cuộc gặp nguy nga động v B 475442 ; THE STORY OF THE KER POSITION 1 The Hat of "" some design t into an initial on her oy your *** Hotel ** PRANK MORTON TODD *** ་ I ARTES LIBRARY 1837. VERITAS E PLURILUS UNUNT UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TUEBOR CIRCUMISPICE SCIENTI 53-QUÆRIS PENINSULAM:AMĶINAM LAVARADO RARO ZAJARAJNA OF THE LUMIINI.. COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 10**VIIIIIII WWING i : : ! 1 I I I } * ** * Architectural Library TO 771 .31 763 A 1 ! : DE --- s. • ** - t MANGA) } Ba DETECTS FTT FFEE FIF 漫漫 ​ம 租​倉 ​i 論 ​LOCAT RS THE CITY OF IVORY 適用​魚​心​金魚 ​南​風車 ​TITTY le 2 C JT fff 美​佳 ​10 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION BEING THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL HELD AT SAN FRANCISCO IN 1915 TO COMMEMORATE THE DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PANAMA CANAL O BY FRANK MORTON TODD NEW YORK WITH 600 ILLUSTRATIONS, INCLUDING 61 PLATES IN COLOR IN FIVE VOLUMES VOLUME ONE PUBLISHED FOR THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION COMPANY CELEBRATION BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS THE KNICKERBOCKER PRESS 1921 LONDON Baie Pry nickerbocke Przy G.P.Pdnam Son Printed in the United States of America 1 To those men and women of faith and vision, the citizens of California, whose unfailing loyalty, helpfulness, and confidence were the basis of the Exposition's success, this history of the issue of their idealism is dedicated. 382154 i # } " DEDICATION PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CHAPTERS • << I EL HOMBRE DEL CASCO" XX PANAMA II III THE DREAM OF FOUR CENTURIES IV THE CRUISE OF THE OREGON," AND ITS RESULT VA NATION'S WORK XXI XXII XXIII XXIV VI CHANGING THE WORLD THE EXPOSITION IDEA CONTENTS (C VII VIII FIRST STEPS IX THE FIRST INCORPORATION X DON GASPAR DE PORTOLA XI PSYCHOLOGICAL XII THE FIRST MASS MEETING XIII THE CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH XIV INCORPORATING THE EXPOSITION XV LAYING THE FINANCIAL FOUNDATION XVI XVII XVIII XIX TWO MILLION AN HOUR BIRTH OF THE MUNICIPAL BOND ISSUE SHOE LEATHER DAY THE PEOPLE TAX THEMSELVES CONVINCING CONGRESS ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT MEMBERS OF THE BOARD REPRESENTING CALIFORNIA A SINGULAR CONTRACT • PAGE III XIII XVII I 7 I I 13 20 29 34 38 4I 43 47 50 55 62 67 71 77 81 86 89 99 IIO 119 122 V vi CONTENTS CHAPTERS XXV THE EXPOSITION'S PRESIdent XXVI WHERE TO PUT IT? XXVII FINANCIAL ASPECTS AND PROSPECTS XXVIII BUDGET BUILDING XXIX EVOLUTION OF THE BUDGET BUILDING UP THE WORKING FORCES XXX XXXI ORGANIZING FOR CONSTRUCTION XXXII THE FRAME OF THE PICTURE XXXIII THE BOUNDARIES OF A DREAM XXXIV GETTING READY FOR THE JOY ZONE GOVERNING PRINCIPLES XXXV XXXVI ACCOUNTING PLANS AND POLICY PRESIDENT TAFT STARTS IT XXXVII XXXVIII SERVING THE WORK XXXIX NEW YORK SENDS THE FIRST COMMISSION THE FIRST FINANCIAL REPORT PRACTICAL COUNSEL XL XLI XLII DEVELOPMENT DURING 1911 XLIII INVITING THE NATIONS. XLIV BRINGING EUROPE INTO IT XLV XLVI XLVII XLVIII XLIX LV LVI • • PREPARING FOR THE MAIN ATTRACTION PUBLICITY L MACHINERY OF EXPLOITATION LI ENLISTING THE STATES LII MAKING THE LAW FIT LIII FEDERAL, STATE, AND MUNICIPAL LEGISLATION LIV SOME PECULIAR LEGAL TROUBLES INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL LEGAL RELATIONS GETTING POSSESSION LVII A NEW CREATIVE HARMONY LVIII A STRONG ARCHITECTURAL BOARD OREGON SELECTS THE FIRST SITE LIX LX STARTING CONSTRUCTION DEVELOPING AN INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL AUXILIARY TROOPS THE DIVISION OF EXHIBITS * PAGE 126 129 134 140 144 152 157 160 165 170 174 179 184 188 194 197 202 208 213 216 221 229 236 243 247 252 257 263 266 272 278 282 287 290 297 299 1 45 CHAPTERS LXI CREATION OF THE BUILDING PLANS LXII GARDENS AT COMMAND . LXIII A CITY TO ORDER LXIV DEVELOPING A CONSTRUCTION BUDGET PACIFYING THE PUBLIC. LABOR COÖPERATES THE BUILDING ORGANIZATION THE MEMORANDUM ACCOUNT CIVIL ENGINEERING LXV LXVI LXVII LXVIII LXIX LXX LXXI LXXII LXXIII RALLYING PATRIOTISM LXXIV CREATING A WORLD FORUM REACHING THE WORLD'S ORGANIZATIONS LXXV LXXVI GENERAL CONCESSIONS PROBLEMS LXXVII SECURING ONE HUNDRED PER CENT LXXVIII SELECTING PAVILION SITES LXXIX PROGRESS IN 1912 CONTENTS A VERSATILE DEPARTMENT COLORING A CITY • A SCULPTURE FACTORY • • • • vii PAGE 302 307 312 317 322 325 331 334 337 342 347 · 354 358 362 366 369 372 - 375 378 · : FRONTISPIECE: THE CITY OF IVORY (COLOR) . CHARLES CADWELL MOORE, PRESIDENT OF THE EXPOSITION PRESIDENT WILSON'S APPRECIATION APPROPRIATING AN OCEAN FLAT ARCH OF SANTO DOMINGO THE "OREGON," AS SHE SAILED FOR CUBA Co THE ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION DEEPEST EXCAVATION: GAILLARD (CULEBRA) CUT NATURE REBELS; A MILLION YARDS IN MOTION LOADING A LANDSLIDE ONTO A TRAIN THE FORBIDDEN GARDEN"; CALIFORNIA BUILDING (COLOR) THE CANAL IN USE ILLUSTRATIONS FRIEZE FOR THE FOUNTAIN OF EL DORADO THE CRYSTAL DOME TWILIGHT LIGHTING STANDARD IN THE FLORENTINE COURT THE COMMITTEE OF SIX · THE LONG COLONNADE; COURT OF CERES (COLOR) THE WALLED CITY, BY NIGHT THE MAGICAL MILLION THE FOUR-MILLION-DOLLAR MEETING >> ITALIAN FOUNTAIN URN, IN "TRAVERTINE SOUTH FAÇADE, PALACE OF MACHINERY (COLOR) THE ACT OF NATIONAL RECOGNITION VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE EXPOSITION • DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION • → Facing Title Page • • . · · • Facing Page XIII • 6 IO 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 98 102 ix X ILLUSTRATIONS DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION SUB-DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION THE STATE COMMISSION HEADS OF THE GREAT SECTIONS OF THE WORK THE MARGIN OF THE LAGOON (COLOR). THE SITE PORTAL OF THE PALACE OF EDUCATION PEDESTAL OF THE COLUMN OF PROGRESS A SPANISH DOORWAY FOUNTAIN OF THE RISING SUN CLOISTER ARCHES, COURT OF ABUNDANCE (COLOR) LEADING EXECUTIVES cr POPPIES " "YOUTH" MAP OF THE GROUNDS 'CORTEZ" << PIZARRO" Co << "" (( PERISTYLE OF FESTIVAL HALL TOWER AND BANNERS (COLor) PRESIDENT TAFT TURNS THE FIRST SOIL BANQUET TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE' "AUTUMN" "" cc • >> INTERNATIONAL SUPPORTERS LIONS IN THE COURT OF FLOWERS COPA DE ORO (COLOR) "ART'S VOTARY' " cr ›› THE PACIFIC OCEAN "THE NORTH SEA” CC THE ADVENTUROUS BOWMAN” · O >> • NIGHT IN THE PORCH OF THE PALACE OF MACHINERY FOUNTAIN OF BEAUTY AND THE BEAST” "HARVEST" + · · • Facing Page 106 IIO 114 118 122 126 130 134 138 142 146 150 154 158 162 166 170 174 178 182 186 190 194 198 202 206 210 214 218 222 222 226 230 234 238 COURT OF CERES (COLOR) NEPTUNE'S DAUGHTER EXPLOITATION DOOR TO THE PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS r A MURAL FOUNTAIN TRIUMPH OF THE FIELD" << LEGAL ADVISERS POOL IN THE COURT OF THE SEASONS (COLOR) VAULT TREATMENT, COURT OF THE SEASONS ARCADE ENTRANCE TO THE COURT OF ABUNDANCE FINIAL FIGURE, COURT OF ABUNDANCE NOCTURNE; THE SCULPTURE ROTUNDA ARCHITECTS OF THE EXPOSITION ARCHITECTS OF THE EXPOSITION SITE IN MARCH, 1912. MAKING LAND WHERE THE EXPOSITION AROSE INSPECTING THE HYDRAULIC FILL. GRADING FOR THE MACHINERY PALACE THE COURT OF FLOWERS (COlor) LIVING PALMS IN CARLOAD LOTS (C “EARTH AIR" • GARDENING WITH A DERRICK "THE POWER OF THE ARTS" 'THE STRUGGLE FOR THE BEAUTIFUL" MAIN ENTRANCE, PALACE OF VARIED INDUSTRIES ENTRANCE TO THE SCULPTURE ROTUNDA PORTAL OF THE COURT OF PALMS, AT NIGHT IN THE TEMPLE OF SCULPTURE (C 'THE END OF THE TRAIL" (COLOR) EXPOSITION ENGINEERS << ILLUSTRATIONS · PLASTIC ENLARGEMENT SCULPTURE, COLOR, MUSIC AND LIGHT MODELING A DEEP COFFER • • STAFF-MODELING CREW AT WORK • 4 · • • • • xi Facing Page · 242 246 250 254 258 262 266 270 274 278 282 286 290 294 298 298 302 302 306 310 310 314 314 318 322 326 330 334 338 342 342 346 350 350 354 xii ILLUSTRATIONS 1 BUILDING THE GIANTS. MAKING A MONGOLIAN WARRIOR WAITING FOR THE TRAIN LIBERTY BELL DAY IN SCHOOL THE PETITION STARTS FOR PHILADELPHIA A NIGHT GLOW (COLOR) MURALS FOR THE GREAT TOWER A FLOWER POT FOR TREES . BANQUET TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE "THE RISING SUN" "DESCENDING NIGHT' • · • • Facing Page 354 358 358 362 362 366 370 374 378 382 386 Un CHARLES CADWELL MOORE PRESIDENT OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION PREFACE A N exposition is a survey of the arts and a panorama of the achieve- ments of Man. But it is more than that. It is an institution in which the arts help the arts, in which one is built upon another to form a third, or a fourth or a fifth. Through it, accomplishment grows cumulative. The arts are the forms of man's work, when it is good and effective work. It is through them that he is incessantly modifying his environment, his habits, the outcome of his wars, and hence the nature of the laws and institu- tions under which and through which he lives. They react, in turn, upon his habits, his thoughts, and his life. A survey of the arts should be a matter of superlative interest. While an exposition goes into a great many fields of business it has its own character, distinct from any other. Private profit is not its aim, and even the larger benefits it brings to society are likely to be indirect, general in their nature, and long-deferred. In its inception and execution, it is a gigantic enterprise of voluntary service, to which the best spiritual talent of the community is devoted. Yet it is not a metaphysical nor mystical nor mainly an æsthetic thing. On the contrary it is as practical as an old hat. It fits this world, which we must all fit somehow, or starve. It develops artistically in order to be effective (which is at least one essential of art), but in substance it is commercialism's flower, fruit, and seed. Call commercialism sordid if you are a victim of pedagogic malpractice— it remains one of the great servants of man, the incentive to production, the organizer of society, the bringer of benefits to the humblest, the art that supports all other arts and circulates their products through the world, passing some good from them down to the least fortunate classes of society. It needs no apology, and, if it appeared to, a great international exposition would be its vindication. Through this form commercialism not only demonstrates its inestimable utility, but has proved itself capable of adding concepts of supreme beauty to the lives of millions of people; which is one of the highest of all utilities. A Grecian urn is a beautiful thing, and one of them inspired some of the most enthralling lines in English verse. But never forget that the Grecian urn was the product of a Grecian factory, and xiii xiv PREFACE that it was the hope of private profit which led Greek merchants to scatter examples of it through every Mediterranean country their galleys could reach. Nor may we from any intellectual or spiritual altitude whatever dis- parage the merely utilitarian. A man that not only wrote history but gave himself the trouble to understand it first, one W. E. H. Lecky, has said: "It is impossible to lay down a railroad without creating an intellectual influence. It is probable that Watt and Stephenson will eventually modify the opinions of mankind almost as profoundly as Luther or Voltaire." So, if an exposition, which is "a collection of exhibits," deals mainly with the physical, it is dealing with one of the most potent elements of civiliza- tion. But it is also dealing with it spiritually, ethically, for the service and exaltation of Man. And thus we reach our Chestertonian paradox, that an exposition is for Man, not men; for all men and not for any individual man—although every exhibitor may be in it for his own gain, just as every producer produces for his own gain, and every merchant trades for his own gain! There can be no better subject matter for history than an exposition; hardly anything worthier of record, of analysis, and of study. The processes by which it is organized and built are likely to be strange to the ordinary business experience and they present vitally interesting phases of the mod- ern human drama. What actuated the men that made the Exposition at San Francisco-Hale, who proposed it, and gave great and continuous serv- ice to it; Crocker and Bourn, who secured the original forty-two subscribers; those forty-two subscribers, who sacrificed for it, and established its financial foundation and the high standard of subscriptions that enabled the balance of the money to be raised; the Directors, who made it one of the major considerations of their lives for half a dozen years; Moore, who nursed it and raised it, and gave of his time and money and creative imagination and driving energies to make it a success? As far as the writer can see, it was a superb, form of art impulse; the quest for the satisfaction that comes of the successful exercise of talent under difficulties. The Exposition was the community's golden adventure, and in it these men were the community's leaders, actuated by large conceptions of human service, especially in the field of education. Because, for any true and enduring progress, material as well as ethical education must be served. Nowhere but in an exposition are there possible such exhaustive comparisons of physical excellence. Nothing else brings together such a multitude of objects and methods to be compared and so many people to compare them, or makes so broad and effective a distribu- PREFACE tion of the conclusions. So an exposition does an educational work the university itself can not do; and so here was service of humanity that might well engage the best efforts of the community's ablest men. As a possibly useful contribution to exposition practice, this history is, without too much explication, a history of work, and should have its interest to those who see that one of the main needs of the world is getting things done, not merely talked about. The names of many workers appear in it— Directors, Sub-Directors, volunteers outside the organization, employees; they are the characters in the drama. It is a story of human achievement, and we can all say, and all had better say, with Terrence: "I am a man, and noth- ing that concerns a man do I deem a matter of indifference to me"-a hack- neyed quotation which, by the way, is so hackneyed because it is so valuable. XV As an account of work, the story contains much detail, some of which may at first sight appear trivial. But in the infinite interrelationship of our common affairs, how does anybody know? Once a boy idly watching the lid of a pot saw what millions of other pot watchers had seen but had thought too trivial to consider: that it jiggled up and down, as the steam lifted it and let it fall. A trifle-but it brought factory production, and modern transportation, revolutionized industry and trade, altered the fate of empires, and at last may come to change all the social relations of men. It was just a trifle when Galvani saw the dead frog's legs move, as they hung on a brass hook, and just a trifle when it was observed that milkmaids who had had cowpox were immune from smallpox, yet what these trifles have done for mankind nobody will ever be able to measure. About trifles we can be sure of but one thing: that there are no trifles. Expositions are not "fairs," and the merchandising element in them is merely a part of their financial support. They are what the name con- notes: displays, demonstrations, vast exemplifications of the works of man; self-conscious and intelligently directed; foci of the ideas of those that are doing things. They are very modern. If those diligent merchants and manufacturers, the classic Greeks, had held them we should have had to exclaim "What a marvelous people, to devise such an agency of progress!' And they would have deserved even better of humanity than we know they do. Read the chapter on "A Single-Handed Clock, and Boiling Eggs," and you will understand how an exposition serves and speeds up human development. It is better to have the planned effects of one exposition than the accidental benefits of forty wars. It was an ambition of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition management to produce in San Francisco a microcosm so nearly complete that if all the world were destroyed except the 635 acres of land within the xvi PREFACE Exposition gates, the material basis of the life of today could have been re- produced from the exemplifications of the arts, inventions and industries there exhibited. And in spite of the destructive forces let loose upon the world in 1914, it was accomplished. The story of man's achievements was spread before the merchant, the manufacturer, the captain of industry, the philosopher, the builder, the teacher, as though on the pages of some vast, illuminated book. The Exposition was an outline sketch of civilization at the end of the prosperous era preceding the German war. It was a marvel of energy and resolution. But the purpose, with which the war inevitably interfered to some degree, was greater still. The world has accepted in gratitude the finished result. For its own encouragement it has a right to know of the transcendent ambition, which may be more fully realized in. some happier day. This book cannot pretend to foresee and answer every question that may be asked about an exposition-cannot make you understand it all. Its main aim is to illustrate the nature of the phenomenon and the mode of its growth, and to indicate, however dimly, its instrumentality in the organization of the creative powers of man. In presenting a subject of such wide diversity of aspect the writer has pursued the topical method rather than an effort to set forth a consecutive story, feeling that causes and reasons, which are the real stuff of history, would be clearer that way. Not only would the other essay have encountered obstacles almost insuperable, but even in the most successful issue of it accounts of particular interest would have lost their way in the general narrative, and the reference value of the work would have suffered. Yet he has tried to keep in mind some rough regard for chronology. Most of the departmental labors are first presented in the order in which they were begun, or in which the departments were organized; the summary of the developments of each important year of the period of preparation and construction will serve to align in the reader's mind the procession of those events; and the public occasions of the operating season are separated from the descriptions of the grounds and exhibits and the records of the foreign and domestic participation. - The affection the Exposition inspired was beyond all measure and ex- pression. Like some imperious beauty of a royal court it had its scores of lovers brought to its feet by its compelling charms. It is hoped these pages will serve to freshen the remembrance of it to those privileged to spend enchanted hours amid the glories of its art; and that to those who did not have that privilege they may bring some vision of the now vanished forms in which the spirit of education and the genius of development were so exquisitely embodied. F. M. T. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN N the publication of this account great assistance was rendered to the most elusive and diffi- cult part of the record by the color photographs taken by Charles J. Belden, the Cardinell- Vincent Company, George F. Clifton, C. L. Grover, Courtney A. Rebitt, and Leon P. Lowe. Printed here by means of photo-engraving, these pictures preserve the only faithful representa- tion of the actual tints of the Exposition buildings, gardens, statuary, fountains, and pools. All these photographs were beautiful, and an autochrome of the Sculpture Rotunda, taken by Mr. Lowe, a distinguished San Francisco amateur of color photography, is undoubtedly one of the loveliest pictures ever made by means of a camera. Mr. William Hood, civil engineer of the Southern Pacific Company, and Dr. E. O. Jellinek, have granted permission to reproduce some of their black-and-white nocturnes, remarkable studies conveying the very feeling of the Exposition scenes themselves after nightfall. And to the Illu- minating Engineering Society, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and the General Electric Company, the author is indebted for permission to use the copyrighted colored photo- graphs illustrating the wondrous illuminations of the grounds and buildings. For the few por- traits in the work, thanks are due the following photographers: Boyé, Bushnell, the Cardinell- Vincent Company, Geo. G. Fraser, Habenicht, Hartsook, the Misses Moore & Clark, La Fayette Studio, the Taber Stanford Studio, the Etter Studio, the Campbell Studio, the H. S. Crocker Company, H. Pierre Smith, Bianca Conti, E. Martin Webb, and Terkelsen & Henry, of San Francisco; Marceau and Matzene, of Los Angeles; Harris & Ewing, and Clinedinst, of Washing- ton; Pirie MacDonald, DeW. C. Ward, The Champlain Studios, Underwood & Underwood, Alman & Company, Dudley Hoyt, and Gessford, of New York; Bouté, of Brussels, the Denver Art Studio, and J. E. Waters, of Chicago. The Panama Canal Commission very kindly supplied photographs of the Canal work. vvii { THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION CHAPTER I 养 ​"EL HOMBRE DEL CASCO" TH HE subjects of the great international celebration of 1915 being the discovery of the Pacific Ocean and the completion of the Panama Canal, let us in beginning cast a backward glance at those some- what nearly related but chronologically separated events. Although a ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama was among the dreams of the earliest conquistadores, the sixteenth century Spaniards would have been amazed had they been told that their descendants would, by a strange chain of incident, impel a nation yet unborn to build it. Such headlong adventurers as Pizarro and Cortez had no time to await that distant occurrence anyhow, although the latter at least would have been greatly interested. They were impatient to meet the King of Cipango, or the Grand Cham, and enjoy the commerce of India; and so were the Spanish sovereigns. For the Moors, although good at algebra and irrigation, had not yielded as much financially as a Christian monarch had a right to expect. The Columbus business had been a bitter disappointment. As a discoverer of real estate the Admiral could "point with pride," but the returns failed to satisfy. Indeed, the Italian apparently had discovered the wrong thing, and instead of producing vast treasure it had seemed to prevent for good the establishment of those amicable relations with the wealthy Asiatics that were felt to be the proper reward of such a specula- tion. The Grand Cham and the King of Cipango must be very rich be- cause they lived so far away, and they had no guns. Nothing had been seen of them thus far, and nobody knew how far inland they lived, nor just how to come at them. The continent Columbus and his followers had reached seemed to present an insuperable barrier. A number of the most courageous and enterprising men of those early VOL, I—I I Golden Hopes 2 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION times had become disheartened and had settled down to agriculture, on the evergreen theory that he who has failed at everything else can still succeed at farming. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa tried it, on Hispaniola, and was glad to escape from his creditors in a barrel. Stranger than those of chemistry are the reactions of history, and more entertaining. Let us try to comprehend the discovery of the Pacific. En route to the mainland, aboard Encisco's ship, our Hombre del Casco comes forth of his cask, barrel, pipe, tun, tub, or other cooperage, and pre- sents himself to the skipper; who directly offers to maroon him. A Horrid The idea is quite distasteful to Balboa, so he waxes voluble on the subject of the mainland, which he has visited, tells what a great country it is and how gentle and wealthy are the Indians; claims much familiarity with all its resources-in short, talks for his life, and promises to be of valuable service to the commander. Idea Perhaps you would prefer Herrera's account of this transaction, which conveys more portraiture, but is also more beclouded with conjecture. Historians ought to hang together, so here it is, in a reliable old translation: "Some will have it that Vasco Nuñez de Balboa went over to the bay of Urabá with Ojeda; but others affirm that, being one of those that were much in debt, he privately got into a Pipe, unknown to the Batchelor Encisco, and went away with him from Salvatierra de la Savanna. He was thirty- five years of age, tall, well-shaped and limbed, strong, of a good aspect, fair haired, ingenious, and patient under hardships. He went over to the continent with Roderick de Bastidas, when he sailed upon Discovery. When far enough at sea he came out of his Pipe, Encisco was very angry, and said, he would leave him upon the first desert island he should come at, because he deserved death by the laws, but he humbling himself and others interceding, Encisco was satisfied, God having reserved Balboa for greater matters." So, or somehow so, gets him our Gentleman of the Barrel to Golden Castile; there to plunge into wild adventures in a world unknown, to make a great, but to him barren, discovery, and to come shortly to a sad, bad end. Arrived, after long toils, starvation, shipwreck and other misadventure, at the mouth of the Atrato River, Balboa was able to keep his promise of service to the commander; for as the Spaniards along that troubled coast were in much distress and commotion, he proclaimed Encisco Governor, and made it stick. But Encisco did not meet expectations. Balboa, man of quick decisions and the sword, had little use for the Spanish lawyers of his day anyhow, and once wrote the King: "Most Powerful Sire: There is one great favor that I pray your Royal P E FLURIBUS UNUM A TESTIMONIAL OF APPRECIATION IN CONFORMITY WITH THE JOINT RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS APPROVED BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, FEBRUARY FIFTEENTH, NINETEEN HUNDRED & ELEVEN, THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION WAS HELD AT SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, FROM FEBRUARY TWENTIETH, NINETEEN HUNDRED & FIFTEEN, TO DECEMBER FOURTH, NINETEEN HUNDRED & FIFTEEN, TO CELEBRATE OUR NATION'S IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENT IN COMPLETING AND OPENING THE PANAMA CANAL SHARING THE NATIONAL PRIDE AND SATISFACTION WHICH THE PRONOUNCED SUCCESS OF THIS PATRIOTIC CELEBRATION WARRANTS, I DESIRE TO EXTEND MY HEARTY CONGRATULATIONS AND THANKS, IN WHICH I AM SURE I SPEAK FOR OUR PEOPLE AND THEIR GOVERNMENT, TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF WHICH THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C., JUNE FIRST, NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN. JAMES MCNAB WAS A MEMBER Werder Melin PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. FORM OF MESSAGE SENT TO THE DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION 102 : "EL HOMBRE DEL CASCO" 3 Highness to do me, since it is of great importance to your service. It is for your Royal Highness to issue an order that no bachiller of laws, or of anything else unless it be of medicine, shall come to these parts of Tierra Firme, under a heavy penalty that your Highness shall fix; because no bachiller ever comes hither who is not a devil, and they all live like devils, and not only are they themselves bad but they make others bad, having always contrivances to bring about litigations and villainies." 1 After some disappointing experience of Encisco as a Governor, Balboa managed to depose him; and sent him, in chains some say, to Spain. Then he got to thinking it over. Just as he expected, letters arrived from Zamu- dio, his colleague, whom he had sent along to watch the Bachiller, informing him that he was likely to be recalled to Spain to answer Encisco's counter charges. So he decided it would be well if he busied himself and discovered something. What to discover? New territories were getting to be an old story, and even gold was soon spent and left your royal family hungrier than ever; but the Indians had told him of a vast ocean to southward, and an ocean would make a good and acceptable testimonial of esteem from an anxious subject to a suspicious sovereign. And somewhere on that ocean was a land with more gold than a Spanish army could carry. With 190 Spaniards, some Indians, and a pack of hounds, or more likely mastiffs, from the description (Balboa's dog drew a captain's pay which his owner accommodatingly invested for him), our discoverer embarked on September 1, 1513, for the territory of his friend and Indian father-in-law, Carreto, toward the northwest. Five days later he started on a march about southwest, which carried him to a hill-top, whence on September 25, old style, he saw the Mar del Sur, that Sea of the South for which he had been searching. "One of the most sublime discoveries that had yet been made in the New World," says Washington Irving, "and must have opened a boundless field of conjecture to the wondering Spaniards. The imagination delights to picture forth the splendid confusion of their thoughts." Judging from their conduct, however, they suffered no confusion of thought at all, being intent on one simple object, and that was gold; the only question being how they were to get it; wherein they were very modern, and very ancient, too, and not at all visionary or sentimental about a mere "waste of seas." First View of the Pacific John Keats, that perfect poet and signally defective historian, has left us a word-picture of the discovery, which, for breathlessness, brevity, and "human interest," excels almost any other account of a historic event; the "Old Panama and Castilla del Oro," Anderson. 4 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION only defect in it being that he ascribed the achievement to the wrong person, for "stout Cortez" appears to have been farming in Cuba that year. The chroniclers give us a picture of the intrepid Balboa in his mosquito- proof armor and his waving, Knights-of-Pythias plumes, after three rainy weeks in the tropical jungles, wading into the Pacific Ocean and taking possession of it in the name of his King. That, however, did not take place until four days after the scene on the "peak in Darien," described by Keats. A man taking possession of an ocean makes an interesting spec- tacle and lest the art be lost we specify the procedure followed by Balboa. Having arrived at the little bay of San Miguel, he marched to the shore with twenty-six Spaniards and some Indians-probably the number is not essential-and when the tide rose to a convenient height he waded in, up to his thighs, with his armor on, his sword in one hand and in the other a banner bearing a picture of the Virgin and Child and the arms of Leon and Castile-and, being sufficiently im- mersed, cried in a loud voice: Acquiring an Ocean "Long live the high and powerful monarchs, Don Fernando and Dona Juana, sovereigns of Castile and of Leon and Aragon, in whose name and for the royal crown of Castile, I take and seize real and corporeal actual possession of, these seas and lands, and coasts and ports and islands of the south, with all thereto annexed; and kingdoms and provinces which belong to them, or which hereafter may belong to them, in whatever manner and by whatever right and title acquired, now existing or which may exist, ancient and modern, in times past and present and to come, without any contradiction. And if any other prince or captain, Christian or infidel, of whatever law or sect or condition he may be, pretends any right to these lands and seas, I am ready and prepared to contradict him, and to defend them in the names of the present and future sovereigns of Castile, who are the lords paramount in these Indies, islands and firm land, northern and southern, with their seas, as well in the arctic pole as in the antarctic, on either side of the equinoctial line, within or without the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, according to what more completely to their majesties and their successors belongs and is due for the whole and any part thereof; as I protest in writing shall or may be more fully specified and alleged on behalf of their royal patrimony; now and in all time while the earth revolves, and until the universal judgment of all mankind." There was no response. It was a long recitation and he had come far to deliver it, but the "Southern Sea" was worth it. And he took it all; every pebble and every potentate, every kingdom and every clam. "EL HOMBRE DEL CASCO" 5 So was the Pacific discovered and title to it seized: as a measure of dis- cretion, to placate a peevish king. That Balboa's route was along the line of the present Canal appears to be a myth. As far as we can Not by the ascertain he did not cross within 125 miles of it—but proceeded by the Caledonian or the San Blas route, a matter of thirty-one miles, over elevations much greater than the Canal has had to traverse. Canal Route Calmly considered, the discovery was not one of the great heroic feats- nothing to compare with the conquest of Mexico, or Pizarro's brilliant assault on Peru, or Magellan's exploit, or Orellano's navigation of the Amazon; nor did it test out the qualities of leadership like the march of Juan Bautista Anza across the Colorado desert and up the California coast to the Presidio of San Francisco. It cannot be said that if he had not discovered it the western'ocean would have remained long undiscovered. Like America it was hard to miss. Indeed, it is quite the largest thing we have. Nor did Balboa, like Columbus, head for his goal in sole reliance on a theoretical conclusion. There was as likely to be water south of him as indefinitely continuing land, and he had fairly reliable reports Land that it was water. He was not launching himself upon that Always in Sight water, but keeping safe ashore, and he could always come back when there were no more Indians to rob. No doubt our Vasco, from almost treeless Spain, thought he was having a hard time during his twenty-five days in the jungle, but the really epic feats of Spanish valor in the western world were just beginning. Balboa was born in 1475 at Xeres de los Caballeros, in Estremadura, toward the southwest corner of Spain, as almost any good encyclopædia will tell you—although some spell the name of that place with a J. Thrust ahead by irresistible forces, he had become, after Columbus, the tip of the wedge that civilization was driving into the unknown West, the first Cau- casian that ever saw the Pacific Ocean, the first responsible white man to wade in its waters. And that is an honorable distinction and fame enough for any one. Would we might leave him wading (and reciting) there, with his credible sword and his incredible feathers, a very goodly figure of a hero though not the greatest of his times, and well worth a better end than fate intended him. For he seems to have foozled his politics, and cruel old Pedrarias got him at the last and had him beheaded; at Acla, Place of Bones. Otherwise Balboa, and not Pizarro, might have made the conquest of Peru. And it would have been a more merciful conquest, for Balboa was of an amiable nature, and seems to have been unfitted by comparative decency to compete with the hornless devils of his time. He was not gratuitously murderous; nor was he conspicuously greedy, but was quite square in whack- 6 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION ing up the plunder; always taking care that his dog was not defrauded. In social degree he was a gentleman. He was also a first-class swordsman, and on most occasions a resourceful and crafty Ulysses, who could beat the Indians in battle one day and make them his friends the next. It is said he was the first man that really established the Spaniards on the mainland, and when you consider the refractory material with which he had to do it, that is more of a feat than discovering an ocean. " Yet in spite of his abilities, Balboa was ultimately tricked by his fol- lowers, mocked by his King with the empty title of "Adelantado of the Southern Sea," probably betrayed by Pizarro, and judicially murdered by his father-in-law, old Pedro Arias de Avila, “Wrath of God in the Indies.' Thus ends our "Hombre del Casco." And if we have drawn him a trifle ridiculous and pathetic it is in recognition of his bond and blood-brother- hood with the rest of humanity. He was one of the mildest and gentlest of the swashbucklers that flocked to the New World, and so died young. V " • that the [FROM MAN UPON THE SEA. J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. APPROPRIATING AN OCEAN · CHAPTER II PANAMA B ALBOA'S exploit was one of the events commemorated by the Pana- ma-Pacific International Exposition. The main object celebrated was the construction of the waterway from the Spanish Main into the last great ocean to become known to white men. The building of the Canal was the completion of Balboa's work, the appropriation of the Pacific; but its appropriation for the peoples of the world instead of for the sovereigns of Leon and Castile. Panama baffled navigation for more than four hundred years. The proximity of the seas at this point was discovered before the Straits of Magellan. The continental barrier had been found to be passable, but not for ships; that is, ships could not sail across it, though Balboa carried four brigantines over in sections, and Gil Gonzalez two more or they permitted the Indians to do it for them. As to the first landing on the Isthmus, credit for that must be given Don Rodrigo de Bastidas who had sailed from Cadiz in 1500 (with Vasco Nuñez in his company), and who debarked at the site of Porto Bello the following year, preceding Columbus on the mainland by about a year and a half. They were all looking for the route to Asia. But after the conquest of Peru, and the settlement of Spaniards in the Philippines, the little strip of land less than forty miles across, between North and South America, became one of the keys of the world. Recognition of that fact was candidly accorded by the great privateers and adventurers and profiteers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, who resorted there to intercept the treasure of the King of Spain-Drake, Parker, Morgan, Sharp, Ringrose, Wafer, Dampier, Hawkins, Esquemeling. These be real immortals, and we hold their names in memory because they still are magical to "tinge the sober twilight of the present with color of romance." Isthmian Immortals From the earliest history of the Isthmus it has seemed necessary to correct the oversight of nature in omitting to provide a channel into the Pacific. Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron, described as a "follower of Balboa," 7 8 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION was an engineer, and in 1529, acting on the initiative of Cortez, he suggested four routes: at Panama, at Nicaragua, the Tehuantepec route, and one that has had from time to time much excited advocacy from persons who are always discovering that the Government and the scientific men are wrong; namely, the so-called Darien route by way of the Atrato River, through whose turbulent upper rapids it is possible to come within a canoe portage of a small stream flowing into the Pacific. It is even said that toward the end of the eighteenth century a village priest in the vicinity caused a ditch to be dug between these streams, so that loaded canoes could be floated from one side of the continent to the other. If he did, he was the first person to arrange those "nuptials of the oceans" our poets and orators have been so eloquent about, and thus the Atlantic and Pacific have been married before. But even so, a small stream roaring down mountain steeps does not make a good canal for deep-water vessels. Cortez appears to have preferred the Tehauntepec route. In 1534 Charles V ordered a survey of the Isthmus of Panama between the Chagres River and the Pacific Ocean, to see if the project were feasible at that point. This is the "first formal step of record toward the construction of an isthmian canal." Pascual Andagoya made this survey, and in addi- tion to being Governor of the Panama region at the time, he appears to have been a good, sane engineer, for he reported that it could not be done, and that no king however powerful could raise the money to carry out such an undertaking. For his times he was right; and it is interesting to con- sider what the project would have done to the imperial exchequer had Charles gone into it. Perhaps it would have absorbed the plunder of Peru so that Philip II could not have squandered it in his futile efforts to beat the Dutch. An Infant Canal The city of Panama was founded in 1519 and royally recognized in 1521, and a road was established thence to Nombre de Dios, over which the wealth of the Incas was soon flowing satisfactorily toward the treasury of the Christian King. Light draft vessels sailed up the Chagres River to Las Cruces, where the road crossed. In 1567 Philip II had a survey made of the Nicaragua route, and received a report as sagacious and pessimistic as his father had from Andagoya. That damped his interest a little, and then it began to dawn upon him that the Peruvian revenues would be safer from the English pirates with things as they were. From desiring to have the canal built he became afraid somebody might build it. He was a pious old soul, with his Escorial, and his Inquisition, and "Bloody Mary" for a wife, and well able to quote scripture for his purpose" if he could get hold of any that would serve, (C PANAMA so he got some monks to give him a religious opinion on the matter. They furnished him the text "What, therefore, God hath joined together let not man put asunder." And with this obstacle to the divorce of the continents in order to promote the nuptials of the oceans, mankind had to be satisfied for a long time. Something like that, at least, is the story; although Lucien N. B. Wyse, in "Le Canal de Panama," published in 1886, declares he examined the archives of Spain and Granada in vain for any anti-canal decree of Philip II. Panama was taken and practically destroyed by Henry Morgan in 1671, and a new city was established five miles away. It is a very interesting place, one of its most interesting remains being the ruins of the church of St. Dominic, with its famous "flat arch," which had a slight bearing on the choice of Panama as the Canal site; for this arch, of about A Practical thirty-seven feet span and four feet rise, with the tremendous thrust such a shallow form involves, has, by its continuous sta- bility since 1724, demonstrated that there is not much to be feared from the effects of earthquakes on the locks, dams, and other works of the Seismo- graph 9 waterway. Early in the nineteenth century Humboldt, who knew little about the topography of the region, but was not to be discouraged by that fact, sug- gested five routes. His confidence sends up our appraisal of Gubernador Andagoya, who knew what he was talking about and did not recommend any. But in 1814 the Spanish Cortes, forgetting Andagoya, decreed a canal for vessels of the largest size, and provided for a company to do the work. There are Don Quixotes in Spain, but fortunately the hard-headed Sancho Panzas outnumber them. At any rate the people do not appear to have made a rush for shares, for nothing was done. For a long time the straits of Magellan took care of a good part of the traffic that otherwise would have gone by the Isthmus. But that route and the way around the Horn were too slow for the gold rush to California in 1848 and 49 and the years following. Vessels from New York took pas- sengers to Colon, and thence the adventurers struggled across, some going part way by boat up the Chagres River, to take any chance ship on the Pacific side. From the mouth of the Chagres to the Pacific Coast was fifty miles by the trail. It is about forty-one from shore to shore. In 1855, Aspinwall, Stephens, Chauncy, and their associates opened the Panama railroad, which had been built at enormous difficulty and cost, across swamps apparently bottomless and through heart-breaking country; and the Panama route became even more popular. The road paid well. For many years it took half the price of the through freights. The French ΙΟ THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION acquired it to help them with their canal project, and ultimately the United States bought the stock, to assist the American enterprise. An interesting proposal grew out of the expedition of an American naval officer, Lieut. Strain, in 1854. He crossed to the Gulf of San Miguel, at the narrowest part of the Isthmus. This was afterward known as the San Blas route, and must have been about where Balboa made his crossing, and we may say for Balboa's credit, that Lieut. Strain had a very bad time getting over. There were some other American expeditions along this route in the early seventies, and the surveys showed that the mountains rose here to an elevation of 1,000 feet, so it was proposed to dig a ship tunnel through them. The rapid increase in the size of vessels, however, soon made it evident that this project was not feasible. For the same reason died, later, another ingenious American plan, while the French were laboring at the Panama project. That was the proposal of the great American engineer, Capt. Eads, to build a ship railway across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. If both these projects were impracticable neither is any longer necessary. 5 OF LONDON. ASRANCE CITED THE DE VAP SUD-AM AN COMPAR "FLAT ARCH" OF THE CHURCH OF SANTO DOMINGO, PANAMA COURTESY ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION 1 } > נג J ,, > } > · ↓ } CHAPTER III THE DREAM OF FOUR CENTURIES N° 【OTWITHSTANDING the pious inhibition of Philip II, if he uttered it, a ship canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific proved to be one of those visions humanity refuses to give up. Since the days of Saavedra it has been continuously the ambition of some engineer, like one of those sanctuary lights that are never permitted to go out. A report made to Congress in 1866 enumerates nineteen canal and seven railroad projects for the region between Tehuantepec and the northern limit of South America. It was a dream of Louis Napoleon, broken by the rough awakening of the Franco-Prussian war. An American canal was the subject of a recommendation in President Grant's first message, and in 1872 an American Interoceanic Canal Commission was established and did much valuable exploration, both of the subject and the territory. The thing particularly appealed to the engineering genius of the French, and in 1875 there was a notable discussion of the matter at Paris by the Congrès des Sciences Géographiques. A concession had been obtained from Colombia, which was later transferred to La Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama. An international conference of 164 delegates was called, and met at Paris on May 15, 1879, to determine the route. It comprised some eminent engineers, but was dominated by the genius of Suez and Corinth, Ferdinand de Lesseps, who was not an engineer, but a promoter, and one so persuasive and of such magnificent vision and astonishing experience of success that he made the canniest people in Europe forget their caution. Under de Lesseps, the conference decided that it should be a sea level canal, from Limon Bay to the Bay of Panama. Juvenile ideas prevailed as to cost. Four hundred million francs of stock was offered the public and less than one tenth subscribed. So de Lesseps made it look more attractive by the simple expedient of reducing construction estimates and increasing revenue on paper. With a sharp lead-pencil he cut down the cost to $131,600,000, for a sea level canal, offered 300,000,000 francs of stock in France, and had it oversubscribed 100 per cent. An equal amount offered in this country had no takers. II 12 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Construction by the French began in 1883. No parallel, hardly any analogy, existed between Panama and Suez. A large area supposed to be bottomless swamp proved, a few feet down, to be a solid floor of rock. The Bought the riot of extravagance has had few equals since the days of Elaga- Wrong balus. There were purchases of snow shovels, kerosene torches Tools for parades, "jobs" of any old stock that would support a com- mission. The details of the inevitable failure are of a kind one would like to forget, but should not, and as this matter is merely incidental to our pur- pose it will be enough to point out that the world ought to have learned from it the lesson of the vital necessity of expert advice and honest control before laying out its hard-earned money. Of this episode Maj. Gen. Goethals has said: "Much that was of ines- timable value had been learned from the French and from their experience, and that they builded well so far as they went is the concensus of all who know. Their failure was due, not to faulty engineering, for their engineer- ing was above criticism; not to lack of proper sanitation, which appears to be the popular belief-for they worked on through the various epidemics that occurred, new men undauntedly taking the places of those who fell- but purely and simply to maladministration. They were handicapped also in that they constituted merely a private corporation working under a con- cession, without absolute control over the territory." M The Panama Canal Company went into the hands of its receiver in 1889. It is not too much to say that the whole civilized world experienced a keen sense of defeat at the collapse of its mightiest undertaking. It seemed like a failure of all humanity. Five years afterward a new company was estab- lished. Work went on, in a way. When the Americans took over the project they found about seven hundred men still pecking at the Culebra cut, and millions of dollars' worth of machinery scattered through the jungle for the monkeys to gambol over and the orchids to root upon. It had cost the French $300,000,000 to accomplish a total excavation of 80,000,000 cubic yards, of which 27,708,000 was useful in the plan finally adopted. In spite of such untoward facts, the work of the French French Work Im- engineers excited the admiration of their American successors. portant The machinery was generally good, for its date, although most of it was superseded by later types, and the building construction and general planning had been well done. 1 “Scribner's Magazine.” CHAPTER IV THE CRUISE OF THE "OREGON," AND ITS RESULT Τ HROUGH a series of extraordinary circumstances, San Francisco played a conspicuous part in the drama that led up to the building of the Panama Canal, for at a leading shipyard of this city the battleship "Oregon" was built. Her keel was laid November 19, 1891, she was launched October 26, 1893, and completed in 1896. She was a fine piece of work, and of this contribution to the "new Navy," as it was then called, every San Franciscan was justly proud. The "Scientific American said of her that she foreshadowed the original dreadnaught. She did more than that, for she was not only an effective war machine, but happened to be the instrument that caused the United States to take up the work of canal construction. >> In April, 1898, the country found itself at war with Spain. The "Oregon" had been lying at Bremerton Navy Yard, on Puget Sound, and was ordered to Callao by way of San Francisco to await further orders. Capt. McCormick being ill, Capt. Charles E. Clark was put in command, and by March 19 he had commenced what was to become a fourteen-thousand mile journey around the continent of South America, to join Admiral Sampson and the Atlantic fleet in Cuban waters. War began while the "Oregon" was on the way. Admiral Cervera started across the Atlantic with a fleet of armored cruisers and torpedo- boat destroyers. It was alarmingly referred to as an "Armada." People on our eastern seaboard did not feel safe. Steaming the latter part of her voyage in utter darkness, alone, afraid to show a light, her men at her guns day and night, knowing the enemy was near but not knowing where to find the fleet she had been sent to join, for it was in the days before wireless telegraphy, the "Oregon" completed her dramatic run without a mishap, and dropped anchor in Jupiter Inlet, Florida, on May 24, a little over two months from the time she left the Sound. Her captain reported: 'Ready for service as soon as coaled," a message that told a whole bookful about sound design and honest construction. She took a brilliant part in the naval engagement off Santiago de Cuba, and it was a shell from one of 13 14 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION her 13-inch guns that induced the commander of the "Cristobal Colon to run his vessel ashore; which disposed of about an effective fifth of the Spanish force. Assuring the gallant Cervera's defeat, however, was not the “Oregon's greatest service to the Nation and the world. Had she not been built at San Francisco she probably would not have been in the Pacific on the eve of the war. When the eastern coast did not know where Cervera and his "Armada" were, nor at what hour of the night the boom of his guns might be heard, the continent of South America, around which she was steaming, appeared to be a very large con- tinent indeed, and a very long way around. The cruise was an adventure-romantic, dangerous, its end long doubt- ful. The "Oregon" became the anxious Nation's heroine of the seas and in her peril the whole people vicariously shared. The suspense had lasted for more than two months. And it made the Isthmus of Panama look like a geographical nuisance that no virile people could tolerate. Some things cannot be done to order; they have to happen. A propa- ganda so dramatic, from a stage so grand, had been beyond the power even of the Count de Lesseps. Had such a thing as the voyage of the “Oregon happened to France, France might have been the builder of the Canal. >> The voyage of the "Oregon" was the sort of thing that gets into a Nation's blood and changes its history. It demonstrated to the meanest understanding an alarming national weakness: the impossibility of protect- ing both our seaboards without separating our navy into two divisions each incapable of giving the other support in an emergency. There was an incessant demand that water transit between the American coasts be shortened, and our naval strength thereby increased. It came from news- papers all over the country, and every Congressman heard about it when he went home and frequently while he was at Washington. There are few instances in our history when the Government has received so distinct a mandate to do something as this public demand that the Canal be dug. We made our peace with Spain December 10, 1898, and the following year Congress authorized an investigation to determine the most feasible route for an isthmian waterway. President McKinley appointed a Canal Commission to carry out the investigation, with Rear Admiral John G. Walker, U. S. N., retired, as Chairman. It was not the first commission, nor the first of which Walker had been chairman, but it was the first to feel the final public mandate back of it. The President was assassinated in September, 1901, and was succeeded by the Vice-President, Theodore Roosevelt. A Continent in the Way >> ********** WWW THE "OREGON" AS SHE SAILED FOR CUBA, MARCH 19, 1898 COURTESY OF THE UNION IRON WORKS →→ THE CRUISE OF THE "OREGON," AND ITS RESULT The Walker Commission reported in November, 1901, valuing the Pana- ma Canal, in its condition at that time, at $40,000,000; and as the French company wanted $109,141,500 for it, the report favored Nicaragua. The Commission was not bigoted about it, however, and when the price came down succeeded in modifying its judgment. At the valuation of $40,000,000 the Spooner Act, approved June 28, 1902, authorized the purchase. Thir- teen years afterward the voucher for the $40,000,000 was exhibited, by means of a photograph, in the Liberal Arts Palace of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. 15 The Colombian concession was approaching its limit. There was a great deal of tedious negotiation with the Colombian Government, and in November, 1903, the department of Panama seceded from the Republic of Colombia. The new Republic of Panama received recognition, and a guarantee of its independence, from the United States, and very shortly the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty was negotiated, by which this country came into possession of the Canal Zone for $10,000,000, and annual payments of $250,000 to begin nine years afterwards and continue for the life of the convention. President Roosevelt's own account of these events will be found in the chapter of this work headed "Historians of the Pacific Area." The treaty with Panama was ratified on February 23, 1904, approved by the President on February 25, and proclaimed next day. In it this country formally guaranteed Panama's independence, and Panama granted to the United States in perpetuity the “use, occupation, and control” of the Canal Zone, a strip of territory stretching across the Isthmus, five miles wide on each side the axis of the Canal, or ten miles wide in all, and extend- ing three miles at either end. All railway and Canal rights were granted to the United States; and the "use, occupation, and control" of any other lands and waters necessary for the "construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation, and protection of the Canal." Included in the grant were the islands in Panama Bay. The Pan- ama Treaty The property of this country in the Zone was exempted from taxation by the Republic of Panama. It was provided that the United States could use military force in the Zone, and also in the cities of Panama and Colon (which with their harbors were excepted from the grant) if necessary to pre- serve order there and enforce sanitary regulations. And there were even broader privileges and exemptions not necessary to state here. This was, in brief, the basis of government for the construction of the Canal. The United States were now for the first time in control of the situation and in a position to go ahead. It was over six years after the close of the Spanish war, great social, economic, commercial, and political changes 16 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION had taken place, it was a general era of prosperity and good feeling, content and security, yet the Nation had never wavered from its determination to dig the Canal; and quite generally people began to ask the question “Why doesn't the dirt begin to fly?" Because, the average citizen has no more conception of the magnitude of such a task, and the time required for plan- ning and organization, than the people of San Francisco had of the moun- tain of preliminary labor necessary before their own Exposition should begin to take visible form. The first American working Commission was confirmed by the Senate, under the Spooner Act, on March 3, 1904, and began its labors on May 8 of that year. Rear Admiral John G. Walker was its Chairman, and it com- prised some of the most eminent men in the country in their fields: William Barclay Parsons, C. E., William H. Burr, C. E., Benjamin M. Harrod, C. E., Carl E. Grunsky, C. E., Frank J. Hecker, and Maj. Gen. George W. Davis, U. S. A., retired, who was made Governor of the Canal Zone. But, as an organization, a seven-headed executive body soon appeared to be fatally defective, and could not make much progress. John F. Wallace was appointed Chief Engineer but found himself badly handicapped. So President Roosevelt with characteristic decision resolved to reorganize the Commission, and in April, 1905, after the adjournment of Congress, he appointed a new body on a different working plan. Instead of an executive board with members of equal authority, to carry on executive work, he ordered that the Chairman, the Chief Engineer, and the Governor of the Canal Zone should constitute an executive committee and that each one should be at the head of a different department: Theodore P. Shonts, the Chairman, should be in control of the executive business and have charge Gradual of the making of contracts and the purchase of supplies; Charles Concentra- E. Magoon, as Governor of the Zone, was to be in charge of the administration of the laws and sanitary regulations; and John F. Wallace, as Chief Engineer, was to have charge of construction. On June 28 Wallace resigned, and on July 1, 1905, John F. Stevens was appointed to succeed him. tion The other members of this Commission were Rear Admiral Mordecai T. Endicott, U. S. N., Brig. Gen. Peter C. Hains, U. S. A., retired, Col. Oswald H. Ernst, Engineer Corps, U. S. A., and Benjamin M. Harrod, C. E. Joseph Bucklin Bishop was Secretary to the Commission, and to his very interesting book, "The Panama Gateway," the writer is indebted for many of these facts. It was during the incumbency of this Commission that the long and acrimonious controversy between the advocates of a sea level canal and the ļ THE CRUISE OF THE "OREGON," AND ITS RESULT 17 advocates of a lock canal was decided by act of Congress (in June, 1906) in favor of the lock type, with an 85-foot level on the upper reaches; plus two feet at times for storage of extra water to work the locks. This was a most important decision, for it settled what should be built, and hence it had the immediate effect of releasing energies that had been held in check until their direction should be determined. Stevens was a great railroad engineer, and early saw that the prime necessities of the work were transportation and spoil-disposal. These he and the Commission set about providing. They double-tracked the Panama railroad for most of its length, relocated a good part of it, laid heavier rails, and perfected its organization; established yards and wharves, dredged the harbors, and equipped great machine shops. So well was this work done that it stood up under the test of service of the con- struction period, and ministered invaluably to the ultimate success of the undertaking. But, early in 1907 Shonts resigned and Stevens asked to be relieved, and President Roosevelt saw that not only good organization but con- tinuity of execution was essential. There should be no more civilian engineers who could resign at will; he would put the Army on the job. So, early in March, 1907, the Commission was appointed that carried this most stupendous engineering work of all the ages through to its successful conclusion. w Lieut. Col. George Washington Goethals was made Chairman and Chief Engineer. By executive order of January 6, 1908, he was given complete control of the work in all its branches, and the Commission, as an executive body, was virtually abolished. (Later, Goethals became Governor of the Canal Zone and General Manager of the Panama Railroad.) Thus these functions were gathered in, from the Commission of Seven, appointed in 1904, and the Executive Com- mittee of Three of the Commission of 1905, and concentrated in one man; who belonged to the Nation, who was a product of its military educa- tional system at West Point, and who, practically speaking, was on duty for the country and could not resign. Henceforth if the Chief Engineer wanted some practice stopped that was interfering with the work, or some supplies that were necessary to it, he did not have to beg, or refer it to the Commission; he just ordered it. There is a vast difference. The one-man power seems about right for this sort of thing. Besides Lieut. Col. (now Maj. Gen.) Goethals, there were two other members of the Engineer Corps of the Army: Maj. (afterwards Col.)D. Du B. Gaillard, who died during the progress of the work, and in whose honor VOL. I-2 One-Man Power 18 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION } the name of the Culebra Cut was changed; and Maj. (now Maj. Gen.) William L. Sibert. The Medical Corps was represented by Col. (now Maj. Gen.) W. C. Gorgas. The other members of the Commission were Commander H. H. Rousseau, U. S. N., now with the rank of Rear Admiral, Hon. J. C. S. Blackburn and Hon. Jackson Smith. Thus President Roosevelt built the Commission that built the Canal. The Commission had assumed its duties on April 1, 1907. In 1908 the quartermaster system of the Army was adopted for Canal work, and Jackson Smith, who had had charge of affairs pertaining to labor, quarters and subsistence, resigned. His place on the Commission was taken by Lieut. Col. (now Maj. Gen.) H. F. Hodges of the En- gineer Corps. Blackburn resigned and was succeeded in 1910 by Maurice H. Thatcher, and he in turn was succeeded in 1913 by Richard L. Metcalfe. This was the General Staff of the "Army of Panama," the organiza- tion that carried the undertaking to completion during the presidential administrations of Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. The qualifications of all these men were special, expert, in a high degree technical. Most of them were the product of schools that had never been thought of, and of special training in sciences that were in the most rudimentary stages if they existed at all, in the days of Saavedra and Cortez. Men and Methods The Commission lived on the Isthmus, in close contact with the work, eliminating contracts as far as possible and dealing immediately with con- ditions. It had to do much more than dredge, excavate, and build locks and dams. It had to create a government, institute courts, administer justice, open public schools, provide water supply, organize a police depart- ment, hear the complaints of employees' wives, regulate the liquor traffic, enforce sanitary regulations among a people to whom the methods were astounding and unintelligible Americano innovations, keep an army of from 30,000 to 40,000 white and negro workmen reasonably contented by means of schools, libraries, clubhouses, and social relaxation-a great work in itself-run a railroad, conduct hospitals, build fortifications, and ad- minister the estates of dead and insane employees. Things had to be "done right." As far as we can see they were done right. The great trust has been discharged. The Canal is, in a very large sense, the gift of the United States to the world, America's contribution to world harmony, peace, tranquillity, and the wealth of nations. Its money cost, a matter of $373,000,000 (besides $14,500,000 for fortifications), might have been wasted five times over in some wretched little border war, with no result but an aftermath of hatred THE ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION JOSEPH BUCKLIN BISHOP, SECRETARY REAR ADM. H. H. ROUSSEAU COL. D. D. GAILLARD MAJ. GEN. WILLIAM L. SIBERT M. H. THATCHER MAJ. GEN, GEORGE W. GOETHALS MAJ. GEN. H. F. HODGES MAJ. GEN. W. C. GORGAS 1 D J } J > 氛 ​19 THE CRUISE OF THE "OREGON," AND ITS RESULT to make another, but instead it has gone into a public improvement that will be of service and value to humanity for centuries-we had almost said for all time to come. And as for Goethals perhaps the finest thing that history can record of him is, not that he built the Panama Canal, but that for a decade he exercised over a considerable and complex society the powers of a despot, without abuse. • CHAPTER V A NATION'S WORK "O UR primary purpose in building the Canal was not commercial, but military: to make sure that no battleship of ours would ever have to sail around South America, as the 'Oregon' did, in time of war."-Maj. Gen. G. W. Goethals, U. S. A. There were twelve labors of the ancient Hercules, mostly a waste of strength. But Perham Nahl's fine poster, bedecking the cover of one of the Exposition's publicity pamphlets, shows the hero in the performance of the thirteenth, and modern labor: thrusting apart the continental barrier at Panama to let the world through to the Pacific and incidentally to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, whose fairy domes and pinnacles rise mistily beyond. There is nothing wrong in such a frankly imaginative presentment of a translated idea. It cannot deceive. Much of the literary fine language in which the Canal has been described, however, is sheer misrepresentation, and concealment of the real wonders of the work. At Panama the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are not united, they do not meet and osculate nor otherwise salute each other. They remain about as far apart as ever they were. The Isthmus is not cut in twain; and ships do not sail through it from one ocean to the other. Those are the little figments of poets willfully unfaithful to the romance of fact and pursuing the wanton romanticism of fancy. Let us be more literal; and respectable. The Canal is a water-bridge, a pair of fish-ladders for ships, a liquid stile over which vessels are shuttled across the Isthmus on rain water from the Chagres River; being lifted during the process eighty-five to eighty-seven feet above sea level and then let down again by those clever contrivances known as "locks." It consists of two lakes connected with each other by the Gaillard (formerly Culebra) Cut, and joined to the seas on either side the Isthmus by channels dredged through Panama and Limon Bays. Surely these things should have been astounding enough, and romantic enough, for all the poets and poetasters that ever poetized. Without the locks it is unlikely there would have been any Panama Real Wonders 20 A NATION'S WORK Canal, this century at least. Three times the quantity of hard rock would have had to be excavated; after the engineers had determined the real nature of the problem, the job would have looked too big, the cost too great, the time too long, and the overhead expense would have necessitated pro- hibitory tolls. A canal without locks was the plan on which de Lesseps started, but which he had to abandon. As the thing has come out, the construction of the locks and controlling works has about equalled the excavation in magnitude, so that the two operations could thus be carried on as separate parts of the same job, and brought to completion at about the same time. 21 A canal lock is an impounding chamber with gates at each end, con- necting (or separating, as the mortar connects or separates the bricks) two levels of a canal. (It has been found impossible to build canals on very much of a slant, because the water refuses to stay in the upper end.) With the gate into the upper level closed, and the lower gate open, the water in the lock stands at the lower level. The vessel enters, the gates close behind her, and water is admitted from the upper level. As the lock fills, the vessel rises, and when she has risen to the upper level the gates ahead open and she moves out to resume her journey. She has been hoisted by gravitation, as a balloon rises. Going down stream the locking process is reversed and the vessel gently lowered. Perhaps the canal lock deserves to rank with the dynamo as one of the crowning achievements of the western mind. The Chinese, with all their thousands of years of canal experience, never accomplished it. History says Leonardo da Vinci invented the canal lock; and other history says he did not, but fails to tell who did. It was glory enough to have given the world "Mona Lisa," "The Last Supper," and the wheel-barrow. But if Leonardo did not invent the canal lock he at least adapted it to the canals on which the marble was transported for Milan Cathedral, which seems to have been about its earliest important, and recorded, use. At Panama there are twelve locks, disposed in pairs, separated by walls of reinforced concrete sixty feet thick. One set of three pair, or half the whole number, is situated at Gatun, where it forms, practically speaking, a flank of the Gatun dam, a little over seven miles from the entrance to the channel dredged through Limon Bay on the Caribbean side, and about two and a half miles from the shore line. The walls of these locks are as high as a six-story building, the conduits in them would admit a locomotive if necessary, and from these conduits the water is let into the lock chambers by dozens of ports in the floors. The chambers are 110 feet wide, and 1,000 feet in serviceable length. The Locks of Panama 22 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION with a maximum lift of thirty-two feet, which is four feet higher than the next highest canal lock lift. Altogether they required for their building 4,500,000 cubic yards of concrete containing about that many barrels of cement. The gates are steel shells seven feet through, sixty-five feet wide, and from forty-seven to eighty-two feet high. Ninety-two leaves were required, weighing a matter of 57,000 tons. The flight of three locks on the Carribean side will lift a ship eighty-five to eighty-seven feet, to the level of Gatun Lake. Here is the storage for the rain water of the Chagres River, of the Rio Trinidad, the Rio Gatun, and many lesser streams: an artificial lake covering 167 square miles, formed by the Gatun dam. The Gatun dam is itself one of the principal undertakings of the work: a huge fill of earth, across the Chagres river channel, 7,700 feet long, over a third of a mile through at base, its crest 100 feet wide and 105 feet above sea level-containing near its center a spillway with fourteen great sluice-gates to regulate the height of water, by turning the excess into the lower channel of the Chagres, where it generates electricity for lighting, work- ing the gates and sluices of the locks, towing ships through by "electric mules" on rails alongside, and for other necessaries of operation. The entire dam contains about 21,000,000 cubic yards of material. So much energy can be generated here that one of the engineers once remarked: "If we had it to do again we should make the Canal dig itself." The Chagres River, by the way, is one of the treacheries of nature, a smiling tropical stream that can rise thirty-five feet in twenty-four hours, and its "control" was necessary whatever type of canal had been built. The Dam at Gatun Sj Across Gatun Lake by the channel is a matter of about twenty-three miles to Bas Obispo, where the Chagres, degraded from its royal state as the Terror of the Isthmus, tamed, controlled, broken to harness, and forced to the menial service of bringing water for the locks and the electric genera- tors, is abandoned and the vessel enters the Culebra Cut (the name of which by executive order on April 27, 1915, was changed to Gaillard Cut) the most tedious and in some respects baffling part of the work. The material was shattered with dynamite (for which over ninety miles of holes were drilled in a single month) and scooped up with enormous steam-shovels, which dropped it on flat-cars. Each shovel was capable of handling 1,200 cubic yards in eight hours. A train of sixteen cars could haul 320 cubic yards to the Gatun dam or the Naos island break- water, where a mechanical unloader like an enormous plow was dragged the length of the train by a wire rope attached to a drum on the for- ward car, and the whole load dumped in seven minutes. The dynamite DEEPEST EXCAVATION; GAILLARD (CULEBRA) CUT COURTESY ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION 24 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Yet if some survivor of the ancient Egyptian work could have seen Culebra he might have been pardoned wondering whether these were men or devils, so strikingly were ingenuity and audacity on display. As if the unloader were not enough, they got up a track-shifter, so that when the unloader had done its work a grapple seized the tracks, tore them up, ties and all, and slammed them down on the new fill. The Commission had nine of these track-shifters at work and each one. would enable a train crew of five, with half a dozen laborers, to do the work of six hundred men. They were made in the Commission's great machine shops at Gorgona, near the northwestern or Caribbean entrance to the Cut. Juggling a Railroad Nine miles of the Gaillard Cut brings a vessel to the Pedro Miguel locks—a single pair-by which it steps down 30 feet, to the 55-foot level. Transit of a small lake brings it to the Miraflores locks, a flight of two pair; and it is in this series that the maximum lift of 32 feet occurs, for low water on the Pacific side may make it necessary to climb an extra 10 feet, or a total of 95 instead of 85. There is little tide in the Caribbean, but the rise and fall on the Pacific side, owing to the funnel shape of Panama Bay, means a total difference of level of 20 feet. The double line of locks enables one line to be used if one or more locks on the other should be out of repair; or it enables vessels to move both ways at once through the Canal. The whole distance is 49.35 miles, including the harbor channels, or 41 miles from shore line to shore line. It is estimated that 20 ships each way could be put through in 24 hours. The time of transit for an ordinary merchant vessel is from 9 to 12 hours, but much depends on circumstance and many go through faster. } At its narrowest the channel is 300 feet wide, at its shallowest 45 feet deep when the water in Gatun Lake and the Gaillard Cut stands at the normal level of plus 85 feet. The bottom of the cut is at 40 feet above sea level. It is contemplated that at times the water in the lake shall rise to 87 feet, to furnish storage for working the locks in the dry season, when it could safely be drained thereby down to plus 79 feet, and still provide sufficient draft for all ordinary purposes. Travelers visiting Panama during construction days were much impressed by the railroads, the steam shovels, the dredges and other machines, the Gargantuan aspect of the locks and the gates and controlling works, but they had not much to say about the appearance of the army of men on the job, except when some rare "negative observer" remarked that men did not appear on the job as much as might have been expected, for machinery A NATION'S WORK 25 seemed to be doing all the work. Yet the rolls have averaged 33,000 of all classes and have far exceeded that when the greatest stress was on. The Isthmus had the evil name of being the most fatally unhealthful part of the tropics. The losses of the French from disease, mostly malaria and yellow fever, were appalling. It was often declared that white men could not live there and that sickness alone would make the construction of the Canal impossible. Sick labor is useless, and frightened labor is almost useless, and in the history of the French (and early American) efforts there were times when much of the labor not in hospital with malaria, smallpox, or Fighting yellow fever was sure it was going to be. There were other pestilences to fight, but yellow fever was the most alarming. Yellow Fever To-day there is little malaria, and as to yellow fever, the health reports show that more people get elephantiasis. There has not been a case of "Yellow Jack" since 1906. Smallpox is easy for a despotic government to handle. The government of the Panama Canal Zone was as tight a little despotism as the world ever saw, and without debating the efficacy of vaccination it simply vaccinated and let the debators debate it while their arms were getting well. It vacci- nated all that arrived unless they could show a recent scar, and smallpox soon disappeared. Malaria was a different story. It was one of the main causes of death, and without modern knowledge of its means of spread it might have inter- fered seriously with the work, or made it altogether impossible. Its plas- modium is transmitted from victim to fresh victim by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito which was terribly prevalent in the Zone when the Americans took hold. The agency of the mosquito in malaria transmission was first detected and announced by the English army surgeon, Ronald Ross, in 1898, and as the new idea was stubbornly resisted for years the French are hardly to be blamed for not having taken advantage of it. Though its lethal efficiency for the number attacked was far greater, yellow fever killed few in proportion to the number that died of malaria. The principal damage “Yellow Jack" inflicted was moral. In an epidemic all but the bravest were either seized with panic and took sudden departure, or gave themselves up to a fatalistic apathy subversive of discipline and destructive of team-work. The micro-organism of yellow fever is carried about and subcutaneously injected into human beings by the mosquito known as Stegomyia¹ Calopus; the insect with the lyre-shaped mark on its back. Thus far, people cannot This offender has recently adopted an alias and is now known as Aedes Calopus. 26 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION safely be immunized against yellow fever as they can be against smallpox, nor can they be cured of it by internal medication as they are often cured of malaria. Survivors are immune, but few. Since little can be done for the victims, it is best not to have any, and this, at Havana and on the Canal Zone, has been accomplished first by screening patients from the bites of mosquitoes, and ultimately by exterminating the mosquitoes themselves—a measure also effective against malaria, for no mosquitoes, Stegomyia or Anopheles, were shown any especial consideration. Ever since their occupancy by white men parts of the Gulf Coast have been subject to periodical visitations of "Yellow Jack," which would come over from Havana and stay until frost came. Thirty-nine years ago, in 1881, Dr. Carlos Finlay began to insist that yellow fever was only made contagious by the bite of Stegomyia Calopus-but could get few hearers. The theory was authoritatively demonstrated in 1901, however, during the American occupancy of Havana, by an army medical board composed of Drs. Reed, Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte; and Lazear sacrificed his life to prove it. The work of this board and the rules formulated upon it gave direction later to the sanitary campaign on the Isthmus. The war on the mosquitoes at Panama was directed by William Crawford Gorgas; Col. Gorgas of the U. S. Army Medical Corps when the work began, now Maj. Gen. Gorgas, since his well-earned promotion to the position of Surgeon General of the Army. His titles of honor make a long list, in which is that of Doctor of Science, conferred by Oxford. Small but Busy Enemy Gorgas began to clean up the Canal zone in 1904, and by November, 1905, Panama, the ancient plague-spot, had had its last case of yellow fever. In May, 1906, there was a case at Colon, and that was the last within American jurisdiction on the Isthmus. By April, 1905, he had an organization of 922 men fighting mosquitoes along the Zone and in the cities of Colon and Panama, over which the treaty gave the United States authorities sanitary control. In August of that year the force reached 2,313, its highest number, and by September, 1906, had receded to 1,510. In the country districts swamps were ditched and drained. Four hundred men were engaged in fumigating houses, and they went over the whole job three times, burning in the course of their work two hundred thousand pounds of pyrethrum powder and four hundred thousand pounds of sulphur. Houses were swept out and all sweepings carefully burned. Gorgas insisted on smooth pavements in the cities that there might be no puddles in which the Stegomyia could hatch. Ditches were concreted so that grass could not grow in them and hold stagnant water. The Ano- pheles is a country mosquito, and breeding places for this species were 譬 ​ NATURE REBELS; A MILLION YARDS IN MOTION PPAR : 3 A NATION'S WORK 27 destroyed within 200 yards of all camps, clear across the Isthmus either by drainage or by spraying pools with oil to poison the larvæ when they rose for air. Breeding places in rain-water butts, choked gutters, cisterns, wayside pools, pockets in idle machinery, anything that would hold water, were abolished through persistent inspection and diligence. Not so much as the cover of a baking-powder tin was permitted to lie about to catch a few drops of the tropical rain. And particular attention was paid to sub-soil drainage so that the surface would be kept dry; a measure General Gorgas considers of the utmost importance. What this work meant to the world may be dimly sensed when we con- sider that yellow fever has thus far been mainly a West Indian and an American disease, unknown to Asia, and the Hawaiian Islands; and had the Canal been dug under the conditions of the past it would have become a center of distribution for the pest to India, China, the Philippines, every region with a climate warm enough to make it feel at home. A Limit to Contagion This vast benefaction to humanity, the elimination of yellow fever from Panama, a work important as the Canal itself, has been accomplished at a cost of $400,000 a year or $4,000,000 in all: roughly a cent a day for each person in the Zone, or about one per cent of the cost of the Canal. The whole outlay of the Government to make the Canal Zone reasonably healthy and keep it so, and take care of the sick, injured, and insane, down to January 1, 1915, aggregated $20,000,000. Of this the largest item was for hospitals: nearly $9,000,000. Other branches of the service called for $7,500,000. General administration cost about a million. And $2,500,000 went for sewers, water supply, and similar public works. The operation of the Canal was thus characterized by a traveler that passed over the Isthmus on the steamship "Honolulan" from New York to San Francisco in October, 1914, when the waterway was first in use: "We left New York October 5th and arrived at Colon six days later. We passed through the Canal in eight hours, the locks working with clock-like precision. The ease with which the big steamer was lifted was remarkable, there being no fuss about it. The service is the finest ever invented, and the safety arrangements, gates, and spillways beat anything I ever saw. "Lowering the ship to the Pacific at Panama was accomplished with such smoothness that it could not be felt aboard. "We saw a number of German steamers laid up at Colon at the eastern end of the Canal, and on the west at Panama a number of English steamers 28 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION were tied up." The war was on, and there were still German cruisers in the Pacific. << In 1916 the "Balboa" made the transit of the Isthmus in 6 hours and 25 minutes; some improvement over the time of her namesake back in 1513. This time was cut five minutes by the "Acajutla" toward the end of the year. War accelerated operation even beyond this mark, for the destroyer Shaw," which left a Pacific port on May 25, 1917, passed through the Canal in 5 hours and 45 minutes, and reached her destination on the Atlantic side on June 9. It took the "Oregon" two months to get around, on her celebrated journey during the Spanish war; and, even allowing for her superior speed, had the "Shaw" been compelled to proceed by the Straits of Magellan she would have re- quired 36 days, supposing she could have maintained her rate that long. From the Canal a warship steaming 15 knots an hour could reach the middle of the Atlantic Coast in five days or the middle of the Pacific Coast in nine. A Naval Time Saver CHAPTER VI CHANGING THE WORLD A TEST trip through the Canal was made on Monday, August 3, 1914, by the steamship "Cristobal" of the Panama Railroad Steamship line, operated by the United States Department of War. She was of 9,606 gross tons, 489½ feet long over all, 58 feet beam, and when she made the passage drew 25 feet of water. She left Cristobal on the Carib- bean side, shortly after 7 A.M., and arrived at Balboa about 6:30 P.M. This was the first transit by a large vessel. The Canal was formally opened to traffic by the passage of the “Ancon of 10,000 tons; a sister ship to the "Cristobal" and like her belonging to the War Department. She left Cristobal at 7 A.M., of Saturday, August 15, 1914, passed through Gatun locks in seventy minutes, and reached Balboa on the Pacific side at 4 P.M. There was a creditable absence of fuss about it in the Zone itself, where scientific thoroughness had eliminated every risk, reduced the pro- cess to a cold mathematical certainty and made it an old story before it happened. The following day the first merchant ship went through. She was the "Pleiades," San Francisco to New York, with a 5,000-ton cargo of lumber and general merchandise. She took thirty days to reach her destination by the Canal, and would have taken from sixty to seventy by the Straits of Magellan, so that her carrying capacity on this run was almost doubled-she was equal to two ships of her tonnage, on the old route, for she could now make two trips to one under the old conditions. One Ship as Good as Two It was thought that the opening of the Canal might in some measure signalize a long period of international peace, but it took place during one of the most calamitous wars it has been the misfortune of men to see. There was a world-wide disorganization of ocean-borne commerce, since one of the nations involved possessed the world's greatest merchant marine; and the greatest neutral power at that time, the United States, had very little, out- side of her lake and coastwise shipping. 29 30 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION The tremendous significance of the opening of the Canal-moral, intel- lectual, social, and commercial-is not to be obscured, however, by the unhappy fact of contemporary war. We cannot calculate the ultimate results of a change so profound, a change of importance in the surface of the world itself, but we can at least dimly see some of the larger alterations, in certain statements of distances affected. It has been like shifting the nations on the map; decreeing that one should make way for another, have advan- tages that once belonged exclusively and seemingly in perpetuity to another. It is a part of the great shift of world interest that began during the Age of Discovery, a part deferred for four hundred years, but now here, and apparently the last of such changes. And the greatest, for there is more to change. When Venice held the trade route to the East, the total business she handled was not enough to create a large city in the modern sense. True, she had more inhabitants before Vasco da Gama swung Europe's trade with India around the Cape of Good Hope, and before the development of the New World put London in a central location and made Liverpool a great commercial gateway. But it is not likely that Venice in the height of her glory ever held more than two hundred thousand people. Before the opening of the Canal, San Francisco itself was two and a half times as large, and yet was not one of the largest cities in America. Large Scale The nineteenth century saw a greater development of wealth than the four centuries preceding it. It was the age of manufacturing by machinery; of organization and the division of labor, and the economies of industrial discipline. Output was vastly increased and traffic upon the Results on a waters expanded in proportion. China and Japan, previously non-commercial nations in any competitive sense, were awakening to a consciousness of the latent power of their millions of laborers. Econo- mies were found to lie in volume of production and attractiveness of price, all of which meant that goods moved in masses that the Middle Ages would never have understood and could not have handled with their means of transport. In the four decades from 1870 to 1910, the merchant tonnage of the commercial nations of the world grew from 24,000,000 to 47,362,821, a matter of over 97 per cent. It almost doubled. And, as we have seen in the case of the "Pleiades," one vessel on the run between San Francisco and New York could now do the work of two. So the completion of the Canal was an event worth celebrating. Consider some of the changes it made in the relative positions of great shipping points and wide fields of trade. As long as there had been commerce along those tracks, it had been a 251 LOADING A LANDSLIDE ONTO A TRAIN S } ) 1. D N CHANGING THE WORLD 31 shorter distance from Liverpool to Asiatic and Australasian ports, than from New York to those ports. To those regions the differential in Liverpool's favor was 480 miles before the opening of the Suez Canal. After Suez it became even greater: it equaled the difference between the distances to Gibraltar, a matter of 1930 miles, when vessels from both cities used the Suez Canal. But Panama reverses that condition, in respect to many ports. To Yokohama, Liverpool must still go by Suez, for that is still the shortest way, but New York now can go by Panama, and the handicap against the Ameri- can port, of 1,930 miles, becomes an advantage of 1,399. To Shanghai the differential against New York is cut to 290 miles. Differentials To Melbourne an adverse difference of 1,468 miles becomes a favorable one of 1,257. To Sydney the change is from 1,550 miles against New York, to 1,797 in her favor. These changes make algebraic sums that would appear sufficient in themselves to affect profoundly the currents of trade, in time. Reversed San Francisco is brought nearer to New York, by sea, without trans- shipment of goods, and to the great ports of Europe. The distance to New York is cut from 13,107 to 5,289; more than half. To New Orleans it drops from 13,524 to 4,697. The distance to Liverpool is cut from 13,517 to 7,847, almost half; to London, 13,563 to 8,059; to Naples, 13,521 to 8,623; to Bremen, 13,852 to 8,348; to Hamburg, 13,870 to 8,366; Antwerp, 13,603 to 8,099; Amsterdam, 13,639 to 8,135; Rotterdam, 13,615 to 8,111. It has been estimated that a 1,500-ton sailing vessel would save on a voyage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast between $8,000 and $9,500 in wages, repairs, insurance, provisions, and other expenses, on account of the Panama Canal. But even that is not to be the Canal's main effect on San Francisco. For all the old and new trade that will move between New York and the Far East by way of the Canal, San Francisco The must become, as a necessity of navigation, a “port of call.” distance between Panama and Yokohama direct is 7,702 miles, according to the latest hydrographic charts. This is the shortest distance, by the great circle route. San Francisco lies so close to this route that to call here lengthens the voyage by but 96 nautical miles, less than a third of a day's run for the ordinary tramp steamer. The next nearest port in the mid- Pacific, Honolulu, lengthens the journey by 292 miles. To be a port of call on such a route means much—an opportunity for expansion in every trade affecting shipping and in every line of activity dependent on cheap freights to and from the Orient and to and from the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. The Canal has given San Francisco a new position on the planet. Serving the World's Trade 32 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION It is given some men to be prophetic. William H. Seward caused the purchase of Alaska by the United States for a bagatelle, and thereby demon- strated that he had the gift. In 1852 he said: "Who does not see then, that every year hereafter, European commerce, European politics, European thought, and European activity, although actually gaining greater force-and European connections although actu- ally becoming more intimate-will, nevertheless, relatively sink in import- ance; while the Pacific Ocean, its shores, its islands, and the vast regions beyond, will become the chief theater of events in the world's great here- after?" Moreover the stimulus to shipping involved in these economies of sea distances means an access of commerce and of business enterprise in every port favorably affected. Less definite, perhaps, but mightier in effect, will be the shift of world interest into the Pacific. On this ocean dwell the old civilizations and the vast families of the race. The land, with its barriers of mountain and valley and desert and stream, separates peoples; but the sea joins them. We need dig We need dig no canals to reach our customers of the Pacific, for an ocean is already a canal, without bottom or sides, locks or tolls; and the Pacific connects the United States with all the ports on its shores. Even as a promoter of the world's peace, Panama may in time come to have an effect; although events of the past few years have pretty clearly shown that peace depends less upon neighborliness than upon good neigh- borliness; upon good manners and mutual kindly regard. And these are things that do not necessarily increase with propinquity, but, sad to say, rather with distance. Joined by the Ocean As to early use of the Canal, the Canal Record (official) of October 7, 1914 said: "In view of the general check on business over the world in consequence of the European war, and the interference by war vessels with the shipping of belligerent nations, the traffic through the Canal, in the first month and a half of its commercial service, has exceeded anticipations. From August 15th to October 1st, 81 vessels had passed through the Canal and as traffic has been unusually heavy during the past week, the total number of transits to date is approximately 100. "During the month of August, 12 vessels passed through from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and 12 from the Pacific to the Atlantic, a total of 24. Twenty of these were American vessels, two were British, one was Danish, and one a Peruvian naval vessel. The first British vessel was the "Dal- dorch," which passed from the Pacific to the Atlantic on August 22. The C CHANGING THE WORLD 33 Danish vessel, the "Transvaal," went from the Pacific to the Atlantic on August 31. The Peruvian gunboat "Teniente Rodriquez," which went from the Atlantic to the Pacific on August 18, was the first foreign vessel to use the Canal. "In September, the British vessels took first place, numbering 27. The number of American vessels in that month was 25. The first Dutch vessel to use the Canal, the “J. B. Aug. Kessler," passed from the Atlantic to the Pacific on September 24, and on the following day occurred the first use of the Canal by a Norwegian vessel when the "Capella I," "Hidalgo," "Jau- rez," and "Morelos," comprising a whaling fleet, went to the Atlantic from the Pacific. Counting these as separate vessels, the total number of Atlan- tic, or northbound, vessels was 30, and of Pacific, or southbound, 27. No ships of other nationalities than the above-mentioned went through the Canal during the month, and up to date it has not been used by vessels of other nations than those specifically named above. "To October 1, the total net Canal tonnage carried from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Canal, including that handled in 58 barges, prior to the formal opening of the Canal, was 144,343 tons; the ag- gregate net Canal tonnage transported from the Pacific to the Early Canal Tonnage Atlantic, including 57 barges, was 153,312 tons, making a grand total of 297,655 tons. The total tolls collected, including pilotage on vessels stopping at the terminal ports, amounted to $369,706.29.” During the first year the Canal was open 1,317 ocean-going vessels passed over it, measuring 4,596,644 net tons, on which they paid tolls of $5,216,149. Although the passage was closed by slides from mid-September, 1915, to mid-April, 1916, the number of vessels increased to 2,097 for the two years, with a net tonnage of 7,046,407. The cargo passing through in this time amounted to 9,031,631. The first year of the commercial operation of the Canal was from August 15, 1914, to August 15, 1915. Early in 1917 it was confidently asserted that the slides were over. Το the end of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, there had crossed the Isthmus a total of 3,751 ships, of a net tonnage of 12,332,155 tons, carrying 15,339,- 093 long tons of cargo. By June 1, 1919, the total traffic had grown to 7,816 vessels and 29,122,126 tons of cargo. By the end of 1919 the Canal had begun to function strongly in the world's traffic movement. In that year it passed 2,396 merchant ships carrying 7,711,000 tons of cargo, in addition to naval vessels with a total displacement of 1,000,000 tons. The tolls for the year came to $6,972,000. At this writing the Governor of the Canal Zone and President of the Panama Railroad is Col. Chester Harding, Engineer Corps, U. S. A. VOL. 1-3 } CHAPTER VII THE EXPOSITION IDEA FR ROM the days of the Pioneers, the San Franciscans had been driven forward by what Gertrude Atherton described as a “fever of faith” in their city, one of the manifestations of which was the formation of a number of organizations to direct its growth, to smooth out the roughness attendant on its rapid development, to beautify its life-and incidentally, of course, to bring its attractions to the friendly notice of mankind. Two of these were the Merchants' Association, and the Society for the Improve- ment and Adornment of San Francisco; and there was, also, the California Promotion Committee. The scope of the last named was the State, but its headquarters were in San Francisco as the focus of State activity. Frank J. Symmes was President of the Merchants' Association, former Mayor and now U. S. Senator, James D. Phelan was at the head of the Society for the Improvement and Adornment of San Francisco, and Andrea Sbarboro was Chairman of the Promotion Committee. Reuben Brooks Hale was a Direc- tor in all three, and Chairman of the Merchants' Association's standing Committee on Public Affairs. Hale was a merchant, conducting with his brothers a large department store in San Francisco, that was one of a chain of such institutions in several California cities. He was educated at the University of the Pacific, at San José, and was graduated in 1890. He entered mercantile life directly, and in 1892 the firm of Hale Bros., Inc., opened a store in San Francisco in a building it had erected on Market Street near Sixth. Of the many minds at work with many plans for the upbuilding of California and San Francisco in those piping days, some had visions that were impractical, some proposed things that were practical enough but of little value, and others had plans that were both practical and valuable but failed to push them, and after the fire most of these bright schemes were forgotten. Hale suggested a World's Exposition. Here was a thing that could be done; a big thing and a hard contract, but practical. He clung to it through earthquake and fire and the groaning days of reconstruction, 34 Hai THE "FORBIDDEN GARDEN" } THE EXPOSITION IDEA 35 carried it over the period of confusion and doubt when the world outside did not know whether or not there would be a San Francisco Forward again; kept it in mind while he and his company rebuilt their A Long Look store over a basement full of hot ashes; never obtruding it at unseasonable times, but bringing it up on propitious occasions, and sometimes making the propitious occasion himself. The dream came true. It might easily have been forgotten like a dozen other projects of the time, and would have been, except for the pertinacity of its author. The first proposal was made on January 12, 1904, in the form of the following letter: "To the Directors of the Merchants' Association-Gentlemen: Numer- ous articles have been published recently on the subject of what should be done to beautify and improve San Francisco, and as all municipal improve- ments are proper subjects for consideration by this association, it occurred to me that in conjunction with the discussion of other important matters, it might be well for us to consider one, which to my mind, is of much greater importance to this community than any so far suggested. "There are many reasons for believing that San Francisco is on the verge of very great financial prosperity. The Panama Canal will probably be built; trade relations with the Orient are constantly improving; our steam- ship service has long been inadequate for the demands of shippers, and our foreign possessions have centered the eyes of the world upon San Francisco. "Is the time not ripe for us to consider a World's Exposition in San Francisco in 1915? This is looking far ahead, but it is better for us to build for the future than to repent the past. After long-continued agitation a convention finally assembled in St. Louis on January 10, 1899, at which convention an executive committee was appointed which decided on celebrating the event of the Louisiana Purchase by a great World's Exposition to be held in St. Louis. This was over five years before the date fixed for the exposition. Five years of active prepar- ation would leave us six years to develop the interest in a proposition of im- mense magnitude. If St. Louis can give an exposition which will expend in that community approximately $50,000,000, why cannot San Francisco de- velop an exposition of even greater magnitude? St. Louis' population was, ac- cording to the census in 1900, 575,238. This is not very much greater than ours at the present time, and certainly not greater than ours will be ten years hence. Her bank deposits are much less than San Francisco's and her capital and surplus invested in banks was, in July, 1903, only about 20 per cent more. The First Proposal 36 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION St. Louis raised $5,000,000 by private subscription, $5,000,000 by munici- pal bonds, and received $5,000,000 from the Government of the United States. San Francisco could do the same thing, and it might be possible that the State of California would appropriate $5,000,000. once. "This money could be raised easily, providing it seemed practical to divide the subscription into a ten-year proposition instead of raising it all at Five millions of dollars divided into ten-year payments would mean five hundred thousand dollars per year; but as this money could be placed at interest safely at 3 per cent during the ten-year period it would only be necessary for the city to pay about $423,450 per year. Ten yearly install- ments of $423,450 placed at 3 per cent interest, compounding as it comes in and the interest accrues, in the ten years would amount to five millions of dollars. This would mean about one-tenth of 1 per cent of our sary Basis present assessed valuation per year. Surely San Francisco can afford to pay one-tenth of 1 per cent of its assessed valuation for advertisement purposes; and what greater advertisement could she have than to carry out the greatest World's Exposition ever attempted? The Neces- "The next thing to consider is the site, and a plat of ground of twelve to fifteen hundred acres could be located between the ocean boulevard drive and the hills. What more delightful scenic ride could be pictured than one from the ocean around the Exposition grounds, up the terraced hills in the back, with a marine view of the Farallones and the panorama of San Fran- cisco Bay as it would appear from the top of the hills in that vicinity? By starting early the terraces on these hills could be laid out under the super- vision of the Park Commissioners and the immediate direction of Super- intendent McLaren, and a very artistic effect could be obtained. A wharf could be run out into the ocean and bay steamers make the trip through the Golden Gate on to the Pacific Ocean. Tourists from the interior parts of the United States would value this trip highly in order to say that they had ridden upon the peaceful waters of our old ocean, and lovers of nature would be interested in the trip because of its scenic beauty. The entrance to the Exposition could be on a magnificent scale, such as it was as you entered from the lake at Chicago. The Golden Gate could be electric lighted and other protections instituted for the purpose of making it a safe and pleasant trip. "The occasion could be advertised as the opening of San Francisco as the center of trade for the Pacific Ocean, or in commemoration of Where East the completion of the Panama Canal. Horace Greeley said “Go West, young man"; but when he goes west from San Fran- cisco he goes east. It is the beginning of the east, and the ending of the west. Meets West We are the center around which trade revolves between the United States THE EXPOSITION IDEA 37 and all European countries that are looking for trade with the Orient and other Pacific Ocean points. • "This plan is respectfully submitted to you in its crudity with the suggestion that this matter be carefully considered, and if thought of suffici- ent importance that it be the subject for our next semi-annual dinner this spring and that we take such other action as seems advisable to further the promotion of this project. Respectfully submitted, Yours truly, R. B. HALE.” Hale's letter was read to the Directors of the Merchants' Association (since merged in the Chamber of Commerce) about a month before the rati- fication of the treaty with the Republic of Panama and about three months before the United States Commission took hold of Canal operations. Nobody understood just how much work would have to be done on that stupendous project, but there was a general notion that the completion might occur in 1913, and thus coincide with the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean. In those two events San Francisco had more of sentimental and practical interest than any other American city. It had the finest port on the ocean Balboa discovered, the central port on the Pacific Coast of the United States, and more to hope for than any other city in America from the commercial changes the Canal was certain to produce. The Merchants' Association was a proper body to entertain such a proposal, for it had a long record of invaluable service to San Francisco. Hale's fellow Directors welcomed his suggestion and called a joint meet- ing of the heads of the San Francisco commercial organizations, and those with San Francisco headquarters, to consider it. These organizations were: the Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco, the Merchants' Association, the San Francisco Board of Trade, the Merchants Exchange, the Man- ufacturers' and Producers' Association of California, and the California State Board of Trade. CHAPTER VIII FIRST STEPS R EPRESENTATIVES of organizations to which the Hale proposal had been referred met at the offices of the Merchants' Association on April 26, 1904, and drafted resolutions to the effect that the completion of the Canal should be celebrated by a "Pacific Ocean Exposi- tion" at San Francisco. Hale addressed the meeting and suggested what became part of the resolutions, namely that the presidents of the organiza- tions "be constituted a Board of Governors, the Chairman of which shall be empowered to appoint such committees as the Board of Governors may deem advisable." Within a few days the organizations ratified this act and thus created the Board, which consisted of George A. Newhall, Presi- dent of the Chamber of Commerce; Frank J. Symmes, President of the Merchants' Association; Judge N. P. Chipman, President of the California State Board of Trade; William Babcock, President of the Mer- The Board of chants' Exchange; Andrea Sbarboro, President of the Manu- facturers' and Producer's Association; and A. A. Watkins, Presi- dent of the San Francisco Board of Trade. Governors A Here was the first tentative organization for promoting what was to become the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. To say that all these gentlemen were enthusiastic about the project and hopeful of success would be to minimize unduly the long range of obstacles that stretched ahead, and the labors of those that surmounted them. But although it did little, for time was not yet ripe, the Board of Gover- nors formed a tangible body with the matter in charge and served to hold the claim to the occasion it was proposed to celebrate. The first working American Canal Commission had taken hold of the work on the Isthmus that month, the end was a long way ahead, and there was little occasion for ac- tivity at San Francisco until the rate of progress at Panama should be better defined. Moreover with expositions impending at Portland and Seattle, and a great one of world importance about to open at St. Louis, it was not considered sagacious to appear bent on creating an over-production of these affairs. After the formation of this Board there has never been a time, down 38 AWTHEWIAR COURTESY ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION THE CANAL IN USE; U. s. S. "KENTUCKIAN" PASSING CUCARACHA SLIDE, JAN. 24, 1915 Cer FIRST STEPS 39 to this writing, that some organized body has not been in charge of the Exposition project. One of those joyous eating-and-speaking events with which the San Franciscans are accustomed to commence every important phase of volun- teer activity, encourage its progress and celebrate its success occurred on April 30, 1904, in the form of the first dinner of the California Promotion Committee. About three hundred were present. Among the plans discussed for the development of the State was the Exposition project, which was post-prandially offered by its author, Mr. Hale. In the course of his remarks the speaker said: "We need more men who are able to say 'I will.' The world is full of men who know but fail to act. San Francisco is as able to support a fair as St. Louis. It isn't best for us to take any chance of having some other city pluck the persimmon while we are thinking about the ills we know not of." The enterprising city of Los Angeles stands ever ready to pluck any persimmon that hangs too long, and in the latter part of 1905 it began to give signs that it feared the Panama persimmon was getting over-ripe. An agitation started, there and elsewhere, the object of which was to gather the fruit for the southern California community. Maturing Fruit Hale took up this phase of the subject with R. P. Jennings, executive officer of the California Promotion Committee, and they opened correspond- ence with Hon. Julius Kahn, who represented in Congress the Fourth Congressional District of California, consisting of ten San Francisco assem- bly districts; and in January, 1906, they telegraphed Kahn requesting him to introduce a bill at Washington appropriating $5,000,000 for an exposition in this city. It was notice to the world that the next great international exposition would be held in San Francisco. Such a display of decision at Washington naturally begat indecision at home. Skeptics began to ask "What's the use of a World's Fair, anyhow? Aren't they always followed by disastrous reactions? Must this thing be? Hasn't San Francisco been through enough without this?" They were perfectly proper inquiries, and anybody that knew San Francisco might have foreseen that they would arise. Hale and his friends did foresee it, and were ready for it. The Louisiana Purchase Exposi- Ready for tion had by this time passed into history, and they had carried out the Doublers some practical research work in order to learn what a community had to expect from such an effort, not merely commercially and financially, but socially, artistically, politically, morally; what improvement of its character might be expected to follow a contribution from its own strength 40 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION to a national movement for the benefit of humanity. A banker, a whole- saler, a retailer, and men in every other important line of business, were induced to send to people in the same lines in St. Louis copies of a form letter with a list of questions, to discover exactly what had been the effect of the St. Louis Exposition on bank clearings, on building permits, and on all forms of commercial enterprise during the year of the Exposition and the year following it. The experiences of other cities were investigated. Hale sought to know also, and the letters covered this part of his inquiry with much detail, what had been the results in educational and esthetic development, what San Francisco might reasonably look forward to in the way of impetus to its general civic progress, and betterment of its cultural opportunities. The statistics thus gathered demonstrated marked advantages following directly from a world's exposition held in the center of a great population area. These letters would be most valuable to present here, but unfortu- nately they were destroyed in the great conflagration. On April 18, 1906, came the earthquake and the Greatest Fire. There resulted an appalling disorganization of every existing arrangement and plan, and a long season of man-and-horse-killing stress like nothing A Slight so much as the driving of armies of slaves on some colossal project Interruption by an ancient Oriental conqueror. Men were tyrannized by their own wills. There was little time to think about celebrating the Panama Canal. The world had been getting ready for that for nearly four centuries. San Francisco saw itself committed in four days to a work fully as large. This would appear to have been enough to absorb the energies of any ordinary community; and in fact did burden the gentlemen composing the Board of Governors with responsibilities sufficiently heavy, outside Exposi- tion affairs. But in the Fall of 1906, the year of the fire, Hale enlisted a new committee to promote the Exposition under the altered conditions. It consisted of five members: W. F. Herrin, I. W. Hellman, Jr., Percy T. Morgan, R. P. Jennings, and himself. The Legislature was in session, and the committee caused to be prepared, and put through, a proposal to amend the State Constitution so that holders of stock in the Exposition Company could be exempted from the ordinary stockholders' liability; an amendment that was afterward submitted to the people and adopted. On November 22 a conference was held at the Union League Club at which it was determined to take immediate steps toward in- corporating a company "to inaugurate and hold an International or World's Fair Exposition in the City and County of San Francisco." CHAPTER IX THE FIRST INCORPORATION T HE St. Francis Hotel was temporarily sheltered in a wooden structure in Union Square opposite a gaunt and eyeless pile that was once a focus of the city's life and gaiety, and here, in December, 1906, there met together certain gentlemen sufficiently sanguine to believe that a city of ruins which couldn't house its own people could create a city of palaces to house a world's exposition. The First On December 1o they caused to be filed articles of incorporation of the “Pacific Ocean Exposition Company," the incorporators being R. B. Hale, I. W. Hellman, Jr., William F. Herrin, Rufus P. Jennings, Homer S. King, Hartland Law, William A. Magee, John Martin, W. H. Metson, Percy T. Morgan, Henry T. Scott, Frederick W. Sharon, Dr. Directorate Harry L. Tevis, and Frederick Tillmann, Jr. The articles and by-laws were drawn by Attorney W. F. Williamson, who acted as secretary during the preliminary stages. The designated office was in the building of the California Promotion Committee, which was another wooden “shack in Union Square. The purpose defined in the articles of incorporation was "To inaugurate and hold an International or World's Exposition in San Francisco com- memorative of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Balboa, and in celebration of the completion of the Panama Canal." The incorporators met three days later to organize as a Board of Directors. By-laws were adopted, with a form of stock certificate. Percy T. Morgan served as temporary chairman while they were electing Homer S. King of the Bank of California, President, I. W. Hellman, Jr., of the Union Trust Company, Treasurer, and R. P. Jennings, Secretary. Hale, Hellman, Her- rin, Jennings, and Morgan were made the Executive Committee. During the following month, on January 14, 1907, State Senator Edward I. Wolfe of San Francisco introduced a bill at Sacramento at the Executive Committee's request, that carried an appropriation of a million dollars from State funds, to pay expenses necessary for the proper representation of the State of California at the proposed international exposition. The appropriation was meant as a beginning. Payments from it were 41 42 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION to be matched by the Company. And it was intended that other appropri- ations should follow, so that the burden might be spread over several years, and the added taxation felt as little as possible. The Wolfe bill passed the Assembly at Sacramento unanimously and the Senate with but ten dissenting votes. But here it came upon an unexpected obstacle. The size of the job was not yet clear to the community. It might also be said that it never became so. It was desired by the Directors that the payments for stock should be distributed over a long period, in order that the burden might fall as lightly as possible on the stockholders, and they cherished the pardonable ambition to open the gates on time. But the average person is never disposed to make arrangements so far in advance, and to those that had not been studying ex- positions, and did not understand the magnitude of the necessary prepara- tions, the bill seemed premature. Hard to Look Ahead The State administration was pledged to economy, and quite commend- ably desired to carry out its pledge and keep the tax rate down. The Governor's feeling that there was plenty of time and that delay would not embarrass the plans of the Company, taken in conjunction with his stand for economy, led him to decline to sign the bill, although the Directors went to Sacramento in a body in its behalf; and it died by "pocket veto," having been introduced within ten days of adjournment. It was a great disappointment to the Directors, for they could clearly see that the preliminary labor involved was beyond all ordinary comprehension. And to make matters worse a series of events now intervened that made further effective action impossible for a time. In November, 1907, began the long financial depression that followed the suspension of the Knickerbocker Trust Company in New York. San Optimism Francisco had had its fire, it was still in the throes of its rebuilding Gets another efforts, it needed every dollar it could get, and the money sources of the world suddenly froze over. Many great development projects for profit had to be abandoned, and a world's exposition is far from being a project for profit. Blow These things did not create an optimistic atmosphere. Nobody could quite see an International Exposition built with Clearing House certificates. Yet the enterprise lived for it had the spiritual vitality that nothing could kill. In September, 1909, the Chamber of Commerce, through its President, James McNab, called a meeting of the heads of the leading commercial bodies, which resolved that San Francisco should hold the claim it had laid to celebrate the opening of the Canal. This action gave a fresh and strong stimulus to general interest in the project. 00000 34-177 GERTRUDE VANDERBILT WHITNEY, SCULPTOR WAN FRIEZE FOR THE FOUNTAIN OF EL DORADO M PHOTO BY DR. E. O. JELLINEK 21 C } $ ,, C ? CHAPTER X DON GASPAR DE PORTOLA C OMMANDING a small, starveling Spanish detachment, with some Franciscan friars, Don Gaspar de Portola, Governor of the Cali- fornias under the Spanish crown, left San Diego in January, 1769, bound for the Bay of Monterey. He overshot it; and in the Fall of that year reached the Bay of San Francisco, at the head of the first body of white men that ever saw that water. By 1906, a hundred and thirty-seven years later, there was a flourishing commercial city, a city like old Antwerp, rich, proud, and beautiful, at the tip of the peninsula up which Portola and his hungry crew had toiled. Then, one Spring morning, the "giant tread of the earthquake" broke up the city's water mains and within four days fire had laid waste its whole business district, its commercial core, destroying twenty-eight thousand buildings, bankrupting hundreds of its most energetic citizens, wiping out fundamental securities for millions of dollars, paralyzing all its normal functions. Followed three years of the tremendous individual effort that American institutions encourage, effort in which every man, acting for himself, contri- buted in the most effective manner to the benefit of the whole: and the business heart of the city was restored. The bricks were either hauled away or cleaned and relaid, the pavements were repaired where they were most needed, the communication lines and public service systems were American put in working order, business went back to its old places and Individua- relations. Then, though the city was far from completely rebuilt, the community drew the deep breath of relief over peril of existence passed, and a group of energetic business men resolved to express its exultation and crown this miracle of achievement with a civic celebration and period of general rejoicing, a celebration of such a victory of man over loss and dis- couragement and vast disaster as had never been exhibited to the world before. - ism: For pageantry, local history must supply a character, and Dent H. Robert, publisher of the San Francisco "Examiner," suggested Portola, the 43 44 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION discoverer of the Bay that gives the city its commercial supremacy on the Pacific Coast and would restore its life were it to be destroyed again and again. So they looked up Portola and found that he had been altogether the proper sort of upstanding and romantic Spanish chap to make a glass of fashion and a mold of form and a fine figure a-straddle of a horse, which is what pageantry calls for in such a case, and in October, 1909, the Portola Committee got Nicholas Covarrubias up from Santa Barbara-Don Nicho- las, who was of the same great race as Don Gaspar (and some said The Portola looked just like him), and who could straddle a horse a good bit better than the next man-and they made him the animate effigy of the old descubridor, and got behind him with parades of beautiful and wonderful floats, and bands and banners and regiments and automobiles, and had a lovely Queen-Miss Virgilia Bogue—and from the 19th to the 23rd of the month held such a carnival as had never been seen in America. Festival Thousand of school children sang in the public squares, and the Chinese and Japanese colonies contributed from their wondrous arts to beautify the parades, in which marched Italian, Dutch, Japanese, German, British, and American sailors from visiting warships of those nations. There was feast- ing and entertaining, "open house" in homes, cafés, and hotels. At night, thousands of electric lamps in festoons and luminous canopies, and tons of red-fire on the stages of outdoor tableaux, made the downtown streets a blazing splendor through which swarmed hundreds of thousands of people in dancing, horn-blowing, confetti-throwing mobs. It has been estimated that 480,000 visitors came to see. And no one that saw it could ever forget it. Europeans in the city at the time expressed the utmost astonishment at the general happiness, sobriety, and self-respecting conduct of the crowds. The foreign warships attended especially for the occasion and in tribute to the energy and courage of San Francisco. Diplomats from two Euro- pean countries represented their governments at the festivities: the Marquis of Villalobar, Chamberlain to His Majesty the King of Spain, and Minister to the United States; and Jonkheer Dr. J. Loudon, Minister to the United States from The Netherlands, who afterward became his country's Minister for Foreign Affairs. The presence of these vessels and foreign representatives resulted from the activities of Charles C. Moore who had gone abroad in the summer of that year to rest from his exertions as Chairman of the Executive Committee. of the Citizen's Health Committee in the sanitation campaign of 1908. He was asked by his colleagues on the Portola Committee to see what he could do to get some foreign warships as participants in the celebration; and, credentialed with letters from the Committee, the Mayor, and a few com- DON GASPAR DE PORTOLA mercial houses, and with one of those cautious and noncommittal introduc- tions the State Department sometimes hands a private citizen, he turned a vacation into a strenuous campaign, and persuaded admiralties, and ministers of marine, that in some way it had become their duty to send the flags of their countries to San Francisco in order to give international recognition to humanity's inspiring achievement in rebuilding the city. Always his arguments were that if their expressions of sympathy in the hour of disaster had a substantial basis it could not have disappeared in three brief years; that the city still needed their moral help; that it more than ever deserved such help for having so courageously helped itself; that signal official recognition would give it added courage to go still farther in rehabilitation; and that humanity itself would be infinitely the gainer by governmental recognition of such a triumph over general adversity and the malign forces of the elements. 45 Against such an appeal there was no effective defense. San Francisco was honored by the nations, and it paved the way for the greater world recognition that came later. In fact Moore proclaimed that the Portola celebration would be but a curtain raiser for a world's exposition at San Francisco in 1915, and that the governments of Europe might as well begin to get ready for it. Committee The committee that organized and so successfully carried out this remarkable celebration consisted of P. T. Clay, Chairman; Paul T. Carroll, J. H. Crothers, Charles de Young, Milton H. Esberg, The Portola W. D. Fennimore, John A. Hammersmith, S. Fred Hogue, C. W. Hornick, James A. Johnston, Andrew G. McCarthy, Charles C. Moore, Edgar D. Peixotto, Dent H. Robert, James Rolph, Jr., Robert A. Roos, Louis Sloss, Vincent Whitney, and James Woods. The Portola Festival was more than a passing ebullition of joy. It was a vitalizing experience. It made San Francisco a united city. And that city had found itself, had become infused with new life and imbued with a courage and a consciousness of strength equal to every call. In the labors of planning and execution, crowned as they were by a great success, old jealousies and factional strife were reconciled and men that had been worse than strangers began to respect each other for their devotion to the common The whole community was pervaded for the time by a glow of good feeling, in which business competitors waxed charitable and rival editors fell into the human practice of calling each other by their first names. New men had come to the front, had been tried out in public service, had met the test of disinterested loyalty and were now recognized as factors that could be relied upon. On this foundation of confidence it would now be possible cause. 46 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION to organize the community for a work of nobler dimensions than would ever have been possible without it. Before the Portola Festival certain San Franciscans had resolved that their city should hold an exposition, but to the community as a whole the idea had not yet grown into a distinct deter- mination. Suddenly the vision became vivid, real, compelling as the call of destiny; and the whole city saw it. The Portola Festival was a vital part of the development of the Panama- Pacific International Exposition. Without it the Exposition, on any such scale as it assumed, would have been impossible. Hence this chapter's place in the account of the Exposition's origin and early development. THE CRYSTAL DOME; PALACE OF HORTICULTURE PHOTO BY CARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY 1 J)) J J ل . CHAPTER XI PSYCHOLOGICAL You OUR real general must needs be something of a psychologist, for only a psychologist can recognize that indispensable moment, the psychological one, so precious to strategists and historians. Within four days of the end of the Portola celebration (on October 27, 1909, to be exact), R. B. Hale, in furtherance of his exposition project, gave a dinner at the Bohemian Club to the following gentlemen: James Rolph, Jr., President of the Merchants' Exchange; James McNab, President of the Chamber of Commerce; Andrew M. Davis, President of the Merchants' Association; P. T. Clay, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Portola Festival; W. D. Fennimore, A. B. C. Dohrmann, A. I. Esberg, Frank L. Brown, Charles C. Moore, Hon. Julius Kahn, Capt. John Barne- son, Marshall Hale, and James Horsburgh, Jr. This group, the most forceful elements of which had been identified with the Portola celebration, contained the nucleus of the Board of Directors of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Plans were discussed for aggressive action, and a definite determination was formed to put the thing through. Several meetings followed. Moore contended that the Exposition organization should have a Certi- ficate of Birth, and suggested that a mass meeting be called so that such a certificate, in effect, might be forthcoming from the community. That proposal was a new thing in expositions, and it seemed dangerously radical. A certificate of birth might be all right, but the mass-meeting idea. did not appeal very generally, though it was urged at session after session of the little group. The members of this group knew their fellow-citizens well, and most of them had a lively apprehension that if things were to be referred to a mass meeting, something might happen to the plans. But Moore and A. I. Esberg stuck to the mass-meeting, public- approval idea, which, in terms of anthropology, was just plain infant exposure. All through the preliminary development the people must be given one opportunity after another to object to the proceedings, to the individuals running the affair, to the Exposition itself. If it survived Infant Exposure 47 48 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION well and good. If it was doomed to perish, the sooner it died the less it would cost. Those favoring the mass-meeting method of procedure contended, also, that any mass meetings to promote this object should be, in their make-up, thoroughly representative of the whole commercial community, which would have to shoulder the load. To get the certificate of birth, and to make sure that the infant would be welcome, they urged that circular letters of inquiry be sent the members of all the local commercial organizations, in order to learn their views. "If the public doesn't want the Exposition" Moore said, "we shall make a mistake if we try to hold it." He won his point. Step after step was planned and executed in pur- suance of this policy until the certificate of birth was forthcoming in a defi- nite and unmistakable form. And it had these heartening results: namely, that, the people having sundry open and public opportunities to object, it was found that nobody had any objections to make; and never throughout the whole development and operation of the Exposition did anybody raise the cry that it was being carried out by a self-seeking, self-constituted cabal. That was a rather new thing in San Francisco history, and it was the fruit of a liberal and inclusive policy, confidently executed. This, too, was psycho- logical. Within two weeks after Hale's dinner at the Bohemian Club, 2,500 repre- sentative citizens, the combined memberships of the leading commercial bodies, as representatives of the class on which the burden would fall most heavily, were interrogated by mail as to their sentiments. They were asked: M A Public Referendum "2. Do Do you know of any other event likely to occur about that time that would better enable us to secure State and Government aid? (C "1. Are you in favor of holding a World's International Exposi- tion in San Francisco in or about 1915 to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal? "3. Do you favor the raising of money for this purpose by subscrip- tions to be paid in a lump sum or in monthly payments? Have you any comments or suggestions to make bearing upon this 4. wall project? (C 5. If you favor this project, will you suggest the names of a few men in your line of business that would be suitable as committeemen?" The letter was signed by James McNab, President of the Chamber of Commerce, San Francisco, Andrew M. Davis, President of the Merchants' Association of San Francisco, James Rolph, Jr., President of the Merchants' Exchange, Arthur R. Briggs, President of the California State Board of PSYCHOLOGICAL 49 Trade, Samuel G. Buckbee, President of the San Francisco Real Estate Board, and A. Sbarboro, President of the Manufacturers' & Producers' Association of California. The tone and interest and grasp of the situation disclosed in the replies would reveal the best material from which to form, a little later, a Com- mittee on Ways and Means. For the men that thus exposed themselves there would be no escape from the vital labors that lay ahead. They would be drafted, and they would have to march. This was the first definite referendum of the question, to learn whether or not a representative body of the public would approve and ratify the preliminary work. It is probably unique in exposition promotion. The vote in favor was overwhelming. Very few registered any objection. Some of the suggestions were of interest. One man said: "We suggest the discontinuance of all minor intermediate celebrations, such as annual Portolas. We should not exhaust ourselves in more or less. inconsequential festivities, but should husband our resources for this grand Exposition." And others: >> Arrange an event each year for the benefit of the World's Fair fund.” "Greatest chance San Francisco has ever had to promote her growth. Feature the marine idea, and hold it in Golden Gate Park. The Portola celebration has demonstrated the ability of San Francisco to succeed in an undertaking of this kind.” "Believe it should start in the fall and run until spring." "One of the most important details is the getting under way of a large and suitable auditorium, that we may have a suitable place to house the assemblies that gather at such a time." "In 1915 fifty years will have elapsed since the ending of the Civil War. Surely such an event should be commemorated. Let us have a peace jubi- lee, which not only the entire population of the United States but the whole world should delight in celebrating." "We do not want Government aid, outside of a Government exhibit and an issue of stamps. Government aid to exhibitors should cease." "There will be no retrogression, especially on the Coast, as we are developing so rapidly as to maintain any 'high-water mark' reached." "Get busy." And they did. VOL. I-4 CHAPTER XII THE FIRST MASS MEETING T HE poll by mail was taken on November 12, 1909, and toward the end of that month, while belated replies were still coming in, it was decided to call the mass meeting, on the floor of the Merchants' Exchange, for December 7. The call went out on December 3, signed by the heads of the local commercial organizations and the President of the Pacific Ocean Exposition Company. It was sent not only to members of the commerical organizations, but to the general public, and those receiving copies of it were asked to bring friends. The invitation read in part: "For the reason that other cities of the Pacific and also on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts have expressed a desire to secure national recognition and hold such an Exposition, immediate steps must be taken to forward and elaborate the plans of the organization of 1906, and to secure the recogni- tion and coöperation of the United States Government and foreign nations of maritime importance "The holding of an Exposition is an event of great magnitude, and if undertaken its success will depend on the active and loyal coöperation of every citizen of San Francisco. Your endorsement of the proposition will be best shown by your attendance at the meeting." This call was unusual in exposition history, inasmuch as most of these affairs have been the undertaking of a few devoted men working at first without direct popular support. On the day before the meeting, Congressman Kahn introduced another exposition bill at Washington, to provide for an appropriation of five million, as the first one had sought to do. The subjects named for celebration in this bill, were the completion of the Canal, and the four hundredth anniver- sary of the discovery of the Pacific by Balboa. The year of the celebration was to be 1915. Congressman Kahn was of great service throughout, as all members of the California delegation were. The subjects for action at this meeting had been carefully laid out in } 50 TOLO ZAUTAWA Teret CROT Clicifollow OI תו A LIGHTING STANDARD IN THE FLORENTINE COURT 44 פפפפופר THE FIRST MASS MEETING advance, and the convention was called to ratify or reject as it should choose, measures already defined and even entered upon by the group or committee of promotion. On the date set the hall was well filled, because there had come to be much public interest in the matter, and it was already looked upon as a community affair. Homer S. King, President of the Pacific Ocean Exposition Company called Charles C. Moore to the chair. There were cheers from the floor as the latter came forward. He said: "Gentlemen, this meeting is not called to consider whether San Francisco shall hold a world's fair, but whether it shall renounce the right secured by the wisdom of its citizens five years ago. "We are here to compliment the wisdom of those men for having pro- tected us in securing those rights, and to say whether we purpose to back them up or gracefully retire. Galveston and Mobile want the Exposition, and cities on this Coast which we respect and admire; but no community on this Coast has a right to it until the people of this community decide whether they want it and that is what you are here for." 51 A Right Secured He called in rapid succession upon M. H. de Young, B. F. Schlesinger, Henry T. Scott, and Gavin McNab, for their opinions on the question, and there was a fine outpouring of San Francisco spirit, with vigorous declar- ations as to what Destiny had done for San Francisco and what San Francisco was going to do for Destiny. These speakers had Adding new Strength been carefully chosen by the committee in charge because each represented a different influence and a separate field of activity in the life of the community and thus would help expand the interest in the Exposition through ever-widening circles. Practically speaking, they were new human forces added to the cause. Moore paid especial tribute to R. B. Hale for the origination of the Exposition idea, and for keeping the project alive, and Hale said: "If we want the Exposition in San Francisco we are entitled to it by virtue of the work that has been done by the citizens of this city during the past six years. I believe we have pre-empted the claim beyond possibility of dispute. I wish to say at this time that when you go ahead I wish to be a soldier in the ranks, shoulder to shoulder with those who do the work." Mayor Taylor was eloquent to the point of inspiration. And when Moore put the question on the resolution "That it be the sense of this meet- ing that the action of our citizens in what they have done to secure for San Francisco the Panama-Pacific Exposition be ratified and affirmed" it was ratified and affirmed with a roar that could be heard out in California Street. Every step taken at this gathering as well as at subsequent public 52 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION gatherings, had a carefully studied purpose, and after the oratory, which was a carefully considered part of it and also had its purpose, they got down to the definite thing this meeting was set to do: which was to appoint a Com- mittee of Five, to select in its turn a Ways and Means Committee of one hundred or more, to take in hand the work of organizing and financing the project. In approaching this business the Chairman said: "The holding of a mass meeting has been opposed by some of those interested in the movement, for fear it might not be really representative of the business community of San Francisco. We have thought the matter over very seriously and we believe the commercial organizations represent the business public. "There is no slate here to be put over-we have no time for slates. But some of us that have given thought to the requirements of the situation believe there is no better way to proceed than to take the heads of the commercial organizations to form a committee to select a larger committee. That is logical. The heads of these organizations are the men that have been tried out in public service, and they undoubtedly represent their memberships; so, as the organizations represent the business community, it seems to us that these are just the men we should have." It was thereupon moved by A. I. Esberg that Homer S. King, President of the Pacific Ocean Exposition Company, James McNab, President of the Chamber of Commerce, James Rolph, Jr., President of the Merchants' Exchange, A. M. Davis, President of the Merchants' Association, and R. B. Hale of the California Promotion Committee be made a committee on nominations to name one hundred or more representative citi- The Com- zens of San Francisco who should act as a Ways and Means mittee of Six Committee and coöperate with the Pacific Ocean Exposition Company in formulating plans for organizing and financing the proposed exposition. The motion was seconded by Frank L. Brown. An amend- ment was offered from the floor that Charles C. Moore be added, making it a Committee of Six. The amendment was accepted and the matter so ordered. And again the public was given its opportunity. It was invited and urged to send this body the names of any persons that might be eligible to membership on the Ways and Means Committee. Later on, the Ways and Means Committee was enlarged to over three hundred, and became known by brevet as the Foundation Committee of the Exposition. One of the notable bits of eloquence the undertaking evoked was Gavin McNab's address at the meeting of December 7. He said: THE FIRST MASS MEETING "This day San Francisco beholds her opportunity! "The greatest American philosopher, Emerson, said that the success of a government or of a peanut-stand springs from an act of courage. "A World's Exposition, to commemorate the opening of the Panama Canal, is the particular concern of this, the principal American city on the Pacific Ocean. It is more important at this time than at any other, because the approaching completion of the Canal that will cost half a billion has impressed on the American mind what no argument heretofore has caused it to consider. 53 "Forgetting that we owe our existence to maritime enterprise, this Nation has abandoned the Merchant Marine. Having inherited two oceans, by indifference it has lost both. But all thinking Americans perceive that from the event about to occur, the legitimate issue will be an American Mer- chant Marine. And that means more to San Francisco than to any other American city. "The world is composed of three classes: “One order of man understands what happened yesterday: "Another and a better, realizes what is passing to-day: but the people who dominate the world-who make mighty nations and great cities—are the men who know what will happen to-morrow. "We have illustrations of this in our early municipal life. "You remember that splendid and neglected pioneer-William Ralston who, believing that Western hospitality, which through the generosity of the Padre, the Spaniard, and the Pioneer had become a proverb, should be crystallized into a fact, erected the Palace Hotel as the most magnificent demonstration on earth. "That one thing did more for San Francisco than any other single act of an individual but one. "The other was the wisdom and farsightedness of Frank McCoppin when he perceived that the sand dunes were to be a great city and preserved the location of Golden Gate Park for the comfort, health, and happiness of the people. In that splendid Park, I hope the citizens will erect a monu- ment to that man, high enough to kiss the rising sun. "Why should we ask for this Exposition? "We ask for several reasons: "Geographically, our situation destines us to be the mistress of the Paci- fic Ocean so far as American Commerce thereon shall exist. Our State is the largest bordering on an ocean, and only three states reach the Pacific. "But more than this are reasons stronger than geographical or com- mercial conditions: 54 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION "We claim it as a right. "The greatest physical work of any nation is the cutting of the Panama Canal; but the greatest physical achievement of any city in history has been the rehabilitation of San Francisco. "In three years we have swept away the vestiges of a calamity greater than befell Rome under Nero, or London under Charles. "Since Adam stood alone on the morning of the sixth day, confronted with the destinies of his race, there has been no grander spectacle than the San Franciscan the day after the great fire; and we now ask recognition for our services to American fame and name in rebuilding this city with our own hands. "But we do not rest our request on that alone. "We will make the Exposition, by its superb attractions, an invitation to all mankind to visit here and witness what Destiny has done for us, and what we, in pursuit of Destiny, have done for ourselves. "We do not seek this privilege for sordid reasons, the vulgar gate receipts. and mercenary profit. "We should have an Exposition beautiful that will at once commemo- rate the splendid romances of our early life and foreshadow as coming events the mighty future which Nature has made inevitable for San Francisco, the Mistress of the Pacific. "In the presence of this inspiring occasion, all differences among our people will pass away. pass away. In its place will rise the genius of municipal unity, a spirit capable of marvels. We shall be only San Franciscans—one for all and all for one, and all for San Francisco. "The stranger who comes, believing that we have dreamed of great things, will learn that these are not dreams, but confident knowledge that the things we once dreamed are about to come true." JAMES ROLPH, JR. CHARLES C. MOORE THE COMMITTEE OF SIX JAMES MCNAB R. B. HALE HOMER S. KING ANDREW M. DAVIS CHAPTER XIII THE CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH TH HE mass meeting of December 7, 1909, was a definite step in develop- ment. It marked a point at which the men that had cherished and worked for and kept alive the Exposition idea throughout the years since its first suggestion in 1904, could feel that the public was getting behind their efforts. They had now brought the movement into the domain of community activity; and pending the final or permanent organization they consented to carry on their labors and attend to the small but rapidly grow- ing Exposition business demands. Two days after the mass meeting, realizing the danger of delay and in order that no time should be lost, there met at the St. Francis Hotel for this purpose President King of the Pacific Ocean Exposition Company, Davis, Hale, Brown, S. Fred Hogue, R. A. and J. H. Crothers, M. H. and Charles de Young, Rolph, Moore, Esberg, Charles W. Hornick, and McNab. In this and subsequent meetings they disposed of the more urgent busi- ness and took steps for the formation of a tentative organization, subject to ratification by the Exposition Directorate when one should be formed. The Chamber of Commerce was requested to notify business men's organi- zations throughout the country, and the foreign consuls at San Francisco were asked to tell their home governments of the community's decision to hold the coming celebration. It was, in this connection, fortunate that San Francisco was a large seaport and that the consular corps was strong. In all the work relating to the Exposition the foreign consuls with a single exception showed the liveliest interest and public spirit. On his trip abroad as Commissioner for the Portola Festival, Moore had taken occasion, as we have remarked above, to inform as many representatives of foreign governments as possible of the coming Exposition. These were among the early and tentative efforts toward promoting foreign participation. The basis of a working organization was laid, on a small and conser- vative scale. F. V. Dunham, who had been assistant to the President of the Alaska-Yukon Exposition at Seattle, was made Secretary. Two rooms in the Merchants' Exchange building on California Street were rented and 55 56 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION some partitions and a switchboard put in. A telephone operator and stenographer were hired; and a credit of $2,500 was arranged for at one of the local banks. It was equal to the equipment and organization of a small real estate office, and was about as heavily capitalized as a five-chair barber shop, but it would grow. For immediate revenue, 25,000 celluloid lapel buttons with the legend: "Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 1915," were ordered A Mere Nest Egg and sold, and they netted some $1,300. It was about all the real cash of its own the enterprise had to go upon at this time. These little celluloid buttons were an indication of the growth of the Exposition idea in popular consideration, and their sale was eagerly noted. The trustees of the great project were gratified to observe the demand for them, and encouraged by their appearance on the coat lapels of larger and larger numbers of men in the down-town and commercial sections of the city. In addition, it meant a little more publicity. By December 23, the Committee of Six having reported its selections, it was resolved to call a convention of the Ways and Means Committee for the floor of the Merchants' Exchange at 3:30 of December 29; and it was at this meeting that the late F. W. Dohrmann proposed the watchword, “San Francisco Invites the World," which grew ultimately into the great electric sign on the Ferry Building, across San Francisco's water gate, "California Invites the World." Developments proved that it was not sufficiently inclusive—it was not California, but the whole United States, that invited the world. This meeting was broadly representative, for it might be said to have consisted of delegates from every interest, class, and shade of opinion in the business community. There were about 150 of the committee members present, and deep determination was evident in every speech and motion. Homer S. King presided. The whole convention was resolved on going ahead with the project-was, without a dissentient voice, a unit on the matter. A. W. Scott, Jr., urged the necessity of immediate effective organization to deal with five branches of the work: publicity, California participation, Federal participation, participation of the various States of the Union, and foreign participation; all of which became established func- tions of the corporation. Organization plans were then discussed and it was generally agreed that the selection of a directing committee to carry the burden of responsibility was not a matter that could properly be attended to through general debate but would require intensive study of the roster of the Ways and Means Committee by a small but well-informed body capable of intelligent and THE CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH 57 deliberate discrimination. Accordingly F. W. Dohrmann moved that the Chair appoint a Committee of Three to nominate from the Ways and Means Committee, a Directing Committee of Thirty, to which the nomi- nators should be ineligible. The motion was carried unanimously, and the Chair appointed F. W. Dohrmann, William J. Dutton, and Leon Sloss-three men in whom the community had entire confidence. In addition to that, and in harmony with the intention to make the public a participant, as far as it cared to be, in all these developments, the people of San Francisco were urged (and the invitation was repeated in the press), to communicate with the Committee of Three and give the names of any men that might be especially qualified to serve on the Directing Com- mittee. Thus one more opening was made in the development of the organization for the public to step in and suggest or protest or in any other way manifest its approval or disapproval of what was being done. No protests were made; and very few names were suggested. On January 6, 1910, the Committee of Three reported to a meeting of the Ways and Means Committee its nomination of the following gentle- men as the Directing Committee of Thirty: Capt. John Barneson, W. B. Bourn, M. J. Brandenstein, Frank L. Brown, John A. Britton, P. T. Clay, William H. Crocker, J. H. Crothers, Andrew M. Davis, Charles de Young, M. H. de Young, Alfred I. Esberg, The Direct- Charles S. Fee, Henry F. Fortmann, A. W. Foster, R. B. Hale, ing Com- I. W. Hellman, Jr., S. Fred Hogue, C. W. Hornick, Homer S. King, James McNab, P. H. McCarthy, Charles C. Moore, Thornwell Mullally, Dent H. Robert, James Rolph, Jr., A. W. Scott, Jr., Henry T. Scott, Louis Sloss, and Rudolph J. Taussig. mittce On motion of C. K.McIntosh this body was given full power to act, and in time it became, except for one member, the Board of Directors of the Ex- position. All the community's different interests were represented, including the newspapers. The organic principle of representation by delegated au- thority had been carried out according to the best Anglo-Saxon tradition. The Exposition now had its "Certificate of Birth." Henceforth it was to be known for legitimate issue of the public, past successful challenge. It was removed beyond the possibility of reproach or suspicion of being the proprietary venture of a few men. All the recent steps were logically related and had that end in view, just like the steps in the formation of a republican constitution. Those that served on the Ways and Means Committee were: W. M. Alexander, R. F. Allen, Thomas Alton, Alden Anderson, Alfred E. Anderson, George N. Armsby. 58 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION William Babcock, John Baker, Jr., J. E. Baker, Wakefield Baker, O. D. Baldwin, W. C. Barnard, John Barneson, Jacob Barth, James H. Barry, C. H. Bentley, T. B. Berry, Bruce Bonney, W. B. Bourn, P. E. Bowles, E. C. Bradley, William J. Brady, H. U. Branden- stein, M. J. Brandenstein, Antoine Borel, Gustave Brenner, E. P. Brinegar, John A. Britton, Frank L. Brown, Frank H. Buck, Samuel G. Buckbee, A. W. Bullard, J. D. Byrne. E. E. Calvin, George T. Cameron, Robert Capelle, Francis J. Carolan, Charles Carpy, Andrew Carrigan, Paul T. Carroll, Michael Casey, Albert E. Castle, Edward Chambers, J. A. Chanslor, H. C. Chesebrough, A. Christe- son, E. A. Christenson, W. H. Christie, P. T. Clay, R. W. Costello, Chas. T. Crocker, Henry J. Crocker, Wm. H. Crocker, J. H. Crothers, R. A. Crothers, Eustace Cullinan, Joseph M. Cumming. Ira B. Dalziel, Cleveland L. Dam, Andrew M. Davis, Winfield S. Davis, E. F. Delger, Thos. Denigan, Henry Dernham, Dr. F. W. D'Evelyn, E. J. de Sabla, Charles de Young, M. H. de Young, G. W. Dickie, Washington Dodge, F. W. Dohrmann, Capt. Robert Dollar, J. A. Donohoe, Col. D. S. Dorn, D. G. Doubleday, Frank G. Drum, Joseph Durney, Wm. J. Dutton. Foundation Committee George P. Edwards, Henry Eilers, A. I. Esberg, M. H. Esberg, E. L. Eyre, Charles S. Fee, W. D. Fennimore, Harry P. Flannery, Herbert Fleish- hacker, J. A. Folger, James L. Flood, Mark J. Fontana, Henry F. Fortmann, A. W. Foster, J. P. Fraser, M. T. Freitas. Andrew J. Gallagher, Cress Gannon, Mark L. Gerstle, W. L. Gerstle, D. Ghirardelli, Dr. A. H. Giannini, Hon. Jas. N. Gillett, B. A. Goldstein, J. D. Grant, Walter S. Gray, M. A. Gunst, Wellington Gregg, Jr. William Haas, Marshall Hale, R. B. Hale, Alexander Hamilton, J. A. Hammersmith, W. P. Hammon, John Hays Hammond, J. R. Hanify, C. S. Hardy, L. W. Harris, J. O. Harron, J. Downey Harvey, W. L. Hathaway, F. C. Havens, Wm. R. Hearst, J. K. Hecht, I. W. Hellman, I. W. Hell- man, Jr., John Hermann, Rudolph Herold, Jr., Wm. F. Herrin, S. Fred Hogue, Alfred Holman, John A. Hooper, C. A. Hooper, E. W. Hopkins, C. W. Hornick, Jas. Horsburgh, Jr., Richard M. Hotaling, Josiah R. Howell, John F. Humburg, Wm. F. Humphrey. James Irvine, W. G. Irwin. H. A. Jastro, Rufus P. Jennings, James A. Johnston, H. L. Judell. A. C. Kains, W. G. Kerckhoff, Walter N. Kelly, Homer S. King, John C. Kirkpatrick, C. Frederick Kohl, Marcus S. Koshland, Frederick J. Koster. C. S. Laumeister, Dr. Hartland Law, W. H. Leahy, J. B. Levison, TWILIGHT PHOTO BY WILLIAM HOOD 1 ↓ f f 4 "}} J : THE CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH George Lewis, E. R. Lilienthal, Albert Lindley, Curtis H. Lindley, David Livingston, Fred B. Lloyd, H. D. Loveland, James K. Lynch, Robt. Newton Lynch. 59 Walter Macarthur, D. B. MacDonald, Jules J. Mack, Clarence H. Mackay, Wm. A. Magee, Col. F. W. Marston, John Martin, George T. Marye, Jr., Capt. Wm. Matson, A. G. McCarthy, Hon. P. H. McCarthy, Garrett W. McEnerney, John D. McGilvray, J. A. McGregor, C. K. McIn- tosh, J. H. MacLafferty, John McLaren, Gavin McNab, James McNab, Geo. P. McNear, Geo. W. McNear, Seward McNear, Judge Henry A. Melvin, W. H. Metson, Albert Meyer, J. Henry Meyer, M. Meyerfeld, Jr., C. F. Michaels, Alfred Meyerstein, R. E. Miller, W. S. Miller, Jas. K. Moffitt, Alfred Monotti, Louis F. Monteagle, Chas. C. Moore, R. B. Moore, Robt. S. Moore, Walton N. Moore, Percy Morgan, S. W. Morshead, Hon. Frank K. Mott, Thornwell Mullally, Hon. Frank Muraskey. E. W. Newhall, Paul M. Nippert. Ettore Patrizzi, Henry Payot, Col. G. H. Pippy, Edgar D. Peixotto, M. L. Perasso, Cyrus Peirce, Allan Pollok, G. A. Pope, W. S. Porter, E. C. Priber. A W. C. Ralston, Ulrich Remensperger, A. J. Rich, M. H. Robbins, Jr., Dent H. Robert, James Rolph, Jr., Robert A. Roos, J. H. Rossiter, P. C. Rossi, Alexander Russell, Daniel A. Ryan. Lippman Sachs, Louis T. Samuels, Louis Saroni, Andrea Sbarboro, A. Schilling, Chas. H. Schlacks, B. F. Schlesinger, T. M. Schumacher, R. P. Schwerin, A. W. Scott, Jr., George W. Scott, Henry T. Scott, W. T. Sesnon, Fred W. Sharon, A. D. Shephard, Gen. M. H. Sherman, H. Sinsheimer, Leon Sloss, Louis Sloss, Frank M. Smith, George A. Smith, Hon. Jas. E. Smith, A. B. Spreckels, Rudolph Spreckels, Chas. S. Stanton, Jacob Stern, Sig- mund Stern, Chauncey M. St. John, L. W. Storror, F. S. Stratton, Matthew I. Sullivan, Charles Sutro, Frederick W. Swanton. Hon. Edw. R. Taylor, Rudolph J. Taussig, Dr. H. L. Tevis, Wm. S. Tevis, F. Tillmann, Jr., J. O. Tobin, J. S. Tobin, R. M. Tobin, B. G. Tog- nazzi, George Tourny, E. H. Tryon. G. H. Umbsen. F. W. Van Sicklen. T. B. Walker, C. R. Walter, W. D. Wasson, A. A. Watkins, Rolla V. Watt, James S. Webster, Raphael Weill, Frank A. West, George X. Wendl- ing, Charles S. Wheeler, Vincent Whitney, Thomas H. Williams, J. C. Wilson, O. C. Wilson, Edward I. Wolfe, James Woods, Clinton Worden, Gustave Wormser. I. Zellerbach. 60 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Some sapient Englishman has characterized the United States as the "Land of the Committee." The young organization soon burst into an efflorescence of committees. Only by such simul- taneous action could so much have been accomplished. Plenty of Committees The Directing Committee of Thirty had control of all matters of manage- ment and finance, so that it became for the time the governing body, and with a few alterations due to death and resignation it formed, ultimately, the Board of Directors of the Exposition. At its first business meeting this body appointed a Committee of Five to submit a plan of permanent organization and to designate other com- mittees to attend to various necessary activities. The Committee of Five consisted of Alfred I. Esberg, A. W. Scott, Jr., R. B. Hale, I. W. Hellman, Jr., and James McNab. The abundant space devoted to the subject by the local press was beginning to do its work, and offers of assistance and proffers of contribu- tions, accompanied by suggestions on sites and every other phase of exposi- tion management, began to flow in. Some foreign organizations manifested their interest. It was but the beginning of a coöperation that was delight- fully spontaneous, that grew to be worldwide, and that could not be killed even by the greatest war of our times. Late in January, Hon. Julius Kahn addressed the Directing Committee of Thirty on the attitude of Washington, and warned his hearers that it would be difficult to do much with Congress until San Francisco had put up its money; and he urged that the Committee busy itself about that matter at once. About this time the Committee of Five on Organization submitted its report, containing these recommendations: "That the Constitution and By-Laws of the Pacific Ocean Exposition. Company be amended and that those members of the Directing Committee of Thirty who are not Directors be elected to the Directorate of the Pacific Ocean Exposition Company, and that a Committee of Five of this body be designated to arrange the details. "That a Committee on Legislation consisting of fifteen members be designated to take up the question of municipal, state, and federal legis- lation. "That a temporary Auditing Committee of Three be designated to approve of payments, no payment to be in excess of $1,000, the signature of any two being sufficient.” The first paragraph was amended by the addition of the words: "and to THE CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH 61 submit a plan of permanent organization"; and in accordance therewith the Chair appointed a committee composed of M. H. de Young, Louis Sloss, A. W. Foster, R. B. Hale, and Rudolph J. Taussig. Foster resigned within a few days and A. W. Scott, Jr., took his place. The existing Auditing Committee, Davis, Esberg, and Hale, was asked to continue its activities and Rolph was requested to go on as temporary Treasurer, until organization could be perfected. At the same meeting the Chair appointed H. T. Scott, Hellman, and Crocker to name a Chairman of a Finance Committee with full power to act, and within a few days these gentlemen had obtained the consent of W. B. Bourn, President of the Spring Valley Water Company, to accept this important chairmanship in spite of his great business responsibilities, until a satisfactory successor could be found. James McNab was made chairman of a Committee on Legislation, which he was to appoint, and which consisted of these members: Edward I. Wolfe, Thomas H. Williams, A. E. Castle, Albert Lindley, W. C. Ralston, P. H. McCarthy, Fred W. Stanton, G. H. Umbsen, H. U. Brandenstein, Frank W. Marston, Cleveland L. Dam, W. E. Dargie, H. L. Judell, William H. Metson, George H. Pippy, Arthur R. Briggs, Frank H. Buck, Alden An- derson, J. A. Chanslor, A. H. Giannini, Hiram Johnson, George T. Hatton, D. M. Burns, and George A. Knight. By this time it had been decided to change the name of the Company to that generally applied to the Exposition, and call it the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, and the Organization Committee was directed, in accordance with its preliminary report of February 3, to take the necessary steps toward reincorporation under that style. The method was devised by Attorney W. H. Metson. Some desirable alterations of structure were indicated in the report, such as the creation of a voting trust in five trustees, and the practical limitation of the rights of general stock- holders to a share in the profits, if there should be any profits to share. By March 1, Louis Sloss found it necessary to resign because of extended absence from the city and his places on the Directing Committee and the Organization Committee were taken by Leon Sloss. CHAPTER XIV INCORPORATING THE EXPOSITION I' F we consider what the celebration of a prime historical event should be, it is difficult to imagine anything more dignified and fitting, and at the same time inspiring to human endeavor, than the aims set forth in the articles of incorporation of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition: "To promote, encourage, and develop inventions, improvements and processes in the arts, sciences, professions, and trades, and to aid in the advancement and development of civilization by exhibitions of the products of the arts, industries, and manufactures and of the soil, mine, forest, and sea, and otherwise by promoting and carrying on said International Exposi- tion and World's Fair to assist in the promotion and encouragement of education, literature, art, and science, and in the promulgation of culture, knowledge, and skill in the professions, trades, and other occupations. >> In other words, to take advantage of one long stride of human progress and make it the means of taking another in celebration of the first. And San Francisco sought this honor as a national trust, felt that it owed it to the Nation to set the feast. water. Objects subsidiary to those above were stated: the necessary supports and especial phases of an exposition, such as carrying on athletic events and entertainments, letting concessions for amusements, generating and supplying electricity and other forms of energy, and supplying gas and But these were merely the underlying necessities of the real pur- pose. In the minds of its projectors and in the heart of San Francisco, the Exposition was an expression of gratitude, of thanksgiving, for the new and stimulating confidence that had been introduced into modern life by man's triumph over one of the last and greatest physical obstacles; a triumph after long expectancy and repeated failure, and one that now opened meas- ureless vistas of further progress. The festival was carried out by practical business men; and only by such men could it have been carried out. The underlying impulse was one of jubilation, and with them jubilation took the form of pressing humanity's newly won advantage, and superimposing one great achievement on another. 62 THE LONG COLONNADE; COURT OF CERES ))) < 63 INCORPORATING THE EXPOSITION Life The articles of incorporation were submitted by the Committee on Permanent Organization and adopted by the Directing Committee of Thirty on March 11, 1910. The original capitalization of $5,000,000 was increased to $10,000,000. Par value of stock was set at $10. Capital and The life of the corporation was to be fifteen years. The new organization was brought into the world on March 22, 1910; and on March 24, a stockholders' meeting was held in the Merchants' Exchange building at which the by-laws were adopted, together with the voting trust agreement. Except for the substitution of Leon Sloss for Louis Sloss, who had found it impossible to serve because of absence from the city, the Directing Com- mittee of Thirty named in Chapter XIII was unanimously elected as the Board of Directors for the first year. A Directors' meeting followed at which Homer S. King was elected President of the corporation, Rudolph J. Taussig, Secretary, and A. W. Foster, Treasurer; and the following Finance Committee was appointed: Messrs. Wakefield Baker, John Barneson, T. B. Berry, M. J. Brandenstein, Frank L. Brown, Frank H. Buck, J. W. Byrne, Francis Carolan, Andrew Carrigan, Jos. A. Chanslor, P. T. Clay, Wm. H. Crocker, Chas. T. Crocker, E. J. de Sabla, Jr., M. H. de Young, Jos. A. Donohoe, Jos. A. Durney, Alfred I. Esberg, E. L. Eyre, Henry F. Fortmann, Mortimer Fleishhacker, Jas. L. Flood, M. T. Freitas, William L. Gerstle, D. Ghirardelli, A. H. Giannini, S. L. Goldstein, J. D. Grant, M. A. Gunst, Wm. Haas, W. P. Hammon, R. B. Hale, Wm. Randolph Hearst, William F. Herrin, I. W. Hellman, Jr., R. M. Hotaling, John A. Hooper, C. A. Hooper, W. G. Irwin, J. C. Kirk- patrick, C. Frederick Kohl, Hartland Law, George H. Lent, J. B. Levison, George Lewis, Ernest Lilienthal, William Matson, Seward McNear, R. E. Miller, Lewis Monteagle, Charles C. Moore, J. H. Meyer, W. S. Porter, George A. Pope, James Rolph, Jr., P. C. Rossi, Lippman Sachs, A. Schilling, A. W. Scott, Jr., George W. Scott, Henry T. Scott, Leon Sloss, A. B. Spreck- els, Sigmund Stern, Harry L. Tevis, F. Tillmann, Jr., R. M. Tobin, J. S. Tobin, F. W. Van Sicklen, C. R. Walter, Rolla V. Watt, Raphael Weill. Directors Hale, Rolph, and Clay were made a temporary Auditing Committee. A critical weakness of the situation at this time was the apparent divi- sion of sentiment in California itself between San Francisco and San Diego as to which was the best place in which to celebrate. Your politician likes warrant❞ to relieve him of responsibility, just exactly the "warrant" of the New England town meeting, and it is not improper that he should have it. But how is he to get it unless the people from whom it should come can get together and say what they want? a 64 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION At Washington it looked as though Californians could not. A certain influential Los Angeles organization had committed itself to San Diego. No bill in Congress could hope to succeed without the support of Harmony Perching the California delegation, but that support had in turn to be High supported by the sentiment of the State. How was California, some 200 miles wide and 750 miles long, with something over two and a half million inhabitants, to hold a New England town meeting? It couldn't, but it could furnish a warrant from a representative meeting, and did. Charles C. Moore enlisted the influence of heavy interests in Los Angeles, representing, what seemed indubitable, that unless the State could unite she would lose to New Orleans. The result of his appeal was that J. F. Sartori, of the Security Savings Bank of the southern city, proposed a convention of delegates from the commercial organizations of California to choose between San Francisco and San Diego. This was on March 5. The Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco made a canvass of the commercial organizations of the State on the proposal and received an overwhelming number of favorable responses, and the convention was called to meet at Santa Bar- bara on March 22; the date of the incorporation of the Exposition Company. The conviction was growing that there must be no division on the main object of getting the Exposition for California, and W. M. Garland, Presi- dent of the Los Angeles Realty Board, said in the course of an article in the Los Angeles "Examiner": "The Exposition, which I think will be one of the grandest affairs ever held in this country, and worthy the support of the three great States facing upon the Pacific, should be held in the geographical and logical center of the Pacific Slope, San Francisco. All portions of the Pacific Coast should join hands and coöperate in making this one of the greatest successes in the history of the country. It will mark the completion of the greatest com- mercial achievement ever undertaken by the United States." The Santa Barbara convention was attended by over one hundred delegates representing over fifty cities and almost every county in the State (with San Diego among the few exceptions) and it resolved that San Fran- cisco was the "obvious and logical" place, and endorsed it, and called on all the people of California to work for it. A committee of nine was appointed with Frank H. Short, of Fresno, at its head, to carry out the policy of the convention. San Diego went ahead in the good western way and demonstrated the ability of Californians to hold two expositions in the same year. But the Panama-California Exposition is "another story." 65 INCORPORATING THE EXPOSITION At the Directors' meeting of March 24, Moore was made Chairman of the Committee on Exploitation and Publicity, to which was referred the following dispatch, sent from Los Angeles the day before, signed by Frank H. Short and Max Meyberg: Associated Press dispatches from New Orleans indicate a solid south favorable to that city, and we believe that action should be taken and at once by appointing a State Executive Committee to get the entire Pacific Coast and West into line to advance the cause of San Francisco and head off a movement which may spell disaster to us. Answer." Like any other infant the new corporation was meeting trouble at the threshold of life. << Moore soon succeeded Bourn as Chairman of the Finance Committee and his place on the Exploitation and Publicity Committee was taken by Charles S. Fee. The original Board of Directors was reelected on April 4, 1911. It underwent the following changes down to the opening of the Exposition: On July 13, 1911, W. B. Bourn's resignation was accepted, and Judge Curtis H. Lindley, head of the San Francisco Bar Association, was elected the following day to succeed him. The resignation of J. H. Crothers was accepted July 25, 1911, and R. A. Crothers was elected in his stead, on July 27, 1911. Dent H. Robert's resignation was accepted and Charles S. Stanton succeeded him, October 4, 1911. Andrew M. Davis died on April 5, 1912, and Joseph S. Tobin was elected to succeed him on November 20, 1912. Changes in the Board Charles de Young died September 17, 1913, and George T. Cameron succeeded him November 12, 1913. C. W. Hornick's resignation was accepted January 8, 1913, and W. W. Chapin succeeded him on January 15, 1913. Chapin's resignation was accepted November 12, 1913, and Dent H. Robert was elected in his place the same day. S. Fred Hogue resigned October 20, 1914. To invite duplication or triplication of effort, waste of funds, confusion of policies, conflicts and abandonments of plan, letting of contracts without regard to the money in hand, general failures in execution, and an exposition that should open a year late and four or five million dollars in debt, with a hodgepodge of unrelated buildings and discordant physical features and an operating force without coördination or discipline, it would only have been necessary to throw open the election of the Board of Directors to so large and loosely organized a body as a stockholders' meeting once a year during VOL. 1-5 66 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION the progress of the work. Those hideous features we mention have, in the past, characterized the development of cities all over the United States, and they get to some degree into our national administration. They are the price we pay for democracy, and if the price were necessary it would not be too high, but the Exposition Board was not working out a scheme of demo- cracy; it was building an Exposition. It would have only so much money with which to do it, and it would have been folly to try to transfer carefully matured plans and policies to incoming Boards of Directors that knew little or nothing about them. There had to be continuity of policy and hence continuity and unity of management. As nearly as possible, the men that devised plans and policies must carry them out, or a large part of their time, study and labor would be wasted. These things were explained to the subscribers, and the so-called Voting Trust Agreement was entered into, by all except a very few. Under this agreement, five voting trustees were vested with power to receive the stock of subscribers that joined in it, and, as their proxies, to vote in their stead at corporate elections. Voting Trustees' Certi- For One Line ficates were issued to the subscribers entitling them to any divi- dends or profits there might be. of Action The voting trustees were: A. H. Payson, W. J. Dutton, F. W. Dohrmann (who died on July 18, 1914, and was succeeded on August 26 by his son A. B. C. Dohrmann), J. D. Grant, and Leon Sloss. The plan insured the desired continuity, as far as anything human could. What it was decided to do was in most cases done, and under the same men that had studied the need and the wisdom and the cost and conditions of it, properly checked by those that made continuous study of the finances and knew whether the Exposition could afford it or not. M 40 expan All Uz THE WALLED CITY, BY NIGHT PHOTO BY CARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY * ror" ✓ [ JJ } J } ) 暑 ​; } CHAPTER XV LAYING THE FINANCIAL FOUNDATION ERE is the roll of honor of the subscribers to the first great ashlar course of the Exposition's financial foundation: HR W. B. BOURN WM. H. CROCKER MURPHY, GRAnt & Co. FRANCIS CAROLAN R. M. HOTALING ANT. BOREL CHARLES T. CROCKER C. FREDERICK KOHL LEON SLOSS LEVI STRAUSS & Co. WM. MATSON ISAIAS W. HELLMAN ALASKA PACKERS ASS'N. E. J. DE SABLA, Jr. JOHN A. HOOPER M. A. GUNST & Co. HALE BROS., INC. D. GHIRARDelli Co. HARRY L. TEVIS SHREVE & Co. WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST W. S. PORTER JAMES L. FLOOD FRANK H. BUCK J. A. CHANSLOR OHLANDT & BUCK W. G. IRWIN F. TILLMANN, JR. LOUIS F. MONTEAGLE A. SCHILLING & Co. A. B. SPRECKELS WM. F. HERRIN W. P. HAMMON CALIFORNIA FRUIT CANNERS' ASS'N. MILLER & LUX, INC. POPE & TALBOT MRS. A. M. PARROTT M. J. BRANDENSTEIN & Co. C. A. HOOPer M. H. DE YOUNG R. SPRECKELS OGDEN MILLS (The subscription of F. Tillmann, Jr., was for Tillmann & Bendel; that of Charles T. Crocker was later transferred to the Crocker Hotel Company; and Mr. Borel's was for himself, John C. Coleman and several others.) After long and arduous effort among the wealthiest citizens and the leading commercial interests of San Francisco, W. B. Bourn had resigned 67 68 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION the chairmanship of the Finance Committee. His resignation was accepted with great regret. On taking the chair, Moore, who had been elected to succeed him, declared it to be a real misfortune, in the light of the wonderful start given the subscriptions by Bourn and Wm. H. Crocker. Indeed, as a result of the work of these gentlemen during a few weeks, there waited to be entered on the stock books 42 pledged subscriptions of $25,000 each, aggregating a million and fifty thousand dollars. It was regarded as beyond the power of any other two men in the city. as Much Needed The task before the Finance Committee was to multiply the original million by five. Then a deputation could go to Washington and make a Five Times showing, one that would help gain national recognition and a proper national appropriation; although later, when the real contest at Washington came on, the appropriation idea was dis- carded, for policy. Five millions there must be for the right political effect. So much had been made clear by Congressman Kahn and others well informed about Washington ways. It was thought by the more optimistic members of the committee that a large public meeting, to receive subscrip- tions to the stock, might yield a good part of the amount and the balance could be brought in by hard work afterward. A systematic canvass of the city was resolved upon, and the plan had this feature that was unusual in money-raising campaigns for public pur- poses: the canvass was to be made by lines of business, so that every solici- tor would be representing the needs of the Exposition to men of his own "trade." Readers that are not satisfied without assignments of origins, may find at least an analogous operation in the sanitation campaign of 1908, when the movement for rat destruction was carried on in a similar way. Probably little can be accomplished in this manner in a community in which every merchant regards a rival as an enemy; but San Francisco had passed that stage, if it ever went through it, and side by side with the strongest individualism it had also the strongest sense of community interest, could that sense only be aroused. So when the Committee called before it repre- sentatives of various lines, trades, groups, and even factions and told them what they must do, they went to work and did it. Let No Good This recognition of the existing and natural divisions of the community turned those divisions to peculiar advantage. In a way, it was organization already; in some lines formal, with secretary and president, as Man Escape among the produce merchants, in others consisting of nothing but general acquaintance and recognized leadership. The Com- mittee's job was to find the right man, summon him, examine him on con- ditions in his line of business, get his views as to how much his firm and his LAYING THE FINANCIAL FOUNDATION 69 competitors could stand, assess them a little more, indoctrinate him in the true faith, stimulate his pride, and send him forth to form another little committee, or do the work and report it done. There appeared before the Finance Committee at meeting after meet- ing, representatives of practically every line of business, from the bakers to the tanners, from the brewers to the jewelers. Foreign elements, form- ing separate groups, were a strong factor in so cosmopolitan a city. The Chinese Six Companies and the Chinese Chamber of Commerce responded with enthusiasm, even with a touching sort of patriotism for this Occidental home of so many Oriental people. So did the representatives of the Japan- ese colony. Some interesting and unsuspected commercial relationships. were disclosed. Many lines grew impatient and complained that they were being overlooked or were not being organized rapidly enough. As a result of the work of several months, beginning under the old Pacific Ocean Exposition Company and continuing under the new incorporation, a financial survey of the city was produced. It was worked out largely from records of several large organizations that were dependent on private sub- scriptions for their usefulness, and these records showed long lists of sub- scribers, and estimates of what they were able to do. An elaborate card system for the uses of the Exposition campaign was built on these reports, and it constituted a sort of "financial detective" which could be consulted on all occasions and was guaranteed to furnish authentic information. Of much assistance was a card list of taxpayers, classified from the assessment roll on their ability to respond to a levy. Financial strength of individuals and firms was also studied compara- tively by the commercial ratings. In many lines the basis of assessment was furnished by some of the leaders assessing themselves and then listing their competitors according to relative volume of business-a dangerous proceeding except where there is some strong altruistic motive to restrain aggression. What was a bit unusual in San Francisco was that the real estate owners were not overlooked. It was felt that an interest that would benefit indirectly as much as this, ought to be given an opportunity to enlarge the scope of operations and the scale of its own benefits by making sub- stantial subscriptions; so the invitation went to property owners wherever they might be dispersed. The Real Estate Board was of great help at this point. And the Committee was quite stiff about the levy. It did very little good to complain. A Board of Equalization would have been easier to move, and when an assessment was once made it usually stayed at the original 70 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION point unless it was increased. The city seemed to recognize some myste- rious jurisdiction in the Committee; enforceable at least in the great Court of Public Opinion. And so thoroughly devoted was the general sentiment to the enterprise, and so distinctly was that devotion manifested, that the Committee felt strong enough to meet ten- ders of less amounts than those assessed with a sharp refusal-which almost always resulted in another tender, of the whole amount levied. After the Finance Committee had pressed its canvass for about three weeks, one very optimistic member ventured the opinion that the proposed meeting, if properly conducted, might yield as much as two and a half million dollars in subscriptions; but he got himself laughed at for a theorist and a dreamer of dreams. Public Opin- ion Levies Taxes Aquentitl Willian Randolph Hearst by Bent St Robert. San Francisco, February 7, 1910. Te, the undersigned, hereby each subscribe the sum ty-five Thousand Dollars ($25,000) for stock in the Panama- International Exposition Company, said subscription to be pawe in installments of $5000 per annum, commencing with the first of May, 1910, and annual- ly thereafter on the same date until entire subscription is paid, provided, however, that no part this subscription shall be deemed due or payable until after the ctment by Congress of the bill introduced for netional aid to troposed exposition, and that no additional stockholders' liability can accrue to said subscription. M Wt Prita Archer Jamesh. Flood Machly gent. Frankit Buck Inquers egrolan Bt. Chaustor Blandt Bunk tel. Dagin F. Titman Charles T. Carcher Coroner Pederick Roff Lens & Montiagle Le In Juver G The Maison MainsHellwe Aphilling Kl Bernar Alaska Paches Assfciation Fran Hong Pres. Joe Hemin 1. Hammen Califorata Fruit Conners spcialic The Gobster MILLER WAY INCORPORATED Brissy Mother Mlimann Estacables. Liter A Hordur MA Наверчан Halerasque MJ. Branden stun C. Demande Harry & Tevis Catstorps MAdelonve е shrive Ite Fers boy. H. Talbot trust - Pare THE MAGICAL MILLION دی سی L 1 CHAPTER XVI TWO MILLION AN HOUR T HE "floor" of the Merchants' Exchange (now the Chamber of Com- merce) in San Francisco is an interesting place. It is the focus of the commercial life of the State, almost of the Pacific Coast. Its bulletin boards present the figures of charter-parties, the rates of exchange in the world's money centers, prices of stocks and bonds An Inspir- ing Stage and cotton and pork, the stage of the tide, and the force of the gale "outside the heads"; arrivals and departures of shipping at all ports of the Pacific Coast, marine news of all the world. Its architecture is imposing: a vast hall, lofty, with huge columns sup- porting the roof, and the walls decorated with paintings of great ships and far ports. In one corner men deal in cargoes of barley or wheat. Beyond "the tumult and the shouting" others meet on the same floor, and hire ships of one another almost as casually as you would take a taxicab, and then consult the skippers of these ships as to when they can load and be off. So that in these surroundings one feels in the presence of the whole force of the trade that centers in the port, and that seems always growing greater and reaching farther, across new seas and into regions more remote. The significance of a great seaport in the life of the world grips one here. This was the setting chosen for the public subscription meeting of April 28, 1910, a dramatic event, even in a city with so exciting a history as San Francisco, and one the like of which we are not apt to see again. To represent that all that occurred was extemporaneous and unpremedi- tated, that nothing was pre-arranged, that the big subscriptions had never been heard of before, and that things just happened, would be to accuse the Finance Committee of leaving an utterly vital matter to chance. It did nothing of the kind. It staged that performance as carefully as any impresario would have staged an opera, and the only unexpected thing about it was the size of the result. As an example of the plans of preparation it may be cited that 125 men were pledged to give their time for three days before the meeting, going about the city and securing subscriptions or promises of attendance or both. Planned Like a Play 71 72 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION No secret was made of the main preparation: the core of large sub- scriptions. The call for the meeting said: "It will interest you to know that a substantial nucleus has already been promised. . . . It is hoped that you will attend in person, but if you cannot do so that you will send someone fully empowered to act for you. If, however, that is impracticable, kindly write at once to Charles C. Moore, Chairman Finance Committee, stating just how many shares of the 1915 Exposition stock you may be relied upon to subscribe for at ten dollars a share." The Finance Committee had been working day and night for weeks on its classifications and its plans. On April 26, two days before the mass meeting was to convene, a joint meeting of the Finance and the Ways and Means Committees was held, and the labor of visiting and interesting the various lines of business was assigned. Moore explained what progress had been made, threw his cards on the table, showed exactly what the status of the Exposition was, declared the critical moment had arrived and called for volunteers to do missionary work. So pleased were those present with the preliminary accomplishment that they responded by scores and there was no difficulty selecting the following committees to spread the appeal through- out the major lines of business in the city: General:-H. T. Scott, A. W. Scott, Jr., Frank L.. Brown, Thornwell Mullally, W. L. Hathaway, Col. Frank W. Marston, Joseph A. Donohoe, T. B. Berry, C. Frederick Kohl, E. L. Eyre, John Barneson, O. Scribner, E. H. Tryon, Henry Payot, Seward McNear, John Drum, Walter Macarthur. Real Estate:-C. Frederick Kohl, E. L. Eyre, Lawrence W. Harris, Mark L. Gerstle, Gustave Brenner, J. K. Hecht, George H. Lent, Rolla V. Watt, Clinton E. Worden, Robert G. Hooker. Tea & Coffee:-A. Schilling, M. J. Brandenstein, D. Ghirardelli, Morti- mer Fleishhacker, Col. Paul M. Nippert. Lumber:-A. W. Foster, Chas. M. Elliot, Geo. W. Dickie, George McNear, Robt. J. Tyson, E. A. Christenson. Wholesale Liquor:-W. L. Gerstle, Edwin C. Hammer, John C. Kirk- patrick, H. D. Loveland, Clarence Berry, John C. Brickell, J. Frank Maroney. Wholesale Jewelers:-R. L. Radke, E. V. Saunders, Roe F. Allen, Andrew McCarthy, W. D. Fennimore. Paints & Oils:-Jos. A. Donohoe, R. M. Moore, J. P. Fraser, C. F. Michaels, Frederick W. D'Evelyn. TWO MILLION AN HOUR 73 Retail Dry Goods, Clothing, Shoes, Etc.:-James Rolph, Jr., C. Mc- Carthy, James A. Johnston, Paul T. Carroll, Edgar Peixotto, Col. F. W. Marston. Wholesale Hardware, and Brick Mfg.:-Rudolph J. Taussig, John A. Britton, W. J. Brady, J. M. Cumming, Allan Pollok. Flour Mills and Grain:-J. H. Crothers, Col. W. A. Kelly, James Rolph, Jr., Chas. H. Bentley. Furniture:-P. T. Clav. Oil:—W. C. Ralston, Henry S. Crocker, James McNab, Jos. A. Chans- lor, Stanley W. Morshead. The call named three o'clock as the time of the meeting "to receive and announce subscriptions to the five-million-dollar fund necessary to be raised locally before Government aid can be obtained." Before that time arrived, over two thousand people had wedged themselves into the Standing hall, and hundreds more craned their necks in the main corridor, Room Only trying to get a glimpse of the golden drama within. A large blackboard behind the dais was made ready to announce the subscriptions, and in order that the subscriptions might be announced rapidly and accurately an accountant with an adding machine was stationed near the speaker's desk. There was a corps of stenographers, reporters, camera-men. On the platform were seated R. B. Hale, Homer S. King, Mayor P. H. McCarthy, Henry T. Scott, Lawrence Harris, Charles C. Moore, W. F. Herrin, William H. Crocker, W. B. Bourn, Leon Sloss, J. A. Donohoe, A. W. Scott, Jr., T. B. Berry, J. A. Kelly, E. L. Wagner, and Theodore Hardee. "Out in front" were other men that typified the strength and resourceful- ness of San Francisco, in its commercial, financial, and industrial life. President Homer S. King opened the meeting and presented Charles C. Moore, Chairman of the Finance Committee, who was to preside, and who in terse, sharp phrases like military orders started the battle. "There will be mighty little talking from this platform," Moore said. "It will all be done out in the room, and the way you talk will determine the way the Nation and the world will listen. They have talked donations, they have talked subscriptions, but to-day it is investment-nothing else. We shall have in this community $50,000,000 if we raise the $5,000,000 in San Francisco. "The Easterner, whose sentiments are not swayed by our loyalty, is looking to this meeting to-day to see just how far your money is behind your words. "Let us go at it quickly and merrily, and let us not shirk individual 74 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION responsibility. If there ever was an exposition city in the world it is our own town, and here is a chance we never had before to show the world just how earnest we are in this movement. "The demonstration of your enthusiasm by applause is appreciated, but it will not bring results. Show that your enthusiasm comes from your pocket-books. Convert it into coin of the realm." Here he introduced Lawrence W. Harris, who would act as "auctioneer" and announce the contributions: "Larry" Harris, of abundant humor and hair-trigger wit, who wrote, after the great fire, the verses that warm the blood of every real San Franciscan, "The Damnedest Finest Ruins Ever Gazed on Anywhere." Harris had the task of exciting and keeping excited the proper psychic condition to create a finan- cial thaw and maintain the flow of the resulting freshet, and he bent himself to it with a will. The Curtain Rises He announced the intention of raising enough money to make the United States Sub-Treasury look like a penny arcade. Then he said: "We have figured out roughly that time here this afternoon is worth about $9,000 a second. We're here for money, but there is one thing we must have, and that is quiet. We don't want anything to interrupt the pro- ceedings because time is too valuable, and think what it would mean if we missed a subscription. A cough is worth $500 and a sneeze $1,000. When-' "Bang!" went a photographer's flashlight, and Harris exclaimed: "Fort Sumter!" The battle was on, and the bombardment was continuous for two hours. It was a stirring scene, as subscription after subscription was called out from different parts of the packed house in response to the auctioneer's efforts, and then chalked up on the blackboard, with a running total off the adding machine to let the crowd know how fast the money was rolling in. Cheers there were, and applause: but not too much, at first. San Francisco was feeling its strength and its new unity, and confidence is apt to be a quiet thing; only, it is not in human nature to be altogether silent when you see the power and courage of your city forging up to the climax of a seemingly impossible achievement. In every man's mind was a lurid background of the fire, and another of the gray desolation of ashes that followed it; and now they were taxing themselves at the rate of $37,172 a minute (as it was estimated later) for the realization of a vision and a dream. Before the meeting closed, surcharged emotion exploded with the biggest noise two thousand men can make without dynamite. In compliment to the work of William B. Bourn, Harris called on him for A City Revives THE FOUR-MILLION-DOLLAR MEETING OF APRIL 28, 1910. 44 1910, BY GABRIEL MOULIN, SAN FRANCISCO TWO MILLION AN HOUR his subscription. It was the first of the 25,000-dollar group and the opening of the subscriptions, and it provoked a long roll of hand-clapping, and some shouts of "Bully boy!" There followed William H. Crocker, who announced $25,000 for himself, a like amount for Ogden Mills, and another $25,000 for the Crocker National Bank. 75 That was $100,000 as fast as it could be written down. It started the tide. The Brewers' Protective Association announced through Henry F. Fortmann a subscription of $50,000. The Alaska Packers' Association was put down for $25,000. Then the Wholesale Produce Merchants plumped $100,000 like a solid shot. Lumps like that were judiciously interspersed among the steady fire of 25,000-dollar subscriptions, and kept enthusiasm. hot. The Stock and Bond Exchange announced itself through a repre- sentative for $26,000, the San Francisco Realty Board for $70,000. The Italian colony subscribed $30,000. W. F. Herrin arose and announced $50,000 for the Associated Oil Company and half that sum for himself. Nine minutes saw a million subscribed, and forty minutes $2,440,000. All the time, from different parts of the hall, came the steady sharp- shooting of Bourn's brigade with its $25,000 a shot, and every shot drew more. The column of figures on the blackboard grew and grew, the totals increased, and always Harris, with gibes and personalities and the ready word, lulled caution to sleep and awakened a spirit of gross carelessness with money. At a point when there seemed to be danger that the repetition of big sums might lose interest for the crowd he called on Col. John C. Kirkpatrick, of the Palace Hotel, declaring he expected $100,000 from the Hotel Men's Association; and the Colonel crashed in with a quarter of a million instead. It was like the falling of a floor that turns a burning build- ing into a volcano. Men's hands were in the air and their voices clamoring for recognition all over the hall at once, as though they feared that before they could get their money up the return of reason or the thought of their wives and families might interfere. Let us change the figure. Leaving the rarefied atmosphere of 25,000- dollar subscriptions the young man who drove the Exposition's car of des- tiny descended by 5,000-dollar stages to the regions where common mortals dwell. Down he came through the 20,000-dollar level, the 15,000, the ten, the five, and into the hundreds. And everywhere he stopped there were crowds waiting to get on. By trick and device he jumped some above their first intentions, and they acquiesced laughingly. And even down among the 500-dollar subscriptions, late comers wedged themselves into the jam A Golden Eruption 76 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION and shouted subscriptions of thousands. At the 5,000-dollar level Mayor P. H. McCarthy announced the Building Trades Council for that amount. The end approached at last. The auctioneer's voice was down to a dry rustle, and with a few scraping croaks from a worn-out larynx he tried to adjourn the meeting and invited the subscribers up to the tables to sign the books, where they stood in line and crowded one another as though each were buying shares in an oil gusher the other fellows didn't know about. The blackboard showed a total of $3,790,000. But the golden stream refused to stop, the would-be subscribers would not be adjourned. People crowded to the desk on the platform, and within a few minutes Moore had enough on the books to make an aggregate of $4,089,000. No parallel exists in exposition history for the performance of that day. San Francisco never had a day just like it. It electrified the community. People talked of it in every shop and office, on every block of the down-town streets, in every home. The moral effect was tremendous. It was as though a giant had suddenly become conscious of his strength and knew he was fit for battle. CHAPTER XVII BIRTH OF THE MUNICIPAL BOND ISSUE A SERIES of events now occurred that lifted the Exposition's financial resources to more than $10,000,000 almost at one effort—the community's reaction to the stimulus of difficulty. One of the earliest acts of the Exposition Directorate, after the big subscription meeting of April 28, 1910, was to send a delegation to Washing- ton to impress Congress with a sense of the proper place for the celebration of the completion of the Canal. From a list submitted by the Committee on Exploitation and Publicity the following were selected, and they Attention of started East on May 1: his Excellency Hon. James N. Gillett, Mr.Congress Governor of California; Hon. P. H. McCarthy, Mayor of San Francisco; Justice Frederick W. Henshaw of the Supreme Court of Cali- fornia; Hon. James Rolph, Jr., President of the Merchants' Exchange and member of the directing board of the Exposition, who succeeded McCarthy as mayor; William L. Gerstle, President of the local Chamber of Commerce; F. J. Zeehandelaar, Secretary of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Associ- ation of Los Angeles; Hon. Victor H. Metcalf of Oakland, former Secretary of the Navy; William E. Dargie, proprietor of the Oakland "Tribune"; W. M. Garland, President of the Los Angeles Real Estate Board; M. F. Tarpey, Vice-President of the Fresno National Bank; William E. Gerber, President of the California National Bank, Sacramento; and Luther J. Evans, Presi- dent of the Manufacturers' and Shippers' Association of Napa. They were joined in the East by M. H. de Young of the San Francisco "Chronicle, W. R. Hearst of the San Francisco "Examiner," and M. A. Gunst. This delegation accomplished much good in advertising San Francisco's determination to members of Congress and others, including President Taft. Moreover, inasmuch as it included Oakland, Napa, Los Angeles, and Fresno representatives it demonstrated a united California. It arrived at Wash- ington on May 5, and gave a dinner next day to leaders of both houses of Congress, at which Speaker Cannon declared that if he lived he would dance a Virginia reel at the Exposition in San Francisco in 1915. Then it called at the White House and presented its case to the President. 77 78 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION On May 9, Congressman Kahn introduced a joint resolution requesting the President to invite the nations of the world to participate in the Exposi- tion at San Francisco in 1915, to commemorate the discovery of the Pacific and the opening of the Canal, whenever the President should be satisfied that there were in hand subscriptions for a total of $5,000,000 with which to hold such a celebration. Two days later, Gen. Estopinal introduced a similar resolution substituting New Orleans for San Francisco, and a week later another like it, except that it omitted reference to the Pacific Ocean. The deputation appeared before the House Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions and before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations to which the Kahn joint resolution had been referred, and here they played one of the Exposition's trump cards: they said, "We are not asking you for money. We'll finance this thing ourselves." Three days after the last appearance before a congressional committee most of the members left for home, feeling quite confident that the logic of events left Congress no choice but to assign the Exposition to San Francisco. } And ten days after that two special trains from the South arrived at Washington, bringing Gov. Sanders of Louisiana, a number of members of the State legislature, about a hundred of the most influential merchants and business men of New Orleans, and the mayors of half a dozen large South- ern cities. Senators Flint and Perkins, Congressmen Kahn and Grave Hayes, and many others who saw the danger, sounded the alarm, Symptoms and in response to the appeal of the Directors of the Exposition, local and State business houses began to warm the wires with telegrams to eastern connections urging them to send messages to all members of the House and Senate on behalf of San Francisco. It was said at first that hundreds of telegrams were being received at Washington for the New Orleans side and none for San Francisco. That was soon remedied, but it did not win the fight. Further investigation of probable costs had by this time convinced the Finance Committee that if San Francisco was to hold the sort of inter- national exposition that alone could satisfy it, the five million would have to be increased to $7,500,000. It was a hard task, but one that was made much more cheerful by the reflection that probably New Orleans would not be able to match it. The case at Washington now began to run through a series of postpone- ments, with New Orleans growing stronger and San Francisco's outlook more and more serious. At home, subscriptions to stock continued to come ITALIAN FOUNTAIN; PALACE OF EDUCATION PHOTO BY DR. E. O. JELLINEK 79 BIRTH OF THE MUNICIPAL BOND ISSUE in but hardly fast enough, although $43,800 was raised by the Builders' Exchange in thirty-two minutes. It was under pressure of these conditions that it was decided to hold the meeting of June 16, 1910, in order to lay the whole state of affairs before the public; and to the invitation of the Directors was added this proclama- tion by the Governor: "To the Citizens of the State of California: "The mass meeting called by the Directors of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company for Thursday afternoon is of the utmost importance, not alone to the City of San Francisco, but to the State of California at large. This meeting is for the purpose of making public a report of the work of the California delegation sent to Washington in May, and devising means for securing an early decision by Congress of San Fran- cisco's claim to Federal recognition of the proposed International Exposi- tion to be held in commemoration of the Panama Canal. "The meeting will be held on the floor of the Merchants' Exchange at 3 o'clock. Every loyal citizen who has the interest of this enterprise at heart is requested to attend and assist in this final effort to secure the 1915 Exposition for San Francisco and the Pacific Coast. CC (Signed) J. N. Gillett GILLETT "Governor of California." The public responded well and the meeting was heavily attended. Frank L. Brown presided. There were speeches by William L. Gerstle of the recent Washington deputation; by Gov. Gillett, who depicted the sudden development of strength by New Orleans; by Acting Mayor Kelly, who read an encouraging telegram from Mayor McCarthy, still in the east; and by Mr. Pembroke of Oakland. A Call for Help J. Sloat Fassett of New York had submitted that day at Washington a report from the House Committee on Foreign Affairs amending the Kahn resolution (on request of Congressman Kahn) by raising the requirement from $5,000,000 to $7,500,000. A parallel resolution was reported naming New Orleans instead of San Francisco. With this information in hand R. B. Hale took the platform. He reported that the $4,089,000 subscribed in that place seven weeks before had grown to $5,033,805, and that there were pledges, not yet signed up, of $639,610 more. "We have accomplished," he said, “what we set out to do: to raise $5,000,000." Then he told of the action of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the 80 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION manifest disposition of Congress to award the Exposition to the city that first raised $7,500,000, and showed that San Francisco must have that sum in sight before it could hope to win. Here M. H. Robbins, Jr., President of the Merchants' Association, presented a resolution pledging the citizens of San Francisco in mass meet- ing assembled to lift the subscriptions to that amount. Hale demanded: "Does that resolution meet with your favor?" And when an answering affirmative yell came back he said: "That's good! Now get to work!" The result came with startling suddenness, far sooner than anyone expected. Individual subscriptions had begun to come in, many sub- scribers doubling their first engagements, when Gavin McNab made his way to the front, caught the speaker's eye and said: "Gentlemen, the richest corporation in our midst has not contributed one cent to the Panama-Pacific fund. It can well afford to make a large contribution and should do so with as little delay as possible. I refer to the City, or Municipality." He was loudly cheered as he proceeded to introduce the following resolution: McNab for City Bonds "Resolved that the Executive Finance Committee of the Panama- Pacific Exposition Company confer with the authorities of the City and County of San Francisco for the purpose of drafting a proposed amendment to the municipal charter giving the City and County authority to issue $5,000,000 of bonds to be used as part of the fund for the Exposition, said amendment to be submitted to the people for their ratification at the November election." "We should have, must have," he added, "the greatest Exposition in the history of the world right here in San Francisco!" The idea was adopted with a shout prophetic of victory. Everyone could see that if the bonding scheme succeeded, not only would it meet the new conditions but the Exposition would have a third more than those conditions called for. Thousands of dollars more were subscribed individually. The meeting adopted a resolution calling on Congress for immediate action and pointing out that the Chicago and St. Louis expositions had to be postponed a year because their preparation did not begin early enough. And this demand for early action, hammered home consistently and as a matter of policy by the San Franciscans, was an important contribution to victory in the contest with New Orleans that followed. CHAPTER XVIII SHOE LEATHER DAY THE HE mass meeting of June 16, 1910, at which the municipal bond issue was born, had been somewhat hastily called in the midst of prepa- rations for what was known as the "Shoe Leather Campaign." The big subscription meeting of April 28, which had yielded the $4,089,000, had been taken by the Directors as a very good sort of starter, and the ink was hardly dry on the subscriptions before they were at work again to capitalize the interest excited by that rather rousing event. Immediate direction of these activities passed to a body known as the Executive Council of the Finance Committee; which consisted of Messrs. Bourn, Berry, Carrigan, Crocker, Hale, Herrin, Moore, H. T. Scott, and Sloss. Joseph Donohoe afterwards took Carrigan's place. The Council met daily for a time, hearing reports from its emissaries and revolving plans of action. The work of dealing with unsigned subscriptions was turned over to Messrs. J. K. Hecht and Chauncey M. St. John. Veri- fications were required in hundreds of cases where subscriptions had been announced by agents; and signatures were also needed on new forms. A fresh division of the field was made, and different parts of the work were assigned as follows: Over the Field Large Corporations, W. B. Bourn, William H. Crocker, and Charles C. Moore; Business Interests, Gustave Brenner and Philip J. Manson; Real Estate Owners, C. Frederick Kohl and E. L. Eyre; Employees and Labor Unions, A. W. Scott, Jr., and P. T. Clay. Dr. J. Henry Barbat Working undertook to stimulate the medical profession; Charles Templeton Crocker and W. T. Sesnon and, later, James McNab, the lawyers; W. L. Brown and T. P. Robinson the printers; H. D. Loveland the fraternal orders; Messrs. Mersky, Falkenstein, and Alex. Ehrman the tobacco in- terests. J. O. Harron worked among the machinery men, Otto von Geldern among the civil engineers, F. W. Dohrmann among the restaurants and cafés, W. L. Hathaway among the insurance interests, J. W. Edwards among the dentists, William Mooser among the architects; and so on through the community. Every club and larger organization was solicited. VOL. 1-6 SI 82 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Oakland was assigned to Mayor Mott of that city. Certain large individual interests were exempted from committee action and handled by the Execu- tive Council direct. Loyal support was given by the Police, Fire, School, and other municipal departments, and hundreds of subscriptions ranging from ten to a hundred dollars were received from these sources. It soon became evident that what had been done by solicitation of vari- ous lines of business in the city, and by the acute contagion of the Mer- chants' Exchange meeting, would have to be supplemented by the attrition of shoe leather in a block-by-block, house-to-house canvass. The Council requested L. M. King, Secretary of the Merchants' Association and an expert on practical methods in semi-public matters, to district the city for the purpose, and he soon turned in a specially prepared map on which there were 125 divisions of the commercial section of the city, with a card index to correspond. The delimitation of these districts was the result of a personal survey of the field, and each was restricted in size to what a committee" (consisting of one or two) could canvass in a day. The metes and bounds of each were marked on a card, and cards were made in duplicate. << Mobiliza- The Executive Council of the Finance Committee addressed a letter to hundreds of business houses requesting the services of one or two employees for a one-day clean-up of subscriptions from all firms that had not tion in Force yet subscribed. There was a most encouraging response. Not only clerks, salesmen, and accountants but higher officials of many of the largest concerns in the city were glad to serve, and 203 were enlisted. On June 22, each canvasser was assigned to the district he knew best and in which he would naturally have most influence. To each was given a card with the boundaries of his district, which corresponded to a duplicate. form bearing the canvasser's name; and that card was kept in the Exposi- tion's office. The Civic League of Improvement Clubs did some remark- ably effective work. The period of preparation was an anxious one, for it was feared by some members that if firms had not already subscribed it was because they did not intend to. At the same time, advices from Washington began to bear evidence that San Francisco was not going to have an easy time getting national recognition as the Exposition city. Julius Kahn stated on June 15, "We have the hardest kind of fight." On June 23, business San Francisco was raked clean. The encouraging fact developed that a great many people had been waiting merely for an 66 G URN, IN "TRAVERTINE" HÜ 83 SHOE LEATHER DAY invitation, or to have the way made easy for them; and many an individual felt himself thereafter bonded to the Exposition, as a constituent element of the movement. The Shoe Leather Campaign furnished material for another drama on the floor of the Exchange, and as these little dramas could still be relied upon to yield something bankable, it was determined to set the stage again. The substantial part of the community liked the open meeting. It was action, achievement made visible. It loomed large in the newspapers, made the Exposition more real to more people, and brought more recruits to the cause; which could triumph only by the power of public sentiment behind it. So the directors of the Shoe Leather Campaign followed it with a meeting, to announce its results. And it was worth while in this case, for the meeting hoisted the total of popular subscriptions to $6,156,840. When it was over the pos- sibilities of this sort of thing, financially, were about exhausted. Frank L. Brown presided. Announcement of the large sub- scriptions had been held in reserve, to furnish excitement for the occasion on which the results of the house-to-house canvass were to be made public. The Last Mass Meeting Leon Sloss, representing the Executive Council of the Finance Com- mittee, opened the meeting with a financial statement of amounts already subscribed, including three not previously published. These were $250,000 by the Southern Pacific Company, $50,000 by the Standard Oil Company, and $125,000 by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railroad. The speaker announced the results of the house-to-house canvass. He thanked the business houses that had lent their men, and the men that had done the work. Then he turned the meeting over to "Larry" Harris to beguile. Thornwell Mullally announced a subscription of $150,000 from the United Railways. Daniel Meyer, one of San Francisco's most widely known bankers, who had already raised his subscription from $10,000 to $12,500, raised it another $10,000. Alfred I. Esberg attempted to sub- scribe $10 apiece for his children and those of his brother, but Harris mis- interpreted the order to mean $10 for every year of each of the children's lives, and became quite dense when Esberg tried to explain, so Esberg gave it up and accepted the ruling. The Cabinet Manufacturers' Association called for $9,355 worth of stock. Employees of the Owl drug stores in the different coast cities sent a subscription of $1,500. This meeting occurred June 24, 1910. It was the last of the mass meetings, for selling stock. They had been very serviceable, but that stage 84 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION of development was now over. Those that made the house-to-house canvass a success were: I. S. Ackerman, Taylor Albin, H. H. Allen. H. G. Barkley, Captain G. P. Baldwin, Henry Batt, R. Berliner, A. G. Boggs, L. G. Booth, J. C. Booker, W. H. Bowen, W. R. Brode, Walter Broolin, M. J. Brunoni, George I. Butler, Julius Brownstein. Walter M. Castle, Wm. C. Cavitt, H. L. Chase, W. S. Condon, George W. Colby, Wayne B. Corbin, A. S. Crawford, Sumner Crosby, Wm. I. Crossett, W. F. Crowley, J. S. Cutler. Jas. H. Day, A. R. Dennis, George J. Dempsey, J. R. Dibble. Thos. M. Earl, J. M. Ericson. I. Falkenstein, W. D. Fennimore, M. L. Frank, Imar Frank, A. J. Freese, W. H. French, C. Foster. E. Gallagher, Frank A. Gamble, C. F. Gartside, Herbert B. Gee, E. E. Girzi, S. H. Greene. Louis K. Hagenkamp, N. W. Hall, B. F. Halliday, A. N. Harris, E. J. Hargens, S. P. Hart, H. B. Hillus, Stanley F. Hincelot, Geo. F. Heuer, Geo. Himmelstoss, Jr., C. E. Hawley, W. Hood, Walter Heath. M. S. Jeffers, Richard C. Jones, A. A. Johnson, Chas. H. Johnson, W. R. Jones. Henry R. Kage, Henry Karm, W. J. Kuss, Geo. W. Kelly, Thos. F. Kelley, H. C. Keller, L. B. Kerr, G. W. Klopp. R. S. Leeman, J. M. Levison, F. M. Little, N. B. Livermore, Wm. H. Lowenthal, C. F. Ludwigsen. H. S. Malone, A. W. Mahone, A. B. Marsh, H. J. Mayers, Fred H. Medart, A. F. Medley, J. W. Marchington, Byron Mauzy, M. A. Markholtz, J. W. McCarthy, J. McElwaine, W. S. McLean, Frank J. Mogan, A. J. McNicoll. J. H. Newbauer. John J. O'Brien, L. O'Connell, O. R. O'Connell, J. O'Connor, D. E. O'Neal. A. Paroni, R. G. Peckham, R. F. Peckham, Edw. Peabody, Al. Petersen, Wm. H. Popert, Thos. Powers, E. W. Prentice, M. G. Pfaff, Theodore Pinther. Jos. C. Queen, F. G. Quirk. W. H. Rabe, Lawrence Rath, Robert Ransohoff, W. E. Reddin, Fred Reed, Chas. A. Renwick, A. H. Ricketts, Capt. John H. Rinder, Con Roman, R. Rosenberg, C. A. Ross, J. G. Deremer. Louis H. Schaadt, Richard Schmidt, Jr., Geo. W. Scott, Ralph J. Seeds, W. J. Shattuck, E. Solomon, R. Steinman, John J. Stephens, Wm. Strawson, W. S. Streat, Roy Smith, Oscar A. Schlesinger, Henry Sieroty, G. A. Spencer, E. C. Smith, H. L. Smith, George A. Smith. Geo. F. Volkmann, Robt. R. Vail. F. W. Wagner, Timothy F. Ward, W. C. Webb, Benj. Weed, F. W. Weems, Fred V. Welch, B. R. Williamson, J. E. Wilson, H. C. Witham, W. J. Withers. 85 Afterward the Finance Committee announced the results of the popular subscription activities down to and including Shoe Leather Day, in the following financial summary: SHOE LEATHER DAY Subscriptions announced previous to mass meeting held June 16th, 1910 New signed subscriptions announced at meeting of June 16th Additional subscriptions announced, but unsigned Subscriptions received at open sale of stock at meet- ing June 16th - Total up to and including June 16th - - Subscriptions received from June 16th to June 22nd Collected in "shoe leather" campaign of June 23rd Subscriptions received at open sale of stock at meet- ing June 24th Total subscriptions received to date $4,583,805 450,000 639,610 110,000 $5,783,415 89,865 105,175 178,385 $6,156,840 Some of these figures proved afterward to be duplicates, and some were unauthorized, which was only to have been expected under the circum- stances, but the accounts show a very small shrinkage. CHAPTER XIX THE PEOPLE TAX THEMSELVES A N assurance of money from city and State was needed, and needed early, and it became necessary to have a special session of the Legislature in order that such assurance might be forthcoming. Owing to the evergreen necessity of economy in the State administration there was great reluctance on the part of the Governor to calling a special session, and nobody could blame him for his caution. Gavin McNab had drafted the measures which the Exposition desired to have the Legis- lature pass, but there was no Legislature to pass them. McNab discovered an old statute under which the Exposition itself would have the power to pay the expenses, and by citing it to the Governor persuaded him to call the special session. It was to meet on September 6, and propose for popular approval two constitutional amendments: one to raise $5,000,000 by a State tax, and the other to enable the people of San Francisco to bond their city for an equal amount. The Legislature conducted itself in a quite exemplary manner, and did what it was called to do. Just before adjournment a joint resolution was passed containing the usual allusion to the coming hydrographic wedding, and calling on Congress to assign to San Francisco the celebration of these highly figurative nuptials. Inasmuch as nothing had been said about them in the Governor's call the legislative blessing may have been ultra vires; but let that pass, since all is happily over. For per diem, mileage, payroll and incidentals the four-day session cost $12,005; which the Exposition paid. The proposals were introduced in the upper house by Senators Wolfe and Leavitt, and in the lower by Assemblymen Coghlan and Schmitt. Nuptials and Taxes The first measure sought to provide (and when ratified did) that the State Board of Equalization should levy a tax each year for four years large enough to produce $1,250,000 net per annum, or a total of $5,000,000, from the State. Also it exempted the Exposition from taxes, and created a State Commission of five members including the Governor (four to be appointed by him with the concurrence of the Senate) to serve without pay, 86 ་་་་་ EXNX 10000 11011 SOUTH FAÇADE, PALACE OF MACHINERY གླིང་ཆུ 87 THE PEOPLE TAX THEMSELVES hold office until the Exposition's affairs were wound up, and have exclusive charge and control of the $5,000,000. Governor Gillett insisted that the bill for a State Commission should provide for its appointment by the Governor to be elected, instead of by himself. Designating the State Board of Equalization instead of the Legislature to levy the tax had important consequences in the Washington contest with New Orleans; for when a member of the Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions asked what would happen if the Legislature, which is beyond the reach of mandamus proceedings, refused to make the levy, he was promptly assured that the Legislature had nothing to do with that part of it. The second measure authorized the City and County of San Francisco to amend its charter and issue $5,000,000 of tax-exempt, 5 per cent bonds, in excess of the existing charter limitation, the returns from which were to be paid over to the Exposition. It further authorized amendments giving the Exposition the right to use unoccupied school lands in the city for Exposi- tion purposes, to use Golden Gate Park west of Twentieth Avenue, and to close streets west of that thoroughfare. The State election was preceded by some precautionary campaigning on the part of the Exposition, which could not quite see an investment of $12,000 for an extra session exposed to the uncertainties of a plebiscite. The campaign was conducted by the Committee on California Legislation of which James McNab was Chairman. The ambi- tions of San Diego looked for a time as though they might inter- fere with a whole-souled outpouring of fiscal enthusiasm at the polls, especially in the southern part of the State, so Philip Stanton and Albert Lindley did some missionary work in that section, and a deputation was sent to Santa Barbara, headed by Director McNab, to attend the convention of the Southern California Editorial Association on September 17. A luncheon was tendered the southern editors, at the Potter Hotel, where, in proper post-prandial language, another one of those geographical weddings oc- curred this time between Northern and Southern California. Domestic Missions Altogether, it was a successfully heart-warming occasion, and a major- ity of the southern editors felt fully assured that San Francisco was the right place for the great celebration. The Los Angeles Realty Board endorsed it, and so did many other influential organizations. Correspondence was opened with representatives of the Republican and Democratic Central Committees of every county in the State, and with practically every newspaper in the State. The Methodist Conference at Pacific Grove, late in September, endorsed San Francisco's claim. "Post- 88 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION card week," or "Augument Week," from October 10 to 17, though not designed for State publicity so much as for eastern exploitation, was made to serve in the amendment campaign, and hundreds of thousands of post-cards were mailed in all directions by local and State business men and organizations, urging people to vote for the San Fran- cisco measures. The effects of this epistolary eruption were felt far and wide. Post-Card Ammuni- tion The editors of the Northern California press were represented by about seventy-five delegates to the convention of the California Press Association. at San Francisco on October 7, and they formally approved the tax, and, what was better, went home and worked for it. Through Mayor McCarthy, President of the State Building Trades Council of California, organized labor became interested and gave the measure its support at the polls. The campaigns in the State and in the city were completely successful, and really cost the Exposition very little considering the $10,000,000 at stake. The people of the State voted their approval of the tax amendment and San Francisco's authorization on November 8, 1910, by votes of 174,513 to 50,857, and of 180,043 to 34,723 respectively; and on November 15, San Francisco passed the charter amendment providing for the bond issue, by 42,040 to 2,122. CHAPTER XX CONVINCING CONGRESS T HE meeting at the Merchants' Exchange, on April 28, 1910, when $4,089,000 was subscribed in two hours by a city that lay in its ashes four years before, struck the imagination of the country with tremendous force, and fired a national feeling of pride in San Francisco. It was but the beginning of things, however, for to recapitulate, it was followed by the Shoe Leather Campaign and two mass meetings, which raised the total of popular subscriptions to $6,156,840, in gross. The State tax promised $5,000,000 and the city bond issue another $5,000,000 so that by the middle of November the Exposition had at least $16,000,000 in sight. The deputation headed by Gov. Gillett had left things at Washington looking so favorable that it seemed as though little more need be done. In a short time a study of the eastern press disclosed New Orleans as a formidable rival growing in strength hourly. The people of Louisiana claimed the right to celebrate the completion of the Canal because of proximity to the work, and to the country's center of population, and they made it look as though New Orleans were right where the celebration would take place. In August, 1910, a Congressional and Conventions Committee was formed consisting of A. W. Scott, Jr., Chairman, F. B. Lloyd, Charles P. Braslan, Judge W. W. Morrow of the United States Circuit Court, R. E. Miller, J. B. Levison, P. T. Clay, Andrew McCarthy, M. J. Brandenstein, W. C. Ralston, and J. H. Skinner. A preliminary poll of Congress showed sixty-five votes for New Orleans and thirty-five for San Francisco, with the rest uncertain and as likely to go wrong as right. There were influential friends of San Francisco in the eastern States, and great business interests as well, that were unaware of the southern city's strength. They were sleeping the deep, oblivious slumber of deceptive security, the deepest coma there is, the hardest sort to break. Braslan and Ralston were sent east to wake them up, and they did it with a thoroughness that made itself heard in In False Security 89 90 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION many a Congressional district which never supposed it had any interest in the matter one way or the other. While they were at it, they did much scouting and learned a great deal and their report to the committee, on their return, decided that body to send the strongest possible deputation to Washington and turn the national capital into a real, legislative battleground. The delegation selected con- sisted of Directors R. B. Hale, Frank L. Brown, A. W. Scott, Jr., Henry T. Scott, and M. H. de Young, with Leon Sloss and James McNab as alternates. The Congressional and Conventions Committee and the Washington delegation, with the assistance they drafted, organized the fight that over- turned a settled thing, defeated some of the most astute politicians in the land, precipitated the Battle of the Forty Thousand Telegrams, and drew from Elihu Root the statement that he had never known so effective a campaign to be waged for any legislative object. According to Congress- man Dwight, Republican whip, who may be presumed to know, the Cali- fornians went into that battle defeated. The Congressional committee had begun its labors at San Francisco by organizing a force of seventy-five expert clerks and stenographers, under E. M. Swasey as secretary, and its first important move was to obtain letter- heads, envelopes, and lists of correspondents from all San Fran- cisco, Oakland, San José, Los Angeles, Sacramento and up-State, and Seattle and Portland merchants that had eastern connections. The list soon passed the 100,000 mark. To it were addressed literature about San Francisco and its ambition, and blanks for information as to the preferences of Congressmen and Senators. The first thing wanted was a good supply of San Francisco literature. This reached a total of 3,530,500 pieces. It included illustrated booklets describing the city and its facilities, argumentative statements, and such small but effective devices as trunk labels, letter-heads and stickers for letters and envelopes, slips for outgoing fruit boxes, cards for hotel guests. Fifty thousand inquiry blanks and stamped return envelopes were sent to eastern connections of Pacific Coast business houses. Professional affilia- tions were appealed to. Fifty-five hundred letters were sent to lawyers, and an equal number to newspapers. The architects of the country were stirred up. It was drive, rush, grind, from morning till night, the actuating mandate being "Get it done to-day!" Once, it was necessary to know whether San Francisco or New Orleans did most business with a certain State, and to find it out 3,463 letters were multigraphed, headed, signed, enveloped, with Opening Guns H. J. Res. 213. 5611 Sirty-first Congress of the United States of America: At the Third Session, Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the fifth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and ten. JOINT RESOLUTION Authorizing the President to invite foreign countries to participate in the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in nineteen hundred and fifteen, at San Francisco, California. Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That whenever it shall be shown to the satisfaction of the President of the United States that a suitable site has been selected, and that the sum of not less than fifteen million dollars will be available to enable the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, a corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the State of California, for the purpose of inaugurating, carrying forward, and holding an exposition at the city and county of San Francisco, California, on or about the first day of January, nineteen hundred and fifteen, to celebrate the completion and opening of the Panama Canal, and also the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, authorized and respectfully requested, by proclamation or in such manner as he may deem proper, to invite all foreign countries and nations to such proposed exposition, with a request that they participate therein. launde 24 Speaker of the House of Representatives. Ауторозија President of the United States and President of the Senate from Afford 177534) Wien 15.1911- Ja THE ACT OF NATIONAL RECOGNITION 1 CONVINCING CONGRESS 91 stamped return envelope and booklet, sealed, directed, stamped, and the whole lot delivered at the Post Office, all between 5:30 P.M. and midnight. The mail used to go out from the committee's offices in clothes-basket loads. A merchant in St. Louis told a committeeman that one day he interrogated sixty members of the Business Men's League in that city, and every one had received the San Francisco mail. до It seemed an appalling task to learn the individual attitude of the go senators and 391 house members of the 61st Congress, but it was done, and a ledger account was kept for every one of them. Some wonderful things were discovered about our statesmen at Washington: but perhaps the most fearful and wonderful to the seekers after knowledge just then was that seventy-five per cent of them were going to vote for New Orleans. In November, after the elections had promised the $16,000,000 for the Exposition, the vanguard of the Washington delegation started east. In the party were Leon Sloss, M. H. de Young, Henry T. Scott, A. W. Scott, Jr., Joseph Scott, of Los Angeles, C. S. Stanton, M. F. Tarpey, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the University of California, Hon. P. H. McCarthy, Mayor of San Francisco, Rev. Father Joseph McQuaide, and Edgar M. Swasey, secretary to the delegation. R. B. Hale and James McNab joined the party later. Theodore A. Bell, George A. Bartlett, John P. Irish, George A. Knight, J. B. Levison, Julius Kahn, Joseph R. Knowland, F. B. Lloyd, H. A. French, and others formed a separate detachment, which moved on the Lakes-to- Gulf Deep Waterways Association convention at St. Louis and there defeated a resolution in favor of New Orleans. They proceeded thence to Washington. Late in November the force was augmented by the arrival of Governor-elect Johnson, Fremont Older, Rudolph Spreckels, and Eustace Cullinan. Frank L. Brown and Governor Gillett arrived about December 5th, and within a few days there rallied to them Frank B. Anderson, Joseph D. Grant, William H. Crocker, Thornwell Mullally, David Rich, William R. Hearst, and Andrew Lawrence. Some of these men were at Washington continuously. Others came and went as their business dictated. But the work went on in- Forces cessantly, for three months. Colvin Brown had preceded the Rallying the committee forces and had opened headquarters at the New Wil- lard Hotel on November 15, with an attractive display of California liter- ature, pictures, fruits, and flowers. R. B. Hale had been chosen to direct the San Francisco fight, and his tactics and generalship were always in evidence throughout the long uphill battle to the ultimate hour of triumph. Every Californian living at Wash- 92 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION } ington was called to the fray; among them Justice McKenna of the Supreme Court, Franklin K. Lane, then of the Interstate Commerce Commission, and Judge Marion de Vries of the Court of Customs Appeals. Senator Perkins watched and checked every move in the game and was a source of invaluable counsel. Senator Flint was equally diligent. Those that visited Washington and could in any way help were drafted. Californians residing at Washington gladly took up the work of calling on Congressmen, learning their views and presenting San Francisco's case. Senators Nixon and Newlands of Nevada and Ira E. Bennett, managing editor of the "Wash- ington Post," were of great assistance. The second session of the 61st Congress opened on December 6. The San Franciscans thought their cause should prevail on its merits. They found themselves enmeshed in major politics. New Orleans was coming up from the solid South with 114 votes, claimed 212 in all, and had the endorsements of 3,500 civic, commercial, and fraternal organizations, with many town councils and county boards of supervisors— New Orleans, that southern city of magical charm, whose very name sug- gests romance and beauty and opulence, a city on which the entire Nation looks with pride and favor. Every State legislator elected the preceding Fall had been receiving New Orleans literature, and many had been pledged to vote for her. It was the plan to explode a mine of these resolutions in Congress immediately after the Christmas recess. The first sizzling of the fuse the San Franciscans heard was an endorse- ment of New Orleans by the Legislature of Iowa. Reinforcements were called for. Robert Newton Lynch of the California Development Board was sent into the field and succeeded in dampening the enemy's powder in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Minnesota. But the war could not Distant be localized. It was soon raging in half the congressional districts Operations of the country. Theodore Bell and Frank Hering of Indiana, with the assistance of James McNab, visited or sent emissaries to every doubtful legislature, and after they took hold of this part of the fight not another New Orleans resolution was adopted by a legislature east of the Mississippi River. It makes a difference at Washington whether your measure gets into the hands of a friendly or a hostile committee. The Chairman of the Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions was William A. Rodenberg of Illinois, whose favorite measure that session was a bill introduced by Albert Estopi- nal of Louisiana providing for an international exposition to be held at New Orleans. This measure was drawn on the lines of previous exposition bills. It CONVINCING CONGRESS 93 appropriated $1,000,000 for a Government exhibit and contained within itself eight most powerful arguments: seven commissionerships at $5,000 a year and a secretaryship at $4,000. The Directors at San Francisco, how- ever, had adopted a policy that they felt New Orleans could not meet-they were not asking a dollar from the national treasury, but announced San Francisco's determination to hold the Exposition, and requested merely Federal recognition of it as the Nation's official celebration of the opening of the Canal; with, of course, the President's invitation to the Nations to participate. The resolution was introduced in the House by Congressman Julius Kahn. As a bit of strategy, this had most important results. The invitation to the Nations feature provided a basis for referring the San Francisco reso- lution not to Mr. Rodenberg's committee, but to that on Foreign Affairs, and Speaker Cannon had the keen sense of fitness to refer it there. As to the resolution itself, however, it had one grave error of omission, arising from a lack of knowledge of exposition strategy on the part of those handling the matter; an error nobody thought of at the time, and the evil of which did not appear until after the opening of the campaign for foreign participation. There was nothing in that resolution showing that the undertaking had official status or represented the Gov- ernment—not even a Federal appropriation. The Europeans were unaccustomed to such a condition, and it cost precious time and great labors of persuasion to convince some of them that the Expo- sition was really and legally national and international. The matter is instructive as an illustration of the complex and technical nature of an exposition. Inter- national Business Both sides used every legitimate influence to attract support. There were entertainments and hospitalities, preparation and printing of briefs, and voluminous correspondence. The freight bills alone on the oranges, wines, and dried fruits that illustrated California productiveness and Cali- fornia hospitality at San Francisco headquarters, came to $1,900. In order that every member of Congress might have all relevant bills, briefs, and data instantly accessible the Committee had prepared an indexed file for every one, in a leather case, with the member's name embossed on it. These were presented with San Francisco's compliments. New Orleans sent up the "Logical Point Special" which arrived at Washington on January 9, with 150 of the most magnetic personalities of that wonderfully interesting, enterprising, and progressive southern city, the great and growing Gulf metropolis that has always been an object of national affection. They enlarged their headquarters at the New 94 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Ebbitt House, across the street from the San Franciscans, put in a splendid bar, and began dispensing the Sazerac cocktail and the celebrated orange flower ginn fizz of the Crescent City, fabricated by some of the most expert mixologists of the cotton belt-great adepts, whose skill may as well be numbered with the lost arts. It was a time of transition in our politics. Mooseness had not yet. appeared, but Insurgency was growing into Progressivism. Speaker Can- non had been shorn of his power, and then the shearers, frightened at the result, had given some of it back. The President was for San Francisco, but he did not control the votes; and his political managers seemed to have their attention steel-riveted on the next convention's delegates from the South. Potent Arguments Here and there throughout the West was a district whose Congressman couldn't get that post office he claimed had been promised him, because he had to be insurgent for home consumption. Such a Congressman is said to have, in the parlance of American politics, a "sore heel"; and with his heel in that condition it is almost impossible to get him to reflect upon the glories of art and the moral and intellectual uplift of a great international exposition, or to consider where those glories may best be displayed and that uplift best exerted. He is thinking about that post office, and how if he doesn't get it for the peerless local patriot to whom he promised it, he will soon be a political lame-duck, and, in many cases at the time of which we write, an insurgent lame-duck at that, with no Federal lame-duck nest in which to nestle. The Committee was on a noble mission, and nobly it took to the healing Wherever it found a sore heel, and a chance to make a friend for San Francisco by curing it, curative processes were set in operation. Successful The attention of the Postmaster-General was called to the condi- tion of some of these heels. In case after case the patient made a complete recovery. Treatment In the meantime Theodore Bell had been making an exhaustive study of exposition history, and of the measures pending, and was preparing briefs in San Francisco's behalf which were sent to all the organizations in the United States that had endorsed New Orleans. One of his strongest argu- ments was that every New Orleans subscription was contingent on the establishment of an exposition there by the Government; which would mean that the Government must be responsible for it and see it through. They were tied up, tax, bonds, and all, to the bill and its appropriation; whereas San Francisco asked only for national recognition of the work. Some delicate steering was necessary to avoid collision with a previous art. King વિ WILLIAM H. CROCKER I. W. HELLMAN, JR. THE VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE EXPOSITION F LEON SLOSS REUBEN BROOKS HALE JAMES ROLPH, JR. M. H, DE YOUNG 1 CONVINCING CONGRESS 95 measure. In 1906 Congressman Kahn had introduced a bill appropriating $5,000,000 for an Exposition at San Francisco. It was never intended as a basis for the Exposition, but was put in as San Francisco's claim to hold the next great national affair of the kind, and notice to the world of its purpose. This bill had been referred to the Committee on Industrial Arts and Exposi- tions. Permission was asked to withdraw the measure, and was refused. The Committee was then requested to let it die decently on the file instead of dragging it out to be butchered in the forum; and the San Francisco delegation only appeared before the Committee to try and save that body from the mistake of reporting in favor of the Estopinal bill. New Orleans, through Governor Sanders and Mayor Behrman, argued her proximity to the center of population, the probability of a large attend- ance and her experience in handling great crowds. Bell replied: "When Seattle gave her exposition in 1909 she had 5,000,000 people within 1,000 miles: one-sixth the number now living within that distance of New Orleans, and one-thirteenth the number to draw from that they had at Jamestown; and yet out there at Seattle we were able to draw 207,000 more people, and have them pay at the gate, than you could with all your teeming millions within a radius of 1,000 miles of New Orleans and Jamestown." As to accommodating the crowds A. W. Scott, Jr., had this to say: "The city of San Francisco has been rebuilt at a cost of $400,000,000. Our hotels are new. We have 1,250 of them all equipped with the latest modern ideas in plumbing and in fittings, and we have 60,000 available hotel rooms to-day for any crowd that may come there. New Orleans speaks of having 50,000 persons attend her Mardi Gras, and 50,000, an immense crowd, to her conclave. We had 480,000 people at our little Portola celebration, a local affair purely." It was all true and for the time being all in vain. The Committee was for New Orleans, nine to six. The next resort was the Committee on Rules, before which both sides appeared, and this body determined that after one hour's debate, on January 31, 1911, the House should select one of the measures for consideration; the members to vote "San Francisco" or "New Orleans." It was an unusual procedure, and one the Rules Committee adopted only on Bell's showing that it had the House been done in the case of the Columbian Exposition. Thus San Francisco's claim came before the House, through the Committee on Foreign Affairs, which, by the way, added the condition that $7,500,000 be raised. Through the Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions it never would have arrived, except in the step-child character of a substitute measure. Before Real Support 96 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Friendly newspaper correspondents had been pressed into service as scouts, to ascertain the leanings of the members of the House, and they reported seventy-seven doubtful: seventy-seven members that were creo- sote-proof and could not be "smoked out." It was necessary to get more than a majority of these or the fight was lost. They had to be convinced from above. The attention of the party managers had to be diverted from southern delegates to western votes. Thereupon the delegation decided on the master stroke. It placed an order with an eastern advertising firm for an advertisement in every Wiring a newspaper of importance west of the Mississippi River, calling Barrage upon all friends of San Francisco to wire their Congressmen, their Senators, and the President of the United States, and urge them to assist San Francisco in all possible ways. The results burdened the wires into the national capital. Thirty-four extra telegraphers worked five days and nights receiving the dispatches. It has been said there were forty thousand messages but no count was ever made. The President remarked plaintively: "They have been bringing them to me in barrels." It showed a united West, an aroused West, and a West that knew what it wanted. It was the greatest demonstration of just that particular sort ever made at Washington, and they are accustomed to demonstrations. there. It could not be ignored, and in the face of it neutrality was no longer possible. In addition to the advertisement, the western press took the advertise- ment itself as a signal for hundreds of columns of editorial comment in sup- port of the western metropolis; and San Francisco owes much to the zeal and broad vision of these editors. The fight on the floor was planned by the two cities on radically different lines, and the taking of the vote on January 31, 1911, was one of the genu- inely thrilling episodes of the capital during recent years. It seemed to have attracted all Washington, and the galleries were overflowing with excited partisans. Chairman Rodenberg pleaded for the New South struggling bravely back to better conditions; for New Orleans recovering from the devastation of flood and fever; for a country finally reunited there. His moving eloquence was frequently reinforced from the galleries and the lobby by the "Yip! Yip! yip!" of the rebel yell, which sounded strange in that place. His peroration was most dangerous; he said: A Dangerous Opponent "On the 9th day of April, 1915, will occur the fiftieth anniversary of Appomattox. On that historical day, so full of tender and tragic memories, CONVINCING CONGRESS 97 it is proposed to hold a grand reunion in the City of New Orleans of those who wore the colors that suggest the gray of the morning sky and the blue of full noon; and standing there, 'mid the scenes of long ago, under the folds of the Nation's flag, with hands clasped and hearts overflowing, these grand old heroes of ours will bury forever the last vestige of bitterness growing out of that great conflict. A sentiment? Yes, a sentiment that should strike a responsive chord in every patriotic American heart, a sentiment whose dramatic fulfillment at New Orleans in 1915 will challenge the admiration of the world." As he concluded, members from all over the House crowded up to grasp his hand and congratulate him, and so thick was the press that they had to form in line. Things seemed very dark, the rebel yell dreadfully triumphant. The San Francisco forces divided their time among fifteen rapid-fire speakers, who took about two minutes apiece. They were selected from widely separated parts of the country, which in itself looked like a demonstration that San Francisco was the choice of every sec- tion except that which was naturally loyal to New Orleans. These speakers were J. Sloat Fassett, Joseph A. Goulden, Sereno E. Payne and William Sulzer, of New York; August P. Gardner and John A. Keliher, of Massachusetts; William B. Wilson of Pennsylvania; James A. Tawney and Halvor Steenerson of Minnesota; Atterson W. Rucker of Colorado; George E. Foss of Illinois; and Joseph R. Knowland, Everis A. Hayes, Duncan McKinlay, and Julius Kahn of California. And they had the arguments. The San Francisco committee had claimed victory by 191 to 160. It won by 188 to 159. Rodenberg afterward declared it was impossible to beat such organization as the San Franciscans had perfected. It was in the course of this debate that Congressman Knowland read the pledge of coöperation by the Oakland Chamber of Commerce and its prom- ise to support a bond issue of a million dollars by Alameda County. The communication appears in the Congressional Record in the following form: Tactics that Won VOL. 1-7 “Oakland, Cal., January 18, 1911. "HON. J. R. KNOWLAND, Washington, D. C. "At the annual meeting of the Oakland Chamber of Commerce, which has a membership of 1,700, representing a community of more than a quarter of a million in this county on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, we 98 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION pledge through you to our sister city our most loyal support and coöperation, and stand ready to support a million-dollar bond issue by Alameda County, if required, in addition to the amount already subscribed. "W. S. MACKAY, President. "A. A. DENISON, Secretary." New Orleans took defeat in first-class sporting form, and once the House had voted to consider the San Francisco resolution her merchants and business men manifested their desire that no further contest be made; so, when the measure came up for actual adoption or rejection it carried by 259 to 43. Governor Sanders of Louisiana and Mayor Behrman of New Orleans wired congratulations to San Francisco. The resolution had been introduced in the Upper House by Senator Perkins, and after appearances before the Senate Committee on Industrial Expositions by Governor Sanders and Senator Foster for New Orleans, and Theodore Bell for San Francisco, the Committee reported it out without any hampering amendments and it was carried, on February II, 1911, without a dissenting vote. Four days later it was signed by President Taft in the presence of Senators Perkins and Flint, Congressmen Kahn, Hayes, Knowland, and McKinlay of California and Bartlett of Nevada, of R. B. Hale, M. F. Tarpey, Theodore Bell, John A. McGregor, Louis Levy, and Mr. and Mrs. James McNab. As finally adopted and signed the resolution made the financial requirement fifteen millions, inas- much as San Francisco had found she could raise that amount. When San Francisco learned that the resolution had passed the House her joy bells rang, her streets and her bright cafés swarmed with revelers all night, and her street-sweeping squad took wagon-loads of confetti off the pavements next day. It is a way she has. There was nothing left to do but build the Exposition. The Washington delegation re- turned with victory. For them were cheers and flowers, “for them bouquets and ribboned wreaths, for them the shores a-crowding. But though they had paid all their personal expenses it was not long before some elements of the community were asking why they had spent so much money. That, too, is a way San Francisco has. >> Home with Victory € 0 JOHN A. BRITTON DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION CAPTAIN JOHN BARNESON WILLIAM W. CHAPIN M. J. BRANDENSTEIN PHILIP T. CLAY FRANK L. BROWN 真 ​f CHAPTER XXI ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT IN N the formative stages of the Exposition, finances were under the general oversight of the successive Auditing Committees. During the activity of the Pacific Ocean Exposition Company (the preliminary corporation), the Auditing Committee had consisted of Andrew M. Davis, Alfred I. Esberg, and R. B. Hale. By resolution, in December, 1909, Presi- dent Homer S. King was authorized to create a temporary Auditing Com- mittee, and shortly thereafter appointed Directors Hale, Rolph, and Clay. In January, 1910, another Auditing Committee was established, consisting of Directors Esberg, A. W. Scott, Jr., and John S. Britton, to which was later added Director Thornwell Mullally. After the incorporation of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition a permanent Auditing Committee was appointed, consisting of Esberg, Britton, and Brandenstein. In addition to auditing bills these various committees did a great deal of investigating of other expositions to see what might be the magnitude of the task ahead. Incorporation and the election of the Board of Directors occurred in March, 1910. During the absence of President King, in June of that year, Hale became Acting President. Director Clay was appointed Acting Chair- man of the Board of Directors in the absence of King and Hale. On Clay's resignation a few weeks later Rolph filled the chair. In November, King tendered his resignation as President and it was laid on the table to await the return of the delegation from Washington. In the fall of 1910, with the acute stage of financing over, it became at once necessary and opportune to begin the construction of a working organi- zation. The by-laws, as amended September 14, 1910, provided that the Board of Directors should appoint an Executive Committee of eleven members including the President of the Exposition, and the following were elected to that committee: Directors Sloss, Hale, Foster, M. H. de Young, Crocker, McNab, Fortmann, Esberg, Brown, and A. W. Scott, Jr. This was the important working arm of the Exposition. With it, at this 99 100 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION stage, most movements originated, and to it others were referred. Ulti- mately, it assumed the form given below. The by-laws prescribed also that there should be a Finance Committee of seventy-five, and this had been appointed at the time of incorporation. It was to select nine members, at least six of whom should be Directors, to be an Executive Council, which should “act with the Board of Directors as the Executive Finance Council." This latter Council was to have general control of receipts and disbursements of every kind. The original member- ship of the Executive Council of the Finance Committee, we have stated in the chapter headed "Shoe Leather Day." It was reorganized and put on a permanent basis after that campaign. The Woman's Board was a sub-committee of the Directorate and operated under the Directorate's control, through the Women's Affairs Committee, consisting of Britton, Lindley, and Hale. This relationship prevented interference of function and duplication of effort. Of the invalu- able and brilliant service of the Woman's Board this narrative will have more to say later. The vital labors that afterward devolved upon the Committee on Exploitation working through the Division of Exploitation, were begun by a Committee on Exploitation and Publicity, of which Charles C. Moore was elected Chairman at a Board meeting on March 24, 1910, directly after the adoption of the by-laws. He resigned on April 7, to take the chairmanship of the Finance Committee, and was succeeded by Charles S. Fee. In Beginnings September, 1910, Mr. Fee resigned the chairmanship of the Com- of Exploita- mittee on Exploitation and Publicity and was succeeded by Frank L. Brown. The Committee made active efforts to enlist state participation, and went after appropriations in various legislatures, one of the major functions of this arm. tion In September of the following year this Committee's title was changed to that of Press and Publicity, and Frank L. Brown became Chairman. Later it was reorganized as the Committee on Exploitation, and R. J. Taussig was made Chairman. The Washington delegation brought back victory in February of 1911, and a few months afterward the President of the Exposition was elected. Thereafter the organization was of his building, upon stipulations with his Board of Directors as hereinafter described. The following lists exhibit the form ultimately assumed by the admin- istrative and executive branches of the organization, and represent that organization in its more important officers during the later days of develop- ment and through the operating season: ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS CHARLES C. MOORE, President WILLIAM H. CROCKER, Vice-President REUBEN B. HALE, Vice-President I. W. HELLMAN, JR., Vice-President M. H. DE YOUNG, Vice-President LEON SLOSS, Vice-President JAMES ROLPH, JR., Vice-President RUDOLPH J. TAUSSIG, Secretary A. W. FOSTER, Treasurer CURTIS H. LINDLEY, Solicitor General JOHN BARNESON M. J. BRANDENSTEIN JOHN A. BRITTON FRANK L. BROWN GEORGE T. CAMERON P. T. CLAY R. A. CROTHERS A. I. ESBERG CHARLES S. FEE HERBERT FLEISHHACKER J. B. LEVISON JOSEPH S. TOBIN THE SUB-DIRECTORS WILLIAM T. SESNON W. J. DUTTON F. W. DOHRMANN THE VOTING AND DEPOSITORY TRUSTEES succeeded by A. B. C. DOHRMANN JOSEPH D. GRANT CAPT. A. H. PAYSON LEON SLOSS 101 H. F. FORTMANN HOMER S. KING P. H. MCCARTHY JAMES MCNAB THORNWELL MULLALLY DENT H. ROBERT A. W. SCOTT, JR. HENRY T. SCOTT CHARLES S. STANTON CHARLES K. MCINTOSH MORRIS MEYERFELD, JR. 102 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION The President and Secretary were, ex-officio, members of all committees. M. J. BRANDEnstein WILLIAM H. CROCKER M. H. DE YOUNG A. W. FOSTER R. B. HALE JOHN A. BRITTON R. B. HALE JOHN A. BRITTON STANDING COMMITTEES M. H. DE YOUNG A. W. FOSTER WILLIAM H. CROCKER HERBERT FLEISHHACKER H. F. FORTMANN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE CHARLES C. MOORE, Chairman RUDOLPH J. TAUSSIG, Secretary EXECUTIVE SUB-COMMITTEE CHARLES C. MOORE, Chairman RUDOLPH J. TAUSSIG EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE HENRY T. SCOTT, Chairman R. B. HALE, Vice-Chairman JOSEPH S. TOBIN AUDITING COMMITTEE M. J. BRANDENSTEIN, Chairman LEON SLOSS, Vice-Chairman BUDGET COMMITTEE I. W. HELLMAN, JR. CURTIS H. LINDLEY JAMES MCNAB LEON SLOSs JOSEPH S. TOBIN A. I. ESBERG, Chairman CURTIS H. LINDLEY HENRY T. SCOTT I. W. HELLMAN, JR. CHARLES K. MCINTOSH LEON SLOSS JOSEPH S. TOBIN R. B. HALE LEON SLOSS DO 00 ANDREW M. DAVIS DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION R. A. CROTHERS ALFRED I. ESBERG GEORGE T. CAMERON CHARLES S. FEE CHARLES DE YOUNG Um BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS COMMITTEE WILLIAM H. CROCKER, Chairman JAMES MCNAB, Vice-Chairman JOHN BARNESON JOHN A. BRITTON JOHN BARNESON A. I. ESBERG A. W. FOSTER ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT P. T. CLAY MORRIS MEYERFELD, JR. M. J. BRANDENSTEIN FRANK L. BROWN GEORGE T. CAMERON P. T. CLAY H. F. FORTMANN DENT H. ROBERT EXHIBITS COMMITTEE R. B. HALE, Chairman CONCESSIONS AND ADMISSIONS COMMITTEE JOSEPH S. TOBIN, Chairman M. J. BRANDENSTEIN, Vice-Chairman DENT H. ROBERT EXPLOITATION COMMITTEE RUDOLPH J. TAUSSIG, Chairman 103 CURTIS H. LINDLEY P. H. MCCARTHY THORNWELL MULLALLY A. W. SCOTT, JR. TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE I. W. HELLMAN, JR., Chairman JAMES MCNAB HOMER S. KING A. W. SCOTT, JR. HENRY T. SCOTT WOMEN'S AFFAIRS COMMITTEE JOHN A. BRITTON, Chairman R. A. CROTHERS CHARLES S. FEE H. F. FORTMANN CHARLES S. STANTON A. W. SCOTT, JR. CURTIS H. LINDLEY R. B. HALE COMMITTEE ON ATHLETICS, SPECIAL EVENTS, AND MILITARY AFFAIRS THORNWELL MULLALLY, Chairman 104 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Office of the President: EXECUTIVE ORGANIZATION Office of the Secretary: MUSIC COMMITTEE J. B. LEVISON, Chairman CHARLES C. MOORE, President JOSEPH M. CUMMING, Executive Secretary RECEPTION COMMITTEE LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER CLARK HOWELL WOODWARD, U. S. N., Naval Aide to the President CAPTAIN EDWARD CARPENTER, U. S. A., Military Aide to the President Office of the Treasurer: WILLIAM T. SESNON, Chairman RUDOLPH J. TAUSSIG, Secretary JOSEPH M. CUMMING, Assistant Secretary A. W. FOSTER, Treasurer A. W. FOSTER, JR., Assistant Treasurer Office of the Director-in-Chief of Foreign and Domestic Participation: DR. FREDERICK J. V. SKIFF, Director-in-Chief of Foreign and Domestic Partici- ASHER CARTER BAKER HARRIS D. H. CONNICK FRANK BURT JOHN E. D. TRASK ROBERT B. HARSHE pation O. H. FERNBACH, Secretary of the Foreign Office DR. FREDERICK J. V. SKIFF Director of the Division of Exhibits Director of the Division of Works Director of the Division of Concessions and Admissions George Hough PERRY Director of the Division of Exploitation EXECUTIVE STAFF DIVISION OF EXHIBITS ASHER CARTER BAKER, Director Chief of the Department of Fine Arts Assistant Chief of the Department of Fine Arts W ALVIN E. POPE ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT THEODORE HARDEE CHARLES H. GREEN J. S. TEAGAR W. T. SWEATT GEORGE W. DANFORTH BLYTHE H. HENDERSON THOMAS G. STALLSMITH D. O. LIVELY I. D. GRAHAM T. E. QUISENBERRY GEORGE A. DENNISON CHARLES E. VAN BARNEVELD DIVISION OF EXHIBITS-Continued L. F. LEUREY GEORGE W. KELHAM KARL T. F. BITTER A. STIRLING CALDER JULES GUERIN E. E. CARPENTER GUY L. BAYLEY W. D'A. RYAN JOHN MCLAREN DONALD MCLAREN W. M. JOHNSON SHIRLEY BAKER H. D. DEWELL WILLIAM WATERS DIVISION OF WORKS HARRIS D. H. CONNICK, Director A. H. MARKWART, Assistant Director of Works and Chief of Construction PAUL E. DENIVELLE E. F. CHAMPNEY L. F. CHAMPION Chief of the Departments of Education and Social Economy Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts Chief of the Department of Manufactures and Varied Industries 105 Chief of the Department of Machinery Chief of the Department of Transportation Chief of the Department of Agriculture Chief of the Department of Live Stock Assistant Chief of the Department of Live Stock Assistant Chief of the Department of Live Stock Chief of the Department of Horticulture Chief of the Department of Mines and Metal- lurgy Chief of Customs and Deliveries Eastern Representative Chief of Architecture Chief of Sculpture Acting Chief of Sculpture Chief of Color and Decoration Chief Civil Engineer Chief Mechanical and Electrical Engi- neer Assistant Chief Mechanical and Electri- cal Engineer Chief of Illumination Chief of Landscape Gardening Assistant Chief of Landscape Gardening Engineer of Fire Protection Construction Engineer Chief Structural Engineer Superintendent of Building Construc- tion Supervisor of Texture and Modeling Chief of Design Engineer of Grounds and Railways 106 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION DIVISION OF WORKS-Continued R. C. MACLACHLAN JOSEPH J. RANKIN DR. C. C. PIERCE DR. R. M. WOODWARD DR. J. M. HOLT DR. L. L. WILLIAMS Chief of Bureau of Land and Permits Chief Architectural Draughtsman Chief of Hygiene and Sanitation Chief of the Medical Bureau Chief of the Medical Bureau Chief of the Medical Bureau CAPTAIN EDWARD CARPENTER, U. S. A. Commandant Exposition Guard DIVISION OF CONCESSIONS AND ADMISSIONS FRANK BURT, Director JAY J. BRYAN EDMUND C. CONROY JAMES D. O'NEIL COLVIN B. BROWN HAMILTON WRIGHT ARTHUR H. DUTTON C. C. HENION HENRY BACON WILLIAM B. FAVILLE (Bliss & Faville) ROBERT FARQUHAR THOMAS HASTINGS MAX J. KUHL (Carrere & Hastings) GEORGE W. KELHAM E. H. BENNETT ARTHUR BROWN (Bakewell & Brown) Assistant Director Chief of the Department of Admissions Chief of the Department of Concessions DIVISION OF EXPLOITATION GEORGE HOUGH PERRY, Director Chief of the Department of Domestic Exploitation Editor-in-Chief Chief of Local Publicity Commissioner of State and Foreign Organizations in San Francisco ARCHITECTURAL COMMISSION MCKIM, MEAD & WHITE (William Symmes Rich- ardson) LOUIS C. MULLGARDT WILLIS POLK CLARENCE R. WARD (Ward & Blohme) ASSOCIATE ARCHITECTS BERNARD R. MAYBECK (Maybeck, Howard & White) LEGAL DEPARTMENT CURTIS H. LINDLEY, Solicitor General FRANK S. BRITTAIN, General Attorney CHAUNCEY F. ELDRIDGE EVERETT A. INGALLS f ลง S DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION ARTHUR W. FOSTER CHARLES W. HORNICK P. H. MCCARTHY HOMER S. KING S. FRED HOGUE JAMES MCNAB CURTIS H. LINDLEY C 1 L CHARLES C. MOORE DR. FREDERICK J. V. SKIFF O. H. FERNBACH A. M. MORTENSEN H. E. SHUGRUE RODNEY S. DURKEE W. J. PEARCE E. H. HOOPER W. A. GRIMMELL E. J. WAGNER ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL AWARD SYSTEM A. L. COWELL H. K. BASSETT W. L. HATHAWAY GARNER CURRAN LOUIS LEVY LOWELL HARDY Honorary President President Secretary TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT CONGRESSES, CONFERENCES, AND CONVENTIONS JAMES A. BARR, Director COMPTROLLER'S DEPARTMENT THOMAS M. MOORE GEORGE W. STEWART Traffic Manager Assistant Traffic Manager WORLD'S INSURANCE CONGRESS EVENTS IRA E. BENNETT W. A. D'EGILBERT CHARLES A. VOGELSANG Assistant Director of Congresses Assistant Director of Congresses SPECIAL DAYS AND EVENTS Comptroller Acting Comptroller Assistant Comptroller Auditor Cashier Commissioner Deputy to the Commissioner THEODORE HARDEE, Director 107 Chief of Special Days Chief of Special Publicity SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS Commissioner General to the Atlantic States Musical Director Washington Representative Commissioner of the California Building General Commissioner 108 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION EXPOSITION LEGION FREDERICK J. KOSTER, Chairman C. C. HENION, Secretary WOMAN'S BOARD; OFFICERS AND OTHER DIRECTORS Honorary President President MRS. PHOEBE A. HEARST MRS. FREDERICK G. SANBORN MRS. LOVELL WHITE MRS. I. LOWENBERG MRS. WILLIAM HINCKLEY TAYLOR MRS. JOHN F. MERRILL MRS. FRANK L. BROWN MRS. ERNEST S. SIMPSON MRS. GAILLARD STONEY MRS. PHILIP E. BOWLES MRS. EDWIN R. DIMOND MRS. CHARLES W. SLACK MRS. EDSON F. ADAMS MRS. FRANK B. ANDERSON DR. MARIANA BERTOLA MRS. FRANCIS CAROLAN MRS. AYLETT R. COTTON MRS. JOSEPH A. DONOHOE MRS. JOSEPH D. GRANT MRS. REUBEN BROOKS HALE MRS. PRENTISS COBB HALE MRS. I. W. HELLMAN, JR. MRS. C. EDWARD HOLMES MRS. JOHN JOHNS GOVERNOR HIRAM W. JOHNSON MATT I. SULLIVAN PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA CHESTER H. ROWELL MARSHALL STIMSON Ist Vice-President 2nd Vice-President 3rd Vice-President 4th Vice-President 5th Vice-President 6th Vice-President Secretary Treasurer Assistant Treasurer Auditor ARTHUR ARLETT F. J. O'BRIEN LEO S. ROBINSON HARRY H. COSGRIFF MRS. ABBIE E. KREBS MRS. JESSE W. LILIENTHAL MISS LAURA LIVINGSTON MCKINSTRY MRS. ROBERT OXNARD MRS. HORACE D. PILLSBURY MRS. GEORGE A. POPE MRS. HENRY T. SCOTT MRS. LAURANCE IRVING Scott MRS. WILLIAM T. SESNON MRS. MAX C. SLOSS MRS. WILLIAM S. TEVIS MRS. EDWARD C. WRIGHT Member ex-officio President Secretary Controller Executive Secretary ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL EXPOSITION COMMISSION OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION WILLIAM PHILLIPS FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT WILLIAM BAILEY LAMAR FRANK N. BAUSKETT U. S. GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT BOARD ADOLPH C. MILLER S. W. STRATTON F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER W. DEC. RAVENEL J. C. BOYKIN T. J. TAYLOR Chairman 109 Chairman Secretary Secretary Assistant to the Chairman Disbursing Officer CHAPTER XXII MEMBERS OF THE BOARD C REATING an international exposition is no enterprise for a small, exclusive group, and never will be properly accomplished except by an organization representing all the important commercial and industrial elements of a virile community. By those in charge of the early development of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition great care was exercised to make the Board of Directors broadly representative of all the interests of San Francisco. Not only must it not represent any faction, but, on the positive side, it must also embrace both a general and a practical understanding of the art of business management, for it was going to meet every sort of business problem ever devised and a few new ones besides, with unexpected political, social, and diplomatic trimmings; many a one of them under the grim condition of the Sphinx's riddle, "Solve it or die." While the immediate administration of affairs was necessarily the func- tion of paid executives, the public was to hold the Directors responsible for results, and hence they had to be men of a sort to command public confi- dence. Before the work could be organized it was necessary to Trustees for obtain pledges of abundant money, and the public would never the Public have subscribed it if the members of the Board had not been men who by character and personal achievement had demonstrated that they could be trusted to make the best possible use of the subscriptions. As constituted, the Board was a versatile body. It commanded within its membership a first-hand knowledge of banking, mechanical, and electri- cal engineering and machinery, foreign commerce, agriculture, and animal husbandry, urban transportation, interstate railroading, shipping, local freight handling, organized labor, retail trade in several lines including pianos and hay, and of journalism, corporation finance, and law. The small householder was represented, and some of the greatest financial institutions in the West. Four members were regents of the University of California and one was a trustee of Stanford. The San Francisco newspapers were represented. IIO THORNWELL MULLALLY A. W. SCOTT, JR. DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION RUDOLPH J. TAUSSIG F HENRY T. SCOTT DENT H. ROBERT JOSEPH S. TOBIN CHARLES S. STANTON MEMBERS OF THE BOARD The knowledge of business embraced was not merely theoretical. The men that had it had gained it by experience, and through their decision and energy had made success of it. Each knew his field, almost all knew the requisites of efficient organization management, and in many very practical and vital ways they brought their energy and skill to the service of the great undertaking. They put their reputations in jeopardy; for if that under- taking had been a failure the loss of prestige and even of credit would have been incalculable, and would have involved most serious results. One of them remarked in the early days of development: "We have taken our financial lives in our hands." III No member of the Board received a salary. All were called upon many times during the progress of the work for large personal expenditure, which they freely and cheerfully donated. So fast did they cleave to the rule that no Exposition money could be devoted to personal uses that the record is full. of payments by them of charges which might far more properly have been considered legitimate expenses of the corporation, and which in other expo- sitions had been so regarded. They did not even obtain places for their friends, but accepted exposure to the resentment of disappointed job hunters as part of the risk and burden they had assumed. Among the difficulties of the writer has been moderation of statement about these men, in view of his knowledge of the services they rendered the community and the public spirit that uniformly animated them. The members of the Directorate, who had in their hands the unchecked disposal of those millions of the community's money for this altruistic object, held in trust not merely a certain number of dollars, but one of the best and grandest impulses of their city's life. The highest ideal of that life, its supreme ethical and esthetic spirit, it was their function to em- body and express. And they discharged their trust, willingly and completely, at a cost of heavy labors and continual anxieties and great personal sacrifice. The results they achieved, under the most adverse conditions imaginable, evoked the applause of the world. No more honorable and dignified position could have been held by any group of men. San Francisco honors them, and long will honor them, for the luster their work and sacrifice laid upon her history; and the reader of this account, whoever he may be, should have some nearer acquaintance with them than the mere roll of their names. A Great Mission Capt. John Barneson was a leading figure in the recent commercial development of the State. He learned navigation on a tea clipper, and from 1885 to 1890 had command of the English ship "George Thompson,' in the Pacific trade. During the Spanish War he commanded a transport. II2 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION After the war he entered the shipping business at San Francisco, but shortly became Marine Superintendent in the Transport Service. In 1900 he was back in the shipping business, but became interested in the California petroleum industry, in which he was one of the leading figures. He was Vice-President and Managing Director of the General Petroleum Company, and President of the General Pipe Line Company, and was one of the build- ers of the first pipe line for oil delivery in California. William B. Bourn was President of the Spring Valley Water Company, and was also heavily interested in California gold mining. He was a com- manding financial figure in the community, and his personal authority and labors were of immeasurable value in establishing the financial foundation of the Exposition and in helping set a high standard of contributions to its stock. M. J. Brandenstein, of M. J. Brandenstein & Co., represented San Fran- cisco commerce. He was a merchant, in the best significance of the term, for his operations were based on broad commercial vision and involved the main phases of mercantile distribution and exchange. In geographical scope they began in tea gardens and rice fields in China and Japan, and spread over a jobbing area that included the whole Coast and the Rocky Mountain States, and extended to Chicago. John A. Britton was Vice-President, General Manager and Chief Engi- neer of the Pacific Gas & Electric Company, a corporation whose service of electricity, gas, and water extended through thirty counties in Central and Northern California. He had charge of all construction work for the com- pany-its hydro-electric plants, gas works, water systems, and the operation of a street railway system; so that he understood organization like an army's chief of staff. He was a Regent of the State University. Frank L. Brown was a capitalist identified with many of the larger development projects of California. He had had wide financial experience. He consolidated and sold the Portland street railways, became Pacific Coast agent of a large eastern manufacturing company, Pacific Coast manager of the American Steel and Wire Company, organized a steel and wire company of his own and a telephone equipment company, of which he was President; and afterward organized the Palmer Oil Company, the Great Western Power Company, the California Land Properties Company, and many others. He was very active on the Executive Committee of the California Development Board. He died January 1, 1918, at New York, where he had gone to become President of a concrete machinery company. William W. Chapin was publisher of the San Francisco "Call." He served as a Director from January to November, 1913, when he resigned. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 113 Philip T. Clay was Vice-President of Sherman, Clay & Company, an old and honored San Francisco house operating music supply and musical instrument stores all over the Coast. He had rendered good volunteer ser- vice to his city, having been Chairman of the Portola Festival Committee in 1909, and his administration was so successful that he was again made Chairman when that carnival was repeated in 1913. He was one of the three founders of the Down-Town Association, organized shortly after the fire to assist the rehabilitation of the down-town section. William H. Crocker, one of the six Vice-Presidents of the Exposition, was President of the Crocker National Bank of San Francisco, director in two savings banks, Vice-President of the Pacific Improvement Company, director in the Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company, and, altogether one of the city's leading financial figures. He was a son of Charles Crocker, one of that group of audacious pioneers who built the Central Pacific Rail- road, the western connection of the first transcontinental line. William H. Crocker was a Regent of the State University. R. A. Crothers was editor and proprietor of the San Francisco "Bulle- tin," having purchased that journal in 1894. He had practiced law in Quebec, and for the last five years of his residence there had been one of the examiners for admission to study and practice law in the Province. He was a journalist of strong influence in his State. George T. Cameron was identified with the cement industry of California and with the publication of the San Francisco "Chronicle," which he represented on the Board of Directors after the death of Charles de Young in September, 1913. He was President of the Santa Cruz Portland Cement Company, one of the largest on the Coast. Andrew M. Davis was a leading San Francisco merchant, identified with the mercantile life of the city from his youth. He was connected with the Golden Rule Bazaar, which every old San Franciscan remembers, and later helped found one of the city's largest department stores, the Emporium, of which he was Treasurer. Associated with many of the important forward movements of his community, he served as President of the Merchants' Association when it was one of the largest of these organizations in the country and was at the front of every good civic enterprise. He was one of the leading spirits in the Associated Charities, and helped form the Charities Endorsement Committee, to certify deserving organizations to the public and thus eliminate fraud from this field. Mr. Davis died April 5, 1912. Charles de Young, son of M. H. de Young, was business manager of the "Chronicle," and a few weeks before his death had been made its publisher. He was a member of many clubs and of the Portola Committee, and was one VOL. I-S 114 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION of the most popular of the city's younger business men. He died on Sep- tember 17, 1913. M. H. de Young, a Vice-President of the Exposition, was one of the founders of the San Francisco "Chronicle," and became its proprietor and editor-in-chief. He was a Vice-President of the World's Columbian National Commission, and member of its Board of Reference and Control. He was President and Director-General of the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894, Commissioner-General from California to the Trans- Mississippi Exposition at Omaha in 1898, and President of the United States Commission to the Paris Exposition of 1900. Alfred I. Esberg was a San Francisco merchant, a member of the firm of M. A. Gunst & Company, tobacco importers and manufacturers, and one of the largest independent wholesalers and retailers of cigars in the United States. He was a Director and member of the Executive Committee of the California Development Board. His marked natural talent for finance and financial statistics was invaluable to the Exposition. Charles S. Fee was Passenger Traffic Manager of the Southern Pacific Company, and had had wide experience in railroading, especially in con- nection with large travel movements. He began with the Michigan Central in the office of the General Superintendent, went thence to the Hannibal & St. Joseph, now part of the Burlington, and then passed seven years in the operating department of the Northern Pacific, and twenty years as its General Passenger Agent. He came to San Francisco as Passenger Traffic Manager of the Southern Pacific Company in 1904. Henry F. Fortmann was the President of the Alaska Packers' Associ- ation; one of the most important of San Francisco commercial concerns, with a long list of canneries in Alaska, a large fleet of vessels, and world-wide business connections. He was extremely effective in Exposition financing. Arthur W. Foster, Treasurer of the Exposition and member of the Directorate, had been identified with the railroad development of California. He had been President of the California Northwestern Railroad, and a Director of the Anglo and London-Paris National Bank. He was owner of a large California ranch, was interested in animal husbandry, and as a Regent of the University of California was greatly interested in its College of Agriculture and everything pertaining to that subject. Of Reuben Brooks Hale, one of the Vice-Presidents, we have made personal mention in connection with his work as originator of the Ex- position. He was Secretary and Treasurer of Hale Bros., Inc., one of the largest department stores in the city. I. W. Hellman, Jr., a Vice-President of the Exposition, was President of Catego SUB-DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION HERBERT FLEISHHACKER MORRIS MEYERFELD, JR. WILLIAM T. SESNON JACOB B. LEVISON CHARLES K. MCINTOSH f · MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 115 the Union Trust Company of San Francisco, and director in several other banks. He represented large interests in Southern California, and his posi- tion gave him a broad outlook over the business affairs of the whole State. Mr. Hellman died on May 10, 1920. S. Fred Hogue represented the business management of the "Evening Post." He resigned from the Board in 1914. Charles W. Hornick was editor and publisher of the San Francisco "Call." He was one of the original thirty Directors of the Exposition and had been active in its affairs almost from the beginning, but ill health forced him to give up work and retire from the Board in December, 1912. He died November 17, 1916. Homer S. King, who had been selected to head the Pacific Ocean Exposi- tion Company in the preliminary stages of the Exposition, was one of San Francisco's leading business men, President for a time of the Bank of Cali- fornia, and head of the San Francisco Clearing House from 1905 to 1909. He was accustomed to organization and corporation management, for he had a record of long service with Wells Fargo & Company in California and Nevada—a record beginning in 1857 and coming down to 1904. During this service he had been express agent, cashier of the Wells Fargo & Com- pany bank at San Francisco, Treasurer of the company, and manager of all the Wells Fargo banks, including the branches in New York, Salt Lake, Virginia City, Carson City, and Portland. He was Chairman of the general Citizens' Health Committee of San Francisco, and was the first President of the Panama-Pacific Exposition. He died on December 19, 1919. Curtis H. Lindley, who succeeded W. B. Bourn on the Board, was one of the most distinguished lawyers of the Pacific Coast. He had been a Supe- rior Judge, Secretary to the California Code Commission, President of the San Francisco Bar Association, Honorary Professor in the Department of Jurisprudence of the University of California, lecturer on jurisprudence at Stanford; and was the author of an exhaustive work on mining law. He was the Exposition's Solicitor General. P. H. McCarthy was Mayor of San Francisco when the Exposition Directorate was formed, and was also General President of the State Build- ing Trades Council of California. He was a labor organizer and was at the same time familiar with public affairs on their practical side. He had served as a member of the Board of Freeholders that drafted the Charter of San Francisco, and later as a member of the Civil Service Commission. James McNab was senior member of the important San Francisco dray- ing firm of McNab & Smith, and in addition to his wide knowledge of local business and political conditions had had exposition experience as Superin- 116 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION tendent of Buildings and Grounds of the California Midwinter Exposition, held in Golden Gate Park in 1894. He was a leading figure in the business life of San Francisco, a man of large affairs, having important farming and live stock interests. He was President of the Chamber of Commerce during the Portola festival of 1909. Mr. McNab died on March 13, 1916. Of Charles C. Moore we shall have something to say later. Thornwell Mullally was an attorney, and assistant to the President of the United Railroads of San Francisco. This gave the Board an expert in the vital problems of urban transportation. Mr. Mullally had been a mem- ber of the Committee of Fifty, which took direction of affairs in San Francisco immediately after the great disaster of April, 1906. James Rolph, Jr., a Vice-President of the Exposition, member of the firm of Hind, Rolph & Company, was a ship-owner, shipping merchant, coal mer- chant, President of the Mission Bank and Mission Savings Bank, and was elected Mayor of San Francisco in 1911, again in 1915, and again in 1919. He had been President of the Merchants' Exchange for three successive years, and served three terms as a director of the Ship-Owners' Association of the Pacific Coast and three terms as a trustee of the Chamber of Com- merce. He was a leader in movements for the improvement of the city, and it was during his administrations that the present City Hall was built, the Municipal Railway and the Civic Center of San Francisco developed, the tunnels dug under Stockton Street hill and Twin Peaks, and the Congres- sional grant of Hetch Hetchy for a municipal water supply acquired. Dent H. Robert was publisher of the San Francisco "Examiner," the first newspaper of the W. R. Hearst group. He was a journalist of wide experience, having pursued that exacting profession in St. Louis, Savannah, and New York. For Mr. Hearst and under his direction Robert founded the Los Angeles "Examiner." At San Francisco he identified himself with every progressive undertaking, and was of great assistance to the Exposition in its formative stages as well as its later development. He died June 17, 1917, at his residence near San Diego. A. W. Scott, Jr., was a merchant and a lawyer, and a citizen whose citizenship was always active. He was Secretary and Treasurer of Scott, Magner & Miller, a corporation doing a large business in forage on the Coast; and he had organized the Citizens' Street Repair Association, which had done much to restore the San Francisco streets to traffic after the fire of 1906. Scott organized and was first President of the Civic League of Improvement Clubs. He served on the Executive Committee of the Citizens' Health Committee in San Francisco's sanitation campaign, and he organized the Inspection Bureau of the Civic League, which furnished independent super- MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 117 vision of public work until the Merchants' Association, of which he was a Director, took over that function. Henry T. Scott was Chairman of the Board of the Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company, and was formerly President of the Union Iron Works. He was Chairman of the Board of the Mercantile National Bank of San Francisco, and was a member of the directorate of a large number of local business corporations; among others, the Crocker Estate and the Crocker National Bank. He was President of the Burlingame Land and Water Company, the Hotel St. Francis Company, the City Realty Company, and the Columbia Theater Building Company, so that he may be said to have been thoroughly familiar with the management of enterprises of magnitude. Leon Sloss, a Vice-President of the Exposition, was President of the Northern Commercial Company (successor to the Alaska Commercial Company), with which organizations he had been connected since 1877. He was also associated in business with his brothers as a member of the firm of Louis Sloss & Company and Sloss Brothers. In 1891 he was appointed, by Senator Stanford, one of the trustees of Leland Stanford, Jr., University, and acted as Chairman of the Finance Committee of that institution after the Board of Trustees took over its management in 1895. Mr. Sloss died at San Francisco on May 5, 1920. Charles S. Stanton was a journalist and at the time of the Exposition was managing editor of the San Francisco "Examiner." He had served with the New York "World," had been editor of the Albany "Evening Union," and editorial writer and night editor of the Chicago "Tribune." Rudolph J. Taussig, Secretary of the Exposition and a Director, was a San Francisco merchant actively interested in the affairs of his city. He was President of the Mechanics' Institute, trustee of the Wilmerding School of Industrial Arts and the California School of Mechanical Arts, Treasurer of the California Academy of Sciences, and a Regent of the University of California. He was much interested in historical research and classical literature, was President of the Pacific Coast Historical Association, and author of several historical papers of value. Joseph S. Tobin, senior member of the law firm of Tobin & Tobin, had been a director of the Hibernia Savings and Loan Society for many years. He was a director of the Bank of California National Association, and had been a Supervisor of the City and County of San Francisco. He was active in movements for civic betterment, and in 1912 was elected to suc- ceed Andrew M. Davis on the Directorate of the Exposition. Mr. Tobin died on February 5, 1918. In view of the difficulty of enlarging the Board of Directors, and the 118 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION later developing need for the assistance of men qualified in especial lines, the honorary office of Sub-Director was established. The Sub-Directors were drafted into the service of the Exposition by the President and the Board, and added tremendously to the strength of the Directorate. Herbert Fleishhacker was one of the banker Sub-Directors. He was a good example of the constructive financier. He established in Oregon City, Oregon, the first paper mills in that part of the world. In California he turned his talents to the organization of hydro-electric power companies, and soon had going more than a dozen power and manufacturing concerns. In March, 1911, he became President of the Anglo and London Paris Na- tional Bank, in San Francisco. He was also President of the Floriston Land and Power Company, and the Reno Traction Company, and director in many other corporations that brought him into touch with the varied undertakings and new development of the Coast. Jacob B. Levison, the Committee on Music, had had more or less to do with every musical organization of any importance in the city for over thirty years; from the presidency of the Philharmonic Society to a place on the Board of Governors of the present Musical Association of San Francisco. For twenty-five years he had been a leader in the musical activities of the Bohemian Club. At the time of the Exposition he was Vice-President of the Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, of which he became President. Charles K. McIntosh was one of the banker Sub-Directors. He had been actively connected with San Francisco banking for twenty-nine years, and at the time of the Exposition was Vice-President of the Bank of Cali- fornia National Association. He was a director of the Federal Reserve Bank from the time of its establishment in this district, in November, 1914. Morris Meyerfeld, Jr., who as Sub-Director served on the Committee on Concessions and Admissions, was peculiarly qualified to advise that body on the subject of popular entertainment. He had been a wholesale merchant, but in 1896 bought the Orpheum Theaters in San Francisco and Los Angeles and organized the Orpheum Theater and Realty Company, which operated vaudeville houses in many of the cities of the United States and Canada and some in Europe. He was President of this corporation and a Director in the Anglo and London Paris National Bank. William T. Sesnon, Sub-Director, who served as Chairman of the Exposi- tion's Reception and Entertainment Committee, was an attorney and capitalist, and was connected with the development of the State's oil indus- try. He was President of the Chamber of Commerce during the later development of the Exposition. G CHESTER H. ROWELL MATT I. SULLIVAN XECUTIVE OFFICES THE STATE COMMISSION His Excellency HIRAM W. JOHNSON Governor of California ARTHUR ARLETT MARSHALL STIMSON M > • رد → > > + } J CHAPTER XXIII 1 REPRESENTING CALIFORNIA T HE labors and sacrifices of the counties of California in contributing to the California Building display, and their enterprise in entering the competition for awards in the exhibit palaces, all of which involved outlays of over $2,000,000, and contributed heavily to the success of the Exposition, should not be confused in the mind of the reader with the con- tribution of California, as a State, to the general Exposition fund. That came to $5,000,000 ($4,941,556.26 net to the Exposition) raised by four years' annual taxation under the amendment to the State Constitution adopted by the people in November, 1910, and paid over to the Exposition by its custodians according to agreement as the work progressed. The resolution of the special session of the Legislature submitting the proposal to amend the Constitution for this end, created a Commission to be known as the “Panama-Pacific International Exposition Commission of the State of California" to administer the fund the tax should produce. This body, ap- pointed by the Governor (the Senate consenting), consisted of four members and the Governor, represented different sections of the State, served without pay, and saw that the money was expended for the purpose for which the tax was voted: to establish, maintain, operate, and support the Exposition. It was no empty honor, for the Commission not only had the social task of representing California at all the important Exposition social affairs, but the serious financial responsibility of deciding before the State's money was turned over to the Exposition management, whether the object for which it was wanted was the object for which it had been voted. That meant keeping track of all the undertakings of every arm of the organi- zation including the Board of Directors itself, and passing judgment on what the Exposition management purposed to do. The State In February, 1911, the Governor with the Senate's approval, appointed Matt I. Sullivan of San Francisco, Chester H. Rowell of Fresno, R. Cameron Rogers of Santa Barbara and Marshall Stimson of Los Commission Angeles to serve on the State Exposition Commission; the first named, as President. On April 20, 1912, R. Cameron Rogers died at Santa 119 I 20 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Barbara, and in August of that year Governor Johnson filled the vacancy by the appointment of Arthur Arlett of Berkeley. The executive staff of the Commission consisted of F. J. O'Brien of Chico, Secretary; and Leo S. Robinson of Alameda, Controller. In April, 1915, Mr. Harry H. Cosgriff of San Francisco was added to the staff as . Executive Secretary. The fullest privileges of examination and investigation of all the acts of the management were accorded the State Commission, and were in fact set forth in a formal contract between the Commission and the Exposition Board; in which the manner of payment of moneys from the State Exposi- tion Fund into the treasury of the Exposition, the right of the Commis- sion to make investigations and to secure full knowledge of the operations, receipts, and disbursements of the Exposition, and other provisions for the union or joint action of the State Commission and the Exposition, were agreed upon. Accounts, vouchers, and contracts were always to be open to the Commission's inspection; and the State was saved from damage lia- bility. The law also provided that any money remaining in the State Exposition fund after the filing of the final report of the Commission should go into the general fund of the State. To all expenses of the Exposition in which the State should properly, in the judgment of the Commission, share, the Commission contributed a The third to the Exposition general fund. It was also agreed that Working in any distribution of property, dividends, or surplus, and out of Agreement any remaining property or assets of the Exposition, the State should receive such a proportion as its contributions bore to the total contributions. There was included among these provisions one for the establishment of a joint advisory council to consist of the President and two Directors of the Exposition, two members of the State Commission, and the Mayor of San Francisco and one person to be designated by him, through which the Commission should participate in the management of the Exposition. This was a piece of scaffolding thrown up in advance, which did not seem to be needed after the work got to forging along, so the joint advisory council met a few times and “faded out.” The Secretary and Controller of the State Commission had offices in the Exposition Building at Pine and Battery Streets during the construction period, and in the Administration wing of the California Building, with quarters for the Governor and other members, during the operating season; and they attended Board and committee meetings and were always in a position to inform the Commission of the acts and aims of the Exposition REPRESENTING CALIFORNIA 121 management, so that nothing should be passed over by the Commission in ignorance. The law and the agreement gave broad powers to the State Commission, which, had it been so disposed through political motives or plain human officiousness, the Commission could have used to embarrass the Exposition and bedevil the management out of its senses. But nothing of the sort happened. Relations between the Commission and the Board of Directors were of the most harmonious sort throughout. Commissioner Stimson was most helpful when called upon for any special service, and was a worthy representative of his State. Rowell and Arlett were main stays and never failing supports of the undertaking from first to last. They assisted materially in establishing Exposition policies, and were a source of strong and wise counsel, and they carried a large part of the load in every Exposi- tion activity in which they could in any way help. The Commissioners were urged by the President to attend all meetings of the Board of Directors, to see and understand exactly what was being done. They satisfied them- selves, as in duty bound, that the President and the Board were devoting their best efforts and talent to the good of the enterprise. entrusted to them, and then they gave their own best efforts and talent to supporting the policies of the President and the Board. At one time, some of the California counties made a concerted drive at the State fund for assistance in putting up a counties building; but the Commission stood firm and refused to devote any of the money to such a purpose, defend- ing it for other Exposition uses, and backing the policy of the Directors in regard to the counties participation. Part of the basis of these harmonious relations was the President's policy of keeping the Commission informed about every contemplated move, often taking counsel with the members in advance and during the execution of plans. Even that, however, would not have insured the right results had not the Commissioners been genuinely devoted to the creditable outworking of the enterprise. The final settlement of the Exposition with the State Commission will be detailed in a later chapter of this work. Insuring Team Work CHAPTER XXIV A SINGULAR CONTRACT CA ANVASSING of presidential possibilities by members of the Board always led around to Charles C. Moore, but although it paused here it had to wander on, for after the financial campaigning he had repeatedly declared he would accept no further responsibilities of office. To pressure from all directions he said that he "would sing reasonably loud in the chorus but would play no solo part." He went East on business and was in Washington on April 4, 1911, when the Directors met and unanimously elected him President of the Exposition. The whole Board was there except Bourn, King, Moore, and Robert. Six Vice-Presidents were elected at this meeting: Crocker, Hale, Hellman, M. H. de Young, Sloss, and Rolph; and the new Executive Committee was made to consist of Foster, Hale, M. H. de Young, Crocker, Hellman, Sloss, Fortmann, Brown, Esberg, and McNab; with the President and Secretary members ex-officio. Elected in his Absence A telegram was sent the President-elect, reciting the act of the Board and pledging him its united support. But he was not in a receptive nor an acceptive mood. He had no intention of taking the office, and it was not until five weeks later that he was finally brought to recognize that conditions made it logically necessary for him to assume the responsibility; at least for a limited period. So instead of bowing his head while they fixed the burden on his back he wired: "The matter is of such importance I feel it should not be decided by me until I discuss the whole subject with the Board of Directors. I leave here within a week, and if this course is agreeable to you I shall defer action until we have gone over the matter in confidence.” Hale moved that the Directors immediately wire him and insist upon his acceptance, and that all further appointments of committees and officers be deferred until his return. So on April 11, the following was dispatched: "Your telegram read at meeting of Board of Directors to-day, and Board decided to await your return before further perfecting organization plans for the Exposition. Each and all of them insist upon your acceptance of 122 P HEADS OF THE GREAT SECTIONS OF THE WORK DR. FREDERICK J. V. SKIFF HARRIS D. H. CONNICK FRANK BURT ARTHUR H. MARKWART CAPTAIN ASHER CARTER BAKER GEORGE HOUGH PERRY } 1 123 A SINGULAR CONTRACT the office of President, and pledge you loyal support and personal assistance of your policies for the building of a great Exposition, a credit to our City and our State." On April 26, Moore arrived in San Francisco after having stopped several days at Chicago gathering data on the Columbian Exposition. The circumstances of his selection gave the President-to-be some pecu- liar tactical advantages, which he turned to the subsequent benefit of the undertaking. He had no delusions about the way in which voluntary organizations are apt to operate if left to the intermittent play of individual impulses, so he drew up a fundamental definition of rights and mutual obligations, a sort of treaty or convention, or, perhaps, "gentle- men's agreement," which, unlike so many agreements of the sort, was kept throughout in good faith as the vital spirit and organic law of the institution. Certain principles laid down in it are basic, such as the total elimination of patronage; and it became another principle, rigidly observed, that all appointments in all departments were made by the President, although recommendations of department chiefs were seldom overruled, and seldom needed to be partly because every department chief knew his selections would have to pass the scrutiny of the upper office. Practical Principles This agreement has never been published before but it is so well worth while as a recognition of the essentials of good organization and teamwork that it carries its lesson in the art of government itself, and should not be lost. As drafted, it was no model of symmetry, balance, and form, but its meaning was clear and vital, something for use rather than ornament, so we present it verbatim, just as it was put together in the rush and pressure of those days. It read: "1. The general plan of organization as presented by the Subcommittee and adopted and recommended by the Executive Committee subject to modi- fication as might be found advisable but maintaining the policy of centering power in the executive head of the exposition is necessary to the proper con- duct of the business of the exposition company." It was further agreed: "2. That the President have the appointment of all Executive officers and committees subject to the approval of the Board of Directors, but that patronage be entirely eliminated, i.e., the Directors pledge themselves not to recommend to department chiefs any employees, but that the department chiefs be free to select their assistants and be held responsible for the results and the work of their department. "3. That the six Vice-Presidents be not honorary but working offi- 124 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION cers and cheerfully accept regular or special work assigned to them by the President. (C 4. That there be no intrigue, conspiracy, or star-chamber proceed- ings, and that friendliness and frankness between Directors exist at all times and that the members do not frame up pools of votes; that there be no factions but all come into the Board Room to have free discussion upon all matters that might come up. "5. That a platform or basis of understanding between the State Commission and the directors of the exposition company be a condition. precedent that both bodies may work in harmony for the benefit of the exposition. “6. That the Directors be not selfish or prejudiced proponents of sites but so far as possible act as jurymen, and that the site matter be given first consideration and settled at as early a date as possible, bearing in mind, however, that it would be better to delay the selection of the site for a rea- sonable time than to have subsequent discontent and criticism for years to come. "7. That the week-ends be not devoted to the business of the company by the President." Moore presented this exceptional document as his platform at a regular meeting of the Board on May 10, 1911. There were twenty-three Directors present besides the President-Elect, and in all these terms every Director concurred heartily, and all endorsed the agreement by a rising vote. The President reserved the right to resign the office at any time either for busi- ness reasons or on account of his health, and insisted that the Board's first duty should be to select a successor, so that the business of the Exposition should not suffer if he did resign. There were personal tributes to him, quite glowing in character, and individual pledges of support and assistance-pledges that did not fail. Director Crocker as Chairman led the new President to the chair, and the latter assumed the grave responsibility for his city's failure or success in one of its most searching tests. He was seated; but it had taken five weeks to do it. Moore directly took up office quarters with the other Exposition offices, where he was to devote the better part of five years to the public service, unrewarded in any material sense, and to the neglect of his private interests. The early organization was charted, or diagramed. There was to be no Director-General as in former exposition practice, but instead a "concentration of responsibility in line with modern business methods." The chart showed that all officials were answerable Patronage Eliminated A SINGULAR CONTRACT directly to the President, and he made a forthright and unmistakable pronouncement of his no-patronage policy. 125 The President had not accepted until he had canvassed the business community and had obtained pledges from large numbers of substantial business men that they would undertake any task assigned them, on sum- mons: subpoena, he called it. "I purpose to constitute the citizenship of San Francisco one grand army in the service of the Exposition." In pursu- ance of this object he recalled to service the Ways and Means Committee, that had done such good work in the financial campaign a year before, re-naming it and constituting it the Foundation Committee of the Exposi- tion, in order "to utilize its great energy and enthusiasm," and calling upon it to meet within five days to wage a campaign for California counties participation under the law enabling county supervisors to levy a tax for Exposition purposes. This was but an item of the labors begun at that time and carried on with unflagging vigor to the end. The whole organi- zation was to be built up and energized, under conditions that were, on a small scale, like the strain of war. In the meantime there had begun the long local contention over the selection of the site, and it was to the subcommittee appointed late in April to settle it that the President referred in his list of stipulations with his Board. L CHAPTER XXV THE EXPOSITION'S PRESIDENT T HE ebb of the first elation over the victory at Washington exposed the fact that San Francisco had undertaken its biggest task; except, perhaps, rebuilding after the fire. In some respects it was a harder task than that-for, rebuilding enlisted individual initiative, with private interest as the actuating motive, and thus it seemed to go forward almost automatically, after the nature of free enterprise. But this Exposition thing was different. San Franciscans are pro- nounced individualists, and this was essentially a matter of coöperation to promote a social ideal. All kinds of man that make up a city, and a State, had to be consulted about it more or less, and had to be harmonized and coördinated with it. There could be but one head, and that became appar- ent before they had gone far; and he could not be a dictator, like the head of a private corporation. He could hardly order efficiency; he had to excite it. So it was fortunate that recent exigencies as well as the evolu- tionary process of commercial selection had pointed out the right man for the exciter of the dynamo. One of the great social values of individual success is that it marks out ability so that the community can recognize it and draft it into further service. Critical Require- ments C Charles Cadwell Moore was one of the modern San Francisco's successful business men. He was born in Alpine, Schuyler County, N. Y., in 1868. His father, Lewis W. Moore, had been a California pioneer of 1849. Shortly after the birth of the son at Alpine, he returned to California, so that Charles C. Moore's earliest recollections were of California and of pioneer traditions. He was graduated from St. Augustine's College at Benecia, and went to work for the old San Francisco Tool Company. The company went behind on a large contract, and Moore bought it out. So began Chas. C. Moore & Co., Engineers, and soon it was installing steam and hydro-electric power plants up and down the Coast and had branches in Seattle, Portland, Salt Lake, Los Angeles, Tucson, and New York. Directorships in several cor- porations and a bank, and chairmanship of the bond holders' committee of a railroad, are the sort of thing that naturally follows, for ability must serve. 126 AUTOCHROME BY CHARLES J. BELDEN THE MARGIN OF THE LAGOON THE EXPOSITION'S PRESIDENT Moore was in New York at the time of the fire, and his local establish- ment was burned out with the rest of the down-town section of San Fran- cisco. He came home with some New York money on the first train through, opened offices in his residence and in Oakland, and proceeded to execute several million dollars' worth of pending contracts without the loss of a day on any of them. He seemed to have a passion for opening on time. As President of San Francisco's Chamber of Commerce, he put new life into that body. In conjunction with Passed Assistant Surgeon Rupert Blue, of the United States Public Health Service, and with the help of a number of business and professional men who understood the danger, he led the forces that eradicated plague from San Francisco, and that was a remark- able achievement when one considers the novelty of the problem, the neces- sity for the general coöperation of the people, and the ignorance and opposi- tion throughout the community. Then he went to Europe for a rest but instead of resting he made a campaign among foreign governments as we have already recited, and invited them to send warships to San Francisco to help celebrate, at the Portola Festival, the reconstruction of the city, as an achievement to put heart into humanity. And a number of them did send warships, although if you had asked any one versed in diplomatic practice if such a thing were possible he would have smiled at the idea that great European nations would accord such signal and expensive recognition to a remote western American city, on the request of a private citizen whose main credential was a letter of introduction from the Mayor. 127 And the Ships Came Moore had been thoroughly informed about the budding plans for the Exposition (in fact had helped some of them bud), since the inception of the idea in 1904; and on his journey took occasion to inform those represent- atives of foreign governments with whom his errand brought him into con- tact that the next great international exposition would be held at San Francisco and it would be just as well to begin to get ready for it. Some months after his return from Europe he succeeded Bourn as Chairman of the Finance Committee, and thus had chief direction of the four-million- dollar mass meeting. As one of the directing committee he was intimately concerned in all the subsequent development. Thus the Exposition's President was neither an experiment nor a specu- lation. Other men may have transcended him in ability in special fields- undoubtedly did; no one locally available offered such a combination of endowments for just this sort of work. When a thing was impossible nobody else could be so blind to the impossibility until the thing was done. No other personality could so arouse devotion to a cause, or revive a waning 128 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION enthusiasm and put talent on its mettle; and for handling an organization that must work at high tension for a period of years with no completed accomplishment to give it heart and ease it over the hard spots, such a quali- fication is valuable beyond all estimate. San Francisco knew him, and in him recognized its own type-a demo- cratic man and a vitalizing personality, honoring work, and doing loads of it himself every day. But something more than industry was needed. In the long development of the Exposition there were important policies to be defined and executed, and critical decisions to be made in emergencies; and the President had the disciplined imagination to see, in most cases, how these problems ought to be decided and what the results of the decisions. would probably be—and he possessed moreover the firmness of purpose to make his decisions prevail. Probably the best illustration of this clearness of judgment under fire was his instant answer to inquir- ies about the effect of the war on the opening of the Exposition. That was one of the meanest questions any man has been called upon to answer since old King Edipus had his celebrated conversation with the Sphinx. Try it yourself. Go back to the early days of August, 1914; recall those incredible events from whose evil train mankind is suffering yet and long will suffer; think how, over night, the world became a different place and every arrangement of civilization appeared to have been turned upside down; and ask yourself what you would have done with a fifteen-million- dollar plant for festival purposes which humanity wasn't going to want until the great idea had gone stale. It was a Saturday when that crisis came. The Board members were scattered, counsel was unavailable, and an instant's hesitation would have caused irreparable damage. Moore took it on himself to give notice through the press to the world that the Exposition would open on time exactly as programmed; and at the first opportunity his act was unanimously and enthusiastically confirmed by the Directors, who issued a public statement in support of it as the Exposition's policy. It is difficult to present impartially the main character in the drama, so we have sought to confine this altogether inadequate notice to the barest facts. But they are facts whose omission from the narrative would leave the Panama-Pacific International Exposition largely unexplained. Swift Decision CHAPTER XXVI WHERE TO PUT IT? H AD the San Franciscans been able to unite in meek agreement on a site for the Exposition they would not have been the hardy breed they are. No sooner had they celebrated the city's Washington success and swept up the confetti than they plunged into a good old family row as to the best place to put the fruits of victory. Argument of all sorts, from the retort courteous right down the list, glared from shop windows and breezed from curbstones all over town, find- ing expression in mass meetings, editorials, proclamations, fulminations, diatribes, pronunciamentos, pasquinades, cartoons, post cards, poems, tele- phone crusades, and other means of promoting civil convulsion. Thou- sands might concede that they did not know how to build an exposition but no one would concede that he did not know where to build it. The Directors received more advice during the next six months than in all the rest of the pre-Exposition period put together. They had to. To weigh it, classify it, analyze and dispose of it, and incidentally select a site for the Exposition, the Executive Committee on April 30, 1911, ap- pointed a subcommittee consisting of Directors Fortmann, McNab, Sloss, and Taussig. These gentlemen were in a very exposed position. They were bombarded with suggestions of sites that were beautiful and couldn't be reached, enfiladed with suggestions of sites that were accessible but where nobody wanted to go, ambuscaded with demands for sites that nobody could see but their visionary protagonists; even verbally shot up by poets. After the election of the President one earnest worker wrote: "Mr. C. C. moore your life is in dangger about the fair every day put the fair in the Park as Harbor View brings you in great dangger. Helpful Suggestions "this means business to you and your committee San francisco people are much bitter against you Be very care what Ever you are doing iam your friend I have symphty for you." Another "heavy tax-payer" gave the Exposition fair warning to this effect: "We are not going to vote or tax ourselves to raise money for a set of VOL. 1-9 129 130 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION grafters in this exposition co who possibly may get paid for their dirty work in advocating the stealing of the peoples rights and misappropriating the public funds to fill in mudholes & a part of the bay to make land valuable for a few Millionaires who spend their money in New York City"-etc. There were several pounds of letters from improvement clubs. The curious fact developed that each organization seemed in favor of the site nearest it, although some that were midway between two possible sites must have been in a condition of miserable doubt. That the selection was not only a vital but an essentially technical and strategic matter deterred nobody from promulgating a hard-and-fast opinion. Out-of-town site experts. telegraphed collect. All, including the Board of Supervisors, urged immediate action. It was a grand exhibition of popular ignorance, cocksureness, and impatience, of a piece with a large body of similar sentiment about making the dirt fly at Panama, or winning the war in a few weeks. The problem was complicated by an embarrassment of riches and a congestion of delights. There were too many best locations. There were the lands about Lake Merced, with the Sutro tract, in the southwest corner of the city and county; rolling lands bejeweled with wild flowers in spring and enameled with the blue of the lake. There was Golden Gate Park, stretching to the ocean beach, one of the largest and most beautiful artificial parks in the world, a favorite resort of all San Franciscans, and the scene of the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894. The city's transportation system had grown up with particular relation to "The Park,” and the recreation habits of the people trended toward it. There was Senator Newland's plan to hold the Exposition on a second- Making it story level along San Francisco's water-front. There was a Go a Long composite plan to spread it around the water front to North Way Beach and Harbor View, take it into the Presidio, thence into Lincoln Park, and thence connect it by a parkway with Golden Gate Park; and possibly extend some of it to the Mission. Then there were Bay View, Islais Creek, the old Tanforan race track and vicinity, the Sunset district, the tops of Telegraph and Rincon Hills, to be joined by a boulevard; and there was some notion that the summits of Twin Peaks would be a fine place. Oakland was willing to have it. So many advantages had every plan that a choice was difficult, but after it was made the wonder was how anybody could have thought of putting the Exposition anywhere else. The composite project, however, seemed so good that it was abandoned with real reluctance, and vestiges of it lingered in the intentions of the Board so long that when the time came for breaking COAST PORTS MT. TAMALPAIS SAN RAFAEL MILL VALLEY ALL WORLD PORTS DAST PORTS PANAMA CANAL AND SAN PABLO BAY MARIN-15. BAN QUENTIN SAUSALITO KE MERCED OCEAN SHORE R GOLDEN GATE BELVEDERE TIBURON GOLDEN GATE PARK RED ROCK PRESIDIO EXPOSITION SITE 736 PT. RICHMOND ANGEL-L SAN FRANCISCO ALL RIVER PORTS PERRY ET.MASON PERRY SAN BRUNO MT. SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO THE SITE RICHMOND YERBA BROOKS-1. BUEKA JUNTON DEPOT DOCKS WR SAN FRANCISCO BAY ATA PB BERKELEY SYSTEM WP.PR 5.P.2.2. KLAND ALAMEDA STATUTE MILES AKER B N WHERE TO PUT IT? 131 ground it was still thought important sections would be in the Park; and it was there, at the Stadium, that President William H. Taft broke ground on October 14, 1911. The discovery of Harbor View as a theater for the Exposition was one of those clever achievements of Manifest Destiny impossible, in the absence of dated records, to credit to any particular person. Probably Mr. Henry Fortmann, whose outdoor habits had made him familiar since boyhood with the interesting topography of the peninsula, or Mr. James McNab whose residence overlooked the site, first saw its possibilities; although there may have been a number of others. The first advocacy of it in the Board was that of Fortmann and McNab. Their fellow members of the special committee were not hard to convince, but the Board as well as the general public was a long time getting an understanding of the matter, and it took exhaustive study before a majority of the Directors was satisfied it would be making no mistake. Debates in Board meetings were vigorous and protracted. Sessions were held night and day, and most exhaustive analyses made. There were patient hearings of advocates of each section. Tenders by realty A Pussling owners were examined and analyzed, reports on meteorology, Problem topography, hydrography, transportation, and land titles studied. On June 22, 1911, the Board took the first vote, which resulted in eleven for the "water front" site (Harbor View and an extension) eight for Golden Gate and Lincoln Parks, and four for the Merced-Sutro site. Those voting for the "water front" were Directors Britton, Brandenstein, Davis, Esberg, Fortmann, Hornick, Hale, Moore, McNab, Sloss, and Taussig. For the park project, Directors Brown, Clay, Charles de Young, M. H. de Young, Hogue, Hellman, McCarthy, and A. W. Scott, Jr. For Lake Mer- ced, Directors Barneson, Foster, Henry T. Scott, and Rolph. Directors Bourn, Crothers, Crocker, Fee, King, Mullally, and Robert were absent. The matter having narrowed itself to three locations, that many com- mittees were appointed to adduce evidence in favor of each. Director Esberg was made Chairman of the Harbor View Committee, Director M. H. de Young of the Committee on the Parks, and Director Foster of that on the Lake Merced-Sutro lands. They were to report on July 17. Many advocates of the Park site contended that the city bonds had been voted, on November 15 of the previous year, largely on the public expec- tation that the Park would be the scene of the Exposition, that the enabling amendment was conditioned thereon, and that the bonds would not be valid if another site were chosen. Director Hellman consulted the leading bank attorneys on the subject, who were unanimously of the opinion that the site 132 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION 1 had nothing to do with the validity of the bonds, and on June 28 President Moore issued a convincing public statement to that effect. The idea had been gaining ground that the Exposition must have a maritime character, and Harbor View represented it beautifully. Still, there were other and important considerations, and there was plenty of room for differences of opinion. At the meeting of July 17, the Board was again unable to decide, and the President was empowered to appoint a committee of three to examine all the projects and report on them. He appointed Directors Hellman, Barneson, and Davis. These gentlemen represented respectively the committees on the Park, Lake Merced, and Harbor View, and after much study they reported a fresh composite scheme, in part as follows: "We have taken the liberty of presenting an entirely new plan, although parts of it are taken from various suggestions previously made to this Board. We have had in mind that there are three great matters in which the Board of Directors of the Exposition Company are particularly interested, namely: "To place the Exposition where it will be most accessible both to all parts of San Francisco and to the surrounding territory. "To leave, after the Exposition is closed, the greatest possible number of real permanent improvements. "To build up the city generally, in place of any particular locality. I "We find that our ideas have centered themselves on a plan which is largely a combination of the ideas of Messrs. Burnham and Leavitt. It is the sense of the committee that, commencing, if possible, at Telegraph Hill, a boulevard be constructed, first following the line of Bay Street, or the water front, to the Harbor View site, thence along the Bay Shore A Strategic to the Presidio; from that point through the Presidio on the shore line to Lincoln Park, and thence to Golden Gate Park, thus giving the city a boulevard suggested by Mr. Burnham, which would be of perma- nent benefit and give to the Exposition a combination of sites. Omelet "The Fulton Iron Works lands might be purchased, and utilized for a permanent yacht harbor, park, and aquarium. "It is suggested that at a civic center somewhere in the location of Van Ness Avenue and Market Street a suitable site be purchased for the erection thereon of a combination opera house and convention hall. "That at a location at the nearest possible point to the city in the westerly portion of the Park be placed a permanent art gallery; that the Stadium be completed; that this be made the center of athletic and aviation sports; and that such other attractions be located in the Park as can be placed there 'This referred to the plans for the improvement and adornment of San Francisco. WHERE TO PUT IT? 133 without any serious damage, the idea being to use the Park property for permanent improvements. "This committee has reasonable assurance that if this plan is adopted we would obtain the enthusiastic support of the War Department for an appropri- ation from Congress for the building of that part of the permanent boulevard located on Government property, and that the appropriation would proba- bly include the construction of a permanent Exposition building at Fort Mason which could afterward be turned into division headquarters.' "} The report was rich in other suggestions, many of which may become valuable at a later day. From the beginning, the Harbor View project had carried with it the plan to use part of the Presidio lands, adjacent on the west, and of Fort Mason military reservation, on the east; but in April, 1911, Gen. Dickinson, Secre- tary of War, had written Congressman Kahn: "Inasmuch as the use of either Fort Mason or the Presidio reservation would deprive the government of the use of the land for some five years, and would lead to complications as to the sale of liquor on a government reser- vation, and keeping open on Sundays, etc., I desire to state that I shall not favor the use of either reservation for such a purpose.' Gen. Dickinson resigned shortly afterward, and to Secretary Stimson and the Committee on Military Affairs the advantages that would accrue to the National Government from having these lands used and approaches to them developed were so apparent that the Exposition received every en- Military couragement from the War Department from that time on. From Supporters the beginning it had had the loyal support of Maj. Gen. Murray commanding the Western Division of the Army, and Col. Williamson, Con- structing Quartermaster. Maj. Cheatham was sympathetic and helpful. The Hellman Committee presented its report favoring the new composite. plan on July 25, and for its strenuous labors received the thanks of the Board. It was moved by Director Brown and seconded by Director Henry T. Scott that the report be accepted and the scheme adopted; and the motion carried without opposition. The Committee was authorized to receive proposals for land for an Exposition building in the neighborhood of Market Street and Van Ness Avenue and this part of its recommendation ultimately took form as the Exposition Auditorium, in the Civic Center, built on city property out of Exposition funds; a dignified, permanent, and invaluable addition to San Francisco's municipal "plant." But the entire plan of the report was not carried out, and as a whole, merely provided a pause in the agitation until after the fall elections. ; CHAPTER XXVII FINANCIAL ASPECTS AND PROSPECTS T HE elections of 1910, on the State tax and the municipal bond issue, had assured the Exposition management that it would have more money to begin with than either Chicago or St. Louis: the two ex- positions that furnished the handiest comparisons. There was the comfort- able sum of $16,000,000 in sight, and a slight additional margin. At first, sixteen millions appeared to be a very generous amount of money. Some people even seemed to think it inexhaustible. The question was, how to spend it; what portion should go for buildings, what for pro- motion, what for inducing participation and building up an How to Spend amusement section, what for necessary entertainment? On the $16,000,000 duly proportioned disbursal of the funds, would depend the nice adjustment and balance of the final result. It was easy to see that, but what would constitute a duly proportioned disbursal? On one thing the Board felt quite determined, and that was that it would not open in debt. Chicago might open in debt, and after months of anxiety make enough to pay it all and more. St. Louis might open in debt, go in deeper, and with large receipts come out all right. These cities were sur- rounded by densely populated territory on which to draw for attendance. The Federal census of 1910 assigned to San Francisco a population of 416,912, and although the city probably had 500,000 people in 1915, the Board in 1911 saw no reason to count on much more than a million people in San Francisco and the whole adjacent territory for fifty miles around, for the Exposition year. The revenues should pay the operating expenses, but if the Exposition opened very much behind financially there was no apparent way by which it could recover as Chicago and St. Louis had. The people were not here, and the Exposition itself had shut out all hope of help from the Federal Government by declaring it would not seek such help. Unfortunately it was found "humanly impossible" to keep to the virtu- ous resolution to open without a debt. The operations of building an Exposition and assembling its great collections are too general in character 1 134 PHOTO BY DR. E. O. JELLINEK PORTAL OF THE PALACE OF EDUCATION, AT NIGHT 1 FINANCIAL ASPECTS AND PROSPECTS 135 and multifarious in detail for any individual or committee to foresee them all. Nevertheless, taking these things into account, some remarkably near predictions and some highly accurate apportionments, followed by close- coupled execution, were based on the successive budgets. Budgets are of course tentative, speculative guesses at requirements. Yet those of the Exposition, and the apportionments based on them, kept the affair off the financial rocks; and the system of budget and apportionment was and is regarded by the Directors as abso- The Budget lutely necessary to salvation for such an enterprise. A rigorous system of requisitioning money was imposed on all division and department heads, and served to keep their operations within almost rigid bounds. Is Vital In passing, we may note that the Federal Government has not yet arrived at the rudimentary financial perception that sees the need of a bud- get, although President Taft, among others, has repeatedly urged the adop- tion of the principle. But then, the Federal Government can afford to indulge a predilection toward bankruptcy if it wishes to-the people can always be made to pay somehow. An exposition, however, without taxing and confiscating power, is in a different case. The necessity for a system of budget and apportionment forced itself on the consciousness of the Board while organization was yet in its infancy; and President Moore appointed Directors Esberg, Sloss, Foster, M. H. de Young, and Hale as a Budget Committee. These gentlemen went to work on the statistics of other expositions, to try and sift out some concrete experiences that might form a guide. Their studies were based on exposi- tion histories, and financial statements, and reports of investigating com- mittees. A table of the main points of this information was composed, which should be a good thing to present here, as it brought together facts that were before that time scattered through many different volumes, and took a great deal of devoted labor on the part of the committee to bring together. Esberg spent weeks on it in the Congressional Library at Washington. The table follows: AMERICAN EXPOSITIONS Philadelphia Closed nights and Sundays Chicago Atlanta Closed Sundays Nashville Closed Sundays Omaha Buffalo (Note "a") St. Louis Closed Sundays Portland Jamestown (Note "b") Partly closed Sundays Seattle San Francisco 1876 open Number of days 90 1897 155 1898 153 1901 184 1893 179 21,480,000 120,000 9.37% 1,280,000 1895 818,000 9,000 11.51% 8,000 10.% 1,778,000 11,600 11.06% 100,000 ATTENDANCE 159 8,004,000 50,000 6.45% 775,000 $.47½ + 1905| 137 paid Total number, 1907 219 1909 139 paid Average daily, population cent vs. local Daily, paid, per 1,274,000 Population exposition mated at date of esti- 5,307,000 29,000 8.% 1904 187 12,804,000 68,000 10.97% 620,000 78,000 1,481,000 6,800 9.80% 80,000 357,000 1,589,000 11,600 9.02% 126,000 69,000 ADMISSION AND CONCESSION REVENUE AVERAGES IN CENTS admission Price per paid 1915 288 13,127,103 45,580 9.11 + 500,000 .48 .45 + .34 + .45 .45 .49 .44 2,766,000 20,000 9.05% 221,000 .392 .359 Aver. .433 paid admission Concession per $.05/2 .16+ .15 + .10 .16 .25 + .24 .15 + .II + concessions admissions and Total per paid .139 $.53 + .64 + .60 + .44 .61 .70 + .73 .70 ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ .59 + .5I P ·59 + Aver. 15+ | Aver. .60 Area in acres Note "a": Buffalo. Director General's report estimates losses occasioned by President McKinley's death: in attendance 2,521,000 people; in revenue from admissions, $1,132,000; from concessions, $457,000—total $1,589,000. Note "b": Jamestown. 219 days include 31 Sundays. 285 686 189 200 184 150 main 200 secondary 350 1240 120 land 286 water 406 350 255 635 136 ! AMERICAN EXPOSITIONS Philadelphia Closed nights and Sundays Chicago Atlanta Closed Sundays Nashville Closed Sundays Omaha Buffalo St. Louis Closed Sundays Portland amestown Partly closed Sundays Seattle San Francisco 1876 1897 1893 27,292,000 1895 1901 1904 1905 1898 1,572,000 1907 dividends ments cluding repay- Gross outlays ex- and 1909 1915 7,197,000 (approximated 26,564,000 1,101,000 57/2 main $8,980,000 $1.12 122 secondary $ 6,165,000 $4,812,000 961,000 1.17 paid admission Gross outlay per 1,439,000 3,700,164 approximated 1.27 150 main 38 secondary .86 1.35 .88 10 .90 IO 2.50 12 2.07 109 3,128,000 1.13 in acres Area of buildings, 15 Grounds buildings cost and 24,690,770 1.88 68.23 acres gross, of exhibit Note: Grounds and palaces buildings outlays average 672% of total outlays. 18,678,000 443,000 528,000 1,104,000 includes rent 18,034,000 borrowed moneys ing repayments of subscribed exclud- Exposition funds includes maintenance 2,202,000 14,847,607 13,200,000 297,000 474,000 476,000 3,115,000 14,557,000 405,000 2,115,600 Percentage daily paid attendance vs. population radius 25 mile radius 50 mile 8.57% vs. 6.66% vs. 1,400,000 1,800,000 5.77% VS. 4.14% VS. 502,000 700,000 8.14% vs. 0.27% vs. 835,000 1,085,000 1,677,000* 7.07% vs. 5.48% vs. 260,000 365,000 16,136,320 5.+%vs. 4.3+%vs. includes 900,000 1,058,651 $1,000,000 from State) 137 138 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION For the convenience of later expositions, we have added to this table the figures for San Francisco. Here was a beginning for a science of expositions, and from it the Com- mittee succeeded in deriving one or two fundamental working principles. One of the things it saw as it worked over these statistical tables was that there were general ratios between certain of the figures relating to the larger of the American expositions of recent years. To begin with, the figures clearly indicated a definite ratio between the population of the city in which the exposition was held, and the average daily paid attendance. If you will consult the table herewith, you will see that in the cases of Chicago, Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, St. Louis, Portland, Jamestown, and Seattle, the average or "center of gravity" of this relation- ship will be expressed by the proportion ten per cent. The total paid attendance will amount to eighteen or twenty times the host city's popula- tion. In explanation of the discrepancy in the case of Buffalo there was President McKinley's assassination. A Matter of Ratios As far as we can learn, this ratio was never before appreciated or applied, and the discovery of its significance is entirely due to Director Alfred I. Esberg. On it he formulated a new theory, which the subsequent work of the Committee showed was correct. It was a basic discovery in Exposition experience, on which, with analogous principles, a science of expositions will some day undoubtedly be built. Some wild ideas had been prevalent on this rather important matter, both within and without the Board. People talked about an attendance of fifty million. The hotels would be choked. The surrounding cities would overflow. The truck patches in San Mateo County and elsewhere would be unable to supply the demand for tomatoes and head lettuce. And it would have to be a very large Exposition superficially to permit all these people to move about without stepping on one another. The Committee stood steadily by its tables and its ten per cent. The daily average would be so many, and not many more. There would be no use counting on fifty million, nor twenty million. Ten million would be more nearly right. The estimates were based on expositions that had run about six months. Some members of the Committee entertained the theory that increasing the period of operation would not materially increase the total paid attendance, but would merely lower the daily average. The result was a compromise: an increased total attendance, with a slightly lower daily average but better than this theory promised. The budget and statistical ratios went far. They exerted their control PEDESTAL OF THE COLUMN OF PROGRESS SEMSE ISADORE KONTI, SCULPTOR } } 炙 ​$ F t } FINANCIAL ASPECTS AND PROSPECTS over the area to be built upon, and the character of the exhibits, reducing the former as an economy and raising the latter through selection. The early block plans contemplated covering eighty-four acres with exhibit palaces. The tables showed that no attendance calling for that Ratio Lim- much space for circulation was imminent, and inasmuch as the its Building cost per acre could also be estimated with some reliability and threatened to exceed what could safely be devoted to building, the Board felt justified in contracting the exhibit palace area to sixty-three acres. Con- tracting the space available forced on the Exhibits Division the salutary necessity of exercising the most discriminating selection among the exhibits offered—with a consequent saving to the public in foot-wear and fatigue, and an elevation of the quality of the whole Exposition. (Ultimately the space provided for exhibits came to a little more than 68.23 acres, gross.) The average gross revenue, including what people spent inside the gates, could be estimated conjecturally at sixty-four cents. This probably would be needed for operating expenses; at least it should not be counted on so early to provide any of the building and preparation. That must come out of the sixteen millions in sight. 139 Of this sum what should go for lands and buildings? The table showed that expenditures for this object averaged 67½ per cent of the total outlays. That meant in this case, not two-thirds of the $16,000,000, but two-thirds of that sum plus what would be expended for operation: say $20,000,000 in all, two-thirds of which would come to something in the neighborhood of $13,- 000,000. There was some leeway in the amount, at that. The budgeting of the different items of the Buildings and Grounds expenditures would be a matter of subdivision again, with estimates for every item. Thus the Budget Committee studied its difficult navigation and endeavored to steer by the statistical chart. CHAPTER XXVIII BUDGET BUILDING I' N its earlier deliberations the Budget Committee clearly perceived that it would be impractical to prepare a sound and comprehensive scheme of expenditure until the site, area, general plan, architectural accesso- ries, and other major fundamentals had been rather definitely determined upon. In order to plant the seeds of economy in the minds of the Board, it was deemed wise to begin the budget by thinking in terms of ten millions instead of fifteen or sixteen. These tentative efforts would be of little interest now. The successive budgets were based on a more and more definite understanding of the needs of the situation, and on the results of experience at other expositions, and were attempts at definite subdivision of the resources according to estimated demands. Keeping well inside the $16,000,000, the Committee made a tentative and conservative recommendation to the Board of Directors on September 25, 1911, to the effect "That we figure we have $15,375,000 in sight. That we deduct the $375,000 already expended, leaving $15,000,000 to estimate with. That we devote $2,000,000 for the pre-Exposition expenses of all departments, exclusive of the Buildings and Grounds Committee, leaving $13,000,000 the disposition of which is up to the Board." The figures were come at partly through conferences with the committees having jurisdiction, and responsibility for results, in various Basis of divisions and departments, organization of which was by that the Budget time well along. They were meant as a basis for rough prelimi- nary apportionment, which would operate as an early check on any possible centrifugal ambitions of division and department heads, or misconception on the part of any of the Directorate as to what the money might be. On October 4 the Budget Committee, going into more detail than it had in its first recommendation, submitted this report, which the Board adopted: "1. The operating income of the Exposition under normal circum- stances should cover the operating and closing expenses. 140 BUDGET BUILDING "Operating income would include admission and concession receipts, receipts for space if any were charged and sundry receipts. "2. This leaves available for Grounds and Buildings, and for all pre- liminary and pre-Exposition expenses the amount of our subscriptions. "We estimate that we will realize from subscriptions already made and for interest on same the sum of $15,400,000. << 3. a. In addition to the preliminary expenses of about $400,000 already incurred, we estimate that exclusive of Grounds and Buildings and permanent improvements, the pre-Exposition expenses of all departments should not exceed $2,000,000. "b. Adding to this amount the monies already spent, we will have in round figures a preliminary and pre-Exposition cost of approximately $2,400,000. CC 4. Deducting this from the total of $15,400,000 leaves a balance of $13,000,000 available for Grounds and Buildings and permanent improvements. << With the possible exception of Participation, the activities of all departments will increase as the opening day approaches and the expenses of these departments should be regulated accordingly. "Instead of attempting at this date to make a division of the entire $2,000,000 among the departments, we present for your consideration a Budget covering the period of 15 months from the first of October, 1911, to December 31, 1912, for the departments already created. "6. This will give all the departments an opportunity to develop along proper lines, will give you an opportunity to provide against duplication of work and will give us an opportunity to make a Avoided more intelligent budget to cover the following years. Petrifaction "7. Our recommendation for a Budget for the period from October 1, 1911, to December 31, 1912, is as follows: "Admissions and Concessions Transportation Administrative, Executive (Legal, etc.) President's Contingent Fund Press and Publicity Participation and Exhibits Reception and Entertainment Furniture and Incidentals I4I $ 15,000 10,000 75,000 20,000 60,000 125,000 25,000 10,000 $340,000 for 15 mos. 142 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION "8. It should be definitely understood that the adoption of the Budget carries with it no appropriation and that a submission and adoption of a budget should in no way be considered as interfering with the provinces and jurisdiction of the Executive Finance functions." It would do little good to present here all the specific estimates, and as for the actual costs as they ultimately worked out, that is another story. But the items themselves as they appeared to be necessary at the time are a fair index to certain large parts of the problem in the early phases of it, and samples of the sort of work that needed doing. For example, the Concessions and Admissions Committee submitted to the Budget Committee a list of expenses for the period of fifteen months from October 1, 1911, to December 31, 1912, which aggregated $17,375, and covered these items: Salaries; secretary, 10 months; chief clerk, 15 months; clerk, 15 months; clerk, 10 months; stenographer, 10 months; stenographer, 15 months; office supplies, 15 months; office furniture; filing cases, type- writers, legal blanks and printing; rent, 15 months; telegraph and sundries; agents' traveling expenses and other extraordinary expenses. The Transportation Committee thought it could get along for this period on $10,000 and not come on the funds for any office rent. The Comptroller's Department needed $61,800, as it had a compara- tively large pay roll. Early Work The Press and Publicity Committee had a pay roll that would aggregate $24,000 for the fifteen months period, and in addition wished to provide for the following: Leaflets, pamphlets, and other printed matter, a Samples of letterhead campaign, the securing of an Exposition postmark for use by all California post-offices, getting an Exposition announce- ment on all labels and printed matter on California products, promoting the coöperation of school teachers throughout the United States, maintain- ing the Washington Bureau, maintaining representatives in Chicago, New York, and New Orleans, preparing a large number of special articles for pub- lication throughout the country, preparing photographs, electrotypes, and half-tones for Eastern and European publication, procuring badges, banners, and similar properties for personal representatives at conventions, land shows, State fairs, and other large gatherings, printing literature in foreign languages, securing the coöperation of the consular service, sending weekly letters to all Western newspapers, “looking up and enthusing all prominent visitors to our city during the next fifteen months," printing "stickers" and having them affixed to baggage and express matter leaving the city, getting automobile makers and eastern manufacturers doing business in California GUTOFOCO EXEST PRODANDANDAAAAAAAA 77573 WRO *OXOKO EPECA 4480 16028 resedentari Stran The Lucy WOLDS.ES PHOTO BY CARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY A SPANISH DOORWAY BUDGET BUILDING 143 to put the 1915 announcement on their letter heads and circulars, getting the same announcements worked into theatrical scenes and programs; electrotypes for California publications, telegraph tolls for Exposition news to the East, boiler-plate matter for country newspapers; and finally, the Exposition's proportion of the Western Development League campaign. All these items would require, in the Committee's opinion, $125,000. The Committee on Participation and Exhibits estimated that it would need $155,500 for these items: Washington legislation, participation of California counties, participation of States, participation of South and Central American Republics, participation of Asia, participation of Euro- pean countries; Administration, including Secretary; Director-in-Chief; two chiefs; stenographers, assistants, etc.; rent of offices; furniture; stationery and postage; incidentals. With some of them reduced and other items added these go to make up the total $340,000 mentioned in the report above and adopted by the Board. CHAPTER XXIX EVOLUTION OF THE BUDGET UDGET building became almost a continuous function of the Budget B Committee. A budget, based largely on the ratios discerned between different factors of the problem, was made for every defined financial period. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition seems to have been the pioneer of expositions in the scientific making of budgets on the ratio basis. Hence some interest attaches to, and perhaps instruction may be derived from, a further consideration of the subject, and as it under- lies all other Exposition activities, we shall follow it through. At least it will help throw light on the nature of such undertakings. At a meeting of the Executive Council of the Finance Committee on April 16, 1912, Director Esberg was asked to prepare a new budget. It read: RESOURCES, AVAILABLE AS OF MAY 1, 1912 $5,000,000 5,000,000 5,250,000 250,000 City State Subscriptions, $6,000,000 should net City Bond Premium, Interest, etc. Total.... SUGGESTED DIVISION Preliminary, Closed to Sept. 30, 1911 Pre-Exposition Departments Buildings and Grounds and Auditorium, $11,000,000 Rents, Taxes, Buildings Purchased and Destroyed 1,000,000 Contingent Purchase of Real Estate, and Security Deposits Total.... 144 400,000 2,000,000 12,000,000 600,000 500,000 $15,500,000 $15,500,000 EVOLUTION OF THE BUDGET SUGGESTED SUBDIVISION OF DEPARTMENT EXPENSES, PRE-EXPOSITION PERIOD October 1, 1911, to February 20, 1915 Administration Concessions and Admissions. Exhibits Exploitation Congresses Traffic and Terminals Reception Furniture, Incidentals, Legal, Unclassified and Unassigned Protection Totals.... Administration Concessions and Admissions Exhibits Exploitation Congresses Traffic and Terminals. Reception Furniture, Incidentals, Legal, Unclassified and Unassigned Totals.... Oct. 1, 1911 11 to Dec. 31/12 $ 90,000 7,500 60,000 110,000 VOL. I—10 5,000 10,000 12,500 35,000 Budget $330,000 $450,000 $90,000 7,500 60,000 110,000 5,000 10,000 12,500 1913 35,000 $90,000 10,000 115,000 140,000 $330,000 7,500 15,000 22,500 50,000 STATEMENT OF COMMITTEE APPROPRIATIONS ON BASIS OF SUGGESTED SUBDIVI- SION ABOVE Jan. 1, 1914 to Feb. 20/15 $180,000 27,500 225,000 250,000 12,500 25,000 40,000 I 10,000 145 Appropriated $51,810.81 3,044.31 29,238.78 53,363.20 Totals $870,000 $2,000,000 1,700.00 9,037.28 $360,000 45,000 400,000 500,000 25,000 50,000 75,000 195,000 350,000 Balance $38,189.19 4,455.67 30,761.22 56,636.80 5,000.00 10,000.00 10,800.00 25,692.72 $148,194.38 $181,805.60 Operations continued under this estimate until August 27, 1913, at which time the finances of the Exposition were again considered in relation to the budget, and another was prepared. The principal changes from the 146 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION previous one were the inclusion in Estimated Resources of $580,000 in concession bonuses and ground rents, the elimination of the contingent fund and a re-allotment of the amounts provided for the conduct of the various departments for the year 1913. This brought the resources up to $16,350,000, and the re-allotment brought down the expenditures to just that figure. In January, 1914, the Comptroller addressed a letter to the Executive Council of the Finance Committee analyzing the financial situation and Need estimating that the disbursements would exceed the receipts by approximately $700,000. He stated that he believed it was imperative that steps be taken to raise an additional million. Discussion of this matter and attempts to arrive at satisfactory solu- tions occupied several months, and finally on July 14, 1914, the Executive Council of the Finance Committee notified the Board of Directors that no more appropriations would be approved until funds were actually available. By this time it had become probable that the million dollars which had theretofore been depended upon from Alameda County would never materialize. On July 28, 1914, plans for a campaign for additional funds were again discussed and a committee of the Council, consisting of Directors Hale and H. T. Scott, agreed to interview the various bankers regarding steps to be taken for the raising of funds with the idea of holding a subsequent meeting at which a definite plan could be decided upon. This meeting occurred on July 30, and the Committee that had been calling on the bankers made its report. Another Million Now, the banks of San Francisco came nobly to the support of the finances of the Exposition when the Exposition needed them, but their acting principle, as always and properly, was "safety first"; and they wanted to know many things-matters of business detail some of which the Committee could tell them and some of which it could not at this time. So it recommended: Expedients First; an issue of 25,000 coupon season books at $20 each, and the immediate sale of them to the public. This was not put into effect, and perhaps would not have been successful. But on the President's Financial later suggestion the same amount of money was raised by selling double the number of tickets at half the price, which the President determined by careful inquiry was a thing that could be done. A fuller account of this vitally important step will be found in the chapter headed "The Public's Share." ! ADOLPH ALEXANDER WEINMAN, SCULPTOR 15331 3000 421 6639 FOUNTAIN OF THE RISING SUN OPEL 24CXXX03 PHOTO BY CARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY HU EVOLUTION OF THE BUDGET 147 Second; a note issue of half a million to liquidate the last ten per cent payment to the contractors. Third; that the larger delinquent subscriptions be converted into notes where possible, and discounted at the banks as deemed advisable. Fourth; retrenchment wherever possible. Fifth; development of a general financial plan with all possible haste. Sixth; the preparation of a statement for the public showing the financial standing of the Exposition as compared to St. Louis and Chicago at a simi- lar period of development. It was felt the public should know how much better off the Panama-Pacific Exposition was, comparatively, in spite of temporary appearances. The report was approved and made the basis for future action, although it was not followed in all particulars. Working out the details of the budget for the balance of the pre-Exposi- tion period was taken in hand by Vice-President Hale and the Comptroller, Director Esberg having been called East on business. It was decided that for purposes of analysis it would be useless to consider anything but the period from July 1, 1914, to Opening Day, and accordingly a budget was drawn up showing an estimated expenditure of $6,050,000 from July 1, 1914, to February 20, 1915, and an estimated income of $4,432,000 for the same period, leaving an apparent deficit of $1,618,000. It was proposed to cover this by the following items: Loan on State money. Notes on delayed subscription payments. New subscriptions... 25,000 Season Tickets @ $20.. Notes to contractors. Total.... • $ 500,000 250,000 100,000 500,000 300,000 $1,650,000 Some work was done toward securing notes on subscriptions, and a few new subscriptions were obtained. It was then found that the contractors were not hungry for notes, and as the financial situation was becoming more and more acute a committee was appointed on August 26, to report on the feasibility of issuing bonds. A meeting was held with the bankers and a definite plan for the issuance of collateral notes was formulated. The bankers agreed to the issue after securing the promise of the Executive Council of the Finance Committee that the last preceding budget, adopted on August 6, 1914, would be reduced by the sum of $618,000, leaving a deficit of one million dollars. 148 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION It was proposed that the note issue be in the amount of $1,500,000 of which $1,000,000 should be issued to care for the deficit and the $500,000 should be held in the treasury to meet any deficiency in the estimated income. The reduction of $618,000 in the estimated expenditures was made by the preparation of a new budget covering the period July 1, 1914, to Opening Day. Five hundred thousand dollars of the cut was in the estimates for the Buildings and Grounds Committee, and Chair- man Crocker for that Committee reported that it had been necessary to dispense with practically $1,000,000 worth of contemplated expenditures in order to come within the latest revised budget figure. Weeks of negotiation followed in which technical objections to the issue of mortgage notes were finally cleared away, and, on October 1, 1914, a mortgage or deed of trust was executed and the first notes were issued. The Coat and the Cloth It will be as well to give an account of this entire development here, although it was not closed until eleven months later, when former President Taft, amid public rejoicings that formed one of the gala occasions of the Exposition season, burned the mortgage at a blazing pyre in the Court of the Universe. The total loan amounted in time to but $1,072,500: a trifle compared to the debts of other international expositions. The banks that extended this accommodation, taking the Exposition's secured notes, were: Helped The Union Trust Company of San Francisco, the Bank of California National Association, the Wells Fargo Nevada National, the Crocker National, the Anglo and London Paris National, the Hibernia Savings and Loan Society, the International Banking Corporation, the Sav- Banks that ings Union Bank and Trust Company, the Bank of Italy, the Yokohama Specie Bank, the Mercantile National, the American National, the Canadian Bank of Commerce, and the German Savings and Loan Society, all of San Francisco; the Central National and the First National of Oakland, the Oakland Bank of Savings, the California National of Sacramento, the Garden City Bank and Trust Company of San Jose, and the Stockton Bank of Savings. The First National of Portland, Oregon, in a fine spirit of loyalty, offered to advance $25,000, but it was not found necessary to take advantage of the offer. The subscription of these banks to the debt of the Exposition extended to it a credit of $1,065,000, of which $1,062,500 was actually drawn. In addition, the Exposition issued a note in favor of Herbert Fleishhacker and M. J. Brandenstein for $10,000 to secure them for money they advanced to EVOLUTION OF THE BUDGET pay the freight on the exhibits of a certain foreign nation, which subse- quently returned the advance in full. The securities hypothecated consisted of real estate acquired by the Exposition because it could not be leased ($304,000 worth); about $150,000 in money, bonds, and other collateral deposited with the Union Trust Com- pany to secure the performance by the Exposition of certain covenants as to restoration of lands under the leases from Theresa A. Oelrichs and Virginia Vanderbilt; the final installment of $500,000, when due, from the Exposition fund of the State arising from the 5,000,000-dollar special tax; buildings erected by the Exposition; and fifty per cent of the net monthly operating receipts, after opening, to the extent of $1,000,000. One hundred thousand dollars that came in about mid-April, 1915, from the State Exposition Fund, was due the Union Trust Company under the terms of the mortgage, to be pro-rated to the note-holding banks -and it was also needed just at that time for operating ex- penses of the Exposition. The banks cheerfully signed a waiver of their claim to the immediate payment of this money, and so helped the Exposition over the hump. 149 Banks Help Again Successive payments were made and the notes gradually called in, and the voucher for the last installment, $110,159.02, was executed on September I, 1915. The mortgage was burned two days later, and an account of the joyous incineration will be found in the chapter dealing with the September events of the Exposition year. Now to return to the pre-Exposition period. On October 28, 1914, the Comptroller reported that it was probable that there would be a deficiency in receipts aggregating about $490,000 and steps were at once taken to bring the underwriting on the notes up to the full million and a half. On the same date the Division of Works urged the necessity of replacing in the budget $150,000 which had been eliminated. Season Book After it was apparent that an insistence on the budget allowance would seriously interfere with the successful completion of the physical side of the Exposition, consideration was given to the sale of season ticket books. Shortly after this the sale of ten thousand season books at $10 was authorized by the Board of Directors, and on November 17 Brings Aid the Comptroller submitted a financial statement showing an estimated deficit on Opening Day of $147,000; and he stated that the Buildings and Grounds Committee would require an additional $125,000 to carry out its plans, that the Exhibits Committee would require $50,000 and the Exploitation Committee $96,000. 150 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION A revised estimate of income was presented by the Comptroller which showed that there would be a probable deficiency of about $200,000 in the income as estimated at the time the mortgage loan was negotiated, this deficit having been taken into account in his estimated deficit of $147,000 as of Opening Day. It was, therefore, obvious that if the additional amounts were allotted to the various committees as requested it would be necessary to place $200,000 of the $500,000 in notes reserved for deficiencies in income, and to raise another $200,000 in addition to the $100,000 to be realized from the sale of season books. As there had been applications for over $250,000 in season books, the solution of the difficulty seemed to be in the issuance of an additional twenty thousand of them, and after a very careful analysis of the situation this was decided upon. The budget for the operating period is shown on page 151. It was seen shortly after Opening Day that the expenditures of various departments were exceeding the amounts provided for in the budget, while the receipts of the Exposition, owing to unfavorable weather conditions were considerably below expectations. Accordingly a Special Retrenchment Committee was appointed to make an investigation into the expenditures with a view towards material reduc- tions. This committee immediately set to work and after making progress reports on March 30 and April 20, in which recommendations for retrench- ment were made, rendered a final report on April 27. The committee dur- ing its existence carefully analyzed the expenditures of the various Classifying departments and classified them under two headings-"Variable Expenses" and "Fixed Expenses." The Fixed Expenses were those necessitated by the daily operations of the various departments, while the Variable Expenses, as the name indicates, covered expenditures which varied according to conditions existing at different times, which were more or less controllable, and which could be increased or decreased as the financial outlook seemed to warrant. Expenditure Soon after this the establishment of an Executive Sub-Committee with daily sessions provided the necessary machinery for prompt approval or disapproval of contemplated variable expenses; and the financial adminis- tration of the Exposition was handled by the Sub-Committee, using as a basis the Fixed Expenses as determined by the Special Committee on Retrenchment, and depending upon the Comptroller's analysis of the financial status for enlightenment when determining the propriety of Variable Expenses. More on the work and workings of this sub-committee will be found in the chapter on the "Government of the Exposition." ii 111111 LEEGUTS 3 CLOISTER ARCHES, COURT OF ABUNDANCE 1 * → J J > • 1 Į President. Director-in-Chief of Foreign and Domestic Participation Jury... Director of Exhibits. Fine Arts. Liberal Arts. Machinery. Manufactures and Varied Industries Transportation. Agriculture. Horticulture. Mines. Live Stock.. • 1 O • • Education and Social Economy Comptroller Legal... EVOLUTION OF THE BUDGET BUDGET FOR OPERATING PERIOD Concessions. Admissions Exploitation. Foreign Affairs Traffic and Terminals.. Athletics. Music. Insurance. Conventions and Societies. Military Encampment. Naval Features. • • • Yachting.. Buildings and Grounds. Special Events.. • Polo.... History.. Reception. California Counties Building. • • · • • • • · 151 $ 50,000 30,000 125,000 45,000 25,000 20,000 20,000 30,000 20,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 225,000 20,000 I 50,000 25,000 110,000 200,000 250,000 10,000 60,000 75,000 586,300 50,000 70,000 75,000 20,000 60,000 10,000 75,000 40,000 25,000 2,075,000 348,700 $5,000,000 CHAPTER XXX BUILDING UP THE WORKING FORCES D URING 1910 and 1911 the pay roll was very small, and consisted mainly of those officers and employees that could take care of the publicity output and preliminary labors having to do with the money-raising campaigns and the collections that followed; and those that had participated in the Washington contest for recognition. The main activity at first, outside the Washington campaign, was in the cashier's office, and in the field of publicity work under the Committee on Exploi- tation and Publicity. GRA The President having been selected and elected, he could proceed, under his stipulation with the Board, to the work of building the organization that was to build the Exposition, taking the existing organization as a nucleus. Homer Boushey had been Secretary to the Exploitation and Publicity Committee, and Charles S. Aiken, editor of "Sunset Magazine," was part of its working staff until his death early in 1911. After the contest for Wash- ington recognition, Colvin Brown became assistant to the Chairman of the Press and Publicity Committee, and Louis Levy, an energetic San Fran- cisco newspaper-man who had rendered the Exposition valuable Arms of the service in that contest, was made Secretary. Later, Levy was appointed Chief of Local Publicity, and Director Fee acted as Secretary until the work was reorganized. The Director of the Division of Exploitation, George Hough Perry, was appointed in February, 1913. Organism The Buildings and Grounds Committee, with Vice-President Crocker as its Chairman, was appointed, in part, in July, 1911. The Concessions and Admissions Division, under a committee of which Vice-President de Young was head, appointed September 21, 1911, had a staff consisting of one chief clerk and an acting secretary. Frank Burt, Director of this Division, was appointed in October, 1912. There was a Reception and Entertainment Committee, of which Vice- President Rolph had been appointed Chairman in August, 1910. Participation and Exhibits formed a department under a committee of which Vice-President Hale was Chairman. Theodore Hardee was Secretary 152 BUILDING UP THE WORKING FORCES 153 to this committee, and Thomas Morrell Moore, afterward in charge of Eastern Headquarters, at New York, discharged such duties as the Com- mittee directed. Capt. A. C. Baker became Director of the Division of Exhibits in October, 1912. A Transportation Committee was appointed under the chairmanship of Vice-President I. W. Hellman, Jr. A. M. Mortensen became Traffic Mana- ger in February, 1913. Those committees having oversight of the main divisions of the work will be treated more in detail under separate heads. The Treasurer of the Exposition was Director Arthur W. Foster. His son, Arthur W. Foster, Jr., was Assistant Treasurer until his death on May 25, 1915. The responsible and troublesome post of Secretary was filled by Director Rudolph J. Taussig. There was much routine drudgery connected with it. He had to sign contracts, and there were a great many, and the Secretary gave them a more than perfunctory examination-he studied them, con- sulted legal opinion about them, made sure just what they might entail in the way of obligation. This was in itself no small labor, and it had to be done thoroughly. In addition to that, in the early days the Secretary he had to give critical attention to the credentials of every com- missioner and agent the Exposition sent out, making sure the letters de- scribed the commission and did not convey powers too broad, nor enable the bearer to commit the principal too far. Work of Besides these chores, the by-laws made the Secretary a member ex-officio of every committee. This was a wise provision of organization, for among many committees all charged with important but varying duties, there was more or less risk of duplication of effort and collision of policy, so there was need that some one in a central position and near the President, should have general knowledge of operations over the whole field. This was especially true in early stages of the work, before functions had been strictly defined, before the operation of the machine had worn the bearings smooth and "sweetened" its action. But it entailed great labor. And this was all in addition to the burden the Secretary bore as Chairman of one of the most important standing committees of the whole organization: the Committee on Exploitation. In June, 1911, Joseph M. Cumming was appointed Assistant Secretary. Shortly thereafter, he became Secretary to the President, and later became Executive Secretary, still performing the duties of the other positions. He had been Secretary of the Mechanics Institute, a highly valued San Fran- cisco establishment based on a foundation by the pioneer, James Lick. The Institute in times past had held an annual industrial fair; so that Cumming 154 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION had a wide acquaintance locally, and a practiced facility in the despatch of semi-public business. He served as the working head of the President's office throughout the Exposition, and his skill and trained executive abilities were alike invaluable in the conduct of the infinitely varied details that crowded themselves upon that exposed position. J. J. Hassell was Auditor, at first, and the Cashier was F. Nippert, who was succeeded by J. W. McCarthy. Allan Pollok became Comptroller on September 1, 1911, and took up the labor of organizing the general office machinery. He was succeeded a year later by Rodney S. Durkee. H. D. H. Connick was made Director of Works in September, 1911, for it was necessary that construction should begin early. There was much timber to be cut before the palaces should rise, and most of it was still "on the hoof." By October, 1911, the working staff had outgrown the quarters in the Merchants' Exchange building, and on the third of that month it opened new offices in the eight-story structure at the corner of Pine and Battery Streets, in the lower part of the city, which was down-town head- quarters during the rest of the pre-Exposition period. It took, at first, three floors and the east store on the ground floor. Here were spacious board and committee rooms, and quarters ample for the expansion of all divisions and departments until some of them, engaged in physical construction, began to move to the Service Building on the grounds at Harbor View. In its New Home The Board took possession of the Pine-and-Battery-Street quarters on October 3, with some solemnity. President Moore called on Vice-President de Young for an address, and at its conclusion ran up the Stars and Stripes on the roof. There were toasts, expressive of the aspirations of the manage- ment and the city. Here the Exposition was to be planned in all its details; from this place the world was to learn of it, here would come commissioners from distant states and the governments of far countries, to confer with the President and Directors. So the building was worthy formal dedication. And from the roof, morning and evening, at the opening and closing hour for over three years, sang the trumpet calls of William Hooper, the Official Herald, as the national emblem was raised and lowered, to the glory of which the undertaking was dedicated; reminding all the city within sound of his five-foot tuba that the great work was proceeding. Rumors were continually arising over the country to the effect that the Exposition was to be abandoned. How they originated nobody could explain, for the Board had never wavered, and none of its plans had been MOO 800 W. L. HATHAWAY J. S. TEAGAR W. A. D'EGILBERT LEADING EXECUTIVES A. M. MORTENSEN JOSEPH M. CUMMING F. J. O'BRIEN JAMES A. BARR O. H. FERNBACH LEO S. ROBINSON ! BUILDING UP THE WORKING FORCES 155 relinquished, because it had not yet made any that were definite enough to relinquish. Yet the rumors kept afloat. They are among the stock stories about expositions. On December 18, 1911, it was decided that it was time to establish an official Bureau of Information so there might be an authoritative source for statements about the enterprise. This bureau sent out, first and last, a vast quantity of liter- ature prepared by the Press and Publicity Department. Procedure in regard to employment and purchases, two matters that loomed very large at the outset of regular organization, was defined by the President and Board late in 1911 as follows: I. Each committee shall be allowed to select its own Secretary, subject to the approval of the President. All other appointments for positions within the province of the President's office must be taken up with the President. 3. All appointments to positions with the exception of the above must be taken up with the Comptroller. Persistent Myths 2. 4. All requests for supplies and equipment of any and every kind must be made to the Comptroller, and no Department is authorized to contract any indebtedness for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, except through the Comptroller's office and after approval by the Comp- troller, and by the Executive Council of the Finance Committee, when the nature and amount of such requisitions properly come within the scope of the Finance Council. We have cited elsewhere one cardinal rule in regard to employment, and it will do no harm to cite it again, for it cannot be considered too often in its relation to expositions or any other sort of organized effort. It was that relatives of officials who under the rules were empowered to select or recom- mend persons for appointment in any division or department were ineligible for employment. To increase their interest in the work, keep up their enthusiasm, and make them media of correct information to the world outside, the employees at Pine and Battery Streets were organized into a society called the "Exposi- tion Builders." They met every two weeks late in the afternoon, and all employees were encouraged to attend. The President made a stimulating address to the first meeting, calling their attention to the fact that each was there because he or she was the right person in the right place and ought to be proud of it. At subsequent meetings various Exposition officials described the aims and progress of their work and Schooling Employees 156 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION made forecasts of what the Exposition was going to be like when their joint efforts should have brought it to completion. There were some Sunday excursions and some dances, which, in addition to their recreative value, served to bind the employees together and accentuate their loyalty to the common object. Persons that had occasion to visit the different Exposition offices often saw on a desk a small card bearing the mysterious letters "U. C." They might have supposed the letters indicated some connection with the Univer- sity of California closer than the Exposition's relation to other institutions of learning. They would have been wrong. Those initials were to remind the Exposition functionary of that Unfailing Courtesy which the President insisted should mark all dealings with the public. In the wearing grind of the times it was a proper sort of admonition, and one that it wouldn't hurt the world any to have extended. The retention of a considerable force after the close of the Exposition was necessitated by the obligation to wreck the buildings, salvage the materials as far as possible, restore the lands to the owners according to convenants. in the leases, and settle up the affairs of the corporation. All which is the subject of later and more detailed treatment. 1 CHAPTER XXXI ORGANIZING FOR CONSTRUCTION I' F you ever built a house and had trouble all the way, multiply your troubles and your chance of loss by about two hundred, complicate the venture with every form of construction and decoration there is, from sewers to statuary, from mural paintings to engine-houses, from pea- green domes to ferry-boat slips, and then imagine that you have to spend fourteen or fifteen million dollars and get fourteen or fifteen mil- lion dollars' worth of architectural beauty for it, with solid founda- tions and reasonably tight roofs, and have it all ready by a certain fixed and unchangeable date; and you may begin to get an inkling of the nightmare job of building an Exposition. No Job for a Boy The Buildings and Grounds Committee, which had general advisory oversight of the physical construction and maintenance of the Exposition, was a versatile body, and it needed to be, for it had a great deal to think about, and for three years it was going to be very busy. In accordance with the President's early plan to put a Vice-President at the head of every important branch of the work, William H. Crocker had been made Chairman. With him were appointed Directors McNab, Lindley, and Britton. Later, in August, Directors Charles de The Build- Young, Barneson, and McCarthy were added; and after the death of Charles de Young, Dent Robert was appointed to succeed him. mittee All these men were chosen because of their especial qualifications for the ing Com- service. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition looked as if a wizard had waved a wand and all that beauty had arisen in a night. All expositions do. It is a good old formula and a standard poetic generalization of the way an exposition ought to look. And yet expositions are not built by magic but by contractors. Now there are contractors of all sorts and dispositions, and the only safe way was to put men on guard that knew every twist and angle of the con- tracting game. President Moore recognized the need-realized it so keenly that he started a nation-wide investigation to find the right man. The 157 158 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION members of the Board were called on to help, and among them names of promising candidates were canvassed, from all over the country. These efforts were exhaustive, and also fruitless. The right material was at home all the time. In July, 1911, the President presented the name of H. D. H. Connick, Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Assistant City Engineer of San Francisco, for the position of Director of the Division of Works, and the appointment was at once approved. The Board's ap- proval of appointments conformed to the by-laws, but practically it was a merely formal matter and in the whole course of the upbuilding of the organization was never once withheld. San Francisco had been favored for some time with good city engineers, and Connick had served under some of the best of them-Col. Mendel, C. E. Grunsky of one of the Panama Canal Commissions, and Marsden Manson. The Director of Works was one of the trained technical men that Leland Stanford, Jr., University had been contributing to California during the past twenty years, having been gradu- ated from that institution in 1897. He had direction, in large measure, of the construction of the city's extensive new sewer system, and after the fire he helped design, and directed the construction of, the high pressure fire protection system of the city. When an exposition is called a "city," that is not a mere figure of speech, but a gritty reality. What had to be done on the Exposition grounds amounted to the creation of a city with every known convenience and with a great many things besides that no ordinary municipality thinks of as a legitimate part of its equipment. In addition to the sewers, and the water and gas mains, and electric conduits for supplying energy to the various working exhibits and con- cessions, as well as for lighting purposes, all of which would have to go underground, seawalls would have to be built, and a small lighthouse, and some wharves; highways and railroads would have to be provided for, fountains and pools, statuary and mural paintings and guides and guards, fire houses and a refrigerating plant, among other items. There would have to be little peanut and soda kiosks as well as the great Tower of Jewels bristling with ornament and glittering with paste. Build- ings called "Palaces" and not improperly so called, would have to be provided with railroad tracks and unloading platforms, and cranage to lift and shift exhibits of Brobdingnagian machinery. Strange forms would appear from the studios and drafting tables of artists and architects, and demand embodiment-forms designedly unlike anything in the heavens above, the earth beneath, or the waters under The Man in Charge C "POPPIES"; DOME OF SCULPTURE LOGGIA PAINTED BY ROBERT REID ORGANIZING FOR CONSTRUCTION 159 the earth; and yet they would have to be fittingly housed and niched and pedestaled. Wild peoples that never saw plumbing would be gathered into villages, and these villages would have to be kept in sanitary condition. Delicate horses and champion milch cows and fancy breeds of Problems poultry would have to be provided with quarters just exactly Strange to their liking, or they would go off their feed and show little better than any other horses, cows, and chickens. Hangars for aeroplanes would be needed. There would have to be a yacht harbor, and fish tanks, and silos. No showman could be permitted to build an unsafe place of entertain- ment, nor one in which people could be trapped in case of fire. Every merry-go-round would have to be inspected and tested to protect the limbs and lives of little children. Every scenic railway would have to pass muster as a structure that would stand up under all conditions of service. The whole inflammable thing would have to be fire-protected in the most effective way known. And acres on acres of gardens would have to be in the full glory of bloom for ten months. Some contract; and a good part of the land was twelve to twenty feet under water. So the definition of the functions of the Director of Works was no empty form. It said that he should "have charge of the construction, operation, and maintenance of the physical properties and their develop- Broad ment." It was not merely construction that was to be in his Control charge. Under the President, he would have the running of the whole physical plant, from the fireworks to the hospital, from pansies to policemen. And Connick proved to be a great general executive. Wide as the scope of his duty was, he accepted responsibilities far outside of it and discharged them to the letter. The wonder-working faculty of delegating and deputiz- ing, that talent which multiplies one executive into many, was his in marked degree. Add The appointment of the Buildings and Grounds Committee and of the Director of Works was real progress, and whetted the popular appetite for visible results at once. And so, like those "ancestral voices prophecying war" that disturbed the serenity of the late Kubla Khan, murmurings arose, among those that had subscribed and those that had not, at clubs, cafés, cigar stands, barber shops, and other places of light and leading where public opinion is made; accented now and then with the same old rhetorical ques- tion, "When will the dirt begin to fly?" CHAPTER XXXII THE FRAME OF THE PICTURE PR ROBABLY no feature of the Exposition impressed more favorably a larger number of people than the setting of it. It did more than impress: it thrilled and exalted. It is impossible to be extravagant in characterizing it. Excepting the artists that designed St. Sophia and the Mosque of Sultan Achmet, whose domes those of the Exposition suggested, architects never had setting so noble for the materialization of their dreams. The outlet of the Bay of San Francisco, which is the outlet of San Pablo and Suisun Bays, which are the outlet of the great navigable rivers of California, which drain the State's broad interior valley and all A Magical the watershed lying between the crests of the Sierra Nevada mountains and the Coast Range-that outlet is the Golden Gate: name of charm, and magical attraction to every person of imagination that ever has heard it. Name Here is the water gate to California. Here great ships come and go, bringing freights across the Pacific from Hawaii, the Philippines, Tahiti, Australia, Asia-and the wares of the Eastern States and Europe through the Panama Canal; taking out the products of California mines and vine- yards and fields and workshops for distribution to the world. Along this enchanted shore the domes and pinnacles and tinted walls of the Exposition stretched for a distance of two and a third miles. There are greater waterways than the Golden Gate if we consider trade alone; but there is no harbor entrance more beautiful. At its narrowest it is a mile width of sparkling water, flowing for four or five miles between the bluff hills of Marin County and the north margin of the peninsula of San Francisco. About midway of this margin the land cups into a broad amphi- theater, whose floor became the Exposition site; with the waters of the Bay, the Marin hills, and the majestic crest of Tamalpais before it, and the city rising in tier upon tier of houses behind and about it. And to the few San Franciscans that knew of it at all, this amphitheater was known only as a ragged and neglected stretch of undeveloped water front. ↓ 160 1 THE FRAME OF THE PICTURE Visitors who could not believe that the great palms and eucalyptus trees surrounding the Exposition palaces were transplanted had Wasted to be told gently and firmly that the Bay had covered the whole Information central portion of the site when construction began; especially where some of the largest trees stood. Some believed, but many lacked faith. 161 Stretching westward from Van Ness Avenue to the line of Laguna Street, a matter of four city blocks, and running northward from Bay Street to the water, is the United States Military Reservation known as Fort Mason. It includes the projection called Black Point, which overlooks Black Point Cove. Here are the Government transport wharves, where the army transports are docked, and whence they depart for Hawaii and the Philippines. From Buchanan Street westward to Lyon, nine city blocks more, and from Chestnut Street northward to the Bay, the land was privately owned, and the unsubmerged part was occupied by dwellings and a few industrial plants, such as the gas plant, the United Railroads power plant, and the old Fulton Iron Works. This area was indented by an irregular shallow cove, about four blocks wide, cutting into the land southward some five blocks to Bay Street. A bit west of the cove, between Baker and Lyon Streets and extending into the Presidio, was a brackish lagoon fed by springs and salted by seepage from the bay. Westward lies the United States Military Reservation known since the first occupation of the San Francisco peninsula as the "Presidio de San Francisco"; the name "Presidio" being a Spanish derivative from the old Roman "Præsidium," which, as any proper high-school scholar knows, means a military outpost. This is the largest military reservation in the United States lying within the boundaries of a city, and contains in all 1542 acres. A Site under Water Here, in the year of the declaration of American Independence, Col. Juan Bautista Anza, after one of the most remarkable marches since the days of Xenophon, planted the power of Spain; and his lieutenant, Joaquin Moraga, established its outward and visible sign in the shape of a stockade and "dobé" fort. This site was taken, in American times, for Fort Winfield Scott. Fort San Joaquin of the gallant Moraga's day, with its little, lonesome group of soldiers, friars, women, and children Its Roots in thrown out on the rim of the world, has receded into "the dying glow of Spanish glory, the sunset dream and last." Yet no one conversant with Western history could stand in a court of the Exposition, or look at a portal or façade, without being reminded of those valiant soldiers and de- the Past VOL. I-II 162 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION voted priests and the wondrous energy of adventure that founded the earliest San Francisco. By agreement with the Government and under the sanction of the Secre- tary of War, the Exposition was empowered to use about 18 acres of the southern part of the Fort Mason reservation, and 287 acres of the Presidio lands; and it leased and bought and made available the balance of 635 acres, or 330, most of which lay between the two military posts. Of the 330 acres, a space of 70 acres was the cove described above, which was enclosed by a low seawall. This cove at high water, was 20 feet deep in part, and had to be filled from the Bay, by means of suction dredges. On the ground thus made stood the Palace of Varied Industries, the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, the Transportation Palace, the Palace of Manu- factures, half the Palace of Agriculture, even a bit of the ponderous wall of the Palace of Machinery, and one corner of the Tower of Jewels. On it were laid out the North Gardens, fronting the Bay, and some of the most beautiful of the courts: the Court of Flowers, the Court of Abundance, the Court of the Universe. Visitors found all these palaces surrounded by tall trees looking as though they had stood there for years, and all these courts brilliant with palms and flowering shrubs. Six or eight acres, on part of which lay the eastern half of the Court of the Four Seasons, had to be filled by scrapers to bring it up to grade, and so did a few acres of Fort Mason reservation. Westward from Lyon Street and extending about 800 feet beyond the western end of the racetrack, came a long stretch of the Presidio lands, curving irregularly along the Bay shore, and extending from one to two hundred feet back of it; a matter of 114 acres, which had to be filled in as the cove had been, by dredging from the Bay. On this fill stood part of the Palace of Fine Arts, most of the buildings of State and Foreign Remaking governments, the Stadium, quarters for the Live Stock exhibits, the Map and almost the whole enclosure within the racetrack, including the polo and athletic fields and drill grounds. This land was not submerged, but, lying at the foot of the hills, and getting some seepage from the Bay as well, it was soft and swampy, and had moreover to be brought up to grade. The privately owned lands acquired by the Exposition extended east- ward south of Fort Mason, to Van Ness Avenue. From Fillmore east to Van Ness, and including the 18 acres of Fort Mason reservation, there was available here a space of 70 acres for the "Zone," as the region of amuse- ment concessions was called. West of the Fort Mason transport wharves is a little cove, and at the EDITH WOODMAN BURROUGHS, SCULPTOR PHOTO BY CARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY "YOUTH"; EAST WING, TOWER OF JEWELS f 1 ว A 163 THE FRAME OF THE PICTURE Terminal angle formed by its western shore and the Bay, was the Exposition ferry slip for passengers and freight. Including this slip, and extending southward of it, a space of thirty-two acres was assigned to rail- A Railroad road terminals, the boiler house for steam power, and other strictly utilitarian things; among which will have to be included the ware- houses where the sculptors worked. From the Exposition Ferry Building, near the slip, westward to the California Building, ran the Marina, bounding the North Gardens on the north. Their southern boundary was the Esplanade. Here was a broad, level campus, available as an aviation field, a football field, or for any other purpose calling for plenty of outdoor space. It invited great crowds, to see the automobile races, Indian dances, fireworks, the start of the balloon races, the beginning of the sky antics of the Exposition aviators. It was entirely open to the north and afforded fine views of Bay and sky and Marin hills. The exhibit palaces, courts, avenues, gardens, boat harbor, California Building, and Inside Inn covered 244 acres. The area occupied by the domestic States and foreign government build- ings came to 130 acres; the Live Stock section had 33; the racetrack, avi- ation field, athletic field, and drill ground occupied 79. These main divisions of the Exposition covered a total of 588 acres. There were 47 acres more that were available but were not used because they were not needed, the policy of the Directors being to build compactly and save the visitor fatigue in getting about. Of this, 36 acres were hilly lands within the Presidio. Of the total, the marsh and submerged lands that had to be reclaimed amounted to 196 acres. The dredging and filling were slow, uninspiring work-no "palaces rising in the night," no Aladdin-and-his-lamp business. A pipe-line on pontoons, a tube discharging mud, however gratifying to the engineer who may delight his soul by comparing it with some less effective way of getting results, can never be depended upon to inflame public enthusiasm and make the blood of a people boil with joy. So through the weeks and months that this foundation work progressed com- plaining sounds were heard shoreward, and many voices asking "Why don't they do something? When will they begin to build the Exposi- tion?" It was the woeful Greek chorus of all the early acts, and it en- couraged the management by demonstrating the sleepless interest of the community. Only comparative figures are of much interest. How does the area of the Panama-Pacific compare with other expositions? Here are some acreages: A Dull Business 164 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Philadelphia, 285; Chicago, 686; Omaha, 184; Buffalo, 350; St. Louis, 1,240; Jamestown, 350; Portland, 120 land, 286 water; Seattle, 255; Paris, in 1889, 228; in 1900, 336; Brussels, 235; Turin, 247; Panama-Pacific International at San Francisco, 635. Thus it appears that of all the great expositions, only the Colum- bian at Chicago and the Louisiana Purchase at St. Louis exceeded the Panama-Pacific in area. The Panama-Pacific was almost as large as the Columbian, but only a little over half as extensive, counting acres, as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. It was felt that St. Louis had covered too much ground. The Panama-Pacific gave people a comparatively com- fortable, just-right sort of feeling. It was close and cozy in and among the buildings, while, outside, its wondrous marine and mountain view gave it the scope of all outdoors. CHAPTER XXXIII THE BOUNDARIES OF A DREAM MⓇ ORE than a century ago a Tennessee backwoodsman laid an injunction on his countrymen that has persisted to this day: "Be sure you're right, then go ahead." But for some time those responsible for the building of the Exposition could not go ahead because they could not know just what it was they wanted to do. They had never built an Exposition. Down to the winter of 1911-12 there existed no distinct vision of what later materialized at Harbor View and the Presidio. Ideas were still vague as to the form the thing was to take, there was no plan to lay hold upon, and there did not seem to be any particular work for the Exposition construction forces to set about. Things looked "all sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought”—a transient psychic phase that probably characterizes the beginnings of most great projects. Slide Rule Connick, Director of Works, collected an immense amount of infor- mation about the general requirements of expositions, and through surveying parties made minute examinations and surveys of all the various lands, and waters, embraced in the report of the special Site. Studies Committee. But still no dirt flew. As to physical construction, no showing was made, and none could be made until the Directors had determined, in detail, on the purpose of it. During the summer and fall of 1911 several important conferences were held, in the effort to arrive at a promising method of building procedure, between the President and sundry Directors of the Exposition, and the San Francisco Chapter of the American Institute of Architects; and some ballot- ing was done by that organization at President Moore's request, to select a dozen members from which a Preliminary Architectural Advisory Com- mittee might be chosen, arranged in order of preference. The twelve names were selected, and the President recommended to the Board that the first five on the chapter's list be appointed to form the committee. Some opposition to certain of the names developed, and the President, declaring he did not feel qualified to make any other 165 166 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION selection, waived his recommendation and asked the Board to choose. On motion of Director Sloss, a Committee on Architectural Procedure was appointed. It consisted of Directors Sloss, H. T. Scott, Lindley, Clay, and M. H. de Young; and at a meeting on August 4 this committee recom- mended, for the Preliminary Architectural Advisory Committee, Messrs. William Curlett, John Galen Howard, Albert Pissis, Willis Polk, and Clarence R. Ward. They were appointed, in accord- ance with the Committee's report, "to consult with and advise the Board and its committees as to architectural procedure only.” Enlisting Architects Toward the end of August the Committee on Architectural Procedure brought in some recommendations as to an Architectural Commission- which, when amended, provided that the Commission should consist of eleven architects to be appointed by the President, subject to the approval of the Board; and that, subject to the same approval, he should designate five of the eleven to constitute an Executive Architectural Council, and also designate one member of the Council to act as chairman of both. It was provided that the President might from time to time nominate for the Board's approval all such additional architects, sculptors, painters, landscape architects, and engineers as in his judgment might help. On August 31, the Buildings and Grounds Committee made these recommendations: "Gentlemen: Your committee on Buildings and Grounds reports as follows, as the result of its meeting held August 30, 1911: "We recommend that the President be requested to proceed with the recommendation to the Board of the members of the Architectural Com- mission, and the nomination of the chairman of the Commission, with the understanding that the question of the compensation of the late members of the Commission be determined by the Board at a later date. "At this meeting of this Committee, the President announced that it was his intention to recommend to the Board for the Executive Architect- ural Council of the Architectural Commission, the five architects now com- posing the Preliminary Architectural Advisory Committee, and made the request that the Committee give him the benefit of its views as to the chairmanship of the Architectural Commission. "Thereupon the Committee unanimously recommended Mr. Willis Polk for that position. "Respectfully submitted, "Buildings and Grounds Committee, "by William H. Crocker, "Chairman." 3 go PACIFIC OCEAN GAN KAMAtin e mettert . བསྟན་རིསེམས་ཏེ་ PODC HE SERVOIR 100 e Love Tacks GAR INCINERATOR TAKLADOM MARBASE TARD STORASE EXPOSITION ..... *** DRILL BROUND AND AVIATION FILLO CHERY 070 1 MILE com end! BESTUOS KAPALITY P2-1120 4 T ( OTTING ATHLETIC FIELD M DO GRAND STANDS thra - TRACK + SEATING CAPACITÉ •3-12010 sürdürüyür. POLÒ ☐☐☐ 口​” FIELO 000000 00 pre ㅁㅁ​ㅇㅁㄹ ​ŠPORATEY BUILDING mal como staraj UNITED ED STATES GOVERNMENT RESERVATION PRESIDIO Spank LOBALO #FF"ZOGS Fot O 10 DAIRY BUILDING EXHIBIT D0 → 27+01 JUHL • هان ㅁㅁㅁㅁ ​AH DC ··000 N Possess "DEALSAR 12.30AAIERS PLASIRA, d+++> [+++++ 1 lopaca Shaf ☐ ☐ KAN D :[] ill LF 10 I - IOWA JK POD · 0 an Coording to Lines Air Cly Block Lunes Building Lines LEGEND One Lanes PPIL Dard Fence DRIE W Fence **** Podreads Mature Madway Expos on Trum Espartan Prunerty, Leved by Exposíban Da Kingmobi 3-0 WASH SW ли DEC. 4, 1915 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA BLOCK PLAN SCALE OF FLET' NU PANAMA PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION FEB, 20, 1915. TO Como CANADA 图 ​HORTI === NEW YORK CITY ITICULTURAL GARDENS - WINA 000ט . DELOR 3 % 10 >80% GRIJEH" AVEU NURIDICAL DENN BAL PINE ARTS ANDE. CUBA PIXA NORWAY MAP OF THE GROUNDS : 纛 ​| OREGON NEW YORK ARTS PALACE ANO COLONICS 01 LYON ST. DALE - ០០០ AMĖSA BUILDING DIPRODUCTS PALACE EDU SOCIAL ECONOMY: ANO PALACE 1 HORTICULTURE '. PALACE 1-4). SONNEN BAY (Latv OF EAN BOAT HARBO AGRICULTURE PALACE 100 LIBERAL ARTS PALICE 1920 DIVISADERO --97- L YWCA pho ICOURT OF UNVERSE [ STOWER W, JOVEL ENERGY FRANCISCO TRANSPORTATION *BALACE NORTH LOMBARD MANUFACTURES PALACE POOL GARDEN M SA, Mg major m ST. PIERCE بسم AUTOMOBILE PLANTING btaa taka vetem me KE STEINER GARDENS AND' METALLURGY PALAQE I VAREO INDUSTRES PALACE mat i had Gaya (BD S MO SERVICE BLE, CIND SAMADE GREENWICH- > -ZANE ARIN PPORTNESS HALLWAY MACHINERY PALACE ABOU aðuframe PACIFIC RAILROAD 07. 100 00 300 37. BON WW | WEBSTER T QUDD WA FERRY PANAMA CANAL JOV AUTOMOBIL BLOG. TRANSPORTAT YMARINE CANE] KN MA 8 J.E <> Nothing remotely resembling such embarrassments beset the Panama- Pacific International Exposition, owing largely to the anticipation of the possibilities of such conditions and the establishment of preventive means. Accountancy and business methods had greatly improved in the preceding decades. The management always knew where it stood, financially; and the liabilities that did not appear of record in the accounts at no time exceeded $50,000. This was due in the main to the determination of the Directors, and especially of Director Esberg, that the undertaking should be placed upon a budget basis, so that the budget should precede the appropriation, and the appropriation the expendi- ture. A department could use so much and no more, and it couldn't begin to use any of that until it had been notified by the Comptroller that the appro- priation had been made. The instrumentality of this appropriation principle was the organization Budget is the Basis 179 180 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION of accounts, which in plan and structure was largely the work of Lester Herrick & Herrick, Certified Public Accountants, engaged in October, 1911, to devise and install the accounting system for the construction period; and again, in August, 1914, to devise, install, and supervise the accounts for the operating season. There had been a brief preliminary period of early preparation and exploitation before the ambitions of San Francisco were endorsed by the national Government, during which time the policy and principle, at least, of the accounting system were in effect. This formative epoch may be defined as the time between April 28, 1910, when the big subscription meet- ing was held on the floor of the Merchants' Exchange, and October of the following year, 1911, when the actual work of preparing for construction began. Subscriptions were being brought in and long-range work was being done to convince Congress that this was the place for the Exposition, but there were few complexities in the accounting requirements, and the accounts maintained were merely those of the Cashier's office, acting under the Treasurer and recording receipts and disbursements and the distribution of expenses sanctioned by the Finance Committee. The only accounting feature during this preliminary period which need be referred to here, is the manner in which the stock subscriptions were recorded. A uniform subscription blank was employed, and the utmost care was taken to make sure that the signatures for subscriptions Getting the by business firms were the proper legal signatures. This precau- Right Names tion was subsequently found to have been of the greatest value, as it prevented any attempt at evasion after the ebullition of enthusiasm had subsided. In this early development the work of C. D. Taylor, then Secre- tary to the Finance Committee, was very valuable. The aggregate subscriptions, as shown by the original subscription lists, were set up in the general accounts, while the analysis as to each subscriber was maintained upon card accounts always subject to the control of the general accounts. During the preliminary period a system of appropriations as a pre- requisite to expenditures was substantially in force, although the records were crude and did not constitute part of the accounts. The by-laws of the corporation created two officers directly charged with accounting functions; they were, the Treasurer and the Comptroller, the former being a Director, selected by the Directors, and the latter an employee, appointed by the President. The by-laws contained the following specification: "The entire control and expenditure of all moneys shall be vested in this Board of Directors and ! ACCOUNTING PLANS AND POLICY 181 its officers"; and designedly contained no detailed specifications as to the manner of maintaining the accounts, or effecting collections and disburse- ments. Consequently there was no restriction upon the develop Room Left ment of such procedures as were decided to be most efficient, for Building comprehensive, and economical, while the specifications quoted made possible the general enforcement of the approval of appropriations as a prerequisite to expenditure. This arrangement was not only of tre- mendous value as a means of expenditure control, but it eliminated the re- quirement of any formality in the approval of disbursements except those necessary to confirm their integrity. The pre-Exposition or Construction period covered the time from Octo- ber 1, 1911, to February 19, 1915. The accounting organization for this period became effective from the date of October 31, 1911. As a prelimi- nary to the arrangement of the accounts, these principles were adopted: Ist. That all accounts should be centralized in the Auditor's office under the direction of the Comptroller, and that no departments should maintain accounts other than those necessary for the preparation of daily reports to the Comptroller, or other than such memoranda accounts as might be desired for departmental information. 2nd. That there should be a complete separation between the functions of accounting and the handling of cash. 3rd. That all expenditures must be based upon appropriations as to purpose previously allowed by the Board of Directors upon the recommen- dation of its proper committees. It was recognized that the conditions and requirements of the operating period could not be foreseen with sufficient clearness to make any provision for them within the accounts to be provided for the construction period, and consequently such requirements were left for subsequent consideration. The Purchasing Department was established as part of the Comptrol- ler's Department, although owing to the magnitude of the purchase ac- tivities of the Division of Works the Purchasing Department was closely associated with and in part directed by that Division. It was required that all supplies and materials of every character should be ordered from, or through, the Purchasing Department upon requisitions, which were first required to pass for entry against the appropriation account involved, and for the approval of the Comptroller. Contracts for construction and large purchases were awarded through the office of the Chief of Construction after the proper approval of the Buildings and Grounds Committee. Assimilated to the central accounts were the Construction Budget, and the Memorandum Account of contract work Control of Purchasing 182 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION and payments, maintained by the Division of Works, which exhibited at all times the status of each contract. The Memorandum Account was estab- lished by Markwart, Assistant Director of Works and Chief of Construction, and a description of it will be found elsewhere. It was invaluable. Pay rolls were prepared by the various departments, which were required, however, to submit bimonthly advance estimates of the rolls to the Comp- troller for informal entry against the appropriation accounts. The pay rolls, after necessary certification by the responsible officers, passed to the Comptroller for entry in the accounts and then to the Paymaster who pre- pared the individual pay checks. Provision existed for the immediate pay- ment of employees discharged or resigning prior to the semimonthly pay periods. Arrangements were made through forms of Expense Authorities for permitting the incurring of certain expenses by department executives which were not of a character that could conveniently pass through the Purchas- ing Department. These Expense Authorities were first lodged in estimated amount against the appropriations. Other arrangements existed permit- ting the advance of funds to traveling representatives through Accountable Advance accounts. All expenditures of every character were finally evidenced by vouchers which were based upon invoices, pay rolls, or special authorities. The reg- ister of vouchers developed merely controlling totals, while the details effecting the individual expenditure and appropriation accounts took direct postings from the vouchers themselves. After ap- proval by the Comptroller, Auditing Committee, and Finance Comittee, vouchers were liquidated by check drawn by the Treasurer. All collections were made by the Cashier, acting under the Treasurer; and the Cashier was permitted to issue receipts only upon certain prescribed forms. Subscriptions for a time constituted practically the sole source of collections. It was impracticable to remove the individual subscribers' accounts from the Cashier's office, but any possible improper manipulation was prevented by the requirement that all receipts issued by the Cashier be first presented to the Comptroller's office for verification against the carbon copies of them. Collectors were allowed to issue only informal receipts, which were subsequently confirmed. Provision was made for a detailed record of accountable property, and while such records, owing to the difficulty of controlling the responsible officers, were not completely satisfactory, they unquestionably served some purpose. But few modifications were found to be necessary in the pre-Exposition on the Throttle JEAN OON !!!!! AUTOCHROME BY THE CARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY TOWER AND BANNERS ܐ ACCOUNTING PLANS AND POLICY 183 No Loose Expendi- accounts as established in October, 1911, and the only extension required was the provision for the accounting of pre-Exposition revenues which began to accrue before the reestablishment of the accounts for the Exposition period. The principles upon which the accounts had been founded were proved to be comprehensive and simple. This was particularly true of the methods arranged for the control of expenditures, which permitted the substantially continuous exhibition of the following information with regard to each appropriation: ture Ist. The unexpended balance based on approved vouchers. 2nd. Approximate existing liabilities, based on purchase requisitions, expense authorities, or pay roll requirements. 3rd. Definite liabilities, based on uncompleted contracts. 4th. The net available balance. While it was impracticable to administer the appropriation accounts and to restrict expenditures within the appropriations with the same exactitude that would be expected in a governmental activity the system did make it possible to prevent unauthorized expenditures. The regular methods for the making of disbursements through Treas- urer's checks were found to be quite cumbrous, and the number of signa- tures upon vouchers seriously hampered the despatch of business without adding anything other than a formal protection. This had been anticipated, but the number of signatures had been required by the committees then having in charge the direction of these matters. As a result it became necessary, in order to make prompt payments, that the Cashier's revolving fund, intentionally established to take care of only necessary coin disburse- ments, be gradually increased until it reached the sum of $30,000. This was manifestly a makeshift and in the development of the accounts for the Exposition period the methods were revised so as practically to eliminate those signatures that were merely formal. The requirement that all departments should make their purchases by requisition upon the Purchasing Department did not work with entire satis- faction owing to the fact that some of them persisted in the practice of consummating the purchase directly and then making the requisition. This fact was known to the Comptroller, but the exigencies of Exposition develop- ment made it necessary in many instances to overlook the matter, and pre- vented the disciplining of executives that did not observe the rules. The subject of the accounts for the operating period will be dealt with in detail in the last volume of this work. CHAPTER XXXVII PRESIDENT TAFT STARTS IT T HE banquet to President Taft, and the ground-breaking ceremonies were among the signally important Exposition occasions of 1911. Despite the fact that ground was broken in Golden Gate Park and the Exposition was held elsewhere the symbolism of a great event was as imposing as such symbolism ever can be. Moreover it was the first test of the new-born organization, at labors it would be called upon to repeat again and again. All the work of preparing for the Presidential visit, with the attendant ceremonies, fell on a small staff engaged at the time in moving the offices. It met the trial with a reso- lution and an energy that did not fail throughout the entire life of the institution. A golden invitation duly presented and accepted, there remained to be arranged the banquet, and the initiatory rites of the young Exposition which were to follow it. A committee composed of Directors Henry T. Planning Scott, Curtis H. Lindley, and Charles de Young was appointed to the Arrange- prepare plans for receiving and entertaining the honored guest, and for the ground-breaking ceremonies. It reported a compre- hensive scheme, in accordance with which other committees were named to take charge of different divisions of the work. An impressive program was arranged. Mme. Lillian Nordica accepted an invitation to sing. ments President Taft entered the State and started down the canyon of the Sacramento on October 13. His progress was a long American triumph, expressing itself in railway station assemblages and floral tributes, and gatherings of school children, and of mothers with their babies. He was re- ceived at Red Bluff by Governor Johnson and staff and President Wheeler of the University of California, and welcomed at Sacramento by President Moore of the Exposition, Judge W. W. Morrow, W. H. Crocker, A. W. Foster, and E. O. McCormick. In the afternoon he was present at the Masonic ceremonies attending the laying of the corner- stone of Oakland's new City Hall. Crossing to San Francisco on the tug "Slocum" he went to the Press Club for a reception and then to his hotel to A State's Welcome 184 PRESIDENT TAFT STARTS IT 185 dress. Followed the largest and most sumptuous banquet thus far held in San Francisco, City of Famous Feasts. The Palace Hotel court will hold about 750 diners. It overflowed and the balance of a total of 900 guests had to sit in a nearby dining room, and crowd about the doors after dinner to hear the speeches. The great space was hung with festoons of flowers and grapes, and there were handsome models of proposed Exposition buildings and monumental structures, suggestions of the buildings for the Civic Center, and scenes from the Exposition grounds. The aisles were named after leading streets of the city. Ladies filled the galleries about the famous court. At the speakers' table there was a gathering of distinguished men. Mr. Moore brought in the President, escorted by the California Grays, and, as toastmaster, took the center. On his right was the guest of honor, at his left President Wheeler of the University of California. At Mr. Taft's right were Judge W. W. Morrow, H. T. Scott, Mayor P. H. McCarthy, R. B. Hale, Collector of the Port Frederick S. Stratton, Senator George C. Perkins, Rear Admiral Thomas Chauncey, M. H. de Young, Charles D. Hilles, secretary to Presi- dent Taft, Mayor-elect James Rolph, Jr., of San Francisco, Rear Admiral W. H. H. Southerland, Senator John D. Works, Gavin McNab, Congress- man E. A. Hayes, Rabbi Martin A. Meyer, A. W. Foster, Chester H. Rowell, Matt I. Sullivan, and Rudolph J. Taussig. To In the Seats Dr. Wheeler's left were seated W. H. Crocker, W. B. Bourn, Bishop William Ford Nichols, Maj. Gen. Arthur Murray, I. W. Hellman, Jr., Maj. Archibald W. Butt, the President's military aide (who went to a brave death when the "Titanic" sank), Congressman Julius Kahn, the Rev. Father Joseph McQuaide, F. W. Dohrmann, W. J. Dutton, Judge Curtis H. Lindley, Gov. Richard E. Sloan of Arizona, Gov. Tasker L. Oddie of Ne- vada, William H. Metson, Congressman Joseph R. Knowland, Mayor Frank K. Mott of Oakland, and Congressman James C. Needham. There were twenty-eight foreign consuls present. of Honor Behind President Taft's chair was a shield of clusters of grapes, and, run through it, the silver spade with which he was to turn the first earth for the Exposition. The favor for each guest was a miniature spade of gold. The speakers, beside President Taft and Mr. Moore, were Dr. Wheeler of the University, W. B. Bourn, and Judge Morrow. Warmly Moore expressed the gratitude of the city and the State for President Taft's assistance in securing national recognition of San Francisco as the place in which to celebrate the comple- tion of the Panama Canal. Then he addressed himself to practical aspects of the topic ever uppermost in his calculations, saying: Thanks for His Help 186 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION "Our Exposition will be unusual in that it will celebrate a vital, living thing, instead of merely some event of the long ago. This affords great educational possibilities and a basis for better personal and commercial acquaintances, direct means of better understanding between the nations. "We purpose, in all our relations with foreign officials and the commercial men of foreign nations with which we have relations, to be most painstaking and careful in the manifestation of our hospitality. We have knowledge that foreign governments have felt that their representatives and com- mercial men in one American exposition were not given the attention which they should have received. While we believe no American exposition intended any oversight of this kind, it will be our aim to arrange our affairs so that there shall be no occasion for complaint in this direction, and we know that such a course on our part will relieve our national Government of much concern." Here was the keynote, and the explanation, of the devel- opment of the social ceremonies that so enlivened the Exposition year. Dr. Wheeler touched upon the future of the Coast, yet his treatment of the theme "California" was broadly national. Judge Morrow spoke on the judiciary which the guest of honor had adorned, and W. B. Bourn Gentlemen, discussed the spirit of San Francisco. Then the President of the United States arose amid a great cheering and waving of napkins, and told how glad he was to have helped San Francisco, and to be in the city he had helped, feeling that he was welcome and that the city was glad he was here. the President "The Canal means more to the West Coast of America than to any other part of this country or any other part of the world," he said, "and San Fran- cisco probably represents the whole West Coast." Most of the President's address, however, was devoted to the discussion of pending arbitration treaties and the establishment of an institutional basis for world peace-a masterly expounding of a vital theme, and a significant anticipation in a general sense, of the plan for a League of Nations. The breaking of ground occurred at the Stadium in Golden Gate Park next day, Saturday, October 14. It was the physical birth of the Exposition, the setting of the seal of the Nation on the enterprise, by the Nation's head. Now, if not before, the great project became the Nation's, and ceremonially was identified with the United States Government through its Chief Magistrate. From Van Ness and Golden Gate Avenues to the Park there was a long parade of troops and police, companies of the National Guard, and bands, and marines and sailors from the fleet. President Taft's car was followed by Mme. Nordica's. Then came Governor Johnson's and Mayor McCarthy's. A National Institution PRESIDENT TAFT TURNS THE FIRST SOIL 1911, BY GABRIEL MOULIN, SAN FRANCISCO } } → → → " ( ( , ) 1 } 孽 ​> PRESIDENT TAFT STARTS IT 187 The President reviewed the troops from a stand close to the spot where, eighteen years before, ground had been broken for the Midwinter Exposi- tion. It was thought by some observers there must have been 100,000 people present at the Stadium. Five thousand sat in the grand stand, and the field before it surged like a human sea. Mme. Nordica sang "The Year's At the Spring," Cassassa's Band played, the Pacific Saengerbund sang. Addresses were made by the President of the Exposition, by Mayor McCarthy, Governor Johnson, and finally by President Taft, who reviewed the great labor at Panama and described its significance, and concluded: 'And now, my friends, I congratulate San Francisco, I congratulate California, upon their energy and their enterprise and their patriotism in seizing this opportunity to commemorate such a great event in the world's history and one that reflects so much credit on the generosity and the world spirit of our American Republic." The turning of the first spade of earth was very simple. There seems to be but one way to do it. President Moore had said: "The day of days, toward which we have been looking these many years, has come, and we have the President of the United States to honor and inspire us in our great work, the first physical act of which takes place today." At the conclu- sion of President Taft's address the President of the Exposition escorted him down the steps of the grand stand to the sward in front, and here the head of the Nation seized the spade in such case made and pro- vided, bent his broad, responsible back, and with the pressure of his substantial foot drove the silver blade deep into the earth. Charles de Young was at hand to receive in a casket of redwood and crystal the few pounds of sacred soil, a hundred doves were released, and the thing was done. (C The Work is Begun Then, to show that he meant it, President Taft with his own hands ran the flag of the Exposition to the top of a tall mast. A mountain battery roared a salute, the fleet responded, and the vast assemblage led by Mme. Nordica and the Saengerbund sang the "Star Spangled Banner." It was a great day's work. The Exposition was physically begun, and the President of the United States began it. On Sunday, President Taft visited the warships in the harbor and was given a luncheon at the Cliff House. It was during his remarks at this luncheon that he endowed the city with its now well-known watchword "San Francisco Knows How." CHAPTER XXXVIII SERVING THE WORK TH HE quantity of energy released in the building and assembling of an international exposition is vast, its force like that of an explosion, and its effects, when plans have been properly calculated and executed, are world encircling. The work involved is prodigious. The Exposition Building became a great mill. The machinery throbbed with activity, sometimes perhaps it groaned with its effort, and undoubtedly it creaked in spots. But throbbing, groaning, and creaking it labored out a great result. Every facility must be furnished men that are trying to carry out so large an enterprise under such stressful conditions. Assistance must be assisted, and haste hastened, for there will never be time enough to execute all the meritorious schemes that attach themselves to the original plan; and indeed there will not be time enough to carry out all of that. No one can measure exactly the time requirement, and the only proposition that can be relied upon is that every job is larger than it looks. Time always too Short The offices of the Exposition were equipped with all sorts of work-expe- diting device. If a bureau head or a department manager or a division di- rector failed it would not be for lack of facilities. He could have all that modern management could give to make his work light; so that he might do more of it. The telephone, the dictaphone, the typing machine, vertical files, card indices, automobiles at need, mimeographing and multigraphing machines, sealing and stamp affixing devices for the mail, were aids that the earliest expositions never knew, and that some later ones knew only as experiments. Long before the Panama-Pacific International Exposition they had become the common instruments of work in all large concerns, and they all help explain "where the money went" and how such results could be achieved in the time allowed. In addition to such mechanical devices there were certain departments. to serve others, with an interest of their own, as examples of the office arrangements of the day. 188 SERVING THE WORK 189 The central Filing Department, into which went the accumulation of general correspondence, required the services of six persons at first, and was continuously in charge of a filing expert. After trials of various Tons of index systems the "Dewey decimal system" was adopted, and Letters carried through the life of the Exposition. As organization ad- vanced and specialization developed, the letter files split, and large sec- tions were transferred to the different departments under separate file clerks. In the central files and those of the different offices over 530 drawers of letters and copies accumulated, and the drawers and cabinets and card indices and other items of equipment for this use alone cost $19,775. Stationery and office appliances came to another $80,500, including paper for all purposes, and over $7,790 worth of carbon paper and typewriter ribbons was consumed. The adding machines came to nearly $6,000. Over $113,000 went for furnishing offices. The publicity activities used up more than $36,500 worth of paper and envelopes, besides the other office stationery. Outgoing letters went to a regular Mailing Department to be stamped and mailed, thus relieving the Exposition of the burden of private postage. In the calendar year 1912, which was the first year in the Exposition Build- ing, and one in which things were but gradually evolving from the formative stages, $5,350 worth of stamps were used, mostly of the two-cent denomi- nation. In 1913 it took $13,415 worth; in 1914, $23,539; in 1915, to Opening Day, $3,995 worth and to Closing Day $22,976—a total, to the close of the Exposition, of over $69,277 in postage; and you can send a good many letters for that. Yet this did not cover all the correspondence, for when an exposi- tion is under development the mails are slow. Over $75,000 went for tele- graph tolls alone. Nor did the outlay for postage cease with the operating period. By the end of 1916 it had amounted, in the aggregate, to $72,351 worth of stamps. Inter-office communications were kept going by messenger every hour. For economy, special forms and envelopes, of cheap stock, were provided. The volume of this internal correspondence is a rough measure of activity. As the forms were often used for memorandum pads, the number of them consumed will show us nothing, but the number of envelopes in which mes- sages traveled from office to office is a fair reflection of the number of times the various officers had to communicate with one another in writing, in addition to all the telephoning through the Exposi- tion's telephone exchange. In 1912 there were 22,000 of these envelopes used. In 1913 the storekeeper had to get in 46,640 to take care of the Internal Advices 190 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION demand, and in 1914 an even 100,000. The aggregate consumed to Closing Day was 403,740. The stores were in charge of Mr. Charles Murray, who was a hard-work- ing, cheerful, and efficient officer. Until the removal to the grounds he made the rounds of the offices every morning, and whatever he had that you needed, from pencils to typewriters, was supplied without waste of time. He had an assistant and a stenographer. The number of typewriters of which he had charge rose as high as 610, and whatever metal in that shape could endure they had to. Over $1,450 worth of typewriter ribbons were literally beaten to a frazzle on them. It would be interesting to know the number of lead pencils whittled and abraded away in this service, but we must leave something to imagination and the next historiographer. Figur- ing up such statistics as these called for 26 adding machines. The stores began as a handful of stationery and small supplies, but grew rapidly and the functions of the storekeeper grew with them. He had to receive and ship goods, like an express company, check up and O. K. bills and charge them to the proper departments, provide storage for Keeping out of Mischief the physical property of different offices, keep track of the furni- ture and the typewriters and adding machines and dictaphones aforesaid, add a few of the arts of the carpenter, joiner, cabinet-maker, and blacksmith in order to keep the furniture and the machines in repair as far as possible without sending them to the shop, keep daily records of receipts and disbursements, and of stock on hand, send a package of blotters to Room 114 and a screw driver to Room 311, a ruler somewhere else, and some thumb-tacks somewhere else, take a rug out of Room 238 and store it where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt nor thieves break through and steal, supply the stenographer in Room 401 with a different make of chair because this one hurt her back, fix a mirror on a cabinet on the fifth floor and lend somebody a hammer on the second, attend to everybody's wants immedi- ately, and, as Bill Nye said, have all the rest of the time to play. The Purchasing Department of the Comptroller's organization, under C. O. Gowing, most effectively discharged the larger part of the purchasing function, especially in regard to engineering and construction materials. As a matter of practice though not of form, this became a part of the Division of Works, inasmuch as the Comptroller's office remained in the Exposition Building down town during the construction period. The buying of furni- ture, stationery, and other office supplies for the down town offices was dele- gated to a purchase clerk, Melville D. Coakley, who could be on hand continuously to give prompt service. This department had to buy every sheet of paper, every stenographer's note book, every lead pencil, and bottle LEA AB/AB 1911, BY R. J. WATERS & COMPANY BANQUET TO WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, PALACE HOTEL, OCT. 13, 1911 ! 3 J J ; } ( זי, 1 F " 2 $ SERVING THE WORK of ink. Competitive bids were taken in almost all cases, and in some com- modities, furniture, for example, substantial reductions were accorded freely. 191 For the duplicating of circular letters, forms, and statements needed in the work, which could not well be printed, and stories from the Exploitation Division, there was a multigraphing bureau, under the Division of Exploi- tation, manned, or womanned, by five to seven operatives. From the be- ginning of its work in January, 1912, to the close of the Exposi- tion it had reproduced 5,737,773 copies of stories, circular letters, Millions of Copies notices and blanks for instructions, and general orders and mis- cellaneous forms for the various departments. The Department of Live Stock had its own multigraph and mimeograph equipment, with which it turned out about 350,000 letters and circulars. Down to the fall of 1911 the different departments sent out their own printing jobs. The Exposition had a small press in the basement, the foundation of about such a printing establishment as those that turn out the menus and the little daily paper aboard ship, but nothing capable of hand- ling quantity work expeditiously. In October, 1912, a regular bureau for central control of the printing was established under A. H. Merrill, and two flat-bed presses were installed, for emergency work. The Bureau of Printing was part of the Bureau of Publication under the direction of Nolan Davis, an experienced printer and publisher, and this Bureau was in turn part of the Division of Exploitation. But it aided and abetted all other departments of the Exposition, and besides the $11,483 worth of work it did in its own plant it assigned on bids to outside firms $303,072 worth; making a total of $314,555 worth between October 1, 1911, and February 4, 1916. The preliminary printing done before October 1, 1911, came to about $10,255; so that the total for printing and engraving was not far from $324,810. After the Bureau was established it received and supplied all demands for printing from all parts of the organization, except for show bills and local newspaper advertisements of events A Large on the grounds. There were tally sheets, pay checks, accounting forms of every description, lecturettes for school children, ribbons for officials, fire marshal's notices the innumerable requirements of extensive and complicated affairs, both for administrative and publicity purposes. The largest item was for pamphlets and folders-over half the money going for advertising. In addition, the Bureau took care of translations of articles into foreign languages, obtained lantern slides and Paget and Lumiere color plates, and print matrices, and half-tone engravings and electroplates. Like the storeroom, the Bureau of Publi- Printing Bill 192 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION / cation served everybody, and did it as expeditiously as such work is ever done. The Bureau of Printing turned out, either by executing directly or put- ting out the work on bids, some 7,460 jobs. And the printing business of the city had to be the main reliance for the bulk of the necessary work, which, because of the occasional multiplicity of rush demands could only be handled, at times, by several shops at once. A Photographic Department at first kept the public pictorially informed of the progress of the work. There was one operative, W. W. Swadley, and he "shot" everything Louis Levy told him to, which in the early days con- sisted mainly of rough lumber and mud. As subjects grew in interest and began to take on the beauty they were designed to have, the photographs began to have a commercial value in themselves, besides their utility as news, and this department might have made some revenue out of sales to foreign and state commissioners that wanted to show the ground-breaking and dedication ceremonies to the folks at home-but the manage- Photography ment felt that it would be an undignified traffic and gladly sup- Important plied participants on request. Later, the photography passed into the hands of a concessionaire who was willing to do the work and pay a percentage on the sales. One of the most important and valuable of these offices was the Employ- ment Bureau, in the jurisdiction of the Comptroller. There seemed to be an established theory in the minds of a good part of the public that the Exposi- tion existed to help people over the hard times. The applications came in a flood, and the amount of unemployment they disclosed was pathetic. After Rodney S. Durkee became Comptroller, he and his assistant, secretary and clerk handled the employment business until the beginning of 1914, when a bureau was formed with Eugene Shelby as manager, under the Comptroller's direction. By the middle of the year applications were coming at the rate of forty-five to fifty a day, and it was then estimated that the An Army of total since the beginning of the organization would approximate 80,000. In the early part of the following year, as Opening Day approached, the number of applications increased until there were between 250 and 300 daily. With the gradual contraction after the Exposi- tion opened, a time came when they had to be refused on the ground that there were already long enough waiting lists, and that former employees dismissed for no fault of theirs were entitled to the first chances at re- employment. Applicants According to the system in vogue in this bureau, applicants were regis- tered, and their applications were then referred to the department named as ! SERVING THE WORK the field of their ambition. Those general in character, from accountants, clerks, stenographers and the like, were retained by the manager of the bureau as unclassified material, and were submitted to department chiefs when they wanted such help. But in all cases the underlying principle of appointment by the President was scrupulously observed, the bureau merely performing the executive labor. In addition to the manager, the bureau required the services of a sten- ographer and a typist. Its great value was that it saved the time of every official, from the President down, and relieved them all from the necessity of hearing the desperate persuasions of needy persons they had no power to help. 193 It was difficult to convince some applicants that employment did not go by favor and "pull." It was inevitable that instances could be pointed out, of some person on the pay roll being related to some other person on that sacred sheet. Among hundreds of local people, some were certain to be cousins, if only in the Chinese sense. The cases were no more frequent than the law of chance and probability would furnish, and in spite of any appearance they might have produced, the test for employ- ment was just the merit system throughout. That was the policy of the President and of the management, and it was enforced as thoroughly as it is humanly possible to enforce anything over a field so large. VOL. 1-13 The Belief in "Pull" CHAPTER XXXIX NEW YORK SENDS THE FIRST COMMISSION WITH ITHIN two months after President Taft had broken ground a Special Commission arrived from New York to investigate the prospects and progress of the Exposition and, if it found them promising, select a site for a State building. The New York Legislature had appropriated $15,000 for the purpose, and the Commission made its advent by special car on November 30, 1911. It was the first commission to make the trip, although individuals had come from Maryland, Massa- chusetts, and Virginia. There were Senator James J. Frawley, Chairman; Senators Thomas H. Cullen and George H. Cobb, and Assemblymen Franklin Brooks, Daniel D. Frisbie, George Washburn, and John R. Yale, with Edward L. Stanton, Secretary, and Sterling J. Joyner, Engineer. A day or so later came Assem- blyman James A. Foley and Captain Eckford de Kay, Military Aide to Governor Dix. The members of the party were received by the President and several Directors of the Exposition, with some members of the Architectural Commission. They were dined at the Bohemian Club, and the next day were taken over the grounds, and then to luncheon at the Cliff House. Mayor-elect Samuel C. Park of Salt Lake City was an invited guest. At luncheon, Polk, of the Architectural Commission, explained: "We hope the State and foreign buildings will be grouped with the same dignity of plan and arrangement as the Palaces, so that each unit in the scheme will help the others." This was a policy that was generally enforced. The delegation visited the Muir Woods and Mount Tamalpais. There was another luncheon at the Tavern on the mountain with many congratu- latory and encouraging talks from members of the Commission. As far as any definite site selection was concerned, the Commission came too soon. At that time there could hardly be said to be any A Test of sites. The hydraulic fills had not been started, a good part of the palace area was still under water, and the theory lingered that the State buildings might be distributed along the connecting link between Location 194 HE A PERKK 2 A. STIRLING CALDER, SCULPTOR "THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE"-FOR THE FOUNTAIN OF ENERGY 1 NEW YORK SENDS THE FIRST COMMISSION the Presidio and Golden Gate Park, so no more than a tentative selection could be made. It was not until a year later that the real site was chosen. But the first Commission's selection was prophetic and in a sense deter- minative, for it expressed a preference for a position that should overlook the Bay. This indicated the line of the best development-and in the evo- lution of the block plan it was along the Bay shore that the State buildings were finally located. 195 The New York Commission's investigation and report having corrob- orated what had been said of the Exposition and its prospects, the Legis- lature of the Empire State appropriated $700,000 in March of 1912 for par- ticipation. Gov. Dix signed the bill in April, and appointed five members of the New York State Commission. Five senators and five assemblymen were to be appointed by the Lieutenant Governor and the Speaker of the Assembly. On November 26, 1912, the members of the Commission thus created arrived in San Francisco for the purpose of making final selection of a site, inasmuch as development of plan had now made that possible. The party consisted of Norman E. Mack, Chairman; John R. Yale, Vice-Chairman; Arthur A. McLean, Joseph B. Mayer, John Dix Coffin, James A. Foley, Thomas H. Cullen, James J. Frawley, George H. Cobb. John F. Murtaugh, Thomas H. Bussey, George H. Whitney, Alfred E. Smith, Daniel D. Fris- bie, Frank L. Young, Secretary Daniel L. Ryan, and Assistant Secretary William Leary. Two days before, Col. Fred Paul Grosscup of Charleston, West Virginia, and G. O. Nagle of Wheeling, arrived to select the West Virginia site, many States having joined the Exposition family by this time. There was much entertainment and stimulating oratory, and on November 29 both New York and West Virginia had their plots of land assigned to them, under impressive formal ceremonies. There was a grand review of troops at the Presidio; the largest parade thus far for an Exposition service, and a visual prophecy of the military tone that was to mark the Exposition's life throughout. Col. Cornelius Gar- dener turned out the entire force under his command, and Col. John P. Wis- ser, commanding at Fort Winfield Scott, added the Coast Artillery; so that the Sixteenth Infantry led, and then came a squadron of Army Well Represented the First Cavalry, and then ten companies of the Coast Artillery, and the Signal and Medical Corps stationed at the Post. The reviewing stand at the parade ground was crowded with members of the New York and West Virginia societies, and thousands of people gathered about to listen to the addresses. 196 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION The review concluded, President Moore presented Attorney-General U. S. Webb, who welcomed the Commissioners on behalf of California, and then Dr. D'Ancona, representing Mayor Rolph, extended the welcome of San Francisco. General Murray spoke on behalf of the Army, saying it was to be the first exposition so located that the Army could take an important part. "We shall keep up our work of helping the Exposition until it closes, and we shall show the visitors what the Army and Navy can do to make it inter- esting." Was Kept For New York, Norman E. Mack declared: "You had our loyal support almost from the inception and you will continue to have it to the day on which the Exposition closes its gates on what we in New York Pledge That believe will be the greatest and most successful world's fair of all Personally I believe that this interchange of prod- ucts through the Canal at greatly reduced cost of transportation will go far to bring about a reduction in the cost of living. At least it will be one of the great helps in solving this problem which has been so disturbing to all of our people for some years past." time.... For his State, Col. Grosscup said: "We are going back to West Virginia, and to the Legislature we shall say that no man in that State should live and die without crossing the continent and visiting California. His education is incomplete without such a trip to teach him the vastness of the country in which he lives." Then the party went down to the New York Building site, and President Moore presented Chairman Mack with a deed to it, and Mrs. A. A. D'An- cona, wife of the President of the New York Society of California, raised the Empire State flag, amid a salute of aerial bombs. The deed to the West Virginia site was presented to Col. Grosscup; and Miss Ethel Avis, niece of J. J. Avis of the West Virginia Society, raised the flag of that State. In the evening the Commissioners from both States were entertained at the Bohemian Club, where Chairman Sesnon of the Reception and Enter- tainment Committee had prepared a genuine San Francisco night in their honor, and where moving pictures of the day's events were shown. Then the Commissioners returned to their respective States and went to work. These events, new to exposition practice, were of great promotion value, for they were given wide publicity, and confirmed the public's growing faith in the success of the enterprise. CHAPTER XL THE FIRST FINANCIAL REPORT A T the end of the year 1911, when things were taking more definite form in the organization, though no building had yet been started, the Comptroller, Allan Pollok, who had been appointed in Sep- tember, made his first report; in which he presented a good general outline of the work since the "beginning of business," and showed where the money was coming from and whence it was going. He introduced it with this statement: "December 22nd, 1911. "MR. CHARLES C. MOORE, President, Panama-Pacific International Exposition. "DEAR SIR: "I herewith hand you a statement of receipts and disbursements from the commencement of business, December, 1909. "You will note that the total cash received to date from subscriptions and other sources, amounts to $1,297,426.90. "The total disbursement of every nature and description to date is $413,345.97 leaving cash in the hands of the Treasurer $884,080.93. “The item of preliminary organization expense amounted to $304,150.45, and was nearly all incurred prior to the Act of Congress recognizing San Francisco as the Exposition City. This item is large, but when there is taken into account the enormous amount of expense incurred in the Nation- wide campaign to arouse the interest of the country, and through their constituents to get action from the members of Congress, it can be under- stood that it was difficult and expensive. << 'As the opposition to San Francisco grew stronger we were the more determined to win and the telegraphic campaign alone involved an enormous expense, but was warranted by the publicity value and its effect on the result desired which is an asset to-day. The Southern States, of course, were all committed to New Orleans, but we had delegations and representatives at work in practically every State in the Union that offered us any opportunity for interesting their Congressional representatives. 197 198 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION "We were aided without expense to the Exposition in this work by the efforts of the citizens of this city through their friends and connections in other States. “During the time that the Congressional action was undecided, we were represented at every convention and congress that was held in the country, urging the adoption of resolutions in our behalf. "I wish to call your attention particularly to the preliminary executive expenses for the twenty-two months, amounting to $57,189.95. I think in this particular matter the Exposition has made a record in comparison with other Expositions of similar magnitude. The current expenditures of the different departments are set forth at length, and are self-explanatory. "I also hand you a statement of our subscriptions to capital stock, which is a remarkable record. You will note that 462 subscriptions in sums of $2,500 and over amount to $4,869,480.00, or an average of $10,540; Economy in 587 subscriptions amounting to $689,725.00 are in sums of $500 to $2,500; and 13,241 subscriptions from $10 to $500, amount- ing to $469,495.00, average $35.50 each; making a total subscription of 14,290 subscribing $6,028,700.00. Evidence "The capital stock subscription which you will notice calls for various amounts pledged by organizations part of which has not yet been signed up, makes our total subscriptions signed up and pledged as per accompany- ing sheet, $7,551,410. "The collections to date have been surprisingly satisfactory. The history of all Exposition cities shows that payments come much easier after work has actively started and the public can see evidences of progress. The necessary preliminary planning, or foundation building, offers to the public no evidence of activity and frequently creates the impression that the work is not proceeding with diligence. Notwithstanding these conditions and that no pressure has been brought to bear with subscribers, payments having been practically voluntary, 21½ per cent of the signed subscriptions to capital stock has been paid, and the number of payments that are delinquent is surprisingly small. "I am pleased to advise you that the operation of the Company's busi- ness under my control is progressing rapidly to a condition of satisfactory organization with increased efficiency. "Very truly yours, "ALLAN POLLOK, Comptroller." The general statement of income and expenditures, from the com- mencement of business, December, 1909, to the organization of November 30, 1911, follows. RR 201 **** A. STIRLING CALDER, SCULPTOR "THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE"-FOR THE FOUNTAIN OF ENERGY Subscriptions Other sources Total cash received to date EXPENDITURES Preliminary Organization and Promotion Expense Embracing Campaign to secure Federal Govern- ment Recognition and special session of Cali- fornia Legislature. THE FIRST FINANCIAL REPORT INCOME Delegations to Washington Exploitation and Publicity Expense Congressional and Conventions Committee California Legislation expenses (including cost. of special session) County Participation and Miscellaneous expense Preliminary Executive and Administrative Ex- penses General and Financial office salaries, rent, supplies and expenses 22 months Site selection expenses Current Expenditures Executive and Administrative expenses (includes all furniture and equipment) Buildings and Grounds Committee Participation and Exhibits Committee Press and Publicity Committee Concessions and Admissions Committee. Extra current expense of other departments, including $10,000 for President Taft's visit and ground-breaking ceremonies Total Expenditures Balance unexpended Represented by: Cash on deposit in banks Accounts, stores, etc. Total Less Vouchers Payable. Balance now in hands of Treasurer << CC (C $1,287,308.37 10,118.53 CC · $117,112.36 88,097.79 71,585.06 21,854.01 5,501.23 CC $53,616.84 3,573.II Divided as follows: In sums of $2,500 and over 462 subscriptions amounting to CC (C CC CC CC 500 to $2,500 587 IO to 500 13,241 Total 14,290 $20,286.50 8,950.77 2,431.70 3,126.66 1,533.13 SUBSCRIPTION TO CAPITAL STOCK 15,676.81 $886,596.02 2,355.61 $888,951.63 4,870.70 CC 199 $1,297,426.90 304,150.45 57,189.95 52,005.57 $413,345.97 884,080.93 884,080.93 $884,080.93 $4,869,480.00 689,725.00 469,495.00 $6,028,700.00 200 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION VARIOUS LARGE AMOUNTS PLEDGED BY ORGANIZATIONS, Knights of the Royal Arch S. F. Hotelmen's Association Chinese Name. Japanese Retail Cigar Dealers Miscellaneous pledges Oakland¹ Payments on subscriptions. From other sources. Total receipts to date.. • I. 1911.. Exposition site expenditures. $250,000.00 250,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 25,000.00 O Balance unexpended... Represented by: Amount Pledged. Total expenditures to date EXPENDITURES Preliminary expense, period ending September 30, 1911. Permanent period expense commencing October Cash deposits as securities on leases. Signed. Accountable advances. Items in suspense... Stores, supplies, and postage Cash... Less accounts payable... $2,400.00 101,300.00 46,010.00 7,160.00 In April, 1912, the Comptroller issued a supplementary report bringing the general statement down to March 31, 1912. It follows: INCOME Total Total In Process of Signature. ETC. $377,515.01 140,792.61 430,999.40 $6,551,410.00 1,000,000.00 $247,600.00 148,700.00 $133,000.00 3,854.20 2,295.35 1,073.26 831,296.01 50,000.00 3,990.00 17,840.00 54,580.00 $7,551,410.00 $971,518.82 195,476.19 $1,707,689.66 17,659.99 $1,725,349.65 $949,307.02 776,042.63 $766,042.63 ¹ Not officially pledged by the city government. The President and Secretary of the Oakland Chamber of Commerce had pledged their organization to support a bond issue for a million dollars. At an election called by the Supervisors of Alameda County for March 19, 1915, the proposal to bond the county for this amount failed in Oakland to receive the necessary two-thirds majority.AUTHOR. THE FIRST FINANCIAL REPORT STOCK SUBSCRIPTIONS Total signed to date.. Number of subscribers. Collections on subscriptions + ► • • • 14,305 28.15% 201 $6,065,790.00 1,707,689.66 $4,358,100.34 Balance of subscriptions.. The accounts of the company have been fully audited by public accountants for entire period to March 31, 1912. ALLAN POLLOK, Comptroller. The accounts on which these reports were based are still open at this writing, so that the figures are not the final ones, but merely represent, with close approximation, about how fast and for what the money of the Exposi- tion was being expended during this period of infancy. CHAPTER XLI PRACTICAL COUNSEL T HE growing organization was much enriched in personnel through the addition to its working staff of Dr. Frederick J. V. Skiff, Director of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. He knew expositions; they were his study and a large part of his life work; he felt and in all his relations to them expressed and emphasized the full force of their idealism. But in addition to that, he knew exposition prece- dent and experience, not only broadly and generally but in the concrete. The investigations conducted by President Moore to secure the best technical skill in exposition practice showed conclusively that Dr. Skiff was the exposition authority of the United States and was generally recognized An Expert as one of the leaders in this subject in the world. It was not of Exposi- until after much solicitation and persuasion, however, that the tions Doctor consented to become the philosopher and guide of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, for he had no delusions about the tremendous labors it would entail on those responsible. Since its creation by the late Marshall Field in 1894 he had been and at this writing still is, Director of the Field Museum of Natural History. Here he had built up an institution of great social value, a store-house of science, practically a permanent exposition in itself; the pride of the city in which it was developed. He was greatly interested in the coming Exposition at San Francisco, and when Moore visited him he was most helpful in suggestion; but he flatly refused to consider forming a connection with it. Only the obstinate persuasiveness of the President, built on representations of the great services that could be rendered the cause nearest his heart, that of education, over- came the Doctor's very natural reluctance. The broad and liberal policy of President Stanley Field and the trustees of the Field Museum made it possible for him to come to San Francisco. While the arrangement made with him contemplated that he should give but half his time each year to the Exposition, so intense was his interest in the work that with the con- siderate toleration of the Museum's Board of Trustees he devoted practi- 202 FURIO PICCIRILLI, SCULPTOR "AUTUMN" PHOTO BY CARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY * 罩 ​1 { PRACTICAL COUNSEL 203 cally all his time to the San Francisco celebration for the last two and a half or three years of its construction and operating periods, except for brief visits to Chicago. Dr. Skiff's experience in educational and exposition methods and in allied fields of endeavor was very broad. He had served that exacting mis- tress, journalism, and had also been a member of a State legislature, and in 1889 he became Commissioner of Immigration and Statistics for Colorado. He prepared exhibits of the resources of that State for the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and was Chief of the Department of Mines and Mining at that exposition, from 1891 to 1893. In 1892 and 1893 he was its Deputy Director-General. In 1894 he became Director of the Field Muse- um of Natural History, but could not escape exposition work, for he assisted in organizing the jury of awards for the Nashville Exposition in 1897, was Director-in-Chief of the United States exhibits at the Paris Exposition 1898- 1901, was Director of Exhibits at the St. Louis Exposition 1901-1905, and in 1908 was appointed United States Commissioner-General to the Japanese Exposition that was set for 1917, but that was afterward indefinitely post- poned. He held the degree of M.A. from Colorado College and LL.D. from George Washington University, and also from Washington University at St. Louis; and for his services in exposition work he had been decorated by seven foreign governments. Before he had formed, or admitted to himself, any intention of joining the Panama-Pacific forces, he consented to go to San Francisco, survey the field and talk it over with the President. The need and the opportunity of serving the cause of visual education once more, were so impressed upon him that there was no way out. He was made Director-in-Chief of Foreign and Domestic Participation, and became general adviser to the management, on December 3, 1911. During November of 1911, before he decided to accept, Dr. Skiff had several meetings with members of the Board, and with some of the archi- tects, the Comptroller, the Executive Secretary and the Director of Works. They discussed everything that could be thought of in connec- tion with an exposition, from fire protection to medals. For several days, in set conferences, the Doctor was interrogated and cross-examined on all phases of the subject, the questions and replies were taken by a stenographer, and some of the very practical propositions then laid down by him, out of his experience and knowledge of a difficult, special and complex business, should be worth stating briefly for the benefit of any board endeavoring to develop an enterprise of this nature. They were such propositions as these: Studying Principles 204 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION An exposition is a collection of exhibits. Without that there is no exposition. With that it is an historical and educational institution, an encyclopedia of society, because the exhibits represent the condition of culture in the world at large. You will do five times more good with your money the last year than you will the first year. You do not need many employees now, outside the Division of Works. (This, in November, 1911.) It does not usually do much good to entertain junketing parties. The computation of the time necessary to make an exhibit is generally based upon the article that it takes the longest to produce-a locomotive from the mine to the exposition space, or a piano from the forest. That takes seven months. All work prior to the beginning of that period is largely preliminary and educational. Live Stock is an exception. Expositions have come to have their own nomenclature. For example, if you will make it a practice to refer to buildings housing exhibits as “pal- aces" and those erected by foreign governments as "pavilions," confusion in thought and discussion will be avoided. The term The term "exploi- tation" has recognized standing among exposition men: it denotes ology publicity. The terms "administrative" and "executive" have different meanings in exposition work, the former applying to the policy- determining body: the Directors, who represent the stockholders. A distinction should be observed between "exhibits" and "displays.' The former are eligible to review by the Jury of Awards, the latter are not. "Exhibits" should be in palaces, "displays" in pavilions or State buildings. Special Termin- >> Exhibits outside of palaces, unless of a non-competitive nature or requir- ing the outside space, should not be considered for award. A properly equipped exhibits man should know what to expect from a foreign country or a domestic State: art, manufactures, transportation, or what not, relatively. He would take the space assigned and distribute it in proportion, and he would not miss it by more than a few feet. An invitation to participate is very hard to get out of a pigeon-hole. It should be followed up personally. You have to make exhibits the leading thing. If you do not make them an important feature of your exposition, the States and the nations will not have any right to appropriate money for participation. Exhibits require a man who loves humanity, who has breadth, who appreciates the value of education, and can tell the story of the world's greatness. If there is anything in the world, including churches, that should be open PRACTICAL COUNSEL 205 to the public on Sunday it is an exposition, for if there is anything that goes to elevate morals it is an exposition's beauty and cultural character. The Exposition will be a great factor in the world's affairs because it marks a ten-year period, and not because it is in San Francisco-because it marks a moment, and not because it marks a place. A congress regards matters of which the exhibits are the physical evi- dence. The exhibits pass away within the recollection of a child twelve or fifteen years old. The physical picture is dis- Things and Thoughts sipated when that child becomes an adult or dies. The congress makes a record of the thought that made the exposition possible. Charging for exhibit space works the wrong way. The heavy advertiser has the money. You have no control over an exhibitor that has paid for his space; it would mean poorer exhibits. You cannot invite foreign governments to a festival and charge them for the spot they are to stand on. The closing of the exposition and winding up of its affairs, is almost as important as building it up in the first place. You will be constrained to keep your construction men during the exposition period while there may not be so much for them to do, because they know so much that will be of value to you at the close. On account of death, failure, change in the management of the business, or some other reason, about one-third of the engaged exhibits will not materialize. The exhibit that shows not only what has been done, but how it has been done and is being done, highly selective in character, makes the ideal exposition. But in order to get what is good, you are often compelled to take considerable that is poor. Five times as many people will go into the Fine Arts Palace as into any other building of the same area. You can deal directly with concessionaires without going through the foreign commissions, although the objections of the latter must be respected. You cannot deal directly with foreign exhibitors in that way, if their coun- tries are participating officially and have commissions. An exposition, to reach its highest development, should be purely educational in its character. The motive behind all of the men connected with it should be to benefit their times and make the world generally a better place in which to live. The Classification is the Bible of an exposition. It tells what the exhibits shall be and in what order, gives their importance in the scheme of life, and dominates the method of making the awards. 206 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Classification is an interesting study. Take this lead pencil-to know just where it belongs, whether in mineralogy, or forestry, or metallurgy, or manufactures, to know the place that it fits, may be a complicated question. You are supposed to place things in accordance with their great- est interest. Orderly Exhibition The general theory is that Art is first, because it is through Art that we find our oldest history. Education comes second because it is through education that a man enters life. Then the Liberal Arts, because it is through invention, as man has developed, that he has met his necessities. Then come the natural resources of Mines, and Agriculture, and Horti- culture. And then man goes to Manufacturing, and Transportation, and so you follow it along down. Exhibitors want competitive awards. If they have the best exhibit in a certain class they want the grand prize in that group. If they have the next best they want a gold medal. They would rather have a lower award that is their own than share a higher one with fifty or sixty people. People will not Children climb There should not be any galleries in an exhibit palace. go to galleries freely. They are dangerous and insanitary. on the railing, and older persons carelessly throw things over. You can understand what it would mean if every State and every county exhibited in its own building. You would simply be keeping warehouses. It would not be an exposition. You have got to have the excellent and the poor right there, side by side, not only for the guidance and comparison of the jury but for the information of the people. A man can't carry an impression through buildings scattered all about the grounds, and receive any conscious education. He must be surrounded with the subject he is studying, the different examples must be close together, and then it will do him some good. It will take about $150,000 for the system of awards. The Government will require assurance that that matter has been provided for. And there must be very strict rules compelling the juries to finish the differ- ent parts of their work by certain fixed dates. A slight majority of the juries will be citizens of the United States or else the awards will not be the awards of a United States jury system. The representation in the foreign groups will be in accordance with the space occupied by the respective foreign countries. The National Commission represents the Government of the United States, meeting and entertaining the foreign commissioners. It represents the President of the United States, in the Exposition. The poorest place for a concession is at an entrance to the grounds. Awards Are Vital ALBERT LAESSLE, SCULPTOR LIONS IN THE COURT OF FLOWERS 41 裝 ​PHOTO BY CARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY " , } · * • C " } f [ 1 PRACTICAL COUNSEL 207 When people are coming into an exposition their first idea is to get the general effect. In coming out they are not only tired but they have spent all the money they intended to spend that day. You do not want a Women's Building. Women want to come in on an equality with men. If you cannot discharge a man you cannot control him. And if a man sees that he can have his day before a committee he is apt to do things that otherwise he wouldn't do. The head of a division must look after the chiefs of the departments in it. Not one of those chiefs should be able to get an audience with a committee or with the President. They must come through the director of the division. For you must move almost with the precision of a military organization. An exposition is a war and every man enlisted in it becomes a battle-scarred veteran. The happiest day, and possibly the saddest day for you will be the day the gates close. An Army Discipline Dr. Skiff brought to the service of the Exposition a thorough knowledge of the best way to approach foreign governments and permanent exposition commissions, and of the expectations of foreign governments as to the treatment of their exhibitors and commercial interests. He worked out the Classification, a matter to which he had devoted life-long study. In respect to apportioning the relative sizes of the exhibit palaces he was very definite and helpful. He recognized the large changes time had brought about in the material aspects of civilization, and his methods were modern; for exam- ple, he saw that electricity had invaded so many industrial processes that it was no longer a specialty, to be separately classified and expensively housed. He suggested putting Forestry into the Department of Agriculture, and edible fish and game into the Palace of Food Products, and by acting on his suggestion and eliminating separate palaces for these things, the Board of Directors saved probably a million dollars. The Doctor had a transcendental theory of expositions: that they occur in response to impulses beyond mere human calculation and desire, and are not altogether the work of any one group of men, or the result of any finite condition of affairs; but that "at certain apparently well-regulated periods a time arrives to bring the peoples of the world into closer contact that they may learn from one another better methods of accomplishing the missions. of men." And it does not matter whether they are held at San Francisco or elsewhere, they are part of the vast progressive development of Man, mani- festations of intellectual revival, and belong to the world. CHAPTER XLII DEVELOPMENT DURING 1911 E XPOSITIONS are not all lath and staff and lumber, and pools and statuary and fluted columns and music and pleasant gardens, nor even all these and the exhibits. Their organization involves a bewildering series of efforts, of “excursions and alarms," in pursuance of the determination to create a city all at once, and a wonder city at that. Those readers desirous of understanding the matter more clearly may well pause here for a sort of skeleton sketch and recapitulation of development in 1911; involving some matters already narrated above, and some requiring no more than passing mention. The beginnings of permanent organization, and of the campaign for national and world recognition which should confer status before nations and States and great manufacturing and mercantile corporations-together with the election of the President, the creation of the State Commission, the selection of the site, and the construction of the budget-were A Year of main steps of progress during the year. From a mass of incident, and of effort sometimes tentative or bootless, we present some of the more significant episodes of that twelve months. Directors and Exposi- tion officials had to give time, imagination, and care to every one of these items of promotion and ten times as many more. Petty as any one of them might seem, if it promised to contribute anything to the purpose in view it received personal attention in some effective form. Hard Work The year opened with the successful issue of the battle for national recognition at Washington. On February 15, President Taft signed the joint resolution of Congress. The return of the California delegation was celebrated with parades and oratory on February 25, and with a banquet on February 27. The members were tendered a luncheon at the Commer- cial Club on March 1, and were fêted at the Press Club on March 2. Senator E. S. Birdsall of Auburn and Assemblyman Milton L. Schmitt of San Francisco had introduced bills in the California Senate and Assembly on February 10, providing for the creation of the State Commission to handle the $5,000,000 of State tax for the Exposition. On March 1, Gov. 208 DEVELOPMENT DURING 1911 Johnson sent to the Senate for affirmation as members of this Commission, the names of Matt I. Sullivan, Chester H. Rowell, Marshall Stimson and Robert Cameron Rogers. And on March 4 the Governor approved the measure empowering this Commission to devote the money to Exposition purposes. This was shortly followed (March 22) by his approval of the amendment to the law of eminent domain giving the Exposition the right to condemn property. The President, the Vice-Presidents, the Secretary, the Treasurer, and the Executive Committee of the Exposition were elected on April 4, 1911. Public hearings on the site began on April 10. President Moore accepted election on May 10. Three hundred San Francisco women met and formed an auxiliary organi- zation under the title "Panama-Pacific International Exposition Associa- tion of Women," and elected these officers: Mrs. Lovell White, President; Mrs. I. Lowenberg, Mrs. Irving Scott, Miss Laura Livingston McKinstry, Mrs. John F. Merrill, Mrs. Homer King, first, second, third, fourth, and fifth Vice-President, respectively; Mrs. Aylett R. Cotton, Corresponding Secretary; Mrs. Laurance Irving Scott, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Prentiss Cobb Hale, Treasurer. The Committee of 200 met again at the call of the President on May 15, for the first time since the financial campaign. The President styled it the Foundation Committee" and put it to work enlisting, through small committees, the support and participation of the counties of California. The county tax law was explained-through which boards of supervisors were empowered to levy for Exposition purposes six cents in the hundred dollars of assessed valuation-and subcommittees of volunteers were formed to arouse activity throughout California and the Coast. 209 Women Are Active Postmaster Fisk put into use on May 17 a stamp-canceling die announc- ing the Exposition. He sent the first letter with the stamp thus canceled to his mother, Mrs. Lydia Fisk, and the second to President Moore. This was a phase of the publicity campaign, which is treated in more detail farther on. Delegates from chambers of commerce, boards of trade and boards of supervisors representing nineteen counties met at Sacramento on June 27, and declared in favor of having all California county exhibits under one roof. The same day President Moore issued a statement to refute the argu- ment that the Exposition bond issue would be invalid unless the Exposition were built in Golden Gate Park. Judge Curtis H. Lindley was elected a Director of the Exposition on July 14, to succeed W. B. Bourn, resigned. VOL. 1-14 210 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION San Diego celebrated, on July 19, the turning of the first spadeful of earth on the site of the Panama-California Exposition. President Moore, and Directors R. B. Hale, Frank L. Brown, S. Fred Hogue, A. W. San Diego Scott, Jr., Henry T. Scott, Alfred I. Esberg, and Rudolph J. Taussig went south to participate in the ceremonies, as part of an excursion of the semi-public organizations of San Francisco. Owing to their absence, the selection of the site, which had been pending for several months but was beginning to approach a vote, was postponed. Celebrates H. D. H. Connick was appointed Director of Works on July 27, the appointment taking effect September 10. He promptly put a body of surveyors into Golden Gate Park to obtain data for a topographical map. On July 27, R. A. Crothers was elected a Director of the Exposition, vice J. H. Crothers, resigned. Director Curtis H. Lindley was elected a member of the Executive Committee in place of Henry F. Fortmann. Leon Sloss was elected Chairman of the Finance Committee. On the same day the President announced the appointment of the Buildings and Grounds Committee, the Auditing Committee, and some of the members of the Executive Finance Council. The Directors filed an application with the Secretary of War on July 31, for permission to use parts of Fort Mason and the Presidio. The preliminary Architectural Committee was appointed by the Board on August 4. President Taft was notified on August 6 that the Exposition would be ready to break ground sometime in October or November, and was invited to turn the first spadeful of earth. Edward Hirsch, representing Gov. Crothers of Maryland, arrived in San Francisco on August 15, authorized to make plans for Maryland's par- ticipation and report to his State Legislature. Exposition representatives departed on August 16 for the Astoria Centennial Celebration. This expedition was a great success, and did much to promote the fine participation of Oregon. The War Department, on August 20, granted permission to the Exposi- tion, conditionally, to use parts of the Presidio and Fort Mason Reserva- tions; Congress to be asked to consent. On the same day Wells Drury, Secretary of the Berkeley Chamber of Commerce, suggested bringing the Liberty Bell to San Francisco in 1915. The Directors, on August 21, decided to send President Taft a formal invitation engraved on a golden plate, to come and break ground for the Exposition. On this day Congressman Kahn's resolution permitting the AUTOCHROME BY THE CARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY COPA DE ORO ... DEVELOPMENT DURING 1911 Exposition to use Government lands was referred to the Committee on Military Affairs 211 Gov. Eugene N. Foss of Massachusetts was shown over the proposed composite Exposition site on August 21, and three days later was tendered a luncheon at the St. Francis. On August 27 the Directors adopted rules for the Architectural Com- mission. The Exposition on August 29 gave a banquet in honor of Andrew M. Lawrence, publisher of the Chicago "American," in recognition of his assistance during the Washington fight. Allan Pollok was appointed Comptroller, September 1. Congressman Henry T. Maynard of Virginia was taken over the site. His visit was followed by that of Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippines, on September 6, and Congressman Bird Maguire of Oklahoma on September 11. The Architectural Council consisting of Willis Polk, W. B. Faville, and Clarence R. Ward, was appointed by the Board of Directors on September 15. On September 19 the Navy Department ordered the Pacific Fleet to San Francisco Bay for the visit of President Taft. Congressman Sulzer of New York was entertained on September 21. The appointment of these standing committees was announced on September 21: Participation and Exhibits, Concessions and Admissions, Press and Publicity, Transportation. The Finance Committee announced the appointment of its Executive Council. Headquarters were removed to the Pine and Battery Street location on October 3. On October 11, Lieut. Gov. Hugh L. Nichols of Ohio was the guest of the Directors. the The Taft banquet was held on October 13, and the following day the ground-breaking ceremonies were held in Golden Gate Park. On Banquet to October 15, President Taft was entertained at luncheon at the Cliff House by the Board of Directors, and then visited the war- ships in the Bay. President Edward H. Bennett arrived on October 19 and began his studies for the block plan. On November 8 the "Flying Legion" left for Arizona to stir things up for the Exposition. The Woman's Board of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition was incorporated November 12. The President was Mrs. Fred. G. Sanborn and the Honorary President Mrs. Phœbe A. Hearst. 212 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Congressman John W. Dwight of New York, Republican whip of the House of Representatives, was entertained November 14. The Exposition was represented on the Western Governors' Special train, which toured the Eastern States the latter part of this year. A committee of the New York Legislature arrived on November 30 to investigate the Exposition and look over the site. Dr. Frederick James Volney Skiff accepted the position of Director- in-Chief of Foreign and Domestic Participation of the Exposition on December 3. The Exposition's first financial report was submitted by Comptroller Pollok on December 23. Exposition plans were put on exhibition at Pine and Battery Streets. At the end of 1911 the organization exhibited this general structure: Offices of the President and Secretary, including the Assistant Secretary, with a stenographer, typist, and messenger. Comptroller's Department with a force of twenty-nine, including sten- ographers, clerks, accountants, the cashier, the bookkeeper, a purchase clerk, a filing clerk and two assistants, some messengers, and the "Official Herald,” who was generally useful as well as ornamental. The Press and Publicity Department, eight employees. The Department of Concessions and Admissions, one chief clerk and acting secretary. The Infant Organization Department of Works, with thirty-seven employees including the Director. The others were engineers, designers, draftsmen, transit-men, and field assistants; and the Land Department. Participation and Exhibits, eight employees. At the end of 1911 there were eighty-three employees in the organization and the total December pay roll came to $10,752. CHAPTER XLIII INVITING THE NATIONS A LMOST a year had elapsed after San Francisco's battle for recogni- tion, and the Exposition was still laboring under the handicap of a lack of any official certification to the nations of the world that it really had that recognition, or had any connection whatever with the Federal Government. To be sure, President Taft had broken ground, and that was much. But no official invitation had gone forth, and there was nothing documentary or nationally authoritative of which foreign governments could be expected to take cognizance. Owing to unhappy circumstances surrounding foreign participation at a certain previous exposition, including the failure of any adequate provision for the entertainment of foreign commissioners and other official foreign visitors, there was some executive diffidence about issuing the invitation to the nations until the President of the United States should feel assured that a proper site had been selected, and that Congress had provided such Federal representation that when foreigners did take part the Clock they should receive the attentions due them, and have some national official body they could look to as an intermediary in case of busi- ness disagreements with the Exposition management. Mr. Knox, Secretary of State, and Mr. Root, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Industrial Expositions, opposed the issuance of the invitation until provision was made at least for a Government Commission. Wearing out Action toward such a Commission was delayed by one thing after another. The site was not finally fixed upon until the latter part of 1911. Inasmuch as it was hardly proper, and would not have been very effective, for the Exposition to enter into negotiations with foreign governments until our own Government had invited them to participate, and it was going to require a long time to provide for and assemble the foreign exhibits, the delay was very embarrassing. The management was not asking for a Federal Commission-in fact rather dreaded the interference of one. But it wanted the invitation to go forth so it could start its foreign campaign, and if a Commission was a condition precedent, it would accept the situation. 213 214 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Two joint resolutions having been introduced in Congress looking to the appointment of Commissions, for the Panama-Pacific International and the one at San Diego, and these resolutions containing some unwelcome provisions, the President of the Exposition decided to go to A Mission to Washington, in January, 1912, for a hearing before the Senate Committee and to look after the Exposition's interests in Congress. Director Lindley accompanied him, and they were joined at Washington by Director McNab and Dr. Skiff. Washington There were hearings before the California delegation in Congress and the Senate Committee on Industrial Expositions. The deputation called on President Taft, to urge the issuance of the invitation. But what with the two measures pending in Congress, and the divergent views of the respective committees as to the appointment of a Government Commission and the method of its compensation, prospects of early action were not bright. Under these conditions President Moore suggested to the Secretary of State that if he could see his way clear to advising President Taft to issue the invitation, the Exposition would be willing to accept the State Depart- ment as an intermediary, in case of need, between itself and its foreign participants; and would give any requisite assurances that the Exposition would provide for maintaining and supporting such a council of A Working arbitration or other body as the Secretary of State might suggest, to be under the supervision of an Assistant in the State Depart- ment, so that the interests of foreign exhibitors should be properly guar- anteed, and the representatives of foreign governments should receive due consideration. Plan This proposal was supported by resolutions of the Board of Directors, wired out by President Moore, and adopted at San Francisco, which included an undertaking to pay the salaries and expenses of the commissioners if Congress did not provide for them. The Board promptly adopted the resolutions and authorized the President to sign the guarantee. That did the work. Although no act providing for a National Exposi- tion Commission was approved until June 23, 1913, and no Commission was appointed until August of the following year, the presidential invitation to the nations of the earth was issued forthwith, through the proper channels, and diplomatic officers of the United States were sent copies to communicate to the governments to which they were accredited. We have set out the details of the transaction at such length because it is a good illustration of the intricacies and technical difficulties of the problems that beset exposi- tion development. The invitation itself read: RALPH STACKPOLE, SCULPTOR 0000 "ART'S VOTARY" PHOTO BY CARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY ܕ ܐ ܕ . INVITING THE NATIONS BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A PROCLAMATION WHEREAS, in conformity with the conditions and requirements of the Joint Resolution of Congress approved February 15, 1911, “Authoriz- ing the President to invite foreign countries to participate in the Panama- Pacific International Exposition in nineteen hundred and fifteen, at San Francisco, California," satisfactory proof has been presented to me that a suitable site has been selected for the said Exposition and that the sum of not less than fifteen million dollars will be available to enable the Panama- Pacific International Exposition Company, a corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the State of California, for the purpose of inaugurating, carrying forward, and holding an exposition at the City of San Francisco, California, in the year nineteen hundred and fifteen, to celebrate the completion and opening of the Panama Canal; [SEAL] 215 Now, THEREFORE, I, WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by said Joint Resolution, do hereby declare and proclaim that such International Exposition will be opened in the year nineteen hundred and fifteen, in the City of San Francisco, in the State of California. And, in the name of the Government and of the people of the United States of America, I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the commemo- ration of an event of great interest and importance to the world by appoint- ing representatives to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition and sending thereto such exhibits as will most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries, and their progress in civilization. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. By the President, PHILANDER C. KNOX, Secretary of State. Done at the City of Washington this second day of February, in the year of our Lord nine- teen hundred and twelve, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and thirty-sixth. WM. H. TAFT. CHAPTER XLIV BRINGING EUROPE INTO IT. NOW OW that the long-delayed national invitation had gone forth like the dove from the Ark, the next thing was to see that it didn't wing into a pigeon-hole; or if it did get into a pigeon-hole, to follow it up and shoo it out again. So it was decided that a Commission should visit the various European capitals and put the force of personality behind the formal document. There would be a good many things to talk over with officers of foreign governments, official exposition commissions, exhibitors and their organizations; many things to be learned, obstacles and objections to be discovered by personal discussion that no amount of correspondence could uncover. It was the more necessary to send such a commission because Europe had been rather over-expositioned during sixty years of these international efforts. The public can have no appreciation of the difficulties of making an exposition truly international and worth the holding, without some insight into the labors of this Commission, and some understanding of the nature of the things it learned and the results it obtained. Armed with credentials signed by President Taft making it the official representative of the United States, the Exposition's "Commission Extra- ordinary to Europe" covered 25,000 miles in about three months of railroad and steamer travel; visited 15 widely separated capitals; had audience with seven reigning monarchs; with Cardinal Merry del Val the Papal Secretary of State, with the Archduke Joseph of Hungary, the Presidents of France, Portugal, and Switzerland, and the Crown Prince of Sweden; discussed the scope and scale of the Exposition with Ministers of Foreign Affairs, of Commerce and of Finance, and with a num- ber of permanent exposition commissions of European governments; and enlisted through its Army and Navy members the active interest of the military and naval departments of many foreign countries. It did not meet personally the former Kaiser, because he was absent from his capital at the time of the Commission's visit; nor did it meet the former Czar, nor the Queen of Holland, nor the King of Sweden, for similar Looking over the Field 216 BRINGING EUROPE INTO IT reasons. But it found King Haakon of Norway a very pleasant sort of monarch, George of Great Britain a gracious one, Franz Joseph of Austria- Hungary an alert and cheerful one in spite of his eighty-one years, Alphonso of Spain most friendly notwithstanding the recent Spanish-American War, and Victor Emmanuel III a very practical king, much interested in the workings of the Canal, about which he interrogated his visitors like a civil engineer. 217 Albert of Belgium was greatly interested in the United States, with many parts of which, especially San Francisco and the West, he was acquainted at first hand. Christian X of Denmark was inter ested in a new form of internal combustion engine for marine use, and discussed transport service like an expert with the Army and Navy members. All were interested in San Francisco and its marvelous reconstruction. Modern Monarchs Everywhere the Commission went it was cordially received and hand- somely entertained, and to each ruler it met it presented a beautifully bound portfolio of sketches of the Exposition site and proposed buildings, and an album of photographs of the rebuilt San Francisco. Spain postponed an exposition at Seville on account of the Panama-Pacific Exposition; and Lis- bon deferred a street railway strike and a resignation of the Cabinet, both of which events had been appointed, inadvertently, for the date of the Com- mission's arrival. (C The function of this body, as formally stated in its credentials, was to support the invitation." It was composed of John Hays Hammond, the eminent mining engineer, President; Reuben Brooks Hale, a Vice-President of the Exposition, who became President of the Commission after Ham- mond was called home; William T. Sesnon, Vice-President of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce; Rear Admiral Sidney A. Staunton, U. S. N., and Brigadier General Clarence R. Edwards, U. S. A. Staunton and Edwards were on the Commission primarily to secure naval and mili- tary participation. Charles F. Wilson, formerly of the Department of State, accompanied the Commission as its counselor; Harris Hammond acted as private secre- tary to President Hammond; Theodore Hardee, afterward the Exposition's Chief of Liberal Arts and Director of Special Events, was Executive Officer, and Archibald C. Emery, Secretary. Hale and Sesnon, accompanied by the Executive Officer and Secretary, left San Francisco for Washington on April 17, 1912. At Washington they were joined by the other members. President Taft entertained the party at dinner at the White House and issued the credentials, which concluded 218 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION "And any courtesies which may be extended to this Commission will be appreciated by the Government of the United States. [Signed] Wm. H. Taft." The Department of State instructed American embassies and legations to coöperate in every possible way; and the Commission sailed from New York on April 24, reaching London on the 30th. It left London on May 5, and visited the following capitals in the order named: Berlin, Petrograd (then St. Petersburg), Vienna, Budapest, Rome, Paris, Brussels, Lisbon, Madrid, Berne, Stockholm, Christiania, Copen- hagen, and The Hague. American ambassadors and ministers made the necessary appointments in advance for audiences, conferences, and other functions, which enabled the Commission to accomplish its objects Diplomatic in the shortest possible time. In addition, the diplomatic repre- sentatives of the United States gave entertainments in the Com- mission's honor at which the Commissioners met government officials, and other leading men of the various countries visited. Hale and Sesnon called upon the mayors of many of the cities with letters of invitation from Mayor Rolph of San Francisco. Greetings from the Chamber of Commerce were borne to similar organizations abroad. Assistance The Commission had the benefit of counsel with Dr. Skiff, from whose ripe experiences of exposition practice it derived invaluable guidance, espec- ially in the field of foreign relations. After its return, the Doctor, who had gone to a German cure, followed up some of its work and fixed the good impression it had made. The Commission, at the audiences and conferences and gatherings alluded to above, addressed itself to the importance of the Panama Canal, to the desire of the United States to celebrate its completion fittingly with the help of every nation, to the congresses of the leading minds of the world that would convene at San Francisco, and the inspiring discussions that would take place; to the fact that this was to be a contemporaneous exposi- tion demonstrating the progress of civilization and the achieve- ments of man during the current decade, that suitable military and naval representation was desired, and that the scale of the project and the provision made for its realization alike assured an event of dignity, and of service to human welfare, that could not well be ignored. No special effort was made to pledge participation; the Commission con- fined itself to a dignified support of the invitation issued by the President of the United States-but a red-blood, human support instead of letting the thing go as a mere something on paper, which might otherwise have received attention of a purely perfunctory character. The Commission attended forty-five official banquets, and many other Convincing Arguments Co INTERNATIONAL SUPPORTERS JOHN HAYS HAMMOND GENERAL CLARENCE R. EDWARDS SIR W. A. M. GOODE, K. B. E. JULIUS KAHN REAR-ADMIRAL SIDNEY A. STAUNTON HERBERT C. HOOVER MU BRINGING EUROPE INTO IT entertainments. It was of the greatest practical value to have these personal representatives meet officials and influential men of other countries face to face and give them explanations and assurances around the board about such details as the financial basis, the fire hazard, the protection of copyrighted patterns and registered trade marks, industrial conditions, the transportation facilities, release from bond of merchandise sold before the close of the Exposition, the basis of awards, and other matters of moment to those that had been through exposition troubles of various natures before. 219 An example of the sort of problem encountered and solved through the activity of the Commission was that presented by the long-standing griev- ance of European manufacturers against the pirating of their patterns, models, copyrights, patents, or trade marks, and the insecurity they should feel for this sort of property should they expose it to such piracy at Risks of an exposition. It developed at one very pleasant dinner at Berne Exhibiting that the people of St. Gall, Switzerland, were interested in the embroidery industry to such an extent that they exported $10,000,000 worth of embroideries annually just to Great Britain and the United States; and that between three and four million embroidery patterns were copy- righted by the industry in Switzerland every year. Its representative, Mr. Wild, President of the National Council and Director of the Musee Indus- triel of St. Gall, declared these copyrights cost about $200 in Switzerland, but under existing American laws would cost a prohibitive price to register in the United States: a sum in the millions. The Swiss embroidery industry would be glad to exhibit, but wanted protection for its patterns that would not be impossible in cost. Similar objections were encountered elsewhere, and to such an extent that the obstacle appeared in a very serious light. The result was the introduction of the so-called Kahn Law, which, for the duration of the Exposition and three years thereafter extended to foreign exhibits patented or copyrighted abroad the penalties of the copyright laws, and otherwise insured the security the foreign exhibitor needed, in addition to admitting the exhibits free of duty; and which made provision for its administration. And this bill, after the expected opposition and uproar from certain domestic elements that mistakenly regarded their interests as threatened by it, was approved by the President on September 18, 1913, and formed an essential part of the campaign for international participation. The development of an exposition is through and over a multitude of such obstacles, unsuspected but by the expert. Wherever such objections were encountered by the Commission in Europe they were disposed of as 220 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION far as possible at the time, and later formed the subject of recommendation and adjustment at home. The Commission found a general desire on the part of the Europeans to cultivate friendly relations with the United States, and it was never back- ward about pointing out a good way to do it. The press everywhere was kept currently informed of the Commission's travels and accomplish- ments, and as the matter was interesting as international news, it Producing produced a large mass of valuable publicity. After each day's Publicity activity a full report was wired the nine news agencies in London, and on leaving each city a "Sunday supplement" story was mailed for New York. For this mission the Directors voted a letter of credit of $75,000; but the entire expenses of the trip amounted to little more than half as much: $40,897.00. The special literature, albums, sketches, and pamphlets taken along and presented to monarchs and presidents and embassies and other people it was desired to enlighten on the subject, together with the of ficial stationery needed for the work, cost about $5,169.83. Telephon- ing, telegrams, baggage charges, postage, taxicabs, exchange, newspaper translations, printing, stenographers, couriers' expenditures, and similar mis- cellaneous items came to $7,730.38. Transportation came to $14,487.21 and hotel and subsistence bills to $4,836.25. The figures are cited here merely as a rough indication of the scope of the Commission's work, and the sort of thing for which exposition financing must provide. In its report to the Board the Commission recommended that at the proper time the Board consider sending well-qualified representatives of the Exposition to Europe to confer with exposition committees and indi- vidual exhibitors, in order to carry the work of the Commission to a definite conclusion; and that steps be taken to secure legislation at Washington that should protect designs and copyrights, permit the entry of foreign people for exhibit purposes, make the Exposition Palaces bonded ware- houses, and in other ways facilitate foreign participation and assure the participants security; and that "representations should be made to the Secretary of the Navy and the Secretary of War, looking to the appointment of a Navy and an Army official to develop plans for the participation of foreign navies and armies in the Exposition along the lines proposed by the Naval and Military representatives on the Commission." This latter hope was sadly disappointed by the war. CHAPTER XLV DEVELOPING AN INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL T HE despatch of the Commission Extraordinary to Europe was the opening gun of a long and hard-pressed campaign. It was neces- sary to follow it up unremittingly to show that the international invitation, and the Commission after it, were both in earnest, and that there had been and would be no relaxation of the effort at San Francisco. And the work it did had to be extended all over the globe. Statesmanship generally recognizes in world expositions movements of the great constructive forces of society, and desires their success. Yet in all coöperative undertakings prudent men hesitate to proceed until they can see a probability of positive result. Before governments commit them- selves to the expenditure of the money of their peoples for com- missions and pavilions and other necessary adjuncts of participa- tion, they wish assurance that the promoters of an exposition have a proper catholicity of motive, are not engaged in a mere effort at local advertising, have an adequate conception of their responsibilities, and command the talent and resources to put the thing through. From time to time several gentlemen traveling abroad were delegated to represent the Exposition, arouse the interest of foreign countries in it, and assure the governments of those countries that this would be an affair of world importance. They were given letters certifying to those they might meet that they were conversant with the affairs of the Exposition and competent to give any needed information about it. Conditions Precedent While at Washington upon the business of the National Commission and the invitation to the nations, the President of the Exposition, and other members of the Exposition party, accompanied by a State Department official, called at some twenty-eight embassies and legations, and found them thoroughly interested in the coming celebration and eager to cooperate as soon as their governments could have the proper guarantees. The Presi- dential Proclamation went forth, and the affair was at last on an official basis. The invitation was issued on February 4, 1912, and was accepted by 221 222 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Guatemala in just eighteen days. Other American acceptances shortly followed: Haiti, Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Panama, Mexico, Peru, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Japan, Ecuador, Uruguay, Canada, and Liberia. With the Latin American countries the good offices of John Barrett of the Pan-American Union were very helpful. Some of these countries were unable to participate actively when the time came, but their good will was an encouragement. But here, almost at the outset, one of those punishments of merit that perplex the faithful fell upon the enterprise. Owing to the fact that San Francisco and California were financing the whole undertaking themselves and there was no Government appropriation, representatives of some foreign governments raised the objection that this was not a national and hence could not be an international exposition. In fact, owing to lack of exposi- tion experience on the part of those that drew it, the resolution of Congress assigning the celebration to San Francisco nowhere described it as a national undertaking. A little later the Berlin conference on expositions sat, and adopted regulations against participating in expositions oftener than once in three years. This would have excluded San Francisco, except for the fact that its organizing activities had already begun, and so special exemption from the rule was made in the case of the Panama-Pacific. Neighborly Acts Yet in spite of the most strenuous exertions Great Britain could not be brought officially into the family circle, nor could Germany. And, later, France was nearly lost owing to the disorganizing effect of the war, which had forced the removal of the capital from Paris to Bordeaux and brought all arrangements looking to participation at San Francisco to a complete halt, only to be resumed after the epic voyage of the "Jason”; a romance in itself. The Exposition's activities in enlisting foreign coöperation were under the direction of Dr. Skiff, who took immediate charge of the foreign office. The first secretary of that office was Theodore Hardee, who was The Foreign succeeded by J. B. G. Lester, and he by O. H. Fernbach. Fern- bach had in charge the detail of this position during the busiest part of the development era. He had lived long abroad, spoke several languages, and was particularly qualified for handling the executive work of this office, including the very large volume of its polyglot correspondence. Office The Commission Extraordinary departed for Europe in April, 1912. Dr. Skiff followed it shortly, to clinch the work it had done, and went again next year credentialed as Commissioner General by the Department of State. It was while he was at London endeavoring to interest the British Government in a little more practical way that a quiet, pleasant-mannered 10 "THE PACIFIC OCEAN"; FOUNTAIN OF ENERGY "THE NORTH SEA"; FOUNTAIN OF ENERGY A. STIRLING CALDER, SCULPTOR A. STIRLING CALDER, SCULPTOR DEVELOPING AN INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL 223 young man called on him and evinced a desire to help in the promotion of so constructive and beneficial an enterprise. He said he was a mining engineer, and modestly admitted having some companies in Siberia and Australia and other remote parts of the world. "And your name?" "Hoover; Herbert C. Hoover.” The Doctor had never heard of him before, but he seemed eager to help. Within a short time the world learned that wanting to help was this man's main characteristic-except having tremendous ability to help with. He and W. A. M. Goode got to work through a committee and almost upset a British ministry's decision not to participate. Other commissioners that did great work in England for the Exposition were Hon. James D. Phelan, former Mayor of San Francisco and now United States Senator from California, and Theodore Hardee; to Australia and New Zealand the Exposition credentialed Hon. Alva Adams, former Gover- nor of Colorado, O'Neill Sevier, Thomas G. Stallsmith, and Maj. Sydney Cloman, U. S. A., and they went to Siam and to China; to South America it sent Felix Martinez, William J. Barr, and D. O. Lively; to the Mediterranean and the Balkan countries and Turkey it sent Walter P. Andrews, Thomas H. Rees, and Colvin B. Brown; to Central America and the West Indies, James F. Stutesman, John P. Dwyer, and O. H. Fernbach; to South Africa and Rhodesia, J. B. G. Lester. For Italy it credentialed Ira Nelson Morris. J. Cheever Cowdin and John Barnes Miller went to Europe as Commissioners for polo, and Eugene H. Grubb as Live Stock Commissioner. The Commissioners that went abroad after the issuance of the national invitation, were credentialed by the Department of State. In general, their errand was to pay a visit of courtesy to foreign governments, thank those that had accepted, press the invitation a bit on those that had not and induce them to accept if possible, and present every- where that it could do any good, full information about the work at San Francisco and the manner in which it was progressing. They labored with Governments, with chambers of commerce, with boards and departments of agriculture, with associations of manufacturers; in short with every politi- cal and commercial influence they could reach. They went to far quarters of the earth. They visited rulers, premiers, governors, diplomatic officers, newspapers, trade organizations of various kinds, clubs. They entertained and were entertained. Their visits were in the nature of an international compliment, and were generally received as such. Two of the Commissions had United States cruisers assigned to take them on their way. They brought the Exposition into direct contact with Agents of Government 224 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION men of influence in governments and in commerce. They had adventures. Some crossed the Andes, some were shipwrecked on the New Guinea coast. and then went on and circled the globe. One threaded rebel country on his way to the capital of war-torn Mexico and called on Emiliano Zapata in his stronghold, in the effort to secure his coöperation. There may be some significance in the fact that Zapata, unlike Hoover, was not much interested in Expositions. From Havana to Singapore, from Port-au-Prince to Saigon, from Buiten- zorg to Irkutsk they roved, wherever industry had anything to contribute. Auckland was made acquainted with their errand, and St. Petersburg, and Tegucigalpa and Caracas, and Callao, and Bangkok and Buenos Aires and Athens and Singapore. They penetrated Javanese temples Ranging the and Pekin's Forbidden City. The press of the world received Ex- position literature at their hands, and interviewed them, and spread the news of their mission and what they represented. The interest of the world was aroused. World After a country had officially declined, the Exposition could, without breach of etiquette, detail commissioners to form organization committees, promote unofficial participation, and gather commercial exhibits. Thomas M. Moore, W. A. M. Goode (now Sir William Goode, K.B.E.), J. Van der Steen, and Herbert C. Hoover were active in this business in England, Walter W. Schultz with the German manufacturers and merchants, and Oscar Moser with the Austrians; and interesting and beautiful exhibits of the wares and arts of those countries resulted. Notable among those that aided foreign participation was Mr. Raphael Weill, one of San Francisco's leading merchants and most actively loyal citizens. He had broad commercial connections in France as well as official acquaintance, and was a member of the Legion of Honor; and perhaps no San Franciscan was better known or had greater influence at Paris. Berlin headquarters were in charge of Consul C. H. Schilling, who organ- ized an exhibitors' committee comprising some of the most influential men in Germany. For, notwithstanding that the German Government had de- clared its intention not to participate, the Exposition determined to hold open the opportunity for the individual acceptance by German subjects of the invitation of the American Government. Moreover it was resolved to discharge its obligation to present in systematic and re- lated arrangement the evidences of the intellectual and physical status of the world. And, moreover, again, it did not recognize any right on its part to discriminate against a people, a nation, or a race merely because a Unofficial Action << DEVELOPING AN INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL 225 government, for reasons the Exposition of course could not undertake to ques- tion, had decided not to accept the invitation officially. So Berlin headquar- ters went ahead with the assistance of an influential committee under Herr Albert Ballin, head of the Hamburg-American Line, and so keen were the German merchants and manufacturers to enter into the movement that in March, 1914, between 1400 and 1500 of them had made application for space. At the same time a strong committee on Fine Arts, comprising many well- known German university professors, was at work selecting paintings and other art works for the Fine Arts Department. The British Committee, which Hoover and Goode had labored to organize, included such men as Sir Thomas Lipton, Sir Thomas Dewar, Sir Robert Balfour, Lord Cowdray, Doulton & Co., Sir Felix Schuster, the Lord Mayors of Liverpool and Belfast, and the Lord Provost of Glasgow. And it proved sufficiently potent to get a memorial up to Prime Minister Asquith, signed by a majority of the House of Commons, asking favorable reconsideration of the government's decision not to participate. A Forlorn Hope On July 26, 1912, the French Government decided to become one of the Exposition family, being the first of the European powers to accept. A cablegram from The Hague stated that Holland would take part. Cuba accepted. So the roll grew. So general had the world interest in the Exposition become that the Congress of International Associations, embracing 132 international organi- zations, in concluding its meeting at Brussels on June 20, voted to hold its 1915 convention here; and the International Peace Congress at The Hague postponed its selection of a 1915 meeting place until its 1914 meeting could consider the Exposition. Maximilian Harden, editor of "Zukunft," de- clared that instead of a scattering participation at a number of small fairs. and expositions, Germany ought to hold off in order to make an impressive demonstration of the greatness of German industry, at San Francisco. Chang Yin Tang, the Chinese minister, said his country would astonish the world when the Exposition opened. Eminent persons and members of royalty began to lay plans to visit California. Selections and dedications of sites for the foreign and State pavilions proceeded through 1913 and 1914 with more of impressive formality and consequent stimulus of interest than at any other Building a Family exposition. These occasions with their attendant ceremonies stimulated feelings of friendliness and loyalty and intimate relationship with the work that became a great support of the management and eased admin- istration over many a hard spot. VOL. I-IS 226 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Honduras was the first foreign country to begin the construction of a building. Ground was broken for this pavilion on August 20, 1913. Although Great Britain and Germany had formally declined, France went so far in her arrangements as to send over a special deputation to take possession of her pavilion site. The delegates were MM. Alexandre Louis Albert Tirman, Director of Expositions and Transportation in the Ministry of Commerce; G. Roger Sandoz, Secretary of the French Committee on Expositions in Foreign Countries and of the International Federation of Permanent Committees on Expositions; Gaston de Pellerin de la Touche, Chairman of a section of the French Committee on Expositions in Foreign Countries, and a Director of the Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, and of the Paris-Lyons-Mediterranean railway; A. H. Savy, construction engi- neer, and member of the superior jury at St. Louis; and Jean Guiffrey, Assistant Commissioner of the Louvre. The French pavilion site was dedicated on September 5, 1913. China, Portugal, Sweden, the Netherlands, Argentina, and Denmark followed. Siam had declined, but, complimented by the visit of an official Commission from the United States, reconsidered and finally sent over in sections her jewel-like temple pavilion. The annual carnival at Manila was deferred, so that the business interests of the capital of the Philippines could give their energies to preparation for the Exposition. The Shah appointed H. H. Topakayan his Commissioner General, and Persia accepted a deed to a pavilion site. At the end of the year 1913, applications for exhibit space were about double the capacity of the exhibit palaces. Fifteen nations tentatively accepted the War Department's invitation to take part in a great inter- national military tournament. John E. D. Trask, Chief of the Fine Arts Department, visited ten countries in the interests of the Fine Arts col- lection, conferred with the leaders in the art world, formed the German Art Committee, and found his main difficulty would be to make room for the pictures and art works offered. Inter- national Growth Toward the end of 1913, to accentuate the fact that the United States Government, notwithstanding a change of administration, was supporting the Exposition, morally and officially if not financially, Secretary of State Bryan gave a dinner at Washington to President Moore, to which were invited the diplomatic representatives of foreign governments. Because of illness President Wilson could not attend, but the Secretary of State renewed the invitation to the nations, and declared he wished to emphasize the Government's interest in the Exposition. President Moore described the progress the great undertaking had made. Every member of the diplomatic 1440 HERMON A. MACNEIL, SCULPTOR "THE ADVENTUROUS BOWMAN" ウ ​DEVELOPING AN INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL 227 corps was present to hear him except Sir Cecil Spring-Rice, the British Ambassador, who was ill, and every member of the Cabinet attended except Secretary of War Garrison. The affair greatly strengthened the Exposi- tion's international prestige. Still European financial action on any considerable scale, to provide for actual governmental participation, was lacking. Before committing itself too far to draw back each country seemed to be waiting for the others. At this juncture H. A. van Coenen Torchiana, of Holland and San Francisco, went back to his native country and persuaded the Starts Real Dutch Government to make an appropriation of $400,000 with which to show the world the resources and character of the Empire of The Netherlands. That loosened the key log in the jam; other countries followed. Business The Italian Government appointed the former Mayor of Rome, Signor Ernesto Nathan, Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to the Exposition, and appropriated an amount as large as Holland's. Although not unprecedented, it was a quite unusual rank for an exposition Com- missioner General, and not only indicated the King of Italy's appreciation of the services of Nathan, but his recognition of the Exposition itself. New Zealand appointed a Commissioner and made a substantial appropriation. Norway was preparing for an exposition of its own in 1914, and the Government felt that one was enough, but yielded in behalf of Norwegians in this country, who number almost as many as the Norwegians at home. King George of Great Britain offered a cup to be competed for in the Exposition yacht races; and by March of 1914, the outlook was good for the appearance of 160 war vessels in the International Naval Pageant that was to come to San Francisco through the Canal. Among the distinguished foreign visitors to San Francisco during the Exposition's development (and many of them on its account), were the Marquis de la Vega Inclan, special representative of the Spanish Govern- ment; L. L. Caftanzogulu, Grecian Chargé d'Affaires; James Bryce, the British Ambassador; J. Batalha de Freitas, Portuguese Minister to China; Dr. Lauro Muller, Minister from Brazil, the Count and Countess Candido Mendes de Almeida of Brazil; Constantin Brun, Danish Minister and Court Chamberlain; Miguel E. Cassares, Assis- tant Secretary of the Argentine Department of Agriculture; Romulo S. Naon, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the Argentine; Frederico Alphonso Pezet, Envoy Extraordinary and Min- ister Plenipotentiary from Peru; Felix Diaz of Mexico; Lord and Lady Distin- guished Guests M 228 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION Decies; Don Ignacio Calderon, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary from Bolivia. These are but a few in a long and illustrious list. Many of these visitors were officials on business for their governments, and the business usually was to investigate the Exposition and see what promise it gave of being sufficiently important and valuable to justify na- tional participation. They were received and entertained and shown over the grounds, and the investigation must have been very satisfactory and convincing, for they reported favorably, although most of the physical "plant" was still on paper and the field of building operations was a chaos that it required trained imagination to resolve into a picture of anything orderly and beautiful. Commission after commission arrived and became convinced from its investigations that this was to be a world's exposition in the largest and grandest sense. These were but a few of the outstanding features in the work of assem- bling the parliament of the nations at San Francisco, to be accompanied by the exhibits that would best show the preeminence of the respective coun- tries in the arts of cultivated life. By March of 1914 it was announced that thirty-three countries had accepted the national invitation. Sites had been selected and dedicated by Canada, Japan, China, Sweden, Portugal, The Netherlands, Denmark, France, Argentina, the Dominican Re- Success in public, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Guatemala, Cuba, Panama, Persia, and Turkey. The work progressed steadily, and by the summer of that year plans were being developed and contracts let, and in some cases work was being started, for the pavilions for many foreign governments. Sight On the first of August, 1914, prospects were brilliant for the greatest assemblage of foreign national representatives, each commission with its pavilion like a small legation building, ever brought together by any exposi- tion. Ten pavilions for foreign governments had been completed. Eleven more were under construction, if we include the building of the German Potash Syndicate which afterward became the Pavilion of Greece. Definite arrangements for building, going as far in some cases as the creation of the plans, had been made by eleven other countries. There were forty official, national acceptances. In the time left before Opening Day it is reasonable to suppose that under normal circumstances four or five more would have been received. Of the domestic States, twenty-one had their buildings under con- struction, which, with the eleven foreign pavilions going up, made an impos- ing showing on the grounds west of Administration Avenue, and at the site of the California Building. CHAPTER XLVI AUXILIARY TROOPS PAR ARTICIPATION of foreign governments and domestic States was assisted, and to a considerable extent, by societies of their citizens / and former citizens resident in San Francisco. From the consular corps to the local improvement clubs, every form of organization, however loose and voluntary it might be, was enlisted. One of the most serviceable groups working for Exposition success was the Exposition Legion. This body grew out of an excursion of San Fran- cisco business men, conducted by the Chamber of Commerce and the Com- mercial Club, to the Astoria Centennial celebration on August 16, 1911; an excursion on which were represented the Exposition, the Chamber of Commerce, the Merchants' Association, the Down Town Association, the Merchants' Exchange, the Rotary Club, the Advertisers' Association, the San Francisco Convention League, and the Native Sons of the Golden West. Addresses were made at all impor- tant towns en route. The excursion continued to Portland and a great deal was done there to promote Oregon's participation. It had been found necessary for San Francisco to respond to insistent invitations from other Coast communities, but it was also difficult, without some permanent organization, to get enough people together to make a proper showing. The Astoria trip was a most enjoyable experience, and on the return journey, while interest ran high, Frederick J. Koster of the Commercial Club, afterward President of the Chamber of Commerce, sug- gested to Director Frank L. Brown, then Chairman of the Exposition's Committee on Exploitation and Publicity, that it would be well to pledge some three hundred or four hundred men to go, or send substitutes, on numerous excursions of a similar kind that might be undertaken on the Exposition's behalf. The idea seemed good, and Brown seized on it with his usual stimulating enthusiasm. Koster was authorized to proceed with the execution of the plan. He called a meeting at the Commercial Club and induced that body to stand sponsor for a "Flying Legion" to help exploit the Exposition by personal visits to other cities. Enlisting a Legion 229 230 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION The movement was very successful and helpful, the scope of its activi- ties broad. Excursions were conducted to Phoenix, Arizona, in November, 1911, to Los Angeles in January, 1912, to attend a meeting of the Counties Committee of the California Development Board; and in August came the excursion to Victoria, the longest and most interesting of all. The activities of the Legion were beginning to attract the support of others than San Franciscans, and among the more than one hundred participants in this trip were such men as Luther Burbank, Ben- jamin Ide Wheeler, and A. Carnegie Ross, British Consul General. The party went to Seattle by special train, and was transported about the Sound by special steamer. At Seattle, Vancouver, and Victoria there were royal welcomes and banquets, garden parties and fêtes. A great deal was accom- plished to promote a feeling of Coast solidarity and an interest in the success of the Exposition as a Coast undertaking. The services of the members of this body were rendered at some sacrifice, for they paid their own expenses and they were busy men that had no time to squander on any less important cause. After the Victoria excursion the Legion was made part of the Exposi- tion organization, and its executive and clerical work maintained at Expo- sition expense. The name was changed and henceforth it was called the Exposition Legion. C. C. Henion was made Secretary, and assigned an office in the Exposition Building, to attend to the details of all services in which the Legion might engage. For example, the members were frequently called upon to furnish automobiles for the reception and entertainment of large delegations, foreign and State, and this service alone probably saved the Exposition seven or eight hundred dollars a month in automobile hire. It also assigned to members the duty of enter- taining visitors in other ways, and at the members' own expense. Aside from the executive functions of its Secretary, the Exposition Legion was not merely a definite organization, but a strong body of support- ing sentiment that was ready at the shortest notice to mobilize for any help it could render. Koster continued as Chairman. Uniting the Coast Ready for Action There soon devolved upon this arm the duty of assisting in the campaign for the participation of the California counties in the California Building. The counties were grouped according to their geographical relations or common interests. Organizations were promoted to appear and speak for the Exposition wherever necessary; and commissions from the counties were received and entertained by members of the Legion at San Francisco. Close account had to be kept of the state of the campaign in every county. Through its members and its office force the Legion continued this work until the appointment of W. A. D'Egilbert as California Commissioner. 1251 KKR WARSS MANGO TROYE PHOTO BY DR. E. O. JELLINEK NIGHT IN THE PORCH OF THE PALACE OF MACHINERY AUXILIARY TROOPS By the agency of the Legion there was also stimulated the development of foreign and State auxiliary local societies which were continually called upon by the President and the Division of Exploitation to use their influence where it was needed. The movement had com- menced some time before under the executive direction of Charles Vogelsang, whose expanding duties as Commissioner of the Exposition prevented his carrying it on. 231 Local Societies These societies were a main point of policy of President Moore, who determined to capitalize in this way the cosmopolitan character of San Francisco. He saw that such organizations would be useful not merely to induce participation in the Exposition during the operating season, but to help out in the days of development when it was necessary to invest the enterprise with a character of dignity and importance. A state society could do a great deal of good in helping persuade some governor to come to San Francisco and set a sort of official seal on the enterprise, for his State, and then help in entertaining him on his arrival. It could assist by pointing out to the Legislature back at home how greatly an adequate representation was needed and what a fine opportunity the Exposition offered. A foreign auxiliary society could make things pleasant for a visiting minister as well as persuade the people in the "old country" to take part. Such entertainment was a very important and valuable function of the state and foreign auxiliaries. The President would call a meeting of former residents of some foreign country or domestic State, and after telling them what he desired done, would induce them to form an organization to assist the Exposition, unless they were already organized. Henion took care of the details, and for this purpose was ultimately appointed Commissioner of Foreign and State Or- ganizations. Foreign and State societies were either created or reorganized to the number of 16 of the former and 38 of the latter; or if some were neither created nor reorganized for Exposition service they were enlisted, and enrolled in the Commissioner's office. Of foreign societies there were: The Australasian Society; H. Stephenson Smith, President, and L. A. Morelli, Secretary. The British-American Committee; A. Carnegie Ross, Presi- dent, and G. Alexander Wright, Secretary. The French-American Auxiliary; A. Legallet, President, and P. A. Bergerot, Secretary. The Danish-American Auxiliary; James Madison, President, and H. J. Korell, Secretary. The Finnish-American Auxiliary; John A. Kuivala, President, and Rev. Gustaf A. Hiden, Secretary. A Great Roster 232 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION The German-American Auxiliary; E. F. Delger, President, and S. Gun- delfinger, Secretary. The Greek-American Auxiliary; M. D. Vanvales, President, Richard de Fontana, Secretary. The Holland-America Chamber of Commerce; H. A. van Coenen Tor- chiana, President, succeeded by J. C. van Panthaleon Baron van Eck. The Italian Chamber of Commerce; Cav. M. L. Perasso, President, G. Unti and F. N. Andreani, Secretaries. The Norwegian-American Auxiliary; Klaus Olsen, President, succeeded by Rev. E. M. Stensrud; and P. L. Halse, Secretary, succeeded by Marcus Marcusson. Pan-American Society of the Pacific Coast; William Fisher, Secretary. Portuguese-American Auxiliary; John G. Mattos, Jr., President, and J. C. Valim, Secretary. Spanish-American Auxiliary; E. J. Molera, President, and O. M. Golda- racena, Secretary. Swedish-American Auxiliary; Dr. A. O. Lindstrom, President, Alex Olsson, Secretary. Swiss-American Auxiliary; B. G. Tognazzi, President, Adolph Hugue- nin, Secretary. Welsh Society Auxiliary; E. D. Roberts, President, and W. Solomon Jones, General Secretary of the International Eisteddfod. Of societies representing domestic States, there were: The Arizona-California Society; R. B. Burmister, President, and Her- bert A. Drachman, Secretary. Arkansas Society of California; J. S. P. Dean, President, and Mrs. W. R. Kelley, Secretary. Colorado-California Society; Frank Burt, President, C. F. Todd, Sec- retary. Delaware Society of California; H. W. Hickman, President. Idaho Society of California; O. E. Jackson, President, and John Noel, Secretary, succeeded by Joseph Fallon. Illinois Society of California; Arthur B. Tebbets, President, succeeded by C. F. Walsh; and Mrs. M. B. Coulsen, Secretary. Illinois Society of California (Oakland Division); R. W. Sweet, Presi- dent, and Miss A. Cayetti, Secretary. Indiana Society of California; Lee M. Olds, President, and Mrs. J. M. Yount, Secretary. Bay Cities Iowa Association; F. T. Robson, President, succeeded by H. W. Brunk; and G. W. Skilling, Secretary. AUXILIARY TROOPS 233 Kansas Society of California; Thomas J. Straub, President, and Fred- erick Crowe, Secretary. Kentucky Society of California; W. C. Graves, President, succeeded by J. S. Chrisman; H. S. Shreve, Secretary. Northern California Louisiana Society; Thomas H. Anderson, President, and Mrs. A. B. Tebbets, Secretary. State of Maine Association of California; C. A. Brown, President, suc- ceeded by Dr. Ira B. Dalzel; F. W. Thaxter, Secretary. Maryland Society of California; Henry T. Scott, President, succeeded by W. T. Goldsborough; and B. F. Cator, Secretary. California Society of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; Dr. Ben- jamin Ide Wheeler, President, Miss F. Barker, Secretary. Michigan Society of California; Marshall Hale, President, and C. E. Linzee, Secretary. Minnesota Society of California; T. B. Walker, President, and W. A. Chowen, Secretary. Missouri-California Society; Tirey L. Ford, President, Mrs. L. M. Esk- ridge, Secretary. Montana Society of California; Judge J. B. Clayberg, President, and David Marks, Secretary. Nebraska Society of California; Francis Krull, President, Miss Katha- rine Hughes, Secretary. Nevada Society of California; Dr. J. A. Haderle, President, and Wm. T. Locke, Secretary. New England Society; Ralph L. Hathorn, President, and E. W. Wheeler, Secretary. New Jersey Society of California; Capt. A. C. Baker, President. New Mexico Society of California; Meyer Friedman, President, and C. W. Medler, Secretary. The New Yorkers; H. Schaffner, President, succeeded by T. E. Hayden; and Wm. E. Godsell, Secretary, succeeded by George Edwards. North Carolina Society of California; Roger G. Lewis, President, and Wm. P. Hubbard, Secretary. Ohio Society of California; C. E. Baen, President, E. G. Cook, Secre- tary, and Henry Hilp, Acting Secretary. Oklahoma Society of California; A. D. Andrews, President, succeeded by Judge J. J. Dunne; and Chas. H. Park, Secretary. Oregon Society; D. O. Lively, President, and Eugene Shelby, Secretary. Pennsylvania Society of California; Wallace C. Wise, President, Mrs. Robert McGrouther, Secretary. 234 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION I f South Carolina Society of California; Thornwell Mullally, President, and C. B. Whilden, Secretary. South Dakota Society of California; Dr. V. T. McGillicuddy, President, and Roy Sharpe, Secretary. Tennessee Society of California; M. C. Harrison, President, and Mrs. C. S. Fitzsimmons, Secretary. Texas Society of California; Dr. R. E. Bering, President, A. Hockwald, Secretary. Utah Society of California; Dr. P. P. Musser, President, and Mrs. F. L. Hart, Secretary. Virginia Society of California; Beverly L. Hodghead, President, Mrs. James Ellis Tucker, Secretary. Washington Society of California; Mrs. T. M. Reed, President, suc- ceeded by C. W. Wright; F. G. Stoner, Secretary, succeeded by Mrs. C. Thornton. West Virginia Society of California; Dr. D. B. Plymire, President, and Miss Ella Carr, Secretary, succeeded by B. B. Haring. Northern California Wisconsin Society; R. Donley, President, and Frank V. Cornish, Secretary. ence. It was estimated that over 100,000 letters were sent back to their home. countries by members of the foreign auxiliary societies. But the functions of these societies were not permitted to stop with mere correspond- A few of them sent personal representatives to the home country to support the Federal invitation. So, J. H. Hansen went to Norway, Emil Pohli, Adolph Huguenin, and Alfred Monotti went to Switzerland, J. A. Silveira, F. I. Lemos, and Dr. J. de Sousa Bettencourt went to Portugal, and E. J. Molera to Spain. H. A. van Coenen Torchiana, as we have recited above, went to The Netherlands, and his achievement in securing an appropriation by that country after Great Britain and Germany had declined to participate, was one of the most important factors in the success of the campaign for foreign participation. It was altogether due to him that Holland took the lead in appropriating actual money, when a leader was badly needed. The State societies sent out an equal number of letters to their home States, at least 100,000, in support of the Exposition. These auxiliary societies did a great deal of entertaining, which made friends and extended the Exposition idea. Strong It should go without saying that every loyal local organization Support was eager to cooperate with the Exposition management to the extent of its power-the Chamber of Commerce, the Rotary Club, the Hoo Active Propaganda H EDGAR WALTER, SCULPTOR HIE FOUNTAIN OF "BEAUTY AND THE BEAST THI OCARDINELL-VINCENT COMPANY 4 ← 1 · > } C 1 AUXILIARY TROOPS 235 Hoos, all the great fraternal orders. The ladies' auxiliaries of the Grand Army of the Republic organized a "Living Flag" for parades, and getting up a Living Flag that will stay organized is quite a chore. The State auxiliary societies were of great assistance to the Division of Exploitation in promoting the participation of the States, supplementing in many cases what the personal emissaries of the Exposition were doing among the State legislatures. Owing largely to untoward conditions, made harder by the European war which, whatever stimulating effect it may have had later on American industry, caused in its early stages much financial alarm, there were twenty States that did not participate officially in the Exposition, leaving twenty-eight with Hawaii and the Philippines, that did. Those in which the campaign came to nothing, or nothing more than publicity, were: Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Vermont. South Dakota had an exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture, but no regularly organized commission. Some of the foreign auxiliary societies were most helpful at vital points. The magnificent Norwegian art collection would have been impossible without the coöperation of local Norwegians, and especially of Jafet Linde- berg of San Francisco, who supplied the funds to collect and bring it over (with some help in transportation from the "Jason") when all Norway was absorbed in preparing to meet the hard conditions as to food and finance. that were being imposed upon European countries. Some astonishing phases of cosmopolitanism in San Francisco were disclosed by the Exposition's activity in organizing these societies. It was supposed, for example, that if the city contained a dozen Porto Ricans that would be about all-not enough to make it worth while. The President insisted on a search of that part of the field, and over 1200 were discovered. In this and the preceding chapter the historian has suggested enough to enable the reader to imagine these efforts continuing to and even beyond Opening Day, while we leave the topic for a recital of other phases of Exposition development. i CHAPTER XLVII THE DIVISION OF EXHIBITS N° OTWITHSTANDING all its beauties and its great events and occasions, the exhibits are not only the essential part of an exposi- tion, but they are its main attraction. That has been tested and pretty well proved. The Columbian Exposition reopened and tried to run with the exhibit palaces closed, and the public would not go. Plan pag- eants, ceremonies, observances, festivals, and celebrations all you choose, build what palaces you will, fling banners to the breeze and fill the avenues with marching men—the really great thing is that humanity has brought together, in volume, examples of its achievements, so that it may take stock of them and plan more; so that specialists in different Heart of the Matter fields may know one another's work and progress, and may through that knowledge utilize one another's accomplishments for the gen- eral service. If the individual is not always cognizant of these purposes, nevertheless they are there. To organize and set in motion the forces that should result in this open book of Man's accomplishments, was the special function, originally, of the Committee on Participation and Exhibits. This Committee was appointed by the President in September, 1911, and consisted of Vice-President Hale, Chairman; Directors Barneson, Britton, Esberg, Hornick, King, Henry T. Scott, and Robert; and T. B. Berry of the Foundation Committee. Robert being in Europe, Charles S. Stanton acted in his place. For a long time the Committee met once a week to attend to its general work, and once a month, in addition, to consider appropriations. Persons of exposition experience were invited from the East to confer, for it was early recognized that the development of expositions had become a special art. It was a hard-working Committee with a broad field. It sent emissaries. into the different California counties to promote county participa- Wide Scope tion, and others among the various States to induce their legis- of Duty latures to appropriate money for a proper representation at San Francisco; it prepared credentials for commissioners going abroad, and opened correspondence with, and sent literature to, commercial and agricultural or- 236 THE DIVISION OF EXHIBITS 237 ganizations in nineteen States whose legislatures were to meet in special session in December of 1911 or January of 1912. Needed legislation at Washington received its attention. Local importers were asked to spread propaganda through their foreign correspondents, in the interest of foreign participation. A large amount of work of this general nature was accomplished. In the Spring of 1912 the President decided to put the Exposition organi- zation generally on the basis of four main divisions, with a paid executive director for each and a supervisory committee of Directors to look after its interests before the Board. In furtherance of that plan the Committee on Participation and Exhibits dropped the word "Participation" from its title and became the Exhibits Committee, and its functions in regard to parti- cipation other than that of exhibitors were assigned to a new Committee on Exploitation. The Exhibits Committee underwent slight reorganization and came to consist of these gentlemen: Hale, Chairman; Esberg, Barneson, King, Henry T. Scott, Hornick, A. W. Scott, Jr., and S. Fred Hogue. In January, 1913, Hornick resigned from the Board of Directors, and so was relieved from committee duty, and A. W. Foster was appointed to the Committee in November. One of the important decisions the Exhibits Committee had to make was on the number, and nature, of the departments there should be in the Classification. Another important policy on which it determined early, was the one that took final form in the California Building. Small business detail had to receive the attention of this body, as well as resolutions of the larger problems of policy. Just as an example, it had to authorize the purchase of thousands of ribbons for the Live Stock prize winners, and a lot of ensilage for the show cattle, and hun- dreds of tons of red-oat hay, because the exhibitors of horses were very particular about the shade of hay their horses ate. Such busi- ness occupied a good deal of its time. At the head of the executive staff entrusted with the work of the Division of Exhibits, must be placed Dr. Skiff, who, in his capacity as Director-in- Chief of Foreign and Domestic Participation, did the underlying work in the exhibits field, and originated the policy, fixed by the Committee and the Board, that this should be a contemporaneous exposition, wherein nothing should be relevant, or eligible for award, that had been produced commer- cially before the exposition at St. Louis. It was Dr. Skiff who composed the Classification, and in doing so defined the number and position of the exhibit palaces. This could hardly have been done successfully without his expert knowledge of what was essential and what was dispensable in the make-up of an exposition of the first rank. Ribbons and Hay 238 THE STORY OF THE EXPOSITION The President of the Exposition began the appointment of the chiefs of the exhibit departments early in 1912. The first appointee in this class was Capt. Asher Carter Baker, U. S. N., retired, who was made Chief of the Department of Transportation Exhibits on February 28. This was the efficient executive who in 1914, after the war broke out in Europe, revived the interest of France in the Exposition and finally secured the French parti- cipation; and who, in 1917, after the United States had entered the war, was made Director of Overseas Transportation and Naval Representative to the Chief of Staff of the American Expeditionary Forces. Baker had been Commissioner in Mexico for the Chicago Exposition, and Superintendent of the Marine Division of the Department of Trans- portation at Chicago. He was connected with the Transportation Exhibits Department of the United States Commission to the Paris Exposi- Director tion of 1900; where he had served on several sections of the Jury of Exhibits of Awards, and where, for his services, he had been decorated with the Order of the Legion of Honor; and he had been Assistant Chief of the Department of Transportation at the St. Louis Exposition. In October of 1912 Capt. Baker was made Director of the Division of Exhibits of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Ernest E. Power was his secretary throughout the work, toward the end of which he was appointed to the position of Assistant to the Director. Blythe H. Hender- son, Assistant Chief of the Department of Transportation, became chief of that department on February 2, 1915. Baker had under his direction a list of strong department chiefs, ap- pointed by the President at various times between the Fall of 1912 and the Spring of 1914. Every one was selected after long study of his quali- fications had convinced the President that no better man could be found for the place. Most of them had had exposition experience and could proceed about their work with a minimum of lost motion. All were experienced in their respective lines. John E. D. Trask, Chief of the Department of Fine Arts, was United States Commissioner General to the International Exposition at Buenos Aires in 1910, and the Exposition of Fine Arts at Santiago, Chile, in the same year. For several years he had been Manager and Secretary of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Alvin E. Pope, Chief of the Departments of Education and Social Economy, had been engaged for many years in educational and corrective work, and with the assistance of Judge Ben B. Lindsay and the Chicago Juvenile Court he had organized the first child welfare exhibit in the United States. At the St. Louis Exposition he had been Superintendent of the