
accounts relating to the postal service, and his
decisions on these are final, unless an appeal be
taken in twelve months to the First Comptroller.
He superintends the collection of all debts due
the Post Office Department, and all penalties im-
posed on postmasters and mail contractors;
directs suits and legal proceedings, civil and
criminal, and takes all such measures as may be
authorized by law to enforce the payment of
moneys due to the department. There are eight
Subordinate divisions, viz:
Collecting Division. —The collection of balances
due from all postmasters, late postmasters, and
contractors; also the payment of all balances due
to late and present postmasters, and the adjust-
ment and final settlement of postal accounts.
Stating Division.—The general postal accounts
of postmasters and those of late postmasters, un-
til fully stated, are in charge of this division.
Eacamining Division.—Receives and audits the
quarterly accounts-current of all post offices in
the United States. It is divided into four sub-
divisions, viz: the opening room, the stamp
rooms, the examining corps proper, and the error
IOOTOlS.
Money Order Division,-Accounts of money
orders paid and received are examined, assorted,
checked and filed; remittances are registered and
checked ; errors corrected.
Foreign Mail Division. — Has charge of the
postal accounts with foreign governments, and the
accounts with steamship companies for ocean
transportation of the mails.
Registering Division.—Receives from the ex-
amining division the quarterly accounts-current
of all the post offices in the United States,
re-examines and registers them, and exhibits in
the register ending June 30 of each year, the to-
tal amount of receipts and expenditures for the
fiscal year.
Pay Division.—The adjustment and payment
of all accounts for the transportation of the
mails, whether carried by Ocean steamers, rail-
roads, steamboats, or any mail carrier; the ac-
counts of the railway postal Service, railway postal
618
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
clerks, route agents and local agents, mail dep-
redations, special agents, free delivery system,
postage stamps, postal cards, envelopes, stamps,
maps, wrapping paper, twine, mail bags, mail
locks and keys, advertising fees in suits on postal
matters, and miscellaneous accounts.
Book-keeping Division.—The duty of keeping
the ledger accounts of the Department, embrac-
ing postmasters, late postmasters, contractors,
late contractors, and accounts of a general,
Special and miscellaneous character.
The Treasurer of the Uzzited States.
The Treasurer of the United States is charged
with the custody of all public moneys received
into the treasury at Washington, or in the sub-
treasuries at Boston, New York, Philadelphia,
Ealtimore, Charleston, Cincinnati, St. Louis and
San Francisco, or in the depositories and deposi-
tory banks; disburses all public moneys upon the
warrants of the Secretary of the Treasury, and
upon the warrants of the Postmaster General;
issues and redeems treasury notes; is agent for
the redemption of the circulating notes of national
banks, and of bonds held as security for public
deposits; is custodian of Indian trust funds; is
agent for paying the interest on the public debt,
and (or paying the salaries of the members of the
House of Representatives. The subordinate di-
visions of the Treasury are:
Issue Division.—Issues are made of legal tender
notes, currency, coin certificates, etc.
Redemption Division.—Coin certificates, na-
tional bank notes, fractional currency, etc., are
redeemed, and generally destroyed by maceration.
Loan Division.—Bonds are issued, purchased,
retired, cancelled or converted.
Accounts Division.—The accounts of the treas-
ury, the sub-treasuries, and the national banks
used as depositories, are kept.
National Bank Division.—Bonds held as secu-
rity for national bank circulation are examined,
notes issued, redeemed and canceled.
National Bank Redemption Agency.—Notes of
banks are redeemed and accounted for.
The Register of the Treasury.
The Register of the Treasury has charge of the
great account books of the United States, which
show every receipt and disbursement, and from
which statements are annually made for trans-
mission to Congress. He signs and issues all
bonds, treasury notes and other securities; reg-
isters all warrants drawn by the Secretary upon
the Treasurer; transmits statements of balances
due to individuals after their settlement by the
First Comptroller, on which payment is made;
issues ships' registers, licenses and enrollments;
prepares annual returns of all vessels built, lost
or destroyed, and also prepares statements of the
tonnage of vessels in which importations and ex-
portations are made, with the various articles
and their values. These duties are attended to
in five divisions, viz:
Coupon and Note Division.—Bonds, interest
coupons, gold certificates, certificates of deposit
and of indebtedness are examined, registered, and
issued or redeemed.
Note and Fractional Currency Division.--Treas-
ury notes, notes of national banks which have
gone into liquidation, and mutilated fractional
currency are examined, canceled and destroyed.
Loan Division.—Registered and coupon bonds
are issued, embracing the transfer of all regis-
tered bonds; the conversion of coupons into
registered; the ledger accounts with holders of
registered bonds, and Schedules made out upon
which interest on same is paid.
Receipts and Eaſpenditures Division.—The led-
gers of the United States are kept, showing the
civil, diplomatic, internal revenue, miscellaneous
and public debt receipts and expenditures; also,
statements of the warrants and drafts registered.
Tonnage Division.—Accounts are kept showing
the registered and the enrolled and licensed ton-
nage, divided into different classes, and exhibit-
ing what is annually built, and what is engaged
in the fisheries of different kinds.
The Comptroller of the Currency.
The Comptroller of the Currency has, under
the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, the
control of the mational banks. The divisions of
this bureau are:
Issue Division.—The preparation and issue of
national bank circulation.
Redemption Division.—The redemption and de-
struction of notes issued by mational banks.
Reports Division.—Examination and consoli-
dation of the reports of national banks.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
619
Organization Division. — The organization of
national banks.
The Joirector of the Mint,
The Director of the Mint has general supervi-
sion of all mints and assay offices, reports their
operations and condition to the Secretary of the
Treasury, and prepares and lays before him the
annual estimates for their support.
He prescribes regulations, approved by the
Secretary of the Treasury, for the transaction of
business at the mints and assay offices, the dis-
tribution of silver coin, and the charges to be
collected of depositors. He receives for adjust-
ment the monthly and quarterly accounts of
superintendents and officers in charge of mints
and assay offices, superintends their expenditures
and the annual settlements of the operative offi-
cers, and makes such special examinations as
may be deemed necessary. All appointments,
removals and changes of clerks, assistants and
Workmen in the mints and assay offices, are sub-
mitted for his approval. The purchase of silver
bullion and allotment of its coinage at the mints,
are made through the office of the Director, and
transfers of public moneys in the mints and assay
offices, and advances from appropriations for
the mint service, are made at his request.
The monthly coinage of mints is tested, and
ores, bullion and coin are assayed, at the assay
laboratory under his charge. The values of the
standard coins of foreign countries are annually
estimated by the Director, and the collection of
the statistics of the annual production of precious
metals in the United States is assigned to him.
The Solicitor.
The Solicitor of the Treasury is an officer in
the Department of Justice, having a Seal, and is
required by law to take cognizance, under the
direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, of all
frauds, or attempted frauds, upon the revenue,
and exercises a general Supervision over all legal
measures for their prevention and detection; also
to establish regulations, with the approbation of
the Secretary of the Treasury, for the observance
of collectors of the customs; and, with the ap-
probation of the Attorney General, for the observ-
ance of United States attorneys, marshals and
clerks, respecting suits in which the United States
is a party or interested. He is also empowered
and directed to instruct the district attorneys,
marshals and clerks of the circuit and district
courts in all matters and proceedings appertain-
ing to suits in which the United States is inter-
ested, except those arising under the internal
revenue laws. He is required to examine reports
of collectors and district attorneys upon bonds
delivered for suit; to inform the President of
false reports of bonds delivered for suit, and Su-
pervise statements from district attorneys con-
cerning suits, and those from marshals relating
to proceedings on execution; also reports from
clerks as to judgment and decrees, and is charged
by the Attorney General with all post office liti-
gation. He also has charge of the secret Service
employés engaged in the detection of persons
counterfeiting the coin, currency and public Se-
curities of the United States, and all other frauds
on the government. In addition to the duties
prescribed by law, the Secretary of the Treasury
refers to the Solicitor, for opinion, a very large
number of cases arising in his department relat-
ing to duties, remission of fines, penalties and
forfeitures, navigation and registry laws, steam-
boat inspection acts, claims, etc.
The Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
The Commissioner of Internal Revenue makes
all assessments, and superintends the collection
of taxes, preparation of instructions for special
tax stamps (formerly licenses), forms and stamps
of all kinds, and pays into the treasury, daily,
all moneys received by him.
The business of the bureau is transacted in
Seven divisions, viz:
Appointment Division. —Is charged with all
matters pertaining to issuing of commissions,
leaves of absence, office discipline, assorting and
disposition of the mail, registry and copying of
all letters, with the care of the general files, and
all matters relating to messengers, laborers, office
stationery, printing, advertising, blanks and
blank books for the bureau.
Law Division.—Is charged with all questions
(except as hereinafter stated) relating to seizures,
suits, abatement and refunding claims, and those
relating to special taxes, documentary stamp
taxes, taxes on incomes, legacies and successions,
and on dividends, etc.; also lands purchased for
the United States on distraint, and the extension
of time on distraints.
620
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Tobacco Division.—Is charged with all matters
(including special taxes) relating to tobacco,
Snuff, and cigars not in suit or in bond, stamp-
tax on medicines and preparations.
Division of Accounts.-Has charge of the ex-
amination and reference of the revenue and dis-
bursing accounts, the estimates of collectors and
of their applications for special allowances, and
other matters relative to advertising and the pur-
chase of blank books, newspapers, and stationery
for collectors, revenue agents, &c.; also has
charge of the examination and reference of the
monthly bills of revenue-agents, gaugers, and
distillery-surveyors, and of all miscellaneous
claims presented to this bureau arising under
any appropriation made for carying into effect
the various internal-revenue laws, (excepting
claims for abatement, refunding, and drawback,)
and the preparation of estimates for appropria-
tions by Congress, together with the preparation
of the statistical records of the bureau.
Division of Distilled Spirits.--This division is
charged with the supervision of all matters per-
taining to distilleries, distilled spirits, fermented
liquors, wines, rectification, gaugers’ fees and
instruments, approval of bonded warehouses, and
the assignment of storekeepers.
Stamp Division.—This division is charged with
the Supervision of the preparation, safe-keeping,
issue and redemption of stamps for distilled
Spirits, tobacco, Snuff, and cigars, fermented
liquors, special taxes, documentary and proprie-
tary stamps, and the keeping of all accounts per-
taining thereto, also the supervision of all busi-
ness with Adams Express Company, and the
preparation, custody and issue of steel dies for
cancelling stamps.
Division of Assessments.--Is charged with the
preparation of the assessment-lists, with the con-
sideration of all reports and returns, except those
received from distillers, rectifiers, and brewers,
affording data from which assessments may be
made; also, with keeping the bonded account,
and with the consideration of claims for the
allowance of drawback.
Division of Revenue Agents.--Is charged with
general supervision, under the direction of the
Commissioner, of the work of revenue agents
throughout the country, examination of their re-
ports and accounts, and the measures taken for the
discovery and suppression of violations of inter-
ºnal-revenue law.
The Superintendent of the Coast and
Geodetic Survey
The Coast and Geodetic Survey is charged with
the Survey of the coasts of the United States and
rivers emptying into the ocean and Gulf of Mexico,
and with the interior triangulation of the country,
including that of connecting the surveys of the
Eastern and Western coasts, determining geo-
graphical positions in latitude and longitude,
and furnishing points of reference for State
Surveys.
Besides the annual reports to Congress the
Survey publishes maps and charts of our coasts
and harbors, books of sailing directions, and
annual tide tables, computed in advance, for all
ports of the United States.
Supervising Surgeon-General, U.S., (Mercantile.)
Marine-Hospital Service.
The Supervising Surgeon-General is charged
with the supervision of “all matters connected
with the Marine-Hospital Service and with the
disbursement of the fund for the relief of sick and
disabled seamen” employed on the vessels of the
mercantile marine of the oceans, lakes, and
rivers, and of the Revenue-Cutter Service, the
general superintendence of the Marine Hospitals,
the purveying of supplies, the orders, details and
assignment of medical officers, and the examina-
tion of property returns.
Supervising Inspector-General of Steam-
Vessels.
The Supervising Inspector-General Superin-
tends the administration of the steamboat inspec-
tion laws, presides at the meeting of the Board
of Supervising Inspectors, receives all reports
and examines all accounts of inspectors.
The Board of Supervising Inspectors meets in
Washington annually, on the third Wednesday
in January, to establish regulations for carrying
out the provisions of the steamboat inspection
laws. -
General Superintendent of the Life-Saving
Service.
It is the duty of the General-Superintendent to
supervise the organization and government of the
employés of the Service; to prepare and revise
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
621
regulations therefor as may be necessary; to fix
the number and compensation of surfmen to be
employed at the several stations within the pro-
visions of law; to supervise the expenditure of all
appropriations made for the support and main-
tenance of the Life-Saving Service; to examine
the accounts of disbursements of the district Su-
perintendents, and to certify the same to the ac-
counting officers of the Treasury Department; to
examine the property returns of the keepers of
the Several stations, and see that all public prop-
erty thereto belonging is properly accounted for ;
to acquaint himself, as far as practicable, with all
means employed in foreign countries which may
seem to advantageously affect the interest of the
service, and to cause to be properly investigated
all plans, devices, and inventions for the improve-
ment of life-saving apparatus for use at the sta-
tions, which may appear to be meritorious and
available; to exercise supervision over the selec-
tion of sites for new stations, the establishment
of which may be authorized by law, or for old
ones, the removal of which may be made neces-
sary by the encroachment of the sea or by other
causes; to prepare and submit to the Secretary
of the Treasury estimates for the support of the
service; to collect and compile the statistics of
marine disasters comtemplated by the act of June
20, 1874, and to submit to the Secretary of the
Treasury, for transmission to Congress, an
annual report of the expenditures of the moneys
appropriated for the maintenance of the Life-
Saving Service, and of the operations of said
service during the year.
THE WAR IDEPARTMENT.
The Secretary of War.
The Secretary of War performs such duties as
the President of the United States, who is Com-
mander-in-Chief, may enjoin upon him concern-
ing the military service, and has the superin-
tendence of the purchase of Army supplies, trans-
portation, &c.
The Chief Clerk receives in the Secretary's
Office the public mail and correspondence; dis-
tributes, records, and answers it; keeps the
accounts of appropriations and estimates; is the
medium of communication between the Secretary
and officers of the Department, and has the
general Superintendence of the Department.
Military Bureaus of the War Department.
The chiefs of the military bureaus of the War
Department are officers of the Regular Army of
the United States, and a part of the military
establishment, viz:
The Adjutant-General promulgates the orders
of the President and the General commanding
the Army, and conducts correspondence between
the General and the Army, receives reports,
issues commissions and resignations, superintends
recruiting and the military prison at Leavenworth,
has charge of the papers concerning the enlistment
and drafting of volenteers, receives all muster-
rolls, and furnishes consolidated reports of the
entire Army, and has charge, under the General,
of details affecting the discipline of the Army.
The Inspector General with his assistants
inspect and report upon the personnel and the
material of the Army, at all posts, stations, and
depots, and give instruction relative to the cor-
rect interpretation of the doubtful points of law,
regulations, and orders, and upon other mooted
questions regarding the proper performance of
military duties; and they also inspect the money
accounts of all disbursing officers of the Army.
The Quartermaster-General, aided by assistants,
provides quarters and transportation for the
Army, clothing, camp and garrison equipage,
horses and mules, forage, wagons, stoves, station-
ery, fuel, lights, straw, hospitals, and medicines;
he pays the expense of guides, spies, and inter-
preters, and venterinary surgeons; pays the
funeral expenses of officers and men, and is in
charge of the national cemeteries.
The Commissary-General, has administrative
control of the Subsistence Department—of the
disbursement of its appropriations; the providing
rations and their issue to the Army; the purchase
and distribution of articles authorized to be kept
for sale to officers and enlisted men; and the
adjustment of accounts and returns for subsis-
tence funds and supplies, preliminary to their
settlement by the proper accounting officers of
the Treasury.
The Surgeon-General, under the immediate
direction of the Secretary of War, is charged
with the administrative duties of the Medical
Department; the designation of the stations of
medical officers, and the issuing of all orders and
instructions relating to their professional duties.
622
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
He directs as to the selection, purchase, and dis-
tribution of the medical supplies of the Army.
The Army Medical Museum and the official pub-
lications of the Surgeon-General's Office are also
under his direct control.
The Paymaster-General and his assistants pay
the Army, also Second Auditor's Treasury cer-
tificates, and keep a record of said payments.
The Chief of Engineers commands the Corps of
Engineers, which is charged with all duties
relating to fortifications, whether permanent or
temporary; with torpedoes for coast defence;
with all works for the attack and defence of
places; with all military bridges, and with such
surveys as may be required for these objects, or
the movement of armies in the field. It is also
charged with the harbor and river improvements;
with military and geographical explorations and
surveys; with the survey of the lakes; and with
any other engineer work specially assigned to
the Corps by acts of Congress or orders of the
President.
The Chief of Ordnance commands the Ord-
nance Department, the duties of which consist in
providing, preserving, distributing and account-
ing for every description of artillery, Small arms,
and all the munitions of war which may be re-
quired for the fortresses of the country, the
armies in the field and for the whole body of the
militia of the Union. In these duties are com-
prised that of determining the general principles
of construction and of prescribing in detail the
models and forms of all military Weapons em-
ployed in war. They comprise also the duty of
prescribing the regulations for the proof and in-
spection of all these weapons, for maintaining
uniformity and economy in their fabrication, for
insuring their good quality, and for their preser-
vation and distribution; and for carrying into
effect the general purposes here stated large an-
nual appropriations are made, and in order to
fulfill these purposes, extensive operations are
conducted at the national armories, arsenals and
ordnance depots.
The Judge Advocate General and his assistant
receive, review and have recorded the proceedings
of the court-martial, courts of inquiry, and mili-
tary commissions of the Armies of the United
States, and furnish reports and opinions on such
questions of law and other matters as may be re-
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ferred to the Bureau of Military Justice by the
Secretary of War.
The Chief Signal Officer superintends the in-
struction of officers and men in signal duties,
Supervises the preparation of maps and charts,
and has the reports from the numerous stations
received at Washington consolidated and pub-
lished.
THE NAVY DEPARTMENT.
The Secretary of the Navy.
The Secretary of the Navy performs such duties
as the President of the United States, who is
Commander-in-Chief, may assign him, and has
the general Superintendence of construction, man-
ning, armament, equipment, and employment of
vessels of war.
The Chief Clerk has general charge of the
records and correspondence of the Secretary's
Office.
Naval Bureaus of the Navy Department.
The chiefs of the naval bureaus of the Navy
Department are officers of the United States Navy,
and a part of the naval establishment, viz:
The Chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks
has charge of the navy-yards and naval stations,
their construction and repair; he purchases tim-
ber and other materials.
The Chief of the Bureau of Navigation supplies
vessels of war with maps, charts, chronometers,
barometers, flags, signal-lights, glasses and sta-
tionery; he has charge of the publication of
charts, the Nautical Almanac, and surveys; and
the Naval Observatory and Hydrographic office at
Washington are under the direction of this Bu-
reau.
The Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance has charge
of the manufacture of naval Ordnance and am-
munition; the armament of vessels of war; the
arsenals and magazines; the trials and tests of
ordnance, small-arms and ammunition; also of
the torpedo service, and torpedo Station at New-
port and experimental battery at Annapolis.
The Chief of the Bureau of Provisions and Cloth-
ing has charge of all contracts and purchases for
the supply of provisions, water for cooking and
drinking purposes, clothing and Small stores for
the use of the Navy.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
623
The Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Sur-
gery superintends everything relating to medi-
cines, medical stores, surgical instruments, and
hospital supplies required for the treatment of
the sick and wounded of the Navy and Marine
Corps.
The Chef of the Bureau of Construction and Re-
pair has charge of dry-docks and of all vessels
undergoing repairs; the designing, building and
fitting out of vessels, and the armor of iron-clads.
The Chief of the Bureau of Equipment and Re-
cruiting has charge of the equipment of all Ves-
sels of war, and the supply to their sails, rigging,
anchors and fuel; and also of the recruiting of
sailors of the various grades.
The Engineer in Chief directs the designing,
fitting-out, running and repairing of the steam
marine-engines, boilers and appurtenances used
on vessels of war, and the work-shops in the navy-
yards where they are made and repaired.
The Judge-Advocate-General receives, revises,
and records the proceedings of courts-martial,
courts of inquiry, boards for the examination of
officers for retirement and promotion in the naval
Service; and furnishes reports and opinions on
such questions of law and other matters as may
be referred to him by the Secretary of the Navy.
DEPARTIMIENT OF THE INTERIOR.
The Secretary of the Interior.
The Secretary of the Interior is charged with
the Supervision of public business relating to pat-
ents for inventions; pensions and bounty lands;
the public lands, including mines; the indians;
education; railroads; the public surveys; the
census, when directed by law; the custody and
distribution of public documents; and certain
hospitals and eleemosynary institutions in the
District of Columbia. He also exercises certain
powers and duties in relation to the Territories of
the United States.
The Assistant Secretary of the Interior.
The Assistant Secretary of the Interior per-
forms such duties as are prescribed by the Secre-
tary or required by law, aiding in the general ad-
ministration of the affairs of the Department.
In the absence of the Secretary he acts as the
head of the Department.
The Chief Clerk has the general supervision of
the clerks and employés, of the order of business,
records and correspondence, and contingent ex-
penditures in the Secretary's Office, alsº, he
Superintendence of the Interior Departm.9nt
Building.
Commissioner of Patentg.
The Commissioner of Patents is charged with
the administration of the patent-laws, and Super-
vises all matters relating to the issue of letters-
patent for new and useful discoveries, inventions,
and improvements. He is aided by an Assistant
Commissioner, three Examiners-in-Chief, an Ex-
aminer of Interferences, an Examiner of Trade-
marks, and twenty-five Principal Examiners.
Commissioner of Pensions.
The Commissioner of Pensions supervises the
examination and adjudication of all claims aris-
ing under laws passed by Congress granting boun-
ty-land or pension on account of service in the
Army or Navy during the Revolutionary War and
and all subsequent wars in which the United
States has been engaged. He is aided by two
Deputy Commissioners and a Medical Referee.
Commissioner of the General Land Office.
The Commissioner of Public Lands is charged
With the Survey, management and sale of the pub-
lic domain, and the issuing of titles therefor,
whether derived from confirmations of grants
made by former Governments, by sales, dona-
tions or grants for schools, railroads, military
bounties or public improvements. The Land-
Office audits its own accounts.
Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
The Commissioner of Indian Affairs has charge
of the several tribes of Indians in the States and
Territories. He issues instructions to, and re-
ceives reports from Agents, Special Agents, and
Traders; superintends the purchase, transporta-
tion and distribution of presents and annuities;
and reports, annually, the relation of the Gov-
ernment with each tribe.
Commissioner of Education.
The duties of the Commissioner of Education
are to collect such statistics and facts as shall
show the condition and progress of education in
the several States and Territories, and to diffuse
such information respecting the organization and
624
AN ENCYCY.OPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INForMATION.
management of schools and school systems, and
methods of teaching, as shall aid the people of
the United States in the establishment and main-
tenance of efficient school systems, and otherwise
promote the cause of education throughout the
country.
Commissioner of Railroads,
The Commissioner of Railroads is charged with
prescribing a system of reports to be rendered to
him by the railroad companies whose roads are
in whole or in part west, north or south of the
Missouri River, and to which the United States
have granted any loan of credit or subsidy in
lands or bonds; to examine the books, accounts
and property of said companies; to see that the
laws relating to said companies are enforced; and
to assist the Government Directors of any of
said railroad companies in all matters which
come under their cognizance, whenever they may
officially request such assistance.
The Director of the Geological Survey has
charge of the classification of the public lands,
and examination of the geological structure,
mineral resources and products of the national
domain.
Superintendent of the Census.
The Superintendent of the Census supervisers
the taking of the census of the United States
overy tenth year, and the Subsequent arrange-
ment, compilation, and publication, of the statis-
tics collected.
smºsºmºsº
THE POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT.
The Postmaster-General.
The Postmaster-General has the direction and
management of the Post-Office Department. He
appoints all officers and employees of the De-
partment, except the three Assistant Postmas-
ters-General, who are appointed by the President,
by and with the advice and consent of the Sen-
ate; appoints all postmasters whose compensation
does not exceed one thousand dollars; makes
postal treaties with foreign Governments, by and
with the advice and consent of the President;
awards and executes contracts, and directs the
management of the domestic and foreign male
service.
The First Assistant Postmaster-General.
The First Assistant Postmaster-General has
charge of the Appointment Office, which includes
five Divisions, viz:
Appointment Division.—The duty of preparing
all cases for the establishment, discontinuance,
and change of name or site of Postoffices, and
for the appointment of all postmasters, agents,
postal clerks, mail-messengers, and Department
employes, and attending to all correspondence
consequent thereto.
Bond Division.—The duty of receiving and re-
cording appointments; sending out papers for
postmasters and their assistants to qualify; re-
ceiving, entering, and filing their bonds and
oaths; and issuing the commission for postmas-
ters.
Salery and Allowance Division.—The duty of re-
adjusting the Saleries of postmasters and the
consideration of allowances for rent, fuel, lights,
clerk-hire, and other expenditures.
Free Delivery—The duty of preparing cases for
the inauguration of the system in cities, the ap-
pointment of letter-carriers, and the general Su-
pervision of the system.
Blank-Agency Division.—The duty of sending
out the Blanks, wrapping-paper, and twine, let-
ter-balances, and cancelling stamps to offices en-
titled to receive the same.
The Second Assistant Postmaster-General.
The Second Assisstant Postmaster-General has
charge of the Contract Office, mail equipments,
&c., including the following three Divisions:
Contract Division.—The arrangement of the
mail service of the United States, and placing
the same under contract, embracing all corres-
pondence and proceedings respecting the frequen-
cy of trips, mode of cenveyance, and times of
departures and arrivals on all the routes, the
course of the mails between the different sections
of the country, the points of mail distribu-
tion, and the regulation for the govern-
ment of the domestic mail Service. It pre-
pares the advertisements for mail proposals, re-
ceives the bids, and has charge of the annual
and occasional mail lettings, and the adjustment
and execution of the contracts. All application for
the establishment or alteration of mail arrange-
ments and for mail messengers should be sent to
this office. All claims should be submitted to it
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
6";
for transportation service not under contract.
From this office all postmasters at the end of
routes, receive the statement of mail arrange-
ments prescribed for the respective routes. It
reports weekly to the Auditor all contracts execu-
ted, and all orders affecting the accounts for mail
transportation; prepares the statistical exhibits
of the mail service, and the reports to Congress
of the mail lettings, giving a statement of each
bid; also of the contracts made, the new service
originated, the curtailments ordered, and the ad-
ditional allowance granted within the year.
Inspection Division.—The duty of receiving and
examining the registers of the arrivals and de-
partures of the mails, certificates of the service of
route-agents, and reports of mail failures; noting
the delinquencies of contractors, and -preparing
cases thereon for the action of the Postmaster-
General, furnishing blanks for mail registers,
reports of mail failures, and other duties which
may be necessary to secure a faithful and exact
performance of all mail service.
Mail Equipment Division.—The issuing of mail
locks and keys, mail pouches and Sacks, and the
2Onstruction of mail-bag catchers.
The Third Assistant Postmaster General.
The Third Assistant Postmaster-General has
charge of the Finance Office, &c., embracing the
following four Divisions.
Division of Finance.—The duty of issuing drafts
and warrants in payment of balances reported
by the Auditor to be due to mail contractors or
other persons; the superintendence of the col-
lection of revenue at depository, draft and depo-
siting offices, and the accounts between the De-
partment and the Treasurer and Assistant Treas-
urers and Special designated depositories of the
United States. This Division receives all ac-
counts, monthly or quarterly, of the depository
and draft offices, and certificates of deposit from
depositing offices.
Division of Postage-Stamps and Stamped Envel-
opes.—The issuing of postage-stamps, stamped
Snvelopes, newspaper-wrappers, and postalcards;
also, the supplying of postmasters with envelopes,
for their official use, and registered-package en-
velopes and Seals.
Division of Registered Letters.—The duty of pre-
paring instructions for the guidance of postmas-
ters relatiº, to registered letters, and all corres-
*t
pondence connected therewith ; also, the compile-
tion of statistics as to the transaction of the
business. •
Division of Dead Letters-—The examinatien
and return to the writers of dead letters, and ali
correspondence relating thereto.
The Superintendent of Foreign Mails has charge
of all foreign postal arrangements, and the super-
vision of the ocean mail-steamship Service.
The Superintendent of the Money-Order System
has the general supervision and control of the
postal money-order system throughout the Unit-
ed States, and the supervision of the internation-
al money-order correspondence with foreign
countries.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.
The Attorney-General.
The Attorney-General is the head of the De-
partment of justice, and the chief law officer of
the Government. He represents the United
States in matters involving legel questions; he
gives his advice and opinion on questions of law
when they are required by the President, or by
the heads of the other Executive Departments
on questions of law arising upon the administra-
tion of their respective Departments; he exercises
a general Superintendence and direction over
United States Attorneys and Marshals in all
judicial districts in the States and Territories;
and he provides special counsel for the United
States whenever required by any Department of
the Government.
He is assisted by a Chief Clerk and other clerks
and employees in the executive management of
the business of the department.
The Law Clerk, who is also an Examiner of
Titles, assists the Attorney-General in the inves-
tigation of legal questions and in the preparation
of opinions.
The Solicitor-General.
The Solicitor-General assists the Attorney-
General in the performance of his general du-
ties, and by special provision of law in the case of
a vacancy in the office of Attorney-General
or in his absence, exercises all these duties.
Except what the Attorney-General in particular
cases otherwise directs, the Attorney-General
Ü26
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
and Solicitor-General conduct and argue all
£ases in the Supreme Court, and in the Court of
Claims, in which the United States are interest-
ed; and, when the Attorney-General; so directs,
any such case in any Court of the United States
may be conducted and argued by the Solicitor-
General; and in the same way the Solicitor-Gen-
eral may be sent by the Attorney-General to at-
tend to the interests of the United States in any
State Court or elsewhere.
The Assistant Attorneys-General.
Two Assistant Attorneys-General assist the At-
tory-General and the Solicitor-General in the
performance of their duties. One assists in the
argument of causes in the Supreme Court and in
the preparation of legal opinions; the other is
charged with the conduct of the defence of the
United States in the Court of Claims,
Under the act of 1870 the different law officers
of the Executive Departments exercise their
functions under the Supervision and control of
the Attorney-General. They are: the Assistant-
Attorney-General for the Department of the Inte-
rior; the Assistant Attorney-General for the Post
Office Department; the Solicitor of the Treasury;
and the Solicitor of Internal Revenue, Treasury
Department; the Naval Solicitor, Navy Depart-
ment; and the Easaminer of Claims, State De-
partment.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The Commissioner of Agriculture.
The Commissioner of Agriculture is required to
collect and diffuse useful information on sub-
jects connected with agriculture. He is to acquire
and preserve in his office all information he can
obtain concerning agriculture by means of books
and correspondence, and by practical and Scien-
tific experiments, the collection of statistics, and
other appropriate means; to collect new and val-
uable seeds and plants; to learn by actual culti-
vation such of them as may require such tests; to
propagate such as may be worthy of propagation,
and to distribute them among agriculturists.
|
The Statistician.—He collects reliable informa-
tion as to, the condition, prospects, and results
of the cereal, cotton and other crops, by the in-
strumentality of four correspondents in each
county of every state; this information is gather-
ed at stated periods of each month, carefully
studied, estimated, tabulated, and published.
The Entomologist.—He obtains information
with regard to insects injurious to vegetation;
investigates the character of insects sent him, to
point out their modes of infliction and the means
by which their depredations may be avoided; and
arranges Specimens of their injuries and nest
architecture.
The Botanist.—He receives botanical contribu-
tions, and after making desirable selections for
the National Herbarium, distributes the duplicate
plants among foreign and domestic scientific
Societies, institutions of learning, and botanists,
and answers inquiries of botanico-agricultural
character.
The Chemist.—He makes analyses of natural
fertilizers, vegetable products, and other mate-
rials which pertain to the interests of agriculture.
Applications are constantly made from all por-
tions of the country, for the analysis of soils,
minerals, liquids and manures.
The Microscopist.—He makes the original in-
vestigations, mostly relating to the habits of par-
asitic fungoid plants, which are frequently found
on living plants and animals, producing sickly
growth and in many cases premature death.
The Propagating Garden.—Tuarge numbers of
exotic, utilizable, and economic plants are prop-
agated and distributed. The orange family is
particularly valuable, and the best commercial
varieties are propagated and distributed to the
greatest practicable extent.
The Seed Division.—Seeds are purchased in
this and foreign countries of reliable firms, whose
guarantee of good quality and genuineness cannot
be questioned; they are packed at the Depart-
ment, and distributed to applicants in all parts
of the country.
The Library.—Exchanges are made, by which
the library receives reports of the leading agri-
cultural, pomological, and meteorological socie-
ties of the World.
An ENCYCLoPAEDIA of PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
627
+ PHARLIAMENTARY L.AW-4
VERY body assembled for the purpose of
debiberation finds it necessary, both for its
proper organization and to facilitate its pro-
ceedings, either to adopt special rules for
the regulation of such proceedings,' or to act
upon those which are generally accepted as the
ordinary rules of parliamentary practice. The
special rules which any assembly may form for
its guidance and government supersede, in all
points to which they relate, the common parlia-
mentary law, leaving the latter in full force in all
other respects.
The following is a synopsis of the generally
accepted laws of parliamentary practice in this
country:
Adjournment.
1. A motion to adjourn is always in order.
2. It is not debatable.
3. Cannot be amended, except there is no
other business before the meeting.
4. Some proceeding must intervene before a
second motion to adjourn can be entertained.
5. It stops, when carried, the further consid-
eration at that time, of any question which was
pending when it was made.
6. The main question can be referred to in
discussion, if the motion to adjourn involves its
merits.
7. Reconsideration not allowed.
8. Cannot be entertained while any one has
the floor.
9. Adjournment to a particular time may be
amended or reconsidered.
Amendments.
1. To be entertained, must be germane to the
original motion, though they may be directly op-
posed to its intent.
2. Are debatable.
3. May be amended once.
4. May be reconsidered.
5. Are put before the main question.
Amendment to Amendment.
ſs debatable.
Cannot be further amended.
:
3. May be reconsidered.
4. Must be voted on before the first amend-
ment or original motion.
5. Amendments may be superseded by a mo-
tion to postpone or to commit.
Amendments are generally introduced wher:
the assembly is satisfied with the subject-matter
of the original motion, but dissatisfied with some
of its parts, or with the form in which it is pre-
sented. But amendments are admissible which
entirely alter the nature of the original propo-
sition, from the fact that a motion, when once
stated by the chair, is the property of the house,
and it is the privilege of the assembly to alter it
to any extent it may see fit.
They are sometimes adopted as a means of
defeating the original motion, by extending its
principle, and thus show its absurdity so clearly
that the house will not agree to it.
Sometimes the mover of the original proposi-
tion accepts the proposed amendment, and, if no
one objects, the amendment is embraced in the
original proposition; but if there is objection, a
motion is necessary to obtain the consent of the
assembly; otherwise it must be put separately as
an amendment. The mover, however, has a right
to move an amendment to his own motion.
The manner in which propositions are gener-
ally amended is either by striking out certain
words, adding words, or by both striking out and
inserting.
Amendments may be amended once, but no
more. Thus, if a motion be made that A, B, o, D
represent a certain thing, and an amendment be
made to strike out D, which is further amended
by a motion to strike out C, another amendment
to strike out B would be in order. The question
is taken first on the amendments. If the amend-
ments be carried in the affirmative, the question
is then on the original proposition as amended.
If the decision on the amendment be negative,
the question recurs on the main proposition. If
the decision on the second amendment be affirm-
ative, the first amendment must be put as
amended, and so with the main question.
628
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
In putting a motion for striking out words, the
parliamentary form is, “Shall the words stand as
part of the main question?”
In case of the rejection of an amendment to
insert certain words, a motion to insert the same
Words, or any part thereof, is not in order; but
a motion to insert the same words with others is.
Or, when a motion is carried to insert certain
words, it will not be in order to move to strike
out the same words, or a part of them, but a mo-
tion to strike out the same words with others is
permissible.
When a motion is made to strike out certain
words and to substitute others, any member may
call for a division of the question. When a divis-
ion is ordered, action is first taken on the motion
to strike out, which is put in the usual form, viz:
“Shall the original motion stand 3” And if the de-
cision be in the negative, the question is put on
the insertion, which may also be amended.
When a negative decision is given on a motion
to strike out and insert without the question be-
ing divided, it is not in order to have the same
motion made again. If an affirmative decision
be given on a motion to strike out and insert, it
would not be in order to move to strike out the
words inserted, or insert the words struck out.
Commitment.
1. Motion to commit may be debated.
2. Can be amended.
3. May be reconsidered.
4. Is not superseded by the previous question
or postponement.
5. Has precedence of a motion to amend.
Committees.
Committees are usually of three kinds,-8pecial,
standing, and of the whole. A special committee
is one selected for a particular purpose. A stand-
ing committee is one to which is referred all mat-
ters of a like nature, as the committee of ways
and means; it is a permanent body. A commit-
tee of the whole is composed of all the members
of the house.
The object of the committees is to facilitate
business by dividing it among the members,
which can thus be more readily accomplished
than by the entire body giving their attention to
the details of each particular subject.
Committees are sometimes given full powers
and sometimes their authority is restricted, both
depending on the instructions given by the as-
Sembly. They are appointed by the chair or
the house, and occasionally by ballot. When
nominated by the house, the names are voted on
Singly; and when by bollot, they are chosen
either singly or all together.
The mover and seconder of a motion to consti-
tute a committee are generally by courtesy ap-
pointed to serve on it; and the person first
named usually acts as its chairman, though
every committee has a right to elect its own
chairman, who makes the report to the meeting.
A majority of the members of a committee is
necessary for a quorum.
The committee may meet when and where it
pleases, and adjourn from time to time as it sees
fit, unles otherwise ordered by the assembly. In
committee meeting the same parliamentary forms
obtain as in the regular assembly, except in com-
mittee of the whole.
The chairman of the committee, in making the
report, reads it to the meeting, and delivers it,
and all papers connected therewith, to the clerk
or secretary. When the report has been read
and accepted the committee is discharged, ex-
cept the report he recommitted.
It is customary to put the question on the ac-
ceptance of the report, without the formality of
a motion. The acceptance of a report is not to
be confounded with its adoption, the latter be-
ing a matter afterwards to be considered by the
assembly.
Committee of the Whole.
When it is resolved to go into committee of the
whole, the chairman of the assembly, as a rule,
calls upon some member to act as chairman of
the committee, and the secretary or clerk is ap-
pointed by the committee. The president of the
assembly is supposed to remain in the commit-
tee till it rises or breaks up for want of a quorum,
so as to be able to take the chair when the assem-
bly is again called to order.
The committee of the whole does not adjourn.
—It merely rises; and a motion that the commit-
tee “do now rise” is made when the labors of the
committee are ended. If not completed at one
session, the motion is, “That the committee do
now rise and ask leave to sit again.”
AN ENOYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
629
The previous question is not allowed in com-
mittee of the whole, but members can speak as
often as the chair will recognize them; and no
business can be referred to a subordinate commit-
tee; neither can a member be punished or ex-
pelled for a breach of order, but must be report-
ed to the assembly.
The chairman of the committee makes the re-
port to the meeting, which is received and acted
on in the same manner as the report of any
other committee.
To Commit.
A matter may be referred to a committee with
or without instructions. Instructions, if given,
must be followed; if none be given, the commit-
tee have full powers. This motion can be amend-
ed, and, if first made, is not superseded by the
previous question or postponement. Recommit
is the term applied when the matter has been
once in the hands of a committee.
Chairman’s Decision.
To appeal from.—
1. Is debatable, cannot be amended, but
may be reconsidered.
2. Is always in order, even when another has
the floor.
Debate.
To close.—Is not debritable, but may be amend-
ed or reconsidered.
To limit.—Is not debatable, but may be amend-
ed or reconsidered.
Order of.-The presiding officer cannot parti-
cipate in debate. Should he wish to do so, he
must ask the vice-president or some other mem-
ber to take the chair. From the chair he can
only state general matters of fact within his
knowledge, and decide points of order.
The mover, as a rule, if he rises to speak, is
given the preference ; and if two or more claim
the floor, it is customary to give the preference
to one opposed to the motion. A member, in
resigning the floor to accommodate another, even
for a moment, is not entitled to it again, though
it is customary to concede it to him.
Members, in speaking, are not to refer to others
by name, but to designate them as “the previous
speaker,” “the gentleman Ön my right, or left,”
or in some such way as would indicate the party
referred to.
Decorum in.—Common decency, as well as the
general rules of order, requires that a member
should be accorded a courteous attention while
speaking, and that all hissing and unnecessary
calling for the question, and ironical cries of
“Hear hear,” are decidedly out of order. A
person with any discernment can readily tell
whether the assembly be inclined to listen to him;
and if he find they be not, prudence would sug-
get that he resume his seat as soon as he con-
sistently can, without making too sudden a col-
lapse
Should any member or members persist in dis-
turbing the meeting after being called to order,
he may be called on by name by the-chair to
withdraw, and the assembly decides what action
shall be taken. As a rule, the efforts of the chair
to preserve order are supported by the assembly;
if not, the self-respecting chairman will vacate
his position.
Division of a Question.
When a motion is composed of two or more
parts, which are capable of being considered sep-
arately, it is usual to amend the original motion
by calling for a division of the question, or by
motion, regularly Seconded, that the question be
divided.
A party moving to divide a question should
state how he desires the division made.
Lie on the Table.
1. Is not debatable.
2. Cannot be amended.
3. Supersedes all the other subsidiary mo-
tions.
4. Cannot be roconsidered when the vote is
affirmative.
This motion supercedes all other subsidiary
ones. It is used either to finally dispose of a
matter, or to lay it aside for an indefinite time.
An affirmative decision removes all other motions
from before the house; a negative allows the
business to proceed as before the motion was
made. To renew debate on the subject tabled,
a motion to “take from the table,” properly
made and carried, opens the same question.
To take from the table.—
1. Is not debatable, nor can it be amended.
2. A vote in the negative may be reconsid-
ered.
Motions.
1. Must, as a general rule, be seconded. The
Massachusetts Legislature does not now require a
motion to be seconded.
630
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
****
2. Must be stated by the chair before they are
open for discussion or amendment.
8. Principal and subsidiary motions cannot be
made together.
4. Can only be withdrawn by consent of the
house, after being stated.
5. Original motions may be superseded by
motion “to table,” a question of privilege, a
a question of order, to commit, or to amend.
6. Are not in order unless the maker is recog-
nized by the Chair.
Motions are propositions introduced by mem-
bers. They are either principal or 8wbsidiary.
Subsidiary motions relate to the original or
principal motion, and are used to facilitate the
disposal of the latter. The most common are, L
to lie on the table, for the previous question, to
postpone, to commit, and to amend. (See notice
of them under their respective heads.)
A motion after being properly made and
scconded, is then stated by the chair, and discus-
sion is in order, and no other motion can be re-
ceived except a subsidiary one.
If there be several subsidiary motions in addi-
tion to the principal question before the house at
the same time, the subsidiary motions are first
settled in the order of their precedence,—viz., to
lie on the table; on the question to commit; on
the question to amend; and finally on the main
question.
Principal and subsidiary motions cannot be
made at the same time.
Duties of Officers.
President.—The following are the principal
duties of the president; To call the members to
order at the time appointed; to announce the
business in its regular order; to receive and put
to vote all motions properly presented, and de-
clare the result ; to keep order; to receive and an-
nounce all communications; to sign all necessary
documents; to rule on points of order; to appoint
members of committees (wher. So directed); to
represent the will of the assembly, and look after
its interests.
Vice-President.—If there be one or more vice-
presidents, it is the duty of one of them to preside
in the absence of the president; and if there be
none, a temporary chairman is elected, in the
choice of whom the Secretary carries on the pro-
ceedings.
Secretary.—The secretary's duties are, to make
a record of all things done in the assembly; to
call the roll; to read all papers; to notify all com-
mittees appointed, and of the business referred
to them; to sign such papers as may be necessa-
ry; to take charge and care of all the papers be-
longing to the assembly.
Orders of the Day.
Orders of the day are the questions specially as-
signed for a particular day, and a motion calling
for them has precedence of all others. A negative
decision keeps the question, which was pending
When the call was made, still before the house,
while an affirmative decision removes it.
1. Are put in preference to all subsidiary and
incidental motions.
2. The motion calling for them is not debata-
ble, nor can it be amended, but it may be recon-
sidered.
3. This motion must be entertained, even
though another has the floor.
Order of Business.
All organizations have an established order of
business, and sometimes make special orders in
relation to particular subjects. When a motion
is made to consider a proposition made up of
Several paragraphs, it is read paragraph by para-
graph; and amendments, if any, offered on each
paragraph when read. When all have been thus
gone through, the question is taken on the paper
as a whole, whether amended or not.
On a paper being reported back from a commit-
tee to which it had been referred, the amend-
ments only are read in their order until all are
adopted or rejected, before any other amendment
is in order, except an amendment to an amend-
ment. When the committee's amendments have
been acted on, and amendments, if any, proposed
by the house passed on, the final question is on
the adoption of the paper as a whole.
Introduction of Business.--When a member
wishes to make or second a motion, or make any
statement to the meeting, he must address the
chair, and by him be recognized by name ; he is
then said to have the floor, and may proceed. If
two or more members rise to address the chair at
the same time, the chair recognizes him whose
voice he first heard ; and if his decision be ques-
tioned, the sense of the house is taken.
A petition, from outside parties, is usually pre-
sented by some member, who states the substance
of it and moves that it be received. Usually, if
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
631
there be no objection, it is received without the
formality of a motion. After being read by the
clerk or secretary, it is then the property of the
meeting, to be disposed of as they see fit.
Questions of Order.
Questions of order are those which relate to
some breach of the rules. When a point of order
is raised, it is decided by the chair without dis-
cussion, which decision may be appealed from
and passed on by the house. The chair in Stat-
ing the question on the appeal, says, “Shall the
decision of the chair stand?” And in the debate,
if any, which follows, the chair can participate.
If a member has the floor, he cannot be inter-
rupted except by a call to order, and, after the
point of order is decided, he may be allowed to
continue. A member, when rising to interrupt
another, must state whether it is on a point of
order, a question of privilege, or for the Orders of
the day; and it is usual for the chair to recognize
such persons and ask them to “state the point,”
etc. In the meantime the person interrupted
takes his seat, and remains there till the question
is settled, when he can resume.
It is considered in bad taste to be too punc-
tilious in making points of order, and some mem-
bers, in many organizations, often do so, more
from a desire to display their knowledge of par-
liamentiary law than to facilitate business; and
the frequent “rising to a point of order” by the
same member generally causes him to be viewed
as a parliamentary “crank.”
In most organizations, and even in our legisla-
tive assemblies, strict adherence to parliamentary
forms is not followed in all its minor points; the
Gssential aim and object of such forms being to
arrive at conclusions and to register the will of
the majority in as common Sense and equitable
a limanner as possible. And in this connection
we would advise those who are ambitious to shine
as parliamentarians, and Who fancy they are des-
timed
“The applause of listening Senates to command,”
to keep their knowledge of the subtleties of the
laws of debate from effervescing, and permit the
business to proceed if no material right is being
infringed.
Reading of Papers.
1. When bearing on a question before the
house, any member has a right to call for a read-
ing.
2. When relating to original matter must be
voted on.
3. Is not debatable and cannot be amended,
but may be reconsidered.
Previous Question.
1. Can be debated or amended.
2. Takes precedence of all subsidiary motions,
when made first, except to lie on the table.
The moving of the previous question, in this
country, is generally for the suppression of dis-
cussion of the main question. It cannot be moved
in committee of the whole. After being moved
and seconded, the chairman asks, “Shall the
main question be now put 2’’ And if decided
affirmatively, the main question is put imme-
diately and without debate. If the decision be
negative, it operates differently in different assem-
blies. In our national Congress it disposes of the
main question for the day, while in the legis-
latures of Massachusetts and New York it leaves
the original question still open for discussion.
Postponement.
1. Is debatable.
2. May be amended or reconsidered.
3. Cannot be superseded by motions for the
previous question, to commit or to amend.
4. Whether postponement be for a definite or
indefinite time, the three preceding rules apply.
Definite postponement.—A motion to postpone
to a certain day, if decided affirmatively, removes
the main question from before the house; but if
the decision be negative, the suppression of the
original motion may then be brought about by
the previous question.
Indefinite postponement.—An affirmative deci-
Sion on this motion entirely suppresses the origi-
mal proposition, so that it cannot be renewed;
a negative decision leaves the question before the
house.
Privileged Questions.
1. Cannot be debated or amended, but may be
reconsidered.
2. Take precedence over all others.
Privileged questions are those of greater im-
portance to the assembly than the one under
discussion. They have precedence of all other
questions, and consist of motions to adjourn, ques-
tions relative to the rights of members, and those
calling for the orders of the day.
632
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Precedence of Questions.
1. To adjourn.
2. To lie on the table.
8. For the previous question.
4. To postpone to a certain time.
5. To commit.
6. To amend.
7. To postpone indefinitely.
Incidental questions embrace questions of order,
motions for leave to withdraw a motion or to sus-
pend a rule, or to ask for the reading of papers,
or an amendment of an amendment. They have
precedence of the questions from which they arise.
Taking the Question.—After all, who seem de-
sirous, have spoken on a question the chair asks
the assembly if they are ready for the question, and
if no one responds, or “Question?” is cried by
one or more members, the chair says, “All who
are in favor of the motion answer aye.” He then
says, “As many as are opposed say no.” And,
according as the ayes or noes predominate, he
says, The ayes have it, or The noes have it, or It
is not a vote. If he has a doubt as to which side
has a majority, or if having decided, a member
doubts the result as announced, the chair may
call on the members to rise and stand till they
are counted on both sides; or he may divide the
house, ranging affirmatives on one side and nega-
tives on the other. Should a vote result in a tie,
the chair has the casting vote, and while solving
a doubt no other business is in order.
Yeas and Nays.-On taking what is called the
geas and mays, it is stated by the chair thus:
“As many as are in favor of, etc., will, when their
names are called, answer aye, and those opposed
will answer no.” The clerk or secretary calls the
roll and marks the answers, and reports to the
chair, who announces the result to the meet-
ing.
Until the negative of a question is put, it is in
order for a member to Speak, or make any subsi-
diary motion; but when taking the yeas and nays,
both being taken at the same time, neither de-
bate nor a motion is in order.
Reconsideration.
A vote already passed may be reconsidered, ex-
cept a motion to adjourn; and if the motion to
reconsider be carried, the original motion is before
the house.
1. Can be debated together with the original
motion, but cannot be amended or reconsidered.
2. If carried in the affirmative, it opens the
main question for discussion.
Recommit.
Can be debated, amended or reconsidered.
Suspension of Rules.
1. Is not debatable, nor can it be amended or
reconsidered.
A suspension of a rule may be called for by a
motion regularly made and seconded, and has
precedence of the original motion. It is usually
made for the purpose of allowing some business
to proceed which some rule of the assembly pro-
hibits.
Quorum.
In all organized bodies, it is necessary that a
certain number of members, called a quorum,
should be present before any business can be
transacted. This is considered essential to the
end that the matter decided may fairly represent
the will of the organization. The number necesary
for a quorum may be fixed as the assembly Wills;
and if, at any time during the meeting, the mem-
bers present fall below the required number, the
meeting must be adjourned by the chair.
Speaking.
Matter in Speaking.—A member who has the
floor is supposed to confine himself to the subject
under discussion, and is not allowed to introduce
irrelevent or extraneous matter, and it is the duty
of the chair to call him to order, and request him
to speak to the question. He is to use no person-
alities, nor any language reflecting on previous
determinations of the assembly, except the pend-
ing motion be for annulling such prior legisla-
tion. The consequences of a measure may be
shown in detail and denounced, but the motives
of its advocates cannot be impugned.
Times of Speaking.—As a general rule, a mem-
ber is not allowed to speak more than once on a
question till all others who are desirious of Speak-
ing have done so; but if incidental or subsidiary
motions be introduced in connection with it, they
are privileged to Speak again. The mover and
seconder may, if they so desire, Speak to the
question when the motion is made and seconded,
out are thus shut off from being again recog-
| nized till all others have spoken. A member may,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
633
however, rise to give an explanation, or to clear
a matter of fact, or set himself right, if his state-
ments are being misrepresented.
Motion to Substitute.
Can be debated, amended, or reconsidered.
Withdrawal of a Motion.
1. Is not debatable, but may be amended or
reconsidered.
2. Must have a unanimous vote before it can
be withdrawn.
To Organize a Meeting.
The time having arrived when the meeting had
been announced to take place, some one (usually
agreed upon by the conveners of the meeting)
addresses the others from the platform, request-
ing them to come to order, and suggesting the
necesity of an organization, and stating the ob-
ject of the meeting. He requests nominations
for a chairman, and puts the name first heard to
the meeting, which, if indorsed by a majority, the
party so elected takes the chair. The chairman
proceeds in the same way to the election of a sec-
retary, or such other officers as may be requisite.
If the organization thus effected be not suffi-
cient for the purpose intended, it is usual to con-
sider it only as temporary, and to submit the
matter of a permanent organization to a com-
mittee, upon whose report, modified or otherwise,
it proceeds to organize.
In representative assemblies it is necessary,
before business is transacted, to ascertain who
are duly authorized as members; and for this
purpose a committee on credentials is appointed,
who examines the rights of rival claimants, and
prepares a list of duly elected members. The
investigations of this committee properly take
place after the temporary and before the perma-
ment organization, and no member should be ap-
pointed on it whose election is disputed.
In all deliberative assemblies decisions are
made, as a rule, in accordance with the vote of
the majority; but special rules my be made by
which a less number than a majority, or a great-
er, is needed to express the will of the body.
UNITED STATES POSTAL REGULA-
TIONS.
Postal Ratºs.
For mail matter within the United States and
Canada. Patterns and samples to Canada, ten
cents, prepaid, for eight ounces or fractional
part thereof.
First-Class Matter,
Letters, matter which is wholly or partly in
writing, printed matter or other matter contain-
ing a written inscription in the nature of personal
correspondence, drawings, plans, designs,
samples with prices or width noted thereon in
writing, and matter which is sealed against in-
spection, are alone by their nature and the intent
of the law first-class matter, and subject to the
postage rate of two cents for each half ounce or
fraction thereof.
On local or drop letters two cents for each half
ounce or fraction thereof.
Postal cards having anything attached, or
having writing or printing on the face, other than
the address, are subject to letter rates of pos-
tage.
Second-Class Matter.
Embraces all newspapers and other periodical
publications which are issued at stated intervals,
and as frequently as four times a year, and are
within the following conditions: First. It must
be regularly issued at stated intervals, as fre-
quently as four times a year, and bear a date of
issue. Second. It must be formed of printed
paper sheets, without board, cloth, leather, or
other substantial binding, such as distinguish
printed books for preservation from periodical
publications. Fourth. It must be originated and
published for the dissemination of information of
a public character, or devoted to literature, the
sciences, arts, or some special industry, and
having a legitimate list of Subscribers: Provided,
however, that nothing herein contained shall be
so construed as to admit to the Second-class rate
regular publications designed primarily for ad-
vertising purposes, or for free circulation, or for
circulation at nominal rates.
Second-class mail matter can have no advertis-
ing sheets, notices, memoranda, or circulars
inclosed therein.
Third-Class Matter.
Books (printed), transient newspapers and
periodicals, circulars and other matter wholly in
print, proof-sheets and corrected proof-sheets and
manuscript copy accompanying the same, are
rated as third-class matter. So, also, are valen-
tines made wholly of paper, engravings, helio-
types, hektograph prints, lithographs, photo.
634
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
graphic and stereoscopic views and similar
articles of print, if sent in such small quantity or
in such a way as not to appear to have value as
merchandise. A single photograph, or several
unfinished proofs, inclosed in an envelope bear-
ing the card of a photographer, will be rated as
third-class matter. Rate, one cent for every two
ounces or fractional part thereof.
For the protection of third-class matter, wooden
or pasteboard rollers or sheets may be used.
Fourth-Class Matter.
If sent in quantity, Valentimes, chromo-litho-
graphs, engravings, heliotypes, hektograph prints,
lithographs, photographic and stereoscopic views,
envelopes with printing, blank bills, letter heads,
blank cards, business or visiting cards, tags,
labels, and blanks of any kind will be rated as
fourth-class matter.
Cardboard and all other flexible materials,
flexible patterns, plain envelopes, maps (moun-
ted), merchandise, models, ornamented paper,
sample cards, Samples of Ores, metals, minerals,
seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, Scions, original
paintings in oil or water colors, and any other
matter not included in the first, Second, or third
classes, and which is not in its form or nature
liable to destroy, deface or otherwise damage the
contents of the mail-bag, or harm the person of
any one engaged in the postal Service, are rated
as fourth-class matter and subject to the rate of
one cent for each ounce or fractional part thereof.
Fourth-class matter may have to each separate
article a label or tag attached, on which there
can be printing, either by press or hand-stamp,
to any reasonable extent, denoting price, width,
quality, etc.; or on each there can be Written ONE
mark, name, number, or letter, for indentifica-
tion, and only one. If the matter be a sample-
sheet of cloths or prints, and has on it a number
of samples, each Sample may be numbered by
pen or pencil as above, or the whole sheet may
be designated by one mark, name, number, or
letter for the purpose of indentification; where
the sheet itself is numbered by pen or pencil,
marks in writing by pen or pencil on each sepa-
rate sample must be omitted.
First, third, and fourth-class matter may be
registered at an expense of ten cents each pack-
age, in addition to the proper postage.
Foreign Rates.
To all following countries and places, which
are in the Universal Postal Union, the postage
On LETTERS is FIVE (5) CENTs for each HALF OUNCE
or fraction thereof, Two CENTs for each posta!
card, and ONE CENT for each Two ouncBS NEWSPA-
PERS: Argentine Republic, Austria and Hungary.
Bahamas, Barbadoes, Belgium, Bermudas, Bra-
Zil, Bulgaria, Ceylon, China via Hong-Kong,
Chili, Cuba, Denmark and Danish colonies,
Ecuador, Egypt, Falkland Islands, France, and
French colonies, Germany, Great Britain, Greece
Greenland, Guatemala, Hayti, Holland or Neth-
erland Colonies, Honduras, Hong-Kong, India
(British), Irland, Italy, Jamaica, Japon, Liberia,
Luxembourg, Malacca, Mauritius, Mexico, Monte-
negro, Newfoundland, Norway, Paraguay, Penang,
Persia, Portugal and Portuguese Colonies, Rou-
mania, Russia, Salvador, Servia, Singapore,
Spain and Spanish Colonies, Straits Settlements,
St. Vincent (W. I.) Sweden, Switzerland, Trini-
dad, Turkey, United States of Colombia, Uruguay,
Venezuela.
PostAGE To Count RIES AND PLACES NOT IN
PostAL UNION, PREPAYMENT COMPULSORY.—- To the
following foreign places the postage on letters
and newspapers is as follows:
Letters not exceeding # ounce to Cape of Good
Hope, 15 cents, newspapers, 3 cents. Letters not
exceeding ounce to China via Brindisi, 13 cents;
newspapers, 4 cents. Letters not exceeding ;
ounce to Australia, except New South Wales,
Queensland, and Victoria via San Francisco, 5
cents; newspapers, 2 cents. Letters not exceed-
ing # ounce to New South Wales, Queensland,
Victoria, and New Zeland via San Francisco, 12
cents; newspapers, 2 cents. Letters not exceed-
ing # ounce to Canada and British North Amer-
ican provinces, except Newfoundland, 3 cents;
newspapers, 1 cent.
Unmailable Matter.
Liquids, poisons, explosive and inflammable
irticles, fatty Substances; oils, ointments, ink-
coloring matter, powdered red pepper, living or
dead animals (not stuffed), insects (excepting
queen bees when safely Secured), fruits or vege-
table matter liable to decomposition, razors, and
substances exhaling a bad odor.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
635
*m------ *—
EXCEPTIONS.—Hard soap and pocket knives may
now be sent through the mails if wrapped secure-
ly in heavy paper.
Candy, confectionery, glass, and other articles
liable to injure the contents of the mail-bags,
may be sent through the mails when they con-
form to the following conditions:
1. They must be placed in a bag, box, or re-
movable envelope made of paper, cloth, or parch-
ment.
2. Such bag, box, or envelope, must again be
placed in a box or tube made of metal or Some
hard wood, with sliding, clasp, or Screw lid.
In case of sharp-pointed instruments the point
must be capped or encased, so that they may not
by any means be liable to cut through their in-
closure, and where they have blades, such blades
must be bound with wire, so that they shall re-
main firmly attached to each other.
+LAWIS RELATINE TII ELEETILINS++
IN THE UNITED STATES,
Military Force at Elections.
Ží, CCORDING to the laws of the United States,
no military or naval officer is empowered to
bring armed troops to the places of election;
nor is any display of armed force allowed
to be made that can be construed into either an
indirect or direct intimidation of voters. The
Spirit as well as letter of the law is that voters
should go to the polls free and untrammeled, and
no influence or display by either army or navy,
calculated to prevent citizens from registering
their political preferences, is or can be tolerated.
Troops may be brought to keep peace at the polls
if reasonable apprehension be felt of tumult and
disorder, or to repel armed enemies of the United
States, and then only at the call of the governor
of the State or President of the United States.
Supervisors of Plections.
For the purpose of avoiding the wrongful re-
fusal of a lawful vote at an election, and to the
end that a citizen may not be unlawfully hindered
from voting, it is ordered that any two citizens
in any city or town of more than 20,000 inhabit-
ants, or any ten citizens of any Congressional
district, may, on application to the judge of the
United States Circuit Court in their circuit, and
previous to any election, make known their desire
to have such election guarded and scrutinized.
The judge is required to open the Circuit Court
at any place deemed by him convenient, within
ten days at least previous to such election or regis-
tration. At Such court are commissioned two
citizens of different political parties, residents of
the precinct or election district, able to read and
write the English language, and who are desig-
mated as Supervisors of elections.
Duties of Supervisors of Elections.
They are required to attend at all places and
times fixed for the registration of legal voters,
and to challenge certain persons offering to regis-
ter; to make lists of those persons who claim
they have a right to register and vote, and verify
the same; to inspect personally such register,
and to sign their names to each page of the
original list and every copy thereof; and to act
generally in such manner as would deteet and
expose any illegal additions or removals from
Such list.
The Duty to Challenge Votes.
The supervisors are authorized to challenge any
vote offered by a person whose legal qualifi-
cations either of them may doubt. They are to
remain at the ballot-boxes till every vote is de-
posited and counted, and till the returns as re-
quired by law are made, and to exercise a general
supervision as to the manner of voting, and as to
how the check-lists are kept. Supervisors are
further required, on days of election or registra-
tion, to take such a position as would best enable
them to see each person who offers himself to
vote or register; and, on the whole, to so com-
port themselves that no tampering with either
ballot-box or check-list may take place.

636 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Time of Residence Required in State, County and Precinct Before Voting.
WARD OR
STATE. County. TOWN. PRECINCT.
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 3 months | . . . . . . . . 30 days
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 10 days | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 6 months . . . . . . . . 30 days
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 90 days | . . . . . . . . 30 days
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year | . . . . . . 6 months . . . . . . . .
Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 days. | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 1 month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 6 months | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 6 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 months 30 days | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 90 days | . . . . . . . . 30 days
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 months | . . . . . . 60 days 30 days
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 months 60 days | . . . . . . . . 10 days
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 days
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 years 1 year | . . . . . . . . 60 days
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 days
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 6 months 6 months l . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year | . . . . . . 6 months l . . . . . . . .
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 days
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 days
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 months 1 month l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 60 days 60 days | . . . . . . . .
Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . * e º 'º gº tº go tº º 6 months 40 days | . . . . . . . . 10 days
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 months 30 days | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 months l . . . . . . . .
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 5 months | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 months 8 months | . . . . . . . . 30 days
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 4 months l . . . . . . . . 30 days
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 80 days | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 30 days | . . . . . . . . 20 days
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 months 90 days | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 months
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year | . . . . . . 6 months | . . . . . . . .
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 60 days | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 9 months l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 6 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . , e s e e º e s e º e o 'º e e º e & 1 year | . . . . . . 8 months | . . . . . . . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 6 months 6 months . . . . . . . .
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year 30 days | . . . . . . . . 30 days
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 year | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 days | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AN ENGIGIAOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
637
Naturalization. • - tº
An alien may be admitted a citizen of the
United States in the following manner:—
He shall declare on oath, before a court prop-
erly constituted, two years at least prior to his
admission, that it is his intention to become a
citizen of the United States, and to renounce for-
ever allegiance to any foreign prince or potentate.
He shall declare on oath that he will support
the constitution of the United States.
He must have resided within the United States
at Feast five years, and within the State or Teri-
tory where such court is held one year at least.
He shall also renounce his title, if he held any,
in the country from which he came.
Any alien, twenty-one years of age and upwards,
who has enlisted, or may enlist, in the armies of
the United States, either regular or volunteers,
and has been, or may be, honorably discharged
shall be admitted a citizen of the United States
upon his petition, without any previous declara-
tion of his intention to become such ; and he shall
not be required to prove more than one years's
residence within the United States previous to
his application to become such citizen.
Any alien, being under twonty-one years, who
has resided in the United states three years next
preceeding his arriving at that age, may, after he
arrives at twenty-one, years, and after he has re-
sided five years within the United States, includ-
ing three years of his minority, be admitted a
citizen of the United States, without having
made declaration above cited.
When any alien who has complied with the
first condition (viz, declared his intention) dies
before he is actually naturalized, the widow and
children of such alien shall be considered as citi-
zens of the United States, and shall be entitled
to all rights and privileges upon taking the oath
prescribed.
No alien shall be admitted to become a citizen
who has not, for the continued term of five years
next preceeding his admision, resided within the
United States.
No alien who is a native citizen or subject or
denizen of any country, state, etc., with which
the United States are at war at the time of his
application, shall be then admitted to become a
citizen of the United States.
The children of persons who have been duly
naturalized under any law of the United States,
or who may have become citizens of any one of
the States under the laws hereof, being under
twenty-one years at the time of naturalization of
the parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States,
be considered as citizens thereof; and the chil-
dren of persons who now are or have been citizens
of the United States shall, though born out of the
limits and jurisdiction of the United States, bé
considered as citizens thereof.
Every Seaman, being a foreigner, who declares
his intention of becoming a citizen of the United
States in any competent court, and shall have
served three years on board of a merchant ves-
Sel of the United States subsequent to the date
of such declaration, may, on his application and
the production of his certificate of discharge, to-
gether with certificates of his declaration of inten-
tion to become a citizen, be admitted a citizen of
the United States; and said seaman shall, for all
purposes of protection as an American citizen,
be so deemed after the filing of his declaration of
intention to become such.
638 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
* SIENTIFIE infilKMATIIIN.'s ºiá
ASTRONOMY.
& 㺠STRONOMY is that science which treats
sº of the celestial bodies, their magni-
tude, motions, distances, periods of
revolution, eclipses, order, and the
causes of their various phenomena.
The Sun,
The Sun's average distance from the earth
is about 91% million miles. Since the orbit of
the earth is elliptical, and the sun is situated
at one of its foci, the earth is nearly three
million miles further from the Sun in aphelion
than in perihelion. As we attempt to locate
the heavenly bodies in space, we are immedi-
ately startled by the enormous figures employed.
The first number, 91,500,000 miles, is far be-
yond our grasp. Let us try to comprehend it.
If there were air to convey a sound from the
sun to the earth, and a noise could be made
loud enough to pass that distance, it would re-
quire over fourteen years for it to come to us.
Suppose a railroad could be built to the sun.
An express-train, traveling day and night, at
the rate of thirty miles an hour, would require
341 years to reach its destination. Ten gen-
erations would be born and would die; the
young men would become gray-haired, and
their great-grandchildren would forget the story
of the beginning of that wonderful journey,
and could find it only in history, as we now
eleventh generation would see the solar depot
at the end of the route. Yet this enormous
distance of 91,500,000 miles is used as the unit
for expressing celestial distances—as the foot-
rule for measuring space; and astronomers
speak of so many times the Sun's distance as
we speak of so many feet or inches.
The Light of the Sun.
This is equal to 5,563 wax-candles held at a
distance of one foot from the eye. It would
require 800,000 full-moons to produce a day as
brilliant as one of cloudless sunshine.
The Heat of the Sun.
The amount of heat we receive annually is
sufficient to melt a layer of ice thirty-eight
yards in thickness, extending over the whole
earth. Yet the Sunbeam is only 1-300,000 part
as intense as it is at the surface of the sun.
Moreover, the heat and light stream off into
space equally in every direction. Of this vast
flood only one twenty-three hundred millionth
part reaches the earth. It is said that if the
heat of the Sun were produced by the burning
of coal, it would require a layer ten feet in
thickness, extending over the whole sun, to
feed the flame a single hour. Were the sun a
solid body of coal, it would burn up at this
rate in forty-six centuries. Sir John Herschel
says that if a solid cylinder of ice forty-five
miles in diameter and 200,000 miles long were
plunged, end first, into the Sun, it would melt
in a second of time.
read of Queen Elizabeth or of Shakspeare; the






AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
639
Apparent Size.
It appears to be about a half degree in
diameter, so that 360 disks like the Sun, laid
side by side, would make a half circle of the
celestial sphere. It seems a little larger to us
in winter than in summer, as we are 3,000,000
miles nearer it. If we represent the luminous
surface of the Sun when at its average (mean)
distance by 1000, the same surface will be
represented to us when in aphelion (July) by
940, and when in perihelion (January) by 1072.
Dimensions.
Its diameter is about 850,000 miles.* Let
us try to understand this amount by compari-
SOI).
A mountain upon the surface of the Sun, to
bear the same proportion to the globe itself as
the Dhawalaghiri of the Himalayas does to the
earth, would have to be about six hundred
miles high.
Again : Suppose the sun were hollow, and the
earth placed at the centre, not only would there
be room for the moon to revolve in its regular
orbit within the shell, but that would stretch
off in every direction 200,000 miles beyond.
Its volume is 1,245,000 times that of the earth,
i. e., it would take 1,245,000 earths to make a
globe the size of the sun. Its mass is 674 times that
of all the rest of the solar system. Its weight
may be expressed in tons thus,
1,910,278,070,000,000,000,000,000,000,
a number which is meaningless to our imagin-
ation, but yet represents a force of attraction
which holds our own earth and all the planets
steadily in their places; while it fills the mind
with an indescribable awe as We think of that
Being who made the Sun, and holds it in the
very palm of his hand.
Planets.
From a Greek word Signifying to wander.
A planet is a celestial body which revolves
about the sun in an orbit of a moderate degree
of eccentricity; distinguished from a comet by
the absence of a coma, and having a less ec-
centric orbit.
* Pythagoras, whose theory of the universe was in so many
respects very like the one we receive, believed the sun to
be 44,000 miles from the earth, and 75 miles in diameter.
The term planet was first used as one of
distinction between the stars which preserve
their places or seem to do so, and those which
have a sensible motion.
INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR.
Those whose orbits are within that of the
earth, as Mercury and Venus.
Those whose orbits are beyond that of the
earth, as Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Nep-
tune.
Mercury.
Its distance from the sum is 35,395,000 miles,
Its year is less than one-fourth the length of
ours, being but a trifle over 87 days.
This planet is small in its dimensions, being
but a little more than one-third that of the
earth.
Its speed is very great, hence in ancient
mythology, Mercury is represented with wings
to his feet. Its period of rotation is 24 hours
5% minutes.
Earth.
On earth is a planet shining brightly in the
heavens and appearing to other worlds as a
star does to us, yet small and insignificant
beside the mighty globes of the far-off sky.
Its polar diameter is about 7,899 miles, and
its equatorial about 7,925%, that is about 26%
miles. Its circumference 25,000 miles; its
density about five and a half times that of
water; its weight, 6,069,000,000,000,000,000,000.
Distance from the sun, 91,500,000 miles.
Its period of rotation on its axis is 24 hours.
It completes its revolution in its orbit in 365
days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 49 seconds. This
is called a solar year to distinguish it from
the sidereal year, which is 365 days, 6 hours, 9
minutes and 10 seconds.
Moon.
The moon is our nearest neighbor in space,
and exerts a greater influenee on us than any
other of the heavenly bodies, with the exception
of the sun.
640
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Diameter, 2,158 miles, or about 49 times
less than the earth. Its distance from the
earth is nearly 240,000 miles.
It revolves in its orbit around the earth and
completes its circuit in 27 days, 7 hours, 43
minutes 11} Seconds. This is called its sidereal
revolution. Its synodical revolution is 29 days,
12 hours, 44 minutes, 3 seconds.
By means of a good telescope a very distinct
view may be obtained of the moon. With a
power of 1000 we are, as it were, brought
within 239 miles of its surface, and on very
favorable occasions a power even higher than
this has been applied. With the highest power,
however, yet employed, no trace of any in-
habitants has been discovered, though any
large town must have been seen, did such
exist on the visible side.
Even to the naked eye the moon presents
the appearance of a rugged and uneven sur-
face, and telescopic observation confirms this
opinion. We find that in many parts of its
surface very high mountains exist, and the
elevations of many of these have been measured
by observing the shadows cast by them when
the sun shines obliquely. At the time of full
moon these shadows, that have hitherto been
so conspicuous, disappear, as the sun then
shines vertically upon them. Very accurate
maps have now been drawn of the moon's sur-
face on a large Scale, and the principal moun-
tains have received names, usually those of
celebrated astronomers. One peak, named
Newton, is found to have an elevation of nearly
24,000 feet, and Several others are very lofty.
Venus.
The next planet in order of distance from
the Sun is Venus. This planet has been known
from remote antiquity, and was, in all proba-
bility, the first discovered, as it is, at those
periods when most favorably situated, the
brightest of them all. So brightly, indeed, does
it shine at times that it is visible during the
day, and casts a shadow at night. Its appa-
rent size and brilliancy vary, however, very
greatly, as will be easily understood if we re-
member that when in infernor conjunction it is
within about 25,000,000 miles of the earth,
sºm-º:
while when it is in superior conjunction this
distance is increased by the diameter of Venus'
orbit, and becomes nearly 160,000,000 miles.
Its distance from the sun is 66,130,000 miles.
Its actual diameter is 7,510 miles. Its period
of rotation on its axis being 23 hours and 21}
minutes.
The transit of Wenus is of very great impor-
tance in measuring the sun's distance.
After this year (1882) none will occur till
June 1st, 2004.
Mars.
In mythology Mars is the god of war. It j =
one of the principal planets in our system,
being the fourth in the order of distance from
the Sun.
The mean distance of Mars from the Sun is
140,000,000 miles.
It performs its sidereal revolution in 1 year,
10 months, 21 days, making its daily revolution
on its axis in 24 hours, 39 minutes, 21 seconds.
Diameter about 3,976 miles.
On the surface of Mars permanent spots can
be perceived, by means of which it has been
proved that the planet revolves on an axis in-
clined at an angle of 59° 27' to the plane of the
ecliptic, or 61° 18' to the plane of his orbit.
The Greeks called this planet Hercules.
Even at the present day Mars is the object in
the heavens which exhibits the most intense
fiery tinge of red. It is generally supposed to
possess an atmosphere similar to Venus.
Jupiter.
Size—The equatorial diameter of this orb is
85,390 miles, or more than ten times as great
as that of the Earth; hence, it at once exhib-
its a distinct disc, even in a telescope of low
power. When in opposition, it shines with a
brilliancy nearly equal to that of Venus, and
has been known to cast a sensible shadow. It
is at all times distinctly visible to the naked
eye, except when overpowered by the brillianey
of the solar ray8, and hence it has been known
from the earliest ages.
Its mean distance from the sun is 475,693,000
miles, and it completes its journey round this
orbit in 4,382.68 days, or a few weeks less than
twelve of our years. Its speed in its orbit is
considerably less than half that of the Rarths
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
641
we always find, however, that the further the
planets are removed from the sun, the less is
the speed at which they move.
The plane of Jupiter's orbit is inclined very
slightly to that of the ecliptic, and hence there
is a difficulty in ascertaining the exact points
in which they intersect, and in determining the
length of its years in the usual way. This is,
however, easily overcome by ascertaining its
synodic period, which is nearly 399 days, and
calculating from this its sidereal period.
When examining this planet with a telescope,
the first thing that strikes us is the fact that
it is accompanied by four satellites or moons.
Three of these were discovered on January 8th,
1610, by Galileo, when he first directed his
telescope towards the planet, and the fourth a
few evenings later. A very low power—such as
that afforded by an ordinary opera-glass—suf-
fices to show them all distinctly. It is even said
that at times they have been seen by the un-
aided eye.
These satellites revolve around Jupiter in or-
bits which are almost circular, and very slightly
inclined to the plane of the planet's equator.
Owing to this latter fact, the three nearer ones
are eclipsed every revolution, and the outer one
in nearly every revolution, so that the phe-
nomena of eclipses must be far from rare to the
inhabitants of this planet, there being about
4,500 lunar eclipses, and about the same num-
ber of solar ones in one Jovian year.
The eclipses and transits of these bodies are
very interesting phenomena, and may be easily
observed with an ordinary telescope. A full list
of them is given in the Nautical Almanac for
each year, and scarcely a day passes without
some being observed; they are frequently used
in determining the longitude of any station of
observation. When one of the satellites passes
between the Earth and the planet, it is seen in
transit as a bright Spot on its face; its shadow
is also seen as a dark spot at a little distance
from it, presenting the appearance of two sat-
ellites in transit. It was by observing these
eclipses that the speed of light was first ascer-
tained. It was found that the time of the oc-
currence of these eclipses differed from that pre-
dicted, being sometimes as much as eight
minutes sooner, and at times as much later.
This led º inquiry, and Von Römer at length
noticed that when Jupiter was in the part of
its orbit most remote from the Earth, the
eclipses occurred later than the predicted time,
while when it was in perigee they were earlier,
and hence he started the conjecture that the
discrepancy might be accounted for by supposing
that light took sixteen minutes to travel across
the Earth's orbit. Subsequent investigation has
proved that this theory was the true One.
The annexed table gives us the more im-
portant facts about these satellites:—
Mean Dis- Sidereal Diameter,
Name. tance, miles. Period. miles.
Io. . . . . . . . 267,380 1d. 18h. 27m. 5,252
Europa. . . 425,160 8 13 14 2,099
Ganymede 678,390 7 3 43 3,436
Callisto. . . 1,192,820 16 16 32 2,929
From this it will be seen that the appearance
of the Jovian sky must be very remarkable,
especially as all the moons perform their jour-
ney round the planet in a very short time, and
hence their changes are very rapid.
Distinct marking or spots are at times visi-
ble on parallel belts, which mark its surface
and remain constant sufficiently long to enable
us to ascertain the time the planet occupies in
rotating on its axis, which is found to be 9
hours 55% minutes. Its density is about that
of water, or near 54 times less than the den-
sity of the Earth.
The difference between its polar and equa-
torial diameter is about 5,000 miles.
Saturn.
Passing onward nearly 400,000,000 miles be-
yond the orbit of Jupiter we reach Saturn.
The mean distance of this body from the sun
is 872,135,000 miles.
In this immense orbit Saturn revolves, accom-
plishing his journey round it in 10,729.2 days,
or nearly 29% years.
In size it comes next to Jupiter, having an
equatorial diameter of 71,904 miles.
The most remarkable peculiarity of this
planet is that he is surrounded by at least three
rings, well marked; the innermost of which is
commonly known as the dusky ring, and is
partially transparent. The outer bright ring
has an exterior diameter of nearly 170,000
miles, and is upwards of 10,000 miles broad.
The internal, between this and the inner bright
642
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
ring, is but slight, but the latter has a breadth
of 17,000 miles, and that of the dark ring is
estimated at about half that amount.
When seen through a telescope the appear-
ance of this planet is very beautiful.
If we now turn our attention from the ring
to the planet itself, we find that its surface is
marked with belts, so as somewhat to resemble
Jupiter's. The markings are, however, more
faint, and dark spots are very rarely seen on
them ; hence it becomes more difficult to ascer-
tain the true period of rotation. It may,
however, be set down at a few seconds short
of 10% hours.
In addition to the compound ring, Saturn is
accompanied in its journey round the Sun by
eight satellites.
seventh—are so small as only to be seen in the
most powerful telescopes; and several of the
others require a good instrument to show them
well. Owing to their distance from us, our in-
formation respecting them is but limited. The
annexed table shows in a concise form the
most important facts. The diameters, how-
ever, with the exception of Titan's, are doubtful:
Name. Mean Distance. Sidereal Period. Diameter.
miles. dys. hrs. min. miles.
1. Mimas 120,800 0 22 37 1,000
2. Enceladus 155,000 1 21 53 2
1. Tethys 191,000 1 21 18 500
4. Dione 246,000 2 17 41 500
5. Rhea 343,000 4 12 25 1,200
6. Titan 796,000 15 22 41 3,000
7. Hyperion 1,007,000 21 7 8 2
8. Japetus 2,314,000 79 7 55 1,800
With so large a number of moons, and most
of them revolving so rapidly, the sky must pre-
sent a most remarkable appearance to observers
on the face of Saturn. The varying phenomena
of the ring add in no small degree to this.
When the sun is shining on the rings they
will appear like a huge luminous arc Spanning
the sky, and the shadow of the planet will be
seen moving along them. At other periods the
sun will be on the further side of the rings,
which will then be illuminated by the reflection
from the planet's surface. In latitudes a little
removed from the equator there will also at
times be frequent eclipses, caused by the ring
intervening between the planet and the Sun.
Two of these—the first and |
The earth and inferior planets will be quite
invisible, , as the greatest elongation of the
former cannot much exceed 6°. Mars, like-
Wise, will seldom be seen, as it cannot be more
than 10° removed from the sun.
Uranus.
Of the two planets beyond the orbit of Sat-
urn comparatively little is known, owing to
their great distance from the earth. The nearer
of these, Uranus, is only faintly visible to the
naked eye. It was discovered on March 13,
1781, by Sir William Herschel, though it was
Some few months before its planetary nature
was recognised. While engaged in scanning
some small stars, he was struck with the ap-
pearance of one in particular, and, on applying
higher powers, he found that it seemed to in-
crease in size and present a faint disc. It also
exhibited a proper motion. Herschel accord-
ingly considered it a comet, and announced its
discovery as such, but it was soon found to be
impossible to assign to the Wanderer a para-
bolic orbit that would account for its move-
ments, and it was then ascertained to be a
planet moving in an elliptical orbit, at a mean
distance from the sun of 1,753,851,000 miles.
Some difficulty was experienced in deciding
on a name for the stranger. The name of the
discoverer was suggested. He, himself, how-
ever, proposed to call it Georgium Sidus, out
of compliment to George III. ; but as the
names of the other planets were derived from
the heathen mythology, it was decided to select
a name for this from the same Source, and
Uranus was at length fixed upon. The other
names will, however, occasionally be met with.
The diameter of Uranus is a trifle more than
33,000 miles. Its period of rotation is not yet
ascertained, as no spots or belts have been de-
tected on its surface which might afford a
means of determining it. It takes a little more
than 84 of our years to complete its journey
round the sun, its period being 30,686.82 days.
One remarkable feature in connection with this
member of our system is the great inclina-
tion of its equator to the plane of its orbit, the
poles being very nearly in the plane. As a result
of this, the sun is at different periods vertical
to nearly all parts of the planet's surface.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
643
Several satellites revolve around Uranus.
The number, however, does not appear to be
definitely ascertained. Sir William Herschel
stated that he discovered six; and two, within
these, have been found by Lassell and Struve,
so that the number is by many astronomers
set down as eight, and their periods of rotation
vary from 2% to 1073 days. Lassell, however,
expresses his firm belief that the total number
yet discovered is only four, and only these
have as yet been named. They all revolve in
a direction contrary to that of all other mem-
bers of the system. We append a list, as has
been done in the case of previous planets.
Those given here are numbered 1, 2, 4, and
6 in the fuller list:
Mean Dis- Sidereal
Name. tance, miles. Period. Diameter.
Ariel. . . . . . . . 123,000 2d. 12h. 28mi. 2
Umbriel. . . . . 171,000 4 3 27 2
Titania. . . . . . 281,000 8 16 55 2
Oberon...... 376,000 13 11 6 2
Neptune.
The history of the discovery of this planet
is perhaps one of the most remarkable pages
in the whole history of astronomy. Uranus,
as we have seen, was discovered by accident,
and it was some time before it was admitted
to be a planet. With Neptune the case was
vastly different. Nearly half a century ago
M. Bouvard attempted to calculate accurately
the movements of Uranus, but found unex-
pected irregularities which could not then be
accounted for.
If the planet alone were revolving round the
sun, its place could be easily assigned, but
each of the other planets exert an influence on
it, and these influences are continually vary-
ing. All these were, however, allowed for, and
yet there was some disturbing cause which
drew it out of its assigned place.
The opinion at length gained ground that
some exterior planet must exist, and cause
these deviations. Accordingly, in the begin-
ning of 1843 Mr. Adams began to investigate
the matter with a view to ascertaining the
place the exterior planet (should there be one)
ought to occupy, and its elements; after nearly
two years of diligent inquiry, he announced to
the Astronomer Royal the results of his
enquiries. Nothing further was done at the
time; but soon after a French astronomer,
LeWerrier, independently applied himself to
the same question, and obtained results closely
resembling those arrived at by Mr. Adams.
Upon this a search in the locality indicated
was resolved upon, but some little time was
occupied in commencing it, as the star maps
of that part of the ecliptic were but imperfect.
LeVerrier then published a slightly revised
computation, and on the 18th of September,
1846, M. Galle, of Berlin, directed his tele-
Scope to the spot thus indicated by Adams and
LeWerrier. A small star not laid down on the
charts was at once seen, and, on careful watch-
ng, proved to be the suspected planet, which
had thus, by purely theoretical computations,
had its place marked out among the stars.
The problem thus solved almost simultaneously
by two astronomers in two different countries
is perhaps one of the greatest ever grappled
with by the human mind, and reflects the
greatest honor on both astronomers, though
unfortunately the effort is often made by the
countrymen of each to rob the other of his
share in the discovery.
Of the planet itself little can be said. It
revolves around the Sun at the mean distance
of 2,746,271,000 miles, which is considerably
less than that which would be assigned to it
by Bode's law. In this orbit it completes its
journey in 60,126.7 days, or nearly 1643 years.
The eccentricity of its orbit is but small. Its
diameter is found to be about 36,620 miles,
and no polar compression has as yet been
noticed. Owing, however, to its immense dis-
tance, it would not easily be perceived if it.
did exist. Its time of rotation on its axis, and
the inclination of its equator to its orbit, are
unknown, as is also the appearance of its sur-
face. Nothing, indeed, except the large tele-
Scope of Lord Rosse can throw much light on
these points, and even that may be unable to
determine all of them. One satellite has been
discovered by Lassell, revolving round N eptune
in a period of 5 days, 21 hours, 8 minutes, at
a distance from the primary of 220,000 miles.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Are the Planets Inhabited.
This question is one which very naturally
arises, when we think of the planets as worlds
in so many respects similar to our own. We
can give no Satisfactory answer. Many think
that the only object God can possibly have in
making any world is to form an abode for
man. Our own earth was evidently fitted up,
although perhaps not created, for this express
purpose. Everywhere about us we find proofs
of special forethought and adaption. Coal and
oil in the earth for fuel and light, forests for
timber, metals in the mountains for machinery,
rivers for navigation, and level plains for corn.
Our own bodies, the air, light, and heat are
all fitted to each other with exquisite nicety.
When we turn to the planets, we do not know
but God has other races of intelligent beings
who inhabit them, or even entirely different
ends to attain. Of this, however, we are
assured, that, if inhabited, the conditions on
which life is supported vary much from those
familiar to us. We will notice these more
especially as we speak of the different planets.
We will see (1) how they differ in light and
heat, from seven times our usual temperature
to less than 1–1000; (2) in the intensity of the
force of gravity, from 2% times that of the
earth to less than 1–20; (3) in the constitution
of the planet itself, from a density # heavier
than that of the earth to one only, that of
Cork. The temperature Sweeps downward through
a scale of over 2000 in passing from Mercury
to Uranus. No human being could reside on
the former, while we cannot conceive of any
polar inhabitant who could endure the intense
cold of the latter. At the Sun, one of our
pounds would weigh 29 pounds; on our moon
the pound weight would become only about 2
ounces; while on Westa, one of the planetoids,
a man could easily Spring sixty feet in the air
and sustain no shock. Yet while we speak of
these peculiarities, we do not know what modi-
fication of the atmosphere or physical features
may exist even on Mercury to temper the heat,
or on Uranus to reduce the cold. With, how-
ever, all these diversities, we must admit the
power of an all-wise Creator to create beings
adapted to the life and the land, however
different from our own. The Power that pre-
—a
a
pared a world for us, could as easily and per-
fectly prepare one for other races. May it not
be that the same love of diversity, which will
not make two leaves after the same pattern
nor two pebbles of the same size, delights in
Worlds peopled by races as diverse? While,
then, we cannot affirm that the planets are
inhabited, analogy would lead us to think that
they are, and that the most distant star that
shines in the arch of heaven is filled with liv-
ing beings under the care and government of
Him who enlivens the densest forest with the
hum of insects, and populates even a drop of
water with its teeming millions of animalculae.
COMIETS.
Their Orbits—Remarkable Ones-Physical Con=
stitution–List of Known Comets.
The planets and their satellites were for a
long time considered to be the only members of
our system. This view, however, is now known
to be erroneous, as many comets have had their
orbits calculated, and been found to revolve
around the sun in regular periods. These bodies
have always, from the earliest ages, attracted
a large share of attention from their great ap-
parent size and brilliancy, as well as from the
suddenness with which they burst upon us, and
the rapidity with which they throw out those
long tails which usually distinguish them.
In most ages and among most people they
have been objects of superstitious dread, their
appearance being usually considered as porten-
tious of war, famine, the death of monarchs, or
other great evils. On account of this feeling,
the periods of their appearance have usually
been carefully recorded, and in calculating their
orbits, considerable assistance is at times de-
rived from these ancient records.
The appearance in the year 1066 of a bril-
liant comet with three tails, was considered by
many a sign of the invasion of William of Nor-
mandy and his conquest. In Some of the ancient
chronicles it is referred to as affording a proof
of his divine right to the throne.
Not only were comets considered harbingers
of evil, but fears were often entertained that
they might, in their course, come into collision
with the earth, thereby causing frightful results,
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
This feeling still exists to a modified extent,
considerable alarm having been felt by many
on the appearance of the comet of 1858, which,
in one part of its journey, passed across the
orbit of the earth. The utter groundlessness of
these fears will be seen when we learn some-
thing of the physical constitution of these bodies.
As we have seen, the planets revolve around
the Sun in orbits of small eccentricity, which
approach closely to circles. Comets, on the
other hand, move in extremely elongated elip-
ses, parabolas, or hyperbolas, the sun being
situated almost at one extremity of their orbits,
So that often, at their perihelion passage,
they approach within less than a million of
miles of it, and then swiftly dash away for a
considerable period from his light and heat. It
is clearly only those that move in elliptical
orbits that can be periodical, as the parabola
does not return again upon itself.
About 300 comets have now had their orbits
calculated, and of these more than one-half
are known to be parabolas, so that no second
return of these can occur, unless by the attrac-
tions of other heavenly bodies their orbits
should be materially altered. Only five or six
have been found to move in hyperbolic orbits.
The number of known periodic elliptic comets
whose periods and orbits have been ascertained
is about twenty; elliptic orbits have, however,
been assigned to many others, but no second
returns of them have yet been seen, so as to
verify the calculations.
On the appearance in 1682, just after atten-
tion had been drawn to the phenomena of
comets by the appearance, in 1680, of a bril-
liant one, whose motion Sir Isaac Newton had
investigated, Halley carefully examined its
movements, so as to ascertain whether those
of any which had previously been noted would
in any way accord with them. He soon found
that in several respects it seemed to resemble
those of 1531 and 1607, and imagined that all
three might be in reality appearances of the
same body, its period being somewhere about
75% years. This conjecture proved to be cor-
rect, and Halley's comet is now regarded as
one of the members of our system, revolving
round the sun in a period of 76.78 years, its
greatest and least distances from the sun being
3,200 and 56,000,000 of miles respectively. The
return of this and all other comets is frequently
retarded or accelerated by the attraction of
planets which happen to lie near their course.
The period given above is, however, the mean,
and on its last return in 1835 the allowances
to be made for the influences of the planets
were so carefully calculated, that the date of
its perhelion passage was predicted within four
days. The next return of this body will take
place in the year 1912.
On Searching back through the lists of comets
that have been seen, very many appearances
of this body can be traced; one as far back as
11 B. C., and the comet of 1066, already re-
ferred to, was, doubtless, another appearance
of the same body.
In 1456 it appeared with a very long tail
considerably curved, and an eclipse of the
moon occurred when the comet was in close
proximity to it, creating intense alarm.
Meteors and Shooting Stars.
All are familiar with those luminous bodies
that flash through our atmosphere as if the
stars were indeed falling from heaven. Differ-
ent names have been applied to them, although
the distinction is not very definite. (1) AEro-
lites are those Stony masses which fall to the
earth. (2) Shooting Stars are those evanescent
brilliant points that suddenly dart through the
higher regions of the air, leaving a fiery train
behind. (3) Meteors are luminous bodies which
have a sensible diameter and a spherical form.
They frequently pass over a great extent of
country, and are seen for some seconds of
time. Many leave behind a train of glowing
sparks; others explode with reports like the
discharge of artillery—the pieces either con-
tinuing their course, or falling to the earth as
aerolites. Some meteors, doubtless, after hav-
ing favored us with a transient illumination,
pass on into Space; some are vaporized; while
others are burned and the ashes and fragments
fall to the ground.
AErolites.
The fall of arolites is frequently mentioned
and Well authenticated. Chinese records tell
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
of one as long ago as in 616 B. C., which, in
its fall, broke several chariots and killed ten
men. A block of stone, equal to a full wagon-
load, fell in the Hellespont, B. C. 465. By the
ancients, these stones were held in great re-
pute. The Emperor Jehangire, it is related,
had a sword forged from a mass of metoric
iron which fell in the Punjab in 1620. In
1795, a mass was seen by a ploughman, to
descend toward the earth at a spot not far
from where he was standing. It threw up the
soil on every side, and penetrated some dis-
tance into the solid rock beneath. In 1807, a
shower of stones, one weighing 200 pounds, fell
at Weston, Connecticut. These arolites are
sometimes seen to plunge downward into the
earth, and are found while yet glowing. A
mass thus fell in South America, which was
estimated to weigh fifteen tons. When first
discovered, it was so hot as to prevent all
approach. Upon its cooling, many efforts were
made, by some travellers who were present, to
detach specimens, but its hardness was too
great for any tools which they possessed.
There is a mass of meteoric iron in Yale Col-
lege cabinet, weighing 1,635 pounds.
AErolites consist of elements which are familiar.
The analysis of these stellar masses gives us
names as commonplace as if they had known
a far less romantic origin–oxygen, Sulphur,
phosphorus, iron, tin, copper—in all, nineteen
elements have been found. This fact is inter-
esting as revealing something of the chemistry
of the region of space, concerning which we
otherwise know nothing. The compounds, how-
ever, are very peculiar, so as to distinguish an
aerolite from any terrestrial substance. For
example, meteoric iron, a prominent constituent
of aerolites, is an alloy that has never been
found in terrestrial minerals.
Meteors.
The records of meteors are still more won-
derful. It is related that at Crema, Italy, one
day in the 15th century, the sky at noonday
became dark,--a cloud of appalling blackness
overspreading the heavens. Upon this cloud
appeared the semblance of a great peacock of
fire flying over the town. This suddenly changed
to a huge pyramid, that rapidly traversed the
sky. Thence arose awful lightnings and thun-
derings, amid which there fell upon the plain
great rocks, some of which weighed 100 lbs.
In 1803 a brilliant fireball (meteor) was seen
traversing Normandy with great velocity, and
some moments after, frightful explosions, like
the noise of cannon or roll of musketry, Were
heard coming from a single black cloud hang-
ing in a clear sky; they were prolonged for
five or six minutes. These discharges were
followed by a great shower of stones, Some
weighing over twenty-four pounds. In 1814 a
meteor was witnessed in Massachusetts and
Maryland, the diameter of which was estimated
at half a mile. Its height was thought to be
about 25 miles. In July, 1860, a brilliant fire-
ball passed over the State of New York from
west to east, and finally was seen to fall into
the sea off Sandy Hook.
Shooting Stars.
One of the earliest accounts of star-showers
is that which relates how, in 472, the sky at
Constantinople appeared to be alive with flying
stars and meteors. In some Eastern annals
we are told that in October, 1202, “the stars
appeared like waves upon the sky. They flew
about like grasshoppers, and were dispersed
from left to right.” It is recorded that in the
time of King William II. there occurred in
England a wonderful shower of stars, which
“seemed to fall like rain from heaven. An
eye-witness seeing where an aerolite fell, cast
water upon it, which was raised in steam with
a great noise of boiling.”
Origin.
AErolites, meteors, and falling stars all seem,
to have a common origin. They are produced
by small bodies—planets in miniature—which
are revolving, like our earth, about the sun.
Their orbit intersects the orbit of the earth,
and if at any time they reach the point of
crossing exactly with the earth, there is a
collision. Their mass is so Small, that the
earth is not jarred any more than is a railway
train by a pebble thrown against it.
These small bodies may come near the earth
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 647
and be drawn to its surface by the power of
attraction, or they may simply sweep through
the higher regions of the atmosphere, and
there escape its grasp; or, finally, they may,
under certain conditions, be compelled to re-
volve many times around the earth as satellites.
Indeed, a French astronomer estimates that
there is one now circling about the earth at a
distance of 5,000 miles. This companion of
our moon has a period of three hours and
twenty minutes. The average velocity of these
meteoric bodies or bolides, as they are frequently
called, is thirty-six miles per second—much
greater than that of Mercury itself.
GEOLOGY.
This term is derived from a Greek word, sig-
nifying a discourse on earth. In other words,
it is that science which treats of the structure
and mineral constitution of the globe, the causes
of its physical features, and its history as shown
in the different strata which compose its crust,
their order of succession, geological time, and
the most important strata corresponding to
each, with their relative positions, as they pre-
sent themselves to observers at the present
time. It is a science in which results only can
be given—not the processes by which they have
been obtained. In the first place the geological
history of the earth plainly intimates a begin-
ning. It traces back to their origin not only
the animals and plants which at present live,
but also their predecessors through successive
dynasties, emerging in long procession from the
depths of a primitive antiquity.
The Crust of the Earth.
What we have most to do with, however, is
the outward portion of the globe, which is com-
posed of rocks, beds of clay, Sand, and other
substance—in other words, the crust of the
earth, which, according to the highest authority
in these matters, cannot be less than 2,500
miles thick.
Internal Fires.
There is one fact bearing on this question
which has excited attention. That is, the ob-
served increase in temperature in descending
into deep mines, and in the water of deep ar-
tesian wells—an increase which may be stated
in round numbers at one degree of heat of the
centigrade thermometer for every 100 feet of
depth from the surface; yet we have no cer-
tainty that this rate continues for any great
distance towards the centre of the earth. If,
however, we regard it as indicating the law of
actual increase of temperature, it would result
that the whole crust of the earth is a mere
shell, covering a molten mass of rocky matter.
How the Rocks are Usually Formed.
When we come to examine the crust of the
globe, we find that its several parts have been
produced in succession; that it consists of a
regular series of rocks, formed one after another
during successive periods of time, each of great
but unknown duration. Some are found in
layers, or strata, one above another, and are
said to be stratified; other rocks are in huge
or irregularly-shaped masses, and are said to
be unstratified. They are of two kinds—the
aqueous or sedimentary, and the igneous. The
stratified rocks were disposed in layers as a
a sediment from water—hence the term aqueous.
the unstratified or igneous being formed by the
action of fire. As an example of unstratified
rock we may mention granite, which is well
known for its beauty and durability.
Geologic Ages.
Deepest and oldest of all the rocks we are
acquainted with in the crust of the earth are
certain beds of rock backed by the joint action,
of heat and heated moisture called Azoic as
containing no traces of life. They are gener-
ally termed the Laurentian series so named'
from the Laurentine Hills, north of the river
St. Lawrence. They are very different in their
external aspect from the silt and mud, the
Sand and gravel, and the shell and coral rocks
of the modern Sea, or of the more recent geolo-
gical formations.
In North America these Laurentian rocks
attain to an enormous thickness of 80,000 feet.
Geologists have looked in vain for evidence,
of life in the Lauerentian period, without success,
until Prof. Dawson, of Toronto, Canada, in 1865,
648
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
found a trace of life, or as he terms it, the
Eozoon Canadense, dawn annual, as showing
the dawn of life, but outside of this discovery
We know nothing.
Primordial or Cambrian Age.
The rocks of the Primordial are principally
Sandy and argillaceous (from a word signifying
white clay) forming flags and slates, without
thick limestones and often through great thick-
nesses, very destitute of organic remains, but
presenting some fossils.
Over great breadths of the ocean bottom we
find vast numbers of bivalve shells of the form
and size of a finger nail, imbedded in the sand
or mud, collecting their food by a pair of
fringed arms from the minute animals and
plants which swarm in the surrounding waters.
They are termed Lingular, and are especially
interesting as examples of a type of beings
continued almost from the dawn of life until
now. While other tribes of animals have run
through a great number of forms, these little
creatures remain the same. In many parts of
the bottoms of the Primordial Ocean crusta-
cea, relatives of our shrimps and lobsters,
existed.
No Land Animal or Vegetation.
During the Primordial age there were no land
animals to prowl along the low tidal flats in
search of food. There were no herbs or trees
to drink in the rains and flourish in the Sun-
shine. If there were, no bone or foot-print on
the shore or defted leaf or branch has yet re-
vealed their existence to the eyes of geologists.
The Silurian Age.
During this period the great American pla-
teau underwent many revolutions, being more
deeply submerged at one time and elevated at
others, coral and shell fish abounding in the
clear water. New forms of life are introduced
to our notice—a great variety of corals, cys-
tideans, and the highest types of the mollusca—
and just as this period is passing away we
find a new thing in the earth, represented by
several species of shark-like fishes. These
&
earliest vertebrates are especially interesting,
as the first known examples of a plan of struc-
ture which culminates in man himself. These
animals possessed strong bony spines and
trenchant teeth much like our modern sharks.
Space prevents us from following further a
picture of the great Silurian era, the monu-
ments of which were first discovered by two of
England's greatest geologists—Merchison and
Sedgwick. -
Devonian Age.
This was a period of powerful igneous activity.
Wolcanoes poured out their molten rocks over
sea and land. Violent waves desolated the
coasts, and poisonous exhalations proved fatal
to immense shoals of fish.
Out of the rich and varied life of the De-
vonian, I may select for illustration its corals,
its crustacea, its fishes, its plants and insects.
In the Devonian, the corals were not only vastly
numerous but present some of the grandest and
also the most peculiar forms, as for instance,
the chain coral, with a profusion of others, which
it would be tedious to mention. Hundreds of fine
specimens may be seem in the museums of
this country.
Fishes.
Two distinct types of fishes, the Ganoids, or
Gar-fishes, protected with bony plates or scales,
and the Placoids, or Shark-like fishes, which
seem to prevail throughout a large portion of
geological time to the exclusion of other types,
(in fact, this age is put down as the age of
fishes par eaccellence,—have heads more than
three feet long and eighteen inches broad, with
strong teeth and two huge Sabre-shaped tusks
nearly a foot long, as may be seen from the
Hamilton group of Ohio. No other fish presents
so frightful an apparatus for destruction. The
body could not be less than thirty feet.
Plants,
In this period every open glade is filled with
ferns of marvelous grace and beauty crowned
with spreading and gracefulleaves, and great trees
that looked like pines, the wonders of the De-
vonian land. The immense forests of this period
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
649
have no inhabitant except a few large insects,
relatives of our modern May flies, flitting with
broad veined wings over the stagnant waters,
and one species of the grasshopper tribe, and
enlivening the otherwise silent graves with a
cricket like chirp, the oldest music of living
things.
The Carboniferous Age.
That age of the world's history which forms its
richness in accumulations of vegetable matter
destined to be converted into coal has been
named the carboniferous age.
The provision shown by the Supreme ruler
of the universe in laying up for the use of
future generations a supply of fuel, formed
from the ruins of a by-gone period, must fill
the breast of every thinking man with grati-
tude to the great just cause.
In the present condition of our civilization,
coal is the most important product which the
bowels of the earth afford to man.
Mineral coal is vegetable matter which has
been buried in the strata of the earth's crust
and then subjected to certain chemical and
mechanical changes. Coal is a body that has
merely parted with a portion of gases com-
prising it, that is to say, its hydrogen and
oxygen. The more bituminous flaming coals
have a larger amount of residual hydrogen.
In cannel coals the process of carbonation has
proceeded further, and little remains but char-
coal in a dense and compact form. In cannel
coals, and in certain bituminous shales, on the
contrary, the process seems to have taken
place entirely under water, by which putrefac-
tion has been modified so that a larger pro-
portion than usual of hydrogen has been re-
tained.
With regard to its mode of occurrence, coal
is found in beds varying in verticle thickness
from less than an inch to more than thirty
feet, and of wide horizontal extent. In examin-
ing a bed of coal, where it is exposed in a cut-
ting or shore cliff, we always find that the bed
below it, or the under clay, as it is termed by
miners, is a sort of fossil filled with roots and
rootlets. On this rests the coal of different
qualities as to lustre and purity, and with
intervening laminae, called by miners mother
coal, and sometimes, mineral charcoal. Thin
partings of dark shade also occur, and these
usually present marks and impressions of the
stems and leaves of plants; above the coal is
its roof of hardened clay or sandstone, and
this generally holds great quantities of remains
of plants, and sometimes large stumps of trees
with their bark converted into coal, and the
hollow once occupied with wood filled with
sandstone, while their roots spread over the
surface of the coal. Such fossil forests of
erect stumps are also found at various levels
in the coal measures, resting directly on or
under clays without any coals. A bed of coal
would thus appear to be a fossil, bog, or
SWamp.
We may close this notice of the carboniferous
forest with a suggestive extract from a paper
by Professor Huxley, in the Contemporary Ite-
view :
“Nature is never in a hurry, and seems to
have always before her eyes the adage, “keep
a thing long enough, and you will find a use
for it.” She has kept her beds of coals for
millions of years without being able to find
much use for them; she has sent them down
beneath the sea, and the sea beasts could
make nothing of them ; she has raised them
up into dry land and laid the black veins bare,
and still for ages and ages there was no living
being on the face of the earth that could see
any sort of value in them ; and it was only the
other day, so to speak, that she turned a new
creature out of her workshop who, by degrees,
acquired sufficient wits to make a fire, and
then to discover that the black rock would
burn.”
Animals.
In the Carboniferous, as in the Devonian age,
insects existed, and in greater numbers. For
the first time in the Carboniferous period,
snails emerge from the waters and walk upon
the ground and breathe air. They were like the
modern land snails. They come suddenly upon
us—two species at once, the elongated and the
rounded.
During this period we find animals of various
sizes, ranging from a foot to at least ten feet
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in length, the body generally lizard-like in form,
with short limbs and a flattened tail, useful in
swimming. Their heads were flat, stout and
massive, with large teeth,<-in fact they resem-
bled very considerably the modern alligators.
All previous animals that we know had re-
spired in the water by means of gills or similar
apparatus. Now we not only have the little
land snails, but animals which must have
drawn in the vital air in capacious chambered
lungs, vertebrate animals which could open
their mostrils, and literally breathe the breath
of life.
Fishese
There are multidues of sharks possessing
mouths paved with flat teeth for crushing
shells, slow and greedy monsters. They were
furnished with sharp and trenchant teeth.
The carboniferious period of the world's
history is by far the most wonderful and re-
markable in the older world of life, and pre-
eminently the age of Wonders.
. The Permian Age.
The immense swamps and low forest-clad
plains of the carboniferous age have again
sunk beneath the waves. Vegetable and ani-
mal life has sunk beneath the Waters.
served its purpose, and like a stubble of last
year, must be turned under by the plow that
it may make way for a new verdure.
The Permian is a chilly and desolute period
of the world's history. It contained no coal.
The great swamps of the coal period have dis-
appeared. During the Permian period there
was in each of our continental areas, extensive
inland seas. In Western America was a north-
ward extension of the gulf of Mexico.
The Permian world was in many respects
more like that in which we live than Was any
previous one.
Animals.
Here occurs not only the representatives of
the great Batrachians of the coal period, but
It had
of true reptiles, acknowledged to be such by all
naturalists.
There were animals of a lizard-like organiza-
tion, having socketed teeth, like those of the
crocodiles, with well developed limbs, long tails
and well adapted for swimming. They were
creatures of a more stately gait than their car-
boniferous predecessors, and they serve to con-
nect them with the new and great reptiles of
the next period.
The Florae
It seems closely related to that of the coal
period. The tree ferns, now so plentiful in the
southern hemisphere, should be regarded as
one of the permanent vegetable institutions of
the world. There were pine trees, remarkable
for their slender and delicate foliage. Others
with more dense and scaly leaves, and thick,
short cones.
The Middle Age of the World’s History-Meso-
zoic or Triassic.
During this period the earth exhibited a rich
land flora and a wonderful exuberance of new
animal life on the land, but the earth must
have sunk as it had never sunk before, and
tenanted by such creatures as live in the great
oceans and our modern Seas. The depression
must have been of very long continuance, as it
sufficed for the production of nearly 1,000 feet
in the thickness of chalk, a rock which is com-
posed almost entirely of microscopic fossils.
IFlora.
The mesozoic shores were clothed with an
abundant flora. Trees resembling palms, pines,
and, for the first time in the history of the
earth, species of our familiar oaks, firs and wal-
nut, tulip trees and Sweet gums.
Birds,
They must have been giants, which would
dwarf even our ostriches, trailing long tails be-
hind them.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
651
Animals.
We find animals of gigantic size, twenty feet
or more in height, with enormous legs shaped
like those of an ostrich, the upper part of its
body Small and slender, head of small size and
mild aspect, furnished with teeth for munch-
ing the leaves and fruits of trees. But another
and more dreadful form rises before us. It is
the Megalosaurus, equally gigantic in size and
the habits of a biped, armed with strong curved
claws, sharp edged and pointed teeth. Some of
these creatures, in their short deep paws and
heads, resembling the great carnivorous mam-
mals of modern times. Crocodiles and lizard-
like creatures are numerous; bats of an enor-
mous size fly to and fro; bird-like lizards, with
vast skinny wings, its body perhaps covered
with scales, wings and feet armed with strong
claws, and with long jaws furnished with sharp
teeth.
This is the age of the Ichthyosaurus and
Plesiosaurus, described in every text-book on
geology as animals of great size and power; in
fact, the largest animals the earth has yet
produced.
The Neozoic Ages, or Tertiary.
In this period we have vast life changes, and
new features begin to appear, in the decided
prevalence of the modern type of coral ani-
mals, our modern tribe of lobsters and crabs
and the ordinary fishes.
Plants.
This period exhibits about five hundred
species of plants found, and include such
familiar forms as maples, palm trees, cypress,
elm, etc.
Animals.
Among the deposits found in the Paris Basin
are the remains of fishes, reptiles, birds and
mammals—among the latter are the bones of
gigantic whales. At the beginning of this period
we meet with the higher group of mammals,
not pouched, which now prevail; animals, like
our modern tapirs, a creature related to the
bears and raccoons; heavy, short-legged and
three-hoofed monsters, with large heads and
long snouts. In this age, for the first time,
examples of the monkey are found.
Carnivorous, animals, terrible in aspect, Sev-
eral species of elephants, now extinct, the
mastodon, giraffes, stags and antelopes.
Glacial Period.
A weighty topic for consideration is one of
the most vexed questions among geologists, the
glacial period, which immediately preceded the
Advent of Man. In treating of this topic, it
will be safest first to sketch the actual appear-
ances, which present themselves. These neces-
sitate the conclusion that in the period of
extreme refrigeration the greater part of
the land was under water, and such hills as
remained were little greenlands, covered with
ice, and sending down glaciers to the sea from
a great continental mantle of ice. At length,
when the process was complete, Our present
continents stood forth, ready for the occupancy
of man. In this glacial period we have a pic-
ture of a world apparently frozen out, destroyed
by cold, ice, and water. Let us endeavor to
realize this revolution. Suppose our Northern
Hemisphere, thickly peopled with the magnifi-
cent animals that had come down to us from
the grand old Miocene time; gradually the
warm and equable temperature gives place to
cold winters and chilly, wet summers. The
more tender animals die out, and the less
hardy plants begin to be winter-killed or fail
to perfect their fruits. Permanent snows at
length appear upon the hill tops, and glaciers
plow their way downward, devastating the for-
ests. While the ice and Snow are thus encroach-
ing from above, the land is subsiding and the
sea is advancing upon it, while great icebergs,
drifting on the coasts, still further reduce the
temperature. Torrents and avalanches from
the hill tops carry mud and gravel over the
plains. Glaziers heap upon us confused masses
of ice, and the Sea piles up stones, while North-
ern sea-animals invade the now submerged
plains, and the curtain of eternal winter falls
over the beautiful scenery of a Pliocene world.
The Advent of Man.
In our last chapter we introduced the reader
to a great and terrible revolution whereby the
Pliocene Continents, with all their wealth of
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animals and plants, became sealed up in a
mantle of Greenland ice, or slowly sinking be-
neath the level of the sea, were transformed
into an ocean bottom over which icebergs bore
their freight of clay and boulders, and as the
last Pliocene age advanced the latter condition
prevailed until the waters stood more than a
thousand feet deep over the plains of Europe.
But man had not as yet made his entrance on
the stage of human existence.
Out of the waters the land again rose slowly
and intermittently, and as it rose its surface
was equally and rapidly modified by rains and
streams. It was the spring time of the Glacial
era, a spring eminent for its melting Snows,
its rains and its river floods. The valleys were
plowed out and cleansed.
It seems not improbable that it was when
the Continents had attained to their greatest
extension, and when animal and vegetable life
had again overspread the new land to its ut-
most limits that Man was introduced in the
Eastern Continent, and with him several Mam-
malian species not known in the Pliocene
period, and some of which, as the sheep, the
goat, the ox, and the dog, have ever since
been his humble allies. If, as the greater
number of geologists now believe, man was on
the earth, we have evidence that again the
earth took yet another plunge before it was
securely settled. It is not then improbable
that this constituted the deluge recorded in
holy writ, and preserved to us in the book of
Genesis.
Land Animals.
At the close of the Post-Pliocene era we
find the newly emerging land peopled with
familiar forms. Nearly all the modern Euro-
pean animals have left their bones in the
clays, gravels and cavern deposits which belong
to this period. There were two or more Species
of elephant which seem to have overspread
the plains of northern Europe and Asia, per-
fect specimens of which have been found
embedded in the frozen Soil of Siberia. They
were clothed with very long hair and fur, fit-
ting it for a cold climate. There were also
three or four species of rhinoceros clad with
wool like the great Siberian mammoth. There
were the long-fronted ox, the Irish stag, musk
sheep, the woolly rhinoceros and many others,
at the close of the Post-Pliocene period.
CHEMISTRY.
Previous to setting out in our study of chem-
istry we must first learn a few definitions, in
order to understand more fully the subjects
under discussion. We therefore append the
following definitions:
Inorganic Chemistry,
That which treats of inorganic or mineral
Substances.
Organic Chemistry.
That which treats of the substances which
form the structure of organized beings and
their products, whether animal or vegetable.
Practical or Applied Chemistry.
That which treats of the modes of manufac-
turing the products of chemistry that are useful
in the arts, of their application to commercial
purposes, and of the conditions essential to
their best use.
Pure Chemistry.
That which treats of the elemantal constitu-
tion of substances, of the laws of combination,
and of the mutual reactions and relations
therein involved. It consequently explains the
modes and proportions of composition, and the
processes of decomposition and decay, and also
the nature of the elements and of their com-
pounds.
MIATTER,
By matter we mean anything which we see,
feel, taste, or Smell, in short, anything which
affects our Senses.
Matter must exist in one of three states,
viz.: solid, liquid, gaseous.
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A Solid.
Is where the molecules are closely pressed
together.
Liquid.
In this state the molecules are not so closely
pressed, but can move about freely.
Gaseous.
In this state the molecules appear to have
so little attraction for each other that they
would become altogether dissociated were it not
for the pressure exercised by surrounding bodies.
Extension.
By this we mean that every body occupies
a certain bulk, or that it must have a certain
degree of length, breadth, and thickness, irre-
spective of form or how that form may be
changed.
Impenetrability.
This signifies that no two bodies can occupy
the same space at the same time.
Indestructibility.
We may change and decompose matter as
we please, but we cannot destroy the minutest
particle.
Porosity.
All bodies, no matter how hard in appear-
ance, are nevertheless porous, consequently we
can alter and modify their shape and size by
heat, pressure and other means. -
Inertia.
By this term is meant that matter is incapa-
ble of either setting itself in motion or arrest-
ing its own progress when in movement.
Divisibility.
All substances are capable of separating into
minute particles. For instances, a pail of
water holding two gallons may be distinctly
colored with one grain of indigo dissolved in
sulphuric acid, and yet each grain of the Water
in the vessel will only contain 1-140,000 part
of a grain of the pigment. Matter perceptible
to our senses is said to be in a free state.
But if, therefore, we wish to express that an
element, hydrogen, for example, is in a free
state, we must not write simply H, but H.,
thus intimating that at least two atoms have
coalesced to produce a molecule capable of
existing in a free state.
Analysis.
Analysis is the chemical pulling to pieces of
a substance in order to discover its component
parts, while synthesis is the building up of a
compound from its ingredients. Example—If
we take a piece of alum and submit to an
analysis, we can prove that it contains oxides
of aluminum and potassium, sulphuric and
hydrate, and water. If we then take these
substances and separately analyze them, we
find that they in turn consist of certain ele-
ments, as potassium, Sulphur, oxygen and
hydrogen; but a further attempt to analyze
this last group ends in failure. We have
reduced our alum to certain ingredients which
defy our best efforts to ascertain of what they
are composed.
The result of analysis, therefore, has been
to acquaint us with a certain number of sim-
ple bodies, which we call elements, by the
mutual combination of which all matter is
formed.
There are 65 of these simple bodies or ele-
ments known; but, as many of them have no
practical or commercial use, the pharmacist
has to do with only about thirty-eight. By
universal consent, each element is represented
by an appropriate letter or combination of let-
ters, so that chemists adopting this arrange-
ment may invariably understand what element
is meant by a written symbol.
The names of the elements at present are
purely arbitrary and have been bestowed by the
discoverers from Some fancied property, such as,
the designation hydrogen, derived from two Greek
words signifying to beget water. As it would
be impossible in the space of a few pages of
this book to enter minutely into the study of
chemistry, We shall therefore confine ourselves.
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
to a practical exposition of those elements and
bodies which we all know well, as, for instance,
fire, air, Water, earth: and try to learn what
the Science of chemistry teaches us about them.
Chemistry is essentially the science of experi-
ment and observation. To find and explain
what goes on when the fire burns; to tell how
the air makes the fire burn, or helps the plant
to grow; to find out what water is made of,
and to learn the many different substances
which can be dug out of the earth; all this be-
longs to the science of chemistry, and is both
instructive and entertaining.
IFIRE.
What Happens When a Candle or a Taper Burns.
The wax as well as the wick of the taper
gradually disappears as the taper burns, and at
last all is gone—wick, wax, and all. What has
become of the wax? It has disappeared. Is
it lost ? So far as our eyes are concerned, cer-
tainly it is lost, but so is the ship which sails
away on the sea, and yet we know that the ship
still exists, though we do not see it; and so the
lump of sugar appears to be lost when we put
it into a cup of hot tea, and yet we know that
the sugar is not really lost, because the tea is
made sweet. Now we must look for the wax of
our taper in another way; We must put a ques-
tion to nature for her to answer, and we shall
always find that our question, if properly
asked, is always clearly and certainly answered.
We must make an experiment, and if this is
properly made we shall never fail in the end
to get the information We Want.
ExPERIMENT.-Let us burn our taper in a
clean glass bottle with a narrow neck; after it
has burnt for a few minutes we notice that the
flame grows less and less, and in a short time
the taper goes out. This is the first thing we
have to observe. We next have to discover
why the taper goes out. For this purpose let
us see whether the air in the bottle is now the
same as it was before the candle was burnt.
How can we tell this? Let us pour Some clear
lime-water* first into a bottle filled with air in
which no candle has burnt, and then into the
one in which our taper burnt. You see the
*Made by letting a piege of fresh lime stand in water, and
shaking it up, and then lotting the Water get clear again.
difference at once In the first bottle the
lime water remains clear, in the Second it be-
comes at once milky. Hence we see that the
air has been changed in some way by the burn-
ing of the taper. This milkiness is nothing
else than chalk, and chalk is made up of lime
and carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is, like com-
mon air, a colorless, invisible gas, which we can-
not see, but which we find turns the lime-water
milky, and puts out a burning taper. Part of
the wax has been changed by burning into this
carbonic acid gas; that is, the carbon or char-
coal of the burnt wax is to be found again in
this invisible gas. Some of this carbon you
may notice going away unburnt as Smoke or
soot ; and if you quickly press a sheet of white
paper onto the flame so as not to burn the
paper, you will see that it becomes stained
with a black ring of soot or carbon.
Besides Carbonic Acid Gas There is Another
Substance Formed When the Candle Burns,
viz, Water.
You may perhaps think it strange that water
is formed in the hot flame. Still a simple ex-
periment will show you that this is really the
case. If water comes off from the flame, it
will be in the state of hot steam, which you
cannot see, for what we commonly call steam
coming out of the boiling kettle is not steam,
but fine drops of water; and if you had a glass
kettle, and could look inside it, you would see
nothing above the boiling Water, because steam
is an invisible gas like carbonic acid and com.
mon air. Now as the steam from the kettla
becomes small drops of water when it cools, so
the hot air coming from the burning taper, if
it contains steam, must deposit the steam in
the form of drops of water when it is cooled.
ExPERIMENT. — All we reed to do to see
whether steam is given off from a burning can-
dle, is to hold a cold, dry, bright glass, such
as a tumbler, over the flame of our taper.
You see that the bright glass is at once dim-
med, and if you look carefully you will notice
the little drops of water which bedev the in-
side of the glass. If We Went on for some time,
and if we so arranged the experiment as to keep
the glass always cool, we could get a wine-glass
full of water by burning a candle, and the water
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thus got is like all other pure and good water,
except that it may perhaps taste a little of
Soot.
Let us now look back as to what we have
learnt about our candle burning; for it is
most important always to get clear ideas, first,
as to what we want to prove by our experi-
ments, and Secondly, as to what we have to
learn from them.
We want to know what happens when a can-
burns. We have learnt—
1. That the candle soon goes out if it be
burnt in a bottle of air.
2. That a colorless invisible gas, called car-
bomic acid, is formed in the bottle after the
candle has burnt.
8. That the carbonic acid gas comes from
the carbon or soot contained in the wax.
4. That Water is also formed when the can-
dle burns.
We therefore have learnt that the wax of
the candle has not been destroyed or lost, but
that it has changed its form and has been
converted into carbonic acid and water. This
sort of an entire change is called a chemical
change. No one could have foretold that the
Wax would have changed into two totally differ-
ent substances; it is only by making these
careful trials that we learn what happens in
such cases as these: hence Chemistry is called
an experimental science.
AIR.
How do we know that there is anything be-
tween you and me in this room? If you move
your hands and arms quickly round and round
you will feel a draught of air through your
fingers. If you fan yourself, you feel the air
passing over your face. Out of doors you notice
the wind blow, you see the trees or the clouds
moved by the breeze, and this breeze is only
the air in motion. What makes the sails of a
wind-mill go round and round? The wind you
say. What is the wind? Air in motion. What
is air? We must resort to experiment for an
a DSWOT,
What the Air Contains.
EXPERIMENT.-Take a bell-jar open at the
bottom and furnished with a neck, and a cork
at the top (an old bottle with the bottom cracked
off will do very well). I will put the bell into
this basin of water, but first we must float on
the water a little china dish with a small bit
of dry phosphorus as big as a pea on it, and
light the phosphorus with a match. Phosphorus
is a very dangerous substance, and much care
must be taken of it, as it is very apt to take
fire by itself, and may burn your fingers badly.
Now you see the bright flame of the phosphorus
burning inside our bell-jar. After a while it goes
out, although it is not all burnt, and we will
let the bell-jar stand until it is cool. You notice
that the white smoke or fumes which were
made by the burning phosphorus have now dis-
appeared, and we have a quantity of air left.
But you will at once see that there is not so
much air left as there was when we began; the
jar was full of air to start with, now there is a
good deal of water in the lower part of the jar,
Let us next ask ourselves, is the air which
remains the same kind of air which we took 2
We take out the cork of the bell-jar and plunge
our burning taper into the gas; why, at once it
goes out. We light it again with a match, and
repeat the experiment; again it goes out when
We lower it into the bell-jar. There can be no
doubt about this. Something is left after the
phosphorus is burnt, which is different from
what was in the bell-jar at first. So that you
See there are really two different kinds of air
in this room; one kind of air (called Oxygen
gas) unites with the phosphorus forming those
white fumes, and this disappears and water
comes in the bell-jar in its place; the other
kind of air (called Nitrogen gas), which is left
behind, puts out the burning taper, and is there-
fore quite a different thing from oxygen. Thus
We have learnt not only that there is something
which we call air, in this room and in this bell
jar, but that there are two separate things
(both invisible gases) called oxygen and nitro-
gen. What a great deal so simple an experi-
ment may teach us! Science is always simple
and plain when we go carefully forward, and
When we make sure to understand each step we
take.
What Goes on when we Breathe the Air.
We now know that whenever a candle or
other thing burns in the air a chemical union
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is going on between the substances composing
the candle and the oxygen of the air. The
burning wax candle is producing carbonic acid
and water, because the carbon and hydrogen
contained in the wax are uniting with oxygen;
We must light the candle before it will burn,
or We must start this union. The candle
flame is hot because this oxidation is going
on ; when you blow the candle, the flame is
cooled and and goes out, the wax no longer
combining with the oxygen.
The oxygen of the air is ag necessary for
the life of men and animals as it is for the
burning of candles. You know that we must
have fresh air to breathe; if we do not get
enough fresh air, we shall be suffocated and
die. There are many dreadful stories told of
people being Suffocated on board ships in
storms when the hatchways had been nailed
down to prevent the waves from sinking the
ship, or in coal mines, or in wells where foul
air had collected. Now let us ask the ques-
tion, what is going on when we breathe ? Do
men and animals produce any chemical changes
in the air which they breathe like the burning
candle or phosphorus 2 Here a simple experi-
ment will soon plainly answer this question.
ExPERIMENT.—Pour some clear lime-water
into a glass, and then blow the air from your
lungs through the liquid by means of a straw
or a piece of glass tubing. You will soon no-
tice that the lime-water has become milky;
exactly the same effect has been produced as
was noticed when you burnt a taper in a
bottle; the milkiness shows that chalk has
been formed, and the chalk shows that
carbonic acid gas has come out of your
lungs. For this carbonic acid gas did not go
into your lungs with the air, because if you
shake up lime-water with common air it does
not get milky. Hence we learn that the air
you breathe out differs from the air which
you breathe in by containing carbonic acid
8,8.
g Where does this gas come from ? It is the
same gas which is always formed when a
candle burns. Can our bodies be really burn-
ing like candles? You will Say at first, No,
certainly not, for we do not feel hot like a
candle flame. But then you will think, Why I
I am really hotter than the table or Walls or
anything which is not alive. So is the dog or
the cat; so are a great number of animals.
But when these animals cease to live, or when
they cease to breath, then they become cold
like the walls or the table. The breathing of
animals is therefore an act of oxidation. The
air passes through the nose and mouth down
the throat into a fine network of very small
tubes called the lungs. At one side of these
thin tubes is the air, at the other side is the
blood, and the oxygen of the air passes through
the thin sides of these air-passages into the
blood, and there it combines with the dead
carbon contained in the body. You may easily
convince yourself that animal bodies contain
carbon, by noticing that a piece of meat be-
comes charred or converted into charcoal or
carbon when it is partly burnt by placing it
before a hot fire. Now this carbon of the body
forms carbonic acid when it unites with oxygen,
just as the carbon of a piece of wood does.
And the heat which is given off in each case
is exactly the same. If we were to get a bottle
full of pure carbonic acid gas from a burning
taper, and the same sized bottle full of pure
carbonic acid gas from our lungs, the heat
which is produced in our body by the combus-
tion of our animal carbon, in order to get this
much carbonic acid gas, is the same as that
given off by the burning of the candle to get
the same quantity of the same gas. We do
not see any flame in the animal because the
heat of combustion is spread all over the body;
if the oxidation took in as Small a space as
the wick of a candle, then we might expect to
see a flame, but as it is the blood running
throughout the body simply keeps the whole
W8, FITOl. -
Thus by another experiment we have learnt
(1) that animals take in the oxygen of the air
into their lungs; (2) that there the oxygen goes'
into the blood; and (3) that there the oxygen
is used to burn up the Waste carbon of the
body forming carbonic acid, and thereby giv-
ing rise to animal heat.
WATERe
We have elsewhere stated that no matter
from what source water may be obtained,
spring, river or rain, it invariably contains
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
657
Oxygen and Hydrogen in the relative propor-
tions of 16 parts of Hydrogen to 2 of Oxygen
by weight.
To show that water is composed of Oxygen
and Hydrogen, perform the following experi-
ment.
ExPERIMENT.—If I throw a small pellet of
the metal potassium, as large as half a pea,
on to the surface of water contained in a basin,
we see that the metal, being lighter than Water,
swims on the surface, but also that the
moment it touches the water a flame arises
round the metal. This flame is caused by the
hydrogen of the water, which is set free and
takes fire and burns. Now if this flame is due
to burning hydrogen, what becomes of the
oxygen of the water? The oxygen unites chemi-
cally with the metal potassium to form the
alkali potash; this we can see by adding a
little red litmus solution to the water on which
the potassium has been thrown, when we no-
tice that the red color is changed to blue,
owing to the presence of the alkali potash. If
I throw a small piece of the metal Sodium on
to water, this will also swim on the surface
and set free the hydrogen and form with oxy-
gen the alkali soda ; but the heat is not suffi-
cient to light the hydrogen.
The Difference Between Sea, Water and Common
and Fresh Spring Water.
We know that sea water is salt, or it contains
salt dissolved in it. It is easy to make Salt
water by throwing some common Salt into
water; the common Salt disappears or dissolves,
and the water now tastes Salt.
ExPERIMENT.-We can only get rid of this
saltness by distilling the water; that is, by
boiling the water, and collecting and cooling
the steam. This we can do best in a glass re-
tort. We boil the water with a lamp, the steam
comes off and passes down the neck of the
retort and into the flask, over the outside of
which some cold water runs to cool the steam
inside the flask. The distilled water has no
longer a salt taste; it is pure water, for all
the solid salt remains behind in the retort, as
we may see when we boil off all the water.
This plan of getting fresh water from salt sea
water is much used on board ship, and the
water thus got is good for drinking purposes.
Sometimes spring or fresh river water contains
common salt dissolved in it, but in such small
quantities that it does not taste salt. The
chemist, however, has a better mode of seeing
whether water contains salt than judging by
his tongue of the saltness; he uses a more
delicate test than this. An experiment will
show this.
Testing for Salt.
ExPERIMENT.—Take two large, clean glasses,
full of distilled water or clean rain water; drop
into one of these a grain of common salt as big
as a pin's head; stir it well up until the salt
is quite dissolved. Now try whether you can
taste the salt. You will not be able to do so.
Now take the bottle labelled “Silver Nitrate,”
and carefully pour two or three drops of the
liquid into the middle of each of the glasses of
water. Soon a white cloud will be seen float-
ing in the water to which the grain of salt was
added, whilst the pure water remains clear and
bright. Thus, then, the chemist, by his testing
and experiments, can ascertain the presence of
substances which the common observer over-
looks or cannot see.
Rain–Distilled Water.
If we think where rain comes from, we shall
soon see that rain water is the purest kind of
water which we find on the earth. Rain falls
from the clouds by a condensation or liquefy-
ing of the moisture which is in the air. When
the hot winds blow over the ocean, these hot
winds take up much moisture from the ocean
as vapor or steam, just as the steam passes
over from the retort; and when this hot and
moist air gets blown to a cooler place, it gets
cold and cannot contain so much moisture in
the form of vapor as when it was hot, so that
this moisture is deposited in drops as rain.
Hence rain water is distilled water, and you will
see that a gigantic system of distillation is
going on all over the globe; and if you reflect
for a little, you will understand that every drop
of running water on the globe has once been.
distilled as rain from the ocean, to which it.
again returns.
42
t;
5
8
AM EXCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
What Makes Hard Water.
Spring and river water may become hard by
containing gypsum or sulphate of lime in solu-
tion. Boiling will not change it, for on cooling
it will be as hard as before.
Hard chalk water is softened by boiling.
There is, however, another kind of hard
Water about which we have to learn. We
have already learnt that the lungs contain
carbonic acid gas, and that when you blow
the air out of the lungs through some
clear lime-water a white insoluble powder,
called chalk or carbonate of lime, is formed
in the water, which soon becomes quite
milky.
ExPERIMENT.-Pour some clear lime-water into
a glass, and then blow, very strong, the air
from your lungs through the liquid by means
of a straw or glass tubing. If you go on
long enough—perhaps for five minutes—you
will see that the milkiness begins to disappear
and the water becomes clearer; you may not
be able to get it quite clear, but you can now
filter the liquid through a paper-filter. A clear
water will come through, which, however, you
will find (by trying the soap experiment) is
quite hard. What now has happened? Why,
the carbonic acid from your lungs has the
power of dissolving the chalk (which you know
does not dissolve at all in pure water); and
thus we get a clear water which is hard, be-
cause it contains chalk dissolved in carbonic
acid. Now you know that carbonic acid is a
gas; if we boil the water which we have just
hardened, all the carbonic acid gas will be
driven off, and the chalk which was dissolved
in the carbonic acid will be thrown down as
a white powder. This you can easily see by
boiling the hardened water in a glass flask.
If you filter this boiled water, you will find (by
the soap test) that it is no longer hard, but
has been softened by boiling. Another Way in
which water hard with chalk dissolved in car-
bonic acid can be softened, is to add clear
lime-water to the hard Water; the lime unites
chemically with the carbonic acid, forming
chalk or carbonate of lime, which precipitates
or falls down as an insoluble powder together
with the chalk originally present. By this lat-
–mmsº
ter plan hard chalk waters can be easily
Softened on a large scale.
IEARTH,
Our earth is a solid, because it is cold. All
solid things can be melted and made liquid, if
only they are made hot enough.
Hard iron can be melted in a furnace, and
poured out like water; so can glass, and even
the solid rocks and stones can be melted and
made liquid like water, and even boiled away
like water, and driven off in vapor, if we only
heat them hot enough.
In reality, the inside of the earth is hot
enough to melt rocks, and in volcanoes we often
see that white-hot liquid rock is pressed out.
CIHALK.
Preparation of Carbonic Acid Gas from Chalk.
ExPERIMENT.—Take a lump of chalk or lime-
stone or marble (for these are all the same
chemical substance); put some pieces into a
bottle fitted with a cork, bent tube, and tube
funnel; pour some water into the bottle, and
then add a little “hydrochloric acid” from the
bottle. You will notice that a bubbling takes
place near the chalk, and if you dip the end
of the bent tube under water, bubbles of gas
will pass through the water in the glass.
Change this glass for an empty bottle, and let
the gas pass from the tube into this bottle.
After a few minutes plunge a burning taper
into the bottle into which the gas has passed,
it will be instantly extinguished. Next pour
some clear lime-water into the bottle, it will be
turned milky. Then put the burning taper at
the bottom of another bottle containing air and
pour the gas from the other bottle (as if it
were water) on to the burning taper; soon you
will see that it is put out. What is the gas we have
got from chalk or marble 2 It is carbonic acid
gas, for it puts out a flame, it makes lime-
water milky, and it is so much heavier than
air that we can pour it from vessel to vessel
like water. This carbonic acid gas is combined
in the chalk, and when we add another acid,
this gas comes off. What else does the chalk
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
659
contain 2 Let us put a piece of chalk or lime-
Stone or marble into the fire, so as to heat it
gently, and then notice what happens. If we
take the stone out of the fire, we see that it
has been altered by being burnt. If we pour
acid upon it, bubbles are not given off; it has,
therefore, lost its carbonic acid gas by being
burnt. But if we pour water on it, we notice
that the Solid substance falls to powder and
becomes hot enough to make the water boil.
Now what has happened is that, by heating,
the limestone or marble has lost its carbonic
acid and quicklime is left (and this is what
happens in the lime kilns); and when we pour
Water on to quicklime, it is slaked, or com-
bines with the water. Hence we have learnt
that chalk or marble is a chemical compound
of lime and carbonic acid, and also that from
an earthy substance we may be able to get
, a ga S.
Preparation of Oxygen Gas.
EXPERIMENT.—Next we will take another
earthy substance, not so common as chalk, but
one which will teach us some important les-
sons. We will put a little of this red powder
out of the bottle labelled “Mercury Oxide” into
a little tube of hard glass, and fasten it to a
cork and bent glass tube, and fix this in a
holder. Then heat the red powder—it will
soon get dark colored, and then a bright white
shining substance will be deposited on the cold
sides of the tube. Bubbles of gas will be seen
to come off at the end of the tube, and these
can be collected in a tube filled with water
placed in the trough. We can then test to
see what this gas is, and by bringing a red-hot
splinter of wood we shall see that this gas is
oxygen gas, because the red-hot spark is at
once rekindled. Now we may go on heating
the red powder until it has all disappeared or
is all converted into oxygen gas and the bright
shining substance which collects in the tube.
Let us find out what this substance is. When
all the red powder has disappeared from the
bottom of the tube, we take the tube and cork
out of the water to prevent the water going
back into the tube when we take away the
lamp. Now when the whole is cold scrape
down the shining deposit with a little piece of
wood, and you will find that bright liquid
drops of metal can be shaken out of the tube.
This metal is mercury or quicksilver.
Now we have learnt that this red powder
can be split up into two substances by heating
it: 1. Oxygen gas. 2. The metal mercury.
Not only does this red powder, wherever it
may be got from, always yield mercury and
oxygen on heating, but the same weight of this
red powder always gives the same volume of
oxygen and the same quantity of mercury.
You see why this is called oxide of mercury
—because it is a chemical compound of oxygen
and mercury. Nobody could tell that this red
powder contained these two quite different sub-
stances; this is a thing which can only be
found out by trial or experiment. Chemists
have found by weighing the red powder, and
the mercury and oxygen which it yields, that
216 pounds weight of red oxide of mercury
always yields 200 pounds of metallic mercury
and 16 pounds weight of oxygen. So here
again we have proof that the same chemical
compound always possesses a fixed and unal-
terable composition.
WHAT IS COAL
Next let us try to find out something about
coal. Coal, we know, contains carbon, for we
saw that it burns and yields carbonic acid
gas by combining with the oxygen of the air.
As you learnt in the Introductory Primer, coal
is got from “pits” or “mines,” and it is found
sometimes deep down in the earth, and some-
times at or near the surface. A great deal
might be said about coal—about how it was
formed, what it contains, what we can get
from it, and what we do with it.
1. How was coal formed? Though it may
seem strange, it is still true, that coal is the
remains of plants which grew long ago on the
surface, but which have been buried down
deep in the earth. When you go down a coal-
pit you will see the roof and floor of the pas-
sages covered with impressions or casts of
leaves and other parts of plants, showing that
plants have been buried here; and if we slice
a piece of coal very thin indeed, we see in the
coal itself marks which show us that it has
all been vegetable matter.
660
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
2. What does coal contain, and what can
we get from it? Coal contains carbon; if it
burns with a clear flame we know that carbonic
acid gas is formed; and if it burns with a
Smoky flame we can get black soot, or carbon
from the coal. The coal contains, however,
other things besides carbon; it contains hydro-
gen as well.
Manufacture of Coal Gas.
ExPERIMENT.-Powder a little coal and put it
into the bowl of a common long tobacco-pipe;
then cover the top well with a stopper of
moist clay, made by mixing the powdered
Stourbridge clay with a little water, and let
the clay dry well. After it is well dried, fasten
the bowl of the pipe over the flame of the
gas-lamp. Soon a yellow Smoke will come out
at the end of the pipe, and this yellow Smoke
will burn with a bright flame when a light is
brought to it. This smoke is coal gas, but not
purified like that which we burn in our houses.
Now push the end of the pipe under water;
you will see that bubbles of gas come off, and
if you place a a test-tube full of water with
mouth downwards over the end of the pipe, the
bubbles of coal gas will collect, and the tube
may be filled with gas, which will burn when
you bring a light to it. This coal gas contains
carbon, for you may get black soot from the
flame of this gas when it is burning, and
because carbonic acid gas is formed when the
gas burns, as you may show with the lime-
water test; it also contains hydrogen, because,
if you hold a dry clean glass over a flame of
coal gas, drops of water will collect in the in-
side of the glass, showing that the hydrogen
of the coal gas has united with the oxygen of
the air to form water.
All the coal gas which we use in our towns
is made in this way. Instead of tobacco-pipes,
large ovens made of brick or sometimes iron
are used and these are called retorts; instead
of a pinch of coal, many thousands of tons
are made into gas; instead of a test-tube to
collect the gas in, enormous gasholders made
of iron-plate are used.
Now when the pipe is cold take off the clay,
and you will find some grey coke in the bowl;
this is some of the pure carbon of the coal
which is left behind. Some of the carbon and
all the hydrogen of the coal has gone off as
gas, or Water, or tar, for all of these things
are formed when coal is distilled or heated as
we have done.
There are many different kinds of coal, some
of which are not so good for gas-making as
others, because Some contain more carbon and
less hydrogen than others, and therefore give
less gas and more coke.
Besides coal gas we can get many other
things from coal. Thus we get the tar which
is used to tar ropes, sails, and fishermen's
nets, to prevent them from rotting in the salt
water; also pitch, which is used for asphalting
pavements; and, what is more wonderful, we
get from coal those splendid bright violet and
crimson colours, mauve and magenta, which
you see in the shop windows.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
661
Table of Chemical Elements, with Their Symbols and Equivalent Numbers.

HYDROGEN. OxygEN 100.
ELEMENTs. SYMBOL.
Brands. Turner. Berzelius.
Alumnium... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Al. 14 13.7 171-17
Antimony (Stibum)........................ Sb. 129 64.6 806.45
Arsenic... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS. 75 37.7 470.04
Barium (Phillips, 68). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ba. 69 68.7 856.88
Bismuth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * c e e º e e º e e º e º e º e e Bi. 213 71. 886.92
Boron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. 11 10.9 136.25
Bromine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Br. 78 78.4 978.31
Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cd. 56 58.8 6%.77
Calcium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ca. 20 20.5 251.94
Carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. 6 6.12 75.40
Cerium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ce. 76 46. 574.70
Chlorine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cl. 36 35.42 444.65
Chromium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cr. 28 28. 351.82
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Co. 30 29.5 368.99
Columbium (Tamtalum )... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ta. 185 185. 2307.43
Copper (Cuprum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cu, 32 31.6 395.70
uorine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. 19 18.68 233.80
Glucinum (Phillips, 27).................... G. 5 26.5 331.26
Gold (Aurum)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Au. 200 199.2 2486.03
Hydrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. 1 1. 12.4795
Iodine (Liebig, 127.1)...................... I. 126 125.3 1579.50
Iridium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ir. 99 98.8 1233.50
Iron (Ferrum). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fe. 28 28. 350.27
Lead (Plumbum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ps. 104 103.6 1294.50
Lithium (Graham, 6.48)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. 7 6. 80.33
Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mg. 12 12.7 158.35
Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mn. 28 27.7 345.89
Mercury (Phillips, 200). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hg. 100 202. 1265.82
Molybdenum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mo. 48 47.7 598.52
Nickel (Phillips, 80)........................ Ni. 28 89.5 369.68
Nitrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. 14 14.15 177.04
Osmium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Os. 100 99.7 1244.49
Oxygen' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. 8 8. 100.00
Palladium (Phillips, 53). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pd. 54 53.3 655.90
Phosphorus (Schrotter, 31)................. P. 32 15.7 196.14
Platinum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl. 99 98.8 1233.50
Potassium (Kalium). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. 40 89.15 489.92
Rhodium. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. 52 52.2 651.38
Selenium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Se. 40 39.6 494.58
Silicium, or Silicon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Si. 15 22.5 277.81
Silver (Argentum). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ag. 108 108. 1351.61
Sodium (Natrium)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Na. 24 23.3 290.90
Strontium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sr. 44 43.8 547.29
Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. 16 16.1 200.80
Tellurium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Te. 64 64.2 801.76
Thorium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Th. 60 50.6 744.90
Tin (Stannum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sn. 59 57.9 735.29
Titanum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ti. 24 24.3 303.66
Tungstem (Wolfram). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. 100 99.7 1246.25
Vanadium ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. 68 68.5 856.86
Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * |U. 60 217. 2711.36
Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y. 82 23.2 402.51
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zn. 32 32.3 403.23
Zirconium (Phillips, 22). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zr. 23 32.7 920.20
In the above table We have in the first column those of T
we have those of Berzelius and others, who adopt oxygen
urner and others, who adopt hydrogen as unity.TIn the third Column
as unity.
662
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Laws of Combination.
1. Atoms combine with each other in a fixed
and definite proportion by weight and volume.
2. As compound bodies are produced by the
union of a given number of such atoms, it
follows that the molecules of these compounds
must also possess in their turn a fixed and
definite combining proportion by weight and
volume.
3. If a body can unite with another in more
than one proportion, these proportions, which
only represent the weights of the several atoms
must necessarily be simple multiples of the
weights of any one of them. These laws are
usually stated as follows:
Quantitative Laws,
A definite compound always contains the
same elments and the same fixed proportion.
The Law of Multiples. ,
When the same bodies combine in more than
one proportion the resulting compounds con-
tain a fixed proportion of one element in a
varying proportion of the others; the second,
third and fourth proportions, etc., of the latter
being always simple multiples of the other.
The Law of Reciprocal Proportion.
The proportions in which any two elements
unite with a third on the same proportions in
which they unite with each other or multiples
of these proportions.
As an example of the first let us take water.
No matter from what source it may be obtained
spring, river or rain, it invariably contains
oxygen and hydrogen in the relative proportion
of 16 of the first to 2 of the latter by weight.
An instructive example of the Second rule is
found in the compound oxygen and nitrogen.
The simplest relation in which these bodies
combine is 28 of nitrogen and 16 of oxygen.
The next compound contains 28 mitrogen and
32 of oxygen; the third, 28 of nitregen and 48
of oxygen; the fourth, 28 of nitrogen and 64 of
oxygen; and the fifth, 28 of nitrogen and 80 of
oxygen. Thus dismissing the nitrogen which
remains constant, let us look at the numbers
–º
16, 82, 48, 64, 80, are they not all multiples of
16, the simplest proportion. As an example of
the third law, Chlorine unites with hydrogen
in the proportion of 855 to 1, and Iodine also
unites with hydrogen in the proportion of 127
to 1. Therefore, Chlorine combines with Iodine
in the proportion of 35.5 to 127. Seeing that
these combining proportions by weight are only
relative, it follows that they must all be referred
to one standard; and as hydrogen is the light-
est known body in nature, it is taken as unity,
when other bodies are found to combine with it
in the proportions given in the table of chemi-
cal element.
Atomic Weight.
The atomic weight of any element signifies
the relation in weight which the atom of that
element bears to an atom of hydrogen, and
since chemical compounds are formed by the
union of atoms, the atomic weight will also
represent the weight in which the element will
enter into combination. Sometimes one, two
or many atoms enter into the compound, so
that whatever may be the quantity of the ele-
ment, it must always be a multiple of the
atomic weight; hence it is called the combining
weight. And it very frequently happens that
one element in a compound is replaced by an-
other, one atom taking the place of another,
the weight of one atom being equivalent to the
weight of the other; hence, the name equiva-
lent number. In writing compounds, the sym-
bols of the elements are placed side by side,
and the number of atoms, if more than one,
written beneath.
Cu O=Copper and oxygen combined to form
copper.
H, O=water; 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 of 0.
2 N H =2 atoms of ammonia; that is 2 atoms
of N and 6 of H.
A salt is a compound of an acid, and a base.
An acid is a body which usually possesses a
sour taste, and will redden litmus paper and
vegetable blues. Formerly it was supposed to
owe its properties to the presence of oxygen,
but it has been found that an acid can exist
without that gas, but hydrogen must always
be present.
An alkali neutralizes an acid and returns the
663
AN ENCYCLOPMEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
blue color to the reddened litmus. Potash,
Soda and ammonia are the chief alkalies.
A base is a body which will combine with
an acid to form a salt. The alkalies are the
strongest bases. A base is generally the oxide
of a metal. Salts ending in ite consist of a
base united to an acid ending in ous.
Salts ending in ate contain an acid ending
ic. Sulphite and phosphite of potash are
formed of potash and sulphurous and phosphor-
ous acids, while sulphate and phosphate of pot-
ash denote compounds of sulphuric and phos-
phoric acids united to the same base.
The name of all the salts, of which there
are more than 200, denote their composition
in the same manner, and thus we know the
ingredients of their composition by merely see-
ing their names.
The term uret denotes the union of simple
non-metallic bodies, with a metal, a metallic
oxide, or with each other.
Oxygen combines with several of the metals
in different proportions, but not always sufficient
to form acids. The compounds are called oa:-
ides, and are distinguished from each other by
the Greek derivatives, prot., deut., trit. and per.
Protoxide signifies the first degree of oxida-
tion.
Deutroxide signifies the second degree of ox-
idaton.
Trit signifies the third degree of oxidation.
Peroxide signifies the highest degree of oxi-
dation. -
When oxygen unites in more than two pro-
portions with any base, the prefix hypo is used
to demote a less degree of oxygenation than is
indicated by ous.
Example—Hyposulphurous acid contains less
oxygen than sulphurous, and hyposulphuric less
than sulphuric.
Oay denotes a dose of oxygen more than is
indicated by ic; thus, oxy-chloric acid is
tronger than chloric acid.
Sesqui (one and a half) is used when ele-
ments combine in the proportions in one and
one-half to one, or as three to two.
Salts may be found by the replacement of
the hydrogen in the acids by an atom of metal.
Some metals are capable of replacing 1
atom of hydrogen, some 2, Some 3, and others
4. They are said to be respectively, monatomic,
diatomic, triatomic and tetratomic, and the most
important may be thus arranged:
Monatomic.
Potassium, Sodium, Silver.
Diatomic.
Barium, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead,
Manganese, Mercury, and Zinc,
Triatomic.
Aluminium, Antimony, Arsenic, Gold.
Tetratomic.
Platinum and Tin.
r Monatomic.
Bromine, Chlorine, Fluorine, Hydrogen,
and Iodine.
i
Diatomic.
8 Oxygen, Selenium, Sulphur, Tellurium.
Triatomic.
Boron, Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Tetratomic.
U Carbon, Silicon.
If we take for the type of the oxides water
H.O (the oxide of hydrogen), then K,O is the
oxide of potassium or potash. To get the oxide
of gold, the H must be in a multiple of 3;
therefore, take 3 atoms of H2O: 3EI2 O=H.O.
Now gold is triatomic, 1 atom being capable of
replacing 3 of H, hence the oxide of gold=
Au,0s. Tin is tetratomic ; we must, therefore,
have the H in 4 atoms, or a multiple of 4;
2H2O=H.O. 1 atom Sn replaces Hi, hence
SnO, is the oxide of tin.
The mode of constructing this table will be
easily understood, and the student should ac-
custom himself to write the formulas of all the
salts of the metals, the simple rule being, take
the acid of the required salt, and for its hydro-
gen substitute the equivalent number of atoms
of the metal. The types which are placed at
the head of the column are the compounds of
:
hydrogen, in some cases acids.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.

Oaxides. Sulphates. Nitrates. Chlorides. Chlorates. Sulphidé8.
H.O H.S.O. HNO, HCl HClO, H.S
Water. Suphuric Nitric Acid. | Haro Chloric Chloric Sulphureted
Acid. Acid. Acid. Hydrogen.
K.0 potash. Na,So, KNO, Ag Cl K Cl O, Ag, S
Cu O Cu SO, Zn 2NO, Fe Cl, Fe 2Cl O, Sb, S,
AS.O. Bi,8 SO, Au 3NO, Au Cl, Etc. Etc.
Sn O, Sn 2SO, Pt Cl,
Occasionally other terms are used, but their
meaning is at once obvious.
Binoxide means an oxide in which are two
atoms of oxygen: SnO,. In a Sesquioxide,
the oxygen is the proportion of 1% (sesqui).
Fe,O, (Sesquioxide of iron.)
The mode of naming any of the above given
examples is to name the metal, and then the
salt:
Cu So, -copper Sulphate.
Au 3NO,-gold nitrate.
ELECTRICITY,
This is a name given primarily to one of
the great forces of nature, and secondary to
that department of physical science which
embraces all that is known respecting this
particular force. Many theories respecting the
nature of electricity have been advanced for
the purpose of explaining electrical phenomena.
The term is derived from the Greek electron,
—amber, in which substance the property of
attracting light bodies after friction was first
observed.
The fact that certain bodies, when rubbed,
acquire the power of attracting light particles
of matter was known to the Ancients.
Some of the most eminent men of Greece
more than 600 years before Christ, observed
the electrical property of amber and concluded
that the substance was animated by an un-
known spirit or element. It was not till about
the middle of the 16th century that a gener-
realization of electrical phenomena was made
by D. William Gilbert, in a treatise on the
magnet.
The discoveries of Franklin greatly advanced
the science of electricity by a series of beauti-
ful experiments with a common kite. This
celebrated philosopher ascertained, what had
been before conjectured, that lightning is an
electric phenomenan.
About the year 1789, Galvani of Bologna,
discovered that the mere contact of metals
with the muscles and nerves of a frog recently
killed, produced convulsive movements; and
by repeating Galvani's experiment, the cele-
brated Wolta, of Pavia, discovered the apparatus
now known as the Woltaic pile, which discovery
give rise to a new branch of electrical Science
called galvanism, or Woltaic electricity. Emi-
ment in discovery, and as writers on this
subject, we have Sir Humphrey Davy, Oersted,
Ampere, Seebeck of Berlin, Du Fay and Fara-
day.
Negative and Positive Electricity.
At the present day two kinds of electric
forces are recognized, and distinguished as neg-
ative and positive, but they are both assumed
to be analagous in principle, and very gener-
ally assumed to be simply due to different
analagous motions of matter.
When electricity is distributed in bodies, in
quantities proportionate to their capacities or
attraction for it, such bodies are Said to be in
their natural state. When we increase or di-
minish the natural quantity of electricity in
any substance, if overcharged, is said to be
electrified positively; or, if undercharged, neg-
atively.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
665
Adopting the views of Faraday, scientific men
of all nations now recognize two kinds of elec-
trical force, distinguished by the terms positive
and negative, but do not assume the existence
of any particular kind of matter to which the
term electric fluid may be applied.
The fundamental principles of electricity may
be illustrated by the electric pendulum.
A glass tube bent at right angles, so as to
project horizontally, is placed on a convenient
stand. On the hook in which its upper end
terminates, a cacoon thread is hung, to the
end of which a pith ball is attached. The ball
is thus doubly insulated by the glass and the
silk thread. If a tube of glass be rubbed by a
dry silk handkerchief, and brought near the
ball, the ball is at first briskly attracted, and
then as briskly repelled, and if the tube be
then moved toward it, it moves off, keeping at
the same distance from it. The ball so affect-
ed, or charged, as it is called, a rod of shellac
or of Sealing wax, after being rubbed with
flannel, attracts it, if possible, more briskly
than before, and again sends it off exactly as
the glass had done. If the glass tube be now
taken up and rubbed a second time, if neces-
sary, the ball will act towards it as it did to-
wards the sealing wax. The same series of
attractions and repulsions would have taken
place if we had begun with the sealing-wax in-
stead of the glass tube. We interpret this ex-
periment in the following way: When glass is
rubbed with silk, it becomes invested with a
peculiar property, which gives evidence of its
existence by attracting a pith-ball, or any other
light substance, and after contact has commu-
nicated this property to the ball or other mat-
ter, repulsion takes place between them. In
consequence of the ball being suspended by an
insulating thread, it retains the property of
rubbed glass thus given it, and although then
repelled by a body having the same property,
it is powerfully attracted by rubbed sealing-wax.
We will close this difficult subject by a few
words on what is known as atmospheric elec-
tricity.
Atmospheric electricity is called into action
upon a grand Scale in the thunder storm.
How the electric accumulation takes place is a
subject that has never been clearly ascertained,
but it probably results from a variety of causes,
and is also connected with some peculiar power
in masses of aerial vapor, which enables them
to receive and retain electrical charges.
The analogy between lightning and electricity
seems to have been first noticed by the Abbe
Nollet, in 1748. It was afterwards verified by
Benjamin Franklin, at Philadelphia, in 1752.
There is still very little known about the causes
of atmospheric electricity. The many changes
which are continually occurring, in the surface
of the earth, and in the surrounding atmos-
phere, are doubtless of such a nature as to
disturb the electric equilibrium. Evaporation,
change of state or form in the varieties of mat-
ter, changes of temperature, chemical action—
all these combined seem to produce those elec-
trical accumulations called thunder storms.
In late years the application of electricity to
the cure of disease has effected a wonderful rev-
olution in medical practice, and its application
as a mode of motion is perfectly Wonderful.
IHeat (Caloric.)
The material theory of heat supposes it to
be a form of matter, Subtile, imponderable and
pervading all bodies. By the supporters of this
theory this imponderable substance is called
caloric.
Expansion and Contraction.
Its particles are supposed to mutually repel
each other, and to be attracted by the particles
of other bodies, thus producing the phenomena
of expansion and contraction. Its entrance into
our bodies causes the Sensation of heat or
warmth, and its departure from them that of
cold.
Why Iron is Made Hot by Hammering.
The theory is that, by blows, the space be-
tween the particles or atoms is contracted, con-
Sequently the capacity of the body for heat is
diminished, and a portion of it is, therefore,
forced out and made manifest.
Source of Heat.
The sun is the great source of heat as well
as light to the earth. It is estimated that the
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
666
total amount of solar heat received by the
cattle in a year, if evenly distributed over its
surface, would melt a layer of ice covering the
whole earth to a depth of 100 feet; or it would
heat an ocean of fresh water 66 miles deep,
from the temperature of melting ice to the
boiling point. Already estimated that the
amount of heat radiated from the same during
a Summer's day upon an acre of ground in the
latitude of London is not less than that pro-
duced by the combustion of 18,000 lbs of coal.
By concentrating the rays of the sun by means
of large burning glasses, a most intense heat
is produced sufficient to easily melt the most
refractory metals. A natural temperature of
120 degrees Fahr., has been observed, and arctic
navigators have experienced a cold 70 degrees
below zero.
Heat of Summer.
The greater heat produced by the sun in
summer is due to two causes. It is longer
above the horizon, and its rays are more
direct; that is, in winter the rays falling ob-
liquely upon the earth's surface are diffused
over a much greater space than in Summer,
and their heating power is weakened in pro-
portion.
Heat From Stars.
Recent experiments with the thermo-electric
pile prove that even the distant-fixed stars are
sources to the earth of an appreciable amount
of heat.
The internal fires of the earth are not sup-
posed to affect the temperature at its surface
to any considerable extent, but their influence
becomes perceptible as we descend toward the
centre. Electricity is also counted one of the
sources of heat. The most intense heat known
is produced by the agency of the electric cur-
rent, and, on the contrary, as in the case of
the thermo-electric pile, electricity may be pro-
duced from heat. From the connection between
these two agents, Prof. Tyndall remarks that
“we have every reason to believe that heat
and electricity are both modes of motion.”
Chemical action is always attended with the
production of heat. When water is added to
lime, or when about 4 parts of sulphuric acid
and 1 of water are mixed, a great degree of
heat is produced. The combustion, of coal,
Wood, &c., to which we principally resort for
the production of artificial heat, is only the
chemical union of the oxygen of the air with
fuel.
Animal Heat.
The oxygen of the air with the fuel is also
the result of a chemico-vital process. The
oxygen of the air is absorbed into the lungs,
and carried by the blood to all parts of the
system. In the little capillary vessels it com-
bines with carbon and hydrogen, forming car-
bonic acid and water, which are expelled in
| the breath. The process then is a form of
combustion, in which the fuel is the waste
matter of the body. People inhabiting very
cold countries consume great quantities of oily
and fatty matter, the carbon and hydrogen of
which are doubtless needed for the production,
by oxidation or combustion, of the necessary
heat of the body.
Different Modes of Producing Heat.
Heat is produced by all varities of mechanical
action, as friction, compression, percussion, &c.
Fire may be kindled by rubbing together two
pieces of dry wood, or by the rapid revolution
of wheels upon their axles. Particles of steel
from a knife-blade. held upon a rapidly revolv-
ing dry grindstone, are heated to redness and
fly off in a shower of sparks. By rubbing two
pieces of ice together, Sir A. Davy caused them
to melt, an experiment that proved that heat
cannot be material. Heat is evolved by com-
pression, as when any substance is subjected
to the action of a powerful press. If a piece of
tinder be placed in a tube closed at one end
and the air suddenly compressed by means of
a piston working air-tight, the tinder will be
ignited by the heat produced. Percussion pro-
duces heat. The use of the flint and steel is
an example of this; the heat evolved by the collis-
ion of the two being sufficient to fuse the small
particles of steel that are driven off by the
blow. A piece of cold iron may be heated to
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
667
redness by rapid and skillful blows of a
hammer. The experiments of Joule and
others demonstrate that whenever force is
exerted heat is produced; that the same
amount of force under all circumstances gen-
erates the same quantity of heat; and that
heat and force are mutually convertible into
each other. The general effect of imparting
heat to bodies is to increase their volume, and,
if continued, to change solids to liquids, and
liquids to gases or vapors. Bodies expand and
contract under the influence of heat, with an
apparently irresistable force, and advantage is
taken of this in drawing together, by means of
iron rods, walls of buildings that have spread
apart, in putting tires on wheels, and in many
other mechanical operations. Experiments have
shown that Bunker Hill Monument is caused to
vary from the perpendicular by the expansion
from the heat of the sun of the sides that are
successively exposed to its rays. The expansion
of bodies may be taken as the measure of the
heat that produces it, and on this principle
are constructed heat-measuring instruments.
Communication of heat. Heat is communica-
ted by conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction is the method by which the heat
is transmitted from particle to particle of a
body, as from the end of a metallic rod placed
in a fire, to all other portions of the rod. All
bodies may be divided into two classes respect-
ing their power of heat; conductors and non-
conductors. If we hold the ends of two rods,
one of iron and one of wood, in a fire, we soon
become aware that the metal conducts the heat
much more readily to the hand than the wood;
ergo, metals are the best conductors. The fol-
lowing table shows the relative conducting
power of the different metals:
Silver, 100
Copper, 74
Gold, 53
Brass, 24
Tin, 15
Iron, 12
Lead, 9
Platinum, 8
German Silver, $
Bismuth, 2
Refrigerators and fire-proof safes are con-
structed with double sides, and the space between
them is filled with some non-conductor of heat,
as alum, charcoal, or plaster of Paris. Liquids
and gases are almost perfect non-conductors of
heat. Water may be boiled in the upper part
of a tube, over ice, without melting the ice,
and if a quantity of alcohol be inflamed on the
surface of water, the water will not be warmed
below the surface. Common air is almost an
absolute non-conductor. The air retained in
the meshes and between the layers of clothing,
prevents the heat of the body from being con-
ducted away, and thus keeps us warm. The
same substance that proves the best defense
against the cold, also protects the body from
the effects of great external heat.
The specific heat of a substance is the quan-
tity of heat required to raise its temperature
one degree as compared with the quantity re-
quired to raise the same weight of some other
substance taken as a standard one degree. For
instance if we subject a pound each of water,
mercury, copper and oil to the action of a uni-
form source of heat, we shall find that to in-
crease the temperature of each, say 5 degrees,
the same required will be as follows: For the
water, 30; mercury, 1 ; copper, 10.6; oil, 15;
that is; the water will absorb 30 times as much
heat as the mercury, before indicating as high
a temperature, the copper 10.6, and the oil 15
times as much.
Cold is a term used to express the absence
of a degree of heat, and not a fixed tempera-
ture. Our Sensations may impart to us no true
idea of real temperature. A traveller from the
summit of the Andes, on descending half-way
to the plain, will find the heat oppressive, while
his friend who has come from the plain below
to meet him, requires a fire to warm himself.
If we place one hand in warm water and the
other in ice-water, and then plunge both into
common spring water, to the one it will be cold
and to the other warm. Cold is produced by
evaporation from the conversion of sensible
heat, into latent heat. A volatile liquid, as
ether, dropped on the skin, causes the sensa-
tion of cold. The cryophorus, ar frost-bearer,
illustrates the production of cold by quick evap-
oration. It is a sealed glass tube having a bulb
at one end, and contains a small quantity of
668
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Water, the rest of the space being filled with
the vapor of water only. When the water is
turned into the bulb, and the empty end plunged
into a freezing mixture, as ice and salt, the
condensation of the vapor causes such quick
evaporation from the surface of the water in
the bulb, that it is speedily frozen. On allowing
a jet of liquified carbonic acid to issue into the
air, Such an intense degree of cold is produced
by the vaporization of a portion of it that the
remainder is frozen to a solid. By mixing this
Solidified carbonic acid with ether, the low tem-
perature of 166° was obtained.
Scientific Facts Concerning Heat.
Heat tends to diffuse itself until all neigh-
boring bodies have acquired a uniform temper-
ature. If a hot ball of iron be placed in a
room it parts with its heat until the objects in
the room and itself have the same temperature.
Heat is called latent, whenever a solid is
changed into a liquid, a certain amount of heat
disappears or becomes insensible to the ther-
mometer. To melt ice at 32° requires 143
degrees of heat, and yet the water produced
has a temperature of only 32°. The latent
heat of water is then said to be 143°, and this
amount of heat reappears when it is re-frozen.
To change water at 212° into steam of the
same temperature, 967° of heat are required.
sºmºsºme
CHRONOLOGY.
Chronology is that department of knowledge
which relates to the reckoning of time. The
term is derived from two Greek words—chronos,
time; and logos, a discourse.
Era.
An era is a period of time commencing with
a fixed point of time, from which a series of
years is begun to be reckoned, as for example,
the Christian era, dating from the birth of
Christ; the Hebrew era, dating from the crea-
tion of the world, as narrated in the book of
Genesis, and the Roman era, from the date of
the building of the city of Rome. It may be
a fixed time, comprehended between two fixed
points; or a dispensation, as the era of the
Selencides ended with the reign of Antiochus.
The word epoch has the same meaning, or
nearly so, as era. Thus we speak of the era
of the reformation, when we think of it as
opening the way for a new series of events, as
for instance the eras in geology.
Greek Eras
The Greeks were in the habit of dating from
the first year of the Olympiad.
The Olympiad was a period of four years
reckoned from one celebration of the Olympic
games to another, and constituting an epoch
in Ristory and chronology.
The Olympiads were reckoned from the vic-
tory of Coroebus in the foot race, which took
place in the year 776, B. C.
Mohammedan Eras
The Mohammedans date from the Hegira, or
flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina,
on the 13th of September, 622, A. D.
Solar Year.
It is the length of time occupied by the
earth in its revolution round the Sun, and
averages 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and
49 seconds.
Lunar Year.
It is the period of 12 lunar civil months, or
365 days. The lunar astronomical year is the
period of 12 lunar Synodical months, or 365
days, 8 hours, 48 minutes and 86 seconds.
Sidereal Year.
It is the time in which the sun departing
from any fixed star returns to the same. This
is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 9.7
seconds.
AN ENOYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
669
Bissextile.
When Julius Caesar adopted the Greek plan
of reckoning the year as 365+ days, in order
to dispose of the odd quarter the 24th of Feb-
ruary was doubled every fourth year. This
doubling of the day was called Bissextile.
Gregorian Calendar.
The plan thus adopted was incorrect by
about 3 days in every 400, but continued to
be the recognized plan till Pope Gregory, in
1582, abolished it and instituted a new and
improved calendar, which from his name is
derived the Gregorian calendar. Pope Gregory's
plan was to drop ten days and then rectify
the future excess of 11 minutes annually. By
this plan the last year of each century shonla
not be a leap year unless it were also the last
year of a period of four hundred. This plan
has the merit of losing but one day in 4,000
years.
The New and Old Style.
'We sometimes read of events taking place in
this or that year, “Old Style,” or “New Style,”
as the case may be. By this is meant the
methods of reckoning prescribed by the Julian
and Gregorian calendar. The new style was a
long time before it came into general use. At
first it was used only in the Roman Catholic
States, and not till 1752 was it adopted by the
English, who, by act of Parliament in 1751,
ordered that eleven days should be omitted
after the 2d September, 1752, so that the 3rd
day should be the 14th. Russia still retains
the old style, and so dothe majority of Eastern
Christians.
Leap Year.
It is called leap year because every fourth
year a day is leaped over. We are enabled to
find whether or not a year is leap year by the
simple method of dividing the given year by 4;
if there be no remainder, then it is leap year.
This rule will not, however, hold good with the
year 1900.
Commemeement of the Year.
The Athenians commenced the year in June,
the Romans in March, and afterwards in Jan-
uary. Previous to the reformation of the calen-
dar, the legal practice was to commence the
year on the 25th of March, while the majority
of the people commenced on the 1st of January,
and this continued till 1563, when France
lagally adopted the first of January as New
Year's Day. Scotland followed next, in 1600,
then by England, in 1752.
January.
From Janus, who, according to Roman my-
thology, presided over the commencement of
all undertakings. This deity was represented
with two faces, looking in opposite directions.
His temple at Rome was never closed except in
time of universal peace. He was the god of
the sun and the year.
February.
February takes it name from the Latin, Feb-
ruarius, the month of expiation, because on the
15th of this month the great feast of expiation
and purification was held. It was introduced
into the Roman calendar by Numa.
March.
From Martius; belonging to Mars, the god
of war.
April.
From the Latin word Aperio, to open, because
in this month vegetation began to open and bud.
May.
So named in honor of the goddess Maia, the
daughter of Atlas and mother of Mercury, by
Jupiter.
June.
So named in honor of Juno, because it was
sacred to this goddess.
July.
This month was anciently called Quintilis,
but changed to July from Julius, the surname
of Caius Cæsar, who was born in this month.
670
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
August.
The old Roman name was Sextilis; the name
was changed to August in honor of the Empe-
ror Augustus Cæsar, on account of his victories,
and his entering on his first consulate in that
month.
September.
From the Latin Septem, seven, as being the
seventh month of the Roman year, which began
with March.
October,
From a Latin word signifying eight.
November.
From a Latin word signifying nine.
December.
From a Latin word signifying ten.
These names were respectively given when
March was reckoned the first month.
Days of the Week.
The names of the days of the week are de-
rived from the Saxons and Scandinavians, and
are as follows: Sunday is named from the
sun, Monday from the moon, Tuesday from
Tuesco, the god of War; Wednesday from
Woden, Thursday from Thor, the god of thun-
der; Friday from Friga, the wife of Woden,
and Saturday from Saturn.
•ºmºmºmºmº
ANIMAL RINGDOM.
Cuvier reduces all animal nature to four
types—Wertebrata, Mollusca, Articulata, and
Radiata. The first have a backbone and skull,
with appendages, viscera and muscles. The
second are soft and have muscles attached to
the skin or bony plates. The third are crus-
tacea, as lobsters, shrimps and crabs, insects
and worms. The fourth are Zoophytes, a term
often applied to Sponges, polyps, etc., whose
members radiate from a centre.
The bony skeleton distinguishes fishes, mus-
cles, reptiles; nerves, birds; and the perfec-
tion of nerves, mammalia.
Animal organization consists of ten classes
depending on their bony structure; their warm
or cold blood; their mode of rearing their
young; lungs or gills, and bony or no bony
parts.
Mammalia.
Mammalia have a double heart and warm
blood, with an internal body skeleton and brain,
and they suckle their young.
The mammalia are placed at the head of
the animal kingdom. It is to this class that
man, considered as an object of natural his-
tory, properly belongs.
Man-Bimanae
The human body is divided into the head,
trunk and extremities.
The head includes the cranium, or skull, and
the face.
The skull is a large bony cavity, composed
of several wide, thin, and arched bones united
together by sutures; it contains the brain, and
gives passage to the spinal marrow through a
hole situated in its lower part, where it pro-
ceeds from the brain, and goes to the back-
bone.
The face is formed of the upper and lower
jaws and of the organs of Seeing, Smelling and
tasting. The bones which form the basis of
these organs are very numerous and difficult
to describe; they are united by Sutures, and
when taken together give the general shape
and constitute the features of the countenance.
The head is placed on the top of the back-
bone or vertebral column, and is capable of a
number of motions upon it.
The backbone is composed of twenty-four
distinct vertebrae, placed one above another,
so as to form a kind of pillar or column. The
body of each vertebræ consists of a solid cyl-
indrical piece of bones, and this is united
firmly to those contiguous to it above and be-
low, by strong and elastic cartilages. The
body of the vertebra is solid; but on the side
are projections of bone, called processes, which
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
671
are arched over and connected together in
such a manner as to form a canal from one
end of the spine to the other. This canal con-
tains the spinal nerve or marrow, and between
the vertebra are holes through which branches
are sent out to the different parts of the body.
The neck contains seven. vertebrae, the back
twelve, and the loins five. They are called
respectively the cervical, dorsal, and lumber
vertebrae. To the dorsal vertebra are affixed
twelve ribs on each side, which arch over for-
Wards and are joined to the breast bone by
means of cartilage or gristle. The cavity of
the chest is terminated below by a muscular
membrane, called the diaphragm or midriff.
Another important cavity, usually called the
belly containing the stomach, liver, spleen,
caul, alimentary or intestinal canal, kidneys, &c.
The limbs of man and other animals are
called their extremities.
But as it is not our intention to write a
work on physiology, we forbear and sum up
the human body as follows:
The human body consists of 240 bones, nine
kinds of articulatives or joinings, 100 cartil-
ages and ligaments, 400 muscles and tendons,
100 nerves, besides blood, arteries, veins, glands,
stomach, intestines, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys,
lymphatics, lacteals and the skin.
Bones.
There are twelve ribs in the human body.
Seven (true) united to the sternum by their
own cartilages; and five, the false. The ribs
correspond to the costal vertebrae.
The bones in the head consist of the frontal,
parietal, temporal, Occipetal, Sphenoid, eath-
moid, nasal, ungual, cheek, upper jaw, palate,
spongy or nostril, Vomer or nasal, lower jaw.
There are three Sutures, the coronal, the sagit-
tal and the lamboidal. The skull consists
of eight bones, four at the top and four in
pairs at the sides. On the top of the head we
have the frontal, ethmoid, spenoid and occi-
petal. The two sides, the two parietal, and two
temporal.
Teeth.
Incisors, canime and molar.
teeth at maturity is 82, or sixteen in each
jaw. -
The number of
The front ones are called cutting teeth, and
the two next on each side are called canine or
dog teeth, or eye teeth; the two next are two
pointed teeth, and the three next on each side
are called molars or grinsters. The two last are
called wisdom teeth, as they are cut last. The
four front teeth in each jaw come first, in eight
or ten months; the four canine or eye teeth in
ten months; the sixteen grinders from twelve
to fourteen months, at twenty or twenty-four
years four other grinders come, making thirty-
Slx.
Composition.
Phosphate of lime and cartilage, but the en-
amel is without cartilage. On the average, the
front, molar, and central incisors are uneven
at 7 in the lower jaw; the canine at 11; the
second molar at 13, and the third molar at 18
or 19, called wisdom.
Muscles.
A muscle consists of three parts muscular
flesh or belly, fascia, and tendon, the two last
attachments brought together by the Swelling
of the belly. The head has 77 muscles; the
eye, 8; the nose, 1; hips, 8; jaw, 8; tongue,
11; larynx, 11; ear, 11; head and neck, 17; to
move the hairy scalp, 1; the eyebrows, 1; the
chest, abdomen and loins, 5; the shoulder, 15;
the arm and wrist, 15; the hands and fingers,
23; the hip, 10; the thigh, 14; leg and foot,
24. Contracting muscles are called flexor mus-
cles; expanding muscles, eactensor.
Circulatory Systems
The circulatory system consists of the heat
and arteries, and of the veins and lungs. The
compression or systole of the left auricle forces
the red blood into the arteries; it is then
brought back purple by the veins to the right
auricle, compressed by it through the lungs,
and, reddened and vivified, is passed by the
pulmonary veins to the left auricle, which ex-
pels it again through the arteries. Such is the
economy of all animals, the greatest and the
Smallest. “.
The expansion of the heart is called diastole,
and the systole is its contraction. The right
6.72
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
auricle of the heart is larger than the left.
The two ventricles are equal. The blood found
in the right ventricle, after death, is from two
to three ounces.
Liver.
The liver is a gland appended to the alimentary
canal. It is the largest organ in the system,
and weighs about four pounds. It is situated
on the right side, below the diaphragm, and
is composed of several lobes. It is smallest in
healthy persons.
It performs the double office of separating
impurities from the veinous blood, and of se-
creting bile necessary to chylification.
Spleen.
It is an oblong, flattened organ situated in
the left side in contact with the diaphragm,
stomach and the pancreas. It is of a dark
bluish color, and is abundantly supplied with
blood, but has no duct which serves as an out-
let for any secretion. Its use is not well deter-
mined. It is always near the stomach in all
vertebral animals, and near the first, in those
that have several.
Lungs.
The lungs are spongy substances. The right
lung is divided into three lobes, and the left
into two. They are of a lighter color in youth
than age, glossy and elastic. They join the
wind-pipe, heart, and Spine, but in other parts
are free. They are composed of cells, of in-
numerable ramifications of blood vessels in the
cells for exposure to the inspired air, and of
IOleIV628,
Blood.
The veinous blood is a dark modena red, but
the arterial is light Scarlet, and is the fluid on
which depend excitement and Sustenance.
Weinous blood is to water as 1,049 to 1,000,
and arterial as 1,052. Disease makes it lighter,
but in full health it rises to 1,126. Its tem-
perature is 98 degrees, and the arterial is
higher than the veinous.
The term circulation of the blood is incor-
rect. It is a mere distribution by the arteries
for the purpose of feeding the organs and ex-
tremities, and a reassemblage or absorption by
the veins. It is, therefore, hardly the same
fluid, for at each extremity it suffers great
change. At the extremities of the arteries it
is deoxydized, and rendered alkaline by the ni-
trogen of the atmosphere, and at the extremi-
ties it is oxydized by the process of inspiration.
The blood is one-fifth of the weight of the body.
The quantity of pure water which blood in its
natural state contains is very considerable and
makes almost seven-eighths.
Keill estimates the surface of the lungs at
150 square feet.
Respiration.
In the ordinry respiration of man 16 or 17
cubic inches of atmospheric air pass into the
lungs 20 times a minute, or a cubic foot every
53 minutes; 274 cubic feet in 24 hours. The
lungs hold 280 cubic feet. At each expiration
1.375 of oxygen is converted into carbonic acid
gas. The nitrogen inspired and expired is ex-
actly equal. During the act of inspiration the
lungs have been found to be the coldest part
of the body.
Arteries,
These are cylindrical tubes that convey the
blood from the heart to every part of the sys-
tem. They are dense in structure, and pre-
serve for the most part the cylindrical form,
when emptied of their blood, which is their
condition after death. They are composed of
three coats, the cellular, the fibrous, and the
internal; the latter is their Serous membrane.
They contain more blood than the veins,
and the quantity increases with the tempera-
ture.
The Diaphragm.
The action of the diaphragm compresses or
dilates the lungs. It is arched toward the
lungs, but flattens during a strong inspiration.
The dilating muscles are four, with ten auxili-
AN ENCYCLOPMEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
678
aries; and the contracting are six, with four
auxiliaries.
The Stomach
Is situated on the left side of the abdomen,
immediately below and in contact with the dia-
phragm. It has two openings; one, connected
with the asophagus, called the cardiac orifice;
the other, connected with the upper portion of
the small intestine, called pyloric orifice. It
is composed of three coats, or membranes. It
is provided with a multitude of small glands,
in which is secreted the gastric fluid.
Digestion of food into chyme is called trit-
uration, fermentation, putrification and solu-
tion by the gastric juice. The pulp, called
chyme, passes into the intestines, bile converts
it into a milky substance, called chyle, in
which state the lacteal absorbents convey it to
the blood near the heart through which it
passes to the lungs and becomes blood.
Brain.
The brain is called the encephalon. Its por-
tions are the cerebrum, which occupies the top
and front of the skull, the cerebellum, which
rests on the base of the skull behind and sep-
arated from the cerebrum by a fold of the
dura matter; and the medulla-oblongata, or
commencement of the spinal marrow which
projects upward into the centre of the encepha-
lon.
The Cerebrum
Has three lobes, or round parts; the middle,
called the corpus-callosum, and it consists of
two kinds of matter, the outside reddish-grey
and the middle bluish-white, and softer.
The cerebellum has two lobes and is of a
firmer consistence than the cerebrum.
The medulla-oblongata lies between the lobes
of the cerebellum and the middle lobe of the
cerebrum, from which it is separated by a
streaked part, the pous Varolii. The spinal mar-
row is a continuation of the medulla-oblongata,
which, unlike the cerebrum, has the bluish-
white outside and the reddish-grey inside. It
is divided down the middle and enclosed by
the pia and dura matter (membranes invest-
ing the brain).
The four are considered as the commissen-
sorium. The cerebrum is the organ of Sensa-
tion; the cerrebellum of volition. The medulla-
oblongata and spinal marrow extend and con-
duct their functions to the system. The weight
is nearly four pounds in male adult, and in
the female less.
A tenth part of the whole mass of blood is
confined in the brain.
The Nervous System.
This consists of the cerebro-spinal centre
and of numerous rounded and flattened white
cords called nerves, which are connected at
one extremity with the cerebro-Spinal centre and
at the other distributed to all the textures of
the body. The sympathetic nerve is an excep-
tion to this description, for instead of one, it
has many numerous small centres which are
called ganglia and which communicates very
freely with the cerebro-Spinal centre and with
its nerves.
The nervous system has an intelligence which
has been considered amalagous to the web of a
spider or the net of a fisherman, and its pre-
cision is palpably a mere effect of education
and repeated experience, since none of the
powers of nerves and muscles and none of the
useful operations and reflected acts of the brain,
appertain to infancy. The uses of the nerves,
and of each nerve, and of the muscles, and of
each muscle, are slowly learnt, and then ren-
dered subservient to well-being and the will.
The first nerve of the head is called the ol-
factory nerve. The second is the optic nerve,
and all impressions upon it excite only sensa-
tions of light. The third nerve goes to the
muscles of the eye Solely, and is a vohºntary
nerve, by which the eye is directed to objects.
The fourth nerve performs the insensible travers-
ing motions of the eye-ball. It combines the
motions of the eye-ball and eye-lids, and connects
the eye with the respiratory system. The fifth
is the universal nerve of Sensation to the head
and face, to the skin, to the surfaces of the
eye, the cavities of the nose, the mouth and
tongue. The sixth nerve is a muscular and
voluntary nerve of the eye. The seventh is the
43
674
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
*=
auditory nerve, and the division of it called
portio dura, is the motor nerve of the face and
eye-lids and the respiratory nerve, and that on
which the expression of the face depends. The
eighth and the accessory nerves are respiratory
nerves. The ninth nerve is the motor of the
tongue. The tenth is the first of the spinal
nerves; it has a double root, and an office both
muscular and sensative.
The three nerves of the tongue perform three
distinct functions, and stand related to three
different classes of parts. Taste and sensibility
belong to the office of the fifth nerve, voluntary
motion to the ninth, and deglutition to the
glosso-pharyngeal nerve of the tongue.
Through the nerves impressions are trans-
mitted from all parts of the body to the brain;
and on the other hand, all the acts of the will
produce an effect upon the different organs by
their means. The nerves are necessary to the
exercises of the senses, which, in man, are five
—seeing, hearing, Smelling, tasting and feeling;
for if the nerve going to the organ of either of
these senses be injured, the mind no longer re-
ceives an impression from them.
Classification.
The Quadrumana, or four-handed animals,
comprising apes, monkeys, and baboons. They
have hands upon all four of their extremities,
but less perfect than those of man.
The Carnivora, or carnivorous animals. These
have no hands, but their feet are furnished
with claws. This is a very extensive order,
and embraces a great variety of animals.
These three orders have all the three kinds
of teeth, which differ, however, in shape and
strength, according to the habits and food
of the different species.
The Rodentia, or gnawers; so called from the
structure of their fore teeth, which are par-
ticularly adapted for gnawing. They have no
canine teeth, and their claws are similar to
those of the carnivora. This order contains
rats, squirrels, rabbits, &c.
The Edenta, or toothless animals; so called
because they are deficient always in the in-
cisive teeth, and sometimes have no teeth at
all. Their toes are terminated by large and
crooked nails, which obstruct both their sensa-
tions and motions. The sloth and armadillo
are in this order.
The Ruminantia, or ruminating animals, are
those which chew the cud. They are cloven-
footed, and have, moreover, no incisive teeth
in the upper jaw. Among these are the ox,
camel, lama, stag, and antelope.
The Pachydermata or thick-skinned animals.
This order includes a considerable variety of
other animals with hoofs, but which do not
ruminate; as the horse, the wild boar, the hog,
the tapir, and the elephant.
The Cetacea, or animals of the whale kind,
distinguished by having no posterior extremi-
ties, and their anterior so constructed as to
answer the purpose of fins. In this order are
Whales, porpoises, and dolphins.
To these may be added the Marsupial ani-
mals, which do not come strictly under either
of these orders, and are distinguished from all
others, by the possession, in the female, of a
bag or pouch (marsupium) on the outside of
the abdomen, for the purpose of holding their
young after birth. Such are the kangaroo and
OpOSSum.
Quadrumana.
The Quadrumana approaches more nearly to
man both in the external form and internal
structure. They differ, however, in the shape
of the head, its size and conformation of the
face, which has a flat and depressed nose and
very prominent jaws and teeth, in the length
of the fore-arm and in the construction of the
lower extremities. They form a numerous tribe
and comprehend a great variety of species,
known under the names of apes, monkeys and
baboons. The Ourang-outang and chimpanzee
are the most celebrated of this order for their
similarity in face and form to the human race.
He is found in Malacca and Cochin China,
and the great island of Borneo. His height is
from three to four feet. The chimpanzee is a
larger animal. He is said by travellers to
exceed the size of man.
The monkeys are smaller and a more inof-
fensive species of the Quadrumana, being play-
ful, peaceful and amusing little animals.
An EncyclopæDIA of PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
€75
Carnivora.
The Carnivora includes a great number and
a great variety of animals. They are furnished
with the three kinds of teeth, but differing
more or less in shape from those of man and
the monkeys.
Bats.-The first tribe or family is that of
the bats. These have some points of affinity
with the Quadrumana and were arranged by
Linnaeus with man and the monkeys. They
are distinguished by their wings. These are
formed of a thin fold of very strong and slen-
der skin, and serve to keep the membrane
extended like the stick of an umbrella. Their
eyes are extremely small, yet they posses the
singular faculty of directing their flight with
great accuracy and precision. Besides the
common bat, with which all are familiar, we
have the vampire bat and the spectre bat.
The second tribe of this order includes hedge-
hogs, moles, etc.
The animals of the third tribe include the
bear, glutton and badger, the weasel, the er-
mine, the ferret and the pole-cat. Others again
as the dog, the wolf, the fox and the jackal,
the lion, tiger, panther, etc. The latter are
at once the most powerful, blood-thirsty and
ferocious of the animal kingdom.
Rodentia, the Gnawers, are distinguished by
the possession of two large incisive teeth in
the centre of each jaw, and by the absence of
canine teeth. There is a wide space between
the incisors and the molares, which are broad,
and evidently calculated for the mastication of
vegetable food. This arrangement of their teeth
remarkably qualifies them for gnawing, and
enables them to penetrate very solid sub-
stances; and frequently they feed upon woody
fibres and the bark of roots and trees. There
is an additional circumstance in the structure
of their incisive teeth, which adapts them to
the use for which they are intended. They
are furnished with enamel only upon their
front surface, so that the back part, being
merely bone, is by knawing worn away faster
than that in front, and of course the front
edge is kept sharp and fit for cutting. To
remedy the loss of substance which necessarily
takes place, there is a provision by which a
constant growth takes place from the root; so
that if one of these teeth is lost by accident,
that which corresponds to it in the opposite
jaw, being no longer worn away by use, in-
creases to a great length. Their feet are fur-
nished with toes and nails, and their hind legs
are stronger and longer . than their fore legs;
so that frequently they leap better than they
run. Of this order, among others, are the
beaver, the squirrel, the dormouse, the mar-
mot, the hamster, the mouse and the rat, the
jerboa, the various species of hare and rabbit,
and the porcupine.
The beavers (Castor fiber) have been long
celebrated for the value of their skins as an
article of commerce, and for the wonderful
sagacity and forethought which they exhibit in
the construction of their dwellings. Their cut-
ting teeth are very strong and sharp, and they
are able, with them, to fell lofty trees. They
are possessed of a large, long, and broad tail,
almost oval in its shape, and covered with
scales. It has been supposed that they used
this as a kind of trowel, to lay on the mud
and clay of which their dykes are partly built.
But it has also been sometimes asserted that
the tail was only of use as an instrument for
Swimming. They are aquatic animals, and
construct themselves habitations upon waters
which are sufficiently deep never to be frozen
to the bottom, preferring running streams upon
which the trees they cut can float down to
whatever spot they have chosen. Here they
build a dam for the purpose of preserving the
water always of a convenient depth, and con-
struct their huts or cabins. Of their skill,
Sagacity and intelligence, a more particular
account will be given hereafter. But, although
so wonderful in these respects when united in
a society, they are, for the most part, helpless
and timorous animals when living separately;
a beaver, although pretty large and strong,
and armed with powerful teeth, if he meets a
man alone upon the shore, sets himself down
upon his haunches, and cries like a child.
The Jerboa is a little animal of about the
size of a rat, with a tail ten inches long, and
legs of unequal size, the hind legs being six
inches, whilst the fore legs are but one inch
in length. It cannot of course use them all
at once without great difficulty, and moves
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
principally by leaps, which are sometimes of
five or six feet in extent, or by a hopping mo-
tion on its two hind legs, which resembles
that of birds. Its fore legs it employs only as
hands for the purpose of holding its food. It
has been asserted that the ancient cony, men-
tioned in the Old Testament, was the jerboa,
which inhabits Palestine to this day.
Edentata, Toothless animals, so called from
the absence of the incisive, and sometimes also
of the canine and grinding teeth. Their toes
are terminated by very large, thick, and strong
claws, which approach in some degree to the
nature of hoofs. The animals of this order are
likewise remarkable for a great degree of torpor,
listlessness, and indisposition to motion; but
some more than others. The sloth, the ant-
eater, and armadillo, are among them; and of
each of these there are several species.
The three-toed sloth is an animal whose very
aspect is painful and disgusting, from its ex-
cessive ugliness and deformity. The expression
of its countenance and its whole attitude, in-
deed, convey to the beholder the impression
that its very existence is a burden. It is about
the size of a cat. Its fore legs are much larger
than its hind ones, and it drags the latter after
its body, as if weary of carrying them. It
creeps, in fact, almost with its belly upon the
ground, and cannot advance more than fifty or
sixty paces in a day. It climbs trees, and
feeds upon their leaves and Smaller branches;
but such is its indolence, that, after having
despoiled one tree of its foliage, it endures the
pangs of hunger a long time before it removes
to another, and usually consumes a day or two
in ascending or descending. Sometimes, indeed,
it has been known to suffer itself to fall to the
ground, rather than undergo the labor of com-
ing down by the trunk.
The armadilloes are principally remarkable
for their crustaceous shell or covering, which
invests them like a suit of armor. This coat of
mail is composed of several pieces, and marked
by bands, the number of which serves to dis-
tinguish the different species from each other.
The ant-eaters are totally destitute of teeth,
but are furnished with a long, slender tongue.
This they thrust into the habitations of ants
and termites, and draw it back covered with
these animals, which adhere to it by the thick,
viscid saliva, with which it is covered.
The animals of this order are principally
found in the warm parts of the American con-
tinent.
Ruminantia. This order is one of the most
distinct and well marked among the mammalia.
They have generally eight incisive teeth in the
lower jaw; but, except the camel, they have
none in the upper; their place being occupied
by a firm callous projection. They are com-
monly also destitute of the canine teeth. The
grinders are always adapted for the mastica-
tion of vegetable food. They have neither toes
nor nails, but, instead of them, each of their
feet is terminated by a double hoof, which has
the appearance of a single one cut in two.
Hence they are called cloven-footed. Their
fore feet, being thus deprived of the instru-
ments of feeling, are only capable of being
used, like the hind ones, for walking; and con-
sequently they are not possessed of that freedom
of motion in the shoulder-joint, which is ob-
served in the animals previously described.
Examples of this order are found in the camel,
lama, antelope, musk, deer, OX, sheep, and goat.
The most distinguished attribute of the rumi-
nating animals, and that which gives to them
their name, is the power of bringing their food
up into their mouths, after it has been once
swallowed, for the purpose of masticating it a
Second time.
Pachydermata.
This order embraces all the animals with
hoofs which do not ruminate. They are called
Pachydermata because they are commonly
possessed of a thick and tough skin. They
have generally incisive teeth in both jaws and
often canine teeth of very great size. Of this
order are the elephant, the hippopotamus, the
tapir, the hog, the horse, the ass, etc.
The elephant has, properly Speaking, five
hoofs on each foot, but they are so much en-
veloped by thick and callous skin as to be
scarcely observable. It is destitute of incisive
teeth in either jaw, and in place of the canine
teeth in the upper jaw is furnished with two
large tusks of ivory.
AN ENCYCLOPAFDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
677
There are two species of elephant; the In-
dian or Asiatic, which inhabits the southern
parts of Asia and the Indian isles; and the
African, found in Africa, from the river Sene-
gal to the Cape of Good Hope.
The great Mastodon, or Mammoth, as it has
been more frequently called, an animal whose
bones only have been discovered, the species
itself having become extinct, resembled the
elephant in many respects. It has been ascer-
tained, from the remains which have been
found, that this animal possessed a trunk,
tusks, and feet, similar to those of the elephant,
and was of an equal size, but still more heavy
and unwieldy. Its remains have been discov-
ered in great abundance in North America, but
rarely in any other part of the world. The
bones of a smaller species have been found on
the easterm continent.
The hippopotamus, or river horse, inhabits
principally the rivers of the south of Africa,
but was formerly known upon the southern
extremities of the Nile. It is sometimes found
ten or tweive feet in length, and six or seven
in height. It has two very large tusks in the
under jaw, which are partly concealed by pro-
jecting snout and lips. These tusks are used
by dentists for the manufacture of artificial
teeth. It is a heavy, stupid, and ferocious an-
imal; its body is thick, massy, and clumsy;
and its legs are so short that its belly almost
drags upon the ground. It subsists upon roots
and other vegetable substances, and frequently
commits great devastation in the fields of mil-
let, corm, rice, sugar-cane, etc. It walks with
great ease at the bottom of the water, though
obliged occasionally to rise to the surface for
breath. An attack upon it while in the water
is dangerous, since, when Wounded, it becomes
exceedingly furious, and often tears to pieces
the boat of its aggressors.
Of the rhinoceros there are several species.
The one-horned rhinoceros is somewhat larger
than the hippopotamus, and is equally stupid
and ferocious. It has one large and solid horn,
three feet in length, projecting from its snout.
It frequents moist and marshy grounds, and
feeds upon herbs, roots, and branches of trees.
The other species have two horns, and are
generally similar in form and habits of life.
~.
Cetacea. The whales are usually confounded
with the class of fishes, which they resemble
in many particulars of external appearance, as
well as in the circumstance of residing always
in the water. In point of structure, however,
they clearly belong to the class Mammalia,
since they breathe air by means of lungs, are
warm-blooded, produce their young alive, and
nourish them with their own milk. Instead
of fore feet, they are furnished with fins or
oars, which, however, are supported by bones
similar to those of the fore feet of quadrupeds.
They have no hind feet, but their body termi-
nates in a thick tail, which supports a fin or
oar. This fin is horizontal, whilst that of the
fishes is vertical. 3.
A few of the Cetacea are herbivorous, and
are frequently obliged to leave the water and
crawl upon the shore in search of food. Such
are the manati, usually called the sea-ox and
sea-cow, and the du-gong. They have upon
theirs fins the rudiments of claws, which are
of service to them in their motions upon the
land, and with which they are even able to
carry their young. The mammas, from which
they nurse their young, are upon the chest,
like those of the human species; and they
have, around the face, a growth of hair which
resembles, in a slight degree, that of man.
Hence the appearance they present when the
upper part of their bodies is elevated above
the water, bears some resemblance to that of
mankind, and they have, consequently, been
called Sea-apes. It is probable that these animals,
being seen by the credulous, the ignorant, the
timid, or the Superstitious, gave rise to the ancient
fables of the tritons and sirens, and, in mod-
ern times, to the various unfounded stories of
mermen and mermaids.
Marsupialia. The Marsupial animals have
usually been distributed among those orders of
the class Mammalia, to which they bear, in
Some particulars, the closet resemblance. Thus
the kangaroo has been enumerated among the
rodentia, because it resembles them in its
teeth, and the length and strength of its hind
legs. The opossum has been ranked among
the Carmivora. The opossum is as large as a
cat, and covered with a thick fur of a dingy
cast. It hunts after birds and their eggs, and
is destructive to poultry. It is found in many
678
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
parts of the United States. When pursued and
overtaken, it feigns itself dead, and will give
no signs of life during the presence of its
assailant, although tortured to a great degree.
Its young, which are sometimes six or seven
in number, are exceedingly minute; and, al-
though blind and without limbs, find their way,
by a sort of instinct, to the nipples, and ad-
here to them till they have obtained the size
of a mouse.
The most remarkable circumstance, with
regard to the Marsupial animals, is the pre-
mature birth of their young, and the exceedingly
unformed and imperfect state in which they
are brought into the world. They are incapa-
ble of motion, and scarcely exhibit even the
rudiments of limbs or other external organs.
Their mouth is simply a round orifice, without
distinction of parts; but by means of it, they
attach themselves to the nipples of the mother,
and there remain immovably fixed, deriving
their nourishment from them, and gradually
improving in shape and increasing in size,
until they are as completely formed as other
animals are at the time of their birth. So
Small in proportion are the young when first
born, that the Kangaroo, which, when full
grown, is as large as a sheep, and weighs one
hundred and fifty pounds, is at its birth no
more than an inch in length, and Weighs only
twenty-one grains.
Generally, the female is furnished with a
duplicate of the skin of the abdomen, which
forms a kind of a bag, covering the nipples, in
which it places its young, and preserves them
during the period of helplessness. Frequently,
indeed, even after they have acquired strength
to leave this pouch, they retreat into it upon
the approach of danger. Sometimes, in place
of the pouch, there is simply a fold of the skin.
The pouch is supported by means of two bones
attached to those of the pelvis, from which
proceed muscles that open or contract its
mouth, like the opening of a purse. These
bones are found also in the male, and in those
species which have not the complete pouch;
and are always an indication that the animal
belongs to this order.
Birds.
Birds being intended for flight, nature has
adapted the structure of their organs to this
purpose. The neck is long and capable of a
great variety and extent of motion. The breast
bone is very large and strong, in order to sup-
port the powerful action of the wings. The
Wings are composed of nearly the same number
and kind of bones as the anterior extremities
of quadrupeds. The tail is also furnished with
feathers, that may be stretched out in the form
of a fan, and serve to balance and direct the
flight. The heart of birds is constructed like
that of the mammalia, with four cavities, two
auricles and two ventricles. They have two
circulations, one through the heart and one
through the lungs. The lungs are fixed against
the back, and covered by a membrane, per-
forated by many small openings. Their sense
of hearing and smelling is remarkable.
Birds are divided, according to their struc-
ture and habits of life, into six orders, namely:
1. The Accipiters, or birds of prey. 2. Passeres,
or Sparrows. 3 Scansores, or climbers. 4. Gal-
linacca, the gallinaceous birds. 5. Grallae, the
Waders. 6. Anseres, the web-footed.
Reptiles.
The class of reptiles, including the tortoises,
lizards, toads, and frogs, have cold blood and
a circulation and respiration less perfect than
those of the preceding classes, which have
warm blood.
The greater part of the animals of this class
have two auricles to the heart, but only one
ventricle; into the left auricle, the red blood
from the lungs is poured, and into the right,
the black blood from the body. From the
auricles, the two kinds of blood are immedi-
ately transferred to the ventricle, where they
are mixed together; and this mingled mass is,
by the contraction of the ventricle, sent
through two distinct vessels, in part to the
lungs, and in part to the body.
The vessels of reptiles, then, are not filled
with pure red blood, like those of the mam-
malia and birds, but with an imperfect fluid,
not so well adapted to give them a high de-
AN ENCYCLOPMEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
679
gree of life and vigor. Hence, as the animal
heat is always in proportion to the quantity of
respiration, they are cold-blooded. Their lungs
are not so large; their circulation is slower;
they consume less air, and are capable of liv-
ing for a longer time without it. They are, in
general, sluggish and indolent in their habits
of life, obtuse in their sensations, and slow in
their digestion. In cold countries they pass
the greater part of the winter in a dormant
state. Their brain is small, and their nervous
System imperfect and of less influence than in
the preceding classes. They produce their
young by means of eggs, but take no pains
themselves to hatch them. They have less
intelligence, fewer faculties, and less instinct
than either quadrupeds or birds. They are
arranged in four orders, viz.:
Chelonia, the Tortoises, are distinguished by
the peculiar structure of their ribs, sternum,
and vertebræ. These are so arranged as to
form a complete covering, consisting of an
upper and under shell, joined together at their
sides, which permits only their head, tail, and
four extremities, to be extended without it.
The upper shell is formed by the extension
and enlargement of the ribs and part of the
backbone; and the lower shell, by an altera-
tion in the form of the sterum. Their other
bones are not essentially different from those
of other vertebral animals. Thus a part of
their skeleton is, in fact, on the outside of
their bodies. They have no teeth, but their
jaws are armed with a tough, horny sub-
stance, which supplies their place. Their
stomach is simple and strong; their intestines
are long, and they are capable of going a great
length of time without food. All the various
species of the turtle and tortoise belong to this
order.
Sauria, the Lizards. This order includes a
very considerable variety, and is composed of
the crocodile, the alligator, the chameleon, and
the true lizards.
The crocodile is the most celebrated animal
of this order. It is from twenty to thirty feet
in length, including the tail, and is covered
with a coat of Scales, which, on the back,
form an armor proof against a bullet, and have
an appearance like that of carved work. It
deposits its eggs in the sand, where the greater
part of them are destroyed by birds, and an
animal called the ichneumon. Their eggs re-
Semble, a good deal, those of the domestic
goose, and are about the same size; the young,
when first hatched, are of course very small
when compared with the parent animal. They
are at first mild and innocent, and may be
handled with impunity; but the full-grown
animal is both subtile and formidable. It lies
in wait, covered from view amidst long grass,
rushes, or projecting banks of rivers, until
some other animal comes within its reach, when
it seizes and swallows, and then retires to some
Secret recess to digest,
To Chameleons has been attributed the
singular faculty of changing the color of their
skin, according to the color of the substance
on which they are placed, and of subsisting
upon air. This belief has arisen from the ex-
traordinary size of their lungs, which they are
capable of distending with air to such an
enormous extent, as to fill nearly their whole
body, and render their skin somewhat trans-
parent. Hence they were said to feed upon
air. In this state of distension and semi-trans-
parency, the skin becomes easily effected by
every change in the circulation; and conse-
quently a change of color is produced by the
varying wants and passions of the animal,
which influence both the quantity of respira-
tion and the tint of the blood.
Ophidia.-The serpents are distinquished by
their long slender bodies without limbs, and by
the great extensibility of their jaws, mouth and
throat which enables them often to swallow
animals of greater diameter than themselves.
The tortoise and turtle are included in this
order.
Batrachia, toads and frogs.
Insects.
The animals of this class although less com-
plicated and perfect in their internal structure,
than those of Some of the following classes, are
yet remarkable for a greater variety of powers
and a more Wonderful display of instinct and
intelligenee, than any other of the invertebral
animals; and they are, therefore, placed first
among them in this description.
680
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PIRACTICAL INFORMATION.
*-
Insects are destitute of a heart, but instead
of it they have a vessel or reservoir situated
along the back, extending from one end of their
bodies to the other, aad filled with a transpar-
ent, viscous fluid. The vessel undergoes an
irregular contraction, which is supposed to be
analogous to the contractions of a heart. No
branches have been discovered going off from
it, and yet it is highly probable that this reser-
voir contains the blood or nutritious fluid of the
animal, which is slowly conveyed, by absorp-
tion, to the various organs. Insects have no
particular organ for respiration, but their bodies
are penetrated in every direction by tubes, called
tracheae, which convey the air to every part.
These tubes communicate externally by openings
called stigmata. The blood, therefore, under-
goes the changes wrought upon it by air,
throughout the whole circulation. Instead of a
brain and nervous system, they are furnished
with two knotted cords, running the length of
their bodies, which perform the same functions.
They possess the senses of seeing, tasting, Smell-
ing, and feeling; but organs of hearing, if they
exist, have not yet been discovered.
Being destitute of any internal skeleton, in-
sects are provided with a hard external cover-
ing, which serves to support their motions and
protect their organs. The nature of the cover-
ing differs in different species; in Some it forms
a complete shell or case of a horny or shell-like
substance; and in others it consists merely in
a tough, muscular coat, divided into rings,
which surround the body.
The greater part of insects are winged, but
some are not so. Those which are not so con-
tinue during their whole existence of the same
form and structure as at birth. Those which
are winged undergo certain changes of form.
They have six legs with the exception of the
millepedes. The bodies of insects are divided
into head, trunk and abdomen. The head is
attached to the body by a joint or articulation
which is movable in every direction. An insect
has no brain but has eyes, mouth and feelers.
Crustacea.
The crustaceous animals have been some-
times included in the class of insects, to which
they have indeed many strong points of resem-
blance. They deserve, however, a separate con-
sideration, both on account of their size and
importance, and of some anatomical differences
of structure, which will be pointed out. Among
the most familiar examples of this class are
the lobster, crab, crawfish, and what is usually
called the horse-shoe.
They have articulated limbs, attennae and
jaws similarly formed to those of insects; but
they breathe by means of branchiae or gills,
and have a regular double circulation, in which
particulars they differ from insects. The blood,
which has passed through the gills, is collected
into one large vessel, situated at the lower ex-
tremities of their bodies, which are perforated
with little holes.
Mollusca,
This is a large and extensive class, embra-
cing a great variety of animals, whose structure,
residence and habits are but obscurely and im-
perfectly known. Among them are the cuttle
fish, squid, oyster, clam, muscle, Snail, and, in
short, nearly all the testaceous animals, or
shell-fish, as they are usually called, although
they have no resemblance to fishes, and do not
all inhabit the water. As it respects their in-
ternal structure and organization, they are
undoubtedly superior to the two classes last
described; but in regard to intelligence and in-
stinct, they are, upon the whole, inferior, and
are not subjects of So much interest.
The Mollusca are destitute of bones and of
articulated limbs. Their bodies are generally
of a soft texture, and frequently, at first sight,
appear to be little else than a simple mucous
mass, without parts, and almost without organ-
ization. Their muscles are fixed into the skin,
which is naked, very sensible, and constantly
moistened by a fluid furnished by its pores.
The contraction of these muscles produce cer-
tain obscure and indistinct motions of their
whole bodies, by means of which they are en-
abled to swim and crawl, or even seize those
objects which are adapted to their nourishment.
But as no part is supported by any Solid founda-
tion, like the bones of vertebral animals, their
motions are generally slow, awkward and limited.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
681
Vermes or Worms.
The term vermes or worms has been used
with great vagueness in natural history, and
employed to designate animals to which the
name was not appropriate. It is now, however,
more restricted in its application, and is made
to include only a small class of animals, which
have some circumstances in common with each
of the three classes last described, but still not
exactly resembling any. They are sometimes
called, by way of distinction, worms with red
blood, as they are the only invertebral animals
which have red blood; and sometimes Annelides,
from the structure of their body, which is of a
cylindrical, elongated shape, divided into a
great number of rings.
Their nervous system resembles that of the
insects and crustacea. Their organs of sense
consist merely in some fleshy tentacula, which
surround the mouth, and answer the purpose
of feeling and touching. In some species, cer-
tain black points appear around the head,
which have been supposed to be eyes, but this
doubtful. Their blood is nearly the color of
that of the vertebral animals, but not of so
bright a red. It circulates in a double system
of vessels, but there is no distinct, fleshy heart
to give it motion. They breathe by means of
branchiae, which are sometimes within and
Sometimes without their bodies. They have
no limbs, but on each of the rings, of which
their bodies are composed, are little bristly
projections, which answer in some sort the
purpose of feet. Their mouths are sometimes
armed with jaws, and sometimes consist in a
mere tube or sucker.
VEGETABLE KINGIDOMI.
Vegetable substances are the first term in the
progression of substances, ending in the genera
and species of all kinds of animals, and with-
out vegetable preparation, mineral and earthy
substances could not become animal substances,
for though shells and bones are deposits of
lime, yet the lime enters the animal after the
preparation by vegetables. They are evolved
by heat and light, and from air and water, in
all situations where their food in the soil is not
rendered intractible by metallic diffusion and
their varieties and universal distribution fit
for their end.
The vegetable kingdom consists of all kinds
of vegetables or plants from the smallest to the
greatest, from the lichen that incrusts the rock
to the loftiest trees.
Divisions.
Plants are divided into three divisions;
the acotyledons, when the seeds are destiºute
of lobes; the monocotyledons with one lob ;
and the decotyledons with two lobes. The first
includes what Linnaeus calls the second, is
divided into three classes of four orders. The
decotyledons are divided into eleven classes of
seventy-eight orders. In other words, monocoty-
ledons have only one lobe in the seed. Their
leaves Spring from the root, as in palms, lilies,
onions, leeks, etc. Dicotyledoms, have two lobes
and produce trees with wood, pith and bark.
Acotyledons, as mushrooms, mosses, etc., are
cellular texture only, the others are cellular
and vascular, differently disposed. As many
vegetables grow from the root in external lay-
ers, botanists have called these eacogenous;
while those whose roots act differently, or by
the axis of the plant, they are called endogen-
Ous Stamens. There are five or ten in exogens
and three or six in endogens, and they consist
of filament and anther. The pistils also vary
in number. When both are in the same flower
it is hermaphrodite or perfect.
Classifications.
The Linnean system consists of twenty-four
classes and twenty-six orders. The twenty-four
class depend on the number of stamens, and the
twenty-six orders on the number of pistils.
The twenty-four classes are called according
to the number of stamens.—
1. Momandria. 12. Icosandria.
2. Diandria. 18. Polyandria.
8. Triandria. 14. Didynamia.
4. Tetandria. 15. Tetradinamia.
5. Pentandria. 16. Monadelphia.
6. Hexandria. 17. Diadelphia.
7. Heptandria. 18. Polyadelphia.
8. Octandria. 19. Syngenesia.
9. Enneandria. 20. Gynandria.
10. Decandria. 21. Monesia.
11. Dodecandria. 22. Dioecia.
682
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
23. Polygamia. 24. Cryptogamia.
The orders are as under, depending on the
Pistils.
1. Monogynia. 15. Siliquosa.
2. Dygnia. 16. Polygamia.
3. Triynia. equalis.
4. Tetragynia. 17. Polygamia.
5. Pentagynia. Segregata.
6. Hexagynia. 18. Monogamia.
7. Octagynia. 19. Monoecia.
8. Enneagynia. 20. Dioecia.
9. Decagynia. 21. Triaecia.
10. Dodecaginia. 22. Filices.
11. Polyginia. 23. Musci.
12. Gymnospermia. 24. Hepaticae.
13. Angiospermia. 25. Algae.
14. Siliculosa. 26. Fungel.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY.
By the term specific gravity, is meant the
density of the matter of which any body is
compared with the density of another. This
standard is pure distilled water for liquids and
solids and atmospheric air for gaseous bodies
and vapors. In the United States and Eng-
land, the specific gravity, unless otherwise
expressed, is taken at 60° F., but in France at
32°, or the temperature of melting ice. In
most cases, however, it is sufficient to merely
note the temperature and to apply a correc-
tion, depending on the known density of water
or air at the different degrees of the thermo-
metric scale.
To Find the Specific Gravity of a Substance
Heavier or Lighter than Water.
IF HEAVIER THAN WATER.
Rule.—First weigh it in air, then weigh it
immersed in water. The difference between
these two weights will be its loss in water, or,
in other words the weight of the water dis-
placed. Then divide the weight in air by its
loss in water, and the result is the specific
gravity.
Thus, suppose a substance weighs 12 pounds
in air and 10 pounds in water, its loss is two
pounds in water. Divide 12 (weight in air) by
2 (loss in water), and the result is its specific
gravity—6. That is, the substance is bulk for
bulk 6 times as heavy as water. If the sub-
stance will not sink in water, then weight
must be added to it in order to make it sink
first below the surface. This extra weight ad-
ded to the weight in air show its loss in
water. Thus, if a substance weighs 8 pounds
in air, but requires two pounds to be added to
submerge it in water, its loss of weight in wa-
ter is 2 added to 8=10 pounds.
To Find the Specific Gravity of a Liquid or
a Gas.
Weigh it in a specific gravity bottle, glass
flask, or other vessel of known capacity;
and dividing that weight by the weight of
the same bulk of water the quotient is as be-
fore, the specific gravity.
To Find the Specific Gravity of a Solid Body
Soluble in Water.
Take its specific gravity in regard to Some
liquid which does not dissolve it, and multiply
by the specific gravity of the liquid. Thus a
piece of sugar whose weight is 400 grains is
found to lose 217.5 grains if weighed when
immersed in oil of turpentine; this would
make it specific gravity, as compared with oil
of turpentine—400–217.5=1.84. The specific
gravity of the turpentine is .87; then, 1.74×.87
=1.6, the real specific gravity of the sugar.
To Determine the Weight of a Body from Its
Specific Gravity.
A cubic foot of water weighs 1000 ounces;
hence to determine the weight of a given bulk
of any body, the specific gravity of which is
known, multiply the cubic contents in feet by
1000, and this by the Specific gravity, and the
product will be the weight in ounces avoirdu-
p018.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
683
-*
ATMOSPHERIC FERTILITY.
Is there any, and if any, how much fertile
matter in the atmosphere, and how made avail-
able to vegetation ? First, then, we will assert
or assume, that all elements necessary to the
production of all vegetation is found in the
atmosphere. They are, to be sure, exceedingly
minute, but still they are there. How often
We have seen, after a heavy thunder storm,
Very fine particles of sulphur around the
edges of little pools of water by the roadside,
and where is the farmer who is not willing to
say there is no fertile matter in sulphur 2 Let
us then at once admit there is fertile matter
in atmosphere, and proceed to secure it for
OUIT U186.
To test the matter, we selected a medium
dry piece of ground that had been tilled with-
but much manure. No. 1 plowed six times in
a moist, damp time; No. 2 plowed six times
in a dry, windy time; used no manure or fer-
tilizing matter of any kind on either piece
except what was in the atmosphere, the object
being to test the atmosphere. Planted various
kinds of Seeds, alike on both pieces; had quite
a fair yield on that plowed in damp weather,
but little or none on that plowed in dry, windy
weather. Since this trial, we have endea-
wored always to plow dry land in moist weather,
and vice versa wet land. Hence, if possible,
plow dry land in moist weather, and wet land
in dry weather; also in working over manure
do it on a damp day. And in preparing muck,
when you can't afford to use anything with it,
fork it over as many times as you can afford
to in damp Weather, and keep it protected
from the Weather.
The reasons for working dry land and man-
ures in moist, damp Weather are that the at-
mosphere, being lighter than when dry, allows
the saltpetre and ammonia to remain at or
near the surface; and as the ammonia is
equally distributed in Soil and air, what you
turn out by plowing is supplied by the abund-
ance you turn under, which lies at the surface.
Farmers having light, dry soils to cultivate,
and unable to get much manure, if they would
aim to plow, hoe and work such land in the
weather specified, will find far better crops
than if done in dry, windy Weather. Farmers
will say they can't kill the weeds so well in
damp as dry weather. But never mind that ;
if weeds show a determined disposition to grow,
rest assured there is something there that gives
them that disposition; and what will cause
them to grow is sure to cause what you desire
to raise to grow also. The reason for working
wet soils in dry, windy weather is, ammonia
and iron are in excess and in a comparatively
crude state, needing a powerful atmospheric
action to blend those elements together with
soil-element suitable to feed the roots of vege-
tation.
Muck needs the same treatment as wet soils.
In experimenting we have taken a cord of cow
manure (being careful to have no urine among
it) and a cord of vegetable muck formed from
hard and soft wood-timber; worked them over
separately five or six times in moist weather;
applied them separately to a piece of land ex-
hausted specially for the experiment; planted
various kinds of seeds on each piece. The
muck almost invariably gave the best results.
The reason for keeping the urine from the
manure is to test the relative value of muck
and fibrous manures, unaided by the extra
amount of potash and Salt found in the urine.
Nitro-Glycerine.
This agent was discovered by Sobrero, in
1847. It is commonly prepared by taking:
Dehydrated glycerine, # ounce.
Oil of Vitriol, 2 ounces.
Fuming Nitric Acid, S. G. 1.52, 1 ounce.
Pour the dehydrated glycerine into the oil of
vitriol and nitric acid, with constant stirring.
Keep the mixture below 70° Fahr., by ice, and
as soon as oily drops will begin to appear on
the surface, the mass is poured, with constant
stirring, into 50 ounces of cold water. Nitro-
glycerine then separates, and may be purified
by Washing and drying, in Small quantities, in
a vapor bath. It then appears as a sweet,
opaque, milky-looking, oily fluid, but on careful
drying, by exposure to heat in a warm room,
or in flat dishes containing thin layers, it be-
comes dehydrated, and forms a transparent,
colorless, oily fluid. It is imodorous, and has a
684
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Sweet, pungent, aromatic taste. It is used as
a medicine in Bright's disease, and as put up
by the wholesale druggist. It can be used with
absolute safety.
The Thermometer.
In Fahrenheit's thermometer, which is uni-
versally employed in this country and Great
Britain, the freezing point of water is placed
at 32°, and the boiling point at 212°, and the
number of intervening degress is 180.
The Centigrade thermometer, which has long
been used in Sweden, under the name of Cel-
sius' thermometer, and is now employed on the
continent of Europe generally, marks the freez-
ing point at Zero or 0°, and the boiling point
at 100°.
In Reaumur's thermometer, used in France
before the revolution, the freezing point is Zero,
and the boiling point 80°.
Degrees below zero are distinguished by pre-
fixing the minus sign, thus – ; so that –17°
Fahr. represents a temperature of 17° lower
than zero, equivalent to 49 degrees below freez-
ing point.
To convert degrees of Centigrate into degrees
of Fahrenheit :
Hºwie.—Multiply the degrees of Centigrade by
6, and divide the result by 5; then add 32.
Thus: To find the degrees of Fahrenheit,
equivalent to 30 degrees of Centigrade, 30×9
=270–3–5–54+32=86° Fahr.
To reduce degrees of Fahrenheit to the cor-
responding degree of Centigrade, reverse the
above process. First, deduct 82 from the de-
grees of Fahrenheit, then multiply the difference
by 5, and lastly divide the result by 9.
Thus : 86° Fahr.—
Deduct 32
54
Multiply 5.
Divide by 9)270ſ
30 degrees Centigrade.
The Barometer—How to Consult.
If very hot weather, the fall of the mercury
denotes thunder; otherwise, a sudden fall de
notes high wind.
In frosty weather, the fall of the barometer
denotes thaw.
If wet weather happens soon after the fall of
the barometer, expect little of it.
In wet weather, if the barometer falls, ex-
pect much rain.
In fair weather, if the barometer falls, and
remains low, expect much rain in a few days,
and probably wind.
N. B.-The barometer sinks lowest of all for
wind and rain together, next to that of wind—
except it be an East or Northwest wind.
In winter, the rise of the barometer denotes
frost.
In frosty weather, the rise of the barometer
indicates Snow.
If fair weather happens soon after the rise
of the barometer, expect but little of it.
Barometer Scales.
In America the height of the mercurial col-
umn in the barometer is usually stated in
inches; in France, it is invariably expressed in
millimetres. As many of our Scientific writers
have adopted the metric measures, the fellow-
ing rules for converting millimetres into inches,
and inches into millimetres, will be found
useful:
Multiply by 89.371, and point off six figures
of the product as a decimal fraction.
Eacample.—Convert 760 millimetres into inches
—by multiplying 760 by 39,371 we have 29,921,-
960, and pointing off six figures, as per rule,
we have 92,922 inches, nearly.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Miscellaueeus Department,
*=-“ Sc.-->
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Se’s 2=y
MATHEMIATICAL FORMIUILAS.
A Quick Method of Finding the Interest on any
Sum of Money, at any given per cent.,
for any Given Time.
Rule. 1st. Divide the principal by 12, and
multiply the result by the rate per cent. expressed
decimally; this gives the interest for one month.
2d. Multiply the years by twelve, and add the
number of months, then place # of the num-
ber of days to the right as a decimal.
Multiply 1st and 2d results, gives the interest.
Ea'ample.—What is the interest on $120.00 at
8 per cent., for 2 years, 8 months and 9 days?
12) #120 Principal.
10 2 yrs. § mo. 8).9 days.
.08 12 &= -->
* ºsmºsºmºsºme 3
.80 Int. for 1 mo. 24
8 Months.
cºmmº-
27.8
.80
Interest, $21.840
What is the interest on $62.50 at 5 per cent.
for 4 months and 27 days?
12);62.50 4 months and 27 days.
5.2166
.05
--simmºmºsºmsºm,
260880
4.9
2847470
10483.20
$1.2780670 Interest.
Bank Discount.
Bank discount is the simple interest of a note,
draft, or bill of exchange, deducted from it in
advance, or before it becomes due.
The interest is computed, not only for the
specific time, but also for three days additional,
called days of grace. Thus, if a note is given
at the bank for 60 days, the interest, which is
called the discount, is computed for 63 days;
and if the note is paid within this time, the
debtor complies with the requirements of the
law.
The legal rate of discount is usually the same
as the legal rate of interest; and the difference
between bank discount and true discount is the
same as the difference between interest and true
discount.
A note is said to be discounted at a bank,
when it is received as security for the money
that is paid for it, after deducting the interest
for the time it was given. The sum paid is
called the avails or present worth of the note.
To find the present Worth and the bank dis-
count of any note or sum of money for any
rate per cent. and time.
Eacample 1.-What is the bank discount on
$842 for 90 days, at 6 per cent 2 What is the
present worth 2
Answer $18.051 discount; $828.949 present
worth.


686
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
OPERATION.
Sum discounted, $842 $842.000
Interest of $1, .0155 13.051
4210 $828.949 present worth
4210
842
Bank discount, $13.0510
We find the interest of $1 for 93 days, by
which we multiply the sum discounted, and
the product is the discount. We then subtract
the discount from the given sum, and obtain
the present worth.
Rºule—Find the interest on the note or sum
discounted, for the given rate or time including
three days of grace and this interest is the dis-
count. Subtract the discount from the face of
the note or sum discounted and the remainder
is the present worth.
Triangle.
To find the area of a triangle piece of
ground:
Rule 1.—Multiply the base by half the alti-
tude, and the product will be the area.
Rule 2.-Add the three sides together; take
half that sum, and from this subtract each
side separately; then multiply the half of the
sum and these remainders together, and the
Square root of this product will be the area.
Eacample.—What are the contents of a trian-
gle whose base is 24 feet and whose height is
18 feet 2
Then 24 × 9 (half 18)=216 feet?
What are the contents of a triangular piece
of land whose sides are 50, 60 and 70 rods
respectively 2
50+ 60+70=180–3–2=90.
90–50=40. 90–60=30. 90–70=20.
Then 90 × 40=3600 x 30=108,000.
108,000 × 20= V2,160,000–1469.69 rods.
Above we have given instructions how to
measure an equilateral triangle and a scalene
triangle.
An equilateral triangle is one whose sides
are equal.
A scalene triangle is one whose sides are all
unequal.
An isosceles triangle has two of its sides
equal, and comes under the rules given above.
Quadrilaterals.
By this term is meant all figures having
four sides.
A figure of four sides whose opposite sides
are equal is called a parallellogram. Its area
is found by multiplying together its length and
breadth.
Eacample.—A piece of land is 128 miles long
and 48 miles wide. How many square miles
does it contain 2
128 × 48=6144 square miles. Ans.
A square mile is a parallelogram whose sides
are equal.
Its area is found by multiplying or squaring
its side.
Eacample. — A board is 12 inches square.
What is its surface 2
12×12=144 square inches. Ans.
A rhombus is a parallelogram whose sides
are equal.
Eacample.—Required the area of a rhombus
of which one of its equal sides is 358 feet, and
the perpendicular distance between it and the
opposite side is 194 feet?
358 × 194=69452 feet.
A rhomboid is a parallelogram whose angles
are not right angles.
Eacample.—The base of a rhomboid being 12
feet and its height 8 feet. Required the area 2
12 × 8=96 feet.
A trapezium is a quadrilateral which has
only two of its sides parallel.
In order to measure a piece of ground of
this description apply the following method:
Divide the trapezium into two triangles by a
line which joins two opposite angles and then
find the area of these triangles; their sum will
be the area of the trapezium.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
687
Eacample.—Required, the area of a garden in
the form of a trapezium of which the four
sides are 328, 456, 572 and 298 feet, and the
diagonal, drawn from the anglé between the
first and second sides, 598 feet?
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral which has
only two of its sides parallel. Multiply half of
the sum of the parallel sides by the altitude,
and the product is the area.
Eacample.—If the parallel sides of a trapezoid
are 75 and 33 feet and the perpendicular
breadth 20 feet, what is the area 2
75+33=108–4–2=54, then 54×20=1080 square
feet. -
Circles.
A circle is a plane figure bounded by a line,
every part of which is equally distant from a
point within, ealled the centre.
The circumference or periphery of a circle is
the line that bounds it.
A radius is a line drawn from the centre to
the circumference.
A diameter is a line which passes through
the centre and is terminated by the circumfer-
©IOC6.
The arc is any portion of the circumference.
The chord of an arc is the straight line join-
ing its extremities.
The segment of a circle is the portion in-
cluded by an arc and its chord.
The sector of a circle is the portion included
by the two radii and the intercepted arc.
To Find The Circumference of a Circle.
Rule.—Multiply the diameter by 8.141592.
Eacample.—If the diameter of a circle is 144
feet, what is the circumference?
Then 144 × 3.141592=452.889248 feet.
To find the diameter of a circle, the circum-
ference being given.
Rule.—Multiply the circumference by .818309.
Eacample.—Required the diameter of a circle
whose circumference is 1043 feet?
1043 × .318309–331.997–H feet.
To find the area of a circle, the diameter or
the circumference, or both, being given.
Rule.—Multiply the square of the diameter
by .785398. Multiply the square of the circum-
ference by 0.79577. Multiply half the diame:
ter by half the circumference.
To find the area of a sector of a circle.
Rule.—Multiply the length of the arc by half
the radius.
Eacample.—Required the area of a sector of
which the arc is 79 and the radius of the cir-
cle 47 inches 2
Then 79 × 23}=1856; inches.
To Find the Area of a Segment of a Circle.
Rule.—To two-thirds of the product of the
height of the segment by the chord, add the
cube of the height, divided by twice the chord.
Eacample.—Required the area of a segment
whose height is 15 rods, and whose cord is 24
rods?
Thus : 15 × 24 × 2–4–3–240.
15 × 15 x 15–3–24 x2=70.3125.
And: 240+70.3125=310.3125 square rods=1
acre, 3 roods, 30 rods 9.4 yards.
To find the side of the largest square that
can be inscribed in a circle of a given diameter
or circumference:
Rule.—Multiply the given diameter by 707,-
106. Multiply the given circumference by 225,-
079.
NoTE.—To find the circumfrence of a circle
required to exactly admit a square of a given
side, divide the given side by 225,079.
Eacample.—I have a piece of timber 30 inches
in diameter; how large a square stick can be
hewn from it? 30 × .707,106=21.21 square inches.
To find the Solidity of a Globe.
Rule. —Multiply the cube of the diameter by
523,598.
633
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.

Eacample.—Required the solidity of the earth,
supposing its circumference to be 25,000
miles. 25,000× .31881=7,957.75 diameter. Then
7,957.75° x.5236=263,858,149,120.068×.
To Find the Numaber of Feet, Board Measure,
in a Plank, Joist, Beam, etc.
Rule.—Multiply the width taken in inches by
the thickness in inches, and this product by
the length in feet; and the last product, divi-
ded by 12, will give the contents in feet, board
Iſle 8,SUITé.
Eacample.—How many feet in 20 joists 10
feet long, 6 inches wide and 2 inches thick.
2×6×10x20–3–12=200 feet.
Eacample.—How many feet in a beam 20 feet
long, 10 inches thick, whose width tapers from
18 to 16 inches 2
10×17 × 20-i-12=283}.
NoTE.—When the ends of timber are of
different widths add the two ends together and
divide by 2, this gives the mean thickness, as
in the above example one end is 18 inches and
the other 16 added together gives 34+2=17
mean thickness.
To Find the Contents of Round Timber.
Multiply the length taken in feet, by the
square of one-fourth of the mean girth, taken
in inches, and this product divided by 144 will
give the contents in cubic feet.
Eacample.—How many cubic feet in a stick of
timber which is 30 feet long, and whose girth
is 40 inches 2
Then 30 × 10 × 10–3–144–20 5-6 cubic feet.
NoTE—The girth of tapering timber is usually
taken about $ the distance from the larger to
the smaller end. A good rule, and an exact
one, is to multiply the square of one-fifth of
the mean girth taken in inches by twice the
length in feet, and divide by 144.
Gauging of Casks.
Gauging is the process of finding the capaci-
ties of casks or other vessels. Casks are gener-
ally considered to be of four varieties:
First—Having the staves nearly straight.
Second–Having the staves slightly curved.
• ---
Third–Having the staves of a medium curve.
Fourth—Having the staves considerably
curved.
In gauging casks, it is necessary first to find
the mean diameter. This is found by taking
the end and middle diameters and the length
in inches, and then adding to the end diameter
the product of the difference between the end
and middle diameters by .55, .60, .65, or .70,
as the cask may be of the first, second, third
or fourth variety.
To Find the Capacity of a Cask in Gallons.
Rule.—Multiply the square of the mean diam-
eter, in inches, by the length in inches, and
the product multiplied by .004 will give the
capacity in liquid or wine gallons.
Eacample.—Required the capacity in gallons
of a cask of the fourth variety whose middle
diameter is 35 inches, head diameter 27 inches,
and length 45 inches.
Solution, 27+(8×.70)=32.6. Then 32.6x32.6
×45×.004=162.6 wine gallons.
What are the contents in liquid measure of
a tub 40 inches in diameter at the top, 30 inches
at the bottom, and whose height is 50 inches.
Solution, 30×30×.7854=706.86, area of smaller
end; 40×40X.7854=1256.64, area of larger end;
then 1256.64×706.86=888268.5504. The square
root of 888268,5504=942.48, and 942.48+706.36+
1256.64=2905.98; 2905.98 × (50+3)=48433 cubic
inches and 48433+231 (cubic inches in a gallon)
gives us 209.66% gallons.
To Find the Contents of a Barrel.
In cases where the centre or bung diameter
is larger than the ends, first square the centre
diameter in inches, and then multiply it by 2,
to which add the square of the diameter of the
ends; then multiply this by the length of the
cask, and divide by 1.077.
Eacample. —A barrel having bung diameter of
28 inches, end 25 inches, length 36 inches.
Required number of imperial gallons:
28 × 28=784 × 2–1568.
25×25=625–H1568–2193.
2193 X 36=78948.
And,
Then,
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
689
Again: 78648--1.077=73 old measure=74}
imperial gallons.
If the diameter is equal everywhere, multiply
the square of the diameter in inches by the
depth, and divide the product by 359. Thus:
a barrel with a diameter of 36 inches and 50
inches deep, proceed thus: 36×36)×50=64800
+358=180; old measure, 183} imperial gallons.
Rapid Process of Marking Goods at any Desired
Per Cent. Profit.
Retail merchants, in buying goods by
Wholesale, buy a great many articles by
the dozen, such as boots and shoes, hats
and caps, and notions of various kinds; now
the merchant, in buying, for instance, a dozen
hats, knows exactly what one of these hats
will retail for in the market where he deals;
and unless he is a good accountant, it will
often take him some time to determine whether
he can afford to purchase the dozen hats and
make a living profit by selling them by the
single hat; and in buying his goods by auction,
as the merchant often does, he has not time
to make the calculation before the goods are
bid off. He therefore looses the chance of mak-
ing good bargains by being afraid to bid at
random, or if he bids, and the goods are cried
off, he may have made a poor bargain, by bid-
ding thus at a venture. It then becomes a
useful and practical problem to determine in-
stantly what per cent. he would gain if he re-
tailed the hat at a certain price, to tell what
an article should retail for to make a profit of
20 per cent.
Rule.—Divide what the articles cost per dozen
by 10, which is done by removing the decimal point
one place to the left.
For instance, if hats cost $17.50 per dozen,
remove the decimal point one place to the left,
making $1.75, what they should be sold for
apiece to gain 20 per cent on the cost. If they
cost $81.00 per dozen, they should be sold at
$3.10 apiece, etc. We take 20 per cent. as the
basis for the following reasons, viz.: because
we can determine instantly, by simply remov-
ing the decimal point, without changing a
figure, and, if the goods would not bring at
least 20 per cent. profit in the home market,
the merchant could not afford to purchase, and
would look for cheaper goods.
The reason for the above rule is obvious, for
if we divide the cost of a dozen by 12, We
have the cost of a single article; then if we
wish to make 20 per cent. On the cost (cost
being 1-1 or 5-5), we add the per cent. which
is 1-5, to the 5-5, making 6-5 or 12-10; then as
we multiply the cost, divided by 12, by the 12-
10 to find at what price one must be sold to
gain 20 per cent. it is evident that the 128
will cancel and leave the cost of a dozen to be
divided by 10,–to do this remove the decimal
point one place to the left.
Eacample 1.—If I buy 2 dozen caps at $7.50
per dozen, what shall I retail them at to make
20 per cent 2 Ans. 75 cents.
Eacample 2.—When a merchant retails a vest
at $4.50 and makes 20 per cent. what did he
pay per doz? Ans. $45.
Eacample 3.—At what price should I retail a
pair of boots that cost $85.00 per doz to make
20 per cent 2 Ans. $8.50.
Now, as removing the decimal point one
place to the left, on the cost of a dozen articles,
gives the selling price of a single one with 20
per cent. added to the cost, and, as the cost
of any article is 100 per cent., it is obvious
that the selling price would be 20 per cent.
more, or 120 per cent; hence to find 50 per
cent. profit which would make the selling price
150 per cent., we would first find 120 per cent.
then add 30 per cent. by increasing it one-
fourth itself; for 35 per cent., increase it one-
eighth itself, etc. Hence to mark an article at
any per cent. profit we find the following.
General Rule.—First find 20 per cent, profit by
removing the decimal point one place to the left on
the price the articles cost per doz.; then, as 20 per
cent. profit is 120 per cent. add to or subtract from
this amount the fractional part that the required per
cent. added to 100 is more or less than 130.
690
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTIOAL INFORMATION.
Merchants, in marking goods, generally take a per cent., that is an aliquot part of 100, as 25,
83%, 50, etc. The reason they do this is because it makes it much easier to add such a per
cent. to the cost; for instance, a merchant could mark almost a dozen articles at 50 per cent.
profit in the time it would take him to mark one at 49 per cent. The following is arranged
for the convenience of business men in marking the prices of all articles bought by the dozen:
To make 20 per cent. remove the point one place to the left.
6 &
66
G4
C &
& 4
C &
6 &
( &
& 4
66
Cé
C &
& 6
C &
66
66
80
60
50
44
40
37
35
83%
32
30
28
26
25
12}
16#
18%
& ©
66
66
6 &
6 *
& ©
66
& 6
66
6 &
& 6
& 6
& 6
66
66
66
66
6 &
& 6
& 6
& 6
& 6
& £
& 6
66
66
66
& 6
6 &
& &
6 &
6 &
& 6
& 4
& 4
6 &
6 &
66
& 6
& 4
& &
& &
& 6
66
6 &
6 &
& 6
& 6
& 6 and add & itself.
&6 & 6 § 6 &
l
& & & 6 6 &
4.
66 & 6 1-5 & 6
66 & 6 1-6 66
& 6 66 1 7 & 6
€ $ 66 1-8 6 &
& 6 & © 1-9 & 6
6 & 6 & 1-10 “
& Cº 66 1-12 “
66 & & 1-15 “
6 & & 6 1-20 **
66 66 1-24 “
“ Subtract 1-16 “
6 & 6 & 1-36 & 6
& 6 & 4 1-96 “
If I buy a dozen shirts for $28.00, what shall I retail them for to make 50 per cent?
Answer—$3.50.
Explanation.—Remove the point one place to the left, and add + itself.
Aliquot Parts of 100 and 1,000.
Merchants in selling goods generally make the price of an article some aliquot part of 100,
as in selling sugar at 12} cents per pound, or 8 pounds for $1.00; or in selling calico for 16;
The following table will be found valuable for all such
cents per yard, or 6 yards for $1.00, etc.
calculations:
12} is part of 100.
25 is 3 part of 100.
37} is 3-8 part of 100.
50 is 4-8 or 3 of 100.
62} is 5-8 part of 100.
75 is 6-8 or ; part of 100.
87% is 7-8 part of 100,
6+ is 1-16 part of 100.
18} is 3-16 part of 100.
31} is 5-16 part of 100.
To multiply by an aliquot part of 100:
8% is 1-12 part of 100
16# is 2-12 or 1-6 of 100.
83% is 4-12 or § of 100.
66% is 8-12 or # of 100.
83% is 10-12 or 5-6 of 100.
125 is part of 1,000.
250 is 2-8 or 3 part of 1,000.
875 is 8-8 part of 1,000.
625 is 5-8 part of 1,000.
875 is 7-8 part of 1,000.
Rule.—Add two cyphers to the multiplicand, then take such part of it as the multiplier is
part of 100.
N. B.-If the multiplicand is a mixed number, reduce the fraction to a decimal of two places.
before dividing.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
691
Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money.
Proclaimed by the Secretary of the Treasury, January 1, 1881.

- Walue in U. S. º
Country. Monetary Unit. Standard. Money. Standard Coin.
Austria........... Florin ........... Silver... . . . . . . . . . . 40.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium.......... Franc. . . . . . . . . . . . Gold and silver 19.3 |5, 10 and 20 francs.
Bolivia............ Boliviano. . . . . . . . . Silver... . . . . . . . . . . 82.8 |Boliviano. . . . . . . . . .
Brazil............ Milreis of 1000 reis.|Gold....... . . . . . . . 54.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
British Poss, in N.A. Dollar............ Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1.00 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chili. . . . . . . . . . . . . Peso... . . . . . . . . . . . Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2 |Condor, doubloon and
escudo.
Denmark......... Crown............ Gold... . . . . . . . . . . . 26.8 |10 and 20 crowns...
Ecuador........... Peso... . . . . . . . . . . Silver... . . . . . . . . . . 82.8 |Peso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . Piaster. . . . . . . . . . . Silver............. 04.9 |5, 10, 25 and 50 pi-
- asters.
France..... ...... Frank... ........ Gold and silver 19.8 |5, 10 and 20 francs.
Great Britian...... Pound Sterling. ...|Gold... . . . . . . . . . . . 4.86.6} |} sovereign and sov-
ereign.
Greece. .... ...... Drachma......... Gold and silver 19.3 |5, 10, 20, 50 and 100
drachmas.
German Empire...|Mark............. Gold... .......... 23.8 |1, 10 and 20 marks. .
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . Rupee of 16 annas.|Silver... . . . . . . . . . . 89 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy.............. ira. . . . . . . . ...|Gold and silver 19.3 |5, #. 20, 50 and 100
Irè .
Japan............ Yen (gold)......... Gold and silver 88.8 |5, 2, 5, 10 and 20 yen.
Liberia........... ollar. . . . . . . . . . . . Gold.............. 1.00 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mexico........... Dollar............ Silver............. 89.4 |Peso or dol., 5, 10, 25
and 50 centavo.
Netherlands ... . . . Florin............ Gold and silver 40.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway........... TOWIl . . . . . . . . . . . . old. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.8 |10 and 20 crowns. . .
Peru.............. Sol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver............. 82.3 |Sol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Portugal.......... Milries of 1000 reis. Gold.............. 1.08 2, 5 and 10 milreis. .
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . *. of 100 co- Silver............. 65.8 |}, + and 1 rouble. . .
Sandwich Islands. |Dollar. . . . . . . . . . . . Gold.............. 1.00 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spain............. Pº, of 100 cen- Gold and silver 19.3 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100
1IIlê8. . . . . . . . . . . pesetas... . . . . . . . .
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . TOWIl . . . . . . . . . . . . Gold.............. 26.8 |10 and 20 crowns. . .
Switzerland. ...... Franc . . . . . . . . . . . ..|Gold and silver 19.3 |5, 10 and 20 francs. .
Tripoli............ Mººt lººpi silver............. 74.8 |... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . Piaster..... ...... Gold... . . . . . . . . . . . . 04.4 |25, 50, 100, 250 and
500 piaster.
U. S. of Columbia. Peso. . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver... . . . ... • - - - - - 82.8 |Peso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Venezuela. . . . . . . . Bolivar... . . . . . . . . Gold and silver 19.8 |5, 10 20, 50, and 100
Bolivar. . . . . . . . . . .
692
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Governors, State Senators and Representatives.
Salaries and Terms of Office.*
Term of Term of Term of º tº
States, and Ter- | Salary of .* Pay of members |*. .."...#. ... When the Leg- Limit of
ritories. Govenors. of Gov. of Legislature. of Sen º islature Meets. Session.

Colorado . .
Connecticut. . . . . .
Dakota
e º 'º e º º tº e º ſº º
Kentucky
Maryland. . . . ...
Massachusetts ...
Michigan
Minnesota........
Mississippi... . . .
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada. . . .
New Hampshire. e
New Mexico.
New Jersey. . . . . .
New York
Oregon. . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . .
Rhode Island. . . . .
South Carolina. . .
Tennessee. . . . . . .
e dº º ºs e º º ºs º ºs º º
Utah
Vermont
Virginia. . . .
Washington: . ...
West Virginia. . .
Wisconsin.
Wyoming. . . .
California.........
e e º e º ºr ſº º de &
e e º e º ºs º º
tº gº & Cº. ºº e º C &
e e º 'º e º e º e
e Q s e e o e º e e
e e º e º 'º e º sº e
* † º & © tº ſº dº
Louisiana........
e e º 'º & v - © tº
º e º is e º e º
gº º e º e e º e
tº e < * * * * *
e e i s e e g º e º e &
e e º sº e º 'º tº
$ 3,000
2,600
3,500
6,000
3,000
2,000
2,600
2,000
3,500
4,000
2,600
6,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
1,500
4,500
5,000
1,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
2,600
2,500
6,000
1,000
2,600
5,000
10,000
3,000
4,000
1,500
10,000
4,000
4,500
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
5,000
2,600
2,700
5,000
2,600
X
years
6 &
6 &
6 &
66
& 4
& 6
66
6 &
& &
6 &
66
& 6
66
& 6
$4 per day
4 6 & & 6
6 & 6 66
8 6 & & 6
4 & 6 & 4
300 per session
4 per day
3 & 6 6 &
& 6
66
& 6
6 (;
i
6 &
550 per session
3 per da
5 & & 66
4
150 per session
5 per day
650 per session
3 per day
5 & 6 & &
300 per session
5 per day
& 6 6 (;
& 6 66
6 & 66
& 6 6 &
& & 6 &
500 per session
& 4
i
& 4
1,000 per session
1 per day
& 4
& 6
& 6
& 6
& 4
540 per session
4 per day
4 & 4 & 4
850 per session
4 per day
i
years
6 &
& 6
& 6
& 6
6 &
& 6
66
6 &
& 6
& 6
a 6
& &
& 6
6 &
& 6
& ©
6 &
6 &
6 &
& 6
& 6
& 6
& 6
& 6
66
& 6
66
© &
& 6
& 6
6 &
& 6
& 6
& 4
& 6
6 &
& 6
& 6
& 6
2 years
2 & 4
2
4
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Annually
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Annually
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Annually
Annually
Biennially
Annually
Biennially
Biennially
Annually
Annually
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Biennially
Annually
Biennially
50 days
66
& &
60 days
None
70 days
40 6 &
40
60
None
40 days
None
None
60 days
None
40 days
None
None
None
& 6
66
*From 5 cents to 49 cents per mile is allowed representatives, in Some States, in going to and from the seat of government.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
698
Annual Salaries of the Principal United States
Civil, Military and Naval Officers.
LEGISLATIVE.
President............................. $50,000
Vice-President........................ 8,000
Secretary of State...... ............. 8,000
Secretary of Treasury.................. 8,000
Secretary of Interior................... 8,000
Secretary of Navy..................... 8,000
Secretary of War...................... 8,000
Postmaster General.................... 8,000
Attorney General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,000
Speaker of House of Representatives... 8,000
United States Senators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000
Representatives in Congress........... 5,000
UNITED STATES MINISTERS TO
England. . . . . . © e e º 'º e º e º ºs e º º e º 'º e º e º e s e e $17,500
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,500
France... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,500
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.500
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000
Mexico... . . . . . . . ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000
Central America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000
Chili. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000
Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000
Venezuela. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500
Turkey... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500
Sweden and Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500
Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500
Denmark... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000
Uruguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000
Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000
Switzerland... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000
Liberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000
JUDGES.
Chief Justice U. S. Supreme Court . . . . $10,500
Associate Judges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000
United States Circuit Judges.. . . . . . . . . . 6,000
U. S. District Judges. ... from $8,500, to 5,000
Judge of U. S. Court of Claims........ 4,500
HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS,
Director of Geological Surveys. . . . . . . . . $6,000
Auditor of Railroad Accounts.......... 5,000
Superintendent of Census...... * * * * * * * * * 5,000
Superintendent of Naval Observatory.... 5,000
Commissioner of Patents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500
Director of the Mint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500
Commissioner of General Land Office... 4,000
Superintendent of Signal Service. . . . . . . 4,000
Commissioner of Pensions... . . . . . . . . . . . 3,600
Superintendent of Nautical Almanac.... 8,500
Commander Marine Corps.............. 3,500
Commissioner of Agriculture....... . . . . . 8,000
Commissioner of Indian Affairs........ 3,000
Commissioner of Education............ 3,000
ARMY AND NAVY.
MILITARY OFFICERS,
General of the Army.................. $13,500
Lieutenant-General.................... 11,000
Major-Generals. . . . . . .................. 7,500
Brigadier-Generals..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,500
Colonels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500
Lieutenant-Colonels.................... 3,000
Majors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500
Captains, Mounted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000
Captains, not Mounted......... . . . . . . . . 1,800
First Lieutenants, Mounted. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600
First Lieutenants, not Mounted........ 1,500
Second Lieutenants, Mounted. . . . . . . . . . 1,500
Second Lieutenants, not Mounted...... 1,400
Chaplains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500
NAVAL OFFICERS.
Admirals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,000
Vice-Admirals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,000
Rear Admirals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000
Commodores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000
Captains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500
Commanders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500
Lieutenant Commanders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,800
Lieutenants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400
Masters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,800
Ensigns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,200
Midshipmen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000
694
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Weights.
TROY,
24 grains (gr.) 1 pennyweight—pwt.
20 pywts. 1 ounce—oz.
8.2 grains, 1 carat, diamond wt.
By this weight gold, silver, and jewels only
are weighed. The ounce and pound in this,
are the same as in apothecaries' weight.
APOTHECARIES’.
20 grains 1 scruple.
3 scruples 1 drachm.
8 drs. 1 ounce.
12 ozs. 1 pound.
AVOIRDUPOIS.
16 drams (drs.) 1 ounce,—Oz.
16 ozs. 1 pound,-lb.
25 lbs. 1 quarter—qr”
4 quarters 100 weight—cwt.
20 cwt. 1 ton.
* Formerly 28 lbs. were allowed to the quar-
ter, but the practice is now nearly out of use
excepting in the coal mines in Pennsylvania,
the Eastern fish markets, and the U. S. Custom
House.
Grains are the same in each of the above
weights.
5,760 grains, apothecaries' or troy wº. 1 lb.
7,000 grains, avoirdupois wi. 1 lb.
Therefore, 144 lbs. avoir. equal 175 lbs. apoth.
or troy.
OF LIQUIDS.
1 gallon oil weighs 9.32 lbs. avoir.
1 gallon distilled water, 8.85 lbs.
1 gallon sea water, 10.32 lbs.
1 gallon proof spirits, 9.08 lbs.
BEEF, POBE, ETO.
200 lbs. 1 barrel.
196 lbs. (flour) 1 barrel.
100 lbs. (fish) 1 quintal.
Measures,
DRY.
2 pints 1 quart—qt.
8 quarts 1 peck—pk.
4 pecks, 1 bushel—bu.
36 bushels, 1 chaldron.
1 United States standard (Winchester) bushel
—18% inches in diameter, and 8 inches deep—
contains 2150.42 cubic inches.
LIQUID OR WINE.
4 gills, 1 pint—pt.
2 pints. 1 quart—qt.
4 quarts, 1 gallon—gal.
31% gallons, 1 barrel—bbl.
2 barrels, 1 hogshead—hhd.
U. S. standard gallon, 231 cubic inches.
Beer gallon, 231 “ 66
31 “ 66 1 bbl.
TIME,
60 seconds, 1 minute.
60 minutes, 1 hour.
24 hours, 1 day.
7 days, 1 week.
4 weeks, 1 lunar month.
28, 29, 30, or 31 days, 1 calendar month.
30 days, 1 month, (in computing interest).
52 weeks and 1 day,
12 calendar º
365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes,
and 49 seconds,
1 year.
1 Solar year.
CIRCULAR.
60 seconds, 1 minute.
60 minutes, 1 degree.
30 degrees, 1 sign.
90 degrees, 1 quadrant.
4 quadrants, !
360 degrees,
A convenient method of finding the differ-
ence in time between two places, is to notice
their distance apart in degrees of longitude,
and allow 4 minutes to each degree, based on
the following
MISCELLANEOUS.
IBON, LEAD, ETO,
14 lbs. 1 stone.
21% stones, 1 pig.
8 pigs 1 fother.
1 circle.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. **& 695
CALCULATIONS: To find the number of bushels in a bin of
1440 minutes, 1 day, or revolution of the earth. any dimensions, find the number of cubic feet
1 revolutfon of the earth is by multiplying the three dimensions of the bin
360 degrees; therefore, in feet; deduct one-fifth, and the result is the
1 degree, 4 minutes. number of bushels.
LONG.
DISTANCE, rarer.
8 barleycorns, 1 inch—in. The sizes in inches.
12 ins., 1 foot—ft. FLAT WPITING-PAPERS,
: feet, 1 yard—yd. Flat Letter........................... 10 x 16
3 yds., 1 rod—rd.
40 rds., 1 furlong. Flat Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 x 17
8 fur. 1 mile Double Flat Letter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 x 20
2 º Flat Foolscap...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 x 16
O LOTE (e. Crown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 x 19
2} inches, 1 nail. Folio Post. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 x 22
4 nails, 1 quarter. Demy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 x 21
4 quarters, 1 yard. Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 x 23
MISOELLANEOUS. Check Folio........................... 17 x 24
º Bank Folio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 x 24
8 inches, 1 palm. Double Cap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 X 28
4 inches, 1 hand. Roval 19 x 24
© Yal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
6 inches, 1 span. Super Royal. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 20 x 28
18 inches, 1 cubit. Imperial 23 x 31
21.8 inches, 1 Bible cubit. *-*** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2} feet, 1 military pace. Of the different sizes there are also several
8 feet, 1 common pace. different weights of each size, as Demy, 20, 22,
24, 26, and 28 lbs. per ream.
SQUARE. Stationers usually rule, cut and fold the sizes
144 Sq. ins., 1 sq. foot. required to make the various styles of letter
9 sq. ft., 1 Sq. yd. and note papers—a flat sheet making one, two
303 Sq. yds., 1 Sq. rā. or four sheets of letter or note paper.
40 sq. rās., 1 rood.
4 roods, 1 acre. LEDGER PAPER.
SURVEYORs'. Flat Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 14 x 17
7.92 inches, 1 link. Crown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 x 19
25 links, 1 rod. Folio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 x 22
4 rods, 1 chain. Pemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 16 x 21
10 square *} 1 acre Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 18 x 23
160 square rods, te Royal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 19 x 24
640 acres, 1 Square mile. | Super Royal.......................... 20 x 28
OUBIO, #. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . 23 x 31
1728 cubic inches, 1 cubic foot. lephant . . . . . . . . . . . . * 23 x 28
27 cubic feet, 1 & & yard. BOOK PAPERS.
128 cubic feet, 1 cord (wood).
40 cubic feet, 1 ton (shipping). The usual sizes of these, from the different
2150.42 cubic in., 1 standard bu. American and English manufacturers, differ
268.8 “ “ 1 & & gal. but little from the above, except to fill Special
1 cubic foot, 4-5 of a bushels. orders.
696
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
PAPER COUNTS.
34 sheets, 1 quire.
k0} quires, 1 token.
20 quires, 1 ream.
3 reams, 1 bundle.
5 bundles, 1 bale.
UNITS OF ANYTHING.
12 pieces, 1 dozen
12 dozen, 1 gross.
12 gross, 1 great gross.
20 units, 1 score.
WEIGHTS OF A CUBIC IFOOT.
METALS.
WEIGHT OF A CUBIO FOOT.
Substance. Lbs. Oz.
Platina.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,218 12
Pure Gold"......................... 1,203 10
Mercury... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848| 12
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709| 8
Pure Silvert .... .................. 625 13
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487| 12
Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 11
Cast Iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 7
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547| 4
Brass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543| 12
Zine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428, 13
*The value of a ton of pure gold is $602,-
799 21.
#The value of a ton of silver is $37,704 84.
*$1,000,000 gold coin weighs 3,685.8 pounds
avordupois.
f$1,000,000 silver coin weigh 58,929.9 pounds
avordupois.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Substance. Libs. Oz.
India Rubber...................... 56| 7
Pressed Hay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25]. . . .
Pressed Cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25l. . . .
EARTH, STONE, ETC.
Substance. Lbs. OZ.
Italian Marble. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169| 4
Vermont Marble. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 9
Window Glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165| 2
Common Glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157| 8
Moist Sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 2
Clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 10
Brick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 12
Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109| 6
Mud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101. 14
Loose Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93| 12
Lehigh Coal, loose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -| 56 4
Lackawanna, loose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48. 10
WOODS.
Substance. Libs. Oz
Lignum Vitae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5
Ebony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5
Boxwood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2.
Mahogany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 7
White Oak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53| 12
Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52| 13
Red Hickory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52| 6
Apple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49| 9
Maple . . . . . . . . ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46) 14
Cherry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44. 11
Shellbark Hickory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43| 2
Pitch Pine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4
Chestnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38| 2
Birch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * > * * 35| 7
Cedar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35| 1
White Poplar ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33| 1
Spruce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31| 4
Yellow Pine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 13
Butternut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23| 8
Cork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15|. . . .
GROCERIES.
WEIGHT OF A CUBIO FOOT.
Substance. Lbs. Oz.
Sugar... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5
BeeSWax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5
Lard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59| 3
Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. 14
Tallow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. 13
Castile Soap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56] 15




AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
LIQUIDS. White Beech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Black Birch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Hard Maple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Substance. Lbs. Oz. Black Walnut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Yellow Oak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Honey............................. 90 10 | White Elm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Winegar ........................... 67| 8 | Red Oak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Blood ......................... § 14 | Red Cedar..................... o o ºs e º e º 'º e º º 56
*::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: § 1. Wild Cherry • e e e e e e s = e s e e s e e º e e s e e s > * * * * * * 55
Cider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 63| 10 Yellow Pine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Tar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63| 7 | Chestnut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Rain Water........................ 62| 8 || Yellow Poplar............................. 51
Linseed Oil........................ 58. 1% | Butternut................................. 43
Hºyº :::::::::::: ; * | White Birch.... .................. a G e º e e 43
Alcohol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49| 10 | White Pine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
DIFFERENCE IN WEIGHT OF wooD, GREEN AND DRY.
QUANTITY OF SEED TO AN ACRE.
GREEN.
Wheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1} to 2 bu.
Rye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1} to 2 “
Substance. Lbs. 19%. oats............................ 8 “
Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 “
º Buckwheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #
† 9....::::::::::::: ; "|{..". 4 “
Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58| 3 | Corn, in drills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 to 3 “
American Pine..................... 44. 12 | Corn, in hills................... 4 to 8 qts.
Broom Corn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # bu.
Potatoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 to 15 bu.
DIRY. Rutabagas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - e. e. e. e º O © e # lbs.
- Millet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # bu.
English Oak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43| 8 || Clover, white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 qts.
º - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ; : Clover, red. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 “
SD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - & 4
American Pine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . à i |º 6.................... .
Red Top. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 to 2 p.k.
Blue Grass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º 2 bu.
WOODS FOR FUEL. . Mixed Lawn Grass.............. # bu
Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q 2 oz.


Taking shellbark hickory as the highest
standard of our forest trees, other trees will
compare with it in real value, for fuel, as fol-
lows:
Shellbark Hickory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Pignut Hickory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
White Oak. . . . . . . . . . . . . * * - e º e º e º e º e e g º e º e e 84
White Ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Dogwood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Scrub-Oak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
White Hazel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Apple Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rates of Speed at Which Birds Fly Per Hour.
|BIRDS. MILES.
Hawks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Sparrows... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Ducks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Falcon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Crows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
rapid.
698
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
**=
HEAT AND cold.
Degrees of Heat Above Zero at Which Sub-
stances Melt.
SUBSTANCE. IDEG.
Wrought Iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,980
Cast Iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,479
Platinum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,080
Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,590
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,548
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500
Glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,377
Brass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,900
Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,250
Antimony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
Zinc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Lead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Tin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Arsenic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Beeswax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Gutta Percha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Tallow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , g º e º ºs e e º 'º e º e s e e º e is 97
Lard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Pitch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Degrees of Heat Above Zero at Which Sub-
stances Boil.
SUBSTANCE. DEG
Ether. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Alcohol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Petroleum... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Linseed Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Blood Heat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Eggs Hatch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Degress of Cold Above Zero at Which Substances
Freeze.
SUBSTANCE. DEG
Olive Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Milk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Sea Water... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Winegar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Wine8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Degrees Below Zero at Which the Following
Freeze,
DEG.
Brandy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º º º e º Gº e º ºs e º e º a e 7
Proof Spirit.............................. 7
Mercury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , º e º 'º & tº e e º ºs e º e 40
Cold experienced by Arctic Navigators.... 70
Greatest Artificial Cold................... 22
AGES OF ANIMAILSs
ANTMA.L. YRS.
Whale, estimated...... ................. 500
Elephant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Swan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Tortoise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Eagle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Raven. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Camel... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Lion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Porpoise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Horse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Bear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CoW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Deer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Rhinorceros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Wolf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Cat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fox... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Dog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Rabbit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Squirrel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
INTEREST.
Money doubles at compound interest as fol-
lows:
At 8 per cent. in 28 years.
At 4 & 6 66 & 6 17 & 6
At 5 “ 6 & “ 14 “
At 6 & © & 6 6 (; 12 66
At 7 & 6 66 66 10 66
At 8 66 & & 66 9 • 6
At 9 6 & & 6 6 & 8 &G
At 10 66 66 & 6 7 66
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
699
CAPACITY OF A FREIGHT CAR.
A load, nominally, is 20,000 pounds. The
following number can be carried:
Whisky ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 barrels
Salt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 “
Lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 “
Flour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 “
Eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 to 160 “
*lour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 sacks
Wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 cords
Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 20 head
Hogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 to 60 “
Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 to 100 **
Lumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 feet.
Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 bush.
Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 “
Flax Seed...................... . . . .360 **
Apples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 “
Corn.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 “
Potatoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 “
Oats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 “
Bran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e s e e º e e 1,000 “
Butter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,000 lbs.
Freight cars
of larger capacity have been made of late.
IDIFFERENCE OF TIME
Between Washington and Other Cities of the
World.
12:00 o'clock (noon) at . . . . . . . . WASHINGTON.
12:12 ... “...P.M. . . . . . . . . . . . New York.
12:24 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Boston.
12:27 ... “... “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Portland.
1:37 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . St. John (N. F).
8:19 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Angra (Azores).
4: 81 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Lisbon.
4:43 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Dublin.
4:55 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Edinburgh.
5:07 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . London
5:17 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Paris
5:58 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Rome
6:02 ... “... “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Berlin.
6:14 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Vienna.
6:22 ... “... “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Town
7:04 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Constantinople.
11:01 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Calcutta.
12:54 ... “ . .A.M. . . . . . . . . . . . Pekin.
2:48 ... “... “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Melbourne.
4:51 - “... “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Auckland.
8: 58 . “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . San Francisco.
9:40 o'clock A. M. . . . . . . . . . ... Salt Lake.
11 : 08 ... “... “ . . . . . . . . . . . . New Orleans.
11 : 18 ... “... “ . . . . . . . . . . . . Chicago.
11 : 52 ... “ . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . Buffalo
12:00 . . . . . (noon). . . . . . . . . . . . Lima (Peru).
RAILWAY SIGNALS-
One pull of bell-cord signifies “stop.”
Two pulls mean “go ahead.”
Three pulls signify “back up.”
One whistle signifies “down brakes.”
Two whistles mean “off brakes.”
Three whistles signify “back up.”
Continued whistles indicate “danger.”
Rapid short whistles, “a cattle alarm.”
A sweeping parting of the hands, on a level
with the eyes, signifies “go ahead.”
A slowly, sweeping meeting of the hands, over
the head, means “back slowly.”
Downward motion of the hands, with extended
arms, signifies “stop.”
Beckoning motion of one hand, indicates
“back.”
A red flag waved up the track, signifies “dan-
ger.”
A red flag standing by the roadside, means
“danger ahead.”
A red flag carried on a locomotive, signifies
“an engine following.”
A red flag raised at a station, is a signal to
“stop.”
A lantern at night raised and lowered verti-
cally, is a signal to “start.”
A lantern swung at right angles across the
track, means “stop.”
A lantern swung in a circle, signifies “back
the train.”
CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS.
Before Christ.
The Deluge. . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 2348
Babylon built. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2247
Birth of Abraham........................ 1993
Death of Joseph......................... 1635
Moses born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1571
Athens founded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 1556
The Pyramids built...................... 1250
Solomon's Temple finished. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
Rome founded
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ,
U. AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
|
i U v
Jerusalem destroyed...................... 587
Babylon taken by Jews................... 538
Death of Socrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Rome taken by the Gauls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Paper invented in China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Carthage destroyed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Caesar landed in Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Caesar killed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Birth of Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
After Christ.
Death of Augustus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Pilate, governor of Judea... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Jesus Christ crucified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Claudius visited Britain... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
St. Paul put to death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Death of Josephus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Jerusalem rebuilt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
The Romans destroyed 580,000 Jews and
banished the rest from Judea........... 185
The Bible in Gothic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Horseshoes made of iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Latin tongue ceased to be spoken. . . . . . . . . 580
Pens made of quills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Organs used. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Glass in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Bank of Venice established. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
Glass windows first used for lights........ 1180
Mariner's compass used. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200
Coal dug for fuel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1234
Chimney's first put to houses. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236
Spectacles invented by an Italian. . . . . . . . . 1240
The first English House of Commons. . . . . 1258
Tallow candles for lights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1290
Paper made from linen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1302
Gunpowder invented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340
Woolen cloth made in England. . . . . . . . . . . 1341
Printing invented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1436
The first almanac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1470
America discovered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1492
First book printed in England. . . . . . . . . . . . 1507
Luther began to preach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517
Interest fixed at ten per cent. in England. 1547
Telescopes invenied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1549
First coach made in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1564
Clocks first made in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1568
Bank of England incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . 1594
Shakespeare died. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616
Circulation of the blood discovered. . . . . . . 1619
Barometer invented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1623
First newspaper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * 1629
Death of Galileo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643
Steam engine invented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1649
Great fire in London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1666
Cotton planted in the United States. . . . . . 1759
Commencement of the American war. . . . . 1775
Declaration of American Independence. . . .1776
Recognition of American Independence. . . .1782
Bank of England suspended cash payment. 1791
Napoleon I. crowned emperor. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1804
Death of Napoleon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1820
Telegraph invented by Morse. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1832
First daguerreotype in France............ 1839
Beginning of the American civil War...... 1861
End of the American civil war. . . . . . . . . . . 1865
Great fire in Chicago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871
CAPACITY OF LARGE ROOMIS.
Estimating a Person to Occupy an area of 19.9
inches square.
CHURCHES Will Contain
No. Persons.
St. Peter's, Rome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,000
Cathedral, Milan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,000
St. Paul's, Rome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,000
St. Paul's, London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,600
St. Petronio, Bologna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,400
Cathedral, Florence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,300
Cathedral, Antwerp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,000
St. Sophia's, Constantinople........... 23,000
St. John's, Lateran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,900
Notre Dame, Paris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,000
Cathedral, Pisa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,000
St. Stephens, Vienna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,400
St. Dominic's, Bologna. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 12,000
St. Peter's, Bologna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,400
Cathedral, Vienna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,000
St. Mark's, Venice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500
Opera-Houses and Theatres.
Barnum's Hippodrome, New York...... 8,433
Stadt Theatre, New York. . . . . . . . . . ... 8,000
Academy of Music, Philadelphia....... 2,865
Carlo Felice, Genoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,560
Academy of Music, Brooklyn...........
Opera-House, Munich. . . . . . . . . . . • * - - - - - 2,307
Alexander, St. Petersburg.............. 2,332
San Carlos, Naples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,240
Adelphi Theatre, Chicago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,238
Imperial, St. Petersburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,160
La Scala, Milan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,113
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 701
Academy of Paris, Paris...............
Covent Garden, London................
Academy of Music, N. Y..............
Boston Theatre, Boston................
Music Hall, Boston........ . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grand Opera Hall, New Orleans.......
St. Charles Theatre, New Orleans. . . . . .
Grand Opera House, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Booth's Theatre, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Opera House, Detroit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
McVicker's Theatre, Chicago...........
Grand Opera House, Chicago...........
Ford's Opera House, Baltimore.........
National Theatre, Washington. .........
De Bar's Opera House, St. Louis.......
California. Theatre, San Francisco. . . . . .
Euclid Ave. Opera House, Cleveland. ...
Opera House, Berlin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Opera House, Albany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hooley's Theatre, Chicago. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coulter Opera House, Aurora, Ill.......
Opera House, Springfield, Ill............
PERIODS OF DIGESTION.
SUBSTANCE. HRS.
Rice, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Eggs, whipped, raw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
Trout, fresh, fried. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Soup, Barley, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Apples, Sweet, mellow, raW. . . . . . . . . . . 1
Venison steak, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Sago, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tapioca, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Barley, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Milk, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Liver, beef, fresh, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Eggs, fresh, raw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Apples, Sour, mellow, raw. . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Cabbage, with vinegar, raw. . . . . . . . . . . 2
Milk, raw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Eggs, fresh, roasted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Turkey, domestic, roasted............ 2
Goose, wild, roasted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Cake, Sponge, baked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Hash, warmed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Beans, pod, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Parsnips, boiled......... , º e º e º 'º e º 'º e º e 2
Potatoes, Irish, baked................ 2
Cabbage, head, raw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Custard, baked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
80
30
30
30
45
45
15
15
30
30
3
30
30
30
30
30
SUBSTANCE. H.R.S. MIBI.
Apples, Sour, hard, raw...... . . . . . . . . 2 50
Oysters, fresh, raw................... 2 55
Eggs, fresh, soft boiled.... . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Beefsteak, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mutton, fresh, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Nſutton, fresh, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3
Soup, bean, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chicken Soup, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Dumpling, apple, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Oysters, fresh, roasted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 15
Pork, Salted, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 15
Porksteak, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 i5
Mutton, fresh, roasted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 15
Bread, corn, baked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 15
Carrot, orange, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 15
Sausage, fresh, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 20
Oysters, fresh, stewed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 30
Butter, melted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 30
Cheese, old, raw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 30
Oyster Soup, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 30
Bread, wheat, fresh baked. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 30
Turnips, flat, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 30
Potatoes, Irish, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 30
Eggs, fresh, hard boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 30
Eggs, fresh, fried. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 30
Green corn and beans, boiled......... 8 45
Beets, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 45
Salmon, Salted, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Beef, fried. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 4
Weal, fresh, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fowls, domestic, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Beef, old, Salted, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 15
Pork, Salted, fried. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 15
Pork, Salted, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 30
Weal, fresh, fried. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 30
Cabbage, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 30
Pork, roasted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15
Suet, beef, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 30
FACTS ABOUT WEEIDS.
Dr. Lindley estimates as a low average the
following number of Seeds from each of these
four plants:
1 plant of Groundsel produces.. . . 2,080
1. “ Dandelion 6 & ... . 2,740 U 16,400
1. “ Sow Thistle “ .... 11,040 ſplants
1 “ Spurge 66 tº e s a 540)
or enough seed from these four plants to cover
three acres and a half, at three feet apart. To
702
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
hoe this land, he says, will cost 6s, (sterling)
per acre, and hence a man throws away 5s. 3d.
a time, as often as he neglects to bend his back
to pull up a young weed before it begins to
fulfill the first law of nature. He recommends
every farmer, whose vertebral column will not
bend, to count the number of dandelions, sow
thistles, etc., on the first square rod he can
measure off.
This operation may be repeated in this coun-
try, by applying all the above estimates to
pigweed, burdock, fox-tail, chick-weed, and
purslane.
UNITED states LAND MEASURE,
TOWNSHIP.
6 5 4 3 2 1
7 8 9 10 11 12
18 17 16 15 14 13
19 20 21 22 23 24
30 29 28 27 26 25
31 82 33 34 35 36
SECTION.
N. W. N. E.
S. W. S. E.
# In Several States.
Each section has four quarter Sections, desig-
nated as above, each containing 160 acres.
The township is six miles square, divided into
86 Square miles or sections, numbered as above,
each containing 640 acres.
SMALLER LAND DIVISIONS.
The following table will assist in making an
estimate of the amount of land in fields and lots.
$10 rods x 16 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 acre.
t 5 yards X 968 yards............. 1 & &
1220 feet x 198 feet. . . . . . . . . . ... ... 1 & 6
25 feet x 125 feet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0717 “
4356 sq. ft., .10 acre. 10890 sq. ft., .25 “
21780 “ .50 “ 32670 “ .75 “
$ Or any two numbers whose product is 160.
ł Or any two numbers whose product is 4,840.
t Or any two numbers whose product is 43,560.
TABLE-Showing the Number of Drains Required
for an Acre of Land.
The following table shows the number of tiles,
of the different lengths made, which are required
for an acre, and will be useful to those who
may desire to purchase just enough for a par-
ticular piece of ground:


12-in/13 inll 4 in 15 in
DISTANCE APART. Tiles|Tiles|Tiles Tiles
Drains 12 ft. apart require 3,630,3,3513,1112,984
& 4 15 6 & 6 6 2,9042,68112,4892,323
& 6 18 6 & 6 & 2,4202,2342,074|1,936
© & 21 & 6 & 6 2,0741,914|1,777|1,659
& 4 24 6 & & 6 1,815||1,0651,5561,452
& & 27 6 & & 6 1,6131,4801,3861,291
& 6 30 & 6 & 6 1,4521,340|1,2451,162
& 6 33 & 6 6 & 1,3201,2181,1311,056
6 & 36 6 & 6 & 1,2101,1171,037. 968

In reference to tile-pipe drains, it must be
remembered that the ditch may be much nar-
rower than when stones are used, thus making
a considerable saving in the expense of digging.
The upper part of the earth is taken out with
a common spade, and the lower part with one
made quite narrow for the purpose, being only
about four inches wide at the point.
AN ENOYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
703
Population and Growth of the United States.

AREA PoPULATION. MILEs R. R.
STATES AND TERRITORIES. *...* -
ILES. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1870. 1880.
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f 50,722 964,201 996,992 | 1,262,794 | 1,157 | 1,851
Arkansas..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 52,198 435,450 484,471 802,564 256 867
California. . . . . . . o e s - 2 - - - - - 2 e - - - - c → • * ... 188,981 379,994 560,247 864,686 925 2,168
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,674 '60,147 537,454 622,683 || 742 957
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,120 12,216 125,015 146,654 197 729
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,268 140,424 187,748 267,351 446 556
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,000 | 1,057,286 1,184,109 | 1,539,048 1,845 2,513
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,410 | 1,711,951 2,539,891 3,078,769 |4,823 7,943
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 33,809 | 1,350,428 1,680,637 | 1,978,362 3,177 || 4,467
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,045 674,913 | 1,191,792 | 1,624,620 2,683 5,292
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,318 107,209 || 364,399 || 995,966 | 1,501 || 3,408
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,600 | 1,155,684 1,321,011 | 1,648,708 | 1,017 | 1,621
Louisiana.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41,346 708,002 726,915 940,103 479 664
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,776 628,279 626,915 648,945 786 1,120
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 11,184 687,049 780,894 934,632 671 | 1,012
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , 7,800 | 1,231,066 | 1,457,351 | 1,783,012 | 1,480 | 1,440
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,451 749,113 | 1,184,059 1,636,331 1,638 3,891
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,531 172,023 439,706 || 780,806 | 1,092 3,101
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,156 791,305 827,922 | 1,131,592 990 | . . . .
Missouri... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,350 | 1,182,012 | 1,721,295 2,168,804 || 2,000 3,863
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,995 28,841 123,993 452,433 705 || 2,011
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,090 6,857 42,491 62,265 593 741
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,280 326,073 318,300 346,984 736 | . . . . . .
New Jersey. ... ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,320 672,035 | 906,096 || 1,130,983 | 1,125 1,726
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º 47,000 3,880,735 | 4,382,759 5,083,810 || 3,928 5,994
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,704 992,622 | 1,071,861 | 1,400,047 | 1,178 1,495
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,964 2,339,511 2,665,260 3,198,239 3,538 5,770
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,244 52,465 90,923 || 174,767 159 560
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,000 || 2,906,215 8,521,791 || 4,282,786 || 4,656 6,333
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,306 174,620 217,353 || 276,528 136 211
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,385 703,708 705,606 || 995,622 1,139 1,450
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,600 | 1,109,801 | 1,258,520 1,542,463 | 1,492 | 1,855
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274,356 604,215 818,579 | 1,592,574 711 3,135
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,212 315,098 || 330,551 332,286 614 914
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,904 || 1,219,630 | 1,225,163 | 1,512,806 | 1,449 1,934
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,000 376,688 442,014 618,443 || 387 706
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,924 775,881 | 1,054,670 | 1,315,480 | 1,525 3,160
Total States.................... 1,950,171 [31,183,744 (38,113,253 |49,174,946 51,976|84,943
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,916 . . . . . . . . . . 9,658 40,441 . . . . . . . 382
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,500 34,277 39,864 194,649 157 1,693
Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,490 4,837 14,181 135,180 65 | 1,210
District of Columbia.................. 60 75,080 || 131,700 177,638 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,932 |... . . . . . . . 14,999 32,611 |...... 236
Montana: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,776 |... . . . . . . . 20,595 89,157 | . . . . . . 65
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,201 93,516 91,874 118,430 |. . . . . . 519
Utah... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • e º e º e º e º e o e o e º e e 80,056 40,273 86,786 || 143,906 || 257 724
Washington. . . . . . . . . . dº e e e e s e s e e s e e e e e e 69,944 11,594 23,955 75,120 . . . . . . 290
Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s º ºs º º 93,107 |... . . . . . . . 9,118 20,788 459 465
Total Territories........... . . . . . . 964,982 259,577 442,780 | 977,920 | 938 5,584
Aggregate of the United States...] 2,915,153 || 31,448,321 38,555,988 50,152,866.52,914 90,527
Principal Countries of the World—Population. Area, Religion, and Government.
Date Area in | People † - º "…
Count RIES. Population. Y of . Square to . CAPITALS. Populat'n † gºt
Cens's Miles. Sq. Mile
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525,218.152. 1871 bººids. Peking. . . . . . . . . . . 1,648,800 Buddhistic... . . . . Empire . . . . . .
British India...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,096,603 1876 | 899,341212. Calcutta. . . . . . . . . . 794,645 Hindoo. . . . . . . . . Monarchy....
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,685,945, 1880 | 8,444,766 10. St. Petersburg. . . 667,926 Greek Church. . . Empire . . . . . .
United States, with Alaska. . . . . 50,553,829, 1880 3,603,884 14.02 Washington. . . . . . 147,307| Protestant. . . . . Republic. . . . .
German Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,149,172 1880 212,091,212.88 || Berlin . . . . . . . . . . . 1,122,385 Protestant... . . . . Monarchy. . . .
Austria and Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . 37,129,968, 1876 240,943,149. Vienna. . . . . . . . . . . 1,106,155 Catholic... . . . . . Monarchy....
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,305,788, 1876 204,031180. Versailles........ 61,686 Catholic........ Republic . . . . .
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,338,304, 1878 160,474,213.9 || Tokio.............| 1,036,771 Buddhic........ Empire . . . . . .
Great Britain and Ireland...... 35,246,633, 1881 120,879,291.06 || London........... 3,832,441. Protestant...... Monarchy. . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,801,154 1871 114,296,238. Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290,500 Catholic... . . . . . . Monarchy. . . .
Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,000,000 1879 | 1,116,848; 19.8 Constantinople....| 1,075,000 Mohammedan... Monarchy. ...
pain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,625,860, 1877 182,758; 90. Madrid . . . . . . . . . . 384,636 Catholic. . . . . . . . Monarchy. . . .
British Colonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,115,585 1871 3,075,710 4.6 || London... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protestant......| Monarchy. . . .
razil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,448,233 1872 3,287,964 3. Rio Janeiro. . . . . . 274,972 Catholic... . . . . . | Monarchy. ...
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,343,470 1874 743,948 12.6 || City of Mexico. . . . . 210,300 Catholic........ Republic . . . .
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,336,185 1877 11,373,469. Brussels. . . . . . . . . . 376,965 Catholic........ Monarchy....
Bavaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,271,516, 1880 29,292179.09 || Munich. . . . . . . . . 193,024 Catholic........ Monarchy. ...
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,484,542, 1877 170,979; 28. Stockholm...... 169,429, Protestant... . . . . Monarchy. . . .
Persia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,400,000 1868 684,000 7. Teheran . . . . . . . . . 85,000 Mohammedan. . . Monarchy. . . .
Portugal. . . . . . . . . .............. 3,995,155 1868 36,510.108. Lisbon. . . . . . . . . . . 253,496 Catholic... . . . . . Monarchy. . . .
Holland, or Netherlands. . . . . . . . 3,579,529, 1869 20,527,185. The Hague....... 104,095 Protestant...... Monarchy. . . .
Colombia (New Granada). . . . . . . . 2,913,343| 1871 504,773 5.8 || Bogota... . . . . . . . . 46,000 Catholic........ Republic... . . .
Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,753,804 1870 15,992.172.8 || Berne. . . . . . . . . . . 36,000 Protestant...... Confederation
Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,673,075 1876 503,000 5.3 | Lima. . . . . . . . . . . 160,056 Catholic........ Republic......
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,503,217 1877 3,173,210 1. ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protestant... ...| Monarchy. . . .
hili... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,283,568 1875 252,606: 9 Santiago . . . . . . . 129,807 Catholic. . . . . . . . Republic......
Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1,987,352 1861 | 842,729 2.3 | Sucre. . . . . . . . . . . . 26,664 Catholic........ Republic......
Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,940,000 1878 14,553,133.4 || Copenhagen...... 250,000 Protestant. . . . . . Monarchy. . . .
Wurtemburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,970,132 1880 7,675.256.07 || Stuttgart . . . . . . . . 107,273. Protestant. . . . . . Monarchy. . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,817,238 1879 || 122,869. 14.8 Christiana . . . . . . . 112,977 Protestant...... Monarchy. ...
Venezuela. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,784,194 1873 || 408,261| 4.2 | Caraccas . . . . . . . . 60,000 Catholic........ Republic......
Argentine Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,736,922, 1869 515,700 3.4 | Buenos Ayers. . . . 17,790 Catholic. . . . . . . . Republic... . . .
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1,679,775, 1879 19,941| 84.4 || Athens . . . . . . . . . . 48,107 Greek Church. . . Monarchy. . . .
Baden. . . . . . . . . . . .............. 1,507,179, 1875 5,851.268.03 || Karlsruhe . . . . . . . 42,895 Catholic........ Grand Duchy.
Guatemala..................... 1,190,754 1872 41,830, 26.1 | New Guatemala 45,000 Catholic........ Republic... . . .
Ecuador. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,066,137 1875 248,372 4.3 uito. . . . . . . . . . . . 80,000 Catholic. . . . . . . . Republic... . . .
Rºsse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936,944 1880 2,866 826.09 || Darmstadt . . . . . . . 43,937 Protestant. . . . . . Grand Duchy.
Riberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720,000 1879 60,000 12. Monrovia. . . . . . . . 13,000 Protestant. . . . . . Republic... . . .
=


Hayti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572,000
Uruguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450,000
Sam Salvador. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434,520
Nicaragua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,000
Honduras. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,000
San Domingo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,000
5. Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,844
Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . . 2 * * * * * * * * * * 180,000
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,899
© e º a 6
e - e º º
10,205
73,538
9,594
49,500
39,600
18,045
57,303
26,040
6,100
56. Port au Prince . . .
6.4 | Montevideo . . . . . .
45. San Salvador.....
6.7 | Managua. . . . . . . . .
6.5 | Comazagua. . . . . . .
14. San Domingo. . . .
4.2 Asuncion . . . . . . . .
7. San Jose.........
9.8 | Honolula. . . . . . . .
22,000 Catholic. . . . . . . .
105,295
16,000
8,000
9,000 Catholic. . . . . . . .
15,000 Catholic........
48,000 Catholic. . . . . . . .
2,000 Catholic. . . . . . . .
14,852. Protestant......
Tepublic......
Republic......
Republic......
Republic......
Republic......
Republic......
Republic......
Republic..
Monarchy
e e º s
• * * *
* lia has fivo organized colonies—New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia—whose respective capitals, with the population
Of ..º. £1,8 £º Sydney, 134,758 inhabitants; Melbourne, 191,254; , Brisbane, 19,413: Adelaide, 30,000; Perth, 5,000. There is no general seat of ºś #.
|Australia, the whole being controlſed by the Home Government in England.
The Highest Mountains in the World.
NAMES. Count RY. >5. MILES NAMEs. Country. FEET. | MILES
Mt. Everest (Himalayas)..] Thibet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,002 || 5 Mt. Ararat...... . . . . . . . . Armenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,320 23
Aconcagua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chili. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,422 || 4 Mt. St. Helens. . . . . . . . . . Washington Territory. 13,400 3.
Sahama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,850 4 Peak of Teneriffe. . . . . . . . . Canary Iles. . . . . . . . . . 12,182 2.
ChirnboraZO. . . . . . . . . . . . . Ecuador..... O 21,422 || 4 Miltzin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,500 2
Sorato. . . . . . e e o e º e g º O © o 0 ° Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,284 || 4 Mt. Hood........ . . . . . . . Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,225 | 2
Illinzani. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,145 || 4 Mt. Ætna............... Sicily... ............. 10,885 2
Mt. Demavend. . . . . . . . . . . Persia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,000 # Mt. Rebanon. . . . . . . . . . Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,533 || 2
Cotopaxi. . . . . . . . . . . e e o e º e Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,496 || 8 Mt. Olympus . . . . . . . . . . . Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,754 || 1:
St. Ellis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,850 § Black Mountain. . . . . . . . . North Carolina........| 6,760 | 1.
Popocatapetl . . . . . . © e º e º O & Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,540 || 3: Mt. Sinai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,541 ií
Pichinca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ecuador. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,924 || 8 Mt. Washington . . . . . . . New Hampshire...... 6,285 i
Mt. Blanc. . . . . . . . . . . . . Savoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,732 || 8 Mt. Marcy. . . . . . . . . . . . . New York............ 5,402 || 1
Mt. Rosa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,150 2 Mt. Hecla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,104 || 1
Mt. Whitney. . . . . . . . . . . . California. . . . . . . . . . . 14,887 2 Ben Nevis. . . . . . . . . . .] Scotland...... . . . . . . . 4,406
Mt. Fairweather. . . . . . . . . Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,500 2 Mt. Vesuvius. . . . . . . . . . . Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,253
Mt. Ranier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington Territory. 14,444 2 Round Top (Catskills) New York.............] 3,804
Mt. Shasta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gº ºli; : "...º.º.º.º.º.º.º.

AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
FINANCIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. -
Financial Statement Represents the Gross, Total Public Expenditure and Total Yearly Public
Debt, Gathered from the U. S. Treasurer’s Report made July 1, of each Year.
* i o e Public Public
President. Vice President Expenditures. Debt.
1789 G. Washington. . . . . . . . John Adams.......... "F". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1790 G. Washington. . . . . . . . John Adams. . . . . . . . . . F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1791|G. Washington. . . . . . . . John Adams. . . . . . . . . . . F' $3,797,436.78 $75,463,476.52
1792 G. Washington........ John Adams. . . . . . . . . . . F' 8,962,920.00 77,227,924.66
1793 G. Washington. . . . . . . . John Adams. . . . . . . . . . . F. 6,475,917.97. 80,352,634.04
1794G. Washington. . . . . . . . John Adams. . . . . . . . . . . F 9,041,593.17 78,427,404.77
1795|G. Washington. . . . . . . . John Adams. . . . . . . . . . . F' 10,151,240.15 80,747,587.39
1796|G. Washington........ John Adams. . . . . . . . . . . F 8,367,776.84 83,762,172.07
1797 John Adams. . . . . . . . . . Thomas Jefferson. . . . . . . F 8,625,877.87 82,064,479.33
1798 John Adams. . . . . . . . . . Thomas Jefferson. . . . . . . F. 8,583,618.41 79,228,529.12
1799|John Adams. . . . . . . . . . Thomas Jefferson. . . . . . . F 11,002,396.97 78,408,669.77
1800|John Adams. . . . . . . . . . Thomas Jefferson. . . . . . . F 11,952,534.12 82,976,294.35
1801|Thos. Jefferson. . . . . . . . Aaron Burr... . . . . . . . . R 12,273,376.94 83,038,050.80
1802 Thos. Jefferson. . . . . . . . Aaron Burr. . . . . . . . . . . . R 13,270,487.31 80,712,632.25
1803 Thos. Jefferson. . . . . . . . Aaron Burr. . . . . . . . . . . . R 11,258,983.67 77,054,686.30
1804|Thos. Jefferson. . . . . . . . Aaron Burr. . . . . . . . . . . . R 12,615,113.72 86,427,120.88
1805.Thos. Jefferson. . . . . . . . George Clinton. . . . . . . . . R 13,598,309.47 82,312,150.50
18061Thos. Jefferson. . . . . . . . George Clinton. . . . . . . . . R 15,021,196.26 75,723,270.66
1807|Thos. Jefferson. . . . . . ..|George Clinton. . . . . . . . . R 11,292,292.99 69,218,898.64
1808 Thos. Jefferson........ George Clinton. . . . . . . . . R 16,762,702.04 65,196,317.97
1809|Jas. Madison.......... George Clinton. . . . . . . . . R 13,867,226.30 57,023,192.09
1810Jas. Madison.......... George Clinton. . . . . . . . . R 13,309,994.49 53,173,217.52
1811|Jas. Madison. . . . . . . . . . George Clinton. . . . . . . . . R 13,592,604.86 48,005,587.76
1812|Jas. Madison. . . . . .....|George Clinton. . . . . . . . R 22,279,121.15 45,209,737.90
1813|Jas. Madison. . . . . .....|Elbridge Gerry. . . . . . . . R 39,190,520.36 55,962,827.57
1814 Jas. Madison..... .....|Elbridge Gerry. . . . . . . . . R 38,028,230.32 81,487,846.24
1815 Jas. Madison. . . . . .....|John Gaillard. ......... R 39,582,493.35 99,833,660.15
1816.Jas. Madison. . . . . . . . . . John Gaillard. . . . . . . . . . R 48,244,495.51 127,334,933.74
1817|James Monroe. . . . . . . . D. D. Tompkins-... . . . . R 40,877,646.04 123,491,965.16
1818 James Monroe. . . . . . . . D. D. Tompkins... . . . . . R 35,104,875.40 103,466,633.83
1819 James Monroe. . . . . . . . D. D. Tompkins. . . . . . . . R 24,004,199.73 95,529,648.28
1820.James Monroe. . . . . . . . D. D. Tompkins. . . . . . . . B 21,763,024.85 91,015,566.15
1821|James Monroe . . . . . . . . D. D. Tompkins. . . . . . . . R 19,090,572.69 89,987,427.66
1822 James Monroe. . . . . . . . D. D. Tompkins........ R 17,676,592.63 93,546,676.98
1823|James Monroe . . . . . . . . D. D. Tompkins. . . . . . . . R 15,314,171.00 90,875,877.28
1824 James Monroe. . . . . . . . D. D. Tompkins. . . . . . . . R 31,898,538.47 90,269,777.77
1825|Jno. Q. Adams. . . . . . . . John C. Calhoun. . . . . . . R 23,585,804.72 83,788,432.71
1826 Jno. Q. Adams. . . . . . . . John C. Calhoun. . . . . . . R 24,103,398.46 81,054,059.99
1827 Jno. Q. Adams. ---....John C. Calhoun. . . . . . . R 22,656,764.04 73,987,357.20
1828Jno. Q. Adams. . . . . . . . John C. Calhoun. . . . . . . R 25,459,479.52 67,475,043.87
...hº...";
tration, which is
#Elbridge Gerry
marked #epublican, at a later date would have been glassed under another head.
died November 13, 1814, and was succeeded by John Gaillard, Vice-President pro tem.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
707
FINANCIAL HISTORY or THE UNITED STATES-Continued.

gº * º Public Public
Yr. President. Vice President. 10xpenditures. Debt.
1829A. Jackson........... John C. Calhoun. . . . . . . R $25,044,358.40 $58,421,413.67
1830A. Jackson.......... ..|John C. Calhoun....... R 24,585,281.55 48,565,406.50
1831|A. Jackson............ John C. Calhoun....... R 30,038,446.12 B9,123,191.68
1832 A. Jackson............ John C. Calhoun....... R 34,356,698.06 24,332,235.18
1833A. Jackson.......... ..|Martin VanBuren...... ID 24,257,298.49 7,001,698.83
1884A. Jackson............ Martin VanBuren. . . . . . D 24,601,982.44 4,760,082.08
1835|A. Jackson............ Martin Van Buren. . . . . . D 17,573,141.56 37,513.05
1836A. Jackson..... ...... Martin VanBuren. . . . . . D 30,868,164.04 336,957.83
1837|M. VanBuren. . . . . . . . . R. M. Johnson. . . . . . . . . D 37,264,037.15 3,308,124.07
1838|M. VanBuren. . . . . . . . . R. M. Johnson......... D 39,454,438.35 10,434,221.14
1839|M. Van Buren......... R. M. Johnson. . . . . . . . . D 37,614,936.15 3,573,343.82
1840|M. VanBuren......... R. M. Johnson. . . . . . . . . D 28,226,533.81 5,250,875.54
1841|W. H. Harrison....... John Tyler; . . . . . . . . . . . W 31,897,530.03 13,594,480.73
1842|John Tyler............ Wm. P. Mangum. . . . . . W 32,936,876.53 20,601,226.28
1843|John Tyler............ Wm. P. Mangum. . . . . . W 12,118,105.15 32,742,922.00
1844|John Tyler............ Wm. P. Mangum. . . . . . W 33,642,010.85 23,461,652.50
1845|Jas. K. Polk. . . . . . . . . . George M. Dallas. . . . . . . D 30,490,408.71 15,925,303.01
1846|Jas. K. Polk.......... George M. Dallas....... D 27,632,282.90 15.550,202.97
1847|Jas. K. Polk.......... George M. Dallas....... D 60,520,851.74 38,826,534.77
1848|Jas. K. Polk......... George M. Dallas. . . . . . . D 60,655,143.19 47,044,862.23
1849|Zach. Taylor. . . . . . . . . . Millard Fillmoreš... . . . W 56,386,422.74 63,061,858.69
1850M. Fillmore........... Wm. R. King. . . . . . . . . . W 44,604,718.26 63,452,773.55
1851|M. Fillmore........... D. R. Atchison. . . . . . . . . W 48,476,104.31 68,304,796.02
1852|M. Fillmore........... D. R. Atchison. . . . . . . . . W 46,712,608.83 66,199,341.71
1853|Frank Pierce.......... Wm. R. King|... . . . . . D 54,577,061.74 59,803,117.70
1854|Frank Pierce.......... D. R. Atchison. . . . . . . . . D 75,473,170.75 42,242,222.42
1855|Frank Pierce.......... Jesse D. Bright........ D 66,164,775.96 35,586,858.56
1856|Frank Pierce. . . . . . . . . . Jesse D. Bright. . . . . . . . D 72,726,341.57 31,972,537.90
1857|Jas. Buchaman........ J. C. Breckenridge . . . . . D 71,274,587.37 28,699,831.85
1858Jas. Buchanan........ J. C. Breckenridge. . . . . . D 82,062,186.74 44,911,881.03
1859|Jas. Buchaman. . . . . . . . J. C. Breckenridge. . . . . . D 83,678,642.92 58,496,837.88
1860|Jas. Buchanan. . . . . . . . J. C. Breckenridge. . . . . . D 77,055,125.65 64,842,287.88
1861|A. Lincoln............ Hannibal Hamlin....... R 85,387,313.08 90,580,873.72
1862 A. Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . Hannibal Hamlin....... R 565,667,563.74 524,176,412.13
1863|A. Lincoln............ Hannibal Hamlin. ...... R 899,815,911.25 1,119,772,138.63
1864A. Lincoln............ Hannibal Hamlin....... R 1,295,541,114.86 1,815,784,370.57
tWilliam H. Harrison died April 4, 1841, after being one month in office. John Tyler succeeded to the Presidency, and Wm. P.
Mangum became Vice-President pro tem.
$Zachary Taylor died July 9, 1850, being suggeeded by Millard Fillmore; Wm. R. King succeeding to the Vice-Presidency the
first half of the presidentiaſ term, and David R. Atchison the last half.
1Wm. R. King died April 17, 1853; David R. Atchison becoming Vice-President pro tem. for the first half of the Presidential
term, and Jessie D, Bright for the last half.
1Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by J.; Wilkes. B99th, April,l
#yette S. Foster to the Vice-Presidency the remainder of the firs
811,
4, 1865. Andre
th
W Johnson succeeded to the Presid ſe
alf of the Presidential term, and Benj. # wº tº:
708
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
IFINANCIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES—Continued.

º º º Public Public
Yr. President. Vice President. Expenditures. Debt.
1865|A. Lincoln............ Andrew Johnson"[.......R. $1,906,433,331.37 $2,680,647,869.74
1866|A. Johnson............ Lafayette S. Foster.....R 1,139,344,081.95 2,773,236,178.69
1867A. Johnson............ Benj. F. Wade......... H 1,093,079,655.27 2,678,126,103.87
1868A. Johnson............ Benj. F. Wade......... R 1,069,889,970.74 2,611,687,851.19
1869|U. S. Grant........... Schuyler Colfax.........R 584,777,996.11 2,588,452,213.94
1870|U. S. Grant........... Schuyler Colfax.........R 702,907,842.88 2,480,672,427.81
1871/U. S. Grant........... Schuyler Colfax......... R 691,680,858.90 2,353,211,332.32
1872|U. S. Grant...... ..... [Schuyler Colfax......... R 682,525,270.21 2,253,251,328.78
1873|U. S. Grant........... Eſenry Wilson. ......... R 524,044,597.91 2,234,482,993.20
1874|U. S. Grant........... Henry Wilson. . . . . . . . . . R 724,698,933.99 2,251,690,468.43
1875|U. S. Grant........... Henry Wilson**........ R 682,000,885.32 2,232,284,531.95
1876|U. S. Grant ..... ..... [Thos. W. Ferry. . . . . . . . R 707,805,070.13 2,180,395,067.15
1877|R. B. Hayes.......... Wm. A. Wheeler....... R 477,320,017.86 2,205,301,382.10
1878|R. B. Hayes.......... Wm. A. Wheeler....... R 473,928,653.59 2,256,205,892.53
1879|R. B. Hayes. . . . . . . . . . Wm. A. Wheeler. . . . . . . R 533,895,767.06 2,245,495,072.00
1880, R. B. Hayes.......... Wm. A. Wheeler. . . . . . . R 535,285,915.56 2,120,415,370.63
1881|J. A. Garfield......... Chester A. Arthur”,” ... R 312,114,688.64 2,089,962,227.33
*Henry Wilson died November 22, 1875, and was succeeded by Thomas W. Ferry, Vice-President, pro tem.
***Jas. A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, July 2, 1881. Through his death, Sept. 19, 1881, Chester A. Arthur suc-
ceeded to the Presidency and David Davis to the Wice-Presidency.
* - ~º- - -
Number of Men Called for by the U. S. Government During the Civil War.
Number of men called for, periods of Service, and number of men obtained under each call.

Number Periods Number
DATE OF CALL. Called For.] of Service. Obtained.
* * º s e e º e e º 'º e º 'º º e o e º ºs e º 'º º e º e º e º e º e º e º e • - - - - - - - - - 75,000 s months......| 93,326
ay 8, 1861. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,748
July 22 and 25, 1861. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;} 3 years........] 714,231
May and June, 1862---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 months..... 15,007
July 2, 1862. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 300,000 3 years. . . . . . . . 431,958
August 4, 1862. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 9 months. . . . . 87,588
June 15, 1863. $3......................................... §§ 6 months..... 16,361
October 17, 1868. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,
February 1, 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º; 8 years....... 374,807
March 14, 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000 3 years....... 284,021
April 28, 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,000 100 days...... 83,652
July 18, 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500,000 1, 2, 3 years...| 384,882
December 19, 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 1, 2, 8 years...| 204,568
Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e º 'º e o e o ºs e o e º e º o 2,942,748 |.............. | 2,690,401
AN ENOYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 709
United States Soldiers in the Late Civil War. TABLE-Giving Electors, Senators and Repre-
sentatives in Congress of Each State.
Number of men furnished by each State and §
Territory from April 15, 1861, to June 30, 1865. #
Men. Fur- º #
States and Territories. nished. STATES AND TEBRITORIES." # g #
Wew York............................ 445,959 g : §
Pennsylvania......................... 338,155 F. # ſº
9hio. ............................... 310,654
Illinois............................... *8.1% Alabama.................. 10 2 8
Indiana..... ......................... 194,863 || Arkansas................. 7 2 5
Massachusetts........................ 146,467 3. © tº tº 6 tº º º O © e º e º e e de ; ; ;
º º O1018.010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nº. • * * * * e º e s e e e e e o e º e o e e s e e º s e e e lº Connecticut.............. 6 2 4
sconsin * * * * * * * e e o e e e o e e e e e e e s e e e e o e 5 Delaware................. 3 2 1
Michigan ............................ 88,111 | Florida................... 4 2 2
Iowa. . . . . . . ............... ‘’’’ ‘‘..... 75,793 || Georgia.................. 12 2 10
New Jersey....., • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 75,315 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . ........ 22 2 20
Kentucky............................ 75,275 Hºnº * * * * * * c e º e e e º e º e e e # § #
Mai 69,738 OWa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. Kansas................... 9 2 7
Connecticut........................... 55,755 Kentucky • e º 'º e s e e s e e e e s e e 13 2 11
Maryland............................. 46,053 Hºnº • * * * * c e e e a e e e e e e : § ;
New Hampshire....................... 33,913 alſle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . ...................... 33,272 Maryland • * * * * * e º e e º e º e º e 8 2 6
* - e. Massachusetts............ 14 2 12
West Virginia......................... 32,003 Michigan................. 13 2 11
Tennessee............................. 81,092 Minnesota: ............... 7 2 5
Minnesota .......................... ... 24,002 \ºppi * * * * c e s e e s e e s e e e 1. § 1.
w 11SSOurl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
º Island.......................... : Nebraska................. 5 2 8
ansas * > * tº tº e e º 'º - e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. ſº Nevada. . . . . . . . ........... 3 2 1
District of Columbia................... 16,534 | New Hampshire.......... 4 2 2
California. ............................ 15,725 | New Jersey.............. 9 2 7
Delaware............................. 12,265 | New York. :: ............. 36 2 34
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... sºso | Sºh Cºlina::::::::: * | * 9
New Mexico Ter...................... 6561 || 3:..............: * | * | *;
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,224 | Pennsylvania............. 30 2 28
Colorado Ter......................... 4,903 | Rhode Island............. 4 2 2
Indian Nation....................... . 8,530 i. Carolina........... 9 2 7
Nebraska Ter........................ 3,157 fºº....... 12 || 2 || 10
º 9x88. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 11
North Carolina....................... 8,156 | Vermont. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 2
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,576 Virginia. : " : - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 2 10
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 1,965 | West Virginia............ 6 2 4
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & e e e s e e o e º e o e e e 1,810 | Wisconsin................ 11 2 9
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,080 Total --> *- —-
Washington Ter...................... 964 | **** * * * * * © e º e e s e e e e e 401 76 325
Mississippi. e g º º º © e º e º 'º - © © º O & © e º e o 'º e © Cº 545 *The Territori f Ari Dak I -r
Dakota Ter • e e º G & © & © O e Q & © 6 & C G & © e º 'º e o e 206 Mºjº Wººi ####"hº"; N.


710
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Historical Facts Relating to the United States.
Year Adm'd
Set- States. Where Settled. By Whom. to the
tled. Union.
1565|Florida. . . . . . . . . . . St. Augustine. . . . . . . . . Spaniards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1845
1607 Virginia” . . . . . . . . . Jamestown. .......... English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1788+
1614||New York”. . . . . . . . Manhattan. .......... Dutch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1788+
1620 Massachusetts” ...|Plymouth....... . . . . . . English Puritans. . . . . . . . 1788+
1623|New Hampshire” . . |Dover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1788+
1624||New Jersey* . . . . . . Bergen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dutch and Danes. ... . . . . 1787+
1625|Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . Bristol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1820
1627|Delaware” . . . . . . . . Cape Henelopen... . . . . Swedes and Finns. . . . . . . 1787+
1633 Connecticut.” tº º ºs e º ſº Windsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . From Massachusetts . . . . [1788+
1634 Maryland” tº e º e º gº º ºs St. Mary's. . . . . . . . . . . . English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1788+
1686, Rhode Island". . . . . Providence . . . . . . . . . . . English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1790+
lºngrth Carolina” ...|Albemarle . . . . . . . . . . . . English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1789+
1669, Wisconsin . . . . . . . Green Bay............ French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1848
1670Michigan. . . . . . . . . Detroit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1837
1670 South Carolina”. . . Port Royal. . . . . . . . . . . . English. . . . . . . . . . . . . ---- 1788+
1682, Pennsylvania”. ---- Philadelphia. . . . . . . . . . English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787+
1685Arkansas º e º 'º e º 'º C tº Arkansas Post . . . . . . . . French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1836
1690,Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . San Antonio. . . . . . . . . . Spaniards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1845
1690. Indiana........... Vincennes . . . . . . . . . . . French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1816
1699. Louisiana. . . . . . . [Iberville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1812
17 11|Alabama tº e º e º e º 'º e Mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1814
1716. Mississippi........ Natchez. . . . . . . . . . . . . . French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1817
1720 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . Kaskaskia. . . . . . . . . . . . French. . . . . . . . . ----. . . . 1818
1725. Vermont. . . . . . . . . . Fort Dummer......... From Massachusetts . . . . .1791
1733 Georgia”. . . . . . . . . . Savannah . . . . . . . . . . . . English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1788+
1757. Tennessee . . . . . . . . Fort London... . . . . . . . From North Carolina....|1796
1764Missouri.......... St. Louis. . . . . . . . . . . . . French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1821
1769 California. . . . . San Diego. . . . . . . . . . . . Spaniards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1850
1775 Kentucky......... Boonesboro. . . . . . . . . . . From Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . 1792
1788,Ohio.............. Marietta... . . . . . . . . . . . From New England . . . . . 1803
1811. Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . Astoria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . From New York. . . . . . . . . 1859
1833, Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burlington... . . . . . . . . . From New England. . . . . . 1846
1846 Minnesota. . . . . . . . . St. Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . From New England . . . . . 1857
1850 Kansas........... Fort Leavenworth. . . . . [From N. E. and W. States|1861
1861|Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . Washoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . From California. . . . . . . . . 1864
1862;West Virginia. . . . . (See Virginia). . . . . . . . . Formed from Virginia.... [1862
1854 Nebraska... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . From N. E. and W. States|1867
1858 Colorado. . . . . . . . . . Denver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . From Western States. . . . [1876
Capitals.
Tallahassee.
Richmond.
Albany.
Boston.
Concord.
Trenton.
Augusta.
Dover.
Hartford.
Annapolis.
Prov, and Newport.
Raleigh.
Madison.
Lansing.
Columbia.
Harrisburg.
Little Rock.
Austin.
Indianapolis.
Baton Rouge.
Montgomery.
Jackson.
Springfield.
Montpelier.
Atlanta.
Nashville.
Jefferson City.
Sacramento.
Frankfort.
Columbus.
Salem.
Des Moines.
St. Paul.
Topeka.
Carson City.
Charleston.
Lincoln.
Denver.
*The thirteen original States.
+ Date of
adoption of Constitution.
TABLE-Showing the Number of Rails, Stakes and Riders Required for Each Ten Rods of Fence.

Deflection •e e ‘5 ‘5 3.
Leº of troº right º N º Number of rails for each 10 rods. : § 5 #
1116. -Q -t-. -3-3 tº
3 : 5:#S-
tºmmº- E ad p
feet. feet feet. feet. 15 rails hiº rails high 7 rails high Pº 2.
12 6 8 20 103 128 144 42 21
14 7 10 # 83 99 116 34 17
it}} 8 12 13; 69 84 95 28 14
AN AENOYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
711
IEXPENSE OF BOARD PER IDAY.
The following table will be found convenient for the proprietors of hotels and boarding-houses
in giving the price per day where the board is a certain specified price per week. Thus, if is
desired to find the price of five days' board at $5.00 per week, it will be found by reference
to be $3.57. (See table). When the board exceeds $10.00 per week double the numbers.
Days. 50c. 75c. $1.00 || $1.25 $1.50 $1.75 $2 $2.25 $2.50
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e º 'º e º º & © tº º & Ż .7 .11 .14 .18 .21 | .25 | .29 .32 .36
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 | .21 | .29 | .36 | .43 | .50 | . 57 | .64 | .71
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 | .32 .43 | .54 .64 | .75 | .86 .96 | 1.07
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 TASTETTTTTs6 T100 T 114 || 1:29 || 1:43
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 .54 . 71 | .89 | 1.07 | 1.25 | 1.43 | 1.61 | 1.79
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 .64 | .82 | 1.07 | 1.29 | 1.50 | 1.71 | 1.93 2. 14
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © tº e o ºs e º e º 'º e º ºs e e s e e is . 50 | .75 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.50 | 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50
\
I ſº Days $3 || $3.50 || $4 $4.50 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 $10
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 .50 | . 57 | . 64 .71 .86 | 1.00 | 1.14 | 1.29 | 1.43
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 | 1.00 | 1.14 | 1.29 | 1.43 | 1.71 2.00 2.29 2.57 2.86
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.29 | 1.50 | 1.71 | 1.93 2.14 2.57 3.00 || 3.43 3.86 4.29
*... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.71 || 2.00 2.29 2.57 || 2.86 3.43 4.00 4.57 5.14 || 5.71
5. . . . . . . . . . . °, º º e º ºs e s e º sº e º e º a 2.14 || 2.50 || 2.86 3.21 || 3.57 || 4.29 || 500|571 || 643 T 14
6. . . . . . . . . . . — 2.57 3.00 3.43 || 3.86 4.29 || 5. J4 6.00 6.86 7.71 8.57
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.00 || 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 6.00 || 7.00 8.00 | 9.00 | 10.00





SHORT INSTURANCE FATES.
By the following tables may be seen the customary short rates of insurance for periods less
than a year or month.
ExPLANATION.—When the rate is one per cent., or $1 on $100 for a year, the rate for one
month is 4-20 of the annual rate, or 20 cents.
or 70 cents. (See following table, which, by a little study, will be readily understood.)
For Periods Less Than One Year.
(See table.) For six months it would be 14-20,
1 mo., º, of annual rate.
2 & 6 6 & 6 & & 5 & C 2
3 & 6 3. 66 & 6 6 & 6 #
() 2 0
& 6
66
4 mo., §§ of annual rate.
© &
& 6
7 mo's, J-ſ of an’ual nºw mo's. 13
9 @ () > 2 0
8 6 & #; & 6 C & ii 6 & #
9 & © #6 6 & & 6
of an’ual rate
6 &
& 6
For Feriods Less Than One Month.
5days, º, mont’ly rate|10 days, '', mont’ly rate. 15 days, 'ºmonthly rate 200ays, ſº mont'lyrate
712
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA Ol' PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
For Periods of Several Years.

1 Year. 2 Years. 8 Years. 4 Years. 5 Years. Chaº...” of
1 month. 2 months. 3 months. 4 months. 5 months. #, or 20 per cent.
2 66 4 & © 6 & © 8 & 4 10 & © 3% & 6 30 & © & 6
3 66 6 & 6 9 & 4 12 66 15 & © % “ 40 “ 6 &
4 & 6 8 66 12 & 6 16 66 20 & 4 #3 “ 50 & 6 & 6
5 66 10 & 4 15 6 & 20 66 25 66 ## “ 60 & © & 6
6 6 (; 12 66 18 6 & 24 66 30 66 # & & 70 & 4 & 6
7 66 14 6 & 21 66 28 & 6 35 66 §§ “ 75 “ & ©
8 66 16 66 24 66 32 66 40 66 #; “ 80 “ 6 &
9 66 18 66 27 6 & 36 66 45 & 4 }% “ 85 “ 66
10 66 20 66 30 & & 40 6 (; 50 6 & # “ 90 tº & 6
11 66 | 22 66 33 & 6 44 66 55 & 6 # “ 95 & 6 66
TABLE-Showing the Number of Loads of Manure and the Number of Heaps to Each Load Required
to Each Acre, the Heaps at Given Distances Apart.
Distance NUMBER OF HEAPS IN A LOAD.
hº apart -º-
n yards. | 1 2 8 4 | 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 538 269 || 179 || 134 || 108 89} | 77 67 60 54
3} 895 || 168 || 132 99 79 66 56} | 49 44 || 39%
4 203 || 151 || 101 75} | 60} | 50} || 48 37; 33} || 30
4} 239 || 120 | 79} 60 47 39 34 30 26} | 24
5 194 97 || 64} 48} | 38 82 27; 24} | 21} | 193
5} 160 š0 | #3; 40 82 26 22 20 17; 16
6 131 67 4 83% 27 22} 19 16 15 | 1.3%
6} 115 574 || 88 28: 23 19 16 14 iół ii;
7 99 49 8 24 19 16 14 12 11 || 10
7} 86 43 28 21 17 14 12 1% 9 8
8 75% 37 25 19 15 12} | 10 9} 8 7
8} 67 33 22 16} | 13} | 11} 9 ší # | 6
9 60 30 20 15 12 10 8 7 6} | 6
9% 53 26 18 13} # 9 # 6 6 6
10 48 24 16} | 12 9 8 7 6 5}
TABLE-Showing the Number of Rails and Posts Required for Each Ten Rods of Post and Rail Fence.
Lºgº of º of sº ‘s; Number of rails for each 10 rods.
5 a. 5
Feet. Feet. É # 5 rails high. 6 rails high. 7 rails high. 8 rails high.
p
2. 2.
10 8 20 21 103 123 144 165
12 10 16 17 83 99 116 133
14 12 # 14 69 84 95 109
16} 14 11 12 57 69 81 93


AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
713

THE TIME OF FAST TROTTERS.
Horses that have trotted a mile in two min-
utes and twenty seconds, and in less time,
during the following years, up to and including
the season of 1881:
NAME. Time. Year.
Maud S. ................... 2:10 1881
St. Julien................... # 1880
Rarus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:13; 1878
Trinket...................... 2:14 1881
Goldsmith Maid............. 2:14 1874
Hopeful. . . . . . . . ............ 2:14} | 1878
Lula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:15 1875
Smuggler.................... 2:15} | 1876
Hattie Woodward,........... 2:15.4 1880
Lucille Golddust............ 3.16# 1877
American Girl.... .......... 2:16: 1874
Darby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:16} | 1879
Charlie Ford................ 2 ić 1880
Occident. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Žič is;
Gloster. . . . . . . . . ............ 2:17 1874
Dexter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:173 | 1867
Piedmont.................... 2:17.] | 1881
So-So... . . . . . . . . . . . . . • Gº tº º te e º a 2 ift 1881
Santa Claus...... .......... 2:17} | 1881
Red Cloud.................. 2:18 1874
Nettie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:18 1874
Judge Fullerton............. 2:18 1875
Great Eastern............... 2:18 1878
Edwin Forrest.............. 2:18 1878
Protine. . . . . . . . . . . .......... 2:18 1878
Dick Swiveller............... 2:18 1879
Josephus.................... 2:18 1881
Kate Sprague............... 2:18 1881
Robert McGregor............ 2:18 1881
Lady Thorn................ 2:18 1869
Lucy. . . . . . . . . . . . . is º 'º e º 'º º e º s 2:18 1872
Lady Maud................. 2:13; 1875
Midnight... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:18} | 1878
Slow Go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:18} | 1877
Col. Lewis.................. 2:18; 1878
Nutwood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:18} | 1880
Patchen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:18; 1880
Cozette. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19 1876
Albemarle... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19 1878
Edward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19 1878
Alley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19 1879
Bonesetter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19 1879
Alexander. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19 1881
Daisydale. . . . . . . . ........... 2:19 1880
George Palmer.............. 2:19 1869
Bodine. . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º º e º a 2:19 1875
Comee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº gº tº e º e 2:19 1877
Hannis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19 1877
Croxie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º e s e e 2:19 1878
Parama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 2:1 1880
NAME. Time. Year.
Jim Keene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:193 1880
T. L. Young. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:194 | 1875
Moose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 # 1880
Will Cody.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19} | 1880
Driver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19.4 | 1880
Fannie Witherspoon......... 2.1% 1851
John S. Clark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19: 1881
Flora Temple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:1 1859
Camorse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:19: 1874
Adelaide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ſ 2.133 | 1578
Deck Wright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3:13; is:
Humbolt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :20 1881
Mambrino Gift. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :20 1874
Fleety Golddust............. 2 :20 1874
May Queen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :2) 1875
Little Fred. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :20 1877
Prospero. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :20 1877
Frank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :20 1877
Nancy Hackett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :20 1878
John H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :20 1878
Belle Brassfield. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :20 1879
Etta Jones.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :20 1879
Graves.......... © ºn e º e º e º e º e is 2 :20 1879
Elaine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 :20 1880
Capt. Emmons.............. 2 :20 1880
Orange Girl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:20 1880

EDUCATION OF PRESIDENTS.
Washington—Fair English education.
Adams—Harvard.
Jefferson—William and Mary.
Madison—Princeton.
Adams, J. Q.-Harvard.
Jackson–Limited education.
Van Buren—Academic course.
Harrison—Hampden College.
Tyler—William and Mary.
Polk—University of North Carolina.
Taylor—Slight rudiments.
Fillmore—Limited education.
Pierce—Bowdoin.
Buchanan—Dickinson.
Lincoln—Education limited.
Johnson—Self-educated.
Grant—West Point.
Hayes—Kenyon College.
Garfield—Williams College.
Arthur—Union College.
Monroe and Harrison did not graduate.
Monroe left college to join the revolutionary
army. Financial embarrassment prevented
Harrison from pursuing a full course.
Polk
graduated at 28; Tyler at 17. The majority
graduated at 20.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
LEGAL WEIGHT OF A BUSHIEL, IN DIFFERENT STATES.”
-> CD O O HU, CO H Hö Hºjj H O, CT,
#####################
g|||}|a|######|g|5|#|*|3|3|#|É||3:
#| | |*|##|s|#####| || |s||###| |É
- º § |g| is |#| |#|: || |: || ||5|| 3 |T|, |#|3|E|
STATES AND TERRITORIES. : | | FIS |5|T|, |*. . . . . ; S. . . ; 2 | f | 3:
; : || ||5||5|: 3 : || || 3, #| |3.
|| | | | | | | |}| | | | | |#| || |#| |#
lb |b|lb|lb |b|lb lb |b|lb|lb|lb|b lb |b|lb|lb lb|lb|lb|lb|lly
Arkansas...... . ... © e º e º 'º e s m e º e º e e º º e s tº º wº 32 ºld hºld. 6046 ºld. 146080
Arizona......... © e º e e º e o e º c e º 'º e º e e e º 'º e e s e 60.5682145.54|........]...]...[60)......|..]........
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6054'32504052....|| || ||.. e is * * * * * e e
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6056,3248.5256.705060)...|57.60)........|45|1460. .
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605532484856.5060): 50506060)......|s|......
Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.56|32|48|42:56.70|.. 6046,52606060]. . . . [56|42|.. 6080
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...----. . . . . . . . . . 60. . . . . . . . 56|.. [48]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District Columbia................ ........ 60.56'32" . . . . 56 . . .4860]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6056.3247,52567048,605557.55606024.3356.45|146080
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,5632 485256 7048,6055 57.5560. . . 24.3356|45|1460), ()
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ºffs. Hºoººº.....}}}}|...}}}|.
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §§§ſºlºſ...}}|...}######|º
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.56:32.4850.5670.506050575560.2433.54|4514.60%)
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.56'324755,5570|50605557.60606024,3956.45|1460.76
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6032:32:32|..[50]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60508048#856,5060): 5250.460. ...|..],.]: ;|, |..
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ºś44:56.704, ºft| |60)........H51464.
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6056,3248|48}56 . . [5060|5652. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.56:32.484856,705060|565458,606022285645|1460. .
Minnesota. . . e e º e & e e o e e º e e o e º e o e o e º 'º 6056,3248|4256|..|..|60. . . . . . . . . . 28.28 . . . . . . 60 . .
Missouri. . . . . . ......... e e e e º v e e s e e e e o e e o s 60.56 32,485256 . . . . [60 . . [57]... [60 . . 24.3356.45|1460. . .
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6055.35|485256). , 5060|.. [57|5060 . . . . . . . . . .45|1460.
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6056,34485256'70|5060|505755606024.3356.45|146080
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6056,3250405270. , 60|..|..|..|..|60|..|..|..|... . . . .
New Hampshire...... e © e º 'º e º e º e º sº e 60|5632|, . . . [56 . . .3060 . . . . . 6060]. . . . . . . . . . . .
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60|56.3048.50|56) . . . . [60|5457|..|6060253355 . . . . 64 .
New York. . . . . . . . e Q tº 6 º' C. e. e. e. e. e. e º 'º e g º e 60.5632.484.856..|..[60|..|..|..|6260)....|5544..60. .
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60|56,3048|50|54]. . [46] . . . . . . . . . . [50]. . . . . . . . . . 64 . .
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º e º 'º - e. e º e º 'º º & 60|5632|48|50|5670]...[60|50|50|..|60602233.56.45|..|60 . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . © a e º e º e º e e s a e e e s e e e is 60.568646.4256|..]...[60|..]. ...|..|..]2828]. ...|..60. .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . © e º e º 'º sº as sº e e º e º 'º e º 'º a 6056,3247|4856]... .[56|..|......[...]...[...]....[...]62.
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . © e s e e s e e e e e e e o e o e . . [5632|48}. . [56|..|5060. . [50]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6056334856,5670.50.605057.606026,3314|..|1460. .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [56,3248|50|56,725060.50|56 . . 606026 . .';6|45|14. . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.5632|48|4656 . . . [60 . . 52,606060. . . . . . . . .45|... [60 . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §§248.525ſ,7050505657.5560602832.56.45|14608
Washington Territory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §§§ {| || |5050; 60:8::::40...Q..
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6056,3248.5256. . . .[60|...}. . . . 60)...|25.3356|45|..|60
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *****


*Some States, not here mentioned, only legalize and recognize the Standard United States
bushel, without reference to Weight.
&
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 71?
The Longest Rivers of the World.

RIVERS. LOCALITY. IRISE. T, JSCHARGE. |MILES,
Missouri........... North America. . . . Itocky Mountains . . . . . . . . . . Gulf of Mexico. . . . . . 4,194
Mississippi. . . . . . [North America. ...|Lake Itasca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gulf of Mexico. . . . . . . 2,616
Amazon........... Brazil. . . . . . . ... Andes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alantic Ocean....... 3,944
Hoang-Ho . . . . . . . China. . . . . . ... .[Koulkoun Mountains. . . . . . . . Yellow Sea. . . . . . . . . . .] 3,000
Murray. .......... Australasia. . . . . . Australian Alps. .............|Encounter Bay. . . . . 3,000
Obi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Siberia. . . . . . . ...|Altaian Mountains. . . . . . . . . . Arctic Ocean. . . . . . 2,800
Nile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Egypt, Nubia. . . . . . Blue Nile, Abyssinia. . . . . . . . . Mediterranean...... 2,750
Yang-tse-Kiang....China............. Thibet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China Sea. . . . . . . . . . 2,500
Lena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Siberia. . . . . . . . . . . Heights of Irkutsk. . . . . . . . . . Arctic Ocean... . . . . 2,500
Niger. . . . . . . . . . . . . Soudan. . . . . . . . . . . Base of Mt. Loma. . . . . . . . . Gulf of Guinea. . . . ...| 2,300
St. Lawrence.......Canada........... River St. Louis... . . . . . . . . . . . Gulf St. Lawrence... 1,960
Volga. . . . ...........[Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . Lake in Wolhonsky. . . . . . . . . . Caspian Sea. . . . . . . 1,900
Maykiang.......... Siam . . . . . . . . . . . . Thibet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chinese Gulf. . . . . . . . 1,7
Indus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hindoostan . . . . . . . Little Thibet... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabian Sea. . . . . . . 1,700
Danube............ Germany . . . . . . . . . Black Forest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Sea. . . . . . . ... 1,630
Mackenzie. . . . . . . . . North America. ... [River Athabasca. . . . . . . . . . . Arctic Ocean........ 2,500
Brahmapootra ..... Thibet. . . . . . . . . . . . Himalaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bay of Bengal. . . . . . 1,500
Columbia.......... North America. ...|Rocky Mountains........... Pacific Ocean. . . . . . . 1,090
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . North America. ... San Iaba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gulf of California. . . 1,000
Susquehanna ...... North America. . . . [Lake Otsego. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chesapeake Bay. . . . . 400
James ...... . . . . . . North America. . . . Allegheny Mountains. . . . . . . . Chesapeake Bay.....| 500
Potomac........... North America. . . . Great Back Bone Mountain. Chesapeake Bay. . . 400
Hudson............ North America. . . . Adirondacks, Mt. Marcy. . . . . [Bay of New York. . . 825
TABLE-Showing the Price per Cwt. of Hay, at Given Prices per Ton.





ºp tº- Hºl. NO CO H- CR Cº ~! CO &O & -:
#| || 5 | H | H | F | H | H | 5 || 5 || 5 || 5 | E.
e i = E E E ă. E É. 5. E 5 5
CD 3. 3. 3. 8. H. 3. H. 3. Hº 3. Q-
H CD GD GD Go 6t, CD CD CD GD CD H: B-
2- Q- Q- Q- Q- Q- Q- Q- G- G- CD Go
£ : : . . : . . : . . Cu a-
B e * º
$ cts. cts. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
4 10 20 40 60 80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 | 1.80 2.00 2.20
b 12 25 50 75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75
6 15 30 60 90 1.20 1.50 1.80 2.10 2.40 2.70 3.00 3.30
7 17 35 70 1.05 1.40 1.75 2.10 2.45 2.80 3.15 3.50 3.85
8 20 40 80 1.20 1.60 | 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00 || 4.40
9 22 45 90 1.35 1.80 2.25 2.70 3.15 3.60 || 4.05 4.50 4.95
10 25 50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
11 27 55 1.10 1.65 2.20 2.75 3.30 3.85 4.40 4.95 5.50 6.00
12 30 60 1.20 1.80 | 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 | 4.80 5.40 6.00 6.60
13 32 65 1.30 | 1.95 2.60 3.25 3.90 4.55 5.20 5.85 6.50 || 7.15
14 35 70 1.40 2.10 || 2.80 3.50 4.20 4.90 5.60 6.30 7.00 7.70
15 37 75 1.50 | 2.25 3.00 3.75 4.50 5.25 6.00 6.75 6.50 8.25
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
TABLE OF WAGES.
Computed on a Basis of Ten Hours Labor Per Day.

Hours. sloo $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00, $3.50 $4.00 $4.50 $5.00
H 1 | 13 || 13 2 | 2, | 8 || 8 || 8 || 44
! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1; 2} 33 .4% .5 | .6 6; .7, .8%
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 | 5 || 6 || 8 || 10 113 | 18, | .15 .16#
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .7% .10 | .12% | .15 | .17% | .20 | .22} | .25
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6% .10 | .13% .16# | .20 | .23% . .26% | .30 .33}
5. . . . . . . . * @ e .8% .12% | .16% .21 | 25 | .294 | 89, | .37} | .41%
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 | .15 | 20 |25 | 80 .35 | .40 | 45 .50
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11% .17% .28% | .29% .35 | .41 .46% .52} | .58%
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13% .20 | .26% .33} | .40 .46% .58% .60 | .66%
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 | .22} | .30 | .87% | .45 | .52% | .60 | .67% .75
Hours $5.50 $6.00 $6.50 $7.00 $7.50 $8.00, $9.00 $1 O $11 $12
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4} | .5 .5} | .6 | .6} | ,6} | .7% .8% .9 |.10
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9% 10 || 11 || 113 |12 | 18; 15 | 16; 18, 20
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 20 |21; 28, 25 | 263 |30 |33 || 86; 40
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27% .30 .32% .85 | .87% .40 .45 .50 | .55 .60
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36; 40 || 48; | .46# | .50 | .53} | .60 | .66% .73} | .80
5.. . .46 |.50 | 54% 58; 62 | 668 || 75 | 89, 91; 1.00
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 60 || 65 || 70 | 75 80 90 100 110 120
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64% .70 | 76 .81% .87% .93% |1.05 |1.16; 1.28; 1.40
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78, 80 863 |.93, 1.00 1,06; 1.20 |1.38; 1.46; 1.60
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82} | .90 | 97, 1.05 |1.12} |1.20 |1.35 |1.50 |1.65 |1.80







717
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
TABLE OF WAGES-Continued.

Days. $1.00) $1.50 $2.00, $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 $4.00 $4.50 $5.00
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16; .25 .333 .41% .50 | .58% .66% .75 .88%
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33} | .50 | .66% .833 1.00 |1.16; 1.33% |1.50 1.66:
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 | .75 |1.00 |1.25 |1.50 1.75 200 2.25 250
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | .66; 1.00 |1.38; 1.66% (2.00 2.33% 266; 3.00 3.33,
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | .833 |1.25 1.66; 2.08} |2.50 2.913 |3.33% (3.75 4.16%
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 1.50 2.00 250 3.00 3.50 |4.00 |4.50 |5.00
Days. |ss.so $6.00 $6.50 $7.00 $7.50 $8.00, $9.00) $10 $11 $12
! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .913 1.00 1.08, 1.16; 1.25 |1.33% 1.50 1.66: 1833 2.00
g— 1.833 2.00 (2.16; 2.33} 2.50 2.66% 3.00 8.83, 3.66%. 4.00
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 3.00 325 3.50 875 100 H.50 5.00 5.50 |6.00
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.66; 4.00 4.32} |4.66; 5.00 5.83, 6.00 (6.66; 7.33} 8.00
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.58% |5.00 5,413 5.83, 6.25 6.66; 7.50 8.88, 9.16; 10.00
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.50 (6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 (8.00 (9.00 10.00 (11.00 12.00


ExPLANATION.—The large figures at the top of the columns
show the rate per week, while the smaller figures indicate
the amount per hour or per day. Thus if it is desired to find
the amount per hour when working for $8.00 per Week, we
commence with the figure 1, in the left hand column under the
head of “hours," and trace towards the right till We reach the
eolumn headed by $8.00, where we find 13% cents, the
equivalent of one hour's labor at $8.00 per week. In like
manner We find the price of several hours, one day, or sev-
eral days.
To find wages at $13, $14, $1 5, $16, or more per week
find the amount at $6.50, $7, $7.50, $8, etc., and multi-
ply by 2.
Strength of the United States Army at Various Dates.
DATE. Present. Absent. Total.
January 1, 1861. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,603 1,704 16,367
July 1, 1861. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,588 3,163 186,751
January 1, 1862. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527,204 48,713 575.917
January 1, 1868. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698,802. 219,389 gišigi
January 1, 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611,250 249,487 860.737
January 1, 1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620,924 838,536 959.460
May 1, 1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797,807 202,709| 1,000,516
May 1, 1875. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000
Explanatory.—The calls of October 17, 1863, and February 1, 1864, were combined, and the
product of the draft of July, 1863, was credited thereon.
In addition to the foregoing number, 63,822 men were obtained, chiefly from the Territories
and the seceding States, under different calls, and for various periods of service.
The whole number of men obtained by draft was 168,649. The whole number of colored
troops obtained was 186,097.
718 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES
OF THE UNITED STATES,
Having 10,000 Inhabitants and over in 1880, as
gathered from the latest Census Returns.
NAME OF CITY. 1880.
Akron, Ohio. . . . . . . .......... © e a e e o e 16,512
Albany, N. Y...... • e º e º 'o e s e e e e s e e e e 90,903
Allegheny, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,681
Allentown, Pa...................... 18,063
Alexandria, Va. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,658
Altoona, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,716
Amsterdam, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e 11,711
Atchison, Kas........... ........... 15,106
Atlanta, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,398
Attleborough, Mass................. 11,111
Auburn, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,924
Augusta, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,023
Aurora, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,825
Austin, Tex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,960
Baltimore, Md. . . . . . . . . . . . © s e e o e e e e 332,190
Bangor, Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,857
Bay City, Mich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,693
Belleville, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,082
Biddeford, Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,652
Binghamton, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,315
Bloomington, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,184
Boston, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362,535
Bridgeport, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,148
Brookton, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,608
Brooklyn, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566,689
Buffalo, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,137
Burlington, Vt.......... © e º e o e e < e e e º 11,364
Burlington, Ia. . . . . . . . . . . © e º 'º e o 'º e º e & 19,450
Brookhaven, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,544
Cambridge, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,740
Camden, N. J. . . . . . . . . . A. e. e º e º ºs e º e º 'o 41,658
Canton, Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,258
Castleton, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,679
Cedar Rapids, Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,104
Charleston, S. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,999
Chattanooga, Tenn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,892
Chelsea, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © 21,785
Chester, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,996
Chicago, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503,304
Cincinnati, O... . . . . . . © e e e o e º 'º e s tº e º o 255,708
Cleveland, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,142
Columbia, S. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,040
Columbus, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,665
Covington, Ky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,720
NAME OF CITY.
Cohoes, N. Y................ © e e º e o e
Council Bluffs, Ia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Concord, N. H.............. .* tº e º 'º º º
Cortland, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chickopee, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chillicothe, O.. . . . . . . . . . . . . • Q e º e Q ©
Detroit, Mich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dayton, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Denver, Col. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Des Moines, Ia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dubuque, Ia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dover, N. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Danbury, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Derby, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dallas, Tex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Davenport, Ia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evansville, Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elizabeth, N. J.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Erie, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elmira, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
East Saginaw, Mich................
Easton, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eau Claire, Wis............... e e º e e
Fall River, Mass...................
Fort Wayne, Ind...................
Flushing, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fond du Lac, Wis.................
Fitchburg, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fishkill, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgetown, D. C. .................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Galveston, Tex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gloucester, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Galesburg, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hempstead, N. Y.............. © e o e e
Hartford, Conn.....................
Hoboken, N. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Harrisburg, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Holyoke, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Houston, Tex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Haverhill, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hyde Park, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hamilton, O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hannibal, Mo..... © e º e o e e Q & © e º e º 'º º º
Indianapolis, Ind.................. ©
1880.
19,417
18,059
13,838
12,664
11,325
10,938
116,342
38,677
35,630
22,408
22,254
11,687
11,669
11,649
11,358
21,834
29,280
28,229
27,730
20,541
19,016
11,924
10,118
49,006
26,880
15,919
13,091
12,405
10,732
12,578
32,015
22,253
19,329
11,446
18,160
42,553
30,999
30,762
21,851
18,646
18,475
15,716
12,122
11,074
75,074
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
719
NAME OF CITY.
Jersey City, N. J............ tº e º e º e Q
Johnstown, N. Y...................
Joliet, Ill. . . . . . . . ..................
Jackson, Mich......................
Jacksonville, Ill.....................
Jeffersonville, Ind..................
Jamaica, N. Y.............. ......
Kansas City, Mo.... ...............
Kingston, N. Y. . . . . . © e s e e e e s e e e e e e e
Keokuk, Ia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kalamazoo. Mich....... - - - - - - - - - - -
Louisville, Ky. .....................
Lowell, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . © e e º ºs e e s e e e
Lawrence, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lynn, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lancaster, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lewiston, Me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Long Island City, N. Y. .........
Lexington, Ky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e º e e
Leavenworth, Kas........ .........
Lynchburg, Va.....................
Lafayette, Ind......................
Leadville, Colo.............. ......
La Crosse, Wis. . ..................
Lincoln, R. I. . . . . . . . . . ............
Lockport, N. Y. . . . . . . ..............
Little Rock, Ark. . . . . . . ............
Lincoln, Neb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Los Angles, Cal. . . . . . . . ............
Logansport, Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lenox, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & e º e
Milwaukee, Wis....................
Minneapolis, Minn.................
Memphis, Tenn. . . . . . . . . . . . . .......
Manchester, N. H. .................
Mobile, Ala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * e o e s e
Meriden, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
Montgomery, Ala...................
Macom, Ga. . . . . . . . . . © e º e e e º e s e e o e º e
Malden, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Middletown, Conn..................
Muskegon, Mich....................
Madison, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marlborough, Mass...... © s e e s e e e s e e
Newburyport, Mass.................
New York, N. Y.....
New Orleans, La... .......
1880.
120,728
16,626
16, 145
16,105
10,927
10,422
10,089
55,813
18,942
12,117
11,937
123,645
59,485
39,187
38,284
25,769
19,083
17,117
16,656
16,550
15,959
14,860
14,820
14,505
13,765
13,522
13,185
13,004
11,311
11,198
10,249
115,578
46,887
33,593
32,630
31,205
18,340
16,714
12,748
12,017
11,731
11,262
10,325
10,126
13,537
1,206,590
216,140
NANE OF CITY.
Newark, N. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Haven, Conn................. ©
New Bedford, Mass..... • - - - - - - - - - -
Norfolk, Va. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norwich, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Newport, Ky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Newburgh, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Brunswick, N. J...............
Newton, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Albany, Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Newport, R. I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Britain, Conn.................
Norwalk, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Lots, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nashua, N. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e
Norristown, Pa.......... © e e e o 'º e º e º e
Northampton, Mass........ © e e o e s e e e
New London, Conn..................
North Adams, Mass................
Nashville, Tenn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oakland, Cal. . . . . . . , G e º O © & © e e e o e º e e
Omaha, Neb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oswego, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oshkosh, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Orange, N. J.......... © e e s e s e e o e e e e
Oyster Bay, N. Y.......... ........
Ogdensburg, N. Y...... .... © º O e º e º -
Pittsburg, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... ©
Providence, R. I....................
Paterson, N. J. . . . . . . . . . ............
Portland, Me. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........
Peoria, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Petersburg, Va. . . . . . ................
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.................
Pawtucket, R. I. . . . . . . . . . . . ........
Pittsfield, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e
Pottsville, Pa...... © e º e º e º e s e e o e e e e e
Portsmouth, Va...... ..............
Portsmouth, O......................
Philadelphia, Pa........ © s e e s e e s e e e e
Quincy, Ill. . . . . . . . . ................
Quincy, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......
Rochester, N. Y...... • * * * * * * e e e e e º e
Richmond, Va......................
Reading, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ e -
Racine, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ © e
Rockford, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • Q e e e e © e
Richmond, Ind. . . . . . . . .............
1880.
136,400
62,882
26,875
21,966
21,141
20,433
18,050
17,167
16,995
16,422
15,693
13,978
13,956
13,681
13,397
13,064
12,172
10,529
10,192
43,461
34,556
80,518
21,117
15,749
13,206
11,923
10,340
156,381
104,850
50,887
33,810
29,315
21,656
20,207
19,030
13,367
13,253
11,388
11,314
846,984
27,275
10,529
89,363
63,803
43,280
16,031
13,136
12,743
720 AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
NAME OF CITY,
Rock Island, Ill. . . . . . . . . . © tº ſº e º 'º º © e Q
St. Louis, Mo................. © e e s e
San Francisco, Cal.................
Syracuse, N. Y. ....................
Scranton, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qe e e º e <>
St. Paul, Minn............. tº e º O © e o e
Springfield, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ©
St. Joseph, Mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Savannah, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ©
Salem, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Somerville, Mass........ • e. e. e. e. e º º º e C
Sacramento, Cal............ • e º 'º e º C º
Salt Lake City, Utah...............
Springfield, O.......... .... © Q @ e º C C C,
San Antonio, Tex... . . . . . . . . . . . .
Springfield, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º
Sandusky, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Schenectady, N. Y. . ..............
South Bend, Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
San Jose, Cal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steubenville, O...... e Q & e º O © e º 'º e º 'º Q
Stamford, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shreveport, La. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - e º e º 'º
Saratoga Springs, N. Y.............
Saugerties, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saginaw, Mich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stockton, Cal. . . . . . . tº e g º O C → e º e º e º ſº º
Shenandoah, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Troy, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Toledo, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trenton, N. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . • e º e º e º O Q
Terre Haute, Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Taunton, Mass. . . . . . . . © e º e e º e º 'º º gº º , c
Topeka, Kas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia City, Nev. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wicksburg, Miss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington, D. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warwick, R. I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Worcester, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wilmington, Del. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wheeling, W. Va. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wilkesbarre, Pa..... e e e º O C e º º O © e de
Watervliet, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º
Waterbury, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
Williamsport, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * *
1880.
12,149
12,045
11,660
350,522
232,956
51,791
45,850
41,498
33,340
32,484
30,681
27,598
24,985
21,420
20,768
20,729
20,561
19,749
15,838
13,675
13,279
12,567
12,093
11,298
11,017
10,822
10,375
10,525
10,287
10,148
56,747
50,143
29,910
26,040
21,213
15,451
33,913
13,705
11,814
147,307
12,163
58,295
42,499
31,266
23,339
22,220
20,269
18,934
NAME OF CITY. 1880.
Wilmington, N. C. .... tº e º e º G & © º O © e º ſº 17,361
Woonsocket, R. [................... 16,053
Wallkill, N. Y............... © C e º e s tº 11,483
Woburn, Mass........... tº e º e º e º 'º e º 'º 10,938
Watertown, N. Y.................... 10,697
Weymouth, Mass................... 10,571
Winona, Minn...................... 10,208
Waltham, Mass........ © e e º e o e º e o e º ºs 11,711
Yonkers, N. Y........... © e º & C e º 'º e º º 18,892
Youngstown, O..................... 15,481
York, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,940
Zanesville, O..................... ... 18,120
POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL. CITIES OF
THE WORLD,
Outside of the United States, Having 100,000
Inhabitants and Over, According to the
Latest Authorities.
CITIES. POPULATION.
Abbeokoota, Africa..... © º C C C, @ e e e º e s e e 150,000
Adrianople, Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000
Agra, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,008
Ahmedabad, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,873
Alexandria, Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212,054
Algiers, Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000
Amoy, China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,000
Amsterdam, Holland................. 296,200
Antwerp, Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,650
Bahia, Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,109
Bangalore, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142,513
Bangkok, Siam...... º e o O © o e o tº e º e º O e 500,000
Barcelona, Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,161
Bareilly, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,982
Baroda, India. . . . . . . . . . . . • e • * * * * * * * * 140,000
Belfast, Ireland...... • * > 0 º e º e º 'º º & © e º 'º 174,391
Benares, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175,188
Beyrout, Syria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000
Bhurtpoor, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000
Birmingham, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388,884
Bologna, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,957
Bombay, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 646,636
Bordeaux, France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215,140
Bradford, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,046
Bremen, Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,565
Breslau, Prussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,050
Brighton, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,608
Bristol, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,947
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
721
CITIES. POPULATION.
Bucharest, Turkey................... 221,805
Cairo, Egypt......................... 349,883
Calcutta, India....................... 794,645
Canton, China....................... 1,300,000
Cawnpore, India.......... ........... 122,770
Chang-Choo, China................... 1,000,000
Cologne, Prussia..................... 135,371
Damascus, Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000
Delhi, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154,417
Dhar, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,000
Dresden, Germany................... 197,295
Dublin, Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314,666
Dundee, Scotland ................... 142,951
Edinburgh, Scotland................. 218,729
Erzeroum, Turkey.................... 100,000
Florence, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,093
Foo-Choo, China..................... 600,000
Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany...... 103,136
Fyrzabad, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000
Genoa, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,269
Ghent, Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,653
Glasgow, Scotland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 578,156
Greenwich, England.................. 169,361
Hamburg, Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345,801
Han-Keoo, China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700,000
Hanover, Prussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,677
Havana, Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,676
Hull, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,347
Hyderabad, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000
Kicheniff, Prussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,998
Konigsberg, Prussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,636
Leeds, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311,860
Leipsic, Saxony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,387
Leicester, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,622
Liege, Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,851
Lille, France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,775
Liverpool, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538,338
Lucknow, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284,779
Lyons, France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342,815
Magdeburg, Prussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,789
Madras, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397,552
Manchester, with Salford, England. ... 539,668
Malaga, Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,854
Manila, Philippine Islands. . . . . . . . ... 160,000
Marseilles, France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318,868
Messima, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,854
CITIES. POPULATION.
Miako, Japan......... e e e s e e º e º e e s e e - 500,000
Melbourne, Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,254
Milan, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,976
Montreal, Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,225
Moorshadabad, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,355,549
Moscow, Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611,970
Nanking, China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400,000
Nantes, France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,247
Naples, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448,743
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England....... 146,948
Ningpo, China. . . . . . . . . . c s e o Gº O O & © G & © & 500,000
Nottingham, England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169,396
Odessa, Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,814
Oldham, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,318
Ooroomtsee, Turkestan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000
Osaka, Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530,885
Palermo, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219,938
Paris, France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,988,806
Patna, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286,000
Pernambuco, Brazil.................. 116,671
Pesth, Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270,474
Portsmouth, England................. 131,821
Prague, Bohemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,949
Riga, Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,043
Rotterdam, Holland.................. 136,230
Rouen, France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,902
Saigon, Anam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000
Seville, Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,148
Shanghai, China............. © Q Q a 300,000
Sheffield, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,188
Smyrna, Asia Minor............. . . . . . 155,000
Soo-Choo, China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000,000
Stoke-upon-Trent, England. .......... 130,507
St. Etienne, France.......... . . . . . . . 131,642
Sunderland, England................. 114,575
Sydney, New South Wales............ 134,758
Toulouse, France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,642
Tabreiz, Persia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,000
Trieste, Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,324
Tunis, Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . • e > & © tº e e s e e e 120,000
Turin, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207,770
Valencia, Spain...................... 137,581
Venice, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,901
Warsaw, Poland.......... - . . . . . . . . . . 251,584
Yarkand, Turkestan.................. 125,000
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Height of Monuments, Towers, Etc.

NAME. PLACE. FEET.
Cathedral of Cologne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany........... • e o e o e s e e s e e 525
Pyramid of Cheops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Cathedral of St. Stephen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vienna, Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Cathedral at Strasburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Pyramid of Cephrenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Nicolai Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hamburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
St. Peters Church at Rome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
St. Michael's Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hamburg, Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
St. Martin's Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Landshut, Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Cathedral at Antwerp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Cathedral at Cremona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lombardy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Cathedral at Florence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Church at Fribourg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
St. Paul's Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . London, England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Cathedral of Seville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Cathedral of Utrecht. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35ſ;
Cathedral of Milan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lombardy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35:5
Cathedral of Notre Dame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Munich, Bavaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.48
Church of St. Mark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Venice, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Assinelli Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bologna, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Trinity Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New York, N. Y. . . . . * * * * * * * * e º e e 284
Town Hall at Berlin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Column at Delhi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Porcelain Tower at Nankin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Church of Notre Dame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paris, France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Bunker Hill Monument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - - Boston, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Leaning Tower of Pisa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Washington Monument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |Baltimore, Md................... 175
Flag staff of State Capitol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Springfield, Ill...... © e º ºs e º e º e º e º º s | 364}
Area, and Population of the Earth. globe is thirty-three years. One-fourth of its
r. population dies before the seventh year, and
Divisions. Area. Population. Sa. Mile. the half before the seventeenth. Out of 10,000
persons only one reaches his hundredth year,
America. . . . . . . . 14,700,000 95,495,500 6} | only one in 500 his eightieth, and only one in
Europe . . . . . . . . . 3,800,000 §§ # 100 his sixtieth.
Asia. . . . . . . . . . . 15,000,000 3 * ~ * 3 oo:3 Another estimate of the earth's po º
Africa. . . . . . . . . . 1980%999 29%% º |classified by race and religion, is º
Oceanica. . . . . . . . 4,500,000 2,896,7000 6 y g1011, S :
RACES.
Total . . . . . . . 48,800,0001,479,706,500 80% | Whites ....................... ... . .600,000,000
lºſiºns s a e º 'º e º 'º is tº e º ºs e º 'º e º º e º sº e 600,000,000
* : º 8.01(8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,000,000
All these collectively are estimated to Speak Copper Colored. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000,000
3,064 languages, and to possess about 1,000
different forms of religion. RELIGIONS.
The amount of deaths per annum is 33,333,- Pagans e e º 'º e º e º e ºs e e º e º e º e = * * * G - e. e. e. 676,000,000
fºr Christians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320,000,000
333, or 91,954 per day, 3,780 per hour, 60 per | Mohammedans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,000,000
minute, or 1 per second. It is estimated that Jews.............. ............. 14,000,000
the population of the earth at the present time The Christians are divided as follows:
is being increased at the rate of nearly one | Church of Rome................... 170,000,000
million per month. Protestants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,000,000
The average duration of life throughout the Greek and East Church............ 60,000,000

AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 723
wº-
The Political *... *...* Arranged 48. Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . * e e s e e s e e º e > * *S*ś,
ccording to Size. 49. Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,95
Square Miles. 50. Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,056
1. Russian Empire........ e e º e o e o e º “ 7,862,568 || 51. Wyoming.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 88,000
2. Chinese Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,695,334 52. Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,531
3. *British Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,419,559 53. Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,318
4. United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,578,992 || 54. Transvaal Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,964
5. British North America. . . . . . . . . . . 3,523,083 55. Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,995
6. Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,231,047 | 56. Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,994
7. Australian Continent. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,945,219 57. Indian Territory. ... ............. 68,991
8. Turkish Empire... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,917,472 58. Uruguay........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,716
9. India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,552,028 59. Missouri.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {5,350
10. China (proper). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,300,000 | 60. Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,268
11. Argentine Republic... . . . . . . . . . . . . 826,828 61. Georgia.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,000
12. Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773,144 62. Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,451.
18. Egypt... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659,081 | 63. Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,410
14. Turkestan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 040,516 64. Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,045
15. Persia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562,344 65. Wisconsin...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,924
16. Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535,769 | 66. Arkansas....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,198
17. Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510,107 | 67. Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,722
18. Venezuela. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368,235 | 68. North Carolina................... 50,704
19. U. S. of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357,179 | 69. Orange Free State............... 48,049
20. Tripoli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844, 123 || 70. Mississippi....................... 47,156
21. Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,593 71. New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,000
22. Afghanistan... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,530 | 72. Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,000
23. Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247,956 | 73. Tunis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,710
24. Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,381 74. Tennessee... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,600
25. Madagascar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,815 75. Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,346
26. Ecuador. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218,984 76. Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,964
27. France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,428 || 77. Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,352
28. Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,607 || 78. Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,977
29. California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,981 | 79. Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,680
30. Central America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178,869 80. Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,000
81. Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,634 81. South Carolina................... 34,000
32. Beloochistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165,830 | 82. Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,809
33. German Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,207 | 83. Bavaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,373
34. Abyssinia. . . . . • e o e º e º tº e º 'º e e º e º e º e 158,392 | 84. West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,000
35. Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © º e º e º e 152,000 | 85. Servia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,210
36. Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,399 || 86. Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,353
87. Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,776 | 87. St. Domingo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,826
88. Prussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,806 i88. Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,722
89. Chili. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 132,624 | 89. Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,734
40. Paraguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,352 90. Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,680
41. New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,201 | 91. Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,373
42. Great Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,115 92. Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,124
43. Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,295 | 93. Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,212
44. Arizona, . . . . . . . . • e º & e º e º e º e º ºs e e e e 118,916 94. Hayti... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 10,205
45. Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,090 95. Liberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,567
46. Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,837 96. New, Hampshire, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,280
47. Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 104,500 | 97. Fejee Islands. . . . . . . . . . . Q e º 'º e º e o e 8,033
*Exclusive of Hudson Bay Territory.
r
2
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
SQUARE MILES.
98. Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,800
99. Sandwich Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,633
100. New Jersey..................... 7,570
101. Wurtemburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © 7,532
102. Baden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,912
103. Saxony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,779
104. Mecklenburg-Schwerin... . . . . . . . . 5,190
105. Connecticut.................... Q 4,674
106. Papal States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,552
127. Hesse Darmstadt. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 2,969
108. Oldenburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © 2,469
Liquid Slating for Blackboards.
Alcohol, strong, 4 pints.
Shellac, 8 ounces.
Lampblack, 12 drachms.
Ultramarine Blue, 20 drachms.
Powdered Rotten-stone, 4 ounces.
66 Pumice-stone, 6 ounces.
Mix.
Liquid Slating for Blackboards—No. 2.
Alcohol, strong, 1 gallon.
Shellac, 1 pound.
Best Ivory Black, 8 ounces.
Finest Emery Flower, 5 66
Ultramarine Blue, 4 G6
Make a perfect solution of the shellac in the
alcohol before adding to the other ingredients.
To apply the slating have the surface smooth
and free from grease; shake well, and apply
quickly with a varnish brush. Keep the bottle
well corked, and shake up well before using.
Tar.
For greasing Wagons, We think an absurd
article. In the hottest weather it soon gums
up, and becomes adhesive, and in cold weather
is always so. Wherever iron axle-trees are used,
black-lead mixed with grease is best—or flour
mixed with lard.
To Preserve Fruit Whole.
Put them into wide-mouthed bottles, fill them
up with clarified saturated syrup, put them into
water in a copper kettle, and when it boils,
cork them tight and keep them in a cold place.
A small quantity of Spirit added to each bottle
will prevent fermentation.
Watchmaker’s Oil.
Take olive oil and put it into a bottle, then
insert coils, of thin sheet lead. Expose it to
the sun for a few weeks, and pour off the
clear oil.
To Purify Lamp Oil.
Take chloride of lime, 1 pound; water, 12
pounds. Triturate the chloride of lime in a
large mortar, gradually adding the water so as
to form a smooth and soap paste, and then
add the remainder of the water, which will give
the whole the consistence of cream. Now mix
this thoroughly with the oil by frequent and
careful stirring, in the proportion of 1 quart of
the paste for 100 pounds of oil, or a little more,
if the oil be very putrid. Let it remain a few
hours, when add 1 pound of sulphuric acid,
previously diluted with 20 or 30 parts of water,
and boil, with a gentle heat, constantly stirring
during the process, until the oil drops clear from
the end of a piece to be dipped into it. After the
boiling has been finished, allow the oil to settle
for a few hours; then draw it off from the acid-
ulated water. The boiler should be lined with
lead, and the mortar for the trituration of the
chloride of lime should neither be iron nor
COpper.
Superior Goldsmiths’ Polishing Powder.
Take 7 parts of Sesquioxide of Iron, 3 parts
Sal Ammoniac.
Mix thoroughly.
NoTE.—The above gold and silver polishing
powder has long been a guarded secret among
the gold-workers of Germany who have always
obtained a high price for the manufactured
article. Although a very simple composition, it
is undeniably excellent. It is easily and cheaply
prepared by dissolving Iron in Hydrochloric
Acid, and treating the Protochloride of Iron thus
formed with Liquid Ammonia, as long as a
precipitate is obtained. Collect the precipitate
on a filter, and dry it (Without Washing out) at
such a temperature that the adhering salam-
moniac shall not be volatilized. The protoxide
of iron precipitated at first becomes changed
into sesquioxide.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Presidents of the United States.

* >
#|s.;; #
5 || 3 *, * £6
g . a e-º- gº-
NAMEe RESIDENCE, , a. g Term of office. Died. 3.
E|3:- 3.
3| E. E.
3|# º
|
George Washington. . . . . . . . . Virginia. . . . . . . . 1732|1789,578 years Dec. 14, 1799.68
John Adams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Massachusetts. . . .1735||1797,624 “ July 4, 1826.91
Thomas Jefferson. . . . . . . . . . . Virginia. . . . . . . . 1743|1801,588 “ July 4, 1826.83
James Madison. . . . . . . . . . . . . Virginia. . . . . . . . 1751|1809||588 “ June 23, 1836,85
James Monroe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virginia. . . . . . . . 1758|1817588 “ July 4, 1831||72
John Quincy Adams. . . . . . . . Massachusetts. . . 1767|1825.58||4 “ Feby. 23, 184880
Andrew Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . Tennessee . . . . . . 1767|1829 62.8 “ June 8, 1845.78
Martin Van Buren. . . . . . . . . . . New York. . . . . . . 1782|1837,554 “ July 24, 1862,80
William H. Harrison. . . . . . . . Ohio . . . . . . . . . . 1773|1841,681 month. April 4, 1841;68
John Tyler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virginia. . . . . . . . 1790,1841,513 years. 11 mos. Jan. 17, 1872.72
James K. Polk.............. Tennessee . . . . . . 1795,1845,494 June 15, 1849.54
Zachary Taylor. . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisiana. . . . . . . 1784|1849,651 “ 4 m. 5 d. July 9, 1850.66
Millard Fillmore... . . . . . . . . . New York. . . . . . . 18001850:50.2 “ 7 m. 26 d. March 8, 187474
Franklin Pierce. . . . . . . . . . . . . New Hampshire. 1804 18534. 4 “ October 8, 186965
James Buchanan. . . . . . . . . . . . Pennsylvania. . . . 17911857,664 “ June 1, 186877
*Abraham Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . Illinois. . . . . . . . . 1809|1861524 “ 1 m. 10 d. April 15, 186556
Andrew Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . Tennessee . . . . . . 1808 18655. 3 “ 10 m. 203. July 31, 1875.67
Ulysses S. Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois. . . . . . . . . 1822:1869.478 “ , I tº e s e s e e s is e s a e e s e e ºf º
Rutherford B. Hayes. . . . . . . . Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . 1822:1877|554 “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & 49
*James A. Garfield. . . . . . . . . . Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . 1831|1881|506 mos. 15 days. Sept. 19, 1881.50
Chester A. Arthur. . . . . . . . . . New York. . . . . . . 18801881.51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *
*Abraham Lincoln died from the effects of a pistol shot, fired by John Wilkes Booth, at Ford's theatre, Washington, on the
evening of April 14, 1865. He lived ten hours, and died the next morning.
g
+President Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, at Washington, July 2, 1881, and Died at Long Bran
19, 1881. For this crime, Guiteau was sentenced to be hung Feb. 4, 1882.
º e ch, N. J., September
His execution took place June 30, 1882. D
Soft Soap.
(For house-cleaning, Washing clothes, etc.)
Hard Soap,
Sal Soda,
Aqua ammonia,
Spirits of turpentine,
Soft water,
Boil the water, and in it
and soda ; take off the fire,
other ingredients.
8 pounds.
1 pound.
1 ounce.
1 & &
8 gallons.
dissolve the soap
and stir in the
Jewelers’ Turkish Cement.
Put into a bottle two ounces of isinglass and
one ounce best gum Arabic.
Cover them with
proof spirit; cork loosely, and place the bottle
in a vessel of water; then boil it till a thor-
ough solution is effected; then strain for use.
Quick Cure for Earache.
Take a small piece of cotton batting, or cot-
half dime.
Animals.
ton Wool; make a depression in the centre with
the finger, and fill the indentation with as
much ground pepper as will rest on a silver
Then gather it into a ball and tie
it up; dip the ball into sweet oil, and insert it
into the ear, covering the latter with cotton
Wool, using a bandage to keep it in its place.
Almost instant relief will be experienced, and
the application is so gentle that an infant will
not be injured by it, but be soothed at once.
To Drive Flea's and Other Insects From Domestic
Mix 10 parts benzine, 5 parts common soap,
and 85 parts of water.
applications are enough.
Generally one or two
726 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTIOAL INFORMATION.
Expectation of Life and Present Value of Widow’s Dower.


Expectation Expectation Expectation Expectation Expecta-
Age. “. years. Age. in years. Age in years. Age. “; years. Age: ioin yrs
0 28.15 20 34.22 40 26.04 60 15.45 80 5.85
1 36.78 21 33.84 41 25.61 61 14.86 81 5.50
2 88.74 22 33.46 42 25.19 62 14.26 82 5.16
3 40.01 23 33.08 43 24.77 63 13.66 83 4.87
4 40.78 24 32.70 44 24.35 64 13.05 84 4.66
5 40.88 25 32.33 45 23.92 65 12.43 85 4.57
6 40.69 26 31.93 46 23.37 66 11.96 86 4.2.1
7 40.47 27 31.50 47 22.83 67 11.48 S7 3.90
8 40.14 28 31.08 48 22.27 68 11.01 88 3.67
9 89.72 29 30.66 49 21.72 69 10.50 89 3.56
10 89.23 30 30.25 50 21.17 70 10.06 90 3.73
11 38.64 31 29.83 51 20.61 71 9.60 91 3.32
12 88.02 32 29.43 52 20.05 72 9.14 92 3.12
18 37.41 33 29.02 53 19.49 73 8.69 93 2.40
14 86.79 34 28.62 54 18.92 74 8.25 94 1.98
15 36.17 35 28.22 55 18.35 75 7.83 95 1.62
16 35.76 36 27.78 56 17.78 76 7.40 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17 35.87 37 27.34 57 17.20 77 6.99 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 34.98 38 26.91 58 16.63 78 6.59 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 34.59 39 26.47 59 16.04 79 6.21 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In the settlement of estates where the widow is entitled to a third interest in the real estate,
or a “dower” interest, as it is termed, as long as she may live, it becomes necessary that some
definite calculation be made as to how long the widow will probably live to receive this interest.
This matter being determined, a calculation can readily be made as to how much she is en-
titled to at present, which being ascertained, the estate can be satisfactorily settled. To illus-
trate, by the above table, which is generally adopted in the settlement of estates, it will be
seen that, if the widow be 60 years of age, she will probably live 15 and 45-100 years longer,
or until her age is 75 and 45-100 years.
By the following table is given the value of an annuity of one dollar from 1 to 35 years at
5 per cent. per annum. Thus for 15 years the value of one dollar will be $10.8796. Suppose
the widow's dower interest in the estate to be $100 per year. To find the present value of the
widow's interest, therefore, multiply the $100 by 10.3796, and the result is $1,037.96, which is
the amount that the widow is entitled to in the settlement.


llars, Cents ..., | Dollars, Cents Dollars, Cents Dollars, Cents.
Years. P. 100ths. Years. and 100ths. Years. and 100ths. Years. and 100ths.
- 4–
1 .9523 10 7.7217 19 12,0853 28 14.8981
2 1.8594 11 8.3064 20 12.4622 29 15.1401
3 2.7232 12 8.8632 21 12.8211 30 15.3724
4 3.5459 13 9.3935 22 13.1630 31 15.5928
5 4.3294 14 9.8986 23 13.4880 32 15.8026
6 5.0756 15 10.3796 24 13.7986 33 16.0025
7 5.7863 16 10.8377 25 14.0939 34 16.1929
8 6.4632 17 11.2740 26 14.3751 35 16.3741
9 7.1078 18 11.6895 27 14.6430 ſº
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
727
TABLE-Showing the Quantity of Garden Seeds Required to Plant a Given Space.
DESIGNATION. SPACE AND QUANTIY of SEEDs.
Asparagus........ 1 oz. produces 1000 plants, and requires a bed twelve feet square.
{ % Roots...|1000 plant a bed 4 feet wide, 225 feet long.
Eng. Dwarf Beans. 1 quart plants from 100 to 150 feet of row.
French 6 & ... 1 “ { % 250 or 350 feet of row.
Beans, pole, large. 1 “ & 4 100 hills.
& 4 Small. |1 “ 4 & 300 hills, or 250 feet of row.
Beets . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 lbs. to the acre; 1 oz. plants 150 feet of row.
Brocoli and Kale. . 1 oz. plants 2500 plants, and requires 40 square feet of ground.
Cabbage. . . . . . . . . . Early sorts same as broccoli, and require 60 Square feet of ground.
Cauliflower. . . . . . . The same as cabbage.
Carrot... . . . . . . . . 1 oz. to 150 of row.
Celery............ 1 oz. gives 7000 plants, and requires 8 Square feet of ground.
Cucumber . . . . . . . . 1 oz. for 150 hills.
Cress. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 oz. sows a bed 16 feet Square.
Egg Plant. . . . . ...}1 oz. gives 2000 plants. -
Enidive........... 1 oz. gives 3000 plants and requires 80 feet of ground.
Leek. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 oz. gives 2000 plants and requires 60 feet of ground.
Lettuce .......... 1 oz. gives 7000 plants and requires seed bed of 120 feet.
Melon. . . . . . . . . . . 1 oz. for 120 hills.
Nasturtium. . . . . . . 1 oz. sows 25 feet of row.
Onion. . . . . . . . . . . 1 oz. sows 200 feet of row.
Okra. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 oz. sows 200 feet of row.
Parsley. . . . . . . . . . . 1 oz. Sows 200 feet of row
Parship . . . . . . . . . I. Oz. Sows 250 feet of row.
Peppers. . . . . . . . . . 1 oz. gives 2500 plants.
Peas. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 qt. sows 120 feet of row.
Pumpkin. . . . . . . . 1 oz. to 50 hills.
Radish. . . . . . . . . . . 1 Oz. to 100 feet.
Salsify. . . . . . . . . . 1 Oz. to 150 feet of row.
Spinage. . . . . . . . . . 1 oz. to 200 feet of row.
Squash........... 1 oz. to 75 hills.
Tomato ......... 1 oz. gives 2500 plants, requiring seed bed of 80 feet.
Turnip. . . . . . . . . . . 1 Oz. to 2000 feet.
Water Melon . . . . . 1 oz. to £0 hills.
To Render Lard, Tallow and Other Animal Fats
Inodorous.
Ladies’ Shoe Dressing.
Extract logwood (best), 1 ounce.
Mix 14 pounds freshly melted fat with 5
drachms of table salt and 15 grains of pow- Bichromate potash, 1 drachm.
dered alum; heat until a scum forms on the Yellow prussiate potash, 1 drachm.
surface. This scum is them to be separated, Borax, powdered 1} ounce.
and when the fat has cooled, it is thoroughly Aqua ammonia, 1 ounce.
washed with water to remove the salt, and then Shellac, 8 ounces.
Water, # gallon.
heated gently until the Water is evaporated.
Dissolve extract in hot water, heating the
Foam. º, tº * * * *
Soda, Water Foam liquid to nearly a boiling point. Then add the
Beat the whites of two eggs with twelve fluid
ounces of water, and dissolve in the liquid two
ounces of white Sugar, and half a drachm of
Salicylic Acid. Add one fluid ounce of this mix-
ture to every pint of Syrup.
chromate and prussiate of potash. After a deep
blue has developed, add borax; when dissolved,
add the shellac and ammonia. Solution of
logwood must be heated to nearly a boiling
point before adding salts of potash.
728 AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION,
TABLE-Showing Variations of Time, Distances from New York City, Hours by Railway, and
Passenger Fares from New York to the Principal Places in the United States.

## # | ##
Time when it is 5 # *... E 5
NAME of CITIEs. 12 noon 2:3 : E Zä.
at New York. Hºgſ 3.9 H3 –,
. H. ; H | : 'g
. §§ . S. . .
• E ! E: : 3
Miles. Hours. $ 6tS.
Albany, N. Y. . . . . . . .......................... . . . . . . . . 12.01 P.M. 145 4.15 3.10
Atlanta, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.18 A.M. 881 52.15 25.50
Auburn, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.50 A.M. 319 9.30 6.58
Baltimore, M. D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.50 A.M. 188 6. 6.20
Bangor, Me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.21 P.M. 478 19.40 12.00
Boston, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.12 P.M. 233 8. 6.00
Bridgeport, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.03 P.M. 59 2. 1.30
Brooklyn, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.00 M. 2 # .02
Buffalo, N. Y.............. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 11.40 A.M. 424 14. 9.25
Burlington, Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.51 A.M. 1120 47. 27.25
Burlington, Vt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.03 P.M. 302 11. 8.00
Charleston, S. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.36 A.M. 804 33. 24.00
Chicago, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.05 A.M. 913 35. 20.00
Cincinnati, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.18 A.M. 758 28. 18.00
Cleveland, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.29 A.M. 585 20. 13.00
Columbus, O.........* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11.24 A.M. 63 22. 16.25
Concord, N. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10 P.M. 274 10.30 7.15
Council Bluffs, Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.34 A.M. 1889 56. 35.50
Davenport, Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.53 A.M. 1096 41.40 26.00
Dayton, Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.19 A.M. 709 25. 17.50
Denver, Col. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.57 A.M. 1982 92. 59.75
Des Moines, Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.42 A.M. 1270 51.10 || 31.20
Detroit, Mich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.24 A.M. 776 24. 15.00
Dubuque, Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.54 A.M. 1103 43. 26.60
Easton, Pa.. . . . . . © e e s s e e s e e s e e s e e e e e e s e o e e s e s e º e s e e e s s 11.55 A.M. 76 2.30 2.25
Elmira, N. Y...... © e e e s e e e a s e e e º a c e s e º e º 'º e º e º e º 'º e º e º e 11.49 A.M. 275 22.30 7.25
Evansville, Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 e º e º e º 'º º O e 11.07 A.M. 995 36.25 || 25.00
Fort Wayne, Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.15 A.M. 765 29. 16.75
Galveston, Tex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.37 A.M. 1789 97.30 || 49.25
Harrisburg, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.49 A.M. 183 5.10 5.50
Hartford, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.05 P.M. 113 3.45 2.65
Indianapolis, Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.12 P.M. 826 30. 19.00
Kansas City, Mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.37 A.M. 1343 60. 32.75
Keokuk, Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.50 A.M. 1128 48. 26.25
Leavenworth, Kan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * c e e º 'º e 10.37 A.M. 1369 62. 32.75
Little Rock, Ark. . . . . . . . . . . . a e e o e º e º e e º e º e e o e e º e º e º e º e 10.47 A.M. 1411 54.20 || 42.85
Louisville, Ky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.14 A.M. 868 35. 22.00
Lowell, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10 P.M. 245 9. 7.00
Memphis, Tenn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.55 A.M. 1245 50. 32.00
Milwaukee, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.05 A.M. 998 40. 23.00
Mobile, Ala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.04 A.M. 1236 || 52. 40.75
Montgomery, Ala...... e e s e e o e s - e e s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 11.10 A.M. 1056 45. 32.90
Nashville, Tenn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...] 11.09 A.M. 1053 48. 29.45
Newark, N. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.59 A.M. 10 30. .20
Newburg, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.00 M. 63 2.35 1.45
12.12 P.M. 270 9.20 7.00
Newburyport, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * e º sº.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
729
TABLE–Showing Variations of Time, Distances from New York City, Etc.-Continued.
Had
## zā gă
Time when it is 5.5 4.2. E.;
NAME OF CITIES. 12 noon 2.É : E zº
in New York. Hºg' # *. *E.
: â, 3 | : ;
Miles. Hours. $ CtS.
New Haven, Conn................................ . . . . . 12.04 P.M. 77 2.45 1.75
New Orleans, La. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.56 A.M. 1377 58. 42.75
Newport, R. I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.11 P.M. 185 10. 2.00
Norfolk, Va. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.51 A.M. 372 18. 8.50
Northampton, Mass... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.05 P.M. 156 6. 3.65
Norwich, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.07 P.M. 140 5.15 2.00
Ogdensburg, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.54 A.M. 374 14.30 9.60
Omaha, Neb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.32 A.M. 1406 56.20 36.00
Philadelphia, Pa... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.55 A.M. 89 2. 2.50
Pittsburg, Pa.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.36 A.M. 445 15. 12.50
Pittsfield, Mass... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,02 P.M. 161 6. 3.50
Portland, Me... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.15 P.M. 341 14. 9.00
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.00 M. 76 3. 1.46
Providence, R. I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10 P.M. 189 6.30 5.00
Richmond, Va. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.46 A.M. 343 13. 12.85
Rochester, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.43 A.M. 374 10. 7.70
Sacramento, Cal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.50 A.M. 3183 146.15 136.00
St. Louis, Mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.55 A.M. 1066 38. 24.25
St. Paul, Minn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.44 A.M. 1322 54. 31.35
Salt Lake City, Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.28 A.M. 2476 120. 115.50
San Antonio, Tex... . . . . . . . . . . . . * c = e º º ºs e º 'º e º e º º is e º e º 'º - 10.23 A.M. 1952 104. 67.05
San Francisco, Cal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.46 A.M. 3273 || 151. 136.00
Savannah, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.32 A.M. 919 39. 25.00
Springfield, Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.58 A.M. 1032 42.30 24.00
Springfield, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.05 P.M. 139 4.30 3.30
Syracuse, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • gº & © º ºs e º º e º 'º e º ºs e º se 11.51 A.M. 293 8.30 6.06
Terre Haute, Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * † tº e º 'º º 11.07 A.M. 899 32. 21.25
Toledo, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.22 A.M. 706 24. 16.25
Trenton, N. J. ... ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.54 A.M. 58 1.30 1.75
Troy, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.58 A.M. 151 4.20 3.15
Utica, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.56 A.M. 240 7.30 5.00
Vicksburg, Miss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.53 A.M. 1287 63.30 || 39.25
Washington, D. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.48 A.M. 228 8. 7.50
Wheeling, W. Va. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.33 A.M. 511 21. 14.25
Wilmington, Del... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.54 A.M. 118 3. 3.10
Worcester, Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10 P.M. 193 7.15 4.65
NoTE.—As the fares by railway are constantly varying, and time-tables vary widely by different trains, the mail time
and passenger fares above given are to be taken as approximately correct.
730
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTIOAL INFORMATION.
TO FC) RECAST THE WEATHER FOR SHORT PERIODS.
The following table and accompanying remarks will give the kind of weather probable to
follow the entrance of the moon into any of her quarters, and will be found invaluable to the
farmer during harvest season and the gathering of the hay crop, and for all operations
that need a knowledge of the state of weather likely to occur for a short period following the
observations:
E:
š | TIME OF CHANGE. IN SUMMER. IN WINTER.
#T
j Between midnight and 2 in the Fair...... .............. Hard frost, unless the wind be
grº, IDOTIlling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. or W. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .
É É Between 2 and 4, morning. . . . . . Cold, with frequent showers Snow and stormy........ . . . . . .
~ *
§ 2. Between 4 and 6, morning...... Rain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.: Between 6 and 8, morning...... Wind and rain. . . . . . . . . . . Stormy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
# = |Between 8 and 10 morning......| Changeable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cold rain, if the wind be W.;
o's snow, if E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t
# g|Between 10 and 12, morning....] Frequent showers........ Cold and high winds. . . . . . . . . . .
#3 At 12 o'clock, noon, and to 2 Very rainy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Snow or rain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
--> P. M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 #|Between 2 and 4, afternoon... ." Changeable.............. Fair and mild... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ëH|Between 4 and 6, afternoon.....] Fair............ * º º ſº tº º ſº º ºs Fair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*5 Between 6 and 8, afternoon..... Fair, if wind N. W.; rainy, Fair and frosty, if N. or N. E.;
> if S. or S. W. . . . . . . . . . . rain or snow, if S. or S. W... .
3. Between 8 and 10, afternoon....| Fair, if wind N. W.; rainy, Fair and frosty, if N. or N. E.;
*: if S. or S. W. . . . . . . . . . rain or snow, if S. or S. W...
Between 10 and 12, afternoon...' Fair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair and frosty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Remarks.
1. The nearer the time of the moon's change,
first quarter, full, and last quarter to mid-
night, the fairer will the weather be during
the seven days following. The Space for this
calculation occupies from 10 at night till 2
next morning.
2. The nearer to midday these phases
happen, the more foul or wet weather may be
expected the next seven days. The Space for
this calculation occupies from 10 in the fore-
noon to 2 in the afternoon.
3. The phases happening from 4 till 10 in
the afternoon may be followed by fair Weather,
but this mostly depends upon the wind.
4. If a storm arises from the east on or
immediately preceding the time of the Spring
equinox, or from any point of the compass
near a week after, then, in either of these
cases, the succeeding summer is dry four times
out of five; but if a storm arises from the
S. W. or W. S. W. on or just before the
spring equinox, then the summer following is
wet five times in six.
Signs in the Sun and Moon.
A ring around the Sun or moon stands for
an approaching storm, its near or distant
approach being indicated by its larger or
smaller circumference. When the sun rises
brightly and immediately afterward becomes
veiled with clouds, the farmer distrusts the
day. Rains which begin early in the morning
often stop by nine in place of “eleven,” the
hour specified in the old saw, “If it rains
before seven.”
On a still, quiet day, with scarcely the least
wind afloat, the ranchman or farmer can tell
the direction of impending storm by cattle
sniffing the air in the direction whence it is
coming. Lack of dew in Summer is a rain
sign. Sharp white frosts in autumn and win-
ter precede damp weather, and we will stake
our reputation as a prophet that three succes-
sive white frosts are an infallible sign of rain.
Spiders do not spin their webs out of doors
before rain. Previous to rain flies sting sharper,
bees remain in their hives or fly but short dis-
tances, and almost all animals appear uneasy.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFOBMATION. 731
THE BALANCE OF TRAIDE FOR 25 YEARS–1856-1881,
For the purpose of showing the total amount of exports and imports of merchandise and the
total of Specie in each year since 1856, the table below has been compiled. In the columns
headed “Excess” are given the differences between exports and imports each year, showing at
a glance the “trade balance” of the country.
Gold Value of Imports and Exports of Merchandise and Specie Into and From the United States
in Each Fiscal Year Since 1856.
MERCHANDISE. SPECIE.
YEAR.
Imports. Exports. Excess. Imports. Exports. Excess.
$ $ $ $ $ $
1856. . . . . . 310,432,810 |281,219,423 Imp. 29,212,887 || 4,207,632 || 45,745,485 | Exp. 41,537,858
1857. . . . . . 348,428,342 293,823,760 | Imp. 54,604,582 | 12,461,799 || 69,136,923 || Exp. 56,675,123
1858. . . . . . 253,338,654 272,011,274 || Exp. 8,672,620 | 19,274,496 || 52,633,147 | Exp. 33,358,651
I859. . . . . . 331,333,341 292,901,051 Imp. 38,432,290 7,434,789 63,887,411 || Exp. 56,452,622
1860. . . . . . 353,616,119 || 333,576,057 | Imp. 20,040,062 | 8,550,135 | 66,546,239 | Exp. 57,996,104
1861. . . . . 289,310,542 219,553,833 Imp. 69,756,709 || 46,339,611 29,791,080 | Imp. 16,548,531
1862. . . . . . 189,356,677 | 190,670,501 || Exp. 1,313,824 16,415,052 36,837,640 | Exp. 19,972,588
1863 . . . . . 243,335,815 203,964,997 Imp. 39,370,818 9,584,105 || 64,156,611 | Exp. 56,571,956
1864. . . . . . 316,447,283 | 158,887,988 || Imp.157,559,295 || 13,115,612 105,396,441 Exp. 92,280,929
1865...... 238,745,580 | 162,013,500 Imp. 76,732,082 9,810,072 67,643,226 Exp. 57,833,154
1866. . . . . . 434,812,066 || 3 |8,859,522 || Imp. 85,952,544 10,700,092 | 86,044,071 || Exp. 75,343,979
1867. . . . . . 895,763,100 297,303,653 | Imp. 98,459,447 22,070,475 60,868,372 | Exp. 38,797,897
1868. . . . . . 357,436,440 281,952,899 || Imp. 75,483,541 || 14,188,368 || 93,784,102 || Exp. 79,595,734
1869...... 4.17,506,379 2S6,117,697 | Imp.131,388,682 | 19,807,876 57,138,380 | Exp. 37,330,504
1870......|435,958,408 || 392,771,768 Imp. 43,186,640 26,419,179 58,155,666 Exp. 31,736,486
1871...... 520,223,684 442,820,178 Imp. 77,403,506 || 21,270,024 98,441,988 || Exp. 77,171,964
1872. ....|626,595,077 444,177,586 Imp.182,417,491 || 13,743,689 || 79,877,534 Exp. 66,133,845
1873. . . . . 642,136,210 || 522,479,317 | Imp.119,656,288 21,480,937 | 84.608,574 || Exp. 63,127,637
1874...... 567,406,342 586,283,040 | Exp. 18,876,698 || 28,454,906 || 56,630,405 | Exp. 28,175,499
1875. . . . . . 593,005,436 513,441,711 || Imp. 19,563,725 | 20,900,727 | 92,132,142 | Exp. 71,231,425
1876......|460,741,191 540,384,671 || Exp. 79,623,480 | 15,936,681 56,506,302 || Exp. 40,569,621
1877...... 451,323,126 || 6’)2,475,220 | Exp.152,152.094 | 40,774,414 56,162,237 Exp. 15,387,753
1878. . . . . . 437,051,532 694,848,496 || Exp.257,796,964 29,821,314 || 33,733,225 | Exp. 3,911,911
1878. . . . . . 445,777,775 710,439,441 || Exp.264,661,666 | 20,296,000 || 24,997,441 Exp. 4,701,441
1880. . . . . . 667,954,746 835,638,658 Exp.167,683,912 93,034,310 17,142,919 Imp. 75,891,391
1881. . . . . . 642,654,628 902,367,346 | Exp.259,702,718 110,575,497 | 19,406,847 Imp. 91,168,650
Chinese Cement.
* Diamond Cement.
Orange Shellac. bruised, 4 ounces.
Rectified Spirits of Wine, 3 ounces. Isinglass, 1 ounce.
Set the mixture in a Warm place, frequently Distilled water, 6 ounces.
shaking it until the shellac is dissolved Mix and boil down to 3 “
g e Rectified Spirits, 1} “
Wood naptha may be substituted ior the Boil for two minutes, strain and add, while
spirits of wine, but the unpleasant Smell of the hot, 3 ounce of a milky emulsion of ammoniac
naptha is some objection. and five drachms of the tincture of gum mastic.
782 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT, ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE.
For plank, double or treble the product as may be required. If a board or plank is longer
or wider than the dimensions here given, add two suitable numbers together. The left-hand
column contains the length in feet; the width in inches heads each column.
FEET 6 in. W.7 in. W.18 in. W.19 in. W.10 in. W. 11 in. W. 12 in. W. 13 in. W.14 in. W.15 in. W.
E
LONG.
ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in.
8. . . . . . 4 0 || 4 8 || 5 4 || 6 0 || 6 8 || 7 4 || 8 0 || 8 8 || 9 4 || 10 0
9. . . . . 4 6 || 5 3 || 6 0 || 6 9 || 7 6 8 3 || 9 0 || 9 9 || 1:) 6 || 11 3
10...... 5 0 || 5 10 || 6 8 || 7 6 || 8 4 || 9 2 10 0 || 10 10 || 11 8 || 12 6
11. . . . . . 5 6 || 6 5 || 7 4 || 8 3 || 9 2 | 10 1 || 11 0 || 11 11 | 12 10 || 13 9
12. . . . . . 6 0 || 7 0 || 8 0 || 9 0 | 10 0 || 11 0 | 12 0 || 13 0 || 1 || 0 | 15 0
13. . . . . . 6 6 || 7 7 || 8 8 || 9 9 || 10 10 || 11 11 || 13 0 || 14 1 | 15 2 | 16 3
14. . . . . . 7 0 || 8 2 || 9 4 || 10 6 11 8 || 12 10 || 14 0 || 15 2 | 16 4 || 17 6
15. . . . . . 7 6 8 9 || 10 0 || 11 3 | 12 6 || 13 9 || 15 0 | 16 3 || 17 6 18 9
16. . . . . . 8 0 || 9 4 || 10 8 12 0 || 13 4 || 14 8 || 16 0 || 17 4 18 8 || 20 0
17. . . . . . 8 6 || 9 11 || 11 4 || 12 9 14 2 | 15 7 || 17 0 | 18 5 || 19 10 || 21 3
18. . . . . . 9 0 || 10 6 || 12 0 || 13 6 15 0 | 16 6 | 18 0 | 19 6 || 21 0 || 22 6
19. . . . . . 9 6 || 11 1 | 12 8 || 14 3 || 15 10 || 17 5 | 19 0 | 20 7 22 2 || 23 9
20. . . . . . 10 0 | 11 8 || 13 4 || 15 0 | 16 8 || 18 4 || 20 0 || 21 8 || 23 4 || 25 0
21. . . . . . 10 6 || 12 3 || 14 0 | 15 9 || 17 6 19 3 21 0 || 22 9 || 24 6 26 3
22. . . . . . 11 0 | 12 10 || 1 || 8 || 16 6 18 4 || 20 2 22 0 || 23 10 || 25 8 27 6
23. . . . . . 11 6 || 13 5 || 15 4 || 17 8 || 19 2 21 1 || 23 0 || 24 11 || 26 10 || 28 9
24 . . . . . 12 0 || 14 0 | 16 0 | 18 0 | 20 0 || 22 0 || 24 0 || 26 0 || 28 0 || 30 0
25. . . . . . 12 6 || 14 7 | 16 8 18 9 20 10 || 22 11 || 25 0 || 27 1 || 29 2 31 3
26. . . . . . 13 0 || 15 2 | 17 4 || 19 6 21 8 || 23 10 26 0 || 28 2 || 30 4 || 32 6
27. . . . . . 13 6 || 15 9 18 0 || 20 3 22 6 24 9 27 0 || 29 3 || 31 6 33 9
28. . . . . . 14 0 | 16 4 18 8 21 0 || 23 4 || 25 8 28 0 || 30 4 || 32 8 || 35 0
29. . . . . . 14 6 || 16 11 19 4 || 21 9 24 2 26 7 29 0 || 31 5 33 10 || 36 3
30. . . . . . 15 0 || 17 6 20 0 22 6 25 0 || 27 6 || 30 0 || 32 6 35 0 || 37 6
31. . . . . . 15 6 18 1 20 8 || 23 3 || 25 10 28 5 || 31 0 || 33 7 || 36 2 38 9
32. . . . . . 16 0 | 18 8 || 21 4 || 24 () 26 8 || 29 4 || 32 0 || 34 8 || 37 4 || 40 0
38. . . . . . 16 6 19 3 22 0 || 24 9 || 27 6 || 30 3 || 33 0 || 35 9 || 38 6 || 41 3
34. . . . . . 17 O | 19 10 22 8 || 25 6 28 4 || 31 2 | 34 0 || 36 10 || 39 8 || 42 6
85. . . . . . 17 6 20 5 || 23 4 || 26 3 29 2 32 1 || 35 0 || 37 11 | 40 10 || 43 9
86. . . . . . 18 0 || 21 0 || 24 0 || 27 0 || 30 0 || 33 0 || 36 0 || 39 0 || 42 0 || 45 0
Eye Lotion. Shoemaker’s Ink-No. 1.
Sulphate of Zinc, 2 grains. Extract of Logwood, 1 to 2 ounces.
Sulphate of Morphia, 1 grain. Tincture of Iron. 1 to 2. “
Glycerine, # ounce. Sweet Oil, 1 to 2 drachms.
Rose Water, 14 ounces. Diluted Alcohol, 1 pint.
Mix.
Shoemaker’s Ink–No. 2.
Cement.
Extract of Logwood, 4 ounces.
(Said to be Stretina." Bichromate of Potassa, 12 grains.
White Glue, 1 pound. Yellow Prussiate of Potassa, 12 grains.
Acetic Acid, 14 pints. Rain water, 1 gallon.
Melt the Glue, and while warm, gradually add The ink is applied with a brush, and imme-

the Acid, stirring well. diately burnished with a hot iron.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
733
LUMBER MEASUREMENT.-Continued.
16 in. W.17 in. W.18 in. W.19 in. W. 20 in. W.21 in. W.22 in. W. 23 in. W.24 in. W.25 in. W.
FEET
LONG
ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in.
8. . . . . . 10 8 || 11 4 || 12 0 | 12 8 || 13 4 || 14 0 || 14 8 || 15 4 || 16 0 | 16 8
9. . . . . . 12 0 || 12 9 || 13 6 || 14 3 || 15 0 | 15 9 || 16 6 || 17 3 18 0 | 18 9
10. . . . . i8 4 || 14 2 | 15 0 || 15 10 | 16 8 || 17 6 18 4 || 19 2 | 20 0 | 20 10
11. . . . . 14 8 || 15 7 | 16 6 || 17 5 | 18 4 || 19 3 | 20 2 | 21 1 22 0 || 22 11
12. . . . . . 16 0 || 17 0 | 18 0 || 19 () 20 0 || 21 0 || 22 0 || 23 0 || 23 0 || 25 0
18. . . . . . 17 4 18 5 || 19 6 20 7 || 21 8 22 9 || 23 10 || 24 11 26 0 || 27 1
14. . . . . . 18 8 19 10 || 21 0 22 2 || 23 4 || 24 6 || 25 8 || 26 10 || 28 0 || 29 2
15. . . . . . 20 0 || 21 3 || 22 6 23 9 25 0 | 26 3 || 27 6 28 9 || 30 0 || 31 3
16...... 21 4 22 8 || 24 0 || 25 4 26 8 28 0 || 29 4 || 30 8 || 32 0 || 33 4
17. . . . . . 22 8 24 1 || 25 6 || 26 11 || 28 4 || 29 9 || 31 2 32 7 || 34 0 || 35 5
18. . . . . . 24 0 || 25 6 27 0 || 28 6 || 30 0 || 31 6 || 33 0 || 34 6 || 36 () 37 6
19. . . . . . 25 4 || 26 11 || 28 6 || 30 1 || 31 8 || 33 3 || 34 10 || 36 5 || 38 0 || 39 7
20...... 26 8 || 28 4 || 30 0 || 31 8 || 33 4 || 35 0 || 36 8 || 38 4 || 40 0 || 4 || 8
21. 28 0 || 29 9 || 31 6 || 33 3 || 35 0 || 36 9 || 38 6 || 40 3 || 42 0 || 43 9
22. . . . . 29 4 || 31 2 || 33 0 || 34 10 || 36 8 || 38 6 || 40 4 || 42 2 || 44 0 || 45 10
28. . . . . . 30 8 || 32 7 || 34 6 || 36 5 || 38 4 || 40 3 || 42 2 44 1 || 46 0 || 17 11
24. . . . . . 32 0 || 34 0 || 36 0 || 38 0 | 40 0 || 42 0 || 44 O 46 0 || 48 0 50 0
25. . . . . . 33 4 || 35 5 37 6 || 39 7 || 41 8 || 43 9 || 45 10 || 47 11 || 50 0 || 52 1
26. . . . . . 34 8 || 36 10 || 39 0 || 41 2 || 43 4 || 45 6 || 47 8 || 49 10 || 52 0 || 54 2
27. . . . . . 36 0 || 38 3 | 40 6 || 42 9 || 45 0 || 47 3 || 49 6 || 51 9 54 0 || 56 3
28. . . . . . 37 4 || 39 8 || 42 0 || 44 4 || 46 8 || 49 0 || 51 4 || 53 8 || 56 0 || 58 4
29. . . . . . 38 8 || 41 1 || 43 6 || 45 11 || 48 4 || 50 9 53 2 | 55 7 || 58 0 || 60 5
80. . . . . . 40 0 i 42 6 45 0 || 47 6 50 0 || 51 6 55 0 || 57 6 60 0 || 62 6
31. . . . . . 41 6 44 0 || 46 6 || 49 0 || 51 (5 || 54 0 || 57 0 || 59 6 || 62 0 || 64 6
82. . . . . . 42 6 || 45 6 || 48 0 || 50 6 53 6 56 0 || 58 6 || 61 6 64 0 | 66 6
88. . . . . . 44 0 || 46 6 49 6 52 0 || 55 0 || 57 6 60 6 63 0 | 66 0 | 68 4
84. . . . . . 45 6 || 48 0 || 51 0 || 54 0 || 56 6 59' 6 || 62 6 65 0 | 68 0 || 70 6
85. . . . . . 46 6 49 6 52 6 55 6 5S 6 61 0 || 64 0 || 67 0 || 70 0 | 73 0
86. . . . . . 48 0 || 51 0 || 54 0 || 57 0 || 60 0 || 63 0 | 66 0 || 69 0 || 72 0 || 75 0
Cement for Alabaster. in a mortar, and keep the mortar dry. When
{e * the cement is wanted, take one part of this
Winegar, # pint. and twenty parts of clean iron filings or bor-
Skimmed Milk, # “
Mix the curd with the white of five eggs well
beaten and sufficient powdered quick lime sifted
in with constant stirring, so as to form a paste.
It resists Water, and a moderate degree of
heat, and is useful for joining small pieces of
marble or alabaster.
A Cement for Stopping the Fissures of Iron
Vessels.
Take two ounces of muriate of ammonia, one
ounce of flowers of sulphur, and sixteen ounces
of cast-iron filings or turnings; mix them well
ings; grind them together in a mortar, mix
them with Water to a proper consistence and
apply them between the joints.
This answers for flanges of pipes, etc., about
steam engines.
Preventive of Sea-Sickness.
Boil two ounces of opium, two drachms ex-
tract of hembane, ten grains of mace, and two
ounces of soap, in three pints of water, for half
an hour. When cold, add one quart of rectified
Spirits, and three drachms of spirits of am-
Inonia. To be used as an embrocation.
734
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
TIMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE.
Showing the cubical contents (fractions of feet omitted) of round logs, masts, spars, etc.
Length of log is shown in left hand column.
the desired dimensions are not shown, double some numbers.
Diameter is shown at the head of the column. If

LENGTH IN FEET. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. | 18. | 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 10 || 11 | 12 || 14 | 16 || 17 | 19 || 21 || 23
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 11 12 || 14 | 16 18 20 22 24 || 26
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 8 || 9 || 10 || 12 || 14 16 || 18 20 22 24 26 || 29
11, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 || 7 || 8 || 10 | 12 13 15 17 | 19 22 24 26 29 || 32
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 || 8 || 9 || 11 | 13 | 15 || 17 | 19 21 24 26 || 29 || 32 | 84
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9 || 10 | 12 || 14 | 16 | 18 20 || 23 26 28 31 34 || 37
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9 11 || 13 | 15 17 19 22 || 25 28 31 || 34 37 40
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 || 10 | 12 14 | 16 || 18 21 || 23 26 || 30 || 33 || 36 40 || 43
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 || 11 12 || 14 || 17 | 20 22 25 28 || 32 || 35 | 38 || 42 || 46
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 || 11 || 13 | 16 | 18 || 21 24 27 30 || 33 || 37 || 41 || 45 || 49
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 | 12 || 14 || 16 || 19 22 || 25 28 || 32 || 35 | 89 || 43 || 48 || 52
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 || 13 || 15 || || 7 || 21 23 27 30 33 37 41 || 45 50 55
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 || 13 16 | 18 21 25 28 31 || 35 | 39 44 || 48 53 58
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 || 14 | 16 || || 9 || 22 26 || 29 || 33 37 || 41 || 46 || 50 || 55 | 61
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 | 15 17 | 20 23 27 | 31 || 35 i 39 43 || 48 53 58 64
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 | 16 18 21 24 28 32 || 36 || 41 || 45 50 | 55 61 | 66
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 | 16 || 19 22 || 26 || 30 || 34 || 38 || 42 || 47 52 58 63 || 69
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 17 | 20 23 27 31 || 35 | 39 44 49 54 60 | 66 || 72
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 || 17 | 20 24 28 || 32 36 || 41 || 46 || 51 || 57 || 63 69 || 75
27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 18 21 25 29 || 33 38 || 42 || 48 || 53 59 65 || 71 || 78
28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 18 22 26 || 30 || 35 | 39 44 || 49 || 55 61 || 67 || 74 || 81
29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 19 23 27 || 31 || 36 || 41 || 45 51 57 | 63 70 77 | 84
80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 || 20 || 24 28 32 || 37 42 47 53 59 || 65 72 79 86
31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 | 20 | 24 29 || 33 || 38 || 43 || 48 55 | 61 | 68 || 75 | 82 | 89
82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 | 21 || 25 29 || 34 || 40 || 45 50 57 63 70 77 85 92
33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 22 || 26 || 30 35 || 41 || 46 || 52 58 || 65 | 72 79 || 87 95
84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 22 27 || 31 || 36 || 42 || 48 53 || 60 | 67 || 74 82 90 98
85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 || 2.3 28 32 37 || 3 || 49 55 62 69 || 76 | 84 || 93 || 101
86. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 24 28 33 || 39 || 44 50 | 57 64 || 71 || 79 86 95 || 104.
FACTS WORTH RN (OWING.
Proper Ages of Reproduction (1), Length of Power of Reproduction (2), and Periods of Gestation (3),
in Domestic Animals.
| 3 8
1 2 Short-ly Long- 1 2 Short- Long-
est. Mean. .# est. Mean, *
Years. Years. |Days. |Days. |Days. Years. Years. |Days. |Days. |Days.
Horse. . . . . . . . 12 to 15 Jackass. . . . . 12 to 15
Mare. . . . . . . . 4 |10 to 12| 287 | 347 || 419 ||Ass . . . . . . . . 4 |10 to 12 365 380 || 391
Cow. . . . . . . . . 8 10 240 | 283 || 321 ||Goat 2 || 5 to 6, 150 | 156 | 163
Bull. . . . . . . . . 5 Slut. 2 || 8 to 9 55 60 63
SOW . . . . . . . . . 1 6 109 || 115 143 ||Dog . . . . . . . . 8 to 9
Boar. . . . . . . . . 6 Cat. . . . . . . . . | 1 || 9 to 10
Ewe. . . . . . . . 2 6 146 154 | 161 || “ female... 5 to 6. 48 50 56
Ram. . . . . . . . 7
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
735
TIMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE-Continued.
FEET IN LENGTH. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 27| 29| 32 al 37 39 42 45| 48 50 53 57 60
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 31|| 33| 36|| 38, 41| 44; 47 50 53 57 60 64 67
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31|| 3 || 37 40 43. 46 49, 52 56 59 63 67| 71 75
11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 37| 41. 43; 47; 50 53 57| 61| 65| 69 73| 77 S2
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38|| 41 44; 47 51 55, 58 62 67| 71 76 80 85 90
18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41| 44 48 51 56 60 63 68 72 77 82 87 92, 97
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 48: 52, 55 60 64 68 73 78. 83, 88 94. 99 105
15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47| 51 55 59 64; 69| 73 78 83 89, 95 100 106, 112
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 55' 59 63 68 73| 78. 83 89 95 101| 107 113 119
17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53: 53 63 68 73 78. 83 89 95| 101| 107 114 121 127
18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57| 61 66 72 77| 82 88 94 100 106 114 120 128, 134
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 65 70 75 81. 87 93 99| 106 1.12 120 127| 135|| 142
20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 68 74 79 85 91 98, 105 112 118 126, 134 142] 149
21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 71| 77| 83| 90 96 103 111 117| 124. 132 140. 149. 157
22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 75|| 81| 87 94| 101| 109 116 123| 130 139| 1.47 156] 164
28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 78 85| 91 98. 105] 113 121 128 136|| 145 154, 163| 172
24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75|| 82 88 95 102 111 118 127| 134. 143 151] 160, 170, 179
25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79| 85| 92 99. 107 116 123 131|| 139|| 149. 158 67| 178; 187
26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82; 89 96 103 111 120 128 137 145; 154, 164. 174] 185| 194
27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 92; 99| 107 115 125 133. 142. 151] 160 170 180 192 202
28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 95 103 111 120 129; 136|| 147; 156] 166 177| 187] 198| 209
29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 99. 107 115 124 134. 143 153. 162] 172 183| 194 206. 217
80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 102 110 119 128 138. 148. 158 168] 177| 189| 200 213 224
31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 100 114 123; 132, 143 152 163| 173| 182 195| 207| 220 232
82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 109 118 127| 137| 148 157| 169 178] 188! 202. 214, 227| 239
38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104. 112' 121 130 141 152 162; 174] 184| 194| 208 220 234 247
84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 116 125 135. 145|| 157. 167] 179| 190] 200 214, 227] 241. 254
85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 119 129. 139|| 149| 161 172| 182 196 205 220 234 248 261
36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 123 lsº 143 154, 166, 177| 190| 201 212 227 240 255] 269
Square Rods and Feet in an Acre.
An arcre contains 43,560 Square feet.
A plat of ground 2083 feet Square is very
near an acre, being just 1-16 of a rod over.
A nearer approximation is 208 feet and 8%
inches. The square of this number differs less
than a foot from an acre, being 43,559 1-6
feet.
A plat of ground 12 rods, 10 feet and 8%
inches square is an acre. For ordinary pur-
poses it will answer to take a plat 12; rods
square, which will give 160 2-5 rods, 160 being
a.In a Crê.
An acre is contained in a plat 3 by 58%
rods, or 4 by 40, or 5 by 82, or 6 by 26%, or
7 by 22 6-7, or 8 by 20, or 9 by 17 7-9, or 10
by 16, or 11 by 14 6-11, or 12 by 13%. Our
farmer boys can soon learn this last table, and
it will often be of use to them.
Preservation of Milk and Cream.
Put the milk into bottles, then place them in
a sauce-pan with cold water, and gradually
raise it to the boiling point; take it from the
fire, and instantly cork the bottles, then raise
the milk once more to the boiling point for
half a minute. Finally let the bottles cool in
the water in which they were boiled. Milk thus
treated Will remain perfectly good for six months.
Emigrants, especially those having children,
Will find the above hint add much to their com-
fort during their voyage.
To Keep Worms From Fruit.
A small quantity of sassafras bark placed
among any kind of dried fruit will keep it free
from Worms for years.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT.
The cord of Wood or Bark is eight feet long, four feet high, and four feet wide, as established
by law in most of the States and the Dominion of Canada.
double the Product.
Fractions of feet are omitted in the Table.
If the wood is eight feet long,
Price will be found heading
the columns, number of feet in the left hand column.

Feet. $150 || $175 $200 $225 $250 | $275 $300 $325 $350
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 ,02
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .02 .02 .03 .03 .04 .04 .05 .05 , ()5
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 .04 .04 .05 .06 .06 . 07 . 07 .08
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .05 .06 .06 .07 .08 .09 .09 ... 10 ... 10
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .06 . 07 .08 .09 ... 10 .11 . 12 , 13 .13
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 .08 .09 .11 . 12 .13 .14 .15 . 16
7 . . . . . . . . . . oš ... 10 . 11 .13 . 14 .15 . 16 .17 . 19
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . .09 . 11 . 12 .14 . 16 .18 .19 .20 .21
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . 22 .25 .23 .31 .35 . 37 .40 .43
24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 .33 . 37 .42 .47 , 52 , 56 .61 .65
82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 .44 . 50 . 56 .63 .69 .75 .81 .87
40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 . 55 63 .70 .73 .86 .94 | 1.02 | 1.09
43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 .66 75 .84 .94 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 1.22 | 1.31
56 . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 .77 .88 .98 || 1.09 | 1.20 | 1.13 | 1.42 | 1. 53
64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 .88 1.00 | 1.13 | 1.25 | 1.38 | 1.50 | 1.62 | 1.75
72 . . . . . . . . . . .84 .98 || 1 , 13 | 1.27 | 1.41 | 1.55 | 1.69 | 1.83 | 1.96
80 . . . . . . . . . . .94 | 1.09 | 1.25 | 1.41 | 1.56 | 1.72 | 1.88 2.03 || 2.18
81 . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 || 1.15 | 1.31 | 1.48 1.64 | 1.81 | 1.97 2.13 || 2.29
88 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.03 | 1.20 | 1.38 | 1.55 | 1.72 | 1.89 2.06 || 2.23 2.40
9% . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.03 | 1.26 | 1.44 | 1.62 | 1.80 | 1.98 || 2.15 2.33 2.51
96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 | 1.31 || 1 , 50 | 1. (59 | 1.88 || 2.06 2.25 || 2.44 2.62
104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.22 | 1.42 1.63 | 1.83 2.03 || 2.23 || 2.44 2.64 || 2.84
112 . . . . . . . . . . 1. 31 | 1.53 | 1.75 | 1.97 || 2.19 || 2.41 || 2.62 2.84 || 3.06
120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.41 | 1.64 | 1.88 2.11 || 2.34 || 2.58 2.81 || 3.05 || 3.28
123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 | 1.75 2.00 2.25 || 2.50 2.75 || 3.00 || 3.25 | 3.49

Carbon Tracing Paper.
Melt six parts of Lard and one of Yellow Wax
together, and triturate the melted mixture in a
warmed mortar, with Oue part of fine Lamp-
black. The melted mixture must be added
gradually, and the trituration be thorough.
While still in a fluid condition, apply with a
brush or otherwise, a thin coating to ordinary
tracing paper, and Wipe off any excess.
Cure for Warts.
Caustic Potash 2 ounces, Gum Arabic half
an ounce, flour and water sufficient to make a
stiff paste of the whole mass. Cut a hole in a
piece of court plaster, through which let the
wart protrude. Apply the paste just given
over the plaster, and let it remain for a few
hours.
To Clean a Room of Mosquitoes.
Dip a piece of sponge or flannel in camphor-
ated Spirits and make it fast to the top of the
bedstead. A decoction of pennyroyal, or some
ol the bruised leaves rubbed on the exposed
parts, Will effectually keep off those troublesome
insects.
To Clean Canary Birds.
These pretty things are often covered with
lice, and º be effectually relieved of them
by placing a clean white cloth over their cage
at night. In the morning it will be covered
with Small red spots, so Small as hardly to be
Seen except by the aid of a glass; these are
the lice, a source of great annoyance to the birds.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
737
WOOD AND BARK MIEASUREMENT AT SIGHT-Continued.

Feet $400 || $450 $500 $550 $600 $650 $700 $750 $800
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .03 .03 | .03 .04 .04 .05 .05 .05 .06
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06 . 07 . 07 .08 .09 .10 ... 10 , 11 . 12
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .09 . 10 .11 . 12 .14 .15 .16 .17 .18
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . 14 .15 .17 .18 . 20 .21 .23 .25
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 .17 .19 .21 .23 .25 .27 , 29 , 31
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 .21 .23 .25 .28 .30 .82 .35 .87
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 .24 .27 .30 .32 .35 . 38 .41 .43
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 .23 . 31 .34 .87 .40 43 ,46 . 50
16 . . . . . . . . . . . • * .49 . 56 .62 .63 .74 .81 .87 .93 1.00
24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 .84 .93 1.03 1.12 1.22 1.31 1.41 1.50
32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 1. 12 1.25 1.37 1, 50 1.62 1.75 1.87 2.00
40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.25 1. 40 1.56 1.72 1.87 2.03 2.19 2.34 2.50
48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 1.68 1.87 2 : 06 2.25 2.44 2.62 2.81 3.00
56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.75 1.96 2.18 2.40 2.62 2.84 3.06 3.28 3. 50
64 . . . . . . . . . . . 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3. 50 3.75 4.00
72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.25 2.53 2.81 3.09 3.37 3.65 3.93 4.28 4.50
80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50 2.81 3. 13 3.43 3.74 4.06 4.37 4.68 5.00
84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.62 2.95 8 28 3. 60 3.94 4.26 4.59 4.92 5.25
88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.75 3.09 3.43 3.78 4. 12 4.47 4.81 5. 16 5.50
92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.87 3.23 3.59 3.95 4.30 4.67 5.03 5.40 5.75
96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.00 3.37 3.75 4. 12 4.49 4.87 5.25 5, 62 6.00
104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.25 3.65 4.05 4.47 4.87 5, 28 5, 69 6.09 6.50
112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 50 3.93 4.38 4.80 5.24 5.69 6, 12 6, 56 7.00
120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.75 4.21 4.68 5.15 5.62 6.09 6. 56 7,03 7.50
128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.00 4.50 5.00 6, 50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00
To Preserve Cider. uation. An old ship-master says he has eaten
The following recipe for preserving cider was
tested by a friend, and found to be all that is
claimed for it: When the cider in the barrel
is in a lively fermentation, add as much white
sugar as will be equal to one-quarter or three-
quarters of a pound to each gallon of cider
(according as the apples are sweet or sour.)
Let the fermentation proceed until the liquid
has the taste to suit, then add a quarter of an
ounce of Sulphite (not sulphate) of lime to each
gallon of cider; shake well; let it stand three
days, and bottle for use. The Sulphite should
first be dissolved in a quart or so of cider be-
fore introducing it into the barrel of cider.
Preservation of Eggs.
Eggs may be preserved for any length of time
by excluding them from the air. One of the
cleanest and easiest methods of doing this is
to pack them in clean, dry salt, in barrels or
tubs, and to place them in a cool and dry sit-
eggs thus preserved that were a year old, and
that had been some months aboard ship, in a
tropical climate, and yet retained all the peculiar.
Sweetness of new-laid eggs. Some persons place
eggs which they wish to preserve in a netting, or
in a sieve or cullender, and immerse them for an
instant in a cauldron of boiling water, before pack-
ing away. Sometimes eggs are placed in vessels
containing milk of lime, or strong brine, or
rubbed over with butter, lard, or gum water;
all of which act by excluding the air.
To Preserve Grease,
Boil all the scraps, rinds, and bones, in a weak
lye, and the purer grease in clear water. Let
the mixture cool, take off the cake of grease,
and strain it. It is well to do this occasion-
ally, as you save it; for when kept a long time,
impure grease becomes offensive. You must be
careful to dry off all the water before laying it
away in your grease-tub, if you wish to keep it
sweet.
47
Showing net proceeds (fractions of feet omitted) of logs in one inch boards, deducting saw kerf and slabs. lf the required
dimension is not in the table, unite two or three suitable numbers together. The length will be found in the left-hand column
and the diameter in inches on the head of the other columns.
#| ||f||f||f||##|##|##|##|#| ||f||#|#|##|##| ||
; : :" | 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 3
à | #| | | | | #| #| | | #| | | #| | | | | #| | | | | | | #| #| #| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | #| #
| | 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3
#| = | = |g| 3 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 3 | #| | | #| #| 5 | #| 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 | #| f | #| #
E ' . º g * ſº e te * e & g e & & tº e e e & — — — . ſº e ſº —l—
| tº
10, 23. 31' 40 50 62 75 90 105 122 140 160 180 202 225 250 275 802. 330 360 391 422 456 490 526. 562. 601| 640
11; 25 84 44, 55 69 83 99. 116 135 154, 176 198; 223; 248 275 302 333 363. 396 430 465 502 539, 578 619, 661||704
12, 27 37 48 61 75 91 10S 126, 147 189| 192| 217, 243, 271 800 331. 363. 397. 432, 469 507 547. 588; 631 675, 721 768
# 33 49 2 36 81 38, 117 137 139, 183|208 235 263,293 325, 358 393 430 468, 508 549, 592 63. 684. 731 781. 832
14, 32; 43 56 71 88; 106 126, 148; 171; 1971 224 253 283, 313| 350, 386. 483 468 50ſ. 547, 591; 638; 686; 736 781; 841 896
15 34; 46 60 76, 94 113; 135; 158; 184, 211 240 271; 303. 336, 375; 413, 453. 496 540 586 633 683. 735| 789, 844. 901, 960
16, 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169, 196; 225; 256 289. 324 359. 400 441 484. 530; 576, 625 676 729, 784 842; 900. 9611024
17 38 52 68' 86 106, 128 153, 179| 208 239| 272 307 344, 383 425, 468 514 563 612' 664; 718 774 833, 895, 95610211088
18 41, 55 72 91 112 136. 162; 190 220 253 288 325, 364, 406 450 496 544. 596, 648. 703 761 820, 882 946 1012 1081 1152
19 43 58 76 96 119. 143, 171 201| 232; 267 304 343. 384 429 475. 523, 574 630, 684; 742 803 565 931 999.1069 1141.1216
% 46 61| 80 101| 125 151 180 211 244 280 320 361 404 352. 500 550 £05 661 720; 782 845 jià 98.01021125 1202.1280
21 48 64; 84 106 131, 158 189 222 257 293 336 379 425 473; 525, 579, 635, 693, 756, 820 887 957.1029.1103,1181,12611344
; ; ; ; } }} }; ; ; ; ; ; ; 44; 19: § 6; ; ; ; ; ºiſſºliºsiº
23, 52 70 92 207 243. 281. 323, 338|415, 45; 519 575, £32, 69: 76) 828. §§ 3721649,112.12091295,13811412
24, 54. 74 .96 122 150 181. 216, 254; 294; 338, 384. 433, 486 54i 600 662, 726 794 864 93316iſió94.117612631.35011321536
; : T 0 }; fl. 1:9, 225, 264 & # 40% ºf 506. 562 62. 33 iſ 337 gº ºffigiújižāīāīāīāſājāgiliº
§ 39 & 194 133 163, 196 2.34; 274, 318; 366 416 370, 526, 586 650, 716 786 860, 936.1016.10931184.1274,13681462.15621664
#| || #| ||}} {} {2, 3} :43, 28; 3%. 389 433 488 546; 60; 675, 744 $26, 833.9.21055.114012301:2:1420.15181622.1728
# 33 & # 42 ſ. 33: 2.2 256 342 394 448 506. 566. 626 700 172 866, 926.10081094118212761372147215741682|1792
; ; ; # # 3 # 3% ºf 33 4: 4.4 524 & 649 Izā [º $36 531.441.13:12:41:31:1421.152.16:11:421;
§ 3; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;iºiºiſſiſſiſsissiºgiº
#| || || 3: ;7 l; ; 37; 32ſ 380. 436, 496. 560 627 (.95 775 854|937|10261116,12111.36914.121519,1631.17441862.1984
§ 3 ; ; 1; 2%. 242 238 338 392 550 512 578; 648 is 800 382 ºffsjöß115212:01:52:1458,15681634.1800ig33.2013
§ {} }} }} }; 3%. 349 ºf 348 404: 464 523 26, 668 742 825, 209.998|109311881239;1394.1503:16171737|185619822112
#| || || || 36||73 212 256 366 858, 416 478, 544 614 688 765 850, 936,1028|1126,1224|1328:1436.1548.1666.1790.1912.20422176
#| || || #9 iſ 319, 26; 315, 369, 428 492. 560 632. 708, 789 87: 9641058||1159.1260.1367.1479.1594.1715.1841,1968.2102.22:0
Liu MBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT.
36 81| 110 144 182 224 Žiž ă 380; 440 º 576 650 is 812; 900 Sºloss iºniº 2304
1
1
6
1
4
4
1
7
4
3

AN
739
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Statistics of Exoenditures for
Public Schools
in the United States in 1880.
Value and Percentage of Agricultural Products,
Including Products of the Forest,) Exported
from the United States for Each Year, from
STATES AND TERRITORIE8. Słºś. Eººp. 1850 to 1881.
; Alº & e º e o e e s e e e o 'º $362,593 $375,465 Percentage
2|ATK2IlS88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,665. 238,056 Total exportslof agricu'l
8|California............ 2,207,044 2,864,571 Year Total. [... . joi: to
4|Colorado............. 186,426. 395,527 ; domesi" ºujºo "total do.
5'Connecticut.......... 1,011,730, 1,408,375 June 30. exports. ducts. mestic ex-
6|Delaware........ . . . . . . 138,819, 207,281 ports.
7|Florida.............. 97,115|| 114,995
8 º e e º e a e º e a e e º e e i e s e s e < * * * * 471,029
9|Illinois............... 4,587,015, 7,531,942 * A * | * * * * * *
10|Indiana.............. 㺠jºiº ||...};|*; ;
11|Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,901,948 5,621,248 is... . . . . i; º; };
12|Kansas............... 1,088,594. 1,318,337 is..... 213,417,657, 176.5594 is 82.74
13|Kentucky............ 736,890, 803.40 || 1:... . . . . y ------ w 5 *:::::: ©
14|Louisiana ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480,320 | }. %94.8% 195258.933 77.48
15|Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948.5% lºsi |};..... § 3; #:
16 Maryland • * * * * * e º 'º e º 'º 1,141,753 1,544,367 i; s e e s e $38,985.665 §§ 767
17|Massachusetts ....... 4,491,225 5,156,731 | is;... . . . . §§§ 3; 373% 3. 5
18 Michigan • e e o 'º e e e s e e s e 1,909,941 3,109,915 1859. .... ; ;: #. 7 3.
19 Minnesota e - - - - e º e º e ∈ 993,205 1,706,114 iš. e e s e e e 373.189374 ; ſº
20 Mississippi e - © tº e º e º º tº e 669,393 830,704 1861. . . . . 328,656.486 ; §
21|Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,218,637 3,152,178 i; e e e s e e 213,063. '821. 4–1 º 6
22|Nebraska............. 532,304. 1,137,995 | #.' .. º lºſſ ſº
23||Nevada............... 83,706. 144,245 tº 305,834,998 215,073,568 70.3%
24||New Hampshire...... 414,590 565,339 # • * * * e e ; § 57.29
25||New Jersey........... 1,446,178. , 1,928,874 is... º; ; ;
26||New York............ 7,638,922 10,412,378 iąż. . . . . ###| #; ;
27|North Carolina....... 318,453 352,882 1868 . . . . 438,577,312. 330,413,246 75.35
28 Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,017,542| 7,166,963 | ...,' ' ' ' ' ' 454,301,713. 319,004,531|| 70.22
29 Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210,429 314,017 ; e e º e º s §§ 311,756,665 75.32
30|Pennsylvania......... 4,510, 197| 7,449,013 iši © e º & © tº 499,092,143. 391,269,605 1991
31|Rhode Island......... 405,605 544,200 1872. . . . . 562,518,651 397,963,220 70.75
32|South Carolina....... 287.40; $24,629 |##...... § # #
33/Tennessee ............ 596,680 724,862 1874. . . . . §§ ,563. 493,962,697 76.00
34|Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674,869 753,346 #. . . . . §§§ {:}; ;
35|Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . $60,329 454,285 | 1.3%. . . . . 43,0947. 479.833,212. I4.63
36|Virginia.............. 714,783 946,109 | ...” ' ' ' ' ' 644,956,406, 514,339,866 84.80
tº e - 9.) 5 1877. . . . . . 676,115,592 517,737,998 76.58
37|West Virginia. . . . . . . . 522,483| 716,684
38|Wisconsin ............ 1,568,692. 2,230,772 1878...... 722,779,499, 592,475,813 81.98
3 * * ~ 3 3 - - - 5 lsº e - e. e. e. e. §§ 543.691,174 77.72
Q Q Q (YO || --\–7° \* - e < * ~ * ,946,353| 685,867,737 83.94
Total States. ... |54,551,201.79,586,399 || 1:... 883,925,947| 730,040,360, 82.59
1|Arizona ....... * * * * * * * : e. e. e. e. e. , , . . 61,172
2|Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,318 124,483
3|District of Columbia 277,012| 438,567 Strength of Ice.
4 Idaho e e s e e º e º 'º tº e º e º e º 33,844 38,812
; * • * * * * * * * * * * * * : * c e = e s , , , , *:::::: Thickness, Strength.
ALM-VA-4 UCW 1–1. Cw - - - - - - - e < e < e < | . . e. e. e. . . . . . 4 - e
7||New Mexico.......... isis, ºft| Two inches—Will support a man.
8|Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,343| 132,194 Four inches—Will support a man on horseback.
9|Washington...... © e e s a 94,019 114.379 Five inches—Will support an 80-pounder gun.
10 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,120 22,120 | Eightinches—Will support a battery of artillery,
tº º ºs with carriages and horses at-
Total Territories. . 607,088 1,196,439 tached.
Grand Total...... 55,158,289 80,732,838 Ten inches—Will support an army—an innu-

merable multitude.
List of pension agencies, names of pension agents, number of pensioners on the roll of each agency June 30, 1881, and the
PENSION STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.
amount disbursed for pensions during the year, together with a comparative statement of the number of pensioners on the roll
at the beginning and close of the year ending June 30, 1881.
LOCATION OF AGENCY, | ARMY. NAVY. WAR OF 1812. DISBURSEMENTs on Acc'T of PENSIONS DURING YEAB.||Whole. number Of
penSIOnerS On
the roll.
Namºension Survi- || Wid F lar For A Salary * , Totai di
e tº º e UIrV1- OWS or regular For Arrears|expenses O Ota, S-
City. State. Invalids Widows. Invalids Widows. "... ºf". Pensions. of Pensions. pension bursements. ||June 30, June 30,
agentS. 1881. 1880.
39ston. * † tº º 'º gº tº dº º ºs Mass...|D. W. Gooch......|| 10, 156 7,086 500 429 716 2,074 $3,604,673.68 $29,647.08 $14,883.22 $3,649,203.93 20,961 19, 886
Chicago.--------- II] : - - - - Ada C. Sweet * * * * * ,997 5,914 83 52 405 1,030 4, 637, 481.68 61, 6(12.88 15,752.71 4,714,837.27 21, 481 19,370
Columbus........ Ohio ... A. T. Wikoff * * * * * * 14,070 7, 515 50 74 740 2, 104 4, 352, 166-21 63,381.22 18, 144.96 4,433, 692.39 24, 533 23,368
Concord * * * * * g º gº º ºs N. . . E. L. W. hitford iº is s 10, 482 6, 884 149 115 1, 161 3, 164 3,407,494.23 40, 178.64 16,911.59 3,464, 584.46 21,955 21, (31
€S Moines ſº tº sº is a s IQWa. Jacob Rich -----. 9, 676 2,747 ----------|---------- 218 547 3,220,988.82 33,449-55 11, 721.16 3, 266, 159.53 13, 188 11,337
etroit----, ------. Mich.. Samuel Post... . . . 7, 521 2, 761 24 22 326 721 2,024,640.30 30, 285.46 10, 533.54 || 2,065, 459.30 11,375 || 10, 818
ndianapolis.---. Ind. . . . [Fred. Knefler. -- . 10,740 4,478 ----------|---------- 219 816 3,002,455.28 54,442.78 12.587.94 3,069,486.00 16, 253 15, 145
noxville---...--. Tenn!...|D. T. Boynton... 4, 699 4, 5,61 77 92 1,921 6,396 2,667,932.69 50, 158.74 13, 144.60 2,731,236, (3 17, 746 17, 192
Louisville * * > -º º ſº º as Ky ---. R. M. Kelley...... 2,594 2,780 9 16 388 1,011 1,007,906.60 23, 13] .22 7, 255.17 1,039.292.99 6,798 6,701
Milwaukee º ºg º ºx - ºn tº Wis . . . [F. Ferguson... . . . 8, 201 3, 113 28 23 215 416 2,806, 721.05 25,985.68 9,859.99 2,842, 566.72 11,996 10,652
ey Yor - - - - - - - - N. Y. . . . Chas. R. Coster... 7,384 5,826 473 404 545 1,337 2,609,984.41 44, 398.79 17,431.86 2,671,815.06 15,969 15, 308
Philadelphia----. Pa. . . . . . G. Sickel...... 10, 417 5,569 315 321 238 1,000 3, 172,870.08 37, ()10.34 15,281.60 3, 225, 162.02 17,860 16, 584
Pittsburg......... Pa..... W. A. Herron. . . . . 9, 175 4, 109 49 51 235 795 2,731,350.38 31, 219.82 12, 630, 23 2,775, 200.43 14, 414 12, 919
St. LQuis.. * & sº º ºs º ºs Mo . . . . Nath'l A. Adams. 9, 432 2,998 34 21 309 834 2,853,226.37 45, 858.85 11, (36.11 2,910,721.83 13,628 12,472
San Francisco...|Cal....|Elenry Cox........ 1,301 252 51 30 55 105 361,320.39 5, 272.96 4,991.88 371, 585.23 1,794 1,595
Syracuse. -------. N. Y... T. S., Poole....... 10, 583 5,946 ----------|---------. 869 2,311 3,364,960.30 43,938.60 15, 439.83 || 3,424, 338.73 19,709 18, 498
- ashington......|D. C... Theoph. Gaines. 12,597 4, 144 345 358 358 1,368 3,896, 975.05 57, 723, 17 16, 498.87 3,971, 197.09 19, 170 17,956
Total number pensioners on the roll. ...|| 153,025 76,083 2, 187 2, 608 8,898 26,029 ||$49,723, 147-52 $678,685.73 $224,705.26 |$50,626, 538.51 268,830 || 250, 802
Increase during the year.--------------. 19,813 ||---------. 127 188 ---------. 1,279 - ||$12,676,961-63 - - - - - - - - - - - - - $521.84 ||--------...----. 18,028 |---------.
Decrease during the year----------------|---------. 2,089 ----------|---------- 1,240 l.---------|---------------. $19,291,485.10|------------- $6,614,001.63 ||----------|----------
Amount paid for pensions during the past 21 years.............. $506,345,044.21 Average annual pension to each pensioner-------------------- tº ºn tº º ºs º is a $107.01
During the year 28,740 new names were added to the roll, 1,334 of which had formerly been on the roll, but dropped for vari-
During the same period the names of 10,712 pensioners were dropped.
existing laws are $, 4000 per annum, and an extra allowance, or perquisite, of 15 cents for each pension voucher above 4,000
issued in any year. Out of this, however, pension agents must pay all clerk hire, office rent, postage and contingent expenses
of their affices. - -
OUIS Call 868.
The salaries of pension agents under the
§



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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF
PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 7.43
Oceans, Seas, Bays, and Lakes.
OCEANS.
Pacific, about............... e e º e o e e 80,000,000
Atlantic, “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,000,000
Indian, “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,000,000
Southern, “ ...................... 10,000,000
Arctic, “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000,000
NOTE.-The seas, bays, gulfs, etc., connected
with each ocean, are included in the foregoing
estimate. It may be proper to remark, how-
ever, that the exact superficial extent of the
Several oceans is not known with certainty, nor
the exact proportion of land and water.
SEAS. LENGTH IN MILES.
Mediterranean, about .................... 2,000
Caribbean, about. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,800
China, “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,700
Red, “. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,400
Japan “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000
Black, “. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
Caspian, “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Baltic, “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Okhotsk, “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
White, “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Aral, “. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
BAYS. LENGTH IN MILES.
Hudson's, about. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,200
Baffin's, “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Chesapeake, “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
* Len'th. Width
Lakes. Miles. | Miles
Superior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 120
Baikal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 35
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 60
Great Slave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 45
Huron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 90
Winnipeg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 40
Erie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 50
Athabaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 20
Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 40
Maracaybo. . . . . . . . ... e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e º 150 60
Great Bear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 40
Ladoga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 75
Champlain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 12
Nicaragua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 40
Lake of the Woods. . . . . . . . . 70 25
Geneva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • tº tº 50 10
Constance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 10 .
Cayuga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4
George . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3
SQ. MILES.
enlarged by a round file.
SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD.
Pyramids of Egypt.
Tower, Walls and Terrace Hanging Gardens
of Babylon.
Statue of Jupiter Olympus, on the Capitoline
Hill, at Rome.
Temple of Diana, at Ephesus.
Pharos, or watch-tower, at Alexandria, Egypt.
Colossus of Rhodes, a statue 105 feet high;
overthrown by an earthquake 224 B. C.
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, a Grecian-Per-
sian city in Asia Minor.
To Cut or Bore Glass.
Any hard steel tooth will cut glass with great
facility when kept wet with camphor dissolved
in turpentine. A drill bow may be used, or
even the hand alone. A hole may be readily
The raged edges of
glass vessels may also be thus easily smoothed
by a flat file. Flat window glass can readily
be sawed with a watch-spring saw by the aid
of this solution. In short, the most brittle glass
can be wrought almost as easily as brass, by
the use of cutting tools kept constantly wet
With camphorated oil of turpentine.
An Alloy that will Adhere to Iron and Steel.

It is often desirable to combine steel or iron
with brass, and thus obviate the necessity of
using bolts or screws for fastening them. The
unequal expansion of the metals is the great
obstacle to such a combination, as it overcomes
the adhesion of the surfaces and thus prevents
a permanent union. The following alloy, how-
ever, adheres firmly to iron and steel, and can
be recommended: 3 parts of tin, 39% parts of
copper, and 7% parts of zinc.
Black Ink.
Dissolve a quarter of an ounce of extract of log-
wood in one pint of boiling (soft) Water; then add
five grains of prussiate, and five grains bi-chro-
mate of potash. To make it indellible, add ||
inch nitrate of silver, to # pint of the ink.
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Lithographic Ink.
Venice Turpentine, 1 part.
Lampblack, 2 parts.
Tallow, 6 “
Hard Tallow Soap, 6 “
Mastic in tears, 8 “
Shellac, 12 “
Wax, 16 tº
Melt and pour it on a slab.
Colored Inks.
The following recipes have been well tested
and are commended by good authority as pre-
ferable to the solutions of aniline dyes which
are now extensively used as colored inks:
GREEN.
Acetate of Copper, 2 drachms.
Carbonate of Potash, 1 drachm.
Water, 8 drachms.
IBoil till half is evaporated, and filter.
BLUE.
3 drachms.
1 drachm.
30 drachms.
Prussian Blue,
Oxalic Acid,
Water,
When dissolved add one part of gum arabic
YELLOW.
Fine Orpiment, 1 drachm.
Thick Gum Water, 4 drachms.
Must be well rubbed together.
RED,
Carmine, 4 grains.
Aqua Ammonia, 1 ounce.
Gum Arabic, (I. S.
Dissolve the carmine in the ammonia by the
aid of gentle heat, then add the gum Arabic.
Black Stencil Ink.
Shellac, 4 ounces.
Borax, 2 6 &
Soft Water, 20 66
Gum Arabic, 2 66
Lampblack, sufficient.
Indigo, sufficient.
Boil the shellac and borax in the Water until
they are dissolved, them add gum Arabic; dis-
solve and remove the mixture from the fire;
when cold add enough lampblack to bring it to
a suitable color and consistence, and lastly a
very small quantity of finely powdered indigo
to give it the proper shade; keep it in glass
or earthenware vessels.
When dry this ink is said to resist the action
of almost all solvents except concentrated acids
or alkalies.
Crimson Marking Ink.
Powdered Cochineal, 2 ounces.
Cream of Tartar, 2 & 6
Carbonate of Potassa, 1 ounce.
Alum, 1. & G
Gum Arabic, 1. 6 &
Boiling Water, sufficient.
Boil the cochineal and cream of tartar with
eight ounces of the water; strain; add the car-
bonate of potassa, and, lastly, the alum and
the gum Arabic.
Should the color of the liquid partake too
much of the Scarlet shade, add enough carbon-
ate of potassa to turn it to the crimson hue
which you desire.
Stain for Twisted Gun Barrels.
Take of Tincture of Sesquichloride of iron
half an ounce, corosive sublimate one drachm,
sulphate of copper half a drachm, nitric acid
one drachm to one drachm and a half, spirits
of wine six drachms, water eight ounces. Dis-
solve the corrosive sublimate in the spirits of
wine, then add the Solution to the other ingre-
dients, and let the whole stand for a month or
six weeks, when it will be ready for use.
The barrels to be stained should first be care-
fully cleaned with lime, and, this being re-
moved, the browning mixture is laid on with a
sponge five or six times a day, till the color is
dark enough to suit the fancy. Once or twice
a day a scratch-brush should be used to remove
the rough oxide, and allow the acid to get a
deeper bite. When it is considered that enough
has been done, boiling water must be poured
over the barrels for Several minutes, and, while
hot, rub them with flannel, and finish with a
leather and a little beeswax and turpentine.
AN ENOYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
745
Principal Exports of Various Countries.
ARABIA—Coffee, aloes, myrrh, frankincense,
gum Arabic.
BELGIUM-Grain, flax, hops, woolens, limens,
laces, various manufactures.
BRAZIL–Cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, gold,
diamonds, wheat, dye-woods.
CANADA, Nova Scotia AND NEW BRUNSWICK–
Flour, furs, lumber, fish.
CAPE Colony—Brandy, wine, ostrich feathers,
hides, tallow.
CENTRAL AMERICA—Logwood, mahogony, in-
digo, cocoa.
CHILI—Silver, gold, copper, wheat, hemp,
hides, sugar, cotton, fruits.
CHINA – Tea, silks, nankeens, porcelain,
opium, articles of ivory and pearl.
DENMARK–Grain, horses, cattle, beef, pork,
butter and cheese.
EASTERN, WESTERN AND SouTHERN AFRICA —
Gold, ivory, ostrich feathers.
EGYPT-Rice, grain, linseed, fruits, indigo,
cotton, Sugar.
ECUADOR AND NEW GRENADA—Coffee, cotton,
indigo, fruits, sugar, cocoa.
FRANCE—Silks, woolens, limens, cottons, wine,
brandy, porcelain toys.
GERMANY — Limen, grain, various manufac-
tures of silver, copper, etc.
GREAT BRITAIN — Woolens, cottons, limens,
hardware, porcelain, etc.
GREENLAND – Whale oil, whale bone, seal
skins.
HINDOOSTAN–Cotton, silks, rice, sugar, coffee,
opium, indigo.
HoDLAND — Fine linens, woolens, butter,
cheese, various manufactures.
ITALY—Silks, wines, grain, oil, fruits.
IRELAND--Linens, beef, butter, tallow, hides,
potatoes, barley, etc.
JAPAN — Silk and cotton goods, Japanware,
porcelain.
MEXICO — Gold, silver, logwood, cochineal,
fruits.
PERSIA — Carpets, shawls, wine, silk, cotton,
rice, rhubarb, guns, Swords, etc.
PERU-Silver, gold, Peruvian bark, mercury,
Sugar, cotton, fruits.
RUSSIA — Hemp, iron, linen, grain, timber,
furs, tallow, platina.
SPAIN AND PoETUGAL-Silks, wool, wine, oil,
fruits, Salt, etc.
SWEDEN AND NORWAY — Iron, steel, copper,
timber, fish.
SwitzERLAND–Watches, jewelry, paper, laces,
linen, cotton and silk goods, etc.
TURKEY-Grain, fruits, cotton, oil, wines, car-
pets, muslim, Swords.
UNITED STATEs – Eastern States — Lumber,
beef, pork, fish, cottons, woolens, etc. Middle
States—Flour, wheat, salt, coal, cottons, wool-
ens, etc. Southern States—Cotton, rice, tobacco,
corn, lumber, pitch, fruits. Western States—
Corn, wheat, lead, coal, iron, salt, lime, beef,
pork.
WENEZUELA—Sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, in-
digo, fruits.
WEST INDIES — Sugar, rum, molasses, coffee,
Spice, cotton, indigo, fruits. -
Soluble Glass for Floors.
Instead of the old-fashioned method of using
wax for polishing floors, etc., soluble glass is
now employed to great advantage. For this
purpose the floor is first well cleaned, and then
the cracks well filled up with a cement of water-
glass and powdered chalk or gypsum. After-
ward, a water-glass of 60° to 65°, of the thick-
ness of Syrup, is applied by means of a stiff
brush. Any desired color may be imparted to
the floor in a second coat of the water-glass,
and additional coats are to be given until the
requisite polish is obtained. A still higher finish
may be given by pummicing off the last layer,
and then putting on a coating of oil.
740
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.
Distances by Water from New York City to
MILES.
Amsterdam............................. 3,510
Barbadoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,906
Batavia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,066
Bermudas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Bombay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,574
Bordeaux... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,310
Boston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Botany Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,294
Buenos Ayres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,110
Calcutta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,425
Canton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,900
Cape Horn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,115
Cape of Good Hope. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ---- 6,830
Chagres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,308
Charleston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
Columbia River... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,965
Constantinople... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,140
Copenhagen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,640
Dublin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,225
Gibraltar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,300
Halifax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Hamburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gº & © tº e º sº º 3,775
Havana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,420
Havre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,210
Kingston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,640
Lima. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,310
Lisbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,175
Liverpool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,210
London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,375
Madras. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,850
Melbourne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,844
Monrovia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,825
Naples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,330
New Orleans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,045
Panama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,358
Pekin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,325
Pernambuco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,760
Philadelphia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Qubec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,400
Rio Janeiro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,840
Sandwich Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,300
San Francisco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,858
St. Petersburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,420
Singapore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,710
Smyrna. . . . . . . . . . * g c e º 'º e º & © e º e º 'º e º e & © tº e 5,000
Stockhohm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,050
Tahiti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,225
MILES
Valpariso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,750
Vera Cruz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,250
Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Round the Globe......................- 25,000
To Clean Ostrich Feathers.
Cut some white curd soap in small pieces
pour boiling water on them, and add a little
pearl ash, When the soap is quite dissolved
and the mixture cool enough for the hand to
bear, plunge the feathers into it, draw the
feathers through the hands till the dirt appears
Squeezed out of them, pass them through clean
lather with some blue in it, then rinse in cold
water with blue to give them a good color.
Beat them against the hand to shake off the
water, and dry by shaking them near a fire.
When perfectly dry, curl each fibre separately
with a blunt knife or ivory paper folder.
Lime Water,
Take two tablespoonfuls of unslacked lime,
and put to it three quarts of boiling water
which will give two quarts of clean lime water.
Should any person wish to make a quantity
of the lime-water, they can do so, taking of
lime and water the proportions as directed
above, keeping it in a stone jar, ready for use
in burns, scalds, and as a disinfectant.
Lightning Renovator.
Castile soap (cut fine), 4 ounces.
Hot Water, 1 quart.
When the soap is dissolved, add
Water, 4 quarts.
Aqua ammonia, 4 ounces.
Sulphuric ether, 1 ounce.
Glycerine, 1 “
Alcohol, ** 1 sº
Mix.
An excellent preparation for removing grease,
etc.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. 747
INDEX.
A
$2AGE
Abortion, to prevent....... e G e º O © e C & G O & © º e 42
Abrasions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Abscesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Acid, gentian mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Accelerating liquid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Acres, square rods and feet in. . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Acceptance of drafts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Adjournment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Adjectives... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Adjective pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Adulteration of bread. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Adulteration of butter... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Adulteration of flour............ . . . . . . . . . . 367
Adulteration cf food... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Adulteration of milk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Adulteration of Sugar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Adulteration of Syrups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36S
Adverbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Aerolites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Africans in America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
After pains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Affidavit of witnesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Agata's disinfectant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Age, Carboniferous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Age, Devonian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Age, Middle, Mesozoic or Triassic...... . . . . 650
Age, Neozoic or Tertiary,.................. 651
Age, Permian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Age, Primoidal or Cambrian............... 648
Age, Silurian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Agency, law of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Agreement, between merchant and clerk.... 415
Agreement, for building a house. . . . . . . . . . . 415
Agreement, for warranty deed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Agreement, to cultivate land on shares..... 415
*AGE.
Agreement, to refer to arbitration.......... 446
Agreements, general form of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Agreements or contracts, forms of... . . . . . . . 412
Agreements. form of partnership. . . . . . . . . . . 437
Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Agriculture of the U. S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Agricultural products of the forest, value ex-
ported from U. S. from 1850 to 1881—
table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Ague, medicine for adults........ © e º e e º e º º e 170
Ague, mixture for children................. 170
Ague, remedy for children, “Excellent”. ... 174
Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Air, analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Albumen, to test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Alloy, that will adhere to iron and steel..... 743
Alcohol, to deodorize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Alcohol, to change strength............... 143
Alcock's porous plaster................... 147
Almond meal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Alterative ball for horses.................. 295
Alterative powder for Swine................ 312
Alum whey for cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Amenorrhoea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Amenorrhoea, remedy for................ 33, 35
Amendments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 627
Amendments to amendments.............. 627
Analysis, chemical........................ 653
Animal kingdom.......................... 670
Animals, ages of......................... 698
Animals, birds......... • * * * * * ~ * c e º e o e e e o e e 678
Animals, carnivora........................ 675
Animals, (earboniferous, age).............. 649
Animals, classification.......... & © 0 & © e e e º e 674
Animals, crustacea..... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . 680
f
i
J
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
PAGE. PAGE,
Animals, insects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 679 | Assignment with power of attorney......... 445
Animals, land. . . . . . . . . . .................. 652 | Atmospheric fertility........ © e º e º a e e º a e e e 683
Animals, mammalia. ..................... 670 Atomic weight * * * * * * * * tº e º e º 'º e º e º 6 c e e º e g c e e 662
Animals, man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 670 || Attaching the body....................... 484
Animals, Mesozoic age.................... 650 | Attachment of goods...................... 483
Animals, milk, constitutions of............. 322 || Auditor, first, treasury............. • e º O e º 'º 615
Animals, mollusca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 || Auditor, second, treasury.................. 615
Animals, Neozoic age...... © e s e º e e º e º e º e o e e 651 | Auditor, third, treasury................... 616
Animals, pachydermata................... 676 || Auditor, fourth, treasury.................. 616
Animals, Permian age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 || Auditor, fifth, treasury.................... 617
Animals, quadrumana..................... 674 || Auditor, sixth, treasury................... 617
Animals, reptiles...... © e e o e e o e o e s e e e e e e º e e 678 Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & G e o e º e e 600
Animals, Worms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 | Award of arbitration.......... ............ 446
Anodyne, drink for cattle.................. 203 || Ayres' cherry pectoral..................... 159
Anodyne, colyreum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 || Ayres' Sarsaparilla........... tº º e e º ſº e º Q º º Gº e 158
Anti-rheumatic mixture, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
* - * IB
Aphrodisiac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Aphrodisiac pill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 | Bad breath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 177
Appoplexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 | Balsam of flowers......................... 108
Apples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 | Bandages, how to apply................... 41
Apple dumplings, baked.................. 354 | Bandages, use of for horses................ 291
Apple dumplings, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 | Bandoline, rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Apples, to find number of bushels in box... 321 | Bank discount............................ 685
Appetite, in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 | Banking system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Apprentices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e º 'º e 444 || Balky horses, remedy for................ . . 296
Appealing to higher courts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 | Barbs in horses.......................... 2S8
Aqua fortis. . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e º e º e s to e º is e º e e o e 142 | Barnett's Solution......................... 171
Arbitration............ Q = e º e º e º 'º e º º e º e º e º º 446 | Barley Sugar, to make..................... 869
Area of oceans, seas, bays and lakes....... 743 | Barley Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326,328
Army of the U. S., strength at various dates 617 | Barometer, how to consult......... . . . . . . . . (584
Army Worm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 | Barometer Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Argentine Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 | Barrels, to find capacity of................. 688
Aromatic chalk powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 157 | Bateman's drops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Arsenical treatment for chorea. . . . . . . . . . . . 161 I Basham mixtures......................... 151
Articles of apprenticeship, form of.......... 444 | Bay rum, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 Bay rum, (improved)...................... 110
Asparagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 | Beans, baked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Asphaltum liquid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 || Beans, string, boiled...................... 352
Asthma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 | Beaver, how to catch....... © e º O Q Q e º O © º º O O & 742
Asthma, remedy for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 | Bed bugs, to destroy...................... 178
Asthmatic paroxysm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Astringents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 || Beef for children, raw........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Astringent acid mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Beeſ tea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Astringent collyria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 || Beef or hams, to keep dry................. 335
Astringent drink for sheep. . . . . . © e e o e o e º 'º e e 809 | Beef tongue, how to cook.................. 358
Astringent powder for sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 | Beefsteak, broiled..................... 330, 335
Astronomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 || Beefsteak, cold, to warm up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e o O e º 'º - e. 445 || Beefsteak, to fry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © º 'º e º e e 336
Assignment of promissory notes. . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Beefsteak, how to cook...... © C C C C tº e e g e º e e a 353
AN ENOYOLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION-INDEX. 749
º PAGE PAGE
* º ale powder.................. * jº. in poultry, remedy for........... 315
5 B-1-85 v2. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * •.7-h. ister for cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300.
: * 891. UlC6- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Blisters, management of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
i. root extract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Blisters, to camphorate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
i. Spruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 | Blister ointment, for cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
i. h * e º a te e - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 | Blood, fullness of in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
i. . º º e e º e º O e º & Q & © tº & © e º 'º e s e º 'º' #. i. purifier, for h9rses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
5 . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . ; . . . . . . . . OW, apparent death from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
#: to take honey without disturbing. . . . . 317 | Blue ointment for horses.................. 295
i. hints to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . º i. of Trade, Chicago......... - e e g º e º 'º e & 516
TS68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - O3rd Iſled Sure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bill of sale for a horse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Boards, to give a beautiful appearance.... º
Bill of sale, general form with warranty. . . . 418 Boards, to scour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
#. tº: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i. iº per day, expenses of table... . . . . . . . 711
, TOrelgh, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9118 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bills of sale . . . . . . . . . . . . ... e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e º e º e º 'º e 417 | Boils, remedy for............ . . e. e. e. e. e o ºs e º e º º ;
Birds, (Mesozoic age). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 | Boils, treatment of........................ 184
i. i. of Speed per hour. . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 Boils and carbuncles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Bi . Crea. In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Boiler tubes, to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
in. 116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * e º e º O e º ; meats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
ºv-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oll Wla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bitters, Angostura............ . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 iºn. e e º e o e º ºs e & º
Bitters, Clifford's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gå Bonds................................. 419
: gº • e º e e º e º e º 'º º e º 'º e e º e º e º e s e e 94 | Bond, general form of. . ...: 410
i.º º e e - © e º - e º e - e. e. e. e. e. g. ſº e e 93 | Bond, simple form of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Biers. ho 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 | Bond, with power of attorney to confess..... 419
Bitters. : ge• e º e o 'º e e G & e o e º e e ºs e e o e º e º e ... 94 | Bone felons, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Biers. Peruvian e e º 'º e º e º e º e º e º ſº e º e o e º e º e e . º straw, to clean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
- y -- *-* * * * ***** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - e. Book-keeping. . . . . . . . -
Bitters, Smith's Stomach............ 95 i. . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Bitters, spiced......................... -keeping, accoun bills payable........ 385
Biers. soughto n * * * * * e º e º e e ºs e e e e º e e e e e e º Book-keeping, account bills receivable... ... 385
Bitters. Toniº * * * * * * * * * * c e e s e º e º e º e º e s 93 Book-keeping, account bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Biers. Wild Cherr • * * e º e º e º e º e o e º e º ſº e º e e e 94 Book-keeping, account cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Bitters. Wine Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Book-keeping, account expense...... . . . . . . 885
Black ſe ~. iii. * * * * * * * * > & © tº e º 'º e º e º e e º e g e 95 | Book-keeping, account interest............. 385
Black a i". e r se • 6 e º e º e e º e º 'o e e e e º e e s 301 || Book-keeping, account merchandise........ 385
3, UO CllSperS6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 * - lº wº pº
Blackberries, to preserve. . . . . . . . 356 i. º: account stock. . . . . . . . . . ! &A. 385
Bidder, inflammation of in cathe.......... too -keeping, balance sheet. . . 374, 375, 391, 392
Blanc mange Cattle. . . . . . . © e e º Book-keeping, bills payable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
i.i..................... . . . . .”. 393
Blanc mange, oat meal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 ook-keeping, cash book........... tº e e º e º e 376
Bleaching with oil of turpentine. . . . . . . . . . . 362 Book-keeping, cash book, petty......... ... 380
Bleeding from air passages of lungs. . . . . . . . 46 Book-keeping, closing books...... . . . . . . . . . 890
Bleeding from the lungs, remedy for........ 37 Book-keeping, day-book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 380
Bleeding from the nose. . . . . . . . . . .......... 17 | Book-keeping, golden rule double entry..... 375
* º: º the mose, to check........... 47 | Book-keeping, general principals of......... 382
r ee ing In DOTS68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27S Book-keeping, ledger * * * * * * * * * e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e s e e 384
iº ...” ".horses or cattle......... 279 Book-keeping, ledger account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
99.618 lin. DOTS68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 296 | Book-keeping, ledger pages........ 886,887, 888
750
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTIGAY, INFORMATION.—INDEX.
PAGE
Book-keeping, merchandise account........ 381
Book-keeping, merchant's bill-book..... .... 894
Book-keeping, monthly statements..... .... 393
Book-keeping, opening set of books......... 389
Book-keeping, posting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Book-keeping, posting day-book............ 381
Book-keeping, specimen page of merchandise
account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Book-keeping, specimen page of day-book... 388
Book-keeping, system to be adopted........ 374
Book-keeping, system of single entry....... 374
I3ook-keeping, System of double entry....... 375
Book-keeping, trial balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 389
Borers in apple trees, to prevent........... 324
Boring instruments, how to temper ........ 253
Borrowed money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Borrowed money, legal proceedings......... 480
Bots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Bots, treatment for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº gº tº e º e 275
Boxes, to find capacity of............. . . . . . 321
Brandy, blackberry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Brandy, cherry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Brass castings, to compute weight of....... 246
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 601
Bread, ºrated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q = c º e º e º 'º e ∈ 332
Bread, Vienna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 331
Brick buildings, quantity of bricks required 206
Bricks, number in cubic foot... . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Broken legs in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Bronchitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 36
Bronchitis, acute, remedy for....... .... 39, 153
Bronchitis, chronic, remedy for............ 82
Bromidia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Brooms, management of...... © e º e º e º ºs e º e º e 177
Bronzing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º 'º e º O e º 'º e º ºs e e s a 237
Bronze, for metal..... – e º e º 'º e º e º 'º e º e º e ºs e º s 211
Bronze, imitation of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Bronze, method of applying............... 237
Bronze powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Bronze, to give an antique appearance...... 237
Bronze Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Brown sugar, to clarify. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Brown's bronchial troches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Buckler's compound mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Bureau of indexes and archives. . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Diplomatic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Buns, cross. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Bureau, consular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Bureau of accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
PAGE,
Burns.................................... 171
Burns, remedy for......................... 36
Bushel, legal weight in different States..... 714
Business department...................... 373
Business forms........................... 396
Business forms, legal..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Business laws in daily use................. 402
Business letters........................... 459
Business letter, applying as book-keeper.... 463
Business letter, applying for clerkship...... 463
Business letter, applying for clerkship at
Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business letter, applying as manager of a
business. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business letter, applying for situation......
Business letter, applying for situation as
Bugar refiner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business letter, applying for situation as
Business letter, applying for situation as
gardener. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business letter, applying for housemaid's
character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business letter, applying for position as
teacher of music. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business letter, application from coachman
seeking a place. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
469
Business letter, book agent reporting results 461
Business letter, engaging a music master... 465
Business letter, form of excuse for a pupil. . 470
Business letter, from a merchant to a whole-
sale house, asking extension of credit. . . . 461
Business letter, from a milliner leaving
address. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Businoss lotter, from governess to know
result of her application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Business letter, from tenant to landlord
excusing delay in payment of rent. . . . . . . 470
Business letter, from a young lady to clergy-
man asking recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Business letter, from a lady recommending
a governess to another lady. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business letter, inquiring about drawing or
other lessons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business letter, inquiring the character of a
gardener. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business letter, of introduction. . . . . . . .
466
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION-INDEX.
751
PAGE.
Business letter, of introduction of one
gentleman to another. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business letter, of introduction to a foreign
468
Business letter, of introduction and credit. . 469
Business letter, introducing a firm. . . . . . . . . 468
Business letter, introducing one lady to
another. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © c e s e s e e 469
Business letter, of excuse. . . . . . . . . . . tº a e º e º º 470
Business letter, of apology for failing to keep
an engagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Business letter, of a lady apologizing for
broken engagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Business letter, ordering dry goods......... 460
Business letter, ordering merchandise...... 460
Business letter, replying to order.......... 460
Business letter, of recommendation........ 466
Business letter, recommending a successor
on retiring from business. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Business letter, recommending a clerk or
Salesman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Business letter, recommending a clerk...... 467
Business letter, recommending a gardener. . 467
Business letter, recommending a school
teacher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Business letter, requesting extension of time 462
Business letter, requesting loan of money. . 469
Business letter, requesting loan of book.... 470
Business letter, favorable reply. . . . . . . . . . . 470
Business letter, unfavorable reply.......... 470
Business letter, to a friend asking her to
inquire for a nurse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Business letter, thanking clergyman for
assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Business letter, urging payment of a bill. . . . 462
Business letter, urgent application for pay-
ment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . e is e e º e Q & Q º º ſº e º e º 'º e e 462
Butter, to make. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º º e º 'º e º e e 357
Butter, to increase quantity of............. 357
Butter, to pack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & © e o e e 357
Butter, to preserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Butter, hard without ice................... 357
Butter, Salt, to freshen.................... 357
Butter, yellow, to make..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
C
Cabbage, to pickle..... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Cabbage, to keep................. . . . . . . . . 841
Cabbage Plants, to protect from fly.... .... 819
PAGE.
Cake, cup..... © e º O & © tº C G tº © e º O C C & © & © ....... 850
Cake, cider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e e º e º e º e º 'º' 350
Cake, drop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.8
Cake, election. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Cake, French tea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Cake, lemon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Cake, plum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Cake, Sugar....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Cake, wedding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349, 358
Calamine lotion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Calendar, Gregorian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Calendar, new and old styles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Camphor, to pulverize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Camphor, chloral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Camphor, ice and glycerine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Canada, Dominion of......... © e e e º e o e s tº e w 601
Camphor Ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e e s e e s e e s e e s • 109
Canary birds, to clean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Cane-bottomed chairs, to clean. . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Capias, form of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Capias, form of bond for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Capillaire drops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e. e. e º e e 372
Carditis, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Carbuncles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Carbuncles, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Carmine, common, to improve............. 226
Carmine, German. . . . . . . . . © C G → c e º º e º e º ºs e e 227
Carmine, liquid. . . . . . . . . © C C C C Q & tº e º e º e º e º e 234
Carriages, how to paint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Carter's citrus canadensis..... © C e o e º e e s e e is 150
Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © tº º O © tº e e º 'º e s e a e 558
Casks, gauging of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Cask, to find capacity in gallons........... 688
Castor oil, “patent”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Castor oil, to destroy taste of..... © e e s e e e s e 176
Castration of horses. . . . . . . . . . © tº e º 'º e º O e e e e 273
Catarrh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Catarrh, acute, remedy for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Catarrh, bronchial, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Catarrh, remedy for.......... . . . . . . 36, 89, 152
Catarrh, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Catarrh Snuff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Caterpillars, how to destroy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Cattle, Aldermy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & e º e s e 297
Cattle, English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 297
Cattle, Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 297
Cattle, choked, to relieve. . . . . . . . . . . . * @ e e s is 300
Cattle, dressed, to compute weight ......... 302
Catsup, tomato. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © º 'º e e s e e 349
7
J2 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
Caustic for corns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Cauliflower, how to keep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Celery, compound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Celery, stewed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Cements, coloring for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Cement, Chinese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Cement, diamond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 731
Cement for alabaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Cement for jewelers, Turkish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
Cement for stopping fissures of iron vessels. 733
Cement, stretina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
Cement, Turkish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Cement, Japanese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 171
Cement for closing cracks in stoves. . . . . ... 171
Cement for iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Cement for metals, rubber or cloth. . . . . . . . . 173
Cement, rubber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Cement for hard rubber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Cement for paper, rubber goods. . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Cement to mend crockery Ware. . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Cement for repairing glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Cement, simple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 172
Cement, to resist petroleum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Cement, waterproof. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171, 172
Cereal production of the U. S. . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Cerebral conjestion, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Cerebro-spinal meningitis, remedy for...... 81
Certificate, landlords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Certificate, landlords, fuller form. . . . . . . . . . 433
Certificate, tenants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 433
Certificate, tenants, fuller form. . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Chamberlain's relief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Chalk, chemical analysis. . . . . , - e. e. e º O © & © e º O & 658
Chapman's copaiba mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Chapped hands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chemical elements, table of... . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Chemistry, inorganic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Chemistry, organic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Chemistry, practical or applied. . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Chemistry, pure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Cherries and blackberries. . . . . . . . . . . © e o O © tº 356
Cherries, dried. . . . . . . . . . . . o o o o 0 ° e o O e o 9 tº e e 341
Chickens, boiled. . . . . . . . . . . . © Q e º O © o e º e º O e s 353
Chickens, how to cook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
Chicken broth. . . . . . . . . . . © e 6 6 0 e o Q . . . . . . . . . 828
Chicken, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
Chicken cholera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
Chickens, to prevent the gapes. . . . . e Gº o O © o o 314
PAGE
Chili.......... o e º o e º © & © e o e o dº o 'º e º e º e º & © º e 602
Chilblains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 43
Chills and fever, remedy for............... 30
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Chinch bug..... tº e º e o e º e o 'º e e º e e º e º e e s e o e e 320
Chlorodynie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --........ 156
Chlorodyne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Chloroform, test of purity................. 142
Chocolate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Chocolate. ---. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Choking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Choking from fish-bones............. . . . . . 51
Cholera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Cholera cure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Cholera infantum.................. 16, 21, 170
Cholera, remedy for...................... 165
Cholera infantum, remedy for............. 34
Cholera morbus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e º e º e & 13
Cholera morbus, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Cholera mixture, (Thielmann's Swedish).... 149
Cholera mixture, of the British Army, . . . . . 157
Chorea, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Chronology of important events......... . . 699
Chronic alcoholism, remedy for......... ... 34
Chronic bronchitis........................ 161
Chronic throat affections, remedy for....... 36
Churchill's iodine caustic................. 156
Churning butter.......... tº º O º 'º e º º º º ... ... 357
Cider, Devonshire.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Cider, how to make........ tº e º e º e º e º 'º e º e º e 322
Cider, how to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341, 737
Cider, Scotch method......... tº e e º O © to . . ... 323
Circles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Circles, to find area of Segment. . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Circles, to find circumference of... . . . . . . . . 687
Cisterns, capacities of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Cistern Water, to purify. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Cities of the U. S., population of... . . . 612, 614
Cities of the world, population of... . . . 614, 615
Citrate of magnesia, granulated. . . . . . . . . . 155
Citrate of magnesia, improved . . . . . . . . . ... 149
Clark's blood mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Clothes on fire, how to act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Clothes, to iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Coal, what it is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Coal oil light, to improve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.
Cocoa cream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . e Q e 9 o e º O Gº Gº & e º e e 109
Cod-fish, how to boil. . . . . © e e o e º 6 e 6 o e º ºs 850, 353
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION-INDEX.
753
PAGE.
Cod-liver oil, “ferrated”................... 168
Cod-liver oil, palatable............. ....... 178
Cod-liver oil, to disguise taste............. 165
Cod-liver oil with quinine.................. 167
Coe's dyspepsia cure...................... 159
Coffee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Coffee crust............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Coffee, to make.......................... 338
Coffee, to make without boiling. . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Coins, foreign, value of in U. S. money..... 691
Cold cream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Cold, how to cure......................... 17
Cold, apparent death from................ 47
Cold, degrees of, at which substances freeze. 698
Cole's King of oils........................ 294
Colio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e e º e o e s c e º e o e 18
Colic, lead, remedy for.................... 38
Colic in babies............................ 163
Colic in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 268
Colic, treatment for, in horses.............. 295
Colic, or cholera, remedy for.............. 165
Collecting large amounts............ © tº e º e e 486
Collection, first effort at . . . . . . . . . . ........ 479
Collection of debts, outline procedure...... 478
Collection and exemption laws, Alabama ... 447
Collection and exemption laws, Arizona. . . . . 447
Collection and exemption laws, Arkansas... 448
Collection and exemption laws, California. .. 448
Collection and exemption laws, Colorado. ... 448
Collection and exemption laws, Connecticut. 448
Collection and exemption laws, Dakota. . . . . 448
Collection and exemption laws, Delaware... 449
Collection and exemption laws, District of
Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 449
Coliection and exemption laws, Florida. . . . . 449
Collection and exemption laws, Georgia. . . . . 449
Collection and exemption laws, Idaho ...... 449
Collection and exemption laws, Illinois. . . . . 450
Collection and exemption laws, Indiana .... 450
Collection and exemption laws, Iowa....... 450
Collection and exemption laws, Kansas..... 450
Collection and exemption laws, Kentucky... 451
Collection and exemption laws, Louisiana... 451
Collection and exemption laws, Maine...... 451
Collection and exemption laws, Maryland... 451
Collection and exemption laws, Massachu-
setts. . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * > . . e. e. 452
Collection and exemption laws, Michigan... 452
Coleº and exemption laws, Minnesota... 452
PAGE,
452
453
Collection and exemption laws, Mississippi.
Collection and exemption laws, Missouri....
Collection and exemption laws, Montana.... 458
Collection and exemption laws, Nebraska... 458
Collection and exemption laws, Nevada. . . . . 453
Collection and exemption laws, New Hamp-
shire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Collection and exemption laws, New Jersey. 454
Collection and exemption laws, New Mexico. 454
Collection and exemption laws, New York. .. 454
Collection and exemption laws, North Car-
olina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Collection and exemption laws, Ohio........ 455
Collection and exemption laws, Oregon. . . . . 455
Collection and exemption laws, Pennsylvania 455
Collection and exemption laws, Rhode
Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Collection and exemption laws, South Car-
olina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 456
455
Collection and exemption laws, Tennessee . . 456
Collection and exemption laws, Texas....... 456
Collection and exemption laws, Utah. . . . . . . 456
Collection and exemption laws, Vermont. . . . 457
Collection and exemption laws, Virginia. . . . . 457
Collection and exemption laws, Washington
Territory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Collection and exemption laws, West Vir-
ginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Collection and exemption laws, Wisconsin. . 458
Collection and exemption laws, Wyoming. .. 458
Collection and exemption laws, Quebec,
Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Collection and exemption laws, Ontario,
Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 459
Collection and exemption laws, New Bruns-
Wick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Collection and exemption laws, Nova Scotia. 459
Collodion, dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Collodion, how to make. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Collodion, iodized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Cologne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 132
Colognes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Cologne, eau de................ tº e e e s e e e e º e 133
Cologne, best Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Cologne, common. . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e º e s a e e e s a 133
Cologne, Farina.............. ... • - - - - - - 132, 133
Cologne, Farina's German...... * * * * * e e s e e e 132
Cologne, German............. © e º e º O e e e e º e 132
Cologne, geranium rose................... 13S
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
PAG).],
Cologne, golden bell........ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Cologne, Boyt's German.................. 132
Cologne imperial.......................... 133
Cologne, jasmin ........ © e º e º 'º e º e º e º O G → c → 134
Cologne, jockey club...................... 133
Cologne, Long Branch..................... 134
Cologne, love's boguet.......... © e º e e º 'º e º 'º e 132
Cologne, Nannie May’s........ © e o e s e e º e º e e 131
Cologne, oil of........ © e º e o e e s e º e e o e G ..... 182
Cologne, orange............ © e e º O e o e © º e º O © tº 134
Cologne, Portugal........ © e e º e C © e e º e º e o O e e 134
Cologne, verbena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Cologne, violet............ © e º e º e º e e e e º e s e e 133
Cologne, Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 133
Cologne, white rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * 602
Collyrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Collyrium, Anodyne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Collyrium, of Sugar........ © e º e e e s e º e 164, 167
Color, black........... tº C C → ~ e º O O e º O e º e º e º a 213
Color, black, fine. . . . . . . . . . tº @ Q @ Q ºc Q tº Q Q & G G → * 227
Color, blue, fine........ tº e º e C e Q • Q e º O e º e º e e 214
Color, brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214, 215
Color, brown freestone imitation............ 216
Color, buff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © C e º º e 216
Color, buck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º ºs e e º e e © e º e º & 216
Color, chestnut. . . . . . . . . . © e o e o e e o a 9 s e e o e e e e 216
Color, crimson, for Worsted or wool......... 240
Color, crown yellow....................... 216
Color, dark green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Color, dark lead...... © C C e º 'º e ºs e s e © e º e º e e e e 216
Color, flaxen gray----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Color, flesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e s tº e e . . . . . . . . . . 217
Color, flesh, to dye silk...... © e o e º 'o e e . . . . . . 240
Color for ceilings, blue..................... 229
Color for carts. . . . . . . . © e e º e e © e º e º e © O © e o e o e 216
Color for doors..... © e º 'º e º e o e s e e º e e s e e s e e e 216
Color for railings..... & © e º º º O 9 e º e º 'º e o e o e e is 216
Color for Wagons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e o e e a e e 216
Color, freestone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 230
Color, gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Color, gold imitation..................... 215
Color, grass green. . . . . . . . . . . . © º e º e e s e o e º e 217
Color, gray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Color, handsome, for outside.... .......... 216
Color, lead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & © tº e e º e o e s e e 217
Color, lemon yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 217
Color, light mahogany..... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Color, mahogany, to stain..... • . . . . . . . . . . . 227
PAGE.
Color, mauve, for silk, wool, etc............ 240
Color, oak wood.................... 0 º e º e e 216
Color, olive.............. © e º e o e ºs . . . . . . . . . 217
Color, olive green............ * e º e e º e e s e e e a 216
Color, orange.................. © e º e a e e s e e e 217
Color, orange with red.................... 213
Color, pale yellow, for glass................ 214
Color, pea green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 215
Color, plum for silk, worsted, etc........... 240
Color, purple. . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 217
Color, purple, bright...................... 214
Color, salmon...... .............. . . . . . . . . 215
Color, Salmon, to dye silk......... © tº º e º e º e 240
Color, silver on pearl gray................. 216
Color, stone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 216, 217
Color, straw............. 0 e º e º o e e e s e e o e e e 215
Color, Vermeil......................... . . . 22
Color, violet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 217
Color, Walnut tree............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Color, yellow, patent...................... 216
Colors, harmony of............ . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Colors, compound for painters....... . . . . . . 280
Colors, emerald green..................... 211
Colors for glass painting...... e e º O e º e º 'º e º e 211
Colors, grass green........ © e º e º e º e e e tº e º 'º e ºs 211
Colors, lavender blue...... © e º ºs e º 'º e º e s e º e s e 211
Colors, quantity of oil used for different
OdeB : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Colors, to stain gold yellow on glass........ 213
Colors, sulphur yellow.................... 211
Colors, yellow with blue..... © e º e º O © e º O Gº e º e 211
Colts, callus in. . . . . . . . . . . . ......... ... ... 298
Colts, care and management............... 292
Colts, to prevent jumping............. .... 293
Comptroller, First of the Treasury........ 614
Comptroller, Second of the Treasury....... 614
Comptroller of the Currency.............. 618
Comets, list of known ones................ 538
Comets, physical constitution...... e e c e º e o e 644
Comets, their orbits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Commitment committees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Commission men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Commissioner of Internal Revenue........ 619
Commissioner of Patents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Commissioner of Pensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Commissioner of the General Land office... 623
Commissioner of Indian affairs. . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Commissioner of Education............... 623
Commissioner of Railroads..... © e º e º O e e s e e 624
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION-INDEX.
PAGE.
Composition, water-proof for boots. . . . . . . . . 179
Composition powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 145, 179
Compound ether mixture . . . . . . . . . . .... 38, 161
Compound for cleaning gloves. . . . . . . O e s tº e s = 154
Compound powder of catechu. . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Compound spirits of balm.......... © e º e º 'º e 157
Compound tincture of opium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Condition drops for horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Condition powders, Arabian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Condition powders for horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Confectionery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Confectionery drops, to make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Congestion of the lungs, in horses. . . . . . . . . 270
Conjunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Constipation, chronic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Constipation, remedy for . . . . . . . . . . 28, 36, 165
Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Contract for barter or trade............... 414
Contract, general form for mechanics’ work. 413
Convalescents, food for.................... 330
Convulsions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Convulsions, remedy for.................. 34
Convulsions, puerperal, remedy for........ 31
Copaiba mixture, white........ ........... 152
Copper, an assay of....................... 546
Copper, searching for............... © Q Q & e e 543
Copper to compute weight of.... . . . . . . . . . . 245
Copper, to make into a metal like gold. . . . . 235
Copper, to Whiten................ ........ 235
Copper for cleaning....................... 236
Copyrights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 473
Copyrights, directions for securing..... . . . . 473
Cordial, blackberry. . . . . . . . . . . . * G - e. e. e. e. 92, 339
Cordial, drink for cattle.................. 302
Corn Cribs, to make rat proof.............. 321
Corm, to measure in the crib............... 321
Corns, in horses. . . . . . . . . . ................ 267
Corn cure, German.... ........... • . . . . . . . 162
Coryza, remedy for....................... 35
Cough candy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... © to e 145
Cough, in cattle................. * @ e º e º e s e 301
Cough, in horses. . . . . . . . . ................ 268
Cough, chronic, in horses................. 272
Cough mixture................ . . . . . . . 80, 165
Cough mixtures.......................... 38
Cough mixture, in consumption..... ... 80, 151
Cough, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . * * * @ e º a e e e e 34
Cough syrup................... • * ~ e e e e e s e 166
Counterfeit coins, new issues...... • - - - - - - - 508
Counterfeit gold coins, how to detect. . . . . . . 504
Counterfeit money, how to detect . . . . . . . . . . 487
Counterfeit silver certificates. . . . . . . . . . . ... 504
Counterfeit one dollar National bank bills. 485
Counterfeit list of two dollar National bank
bills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Counterfeit list of five dollar National bank
bills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Counterfeit list of ten dollar National bank
bills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Counterfeit list of five dollar National bank
bills stolen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Counterfeit list of twenty dollar National
bank bills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counterfeit list of ten and twenty dollar
National bank bills stolen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counterfeit list of fifty dollar National bank
bills stolen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counterfeit list of one hundred dollar
National bank bills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counterfeit list of one hundred dollar
National bank bills stolen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counterfeits, special and general points.....
Counterfeits, one dollar National bank bills.
Counterfeits, two dollar National bank bills.
Counterfeits, five dollar National bank bills.
Counterfeits, ten dollar National bank bills..
Counterfeits, twenty dollar National bank
bills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Counterfeits, fifty dollar National bank bills 500
Counterfeits, one hundred dollar National
494
494
494
495
497
bank bills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Cows, how to select...................... . 299
Countries of the World, area of . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
Countries of the World, goverment of....... 704
Countries of the World, population of....... 704
Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 608
Countries of the World, religion of.......... 704
Cox's hive syrup. . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 178
Cramps, remedy for...................... 183
Cream, for coffee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Cream, substitute for..................... 357
Cream of almonds........................ 109
Credit, letters of.......................... 514
Croup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 24
Croup, diphtheretic, remedy for........ 88, 35
Croup, remedy for.............. * * > 0 s e e e º e 34
756
AN ENCYCLOPE DIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
Crystalline, coating for paper or wood...... 249
Crystitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 11
Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Cubeb mixture................. © e s e s e e e c e e 152
Cucumbers, to preserve................... 355
Curculio, how to destroy.................. 319
Currants, to preserve.............. . . . . . . . 856
Custard, apple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ... .. 849
Custard, arrow root....................... 329
Custard, Sago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Customs, Commissioner of................. 615
Cutaneous eruptions. . . . . . . . . . . . & © e º 'º e º 'º e e 161
Cuticura, resolvent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Cut throat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
ID
Dalby's carminative........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Davis' neutralizing cordial.... . © e º e º e º e º e e 177
Day's kidney pad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . © C Q & © e º e e e e 153
Deafness, temporary cure for.............. 180
Debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Debility in sheep........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808
Debility, treatment for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Debt, how soon it may be canceled......... 486
Debts, general suggestions. . . . . . . . . © C & e e e e 478
Debts, how made. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 478
Debts, precautionary measures....... . . . . . 478
Decanters, to clean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 864
Decoction of bran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
Deeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Deeds, quit-claim, simple form. . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Deeds, with Warranty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 427
Deeds, without warranty of gift............ 428
Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Dentists' plates. . . . . . . © e o e e o e º e º e s e e s e e s e 236
Department, State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Department, Treasury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Department, War. . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e º O Q e º e e 621
Department, Navy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . de Q e º e º e 622
Department of the Interior................ 623
Department, Post-office............... ... . 624
Department of Justice. . . . . . . . . . . tº O C & © e º e e 625
Department of Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Deshler's Salve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Diabetes in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Diamonds, searching for... . . . e - e o Gº e º O e º 'º e 542
Diamond dust. . . . . . . . . . . . . © 5 & © o e e o e s e . . . . 112
Diaphoretic powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
PAGE.
Diarrhoea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 163
Diarrhoea, infantile......... © Q & Q e o e º e e e e is 31, 34
Diarrhdea in calves........................ 301
Diarrhoea in horses.................... 288, 295
Diarrhoea in infants....................... 163
Diarrhoea in sheep...... 6 e º & © e e º e º e º e s e e s • 307
Diarrhoea, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . ....... 167, 169
Diarrhoea, profuse, remedy for............. 37
Digestion, periods of. .................... 701
Diphtheria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e º e e º ºs e e e s e a e 18
Diphtheria, remedy for.............. 32, 37, 174
Diseases, general rules for treating......... 6
Diseases of the nervous system............ 27
Disinfectant lotion for cattle............... 302
Disinfectant, Stormout's.................. 158
Disinfecting powder....................... 174
Dislocation from pulling the arm.......... 44
Dislocation of the ankle...... ............ 44
Dislocation of the bones of the hand....... 45
Dislocation of the elbow.................. 43
Dislocation of the hip..................... 43
Dislocation of the jaw.................... 43
Dislocation of the knee-cap............... 44
Dislocation of the ribs...... .............. 45
Dislocation of the shoulder......... © e º 'º e º e 44
Dislocation of the wrist................... 45
Disordered stomach in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Distances, by water, from New York to prin-
cipal cities of the World............... . 746
Distemper in horses............. . º e º e º O © e 320
Diuretic drink for cattle..... e e e e º e º 'o ... ... 802
Door plates, to clean................ ... ... 862
Dover's powder, camphorated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Drafts and bills of exchange, laws relating to 513
Drafts. . . . . . . . . . © tº e o O Q & Q & © e o e o e º e º 'o e º e º e e 403
Drafts, bank...... © e º O © tº e º O Gº e e tº e. e. e. e. e. e. ... . 404
Drafts, sight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Drafts, sight, laws of grace..... © e º 'º - O ... .. 404
Drafts, time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Drains required for an acre... . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
Dressing for white sheetings...... . . . . . . . . . 244
Drink, astringent, for cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Drink for rheumatism in cattle. . . . . . . . .... 301
Drops, chocolate............. e e o O e º e º e .... 870
Drops, clove........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Drops, coffee...... © e º e o e o e o e º O e e º e º º ... . . 870
Drops, ginger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Drops, orange flower.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Dropsy. . . . . . . . . . . . o e O © e o e º 'º e º O e º 0 ° . . . . . . 16.
Dropsy, cellular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © º O & O e e 168
AN ENOYOLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
PAGE.
Dropsy, remedy for........... ..........83, 84
Drowning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 50
Dr. Strickland's advice to mothers......... 28
Drums, to find diameter................... 209
Drums, velocity of.................. . . . . . . 207
Drunkenness, cure for.......... . . . . . . . . . . 49
Drunkenness, certain cure for............. 74.1
Drying salve for eczema................... 296
Ducks, to roast.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Duties of officers................. . . . . . . . . . 630
Dye, aniline red. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Dye, billiard green on cloth................ 241
Dye, Bismarck on jute.................... 244
Dye, blue on silk garments................ 244
Dye, brown on cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Dye, brown on woolen goods............... 244
Dye, brown on wool or silk................ 241
Dye, bronze on cloth and woolen........... 243
Dye, carrot on cotton yarns... . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Dye, carmelite olive........ © º O e º 'º e e º s e º 'º e 242
Dye, crow-black for wool.................. 241
Dye, crimson on jute... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Dye, crimson for worsted or wool........... 240
Dye, dark cannelle............ ... e º e º 'º º C G e º e 242
Dye, fast black on Woolen................. 242
Dye, fast green on Woolen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Dye, flesh color for silk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Dye, for Straw bonnets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Dye, Garrancine red on cotton....... . . . . . . 243
Dye, gold and olive on Wool................ 243
Dye, gold yellow on linen. . . .............. 242
Dye, gray on jute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Dye, green for half-Woolen garments....... 243
Dye, light silver drab..................... 241
Dye, light brown for silk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23S
lye, magenta for silk, Wool, etc. . . . . . . . . . . 241
Dye, mauve for silk....................... 240
Tye, mode on jute....... © Q @ 9 e º e o e o e o e º e e e 244
Dye, pansy on jute...... © º 6 e º e º e s & e o e º e e s 244
Dye, pansy on silk........................ 23S
Dye, pansy on shoddy..................... 243
lye, porcelain on cotton yarn............. 243
Dye, plum color for silk................... 240
Dye, rose on limens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Dye, Scarlet with cochineal................ 241
Dye, silver-gray on silk garments.......... 244
Dye, Salmon color for silk..... • . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Dye, tete-de-negre . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Dye, yellow cannelle. . . . . . . . . . ............
Dyeing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 288
Dyes, black, for worsted or woolen. . . . . . . . . 240
Dyes, blue, for cloth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 240
Dyes, imperial blue, for silk.... . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Dyes, to fix. .... e e s e e s e e s e e s e e s e e e s a º º º ... 240
Dysentery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 137
Dysentery, symptoms and treatment. . . . . . . 15
Dysentery in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Dysentery, remedy and treatment for.... 32, 162
Dysmenorrhoea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Dysmenorrhoea, congestive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Dysmenorrhoea, remedy for.... . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Dyspepsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Dyspepsia pills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Dyspepsia, remedy for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 166
Dyspepsia tablets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 145
E.
Ear-ache, remedy for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179, 225
Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Earth, the crust of...... e G e º e o sº * * * c e e e º e º e 647
Earth, population of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 722
Earth, stone, etc., weight of cubic foot...... 696
Earthenware, to clean... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Eczema, treatment for.......... © tº º tº º º Q 25, 163
Eczema, Salve for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Educational department... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Eels, stewed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Egg plants. . . . . © e º e º e º e º e º º & © e º 'º e º e e 842, 354
Eggs, buttered. . . . . . . . . . tº e º 'º º º º e º 'º e º e º e º e e 354
Eggs, how to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Eggs, to fry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Eggs, to poach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Eggs, uncooked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Electrictiy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Electors, number of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Electors, time of appointing............... 610
Electricity, positive and negative. . . . . . . . . . 664
Election of president and vice-president..... 610
Electoral college, vacancies in...... . . . . . . . 610
Electoral college, meeting of............... 611
Electors, certified list of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Electors certificates to be signed. . . . . . . . . . . 611
Electors, certificates to be sealed and endorsed 611
Electoral vote, counting of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Election to fill vacancies, time of holding... 612
Elections, laws relating to......... tº C º º ſº gº e e 685
75S AN
1.NCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—xNDEX.
PAGE.
Elections, supervisors of..... * @ º ºs º º Q º O C → ~ * 635
Elections, military force at............... 635
Elixirs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Elixirs, simple... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Elixir stock, Solution for.................. 55
Elixir, antacid, compound................ 155
Elixir, belladonna ....................... 62
Elixir, beef. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Elixir, beef and iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Elixir, benzoin, compound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Elixir, bismuth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Elixir, bismuth, Strychnia and iron........ 62
Elixir, blackberry root... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Elixir, calisaya bark (detannated). . . . . . . . . 60
Elixir, calisaya bark No. 2, (detannated). ... 61
Elixir, calisaya or cinchona, made from the
alkaloids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Elixir, calisaya with hypophosphates. . . . . . 55
Elixir of calisaya, with lactophosphates of
lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Elixir, cathartic compound........ e e º ºs e º º 62
Elixir, chestnut leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Elixir, chloral hydrate and bromide of potas-
Sll Ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Elixir, dandelion compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Elixir, eucalyptus and iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Iºlixir, gentian and bismuth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Elixir of gentian ferrated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Elixir, gentian and iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §8
Elixir, gentian, iron and bismuth........... 58
Elixir, gentian and Strychnia----. . . . . . . . . 58
Elixir, gentian with chloride of iron . . . . . . . bj9
Elixir, iodide of calcium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Elixir, iodide potassium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Elixir, lactate of iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Elixir, lactopeptine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Elixir, lactopeptine and bismuth. . . . . . . . . . 54
Elixir, lactophosphate of iron and lime..... 57
Elixir, licorice aromatic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Elixir, mandrake compound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Elixir, muriate of iron, tasteless. . . . . . . . . . . 59
Elixir, pepsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Elixir, pepsin and bismuth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Elixir, pepsin, bismuth and iron. . . . . . . . . . 56
Elixir, pepsin, bismuth, iron and calisaya... 63
Elixir, pepsin, bismuth, iron and Strychnia. 56
Elixir, pepsin, bismuth and Strychnia....... 56
Elixir, pepsin, iron and Strychnia. . . . . . . . . . 57
PAGE.
Elixir, pepsin and quinine................. 57
Elixir, pepsin and strychnia............... 56
Elixir, phosphorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Elixir, pyrophosphate of iron and quinine. ... 03
Elixir, pyrophosphate of iron, quinine and
Strychnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Elixir, quinine........... tº Q gº e º 'º º e º e a tº e º e e 61
Elixir, quinquinia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Elixir, rhubarb, columbo and iron... . . . . . . . 61
Elixir, rhubarb and magnesia.............. 60
Dlixir, rheumatic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Elixir, Senna compound................... 60
Elixir, Strychnia, quinine and bismuth...... 55
Elixir, sulphate of cinchona............... 59
Elixir, taraxacum compound............... 57
Elixir, Valerianate of ammonia............ 59
Elixir, Valerianate of quinine.............. 59
Elixir, wild cherry and iron................ 63
Elkington's patent guilding liquid........... 235
Emulsion of turpentine oil................. 152
Enamel, gray mixture..................... 237.
Enamel, white mixture.................... 237
Enameling for metals..................... 237
Engine, stationary, horse power of... . . . . . . 208
Engine, stroke of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Epilepsy, remedy for .................. 30, 174
Epizootic in horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Epizootic, treatment for................... 277
Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66S
Era, Greek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Era, Mohammedan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Erysipelas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 17
Erysipelas, local application... . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Erysipelas, remedy for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Erysipelas Wash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 147
Essences and Extracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Essence allspice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Essence anise...... e e o e e e s e e º e s e º e º e e º e e e 115
Essence apples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Essence banana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Essence bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Essence bergamot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Essence bitter almond... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Essence blackberry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Essence caraway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Essence cardamom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Essence cassia...... © tº e e º e o e º e º 'º e º 'º e º e º e e 116
Essence celery.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Essence cinnamon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
PAGE. PAGE.
Essence citronella ........................ 116 || Extract orange..... © e º e o O e e > - © e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e º Gº e 119
Essence cloves............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | Extract peach............................ 120
Essence coffee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | Extract raspberry......................... 120
Essence coriander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | Extract rose.............................. 119
Essence ginger, Jamaica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | Extract rosemary... ..................... 118
Essence ginger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | Extract sarsaparilla...................... 120
Essence of hemlock ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | Extract strawberry....................... 119
Essence juniper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 | Extract vanilla.......... © e e s e º e o e o e º e 118, 119
Essence lavender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 | Extract wintergreen....................... 119
Essence lemon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 | Eye lotion for cattle....................... 300
Essence mace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 | Eye, to remove foreign bodies from......... 163
Essence nectar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * | Eye water............................... 164
Essence nutmeg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 | Eye water, for horses..................... 277
Essence orange.......... •e º ºs e e º 'º e º e º O tº º O ſº & 110 | Eyes, inflammation of, in horses........... 277
Essence orgeat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *" | Eyes, injuries to.......................... 46
Essence pear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 | Eyes, injuries to by acids................. 46
Essence pennyroyal....................... 119 | Eyes, injuries to by a blow................ 46
Essence peppermint ...................... 110 | Eyes, injuries to by gun powder............ 46
Essence pineapple e - e º e - © & © tº e º 'º - ſº e º e º 'º e º º e 110 | Eyes, injuries to by lime or mortar......... 46
Essence quince. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • e - © e º e *" | Eyes, injuries to by pieces of metal........ 46
Essence raspberry. . . . . . . . * e º e º 'º e º 'º º º e º e º 'º 116
Essence rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Essence Sarsaparilla...................... 117
Essence Sassafras. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 IF
Essence Spruce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Essence strawberry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 | .
Essence tonka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Facts for builders..... © e º Gº & © & © e o O & © e º s e e e e 203
Essence wintergreen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 | Facts worth knowing...................... 734
Essence Wormwood....................... 117 | Fall, apparent death from................. 47
Etymology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 | Farriers' prescriptions.................... 293
Ether, strong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 | Felon, bone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Excoriated skin, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 | Felon, remedy for......... * * * * * e º e e e s e s e e 183
Execution against goods and chattels....... 483 | Felon, simple cure for..... © e e º 'º e s e e e º e e s e 183
Expectation of life, and present value of Felon, to cure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
widow's dower—table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 Fever, bilious. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 10
Expectorant, stimulating.................. 37 | Fever ball, for horses..................... 293
Exports of various countries............... 745 Fever drink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Extract almond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 | Fever drink for sheep..................... 309
Extract banana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 | Fever, intermittent, remedy for......... 31, 32
Extract blackberry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 | Fever, puerperal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Extract celery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 | Fever, in cattle.......... © e º e º e o e s e e s e e s e e 301
Extract cloves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 | Fevers, intermittent....... . © a e e s e e e * & © e º e e 9
Extract cinnamon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 | Fevers, remedy for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Extract cochineal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 | Fevers, treatment of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Extract coffee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Financial history of the U. S. . . . . 706, 707, 708
Extract ginger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 | Fire, chemical analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Extract lemon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Fish, cakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 354
Extract malt and colt's foot......... . . . . . . . 149 | Fish, eels, etc., how to catch.... .......... 741
Extract nectarine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 | Fish, fresh, to boil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Extract nutmeg . . . . . © e e º e o e º e e • e e º e º e 118, 119 | Fish, secret art of catching................ 742.
760
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
FAGE G
Fishes (Carboniferous age)........... © e º e º e 650 PAGH
Fishes (Devonian age).................... *| Gargles.................................. 180
F istula * * * * * * * * * * * * e o e º e e a e e s e e e e º e e o e e * | Gargle, carbolic acid...................... 181
Fistula, treatment for..................... * | Gargle for diphtheria..................... 181
Fits. . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * e º e º e e s e e º e º e e e º e º e e 18% | Gargle for domestic use.................... 181
Fits, fainting............................. 18% Gargle for inflamed throat................. 181
Fits, asthmatic, remedy for................ * | Gargle for sore throat..................... 181
Flagg's relief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Gargle for threatened mortification of the
Flannels, to bleach.... ................... 361 throat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Flannels, to whiten....................... 802 || Gargle for ulcerated sore throat............ 180
Flea's and other insects, to drive from ani- Gargle, potassa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 180
mals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 Gargle, to promote Suppuration............ 181
Flora (Mesozoic age)..... o e o 'º e º c e º e e g º O e º º 650 | Gas, coal, manufacture of................. 660
Flora (Peruvian age). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 Gas, oxygen, preparation of............... 659
Flour, boiled.................... e Q e o O e e s e * | Gastralgia............................... 164
Flour, self-raising.......... . & © e º Gº e ge . . . . . . 741 | Gastralgia, remedy for.......... © e º 'º e º e º e e 168
Flowers, how to preserve........ Q & © e º O e o e e 741 || Gastritis, in horses....................... 286
Flies, to drive from stable................. 177 Geese, disease of.............. © tº e º O O. O. Q - e. e. 815
Flies, to keep from house................ 177 Gelatine ice.............................. 145
Fluid extract buchu comp................. 150 Generative organs, diseases of, in horses... 291
Fly paper poison......................... 178 Gender.................... Q e º 'º e º e º e º e º 'º e 556
Fly paper, improved, sticky............... 175 Germany................ © e o e o 'º e o O & e e e s e e 604
Fly powder, for sheep..................... 808 || Geology.................... © e e º o e º e o e e º e e 647
Food for the sick......................... * | Geologic ages................... ......... 647
Foot rot, in sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 808 German worm tea........................ 144
Foot rot, mixture for, in sheep............. 809 Gild letters on wood...................... 215
Foot rot, remedy for...................... 808 Gilding, Grecian.............. gº o O e g c e º e e e e 234
Founder, in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 265 Gilding metals................ ........... 236
Foxes, how to catch...................... 742 Gilding, to remove from old China......... , 234
Practure of the bones of the forearm. . . . . . 48 Gilders' pickle........................... 232
Fracture of the bones of hand, foot or ankle 48 Ginger candy............................. 369
Fracture of the cap of the knee. . . . . . . . . 48 || Glacial period............ & e e e e a e e e º e o e º e e 651
Fracture of the collar bone...... ......... 44 Glanders in horses........ & e e º e o e e o e º e o e e e 270
Fracture of the humerus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 | Glass, to clean, for Silvering............... 212
Fracture of the leg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 || Glass, to cut or bore...................... 743
Fracture of the ribs...................... 48 || Glass, to silver........................... 213
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 || Glass, to write and gild ornaments on..... 212
Freestone, brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 || Glass, to stain or color.................... 213
Freight cars, capacity of... . . . . . Q & © e e º c e e e 699 || Glass bottles, to clean........ © e º e e º c e o e º e e 364
French cold cream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 149 || Glass globes, to clean..................... 364
Frosting for polished silver goods .......... 236 || Glass globe, liquid for silvering............ 223
Fruit, to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 || Glass surfaces, to silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Fruit, to preserve whole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 . Gleet, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154, 165
Fruit and vegetables, canned.............. 340 | Gleet, nasal, in horses. . . . . . . . © e º e º e º e e e e e 295
Furniture paste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 || Globe, solidity of, to find........ © e e º O C e s a 687
Furniture polish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 || Glove cleaner, new. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Furniture, to take bruises from ............ 176 Glue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e O © O e e s e e º e e © e s e e s e s e 172
Furniture, to Wax. . . . . . . . & e e e º e º e º e o e º e s e e 222 || Glue, marine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e e º e e º O 6 o e e 172
Fur skins, how to tan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Glue, which stands moisture...... © e e e s e s e e 175
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION-INDEX.
PAGE.
Glycerine, almond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Glycerine cream........ © gº e o e º e º 'o e º e º & 108, 148
Glycerine lotion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Glycerine lotion, comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Glycerate tar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º C e v 146
Goadsby's Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Goddard's diarrhoea mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Godfrey's cordial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Gold, alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Gold, artificial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 551
Gold, colored. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Gold, imitation of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Gold, lacquer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Gold leaf, to make. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Gold, lustre for stone-Ware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Gold powder, true. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Gold, assay of........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Gold, Bearching for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Gold solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Gold solution, for electro-plating........... 231
Gold in California, discovery of............ 551
Gold and platinum, Washing for. . . . . . ... .. 544
Gold and silver, statistics in U. S. . . . . . . . . . 552
Gold and silver, annual production of in
U. S. from 1853 to 1880. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Gomorrhea, remedy for............ 31, 165, 167
Genorrhea, sure cure for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Gooseberries, to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Goose feathers, how to clean.... .......... 177
Gout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Governors, salaries and terms of office. .... 692
Gowland's freckle lotion............ ...... 156
Grain, to measure, granary................ 322
Grammar, English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Granular effervescent citrate of magnesia... 159
Granular effervescent vichy Salt............ 160
Graphite, to test purity of................. 547
Grapes, how to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
Gravity specific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
Gravity, specific, of a liquid or gas. . . . . . . . 682
Gravity, specific, of a Solid body soluble in
Gravity, specific, of a substance heavier or
lighter than Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gravity, specific, to determine the weight of
a body from. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
Grease, how to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Grease spots, to remove before painting .... 215
Great Britain........ © e º O e o O e e o e o e e e e e s e e e 605
Green Mountain salve.......... © e o o e º e º 'º º º 176
Gripes, in horses, to cure..... © e e e º e º e C & © & 9 277
Groceries, weight of, cubic foot... . . . . . . . . . 696
Gruel, corn meal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Gruel, oat meal...... © º e e o e G s e e s a e s e º 's e º e > 328
Gruel, rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Guaiac mixture........ e e e e s a e e s e s e e º e º e º 'º' 149
Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Gurlmette's head pad........... . . . . . . . . . . 153
Guiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Haematuria in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Hair dye, chestnut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Hair dye, Dr. Cattell's... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Hair dye, lightning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Hair oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair oil, Bear's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair oil, cocoanut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair oil, crescent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair oil, golden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair oil, hickory mut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair oil, Macassar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair oil, New York Barber Star............ 115
Hair oil, night-blooming cereus. . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair oil, perfume for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Hair oil, rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair oil, Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hair restorative (Blackwell's) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Hair renewer (Halls)...................... 159
Hair restorer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Hair tonic (Bernhardt's). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Hair tonic (Creole). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Hair tonic (Eau Lustrale). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Hair tonic (Jaborandi).................... 111
Hair tonic (Kilner's) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Hair tonic, lavender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Hair tonic (Neil's). . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 e e º e e s e e a 111
Hair tonic (Owens). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Hair tomic (Ring's Ambrosia)..... * & © º e º e º º 111
Hair tonic (St. Clair's).................... 110
Hair tonic (Walpole's..................... 112
Hair wash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Hams, to cure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.5
Hams, to cure, English method............ 336
Hardy's ointment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Harmstadt's imitation of gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Harness blacking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 170
Harness, care of......... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Harness paste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 170
r' (º)
762 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
PAGE.
Hay asthma, remedy for...... & © tº e º o e e e s e e 35
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 715
Hay stack, to measure............. © C S e º e e 322
Hayti. . . . . . . . . . ................... tº e o e e e 606
Headache liniment................ © a e º e e o e 150
Headache, remedy for..................... 32
Headache, sick, periodical....... .... ..... 183
Headache, sick, remedy for................ 182
Health, rules for the preservation of........ 6
Heart-burn........................ © e e e o e e 185
Heart disease, remedy for................. 37
Heart, hot water for. .......... © e o e o e o e e e e 160
Heat. . . . . . . . . . . ........... ...... • . . . . . . . 665
Heat, animal............................. 666
Heat and cold, degrees of.......... ....... 698
Heat, different modes of producing......... 666
Heat, expansion and contraction...... ... ... 665
Heat from stars.......................... 666
Heat of Summer.......................... 666
Heat, Scientific facts concerning....... .... 668
Heat, Source of........ O e s e a e e © tº º ſº e º te e º e º e 665
Heaves in horses......................... 270
Heaves, treatment for..................... 271
Hemorrhage. . . . . . . . ............. © tº e º e º e e 161
Hemorrhages, remedy for............... 35, 37
Hens, how to make lay in winter........... 314
Hens, to prevent from sitting.............. 314
Hide-bound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4
Historical facts relating to U. S.—table of... 710
Hoarhound, to candy..................... 370
Hogs, Berkshire. . . . . ..................... 310
Hogs, Chester White...................... 310
Hogs, Poland China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Hogs, hints on raising..................... 310
Hog cholera, Sure cure for................. 74.1
Homes, old, to paint, ... . . . . . . . . . . © a e s a e e e 215
Honey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Honey, adulteration of.................... 317
Honey, artificial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Honey, how to take from hive............. 317
Honduras. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Hope's dysentery mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Horses, administration of physic........... 263
Horses, ancient methods of using.......... 260
Horses, Arabian. . . . . . . . . . . . • e s e e o e e . . . . . . 260
Horses, breaking and training............. 258
Horses, Canadian, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Horses, cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e º e & 280
261
Horses, Cleveland Bay...... e C c e o e º O s tº e o 'o e
Horses, different breeds................... 259
Horses, English draft.................. . . . 261
Horses, firing ........ ...... * e o e o e o e e e e e s 282
Horses, fast trotters.......... ............ 713
Horses, kind wanted on the farm... • 9 • * * * * * 259
Horses, learning to pace................... 281
Horses, Norman-Percheron................ 262
Horses, Norman-Percheron, prepotence of... 262
Horses, original British................... 261
Horses, points............................ 264
Horses, preparations for taming........... 282
Horses, shoeing of........................ 280
Horses, skeleton of ....................... 285
Horses, speed of.......................... 260
Horses, suggestions on.................... 259
Horses, thoroughbred..................... 263
Horses, to ascertain age................... 284
Horses, to fatten......................... 293
Horses, to follow you..................... 281
Horses, to make trot... .................. 281
Horses, to prevent interfering... .......... 293
Horses, to sit on haunches............ .... 281
Horses, to stand.......................... 282
Horses, to prevent kicking................. 296
Horses, training.... . . . . ................. 281
Hose, woolen, etc., to whiten............... 362
Hot drops, “No. 6”....................... 157
Household department.................... 325
House, to paint...................... .... 228
How to act when clothes take fire.......... 49
How to stain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
How to distinguish a fracture of the shoul-
der from a dislocation................... 43
Hunger, apparent death from.............. 45
Hunter's red drops........... © e s e e º e o e e o e e 151
Hunters' secret............-.............. 742
I
Ice, how to keep in Summer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Ice, strength of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Incense powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Incontinence of urine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Indigestion in sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". . . . . . . . 308
Infantile diarrhoea, remedy for............. 34
Infants, milk for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Inflammation of bowels, in horses......... 268
Inflammation of the brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Inflammation of the ear, remedy for....... 179
Inflammation of the lungs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I5
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX. 763
Inflammation of the stomach....... © s e e o e a
Inflammation, remedy for.................
Influenza in horses........................
Influenza, remedy for...... ...............
Influenza, treatment for...................
Infusion of cayenne pepper................
Infusion of flax seed.......... . . . . . . . . . . . .
Infusion of malt................ . . . . . . . . . .
Ingrowing nails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inhalant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Injection brou,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ink, black...... ........ 2 s a e s • * * * * * * * * * * * *
Ink, black stencil.............. © e e e e e o e º e a
Ink, crimson marking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ink, colored....... , e o e e o e s e e s e o e o e o e o e o 'o e
Ink, lithograph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ink, shoemaker's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ink, to remove from paper.................
Ink, waterproof, (branding). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insects, bites and stings in horses..........
Insects, how to destroy in garden...........
Insects in the ear, to destroy..............
Insurance rates, short.....................
Intermittent fever, remedy for........ ....
Interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interest, a quick method to find............
Interest, matters relating to...........
Interest laws of States and Territories in the
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interest table, six per cent........ ........
Interest table, Seven per cent..............
Interest table, eight per cent ... ..........
Interest table, ten per cent...... ..........
Internal fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interjections. . . . . . . . & e e e e s e s e e s e e e e e o e e e e e
Invalids, meat for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iodia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iodide of potassium (bitter mixtures),.....
Iodine, to prevent from staining.. .........
Iron acetate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iron acid mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iron, an assay of... . . . . . . . . . . . ...........
Iron, breaking and crushing........... o e º e
Iron, colored. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iron mixture, aperient...... ..............
Iron, Searching for. . . . . . . . . . © C & e º e © e o e º e e
Iron, to protect from rust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iron, why made hot by hammering.........
Italy • * @ e º 'º • C C e e º e º O e o e º e º O & © & © º O e º e º e º e a
PAGE
Itch ointment, (improved). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Ivory knife handles, to prevent from crack-
ing........ © e º e º e e e s e e s e e e e e o e º e º e º º ... 177
J
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Japan dryer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Japanning, to prepare ground for........... 220
Japanning, to prepare metal for............ 220
Japanning, to prepare wood for............ 220
Jaundice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Javelle Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Jayne's expectorant (formula). . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Jelly, calf's foot... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Jelly of carrageen......................... 327
Jelly, hartshorn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Jelly, rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Jelly, tapioca....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Jewelry, artificial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Jewelry, artificial, how made and how de-
tected. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Jewelry, false amethysts and opals......... 549
Jewelry, false carnelian................... 549
Jewelry, false corals....................... 551
Jewelry, false emerald..................... 549
Jewelry, false pearls ...................... 551
Jewelry, false ruby....... © tº e º e º e º ºs e º e º e e º e 549
Jewelry, false Sapphire.................... 549
Jewelry, false topaz. . . . . . ................ 549
Joint-lameness in horses, treatment for..... 272
Jurors, result of failure to appear.......... 482
Jurors, who are competent............ . . . . . 482
Jurors, who are exempt...... ............. 482
Justice of the peace, limit of jurisdiction.... 480
R
Kellogg's red drops................ . . . . . . . . 158
Kid gloves, to clean....................... 365
Kidneys, disease in horses................. 271
Kidneys, disease of, remedy for............ 182
Knives and forks, to clean, ................ 363
Knives and forks, to preserve.............. 364
Kummerfeld's lotion...................... 109
Roumis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 170
764 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
L. PAGE.
page. Limbs, frozen............................ 50
Ladies' shoe dressing............ © o e o 'o e o e e 727 | Lime-water, to make...................... 746
Lameness in cattle..................... ... 300 | Linen, scorched, to restore................. 361
Lampas in horses................. e e º e o is e e 288 | Linen, yellow, to bleach................... 361
Land, how to manure—table............... 712 | Liniments. . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 74
Landlord's notice to determine a tenancy at Liniment, aconite and chloroform.......... 74
Will. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 | Liniment, arnica....................... ... 74
Landlord's notice to quit for non-payment of Liniment, black........ º º e º 'º e º e º e e º e s e º e e 75
rent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 || Liniment, black oil....................... 78
Landlord's notice to quit at end of term... . 434 Liniment, British oil...................... 76
Landlord's and tenant's rights and duties... 429 Liniment, British oil No. 2................ 79
Land measure, United States.............. 702 || Liniment, Brodie's asthma...... ......... 78
Langdon's diarrhoea mixture.............. 146 | Liniment, Brodie's No. 2.................. 75
Lard, tallow and other fats, to render inodor- Liniment, Carter's........................ 77
908 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 | Liniment, Carpenter's..................... 77
Laryngial phthisis, treatment for.......... 162 | Liniment, Centaur........................ 75
law, its cost............................. 486 || Liniment, Chamberlain's Relief............ 78
Law of agency............................ 442 | Liniment, common........................ 77
Law of combination....................... 662 | Liniment, Cook's Magnetic................ 77
Law of different States............ . . . . . . . . 487 | Liniment, croton. . . . . . . . . . ............... 77
Law of multiples........................ . 662 | Liniment, Cook's Magnetic................ 77
Law of reciprocal proportion............... 662 | Liniment, English stable.................. 294
Laws of quantitative..................... 662 | Liniment, Flagg's Relief.................. 79
Laxative mixture for horses ............... 278 || Liniment, Farmington's...... ............ 77
Laxative medicine for sheep............... 310 | Liniment, fluid lightning.................. 77
Laxative, mild, for sheep..... © e º e º e º e º e e e 309 | Liniment for cattle..................... ... 300
Lead, to compute weight of................ 246 | Liniment, German........................ 75
Lead, an assay of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 | Liniment, Great African Wonder........... 75
Lead, Bearching for....................... 543 | Liniment, Great Mogul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Lease, form of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 | Liniment, Gunn's Rheumatic.............. 76
Lease, forms of for farm and buildings..... 431 | Liniment, Haarlem Oil.................... 76
Lease, form of in western States. . . . . . . . . . . 431 || Liniment, Hamlin's Wizard Oil............ 78
Leather polish, patent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 | Liniment, Hines'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Legal steps for collection of money........ 481 | Liniment, Hobbs' Kerosene................ 79
Lemon peel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 | Liniment, iodide of ammonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Lemonade powder. . . . . . . . © & © C & O & e º gº e º e º e e 176 | Liniment, Johnson's...................... 79
Letters of credit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514, 515 Liniment, King of Pain................... 78
Letters, to guild. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © 9 0 e º e s e e 210 | Liniment, Loomis'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Lever, to find length of arm..... ........... 252 | Liniment, magnetic... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Levying upon real estate............ ... . . . 485 | Liniment, Manning's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Lice in sheep, remedy for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 || Liniment, Mathew's Cream Camphor....... 78
Licorice, extract of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 | Liniment, Metz's Balsam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Licorice lozenges........... tº Q & © e e ........ 870 | Liniment, nerve and bone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Licorice mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 88 || Liniment, neuralgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Licorice powder, comp. . . . . . . . . . .......... 156 | Liniment, Newton's....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Liebeg's Soup for children......... ....... 825 | Liniment, Osgood's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
Liebig's soup for invalids........... © C & © e e 825 | Liniment, Pride of India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Lightning, apparent death from ............ 45 | Liniment, Radway's Ready Relief. . . . . . . . . . 79
Lightning renovator. . . . . . . . ............... 746 | Liniment, rheumatic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION-INDEX. 765
PAGE, PAGE,
Liniment, Smith's Electric Oil...... . . . . . . . 76 | Man, respiration...... e s e e s e e s e e s e s e º e º " * * 671
Liniment, Solution carmine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 || Man, Spleen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Liniment, St. Jacob's Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 | Man, stomach........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Liniment, soap... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 || Man, teeth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Liniment, Young's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Mange in horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Liquid blister for horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 || Manure, number of loads and heaps for an
Liquid for gun barrels....... sº º e e º e º & © tº e º 'º " 741 acre of land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Liquid pancreatin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Margins. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Liquid slating, for blackboards. . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 Marine boilers, fuel for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Liquids, weight of cubic foot... . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 || Marking goods, rapid process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Liver pad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Marrow cream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Loaf sugar, to clarify. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 || Marrow pomatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Loaning money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 || Mathematical formulas.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Loaning money, preliminary proceedings. . . 479 Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Local anodyne e a e a e a s e e º e s e e º 'º e º & e s º º e º e º 'º 155 Matter, liquid • e e s e e e e e e o e e e e º e º 'º e º e º e º 'º º " 653
Local application for piles...... * e º e e o e e º e e 151 Matter, gaseous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Lockjaw in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Matter, Solid. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Locock's pulmonic wafers. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 146 || Matter, properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Locomotives, durability of................. 207 || Matter, properties of divisibility. . . . . . . . . . . 653
Locomotives, large. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 || Matter, properties of extension. . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Locomotives, to find horse-power of . . . . . . . . 207 || Matter, properties of inertia..... ... . . . . . . . 653
Looking-glasses, to clean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 | Matter, properties of impenetrability...... 653
Lord's chalk mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 | Matter, properties of indestructibility...... 653
Loss of appetite, remedy for.... . . . . . . . . . . . 35 | Matter, properties of porosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Lotions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 McKenzie's ointment... . . . . . . . . . © º º e º ſº e º º º 150
Lotion, cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 || Mead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o e C e º e º O © e e º e º e e 92
Lotion for the eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 || Measles, remedy for, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 166
Lotion in acue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 || Measures, tables of........ ... . . . .694, 695, 696
Lozenges, Santonine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 || Meat, frozen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Lumbago, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 || Meat, how to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Lumber, measurement at sight—table. .626, 627 Meat, Inlince. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Lumber and log measurement—table . . . . . 788 Meat, to distinguish good from bad......... 337
Mechanical power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Medical department. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
I.M I Medicated ley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © º e º º e º e e e 176
Medicine, rules for prescribing ............ 8
Magnolia Balm, Hagan's..... ............. 109 || Medicine, terms used in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Man, advent of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 651 | Medicines, with their uses and doses....... 186
Man, arteries of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 672 | Meeting to organize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Mam, bones of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 || Meigs' mixture of gentian and iron......... 153
Man, blood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * @ e o e s e º e a s • . 672 Men called for in civil war. . . . . . . .......... 708
Man, brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 || Men called for from each State............ 709
Man, cerebrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 Menstruation, obstructed.................. 28
Man, circulating system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 Mercantile terms . . . . . . . . . . . . © & © e º 'o e s c e e º e 396
Man, composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 Merchant's gargling oil............ © e º e e s a 294
Man, diaphram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 Messengers, mileage of.................... 611
Man, liver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 671 Messengers, penalty for neglect of duty..... 611
Man, lungs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 || Messina orangeade powder................ 175
Man, muscles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 Metals, weight of a cubic foot...... . . . . . . . . 696
Man, nervous system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 || Metal, to prepare for japanning...... . . . . . . 220
766 - AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION-INDEX.
PAGE.
Meteors................................ 646
Meteors and shooting stars.............. 645
Metheglin............................. 92
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ . 606
Mexican mustang liniment.... .......... 180
Midwifery.............................. 51
Milburne's mixture...................... 149
Mild astringent for cattle................ 302
Milk of almonds........................ 110
Milk of different animals................ 322
Milk and cream, preservation of..... º 735
Milk and lime water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Military Bureau of the War Department.... 621
Mineral Department.................... 528
Minerals, descriptive list of.............. 528
Mineral, agate, description of....... ... . . . . 528
Mineral, alum, description of.... ........ 528
Mineral, amethyst, description of........ 528
Mineral, anthracite, description of....... 52S
Mineral, antimony ore, description of....... 529
Mineral, asbestus, description of......... 529
Mineral, asphaltum, description of....... 629
Mineral, azurite, description of.......... S29
Mineral, baryta, description of... . . . ... . . . . 529
Mineral, bituminous coal, description of.... 529
Mineral, blende, description of . . . . . . . . . 530
Mineral, bog iron ore, description of . . . . . 530
Mineral, brittle silver ore, description of.... 530
Mineral, brown coal, description of...... . . . 530
Mineral, calamine, description of.... .... 530
Mineral, cannel coal, description of.... .. 531
Mineral, carnelian, description of... . . . . 531
Mineral, celestine, description of......... 531
Mineral, cerussite, description of......... 531
Mineral, chromic iron, description of... . . . 531
Mineral, cinnabar, description of . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Mineral, cobalt pyrites, description of....... 531
Mineral, copper, description of . . . . . . . . . . 532
Mineral, copper glance, description of . . . . . . 532
Mineral, copper nickel, description of... . . b3?
Mineral, copper pyrites, description of...... b32
Mineral, diamond, description of......... 532
Mineral, emery, description of . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Mineral, fluor spar, description of....... 533
Mineral, Franklinite, description of..... 533
Mineral, galena, description of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Mineral, garnet, description of . . . . . . . . . . 633
Mineral, gold, description of . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Mineral, graphite, description of . . . . . . . . . 534
Mineral, gray copper ore, description of ... , 584
PAGE,
Mineral, gypsum, description of............ 534
Mineral, horn silver, description of......... 535
Mineral, iron pyrites, description of.... .... 535
Mineral, jasper, description of......-...... 535
Mineral, kaolin, description of............. 535
Mineral, lenticular iron ore, description of... 535
Mineral, limonite or brown hematite, descrip-
tion of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Mineral, magnetic iron ore, description of... 536
Mineral, magnetic pyrites, description of. .. 536
Mineral, malachite, description of... . . . . . . . 536
Mineral, manganese spar, description of.... 536
Mineral, marble, description of... . . . . . . . . 537
Mineral, mica, description of.............. 537
Mineral, micaceous iron ore, description of... 537
Mineral, nitre, description of..... . . . . . . . . . 537
Mineral, Oxyde of manganese, description of 537
Mineral, platinum, description of... . . . . . . . 537
Mineral, red copper ore, description of...... 538
Mineral, red hematite, description of . . . . . . . 538
Mineral, red silver ore, description of....... 538
Mineral, Rensselaerite, description of....... 538
Mineral, rock crystal, description of........ 538
Mineral, rock salt, description of........... 538
Mineral, rutile, description of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Mineral, serpentine, description of... . . . . . . 539
Mineral, Selicate of copper, description of... 539
Mineral, silver, description of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Mineral, silver glance, description of . . . . . . . 539
Mineral, smaltine, description of . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Mineral, Smithsonite, description of........ 539
Mineral, spathic iron, description of . . . . . . . . 540
Mineral, specular iron ore, description of... 540
Mineral, spinel ruby, description of... . . . . . . 540
Mineral, statite, description of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Mineral, strontianite, description of........ 540
Mineral, Sulphur, description of............ 540
Mineral, tin ore, description of............. 540
Mineral, topaz, description of... ........... 541
Mineral, tourmaline, description of...... . . . 541
Mineral, variegated copper ore, description of 541
Mineral, Wad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Mineral, Willemite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © o e e s s s 541
Minerai, Zincite. . . . . . . . . . . & e o e s ſº e e º e s e e s o 541
Minerals, prospecting for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Mineral Springs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Mineral springs, acid or alum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Mineral Springs, carbonated or gas......... 547
Mineral springs, chalybeate or iron......... 547
Mineral springs, magnesian or epsom . . . . . . 548
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
767
IPAGE
Mineral springs, saline or salt ............. 548
Mineral Springs, Sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Mineral springs, thermal or warm. ........ 548
Mink, how to catch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Mint, director of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Miscellaneous Department...... © 5 e g º e º 0 & 0 & 685
Miscellaneous statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Mixture of licorice, comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Mixture of sulphate of cinchonia. . . . . . . . . . . 161
Modeling in clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Monuments, towers etc., height of.......... 722
Moon, signs in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Moods and participles.......... . . . . . . . . . . 562
Morgan's elastic plaster... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Mortgages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Mortgages, chattel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Mortgages, chattel, with power of sale...... 425
Mortgages in general use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Mosquitoes, to clear room of..... . . . . . ... .. 736
Moth solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Motion to substitute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Motion, withdral of........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Mouth Wash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121, 122
Mountains, highest in the world............ 705
Mouth Washes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Mouth Wash, detergent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Mouth Wash, superior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Mucilage of gum Arabic................... 326
Mumps, remedy for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Murrain, drink for, in cattle............... 302
Murrain, to prevent in cattle............... 300
Muskrat, how to catch.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Mustard oil limiment...................... 151
Mutton broth...... O © C C C C & e º O © C e © tº Q & © C C C C & 329
N
Natural labor, management of ............ 51
Naturalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Naval bureau of the navy department...... 622
Neck, partial dislocation of ....... º & Q 6 tº e º gº e 50
Needle manufacture..... © e o e & © e º e e o e o e e º e e 249
Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Neuralgia, facial, remedy for............... 81
Neuralgia of the uterus....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Neuralgia or face ache........ • . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Neuralgia or sick headache................ 166
PAGE.
Neuralgia, remedy for....... e e o e e o e o e 167, 183
Neutralizing cordial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
New treatment for vaginitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Nicaragua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Night-sweats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 152, 162
Night sweating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Nitro-glycerine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Nocturnal emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Nose, to extract substances from........... 49
Notes, common form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Notes, for Indiana.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Notes, for Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Notes, for New York, married women in . . . 401
Notes, for two or more persons............. 399
Notes, judgment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Notes, negotiable................. . . . . . . . . 399
Notes, not negotiable...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Notes, on demand......................... 400
Notes, payable in merchandise... . . . . . . . . . 401
Notes, promissory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
Notes, number of days to run, to find....... 395
Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s sº º is e e º 'º Gº Gº Gº & © 655
Noxious vapors, apparent death from....... 45
Number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B57
Number and person....... © º O & © e º e º O e º e o e e 562
Nursing Sore mouth...... © e o O © G tº o tº C C C e º 'º º . 171
O
Oatmeal pie-crust...... © e º 'o e o e o e o e º e e ... .. 829
Oil colors, for photagraph painting........ 248
Oil-cloths, to keep looking well. . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Oil for coach painting, to prepare.... .. ... . 228
Oil for watchmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Oil, to purify. . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & © tº e º º O © e º e o e 724
Oil stone. . . . . . . . . © e º e º e º 'º e º e e º e e o e o 'º e o o e e 149
Ointments. . . . . . . . . . • e º 'º e s e º e º 'º e e Q © º o 6 e o e 79
Ointment, alum and calomel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Ointment, Anderson's soothing............ 83
Ointment, basilicon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Ointment, Becker's eye salve.............. 81
Ointment, blue, for horses.......... © º o o e s e 295
Ointment, camphor. . . . . . . . • tº e º e º Q & e º O o o e e 80
Ointment, cantharides cerate. . . . . . © O Ú º o o e e 80
Ointment, Cazeaux's, nipple..... • . . . . . . . . 81
Ointment, chilblain. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 82
Ointment, citrine. . . . . . . . . . . . •- - - - - - - - - - - 88
Ointment, compound butter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
768 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
IPAGE. PAGE.
Ointment, croup............ .............. 81 | Paint, blue........ © a e o e o e s e e e © º 9 e º e º 'º 229, 230
Ointment, Deshler's salve........ ......... 80 | Paint, bright yellow for floor............... 230
Ointment, eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 | Paint, dark red............ & © e e º e o e o o e e e s e 230
Ointment, favorite.................... .... 82 | Paint, dark yellow........................ 230
Ointment, for cattle....... : .............. 800 | Paint, deep red.............. © e º e o e ºs e e e s a 230
Ointment, for pimple face................. 174 | Paint, drab........................... . . . 230
Ointment, for scab in sheep.............. 808 || Paint, durable for outside work............ 229
Ointment, for Sore heads in sheep.......... 808 || Paint, French gray........................ 230
Ointment, for Sore teats................... 302 | Paint, freestone color...... © e e e e º e e e e e o e o e e 230
Ointment, green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e o e º e 82 | Paint, for boilers............. © º e º e º e º e º e º 220
Ointment, Green Mountain Salve........... 81 | Paint, for distemper...................... 230
Ointment, iodine, for cattle................ 302 | Paint, for canvas, flexible.................. 229
Ointment, iodoform... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 | Paint, for old weather boards.............. 229
Ointment, Judkin's....................... 81 | Paint, for old houses...................... 215
Ointment, Kittredge's..................... 82 | Paint, for walls........................... 229
Ointment, magnetic..... © e e º e e 4 © e e e º e o 'º " ... 80 | Paint, good without oil or lead............. 229
Ointment, Mead's............ º e e e o e º e º e e º e 82 | Paint, gray or stone color, for buildings..... 229
Ointment, mercurial, for cattle............. 302 | Paint, green for out door work............. 224
Ointment, mild oxide of zinc.............. 81 | Paint, imitation of vermilion.............. 30
Ointment, oxide of zinc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 81 | Paint, light yellow........................ 230
Ointment, Petit's eye salve................ 81 | Paint, new, to remove smell of............. 215
Ointment, pile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 | Paint, premium, without oil or lead........ 229
Ointment, pimple e e º e e e º e º 'º e º O © e º e º ºs e º 'º & © & 82 Paint, Pure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Ointment, Radin's camphor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 | Paint, purple......... © º º O & © tº e º 'º e º e º 'º e º e C & 230
Ointment, rose water................. ..... 80 | Paint, size...... © 6 @ 9 @ 6 e º e e o e o e e e º e e e e s tº e ºr 228
Ointment, simple. . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 79 | Paint, steel..... © C & © e e o e s e e e s e e s e o e e o e o e e 230
Ointment, Sisson's....... © e e º e º 'º e º e º G & © e º e 82 Paint, Straw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . © s = e e e s e e e s e s e e e 230
Ointment, stramonium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 | Paint, to clean................... 9 e e e e º e º 'º 365
Ointment, white, for horses...... . . . . . . . . . . 295 | Paint, to romove from old work............ 217
Omelet, egg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 || Paint, unfading orange......... • * > e º gº tº e º e e 230
'Onions, to remove Smell of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 | Paint, when foºapply...................... 228
Opium, to test the purity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142. | Painting, distemper.......... © e o e º e o ºs e e e e s 214
Opium, to test the strength..... e e o 'º e o e Q & e 142 | Painting, elydoric.......... © tº e º e a e e e e o e e e e 216
Orange peel, to candy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 | Painting houses. . . . . . . . ................. 228
Ores, assay of............................ 544 | Painting, priming coats................... 228.
Orthography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 | Painting zinc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 228
"Osgood's celebrated ague cure......... ..... 158 | Paints, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 228
, Ostrich feathers, how to clean............. 746 | Painters' cream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 220
| Owen's extract of buchu, comp. . . . . . . . . . . . 148 || Paints, stained glass, flesh color........... 213
'Oyster steW. . . . . © tº e o 6 e e e e e s e o e o 'o e o 6 c e º e º e 330 | Palpatation of the heart.............. 152, 164
<s e - - - - - - - Pansy, for silk garments.................. 238
- Paper, the 81zes in inches..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
P Paper tracing (carbon)........... . . . . . . . . . 736
Paps, in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 288
Pain expeller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 147 | Paraguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 607
Pain-killer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º O Q & e º e s e e 153 | Paregoric, ready way to make..... © a e e º e e o e 157
Painful joints, remedy for..... © tº ºr e e o e ºs e e s a 39 || Parliamentary Law. . . . ................. 627
Painting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 214, 218 || Partnership agreement. . . . . . • * > * > * > e º e e º e e 435
Paint, beautiful White. ..................... 215 | Partnership law......... • - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . 485
AN ENCYCLOPAEDLA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
PAGE. IPAſ e
Patent, how to apply for.... . © e º O © tº ....... 471 | Perry's comp. Sarsaparilla.......... ....... 155
Patents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 471 | Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e e e e s s e º 'º º 607.
Patents, directions for securing............ 471 | Petit's eye salve.......................... 148.
Patent office fees.......................... 478 Photography............................. 246
Patties, chicken.......................... 358 || Photography, instantaneous............... 247
Peaches, to preserve...................... 356 || Phthisis, remedy for...................... 33
Pears, to preserve... .................... 856 | Physic for blown sheep.................... 309
Peas, green, plain........................ 842 | Physic, for cattle................ © e º O C & © e e 301
Peas, stewed............................. 342 | P’ysic, for swine................ e e º e o e º o e 312
Pedestrian performance of men...... © e º e º e 254 | Physic ball, for horses.................... 295
Pencils, for photographers................. 249 || Physicians' favorite prescriptions.... ...... 30
Pension statistics of U. S.—table of........ 740 | Pickles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Percolating menstruum........... . . . . . . . . 55 | Pickles and preserves..................... 356
Perfumery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 | Pie, beefsteak and oyster.................. 844
Perfumery, boguet Lucca.................. 129 || Pie, blackberry........................... 346
Perfumery, boguet I. O. O. F. . . . . . . . © C Q & © e 129 || Pie, chicken.............. • O © e º e o e º O e 843, 345
Perfumery, boguet Knight Templar........ 129 Pie, custard.............................. 346
Perfumery, boquet Marie Stuart........... 128 Pie, giblet. . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 844
Perfumery, clove pink. ................... 128 || Pie, gooseberry tarts...................... 346
Perfumery, extract of orris....... © tº º O & Cº. ... 128 || Pie, green currant, or tarts......... ... . . . . 846
Perfumery, extract of tonka............... 128 Pie, mince. . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 347
Perfumery, extract of vanilla.............. 128 Pie, pumpkin............................. 346
Perfumery, Flor-de-mayo. ................. 129 Pie, rabbit. . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 343
Perfumery, Florida water................. 181 | Pie, raised ham........................... 344
Perfumery, jasmin.......... © e º e o e º e e º e e e e 129 || Pie, raised pork, English................. 344
Perfumery, jockey club...... © e º 'º e o e o O O e o e e 180 | Pie, rhubarb.............................. 346
Perfumery, jonquil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 128 Pie, ripe currant.......................... 346
Perfumery, lavender water.............. ... 181 | Pie, whortleberry......................... 346
Perfumery, lily of the valley............... 130 || Pierce's favorite prescription.............. 159
Perfumery, magnolia. . . . . . . ............... 128 || Pierce's Golden Medical Discovery......... 159
Perfumery, magnolia water................ 181 | Piles, external............................ 56
Perfumery, musk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Pills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. ... 83
Perfumery, musk rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 || Pills, a good excipient for.................. 88
Perfumery, new mown hay. . . . . . . . . . tº e º O sº sº. 129 Pills, ague. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 87
Perfumery, orange flowers................. 129 || Pills, aloes and assafoetida................. 83
Perfumery, pearl of Savoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 | Pills, aloes and iron....................... 84
Perfumery, posey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 || Pills, antimony, comp.................... 83
Perfumery, rondletia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 || Pills, antispasmodic................ ſº e º e º e e 84
Perfumery, spring flowers........ • - - - - - - - - - 130 || Pills, arsenate of iron........ • . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Perfumery, Sweet gem of Eden............ 180 || Pills, Barclay's anti-bilious................ 88
Perfumery, Sweet pea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 | Pills, bromide of iron...................... 84
Perfumery, tea rose........ © e º e º e º O e o e o e e e 130 || Pills, camphor and kino..... • * * * @ e º e e e o e o e 85
Herfumery, tube rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 || Pills, cathartic. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... © tº e º e e o e e s e 85
Perfumery, Victoria. . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 181 Pills, cathartic compound.............. 86, 87
Perfumery, violet Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 | Pills, Cook's.............. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Perfumery, white lilac, .................... 128 Pills, copaiba...... • * @ e º e º 'º e • - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88
Perfumery, white rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 | Pills, cough. . . . . . . . ............... • . . . . . . 87
Perfumery, Ylang-Ylang............. • Q & © & © tº 180 || Pills, Dr. Vance's rheumatic............... 87
Person. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ................. 556 | Pills, eclectic liver...... • - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . 87
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
PAGE
Pills, emmenagogue..... © º e º O © º º O © tº º e º e 84, 86
Pills, for asthma.......................... 85
Pills, for chorea and epilepsy............ 85, 86
Pills, for constipation..... ................ 162
Pills, for dyspepsia.................. tº e o O & © 160
Pills, for gout of the stomach.............. 85
Pills, for habitual constipation............. 86
Pills, for intermittent fever................ 85
Pills, for nervous irritability............... 85
Pills, for neuralgia.................. 85, 86, 87
Pills, for producing sleep.................. 85
Pills, for rheumatism...................... 86
Pills, for Scrofulous diseases............... 87
Pills for spasmodic cough...... © e s e e o e s a e e e 85
Pills, gamboge comp...................... 83
Pills, Hooper's female... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Pills, Holloway's celebrated................ 86
Pills, Howlett's ague...................... 87
Pills, Ingalls'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Pills, iron, sulphate of, compound.......... 84
Pills, iron, Sulphate of..................... 86
Pills, laxative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Pills, Lee's... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Pills, quinine and camphor................ 84
Pills, Sappington's. . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 88
Pills, stomachio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Pills, Webster's dinner.......... e e s e e s e e o e 87
Pink-eye, in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Pink-eye, treatment for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Piso's consumptive cure................... 158
Planets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Planet, Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 689
Planet, Jupiter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Planet, Mars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Planet, Mercury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Planet, Moon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Planet, Neptune. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Planet, Saturn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Planet, Uranus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Planet, Venus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Planets, inferior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & © e º e 639
Planets, superior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Planets, are they inhabited................ 644
Plants, how to Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • O e º & © º 322
Plants, (Devonian age). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Plants, (Neozoic age). . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 651
Plaster, blistering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e o e º e . . . . . 181
Plaster casts, to bronze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Plaster, adhesive...... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
PAGE.
Pleis' fit powders............. ... ......... 160
Plated ware, to clean..................... .. 362
Pleurisy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Plums, to preserve............... . . . . . 355, 356
Pneumonia, remedy for . . . . . . . . . 15, 31, 33, 35
Pneumonia, causes, remedy for.......... 15, 36
Poisons and their antidotes................ 134
Poisons, mineral and vegetable...... ...... 135
Poison, aconite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Poison, arsenic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Poison, belladonna................... . ... 141
Poison, blue vitriol................. ...... 139
Poison, cantharides....................... 139
Poison, carbonic acid gas.................. 140
Poison, carbonate of lead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Poison, chloride of antimony.............. 136
Poison, chloride of tin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Poison, chloroform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Poison, calchicum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Poison, corrosive Sublimate................ 140
Poison, creosote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Poison, cyanide of mercury................ 141
Poison, fox-glove. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Poison, from insects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Poison, ground oak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Poison, hemlock. . . . . . . . . . . . . * e º 'º e e º e º e o e e 141
Poison, laudanum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Poison, morphia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Poison, muriatic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Poison, nitre-nitrate of potassa. . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Poison, nitrate of silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Poison, mux Vomica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Poison, oak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Poison, opium. . . . . • e º Q & © e º e º e º e º e º e º e º 'º e . 187
Poison, phosphorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Poison, Prussic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Poison, rattlesnake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Poison, Saliva of rabid dog................ 187
Poison, stramonium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © tº gº e º e 139
Poison, Strychina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Poison, Sulphuric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Poison, tarter emetic..... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 189
Poison, verdigris..... tº e º e º e o 'º e º O © tº e º & © tº º e 189
Poison, Vermin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Poisonous solution for dispensing.......... 154
Polish for dark colored wood............... 226
Polish, for furniture............... ... 220, 222
Polish, French...... tº e º e º O C C C & O © Jº º O © e º e e e 221
Polish, best French....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION-INDEX.
Polish, common French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Polish, composition for light mahogany..... 222
Polish, water-proof
• e s e e s e - e. e. e. w e e º ºr e º ſº e > *
Polishing, French method of......... e e e s e a 221
Polishing paste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Polishing powder, for goldsmiths.......... 724
Pomades and hair oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Pomade, common violet......... . . . . . . . . . 113
Pomade, hiliotrope....................... 113
Pomade, Hungarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Pomade, philocome ..... © e o e º 'º e e s e o e º o e º 'º' 113
Pomade, stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Population and growth of the U. S. . . . . . . . . 703
Population of principal cities of the U. S... 718
Population of principal cities of the
World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e º e º 'º e 704, 720
Population of principal countries.......... 704
Population of the Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
Pork, to roast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Postal rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Potato bug, to kill............ w e s e e s a e e e s • * 318
Potato omelet. . . . . . . . . . tº dº e e o e º 'º e º O O. Q & Q e e s 352
Potatoes, new, a la creme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Potatoes, to find number of bushels in box.. 321
Pot pie, chicken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Portugal. . . . . . ... e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e º Gº Gº e © e º e o e o O ..... 607
Postmaster General................ © tº e º e e 624
Postmaster General, first assistant......... 624
Postmaster General, second assistant...... 624
Postmaster General, third assistant........ 625
Poultices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 89
Poultice, bread and milk, how to make..... 39
Poultice, charcoal how to make............ 40
Poultice, linseed, how to make....... © º º O e e 39
Poultice, mustard, how to make..... . . . . . . 40
Poultice, slippery elm, how to make........ 40
Poultice, starch, how to make........ . . . . . . 40
Poultry, age of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © O & © e º e 314
Poultry, best breeds............ •. . . . . . . . . . 812
Poultry, drooping wings.......... . . . . . . . . . 814
Poultry, for eggs and chickens............. 313
Poultry, for flesh................. © O e º e e s e 313
Poultry, good setters................. ... .. 818
Poultry, hardiness of...................... 313
Poultry, number of eggs.......... © e o e e º e e e 313
Poultry, quietude of............ © e o e e º e o e e e 318
Poultry, remedy for blindness...... •. . . . . . . 815
Poultry, rules for management of..... , .... 318
Poultry, size of............... & © C C C C e º O e º e
Poultry, size of eggs.............. e e e º e s e e 313
Poultry verminin, to destroy...... . . . . . . . . . 315
Poultry or game, to draw.......... . . . . . . . . 351
Postponement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Powder laxative and diaphoretic, for horses. 278
Powder for chafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Power of attorney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Power of attorney, in general use. . . . . . . . . . 442
Power of attorney, to collects debts........ 443
Power of attorney, to vote proxy. . . . . . . . . . . 443
Power of substitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Power required to move given weights on
level R. R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Power required to raise a given weight..... 252
Precedence, Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Precious stones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Prepared flavoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Prepositions.......... © e s e e º e e e º e º e © e e º e e e 564
Preserving food........... • e º e º O © e º 'º º O & © tº e 333
Presidents, education of................... 713
Previous Questions... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e º e a 631
Privileged Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Presidents of the U. S.—table of........... 725
Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Promiscuous formulas.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Protest and Notice. . . . . . e e s e e e º e s e s e e º e a e e 509
Protest, certificate of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Protest and Notice, laws relating to........ 512
Prosidy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Public lands, how to Secure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Public lands, how to secure by agricultural
college scrip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Public lands, how to Secure by homestead
privilege. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Public lands, how to secure by land warrants 475
Public lands, how to secure by prečmption
laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Public lands, how to secure at private entry. 474
Public lands, how to secure at public sale... 474
Public schools, expenditures in U. S. 1880
–table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Pudding, apple. . . . . . . . . & C G e º e º e º e º º & e o e e e 347
Pudding, apple, baked. . . . . . . . . . . . . & © dº e º e A- 348
Pudding, beefsteak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Pudding, beefsteak and oyster............., 345
Pudding, Biddle................. Q & G G → Gº Gº e 4 349
Pudding, birdsnest.............. . . . . . . . . . , 860
Pudding, citron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Pudding, cocoanut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 848
772
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATIow—INDEx.
Pudding, cracked wheat............... . . . . 829
Pudding, cream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Pudding, custard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Pudding, farina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 860
Pudding, hominy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Pudding, Indian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Pudding, Indian, baked.......... . . . . . . . . . 349
Pudding, Meringue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Pudding, orange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Pudding, pearl wheat...... © e º e º 'o e o e o e º 'o e º 'º' 328
Pudding, plum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349, 360
Pudding, plum, baked............ . . . . . . . . . 361
Pudding, potato. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Pudding, rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Pudding, rice or Sago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Pudding, Suet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Pudding, sweet potato. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Pudding, Yorkshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Puff paste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Pulleys, to find diameter of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Pulleys, velocity of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Pumpkins, to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Punch, cold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Punch, wine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
Punch, Yankee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Purgative drink, strong, for cattle. . . . . . . . . 802
Purge, for cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Purging, in horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Purging, in sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Purging drink for sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Pustular eruption... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Putty, glazier's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Putty, hard, to soften. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Putty, old, to remove. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Putty, to remove from glass... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Putty, to soften in window panes. . . . . . . . . . . 219
Puts, calls and straddles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Q
Quadrilaterals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Quail, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Quinces, to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Quinia, in the treatment of cholera infantum 160
Quinia mixture, sweet, for children. . . . . . . . . 162
quinidia, combination for intermittents..... 160
PAGR,
Quinine, test for purity.......... e e o e e o 0 ° tº 142
Quinsy. . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ e e o 'o e o e o C C C C e 9 21
Questions of order......................... 681
Quorum................ e Q e º e º O Gº e º O & © C C C º 682
R
Radway's ready relief...................... 79
Railroad locomotives, speed of............. 203
Railway signals...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Rails and posts required for ten rods of fence 712
Rails, stakes and riders required for ten rods
offence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Raspberries, to preserve................... 356
Rats, to destroy........................... 319
Rattlesnake bite, cure for.................. 51
Reconsideration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Recommit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Receipes for dyeing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Reading of papers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Red ants, to exterminate................... 178
Red precipitate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Red Wash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Reduction of spirit by spirit of weaker
strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Reference table for mixing paint. . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Representatives' salaries and tenure of office 292
Retention of urine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Rheumatism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q & © tº e o e º e e o e º e e 23
Rheumatism, acute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e o 'º e e 30
Rheumatism, application... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Rheumatism, remedy for... . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 166
Rheumatism, remedy for, Kilner's.......... 169
Rheumatic mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Ribbons and silks, to clean................ 365
Rice Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826, 331
Ridgewood's disinfectant............. . . . . . 171
Ring-bone, in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 272
Ring-bone, treatment for.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Ring Worm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & e o e º e a e 152
Ring worm, remedy for... . . . . . . . . ... . . 86, 162
Rivers, longest in the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Roast beef. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Roasting meats. . . . . . . . . . . e º 'º e º & © e ... . . . . 888
Rocks, how formed... . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e º 6 c e e 647
Rooms, large, capacity of...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
AN ENOYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION-INDEX.
Round timber, measure. . . . . . . . . . ......... 688
Round timber, to compute volume... . . . . . . . 203
Rose lip Salve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e o 'º e = 109
Rubber overshoes, how to mend. . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Rules for prescribing medicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Rules, suspension of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 632
Rules for the preservation of health. . . . . . . . 6
Rupture in horses... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Rupture, treatment for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Rust spots on marble, to remove. . . . . º e e º e s 362
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 607
S
Sachet powder............ e e o e º e º O ſº e... ... 125
Sachet powder, acacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Sachet powder, au crypre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sachet powder, clove pink...... . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sachet powder, Frangipanni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sachet powder, heliotrope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sachet powder, jockey club. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sachet powder, lavender...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sachet powder, la Pierce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Sachet powder, marechale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sachet powder, mille fleurs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sachet powder, patchouly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sachet powder, Portugal... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Sachet powder, rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Sachet powder, verbena. . . . . . . . . . m e o O e º e º e 127
Sachet powder, violet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Sachet powder, wild flowers................ 127
Salt, test for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Salvador. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Sandalwood, emulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Santo Domingo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Sand crack in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Sash weights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Sausage meats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Scab in sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Scab, ointment for sheep.................. 309
Scab, remedy for, in sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Scarlatina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Scarlet fever. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 32
Sciatica, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . © e s e º e G © º º c e e 165
Scientific Information. . . . . . . . . . . tº e º e º e º e e 638
Scrofulous ophthalmia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Sealing wax, black..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Sealing wax, red. . . . . . . . . . . . . e e s e e s e o e o e º 'º' " 193
Sea sickness, preventive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638.
Secretary of State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.
Secretary of State, assistant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.
Secretary of the Treasury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Secretary of the Treasury, assistant. . . . . . . . 614
Secretary War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e s e e e s e º e º " 621
Sedative mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Seed, quantity of per acre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Seed required to plant a given space—table. 727
Seltzer aperient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Senators, State, terms of office and salaries. 692
Serving dinner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e s a e e e s • * * * * 332.
Setons and rowels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e e º º sº 283
Seven wonders of the world........ . . . . . . . . 743
Shade trees, large, to transplant... . . . . . . . . . 178
Shampoo, dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - 112
Shampoo wash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Sheep, diarrhoea in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Sheep, foot-rot in.... . . . . . . . - e o 'º e C e e s ∈ C & © a 303
Sheep, scab in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Sheep pelts, how to tan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Sheepskin rugs, or mats, to clean. . . . . . . . . . 363
Sheep-killing dogs, to cure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Shells, to silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Sheeting, brown, to bleach...... tº e o e º e º 'º e º 'º' 362
Shooting stars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Shooting stars, origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Shortness of breath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Sick chamber, to purify. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Sick room, precaution before entering...... 178
Sign Writing, hints on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Silver, an assay of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Silver, discovery of in Nevada............. 552
Silver, imitation of... . . . . . . ............... 237
Silver, pure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Silver, Sterling. . . . . . . . . • ‘e e o e o O - C e º 'º e º e e s e 232
Silver, to gild with gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Silver, to make transparent................ 235
Silver, Searching for...................... 543
Silver goods, to frost and whiten...... . . . . . 232
Silver plating fluid................... 232, 235
Silver solder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * @ e e o e e s e º , 223
Silver solution................... º e e e o e e e e 236
Silver solution for electro-plating. . . . . . . . . . 233
Silver plating powder.... ................. 233
Silver Solution, for specula and glass sur-
faces. . . . . . . . . . . © C C C C e o e e º e • - - - - - - . . . . . 218
774
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
- PAGE.
Silver tree......................... tº e º e º e e 223
Silver white....... so C G & © tº sº e º tº e º 'º - ºn tº e º e º e º e 238
Silvering glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 213
Silvering for Wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Silvering powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Silvering process for iron or steel. . . . . . . . . . 233
Silvered surface on glass, to polish. . . . . ..., 213
Simmons' liver regulator. . . . . . . . . . ........ 153
Skin diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . & e º e º 'º e s e º e º - we e 25
Skin diseases, in horses................... 295
Sloan's horse ointment................... . 294
Small-pox, variola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Small-pox, preventing of pitting........... 20
Smalt, to remove from old signs............ 217
Snake bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Snow ball drops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Soaps, toilet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Soap, a la boquet....... e e º e º & © a tº e º 'º e º te e is 123
Soap, bath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Soap, camphor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Soap, carbolic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Soap, English bath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Soap, erasive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Soap, for removing grease from clothing. ... 124
Soap, Frangipanni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Soap, green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Soap, honey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Soap, jockey club. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Soap, ladies favorite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Soap, Palmer's boguet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Soap, palm oil and glycerine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Soap, royal boguet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Soap, sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Soap, soft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
Soap, sulphur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Soap, transparent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Soap, Windsor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Soap, Windsor, brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Soap, Windsor, White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Soda Water foam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Solicitor of the Treasury. . . . . . . . . . tº º e º e º e e 619
Soluble glass for floors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Solution of acetate of ammonia. . . . . . . . . . . 89
Solution of bromhydric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Solution of carbolic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Solution of citric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . O e º e º e e 88
Solution of citrate of bismuth. . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Solution of copaiba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
PAGE.
Solution, Donavan's............ . . . . . . . . . . 88
Solution of dialyzed iron....... . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Solution, Fowler's........................ 88
Solution, Harle's... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Solution of iodine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Solution of iodine, Lugol's caustic......... 89
Solution, liquor chlorinate Soda. . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Solution of morphia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Solution of pepsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Solution of persulphate of iron............ 89
Solution of phosphoric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Solutions of phosphorus bromine and iodine 90
Solution of Salicylic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Solution of Strychnia, Hall's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Sore throat, in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Sore throat, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Soup, beef tea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Soup, ox-tail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Sozodont, Van Buskirk's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Spasm of the bladder, to relieve. . . . . . . . . . . 182
Spasms in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 295
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Spavin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Spavin treatment........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Speaking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Special bail, form of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Specula, to silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Spice mills, to clean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Spirits of Orange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Spitting of blood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Spleen, enlarged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Splint in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Splint in horses, treatment for... . . . . . . . . . . 272
Sponge cake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Sprains in cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Sprains in horses, treatment for. . . . . . . . . . . 272
Square timber, to compute volume of... . . . . 208
Squirrel or woodcock, broiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Stabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e º º 47
Staggers in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Stain, black Walnut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Stain, fine crimson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Sain, for horn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Stain, fine yellow, for glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Stain for twisted gun barrels, . . . . . . . © e º e º 'º & 744
Stain for wood, ebony. . . . . . . . © e e e > & © e º 'º e º e 227
Stain for wood black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Stain, to improve color of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Stain, Walnut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © a e e s e º 'º e º e 219
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION–INDEX. 775
Stain of perspiration, to remove. . . . . . . . . . .
Stain for gun barrels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stains, to extract from silver plate. . . . . . . . .
Stains, to remove. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stains and grease spots, to remove. . . . . . . . .
Stamping powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Starch gloss, liquid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Statutes of limitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steam boiler, quantity of water required....
Steal, breaking and crushing weight........
Steel, to gild. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steel, to test quality of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steel, to test tenacity of........... . . . . . . . .
Steel, hard, how to drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steel, polished, to protect from rust. . . . . . . .
Stifle, in horses, treatment for. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stimulating astringent, for cattle. . . . . . . . . .
Stimulating drink, for cattle. . . . . . . . . . . © C e e
Stimulating drink, warm, for cattle. . . . . . . .
Stimulating drink, mild, for cattle. . . . . . . . .
Stokes' expectorant mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stone stairs, how to clean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stones, precious. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Strains in cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Strangles in horses........ i e > * * @ e e s e e º e s e a
Strangulation in horses. . . . . • 2 t e e s e e e s e e s e
Strawberry acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , a * de & © º e º e º e e
Strawberries, to preserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Straw matting, to clean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Strengthening drink, for sheep..... ** * * * * * * *
Styptic, botanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Styptic, collodion............ * - © e º e º 'º e º gº º
Styptic, improved.........................
Subscriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
Subscription paper, general form...........
Suing the garnishee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sugar, birch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sugar, to candy. . . . . . . . . . . . ..............
Sugar, candied, to color...... ............
Sugar, to prepare for candy...... .........
Sugar, how to candy......................
Sugar, French method....................
Sugar, grape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sugar, pear, to make.......... • Q & © tº e º e º e s a
Sugar, starch. . . . . . . . . . . . . ................
Sugar, to improve and increase...... © e s e s e e
Sugar, to make devices in........ . . . . . . . . .
Sulphuric acid in vinegar, how to detect....
- | PAGE-
Superintendent of the coast........ ........ 620
Supervising Surgeon-General, U. S. . . . . . . . . 620
Supervising Inspector-General of steam ves-
Bels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Summer complaint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Summer complaint, prepared flour for...... 330
Summons, form of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Superintendent of the census. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Sun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Sun, apparent size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Sun, dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Sun, heat of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638,
Sun, light of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Sun, signs in.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . – e º e º e º e e º ºs 730
Sunstroke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Sun cholera mixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Suppositories of chloral.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Suppression of urine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Surgical emergencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Sweden and Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Sweeny in horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Sweeny in horses, treatment for. . . . . . . . . . . . 272
SWelled legs in horses..................... 284
Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Swine, fever in... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Swine, to keep healthy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Syllabub, solid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Syllabub, whipped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Synonyms, twelve thousand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Syncope, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Syphilis, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 37
Syphilis, secondary, remedy for............ 30
Syrups, medicated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Syrup, assafoetida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Syrup, black Snake root, comp............. 67
Syrup, chloroform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 163
Syrup, cod-liver oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Syrup, Cox's hive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Syrup, Dover's powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Syrup, for consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Syrup, for cough. . . . . . * @ e º & © e o 'º e e º e o e º e o e 176
Syrup, for fever. . . . . . . . . . . . Q & Q @ e e º a º e º e º e I63
Syrup, horse-radish............ • * * * * * * * * * * 69
Syrup, hypophosphites, comp.............. 65
Syrup, hypophosphites, comp. of lime, soda,
potassa and iron....... © C C C & © e e e s e e s e e s e 68
776
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
PAGE
Syrup, hypophosphites comp. of iron, quinine
and Strychnia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Syrup, hypophosphites of manganese....... 65
Syrup, iodide of iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * 65
Syrup, iodide of iron and quinine. . . . . . . . . . 65
Syrup, ipecac.......... • e º O e e s e º e º 'º º e º Go Gº & 68
Syrup, ipecac U. S. P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Syrup, lactophosphate of lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Syrup, lactophosphate of lime and pepsin... 66
Syrup, lemon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Syrup, manna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Syrup, morphia acetate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Syrup, morphia comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Syrup, morphia, Sulphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Syrup, orange peel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Syrup, phosphate of iron, quinine and
Strychnia. . . . . . . . e e e o e o e e s e e s e s a e e s e s a s 66
Syrup, pinus comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Syrup, quinine, Sulphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Syrup, quinine and morphia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Syrup, quinine, morphia and Strychnia. . . . . 64
Syrup, rhubarb, aromatic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 70
Syrup, rhubarb and potassa, comp. . . . . . . . . 64
Syrup, Sarsaparilla comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Syrup, sarsaparilla with iodide of calcium... 67
Syrup, Semma comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Syrup, squills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Syrup, Strychnia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Syrup, strychnia and morphia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Syrup, tar. . . . . . . ... e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e o e º e 70
Syrup, tolu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Syrup, Wild ginger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • * * * * * * * 67
T
Table of Electors, Senators and Represen-
tatives in congress from each State. . . . . . .
Toble showing average velocity of bodies. . . .
Table showing variations of time and dis-
tances from New York City, hours by rail-
way and passenger fares from New York
to the principal places in the U. S... . 728, 729
Tapeworm, remedy for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Tar in use on vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Tarnish, to remove on electro-plated goods. 232
Tastesless solution of quinine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Tea, beef. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & e s ∈ º e a 327
Tea, how to make. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
326
Tea, Sage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PAGE.
Temperatures................. © e o e º e º 'º & © & 209
Thermometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Thompson's eye water..................... 159
Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Thorley's condition food................... 294
Thrush, remedy for....................... 82
Timber measure............ . . . . . . . . . . 203, 208
Timber measurement—table. . . . . . . . . . 734, 735
Timber statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Time of Residence required in state, county,
and precinct before voting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Time, difference of between Washington and
other cities of the World................. 699
Tin ore, assay of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Tinctures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Tincture acetate of copper, comp........... 97
Tincture aconite leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 104
Tincture aconite root. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Tincture aloes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Tincture aloes and canella. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Tincture aloes and myrrh...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Tincture armica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Tincture assafoetida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Tincture assafoetida, comp. . . . . . . * * * > * º e e º e 97
Tincture belladonna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * 103
Tincture benzoin, comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Tincture black-haw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Tincture blood root, acetic...... . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Tincture blue cohosh comp...... . . . . . . * - - - - 98
Tincture buchu. . . . . . . . . . . s & © e º e º e º 'º - e º te e Q 101
Tincture camphor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Tincture cantharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Tincture capsicum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Tincture capsicum and cantharides......... 103
Tincture cardamom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Tincture cardamom, comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Tincture castor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e tº e s e e 99
Tincture castor, comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Tincture catechu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Tincture cinchona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - © e º s is e e 98
Tincture cinchoma, comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, C8
Tincture cinnamon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Tincture cinnamon, comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Tincture colchicum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Tincture colchicum, comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9S
Tincture columbo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3
Tincture comium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e o e e s • 99
Tincture cubebs . . . . . . © e e s e º e e s e e e s e e o e s • * 106
Tincture digitalis. . . . . . . . © e e g c e e º e º e º e º e s a 106
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
PAGE.
Tincture, Dover's......................... 102
Tincture ergot.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Tincture erythroxylon..................... 101
Tincture eucalyptus...... © e º e º e © e º O e º & .... 101
Tincture galls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e o O e o 107
Tincture gentian, comp............... ..... 108
Tincture grindelia robusta...... © e e e e o e º e > * 101
Tincture guaiac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Tincture guaiac, comp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 107
Tincture helebore................ © e º e C G → G e 106
Tincture hops. . . . . . . - e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e º & © º º 106
Tincture hydrastis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Tincture hydrastis, comp................... 103
Tincture hyoscyamus. . . . . . . . ... e. e. e. e. e. e. e. e º e º & © 99
Tincture Indian hemp........ º e e º e e º e º e º e > 103
Tincture iodine....................... 101, 102
Tincture iodine, colorless................... 148
Tincture iodine, comp........ © e º O © e o e o e e o a 96
Tincture iodoform, comp.................. 97
Tincture jalap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Tincture kino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Tincture kino, that will not gelatinize...... 157
Tincture krameria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - e. e. e. e º O © tº 107
Tincture lavender, comp. (spirits of)....... 95
Tincture lobelia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Tincture lobelia, comp......... © e o O e º O e o O s 96
Tincture lupulin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Tincture myrrh.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 102
Tincture myrrh and borax................. 168
Tincture nux vomica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Tincture opium, acetated.................. 97
Tincture opium, camphorated. . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Tincture opium, diodorized.......... © e º O © Q 95
Tincture opium, muriated................. 101
Tincture opium, (new method)........ ... . . 96
Tincture pleurisy root............ •. . . . . . . . 101
Tincture quassia. . . . . . . . . . . . © e e o & © e º e º e e º e 100
Tincture quimoidia, comp........ © e º e º e e e s e 96
Tincture rhubarb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Tincture rhubarb and cardamom........... 97
Tincture rhubarb and Senna............... 100
Tincture rhubarb, Sweet......... © e e Q e º e e e e 148
Tincture Sanguinaria. . . . . . . . . . © e o O e e o e e e s e 100
Tincture Scillae, (squills).................. 104
Tiucture Serpentaria. . . . . ............. 101, 104
Tincture serpentaria, comp..... © O © º O & e º e s a 101
Tincture sheep laurel........ © 9 @ 9 O C & © e º e o e 103
Tincture stramonium........ • . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Tincture tamarac, comp...... • . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Tincture tolu............ • 0 & 0 & © e º O © e e e e e e e 107
PAGE,
Tincture turkey corn...................... 105
Tincture valerian................. ........ 100
Tincture valerian, ammoniated............. 100
Tincture, Warburg's.............. tº e e g º O © e º 106
Tobacco, to cultivate................ ...... 818
Tobias’ Derby condition powders........... 159
Tobias' Venetian liniment................. 157
Toilet cream and lotion........ ............ 108
Toilet Soaps............ e e e o e º e º e o e > 0 e º e º 'º' 123
Tomatoes, to preserve..................... 356
Tonic drink for cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Tonic drink for debility in sheep..... . . . . . . . 809
Tonic, Hamilton's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Tonic, Kelley's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* * * * * * * * * * 174
Tonic powder for swine......... . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Tooth, to kill nerve of.......... . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Toothache drops....... © e º e o e º e e º e e 30, 35, 150
Toothache jelly.......... • e • e o e e s e s • * * * * * * 154
Toothache, remedy for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Tooth paste, charcoal... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Tooth powder and mouth washes........... 120
Tooth powder...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O © tº G tº tº e 121
Tooth powder, camphorated.......... cº e º e º e 122
Tooth powder, cocoa Soap......... © e º e o 'º e e 122
Tooth powder, cuttle fish....... . . . . . . . . . . 121
Tooth powder, Farina's.................... 122
Tooth powder, lemon........... . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Tooth powder, orris............... . . . . . . . . 121
Tooth powder, Parisian................... 122
Tooth powder, perfumes for...... . . . . . . . . . 121
Tooth powder, Peruvian................... 122
Tooth powder, quinia........ to Q & © e º O C & © e e e 121
Tooth powder, rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Tooth powder, Scent for................... 121
Tooth powder, violet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... O © e º e e 121
Tooth Wash, eau de botot. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 122
Trade, balance of, for 25 years........... ... 731
Trades' Department... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Treasurer of the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Treasurer of the United States, Register of... 618
Triangles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Trial by justice and jury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Trichina Spiralis in Swine. ... ......... ... , 812
Trix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © - e. e. e. tº e . . . . 157
Turlington's balsam of life................ 148
Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Turkey, roast. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Turkeys, how to rear...................... 814
Typhoid fever. . . . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14
778
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION.—INDEX.
U
- PAGE.
Ulceration of the bowels.................. 166
United States of America................. 609
United States officers, annual salaries of.... 693
United States government................. 610
United States soldiers, in the civil war...... 708
United States Postal Regulations.... ... ... 633
United States Treasury notes.............. 493
Urine, difficult, remedy for..... © C Q & © e . . . . . 182
Urine, incontinence of.................. 11, 36
Urine, incontinence of, remedy for......... 182
Urine, incontinence of, nocturnal, remedy
for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*- 182
Urine, incontinence of, in old people, remedy
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 182
Urine, stoppage of, in horses.............. 294
V
Vaccination.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Waginitis, new treatment of................ 160
Variola, small-pox........................ 20
Warnish, amber.............. tº e o e o e s e e o e s a 226
Warnish, amber, black..................... 226
Warnish, amber, pale. ................ . . . . . 226
Warnish, black, for harness................ 223
Warnish, black, for iron work.............. 226
Warnish, carriage, pale................... . 227
Warmish, copal, green..................... 224
Warnish, copal, pearly gray................ 223
Warnish, copal, red.......... ............. 225
Warnish, crystal........... , c e º 'º e º O © o O e e e e 226
Warnish, Damar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Warnish, for coach-makers................. 226
Warnish, for chromos...................... 225
Warnish for harness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Warnish, for iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Warnish, for oil paintings.................. 225
Warnish, for pictures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Warnish, for picture frames................ 226
Warnish, for pipe and iron Work............ 211
Warnish, for plaster casts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Warnish, for straw hats................ ... . 225
Warnish, gilding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Warnish, glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Warnish, glass, ground to imitate........... 223
Warnish, gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G G e º O © 223
Warnish, hair. . . . . . . . . . © e º 'º e 6 © e º O © O © . . . . . . 225
Warnish, hints on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e e º O C G e º 'º e 222
Warnish, India rubber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
Warnish, mahogany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PAGE
Warnish, oak.......... * * * * * * * * e e º e e e e e e s e 225
Warnish, turpentine.................. ..... 174
Warnished paint, to clean................. 364
Vegetable kingdom........ ............... 681
Vegetable kingdom, classification.......... 681
Vegetable kingdom, divisions...... . . . . . . . . 681
Venice turpentine, artificial......... . . . . . . . 147
Venison pastry, how to make..... & O e º e e o e e 350
Verbs......... * * * * * * * * * * e e s e º e a c e s e e e e e a e 562
Vermifuge.......... & © & © e º e º 'º e s e o e e e e e e o a 144
Vermifuge, emulsion...................... 144
Vermifuge, Perry's Quaker................ 143
Vermifuge, Swaim's............ © e º e s tº e e e e e 144
Vermin, in children's heads, how to destroy. 177
Virmin, on plants and animals............. 294
Winegar, raspberry................... 329, 339
Vomiting in pregnancy........ & © to e º e º e º a e e 166
Votes, the duty to challenge............... 635
W
Waffles, to make.......................... 850
Wages, table of......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716, 717
Wagon beds, to find capacity.............. 321
Walker's vinegar bitters................... 159
Warburg's tincture....................... 106
Warts, cure for........................... 736
Warts, to remove.................... -.... 179
Washing fluid. . . . . . . . .................... 175
Watches, how to clean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Watches, to clean by chemical process...... 252
Watch dials, how to restore................ 253
Watch hands, red, how to make............ 254
Watch movements, how to frost ............ 253
Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & © e e g º e e 656
Waters, medicated........................ 753
Water, bitter almond...................... 73
Water, camphor. . . . . . . . . . ................ 73
Water, cinnamon. . . . . . . . ................. 73
Water, citrate of magnesia................ 74
Water, congress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © & © e s e e o e e e 73
Water, creosote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Water, difference between common, fresh
and salt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Water, distilled rain....... © e º 'º e º e º e s e e e o e . 657
Water, fennel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Water, hard, what makes....... © Gº O & © e º ºs e e 658
Water, Hunyadi Janos....... © C º O © tº e º e º e º e 74
Water, Kissengen............ Q o e º e º e º e .... 74
Water, lime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTIOAL INFORMATION-INDEX.
PAGE.
Water, mineral..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Water, peppermint............. . . . . . . . . . . 78
Water, rice.................... ... . . . . . . . . 826
Water, rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Water, Seltzer.................. . . . . . . . . . . 74
Water, Vichy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e s e o G . . . . . . . 74
Water, to purify in cistern................. 178
Water colors for photographs..... ... •. . . . . 278
Woterfall, to find horse-power of........... 245
Water-proof cloth.................. . . . . . . 221
Water-proof varnish, for boots............. 170
Weak back, remedy for.................... 183
Wealth, power, recources and present condi-
tion of the Nations of the World......... bj99
Weather, to forecast for short periods...... 730
Weeds, facts about ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Weight of green logs............ . . . . . . . . . . 244
Weight of 1,000 feet of lumber.... ........ 244
Weight of a cord of wood....... . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Weights and line required for.............. 204
Weights and measures.................... 244
Weights and measures—table of... 694, 695, 696
Wells, artesian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Wells, oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Wernicke's method of gilding glass........ 236
Whaley's dyspepsia cure............ . . . . . . 146
Wheels, diameter of.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Wheels, velocity of..... © & º e º e º e Q •. . . . . . . . . 209
Whips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
Whirlbone in horses, treatment............ 270
Whitlow, treatment of . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 183
White sugar to candy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Whitewash that will not rub off........... 229
Who cannot be arrested...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4S5
Whooping cough. . . . . . . . . . . ... ........... 167
Whooping cough, mixture..... © O C e º O © O Gº e e e 87
Whooping cough, remedy for............ 84, 86
Wills and testaments........ •. . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Will, general form of...................... 489
Will, another form of...................... 440
Will, short form of........ • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Will, nuncupative....... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Winchell's disinfectant.................... 174
Windows, common size..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Wines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Wine, blackberry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .----..... 91
Wide, cherry........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Wine, claret........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Wine, currant........ . . . . . . . ------------. 92
Wine, currant, black...................... 91
PAGE.
Wine, elderberry.......................... 889
Wine from various fruits............ e e º O C & 91
Wine, ginger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e G e º O e C tº e º 6 e º e 91
Wine, mulberry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © C e º e o e º e s 92
Wine, port, imitation of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Wine, raspberry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º O & © e 92, 339
Wine, strawberry........ © Q @ e º e º e º O ſº © º e º º º 340
Wines medicated......... © e º 'o e e o O e o O © e º O & 70
Wine antimony......... • C e º e e o e o e o O & © .... 70
Wine, aromatic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 71
Wine of aloes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Wine of beef and iron.................. ... 71
Wine of calisaya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Wine of cinchona . . . . . . . . . . . . © c e o 'o e e . . . . . . 70
Wine of colchicum root................... 71
Wine of ergot............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Wine of ipecac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Wine of iron, aromatic........... © C tº e C C & . . 72
Wine of iron, bitter...... © e º O © e •. . . . . . . . . . 78
Wine of opium................. . . . . . . . . . . 71
Wine of pancreatin..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Wine of pepsin................ •. . . . . . . . . . 72
Wine of pepsin and bismuth........ ... . . . . 72
Wine of pepsin and iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Wine of pepsin, bismuth and strychnia..... 72
Wine of quinine.............. © e º e º e º 'º e º 'º e 71
Wine of rhubarb....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Wine of tar. . . . . . • e º 6 c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Wine of wild cherry......... tº º O ºr C C C C C C e º e 72
Wine of wild cherry and iron..... © º e s e s e e e 71
Wood and bark, measurement of at sight 786, 737
Wood for fuel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Woods, green and dry, difference in weight... 697
Woods, weight of cubic foot............... 696
Woods, weight and strength of...... © e º O & Cº º 205
World, political divisions of.......... . . . . . . 723
Worms in cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800
Worms in horses. . . . . . . . . . . © C & © e o e º e º 'o e o e e 295
Worms, to keep from fruit...... . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Worm preparations.....,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Wounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Wounds, gun shot........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Wounds, in horses or cattle................ 279
Wounds of joints, in horses................ 285
Wounds, to stop bleeding from............. 50
Wright's pearl ointment................... 171
Y
Year, commencement of................... 669
Year, leap e dº e & e º 'º & • * * * 0 e º e o v Q & Q @ e o e o e e s e e 669
Year, lunar a º e º 'º e e o 'º e s tº e e g iſ h & e º e s tº e º e º 'º e e 668
Year, sidereal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---...-----.. 668
Year, Solar. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .--------.. 668
Young's aperient drink.. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
2 .
Zinc, assay of... . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 546
Zincite. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
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