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AUG 10 19
UNIV. OF MICH.
LIBRARY
Prosperity!
Democratic Text Book
1916
Peace with Honor!
Preparedness!
THE
PEU
Copyright by HARRIS & EWING
Wordon Wilson
ISSUED BY
The Democratic National Committee
The Democratic Congressional Committee
PRICE, 25 CENTS
STRADED COUNCIL

WHICH IS AMERICANISM
THIS
THIS?
REPUBLICAN
DEMOCRATIC
PLATFORM ON PLATFORM ON
DISLOYALTY
DISLOYALTY
OR
"Whoever, actuated by the pur-
pose to promoto the interest of a
foreign power, in disregard of our
own country's welfare or to injure
this Government in its foreign re-
lations or cripple its industries at
home, and whoover by arousing
prejudices of a racial, religious or
other nature, creates discord and
strife among our people so as to
cbstruct the wholesome process of
unification, is faithless to the trust
which the privileges of citizenship
repose in him and disloyal to his
country.
"We, therefore, condemn as
subversive of this nation's unity
and integrity, and as destructive
of its welfare, the activities and
designs of every group or organiza-
tion, political or otherwise, that
has for its object the advancement
of the interest of a foreign power,
whether such object is promoted
by intimidating the Government,
a political party, or representa-
tives of the people, or which is
calculated and tends to divide our
people into antagonistic groups and
thus to destroy that complete
agreement and solidarity of the
people and that unity of sentiment
and national purpose so essential
to the perpetuity of the nation and
its free institutions.
"We condemn all alliances and
combinations of individuals in this
country of whatever nationality OF
descent, who agree and conspire
together for the embarrassing or
weakening our Government or of
improperly influencing or coercing
our public representatives in deal-
ing or negotiating with any foreign
power. We charge that such con-
spiracies among a limited number
exist and have been instigated for
the purpose of advancing the in-
terests of foreign countries to the
prejudice and detriment of our
own country. We condemn any
political party which, in view of
the activity of such conspirators,
surrenders its integrity or modifies
its policy.''
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The
Democratic Text Book
1916
10
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PROMISES FULFILLED
From Woodrow Wilson's Speech Accepting His
Second Nomination for President
<<
Boasting is always an empty business, which
pleases nobody but the boaster, and I have no dis-
position to boast of what the Democratic Party has
accomplished. It has merely done its duty. It has
merely fulfilled its explicit promises. But there can
be no violation of good taste in calling attention to
the manner in which those promises have been car-
ried out or in adverting to the interesting fact that
many of the things accomplished were what the
opposition party had again and again promised to
do but had left undone. Indeed, that is manifestly
part of the business of this year of reckoning and
assessment. There is no means of judging the
future except by assessing the past. Constructive
action must be weighed against destructive comment
and reaction. The Democrats either have or have
not understood the varied interests of the country.
The test is contained in the record."
* * * *
AN AMERICAN CITIZEN
I am the candidate of a party, but I am above all
things else an American citizen. I neither seek the
favor nor fear the displeasure of that small alien
element amongst us which puts loyalty to any for-
eign power before loyalty to the United States.
* * * *
CO

ISSUED BY
The Democratic National Committee
New York and Chicago
The Democratic Congressional Committee
Washington and Chicago
TABLE OF
PRINCIPAL CONTENTS
Subject
Democratic and Republican Platforms
G. O. P. Platform Denounced..
President Wilson's Speech of Acceptance
The Record of Achievement.
Let Mr. Hughes and the Republican Party Answer
The Story of Mexico...
Mexico and the fate of Nations.
The Militia's Mission.
Fairbanks on Mexican Policy.
•
Press Praises Victory.
Charles E. Hughes-A Colossal Evasion
Hughes' Vetoes as Governor..
Progressive Party's Policies Made Law.
Wilson and Prosperity
A Flourishing Treasury.
Labor Shares Prosperity
The Cost of Living
Farmer's Gain a Billion a Year.
Textiles.
Shipping.
•
• •
What Wilson has Done for Business.
Table of Prosperity..
War Munitions a Šmall Factor.
·
•
• ·
►
Disloyalty Repudiated..
• •
Wilson's Ringing Americanism.
Hughes' Inadequate Americanism.
German-born Congressman for Wilson-Speech of Repr. Charles Lieb
How Woodrow Wilson Kept Peace and Honor.
Dr. Bernhard Dernberg on American Policy
Maximilian Harden Praises Wilson.
•
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་
• •
·
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Republicans Vote for Democratic Laws.
Congress and the Old Guard..
..
•
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•
•
Pan-American Concord Brought About.
Woodrow Wilson, America's Great President.
Marshall vs. Fairbanks.
Thanks to Democrats, America Prepares.
A Democratic Congress Essential……….
•
Popular Election of Senators-By William J. Bryan
Defeat These Men..
·
▸
+
•
• •
Income Tax.
Ship Purchase Act.
The Federal Trade Commission.
Lobby Driven Out.
Treasury Prevents a Panic..
Practical Conservation under Wilson...
Enforcement of Anti-Trust Laws.
False Issue of Sectionalism.
Our Stupendous Foreign Trade
Prosperity's Enemies.
Republican Misrule..
Democracy's Lexicon (Speech of Martin H. Glynn)
Democratic Laws Hit Corrupt Practices.
Equal Suffrage..
Woodrow Wilson's Services (Hon. Ollie M. James)
Efficient Administration Under President Wilson.
Rural Free Delivery.
·
· •
•
•
+
the Democratic Congressional Committee
Alphabetical Index.
•
•
• •
• •
•
.
· •
• • •
·
Charge of Extravagance Exploded.
Speaker Champ Clark Predicts Victory.
Purchase of Danish West Indies.
President Wilson Deserves Re-election (Speech of William J. Bryan). . .
Constructive Legislative Achievements:
Our Financial Emancipation.
Farm Loan Act..
Child Labor Law
Non-Partisan Tariff.
The Underwood Tariff.
Labor Pledges Redeemed.
Service to Agriculture.
Good Roads.
· •
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3
27
29
41
52
55
74
•
►
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•
•
•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Extracts from Woodrow Wilson's Speeches..
The Generous Democratic Pension Policy.
Paying the Cost of Preparedness...
Officers and Members of the Democratic National Committee and
•
•
•
75
77
79
81
83
93
100
124
125
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131
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139
151
160
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341
183
145
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241
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261
265
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305
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323
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THE
PLATFORMS
Here are the platforms of the two great parties, definitive of
their ideals, aspirations and achievements. Compare them sec-
tion by section and note particularly the ominous silence of
the one (on the right) on those subjects held of paramount im-
portance by all progressive Americans today, and its acceptance -
and advocacy of some of the essential Democratic doctrines
advocated or adopted by the Wilson Administration.
READ
CAREFULLY; DIGEST SLOWLY; THINK
SERVICEABLY!
DEMOCRATIC.
The Democratic Party, in
national convention assem-
bled, adopts the following
declaration to the end that
the people of the United
States may both realize the
achievements wrought by
four years of Democratic
administration and be ap-
prised of the policies to
which the party is committed
for the further conduct of
national affairs.
As
RECORD OF ACHIEVE-
MENT.
We indorse the adminis-
tration of Woodrow Wilson.
It speaks for itself. It is the
best exposition of sound
Democratic policy at home
and abroad.
We challenge comparison
of our record, our keeping of
pledges and our constructive
legislation, with those of any
party of any time.
We found our country
hampered by special privi-
lege, a vicious tariff, obso-
lete banking laws and an in-
elastic currency. Our foreign
by
affairs were dominated
commercial interests for
their selfish ends. The Re-
publican Party, despite re-
peated pledges, was impotent
to correct abuses which it
had fostered. Under our ad-
ministration, under a leader-
ship which has never falt-
ered, these abuses have been
317W
REPUBLICAN.
In 1861 the
the Republican
Party stood for the Union.
As it stood for the Union of
States, it now stands for a
united people, true to Amer-
ican ideals, loyal to Amer-
ican traditions, knowing no
allegiance except to the Con-
stitution, to the Government
and to the flag of the United
States. We believe in Ameri-
can policies at home and
abroad.
4
PLATFORMS
I
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1
corrected, and our people
have been freed therefrom.
AN END OF PANICS.
Our archaic banking and
currency system, prolific of
panic and disaster under
Republican administrations-
long the refuge of the
Money Trust-has been sup-
planted by the Federal Re-
serve Act, a true democracy
of credit under Government
control, already proved a fi-
nancial bulwark in a world
crisis, mobilizing
sources, placing abundant
credit at the disposal of leg-
itimate industry and making
a currency panic impossible.
-
our re-
THE TRADE COMMISSION.
We have created a Fed-
eral Trade Commission to
accommodate the perplexing
questions arising under the
antitrust laws so that mon-
opoly may be strangled at
its birth and legitimate in-
dustry encouraged. Fair
competition in business is
now assured.
TARIFF REVISION DOWN-
WARD.
We have effected an ad-
justment of the tariff, ade-
quate for revenue under
peace conditions, and fair to
the consumer and to
to the
producer. We have adjusted
the burdens of taxation So
that swollen incomes bear
their equitable share. Our
revenues have been sufficient
in times of world stress, and
will largely exceed the ex-
penditures for the current
-
fiscal year.
JUSTICE FOR LABOR.
We have lifted human labor
from the category of com-
modities and have secured to
the workingman the right of
voluntary association for his
"
{
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7
PLATFORMS
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4.
I
i
protection and welfare. We
have protected the rights of
the laborer against the un-
warranted issuance of writs
of injunction, and have guar-
anteed to him the right of
trial by jury in cases of al-
leged contempt committed
outside the presence of the
court.
THE POSTAL SERVICE.
We have advanced the par-
cels post to genuine effici-
ency, enlarged the Postal
Savings System, added 10,000
rural-delivery routes and ex-
tensions, thus reaching 2,500,-
000 additional people, im-
proved the Postal Service in
every branch, and for the
first time in our history
placed the post-office system
on a self-supporting basis,
with actual surplus in 1913,
1914 and 1916.
Gy
ECONOMIC FREEDOM.
The reforms which were
most obviously needed to
clear away special privilege,
prevent unfair discrimination
and release the energies of
men of all ranks and advan-
tages, have been effected by
recent legislation. We must
now remove, as far as pos-
sible, every remaining ele-
ment of unrest and uncer-
tainty from the path of the
business men of America,
and secure for them a con-
tinued period of quiet, as-
sured and confident pros-
perity.
THE TARIFF.
We reaffirm our belief in
the doctrine of a tariff for
the purpose of providing suf-
ficient revenue for the oper-
ation of the Government eco-
nomically administered and
unreservedly endorse the
Underwood tariff law as
truly exemplifying that doc-
RURAL FREE DELIVERY.
We favor the extension of
the rural free delivery sys-
tem and condemn the Dem-
ocratic administration for
curtailing and crippling it.
THE TARIFF.
The Republican
Party
stands now, as always, in
the fullest sense for the pol-
icy of tariff protection to
American industries and
American labor and does not
regard an antidumping pro-
vision as an adequate substi-
tute.
;
6
PLATFORMS
·
¿
trine. We recognize that
tariff rates are necessarily
subject to change to meet
changing conditions in the
world's production and trade.
The events of the last two
years have brought about
many momentous changes.
In some respects their ef-
fects are yet conjectural and
wait to be disclosed, particu-
larly in regard to our foreign
trade.
7
Such protection should be
reasonable in amount but
sufficient to protect ade-
quately American industries
and American labor and so
adjusted as to prevent un-
due exactions by monopolies
or trusts. It should, more-
over, give special attention
to securing the industrial in-
dependence of the United
States as in the case of dye-
stuffs.
WR
Through wise tariff and in-
dustrial legislation our in-
dustries can be so organized
that they will become not
only a commercial bulwark
but a powerful aid to nat-
ional defense.
The Underwood tariff act
is a complete failure in every
respect. Under its admin-
istration imports have enor-
mously increased in spite of
the fact that intercourse with
foreign countries has been
largely cut off by reason of
the war while the revenues
of which we stand in such
dire need have been greatly
reduced.
Under the normal con-
ditions which prevailed prior
to the war it
it was clearly
demonstrated that this act
deprived the American pro-
ducer and the American wage
earner of that protection
which enabled them to meet
their foreign
foreign competitors,
and but for the adventitious
conditions created by the
war, would long since have
paralyzed all forms of Amer-
ican industry and deprived
American labor of its just re-
ward.
It has not in the least de-
gree reduced the cost of liv-
ing, which has constantly
advanced from the date of
its enactment. The welfare
of our people demands its
repeal and the substitution
of a measure which in peace
T
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PLATFORMS
7
x
5
TARIFF COMMISSION.
Two years of a war which
has directly involved most of
the chief industrial nations
of the world and which has
indirectly affected the life
and industry of all nations,
are bringing about economic
changes more varied and far-
reaching than the world has
ever before experienced. In
order to ascertain just what
those changes may be, the
Democratic Congress is pro-
viding for a nonpartisan
tariff commission to make
impartial and thorough study
of every economic fact that
may throw light either upon
our past or upon our future
fiscal policy with regard to
the imposition of taxes on
imports or with regard to the
changed and changing con-
ditions under which our trade
is carried on. We cordially
indorse this timely proposal
and declare ourselves in sym-
pathy with the principle and
purpose of shaping legisla-
tion within that field in ac-
cordance with clearly estab-
lished facts rather than in
accordance with the demands
of selfish interests or upon
information provided largely,
if not exclusively, by them.
AMERICANISM.
The part which the United
States will play in the new
day of international relation-
ships that is now upon us
will depend upon our prep-
aration and our character.
The Democratic Party, there-
fore, recognizes the assertion
and triumphant demonstra-
tion of the indivisibility and
as well as in war will pro-
duce ample revenue and give
reasonable protection to all
forms of American produc-
tion in mine, forest, field and
factory.
TARIFF COMMISSION.
We favor the creation of
tariff commission with
complete power to gather
and compile information for
the use of Congress in all
matters relating to the tariff.
a
2
1
AMERICANISM.
*In 1861 the Republican
Party stood for the Union.
As it stood for the Union of
States, it now stands for a
united people, true to
*These extracts consist of the in-
troduction and conclusion of the
Republican platform, which, taken
together, consist of the nearest ap-
proach to a declaration on Ameri-
canism to be found in the document.
***
* ་ ་
∞
PLATFORMS
coherent strength of the
Nation as the supreme issue
of this day in which the
whole world faces the crisis
of manifold change. It sum-
mons all men of whatever
origin or creed who would
count themselves Americans,
to join in making clear to
all the world the unity and
consequent power of Amer-
ica. This is an issue of pa-
triotism. To taint it with
partisanship would be to de-
file it. In this day of test
America must show itself not
a Nation of partisans but a
Nation of patriots. There is
gathered here in America the
best of the blood, the indus-
try and the genius of the
world, the elements of a
great race and a magnificent
society to be welded into a
mighty and splendid Nation.
DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE.
Whoever, actuated by the
purpose to promote the in-
terest of a foreign power, in
disregard of our own coun-
try's welfare or to injure
this Government in its for-
eign relations or cripple or
destroy its industries at
home, and whoever by arous-
ing prejudices of a racial, re-
ligious or other nature
creates discord and strife
among our people so as to
obstruct the wholesome pro-
cess of unification, is faith-
less to the trust which the
privileges of citizenship re-
pose in him and is disloyal
to his country. We, there-
fore, condemn as subversive
of this Nation's unity and
•
American ideals, loyal to
American traditions, know-
ing no allegiance except to
the Constitution, to the Gov-
ernment and to the flag of
the United States. We be-
lieve in American policies at
home and abroad.
Such are our principles,
such are our purposes and
policies. We close as we be-
gan. The times are danger-
ous and the future is fraught
with perils. The great issues
of the day have been con-
fused by words and phrases.
The American spirit, which
made the country and saved
the Union, has been forgot-
ten by those charged with
the responsibility of power.
We appeal to all Americans,
whether naturalized
tive born, to prove to the
world that we are Americans
in thought and in deed, with
one loyalty, one hope, one
aspiration. We call on all
Americans to be true to the
spirit of America, to the
great traditions of their
common country, and above
all things, to keep the faith.
or
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}
PLATFORMS
9
integrity, and as destructive
of its welfare, the activities
and designs of every group
or organization, political or
otherwise, that has for its
object the advancement of
the interest of a foreign
power, whether such object is
promoted by intimidating the
Government, a political
party, or representatives of
the people, or which is cal-
culated and tends to divide
our people into antagonistic
groups and thus to destroy
that complete agreement and
solidarity of the people and
that unity of sentiment and
purpose so essential to the
perpetuity of the Nation and
its free institutions. We con-
demn all alliances and com-
binations of individuals in
this country of whatever
nationality or descent, who
agree and conspire together
for the purpose of embar-
rassing or weakening our
Government or of improp-
erly influencing or coercing
our public representatives in
dealing or negotiating with
any foreign power. We
charge that such conspira-
cies among a limited num-
ber exist and have been in-
stigated for the purpose of
advancing the interests of
foreign countries to the pre-
judice and detriment of our
own country. We condemn
any political party which, in
view of the activity of such
conspirators, surrenders its
integrity or modifies its
policy.
PREPAREDNESS.
Along with the proof of
our character as a nation
must go the proof of our
power to play the part that
legitimately belongs to us.
The people of the United
States love peace. They re-
spect the rights and covet
PROTECTION OF THE
COUNTRY.
In order to maintain our
peace and make certain the
security of our people within
our own borders the country
must have not only adequate
but thorough and complete
national defenses ready for
10
PLATFORMS
1
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22
the friendship of all other
nations. They desire neither
any additional territory nor
any advantage which can not
be peacefully gained by their
skill, their industry, or their
enterprise; but they insist
upon having absolute free-
dom of national life and
policy, and feel that they owe
it to themselves and to the
role of spirited independence
which it is their sole am-
bition to play, that they
should render themselves se-
cure against the hazard of in-
terference from any quarter,
and should be able to protect
their rights upon the seas or
in any part of the world. We,
therefore, favor the mainte-
nance of an Army fully ade-
quate to the requirements of
order, of safety and of the
protection of the Nation's
rights; the fullest develop-
ment of modern methods of
seacoast defense and the
maintenance of an adequate
reserve of citizens trained to
arms and prepared to safe-
guard the people and terri-
tory of the United States
against any danger of hostile
action which may unexpect-
edly arise; and a fixed policy
for the continuous develop-
ment of a Navy worthy to
support the great naval tra-
ditions of the United States
and fully equal to the inter-
national tasks which this Na-
tion hopes and expects to
take a part in performing.
The plans and enactments of
the present Congress afford
substantial proof of our pur-
pose in this exigent matter.
INTERNATIONAL RELA-
[4]
K
TIONS.
The Democratic Adminis-
tration has throughout the
present war scrupulously and
successfully held to the old
paths of neutrality and to the
any emergency. We must
have a sufficient and effective
Regular Army, and a pro-
vision for ample reserves,
already drilled and disci-
plined, who can be called at
once to the colors when the
hour of danger comes.
We must have a Navy so
strong and so well propor-
tioned and equipped, so thor-
oughly ready and prepared,
that no enemy can gain com-
mand of the sea and effect a
landing in force on either
our western or our eastern
coast. To secure these re-
sults we must have a coher-
ent and continuous policy of
national defense, which even
in these perilous days the
Democratic Party has utterly
failed to develop, but which
we promise to give to the
country.
FOREIGN RELATIONS.
We desire peace, the peace
of justice and right, and be-
lieve in maintaining a strict
and honest neutrality be-
tween the belligerents in the
great war in Europe. We
A
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*
PLATFORMS
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peaceful pursuit of the legiti-
mate objects of our national
life which statesmen of all
parties and creeds have pre-
scribed for themselves in
America since the beginning
of our history. But the cir-
cumstances of the last two
years have revealed necessi-
ties of international action
which no former generation
can have foreseen. We hold
that it is the duty of the
United States to use its
power, not only to make it-
self safe at home, but also
to make secure its just
interests throughout the
world, and, both for this end
and in the interest of human-
ity, to assist the world in
securing settled peace and
justice. We believe that
that
every people has the right to
choose the sovereignty under
which it shall live; that the
small states of the world
have a right to enjoy from
other nations the same re-
spect for their sovereignty
and for their territorial in-
tegrity that great and power-
ful nations expect and insist
upon; and that the world has
a right to be free from every
disturbance of its peace that
has its origin in aggression
or disregard of the rights of
peoples and nations; and we
believe that the time has
come when it is the duty of
the United States to join
with the other nations of the
world in any feasible asso-
ciation that will effectively
serve those principles, to
maintain inviolate the com-
plete security of the highway
of the seas for the common
and unhindered use of all
nations.
LIFE ABOVE PROPERTY.
The present administra-
tion has consistently sought
to act upon and realize in its
must perform all our duties
and insist upon all our rights
as neutrals without fear and
without favor. We believe
that peace and neutrality, as
well as the dignity and in-
fluence of the United States,
can not be preserved by
shifty expedients, by phrase-
making, by performances in
language, or
or by attitudes
ever changing in an effort to
secure groups of voters. The
present administration has
destroyed our influence
abroad and humiliated us in
our own eyes. The Repub-
lican Party believes that a
firm, consistent, and courage-
ous foreign policy, always
maintained by Republican
Presidents in accordance
with American traditions, is
the best, as it is the only
true way, to preserve our
peace and restore us to our
rightful place among the na-
tions. We believe in the
pacific settlement of inter-
national disputes, and favor
the establishment of a world
court for that purpose.
14
PLATFORMS
314%
1*1
of the territory of that
friendly State. Until, by the
restoration of law and order
therein, a repetition of such
incursions is improbable, the
necessity for their remaining
will continue. Intervention,
implying as it does military
subjugation, is revolting to
the people of the United
States, notwithstanding the
provocation to that course
has been great and should be
resorted to, if at all, only as
a last recourse. The stub-
born resistance of the Presi-
dent and his advisers to
every demand and suggestion
to enter upon it, is credit-
able alike to them and to the
people in whose name he
speaks.
MERCHANT MARINE.
Immediate provision should
be made for the development
of the carrying trade of the
United States. Our foreign
commerce has in the past
been subject to many un-
necessary and vexatious ob-
stacles in the way of legis-
lation of Republican Con-
gresses. Until the recent
Democratic tariff legislation,
it was hampered by unrea-
sonable burdens of taxation.
Until the recent banking
legislation it had at its dis-
posal few of the necessary
instrumentalities of interna-
tional credit and exchange.
Until the formulation of the
pending act to promote the
construction of a merchant
marine, it lacked even the
prospect of adequate carriage
by sea. We heartily indorse
ible methods of interference
employed by this adminis-
tration in the internal affairs
of Mexico and refer with
shame to its failure to dis-
charge the duty of this coun-
try as next friend to Mexico,
its duty to other powers who
have relied upon us as such
friend, and its duty to our cit-
izens in Mexico, in permit-
ting the continuance of such
conditions, first by failure to
act promptly and firmly, and
second, by lending its influ-
ence to the continuation of
such conditions through rec-
ognition of one of the fac-
tions responsible for these
outrages.
We pledge our aid in re-
storing order and maintain-
ing peace in Mexico. We
promise to our citizens on
and near our border, and to
those in Mexico, wherever
they may be found, adequate
and absolute protection in
their lives, liberty and prop-
erty.
MERCHANT MARINE.
In view of the policies
adopted by all the maritime
nations to encourage their
shipping interests, and in or-
der to enable us to compete
with them for the ocean-
carrying trade, we favor the
payment to ships engaged in
the foreign trade of liberal
compensation for services
actually rendered in carrying
the mails, and such further
legislation as will build up an
adequate American merchant
marine and give us ships
which may be requisitioned
by the Government in time of
national emergency.
We are utterly opposed to
the Government ownership
of vessels as proposed by the
Democratic Party, because
Government-owned ships,
while effectively preventing
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PLATFORMS
the purpose and policy of
the pending shipping bill and
favor all such additional
measures of constructive or
remedial legislation as may
be necessary to restore our
flag to the seas and to pro-
vide further facilities for our
foreign commerce, particu-
larly such laws as may be
requisite to remove unfair
conditions of competition in
the dealings of American
merchants and producers
with competitors in foreign
markets.
CONSERVATION.
For the safeguarding and
quickening of the life of our
own people, we favor the
conservation and develop-
ment of the natural resources
of the country through a pol-
icy which shall be positive
rather than negative, a pol-
icy which shall not withhold
such resources from develop-
ment but which, while per-
mitting and encouraging
their use, shall prevent both
waste and monopoly in their
exploitation, and we earn-
estly favor the passage of
acts which will accomplish
these objects, reaffirming the
declaration of the platform
of 1912 on this subject.
The policy of reclaiming
our arid lands should be
steadily adhered to.
DEEDS FOR THE
FARMER.
ļ
We favor the vigorous
prosecution of investigations
and plans to render agricul-
ture more profitable and
country life more healthful,
comfortable and attractive,
and we believe that this
should be a dominant aim of
the Nation as well as of the
States. With all its recent
improvement, farming still
lags behind other occupa-
15
the development of
of the
American merchant marine
by private capital, will be
entirely unable to provide for
the vast volume of American
freights and will leave us
more helpless than ever in
the hard grip of foreign syn-
dicates.
CONSERVATION.
We believe in a careful
husbandry of all the natural
resources of the Nation—a
husbandry which means de-
velopment without waste;
use without abuse.
16
PLATFORMS
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tions in development as a
business, and the advantages
of an advancing civilization
have not accrued to rural
communities in a fair por-
portion. Much has been ac-
complished in this field un-
der the present administra-
tion, far more than under
any previous administration.
RURAL CREDITS.
In the Federal Reserve
Act of the last Congress and
the Rural Credits Act of the
present Congress, the ma-
chinery has been created
which will make credit avail-
able to the farmer constantly
and readily, placing him at
last upon a footing of equal-
ity with the merchant and
the manufacturer in securing
the capital necessary to carry
on his enterprises. Grades
and standards necessary to
the intelligent and success-
ful conduct of the business
of agriculture have also been
established or are in the
course of being established
by law.
COTTON FUTURES ACT.
The long-needed Cotton
Futures Act, passed by the
Sixty-third Congress, has
now been in successful oper-
ation for nearly two years.
GRAIN GRADES AND
WAREHOUSE BILLS.
A Grain Grades Bill, long
needed, and a Permissive
Warehouse Bill, intended to
provide better storage facili-
ties and to enable the farmer
to obtain certificates upon
which he may
secure ad-
vances of money, have been
passed by the House of Rep-
resentatives, have been favor-
ably reported to the Senate,
and will probably become law
during the present session of
the Congress.
A
RURAL CREDITS.
We favor an effective sys-
tem of rural credits as op-
posed to the ineffective law
proposed by the present
Democratic Administration.
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PLATFORMS
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GOOD ROADS LAW.
Both Houses have passed
a good-roads measure which
will be of far-reaching bene-
fit to all agricultural commu-
nities.
T
SCIENTIFIC FARMING.
Above all, the most extra-
ordinary and significant pro-
gress has been made, under
the direction of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, in ex-
tending and perfecting prac-
tical farm demonstration
work which is so rapidly sub-
stituting scientific for empir-
ical farming. But it is also
necessary that rural activities
should be better directed
through co-operation and or-
ganization, that unfair meth-
ods of competition should be
eliminated and the conditions
requisite for the just, orderly
and economical marketing
of farm products created.
MARKETING.
We approve the Democra-
tic administration for having
emphatically directed atten-
tion for the first time to the
essential interests of agricul-
ture involved in farm mar-
keting and finance, for cre-
ating the Office of Markets
and Rural Organization in
connection with the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and for
extending the co-operative
machinery necessary for con-
veying information to farm-
ers by means of demonstra-
tions. We favor continued
liberal provision, not only for
the benefit of production, but
also for the study and solu-
tion of problems of farm
marketing and finance and
for the extension of existing
agencies for improving coun-
try life.
AID FOR POST ROADS.
The happiness, comfort
and prosperity of rural life,
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PLATFORMS
and the development of the
city, are alike conserved by
the construction of public
highways. We, therefore,
favor national aid in the con-
struction of post roads and
roads for military purposės.
GOVERNMENT EMPLOY-
MENT.
We hold that the life,
health and strength of the
men, women and children of
the Nation are its greatest
asset, and that in the conser-
vation of these the Federal
Government, wherever it acts
as the employer of labor,
should both on its own ac-
count and as an example, put
into effect the following prin-
ciples of just employment:
1. A living wage for all
employees.
2. A working day not to
exceed eight hours, with one
day of rest in seven.
3. The adoption of safety
appliances and the establish-
ment of thoroughly sanitary
conditions of labor.
4. Adequate compensation
for industrial accidents.
5. The standards of the
"Uniform Child Labor Law”
wherever minors are em-
ployed.
6. Such provisions for de-
cency, comfort and health in
the employment of women
as should be accorded the
mothers of the race.
7. An equitable retirement
law providing for the retire-
ment of superannuated and
disabled employees of the
civil service, to the end that
a higher standard of effici-
ency may be maintained.
We believe also that the
adoption of similar principles
should be urged and applied
in the legislation of the
States with regard to labor
within their borders and that
through every possible
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PLATFORMS
19
1
agency the life and health
of the people of the Nation
should be conserved.
LABOR.
We declare our faith in the
Seamen's Act, passed by the
Democratic Congress, and
we promise our earnest con-
tinuance of its enforcement.
We favor the speedy enact-
ment of an effective Federal
Child Labor Law, and the
regulation of the shipment of
prison-made goods in inter-
state commerce.
We favor the creation of
a Federal Bureau of Safety
in the Department of Labor,
to gather facts concerning
industrial hazards, and to
recommend legislation to
prevent the maiming and
killing of human beings.
We favor the extension of
the powers and functions of
the Federal Bureau of
Mines.
We favor the development
upon a systematic scale of
the means, already begun
under the present adminis-
tration, to assist laborers
throughout the Union to
seek and obtain employment,
and the extension by the
Federal Government of the
same assistance and en-
couragement as is now given
to agricultural training.
We heartily commend our
newly established Depart-
ment of Labor for its fine
record in settling strikes by
personal advice and through
conciliating agents.
+
PUBLIC HEALTH.
We favor a thorough re-
consideration of the means
and methods by which the
Federal Government handles
questions of public health to
the end that human life may
be conserved by the elimin-
ation of loathsome diseases,
LABOR LAWS.
We pledge the Republican
Party to the faithful enforce-
ment of all Federal laws
passed for the protection of
labor. We favor vocational
education; the enactment and
rigid enforcement of a Fed-
eral child-labor law; the en-
actment of a generous and
comprehensive workman's
compensation law, within the
commerce power of Con-
gress, and an accident com-
pensation law covering all
Government employees. We
favor the collection and col-
lation, under the direction of
the Department of Labor, of
complete data relating to in-
dustrial hazards for the in-
formation of Congress, to the
end that such legislation may
be adopted as may be calcu-
lated to secure the safety,
conservation and protection
of labor from the dangers in-
cident to industry and trans-
portation.
20
PLATFORMS
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the improvement of sanita-
tion, and the diffusion of a
knowledge of disease preven-
tion.
We favor the establish-
ment by the Federal Govern-
ment of tuberculosis sanitar-
iums for needy tubercular
patients.
SENATE RULES.
We favor such alteration
of the rules of procedure of
the Senate of the United
States as will permit the
prompt transaction of the
Nation's legislative business.
ECONOMY AND THE
BUDGET.
We demand careful econ-
omy in all expenditures for
the support of the Govern-
ment, and to that end favor
a return by the House of
Representatives to its former
practice of initiating and pre-
paring all appropriation bills
through a single committee
chosen from its membership,
in order that responsibility
may be centered, expendi-
tures standardized, and made
uniform, and waste and du-
plication in the public service
as much as possible avoided.
We favor this as a practi-
cable first step toward a bud-
get system.
CIVIL SERVICE.
We reaffirm our declara-
tions for the rigid enforce-
ment of the Civil Service
laws.
ECONOMY AND A NATION=
AL BUDGET.
- The increasing cost of the
National Government and
the need for the greatest
economy of its resources in
order to meet the growing
demands of the people for
Government service call for
the severest condemnation of
the wasteful appropriations
of this Democratic Adminis-
tration, of its shameless raids
on the Treasury, and of its
opposition to and rejection
of President Taft's oft-re-
peated proposals and earnest
efforts to secure economy
and efficiency through the
establishment of a simple
businesslike budget system
to which we pledge our sup-
port and which we hold to
be necessary to effect any
real reform in the adminis-
tration of national finances.
CIVIL SERVICE REFORM.
The Civil-Service Law has
always been sustained by the
Republican Party, and we re-
new our repeated declara-
tions that it shall be thor-
oughly and honestly enforced
and extended wherever prac-
ticable. The Democratic
Party has created since
March 4, 1913, 30,000 offices
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PLATFORMS
21
A
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
We heartily indorse the
provisions of the bill, re-
cently passed by the House
of Representatives, further
promoting self-government
in the Philippine Islands as
being in fulfillment of the
policy declared by the Dem-
ocratic Party in its last Na-
tional platform, and we reit-
erate our indorsement of the
purpose of ultimate indepen-
dence for the Philippine Isl-
ands, expressed in the pre-
amble of that measure.
WOMAN SUFFRAGE.
We recommend the exten-
sion of the franchise to the
women of the country by the
States upon the same terms
as to men.
outside of the Civil-Service
Law at an annual cost of
$44,000,000 to the taxpayers
of the country.
We condemn the
the gross
abuse and the misuse of the
law by the present Demo-
cratic Administration, and
pledge ourselves to a reor-
ganization of this service
along lines of efficiency and
economy.
PHILIPPINES.
We renew our allegiance to
the Philippine policy inaug-
urated by McKinley, ap-
proved by Congress and con-
sistently carried out by
Roosevelt and Taft. Even in
this short time it has enor-
mously improved the mater-
ial and social conditions of
the islands, given the Philip-
pine people a constantly in-
creasing participation in
their government, and, if
persisted in, will bring still
greater benefits in the future.
We accepted the responsi-
bility of the islands as a duty
to civilization and the Fili-
pino people. To leave with
our task half done, would
break our pledges, injure our
prestige among nations, and
imperil what has already
been accomplished.
We condemn the Democra-
tic administration for its
attempt to abandon the
Philippines, which was pre-
vented only by the vigorous
opposition of Republican
Members of Congress, aided
by a few patriotic Democrats.
SUFFRAGE.
The Republican Party, re-
affirming its faith in govern-
ment of the people, by the
people, for the people, as a
measure of justice to one-
half the adult people of the
country, favors the extension
of the suffrage to women, but
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22
PLATFORMS
AMR
PROTECTION OF CITI-
ZENS.
We again declare the pol-
icy that the sacred rights of
American citizenship must be
preserved at home and
abroad, and that no treaty
shall receive the sanction of
our Government which does
not expressly recognize the
absolute equality of all our
citizens irrespective of race,
creed or previous nationality,
and which does not recognize
the right of expatriation.
The American Government
should protect American cit-
izens in their rights not only
at home but abroad, and any
country having a Govern-
ment should be held to strict
accountability for
any
wrongs done them, either to
person or to property. At
the earliest practicable op-
portunity our country should
strive earnestly for peace
among the warring nations
of Europe and seek to bring
about the adoption of the
fundamental principle of jus-
tice and humanity, that all
men shall enjoy equality of
right and freedom from dis-
crimination in the lands
wherein they dwell.
recognizes the right of each
State to settle this question
for itself.
PROTECTION OF AMERI-
CAN RIGHTS.
་
We declare that we be-
lieve in and will enforce the
protection of every American
citizen in all the rights se-
cured to him by the Consti-
tution, by treaties and the
law of nations, at home and
abroad, by land and sea.
These rights, which, in vio-
lation of the specific promise
of their party made at Bal-
timore in 1912, the Demo-
cratic President and the
Democratic Congress have
failed to defend, we will un-
flinchingly maintain.
RIGHT OF EXPATRIATION,
We reiterate the unquali-
fied approval of the action
taken in December, 1911, by
the President and Congress
to secure with Russia, as with
other countries, a treaty that
will recognize the absolute
right of expatriation and pre-
vent all discrimination of
whatever kind between
American citizens whether
native born or alien, and re-
gardless of race, religion or
previous political allegiance.
1
PLATFORMS
23
है,
PRISON REFORM.
We demand that the mod-
ern principles of prison re-
form be applied in our Fed-
eral Penal System. We favor
such work for prisoners as
shall give them training in
remunerative occupations so
that they may make an hon-
est living when released from
prison; the setting apart of
the net wages of the prisoner
to be paid to his dependent
family or to be reserved for
his own use upon his release;
the liberal extension of the
principles of the Federal Par-
ole Law, with due regard
both to the welfare of the
prisoner and the interests of
society; the adoption of the
probation system, especially
in the case of first offenders
not convicted of serious
crimes.
PENSIONS.
We renew the declarations
of recent Democratic plat-
forms relating to generous
pensions for soldiers and
their widows and call atten-
tion to our record of per-
formance in this particular,
WATERWAYS AND FLOOD
CONTROL.
We renew the declaration
in our last two platforms re-
lating to the development of
}
We renew the pledge to ob-
serve this principle and to
maintain the right of asylum,
which is neither to be sur-
rendered nor restricted, and
we unite in the cherished
hope that the war which is
now desolating the world
may speedily end, with a
complete and lasting restor-
ation of brotherhood among
the nations of the earth and
the assurance of full equal
rights, civil and religious, to
all men in every land.
>
24
PLATFORMS
}
our waterways. The recent
devastation of the lower Mis-
sissippi Valley and several
other sections by floods ac-
centuates the movement for
the regulation of river flow
by additional bank and levee
protection below, and diver-
sion, storage and control of
the flood waters above, and
their utilization for beneficial
purposes in the reclamation
of arid and swamp lands,
and development of water
power, instead of permitting
the floods to continue as
heretofore agents of destruc-
tion. We hold that the con-
trol of the Mississippi River
is a national problem. The
preservation of the depth of
its waters for purposes of
navigation, the building of
levees and works of bank
protection to maintain the
integrity of its channel and
prevent the overflow of its
valley resulting in the inter-
ruption of interstate com-
merce, the disorganization of
the mail service, and the
enormous loss of life and
property, impose an obliga-
tion which alone can be dis-
charged by the National Gov-
ernment.
We favor the adoption of
a liberal and comprehensive
plan for the development and
improvement of our harbors
and inland waterways with
economy and efficiency so as
to permit their navigation by
vessels of standard draft.
C
ALASKA.
It has been and will be the
policy of the Democratic
Party to enact all laws neces-
sary for the speedy develop-
ment of Alaska and its great
natural resources.
TERRITORIES.
We favor granting to the
people of Alaska, Hawaii
TRIC
ļ
TERRITORIAL OFFICIALS.
Reaffirming the
the attitude
long maintained by the Re-
1
PLATFORMS
25
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1
and Porto Rico the tra-
ditional Territorial govern-
ment accorded to all Terri-
tories of the United States
since the beginning of our
Government, and we believe
that the officials appointed to
administer the government of
these several Territories
should be qualified by pre-
vious bona fide residence.
CANDIDATES.
We unreservedly indorse
our President and Vice Pres-
ident, Woodrow Wilson of
New Jersey, and Thomas
Riley Marshall of Indiana,
who have performed the
functions of their great
offices faithfully and impar-
tially, and with distinguished
ability.
In particular we commend
to the American people the
splendid diplomatic victories
of our great President, who
has preserved the vital in-
terests of our Government
and its citizens, and kept us
out of war.
Woodrow Wilson stands
to-day the greatest American
of his generation.
HONOR, DIGNITY, PEACE.
This is a critical hour in
the history of America, a
critical hour in the history of
the world. Upon the record
above set forth, which shows
great constructive achieve-
ment in following out a con-
sistent policy for our domes-
tic and internal development;
upon the record of the Dem-
ocratic Administration, which
has maintained the honor,
the dignity and the interests
of the United States, and at
the same time, retained the
respect and friendship of all
the nations of the world; and
upon the great policies for
the future strengthening of
the life of our country, the
-
publican Party, we hold that
officials appointed to admin-
ister the government of any
Territory should be bona fide
residents of the Territory in
which their duties are to be
performed.
RAILROADS.
Interstate and intrastate
transportation have become
so interwoven that the at-
tempt to apply two and often
several sets of laws to its
regulation has produced con-
flicts of authority, embarrass-
ment in operation and incon-
venience and expense to the
public.
The entire transportation
system of the country has
become essentially national.
We, therefore, favor such
action by legislation or, if
26
PLATFORMS
Į
enlargement of our national
vision and the ennobling of
our international relations, as
set forth above, we appeal
with confidence to the voters
of the country.
#
necessary, through an
amendment to the Constitu-
tion of the United States as
will result in placing it un-
der complete Federal con-
trol.
W
The Republican Party has
long believed in, the rigid
supervision and strict regula-
tion of the transportation
and great corporations of the
country. It has put its creed
into its deeds, and all really
effective laws regulating the
railroads and the great indus-
trial corporations are the
work of Republican Con-
gresses and Presidents. For
this policy of regulation and
supervision the Democrats,
in a stumbling and piecemeal
way, are undertaking to in-
volve the Government in
business which should be left
within the sphere of private
enterprise and in direct com-
petition with its own citizens,
a policy which is sure to re-
sult in waste, great expense
to the taxpayer and in an in-
ferior product.
The Republican Party
firmly believes that all who
violate the laws in regulation
of business, should be indi-
vidually punished. But pros-
ecution is very different from
persecution, and business
success, no matter how hon-
estly attained, is apparently
regarded by the Democratic
Party as in itself a crime.
Such doctrines and beliefs
choke enterprise and stifle
prosperity. The Republican
Party believes in encourag-
ing American business, as it
believes in and will seek to
advance all American in-
terests.
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"REACTIONARIES MADE
1916 G. O. P. PLATFORM"
Senator Robert M. LaFollette
Wisconsin's Progressive Republican
Senator Says G. O. P. Repudiates
Progressive Principles
ENATOR ROBERT M. LA FOLLETTE, of Wisconsin,
a Republican, denounces in no unmeasured terms the
make-shift. platform adopted by the Republicans at Chicago.
In his direct way he said in his magazine last June:
"The platform adopted by the Republican convention at
Chicago cannot fail to be a disappointment to the great ma-
jority of the party.
"The reactionary element of the party were in control of
the convention.
TARIFF PLANK EVASION.
"A STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE PROGRESSIVE AND
STANDPAT REPUBLICANS OVER THE REDUCTION
OF THE DINGLEY TARIFF FORCED INTO THE
PLATFORMS OF 1904 AND 1908 A DEFINITE LEGIS-
LATIVE LIMITATION UPON TARIFF RATES. THAT
LIMITATION IS ECONOMICALLY SOUND. IT CAN
BE SCIENTIFICALLY ASCERTAINED AND EN-
FORCED. IF ADOPTED AND HONESTLY APPLIED,
THE TARIFF WOULD FOREVER CEASE TO BE A
POLITICAL ISSUE.
"AS STATED IN THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORMS
OF 1904 AND 1908-'THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
COST OF PRODUCTION AT HOME AND ABROAD,'
BECAME THE TRUE MEASURE OF A PROTECTIVE
TARIFF, ABOVE WHICH' DUTIES COULD NOT IN
GOOD FAITH BE PLACED. A HIGHER RATE CAN-
NOT BE JUSTIFED AND WILL NOT BE TOLERATED.
"THAT LIMITATION IS NOT FOUND IN THE
CHICAGO PLATFORM. ITS TARIFF PROVISION
GOES BACK TO THE VAGUE EVASIVE TERMS,
'REASONABLE,' 'ADEQUATE,' 'SUFFICIENT,' 'JUST,'
'FAIR'-LANGUAGE ASSOCIATED IN THE PUBLIC
MIND WITH THE OLD-TIME TARIFF GAME, AND
RESPONSIBLE FOR MUCH OF THE ILL REPUTE
WHICH STANDPAT REPRESENTATIVES OF PRIVI-
LEGE HAVE BROUGHT UPON A SOUND ECONOMIC
POLICY-WHEN PROPERLY SAFEGUARDED.
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28
LA FOLLETTE
זי
Lo
"
REACTIONARY ON TRUSTS.
"Again and again had Republican platforms denounced
'Combinations to create monopolies, limit production or to
control prices,' and declared for 'such legislation as will
effectively restrain and prevent all such abuses, protect and
promote competition.'
"Even as late as 1912 the platform proclaimed this doctrine:
""The Republican party is opposed to special privilege and
monopoly.'
"And further it favored legislation 'supplementary to the
existing anti-trust act which will define as criminal offenses
those specific acts that uniformly mark attempts to restrain
and to monopolize trade.'
"It affirmed 'the right of every man to acquire commodities
and, particularly, the necessaries of life in an open market,
uninfluenced by the manipulation of trust or combination.'
"THE REACTIONARIES WHO MADE THE PLAT-
FORM OF 1916 FORGOT THE CRIMINAL COMBINA-
TIONS WHICH WERE SO MENACING IN 1912 AS TO
MAKE IT IMPERATIVE TO DECLARE FOR CRIM-
INAL STATUTES, 'SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE EX-
ISTING ANTI-TRUST LAW.”
The statesman stands in the midst of life to interpret life
in political action.-Woodrow Wilson.
"To
O maintain our national honor by peace if we
can, by war if we must,' is the motto of the
President of the United States.
"(
This policy may not satisfy those who revel in
destruction and find pleasure in despair. It may not
satisfy the fire-eater or the swashbuckler.
"But it does satisfy those who worship at the altar
of the God of Peace.
"IT DOES SATISFY THE MOTHERS OF THE
LAND AT WHOSE HEART AND FIRESIDE NO
JINGOISTIC WAR HAS PLACED AN EMPTY
CHAIR.
"IT DOES SATISFY THE DAUGHTERS OF
THIS LAND FROM WHOM BLUSTER AND BRAG-
HAS SENT NO LOVING BROTHER. TO THE
DISSOLUTION OF THE GRAVE.
"IT DOES SATISFY THE FATHERS OF THIS
LAND AND THE SONS OF THIS LAND WHO
WILL FIGHT FOR OUR FLAG, AND DIE FOR
OUR FLAG WHEN REASON PRIMES THE
RIFLE, WHEN HONOR DRAWS THE SWORD,
WHEN JUSTICE BREATHES A BLESSING ON
THE STANDARD THEY UPHOLD."-Former
Governor Martin H. Glynn in his keynote speech be-
fore the Democratic National Convention at St. Louis.
→
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AMERICA FORWARD!
The Presidents's Call
Acceptance Speech Vividly Contrasts
Democratic Achievement With
Republican Failure and
Impotence
(With eloquence surpassing even himself, Woodrow Wilson met every
essential issue of the campaign in his speech accepting the Democratic
nomination for President. The speech was delivered September 2d at the
President's summer home, “Shadowlawn," Long Branch, N. J., in response
to the formal notification of his nomination made by Senator Ollie James
of Kentucky, who was named chairman of the Notification Committee
by the Democratic National Convention at St. Louis.
Read this speech sentence by sentence; ponder each paragraph;
feel and know the policies of Democracy's great President.
They are rooted in love of America and Americans; they reflect the
noblest traditions of our country; are founded upon fundamental rights
of life and law. He has pursued these ideals steadfastly in the face of
selfish and powerful opposition, without fear and without compromise.
If you doubt his Mexican policy, read his treatment of this question
in this speech.
If
you would have understanding of America's great service to Europe
in her hour of supreme trial, read his statement of the law and principles
underlying the European policy.
If you would fully comprehend what the great domestic program of
achievement means to America, ponder the President's review of it.)
SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE, 1916
SENAT
ENATOR JAMES, GENTLEMEN OF THE NOTIFICA-
TION COMMITTEE, FELLOW CITIZENS: I cannot
accept the leadership and responsibility which the National
Democratic Convention has again, in such generous fashion,
asked me to accept without first expressing my profound
gratitude to the party for the trust it reposes in me after four
years of fiery trial in the midst of affairs of unprecedented
difficulty, and the keen sense of added responsibility with
which this honour fills (I had almost said burdens) me as
I think of the great issues of national life and policy involved
in the present and immediate future conduct of our govern-
ment. I shall seek, as I have always sought, to justify the
extraordinary confidence thus reposed in me by striving to
purge my heart and purpose of every personal and of every
misleading party motive and devoting every energy I have
to the service of the nation as a whole, praying that I may
continue to have the counsel and support of all forward-
looking men at every turn of the difficult business.
For I do not doubt that the people of the United States
will wish the Democratic Party to continue in control
of the Government. They are not in the habit of re-
jecting those who have actually served them for those
ja
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PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
who are making doubtful and conjectural promises of
service. Least of all are they likely to substitute those
who promised to render them particular services and
proved false to that promise for those who have actually
rendered those very services.
1
Promises Fulfilled
Boasting is always an empty business, which pleases
nobody but the boaster, and I have no disposition to boast
of what the Democratic Party has accomplished. It has
merely done its duty. It has merely fulfilled its explicit
promises. But there can be no violation of good taste in
calling attention to the manner in which those promises
have been carried out or in adverting to the interesting fact
that many of the things accomplished were what the oppo-
sition party had again and again promised to do but had
left undone. Indeed that is manifestly part of the business
of this year of reckoning and assessment. There is no means
of judging the future except by assessing the past. Con-
structive action must be weighed against destructive com-
ment and reaction. The Democrats either have or have not
understood the varied interests of the country. The test is
contained in the record.
What is that record? What were the Democrats called into
power to do? What things had long waited to be done, and
how did the Democrats do them? It is a record of extraor-
dinary length and variety, rich in elements of many kinds,
but consistent in principle throughout and susceptible of
brief recital.
Republican Failure
The Republican party was put out of power because of
failure, practical failure and moral failure; because it
had served special interests and not the country at
large; because, under the leadership of its preferred
and established guides, of those who still make its
choices, it had lost touch with the thoughts and the needs
of the nation and was living in a past age and under a
fixed illusion, the illusion of greatness. It had framed
tariff laws based upon a fear of foreign trade, a fundamental
doubt as to American skill, enterprise, and capacity, and a
very tender regard for the profitable privileges of those who
had gained control of domestic markets and domestic credits;
and yet had enacted anti-trust laws which hampered the
very things they meant to foster, which were stiff and
inelastic, and in part unintelligible. It had permitted
the country throughout the long period of its control to
stagger from one financial crisis to another under the opera-
tion of a national banking law of its own framing which
made stringency and panic certain and the control of the
larger business operations of the country by the bankers
of a few reserve centres inevitable; had made as if it meant
to reform the law but had faint-heartedly failed in the
attempt, because it could not bring itself to do the one
PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
31
1
thing necessary to make the reform genuine and effectual,
namely, break up the control of small groups of bankers.
It had been oblivious, or indifferent, to the fact that the
farmers, upon whom the country depends for its food and
in the last analysis for its prosperity, were without standing
in the matter of commercial credit, without the protection
of standards in their market transactions, and without
systematic knowledge of the markets themselves; that the
laborers of the country, the great army of men who man
the industries it was professing to father and promote,
carried their labor as a mere commodity to market, were
subject to restraint by novel and drastic process in the courts,
were without assurance of compensation for industrial acci-
dents, without federal assistance in accommodating labor
disputes, and without national aid or advice in finding the
places and the industries in which their labor was most
needed. The country had no national system of road con-
struction and development. Little intelligent attention was
paid to the army and not enough to the navy. The other
republics of America distrusted us, because they found that
we thought first of the profits of American investors and only
as an afterthought of impartial justice and helpful friendship.
Its policy was provincial in all things; its purposes were out
of harmony with the temper and purpose of the people and
the timely development of the nation's interests.
The Record of Achievement
So things stood when the Democratic Party came into
power. How do they stand now? Alike in the domestic
field and in the wide field of the commerce of the world,
American business and life and industry have been set
free to move as they never moved before.
The tariff has been revised, not on the principle of repell-
ing foreign trade, but upon the principle of encouraging
it, upon something like a footing of equality with our own
in respect of the terms of competition, and a Tariff Board
has been created whose function it will be to keep the rela-
tions of American with foreign business and industry under
constant observation, for the guidance alike of our busi-
men and of our Congress. American energies are
now directed towards the markets of the world.
ness
The laws against trusts have been clarified by definition,
with a view to making it plain that they were not directed
against big business but only against unfair business and
the pretense of competition where there was none; and a
Trade Commission has been created with powers of guidance
and accommodation which have relieved business men of
unfounded fears and set them upon the road of hopeful
and confident enterprise.
By the Federal Reserve Act the supply of currency at the
disposal of active business has been rendered elastic, taking
its volume, not from a fixed body of investment securities,
but from the liquid assets of daily trade; and these assets
are assessed and accepted, not by distant groups of bankers
in control of unavailable reserves, but by bankers at the
32
PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
1
many centres of local exchange who are in touch with local
conditions everywhere.
f Effective measures have been taken for the re-creation
of an American merchant marine and the revival of the
American carrying trade indispensable to our emancipation
from the control which foreigners have so long exercised
over the opportunities, the routes, and the methods of our
commerce with other countries.
The Interstate Commerce Commission is about to be re-
organized to enable it to perform its great and important
functions more promptly and more efficiently. We have
created, extended and improved the service of the parcels
post.
Contrast of the Parties
So much we have done for business. What other party
has understood the task so well or executed it so intelli-
gently and energetically? What other party has attempted
it at all? The Republican leaders, apparently, know of no
means of assisting business but "protection." How to
stimulate it and put it upon a new footing of energy and
enterprise they have not suggested.
For the farmers of the country we have virtually created
commercial credit, by means of the Federal Reserve Act
and the Rural Credits Act. They now have the standing
of other business men in the money market. We
have successfully regulated speculation in futures and
established standards in the marketing of grains. By an
intelligent Warehouse Act we have assisted to make the
standard crops available as never before both for systematic
marketing and as a security for loans from the banks. We
have greatly added to the work of neighborhood demonstra-
tion on the farm itself of improved methods of cultivation,
and, through the intelligent extension of the functions of
the Department of Agriculture, have made it possible for
the farmer to learn systematically where his best markets
are and how to get at them.
66
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Emancipation of Labor
The workingmen of America have been given a veritable
emancipation, by the legal recognition of a man's labor
as part of his life, and not a mere marketable commodity;
by exempting labor organizations from processes of the
courts which treated their members like fractional parts
of mobs and not like accessible and responsible individuals;
by releasing our seamen from involuntary servitude; by
making adequate provision for compensation for industrial
accidents; by providing suitable machinery for mediation
and conciliation in industrial disputes; and by putting the
Federal Department of Labor at the disposal of the work-
ingman when in search of work.
We have effected the emancipation of the children of the
country by releasing them from hurtful labor. We have
instituted a system of national aid in the building of high-
roads such as the country has been feeling after for a cen-
-
PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
33
:
tury. We have sought to equalize taxation by means of an
equitable income tax. We have taken the steps that ought
to have been taken at the outset to open up the resources
of Alaska. We have provided for national defense upon a
scale never before seriously proposed upon the responsibility
of an entire political party. We have driven the tariff lobby
from cover and obliged it to substitute solid argument for
private influence.
""
Not a "List of Sanguine Promises
This extraordinary recital must sound like a platform, a
list of sanguine promises; but it is not. It is a record of
promises made four years ago and now actually redeemed
in constructive legislation.
/
These things must profoundly disturb the thoughts and
confound the plans of those who have made themselves
believe that the Democratic Party neither understood nor
was ready to assist the business of the country in the great
enterprises which it is its evident and inevitable destiny
to undertake and carry through. The breaking up of the
lobby must especially disconcert them; for it was through
the lobby that they sought and were sure they had found
the heart of things. The game of privilege can be played
successfully by no other means.
This record must equally astonish those who feared that
the Democratic Party had not opened its heart to compre-
hend the demands of social justice. We have in four years
come very near to carrying out the platform of the Pro-
gressive Party as well as our own; for we also are progressives.
The Fight Against The Interests
There is one circumstance connected with this programme
which ought to be very plainly stated. It was resisted at
every step by the interests which the Republican Party had
catered to and fostered at the expense of the country, and
these same interests are now earnestly praying for a reac-
tion which will save their privileges,—for the restoration of
their sworn friends to power before it is too late to recover
what they have lost. They fought with particular despera-
tion and infinite resourcefulness the reform of the banking
and currency system, knowing that to be the citadel of their
control; and most anxiously are they hoping and planning
for the amendment of the Federal Reserve Act by the con-
centration of control in a single bank which the old familiar
group of bankers can keep under their eye and direction.
But while the “big men " who used to write the tariffs and
command the assistance of the Treasury have been hostile,
-all but a few with vision,-the average business man knows
that he has been delivered, and that the fear that was once
every day in his heart, that the men who controlled credit
and directed enterprise from the committee rooms of Con-
gress would crush him, is there no more, and will not return,
-unless the party that consulted only the "big men
should return to power,-the party of masterly inactivity
"
34 5
PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
and cunning resourcefulness in standing pat to resist change.
The Republican Party is just the party that cannot
meet the new conditions of a new age. It does not
know the way and it does not wish new conditions.
It tried to break away from the old leaders and could not
They still select its candidates and dictate its policy, still
resist change, still hanker after the old conditions, still
know no methods of encouraging business but the old
methods. When it changes its leaders and its purposes and
brings its ideas up to date it will have the right to ask the
American people to give it power again; but not until then.
A new age, an age of revolutionary change, needs new pur-
poses and new ideas.
Principles Guide Foreign Policy
In foreign affairs we have been guided by principles clearly
conceived and consistently lived up to. Perhaps they have
not been fully comprehended because they have hitherto
governed international affairs only in theory, not in prac-
tice. They are simple, obvious, easily stated, and funda-
mental to American ideals.
We have been neutral not only because it was the fixed
and traditional policy of the United States to stand aloof
from the politics of Europe and because we had had no part
either of action or of policy in the influences which brought
on the present war, but also because it was manifestly our
duty to prevent, if it were possible, the indefinite extension
of the fires of heat and desolation kindled by that terrible
conflict and seek to serve mankind by reserving our strength
and our resources for the anxious and difficult days of restora-
tion and healing which must follow, when peace will have to
build its house anew.
The Rights of Americans
The rights of our own citizens of course became involved;
that was inevitable. Where they did this was our guiding
principle: that property rights can be vindicated by claims
for damages, and no modern nation can decline to arbitrate
such claims; but the fundamental rights of humanity can-
not be. The loss of life is irreparable. Neither can direct
violations of a nation's sovereignty await vindication in
suits for damages. The nation that violates these essential
rights must expect to be checked and called to account by
direct challenge and resistance. It at once makes the
quarrel in part our own. These are plain principles and we
have never lost sight of them or departed from them, what-
ever the stress or the perplexity of circumstance or the
provocation to hasty resentment. The record is clear and
consistent throughout and stands distinct and definite for
anyone to judge who wishes to know the truth about it.
""
'The Poison of Disloyalty"
The seas were not broad enough to keep the infection of
the conflict out of our own politics. The passions and
intrigues of certain active groups and combinations of men
PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
35
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amongst us who were born under foreign flags injected the
poison of disloyalty into our own most critical affairs, laid
violent hands upon many of our industries, and subjected
us to the shame of divisions of sentiment and purpose in
which America was contemned and forgotten. It is part
of the business of this year of reckoning and settlement to
speak plainly and act with unmistakable purpose in rebuke
of these things, in order that they may be forever hereafter
impossible. I am the candidate of a party, but I am above
all things else an American citizen. I neither seek the
favour nor fear the displeasure of that small alien element
amongst us which puts loyalty to any foreign power
before loyalty to the United States.
Justice to Mexico
While Europe was at war our own continent, one of our
own neighbours, was shaken by revolution. In that matter,
too, principle was plain and it was imperative that we should
live up to it if we were to deserve the trust of any real partisan
of the right as free men see it. We have professed to believe,
and we do believe, that the people of small and weak states
have the right to expect to be dealt with exactly as the people
of big and powerful states would be. We have acted upon
that principle in dealing with the people of Mexico.
Our recent pursuit of bandits into Mexican territory
was no violation of that principle. We ventured to enter
Mexican territory only because there were no military
forces in Mexico that could protect our border from
hostile attack and our own people from violence, and
we have committed there no single act of hostility or
interference even with the sovereign authority of the
Republic of Mexico herself. It was a plain case of the
violation of our own sovereignty which could not wait to be
vindicated by damages and for which there was no other
remedy. The authorities of Mexico were powerless to
prevent it.
Many serious wrongs against the property, many irre-
parable wrongs against the persons, of Americans have been
committed within the territory of Mexico herself during
this confused revolution, wrongs which could not be effect-
ually checked so long as there was no constituted power in
Mexico which was in a position to check them. We could
not act directly in that matter ourselves without denying
Mexicans the right to any revolution at all which dis-
turbed us and making the emancipation of her own people
await our own interest and convenience.
Challenge to Mexican Critics
For it is their emancipation that they are seeking,
blindly, it may be, and as yet ineffectually, but with pro-
found and passionate purpose and within their unquestion-
able right, apply what true American principle you will,
any principle that an American would publicly avow. The
people of Mexico have not been suffered to own their own
A
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PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
R
W
!
country or direct their own institutions. Outsiders, men
out of other nations and with interests too often alien to
their own, have dictated what their privileges and oppor-
tunities should be and who should control their land, their
lives, and their resources,-some of them Americans, press-
ing for things they could never have got in their own country.
The Mexican people are entitled to attempt their liberty
from such influences; and so long as I have anything
to do with the action of our great Government I shall
do everything in my power to prevent anyone standing in
their way. I know that this is hard for some persons to
understand; but it is not hard for the plain people of the
United States to understand. It is hard doctrine only for
those who wish to get something for themselves out of
Mexico. There are men, and noble women, too, not a few,
of our own people, thank God! whose fortunes are invested
in great properties in Mexico who yet see the case with true
vision and assess its issues with true American feeling.
The rest can be left for the present out of the reckoning
until this enslaved people has had its day of struggle towards
the light. I have heard no one who was free from such
influences propose interference by the United States with
the internal affairs of Mexico. Certainly no friend of the
Mexican people has proposed it.
•
"The Unspeakable Huerta "
The people of the United States are capable of great sym-
pathies and a noble pity in dealing with problems of this
kind. As their spokesman and representative, I have tried
to act in the spirit they would wish me show. The people
of Mexico are striving for the rights that are fundamental
to life and happiness,-fifteen million oppressed men, over-
burdened women, and pitiful children in virtual bondage
in their own home of fertile lands and inexhaustible treasure!
Some of the leaders of the revolution may often have been
mistaken and violent and selfish, but the revolution itself
was inevitable and is right. The unspeakable Huerta be-
trayed the very comrades he served, traitorously overthrew
the government of which he was a trusted part, impudently
spoke for the very forces that had driven his people to the
rebellion with which he had pretended to sympathize. The
men who overcame him and drove him out represent at least
the fierce passion of reconstruction which lies at the very
heart of liberty; and so long as they represent, however
imperfectly, such a struggle for deliverance, I am ready to
serve their ends when I can. So long as the power of re-
cognition rests with me the Government of the United
States will refuse to extend the hand of welcome to
any one who obtains power in a sister republic by
treachery and violence. No permanency can be given the
affairs of any republic by a title based upon intrigue and
assassination. I declared that to be the policy of this
Administration within three weeks after I assumed the
presidency. I here again vow it. I am more interested in
the fortunes of oppressed men and pitiful women and chil-
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PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
37
!
I
+
dren than in any property rights whatever. Mistakes I
have no doubt made in this perplexing business, but not in
purpose or object.
'All America Looks On "
More is involved than the immediate destinies of Mexico
and the relations of the United States with a distressed and
distracted people. All America looks on. Test is now being
made of us whether we be sincere lovers of popular
liberty or not and are indeed to be trusted to respect
national sovereignty among our weaker neighbours. We
have undertaken these many years to play big brother to
the republics of this hemisphere. This is the day of our
test whether we mean, or have ever meant, to play that
part for our own benefit wholly or also for theirs. Upon
the outcome of that test (its outcome in their minds, not in
ours) depends every relationship of the United States with
Latin America, whether in politics or in commerce and
enterprise. These are great issues and lie at the heart of
the gravest tasks of the future, tasks both economic and
political and very intimately inwrought with many of the
most vital of the new issues of the politics of the world.
The republics of America have in the last three years been
drawing together in a new spirit of accommodation, mutual
understanding, and cordial cooperation. Much of the
politics of the world in the years to come will depend upon
their relationships with one another. It is a barren and
provincial statesmanship that loses sight of such things!
Great Problems Pending
The future, the immediate future, will bring us squarely
face to face with many great and exacting problems which
will search us through and through whether we be able and
ready to play the part in the world that we mean to play.
It will not bring us into their presence slowly, gently, with
ceremonious introduction, but suddenly and at once, the
moment the war in Europe is over. They will be new prob-
lems, most of them; many will be old problems in a new
setting and with new elements which we have never dealt
with or reckoned the force and meaning of before. They
will require for their solution new thinking, fresh courage
and resourcefulness, and in some matters radical
reconsiderations of policy. We must be ready to mob-
ilize our resources alike of brains and of materials.
It is not a future to be afraid of. It is, rather, a future
to stimulate and excite us to the display of the best powers
that are in us. We may enter it with confidence when we
are sure that we understand it,-and we have provided
ourselves already with the means of understanding it.
America's Chance for New Honors
Look first at what it will be necessary that the nations of
the world should do to make the days to come tolerable
and fit to live and work in; and then look at our part in
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PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
what is to follow and our own duty of preparation. For we
must be prepared both in resources and in policy.
There must be a just and settled peace, and we here in
America must contribute the full force of our enthusiasm
and of our authority as a nation to the organization of
that peace upon world-wide foundations that cannot
easily be shaken. No nation should be forced to take
sides in any quarrel in which its own honour and integrity
and the fortunes of its own people are not involved; but
no nation can any longer remain neutral as against any
wilful disturbance of the peace of the world. The effects
of war can no longer be confined to the areas of battle. No
nation stands wholly apart in interest when the life and
interests of all nations are thrown into confusion and peril.
If hopeful and generous enterprise is to be renewed, if the
healing and helpful arts of life are indeed to be revived
when peace comes again, a new atmosphere of justice and
friendship must be generated by means the world has never
tried before. The nations of the world must unite in joint
guarantees that whatever is done to disturb the whole world's
life must first be tested in the court of the whole world's
opinion before it is attempted.
These are the new foundations the world must build for
itself, and we must play our part in the reconstruction,
generously and without too much thought of our separate
interests. We must make ourselves ready to play it in-
telligently, vigorously and well.
One of the contributions we must make to the world's
peace is this: We must see to it that the people in our
insular possessions are treated in their own lands as we
would treat them here, and make the rule of the United
States mean the same thing everywhere,—the same justice,
the same consideration for the essential rights of men.
}
Preparation To Do Our Part
Besides contributing our ungrudging moral and practical
support to the establishment of peace throughout the
world we must actively and intelligently prepare ourselves
to do our full service in the trade and industry which are
to sustain and develop the life of the nations in the days
to come.
We have already been provident in this great matter and
supplied ourselves with the instrumentalities of prompt
adjustment. We have created, in the Federal Trade Com-
mission, a means of inquiry and of accommodation in the
field of commerce which ought both to coordinate the enter-
prises of our traders and manufacturers and to remove the
barriers of misunderstanding and of a too technical inter-
pretation of the law. In the new Tariff Commission we,
have added another instrumentality of observation and
adjustment which promises to be immediately serviceable.
The Trade Commission substitutes counsel and accom-
modation for the harsher processes of legal restraint, and
the Tariff Commission ought to substitute facts for preju-
dices and theories. Our exporters have for some time had
I
PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
39
the advantage of working in the new light thrown upon
foreign markets and opportunities of trade by the intelli-
gent inquiries and activities of the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce which the Democratic Congress so
wisely created in 1912. The Tariff Commission completes
the machinery by which we shall be enabled to open up
our legislative policy to the facts as they develop.
We can no longer indulge our traditional provincialism.
We are to play a leading part in the world drama whether
we wish it or not. We shall lend, not borrow; act for our-
selves, not imitate or follow; organize and initiate, not
peep about merely to see where we may get in..
Aid to Our Exporters
We have already formulated and agreed upon a policy of
law which will explicitly remove the ban now supposed to
rest upon cooperation amongst our exporters in seeking
and securing their proper place in the markets of the world.
The field will be free, the instrumentalities at hand. It
will only remain for the masters of enterprise amongst us
to act in energetic concert, and for the Government of the
United States to insist upon the maintenance throughout
the world of those conditions of fairness and of even-handed
justice in the commercial dealings of the nations with one
another upon which, after all, in the last analysis, the peace
and ordered life of the world must ultimately depend.
At home also we must see to it that the men who plan
and develop and direct our business enterprises shall enjoy
definite and settled conditions of law, a policy accommodated
to the freest progress. We have set the just and necessary
limits. We have put all kinds of unfair competition under
the ban and penalty of the law. We have barred monopoly.
These fatal and ugly things being excluded, we must now
quicken action and facilitate enterprise by every just means
within our choice. There will be peace in the business
world, and, with peace, revived confidence and life.
Husbanding Our Resources
We ought both to husband and to develop our natural
resources, our mines, our forests, our water power. I wish
we could have made more progress than we have made in
this vital matter; and I call once more, with the deepest
earnestness and solicitude, upon the advocates of a careful
and provident conservation, on the one hand, and the
advocates of a free and inviting field for private capital,
on the other, to get together in a spirit of genuine accom-
modation and agreement and set this great policy forward
at once.
We must hearten and quicken the spirit and efficiency of
labor throughout our whole industrial system by every-
where and in all occupations doing justice to the laborer,
not only by paying a living wage but also by making all the
conditions that surround labor what they ought to be.
And we must do more than justice. We must safeguard
life and promote health and safety in every occupation in
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PRESIDENT'S SPEECH OF ACCEPTANCE
:
:
1
which they are threatened or imperilled. That is more
than justice, and better, because it is humanity and
economy.
We must coordinate the railway systems of the country
for national use, and must facilitate and promote their
development with a view to that coordination and to
their better adaptation as a whole to the life and trade
and defense of the nation. The life and industry of the
country can be free and unhampered only if these arteries
are open, efficient, and complete.
A
Thus shall we stand ready to meet the future as cir-
cumstance and international policy effect their unfolding,
whether the changes came slowly or come fast and with-
out preface.
Interprets St. Louis Platform
I have not spoken explicitly, Gentlemen, of the platform
adopted at St. Louis; but it has been implicit in all that I
have said. I have sought to interpret its spirit and mean-
ing. The people of the United States do not need to be
assured now that that platform is a definite pledge, a prac-
tical programme. We have proved to them that our promises
are made to be kept.
-
We hold very definite ideals. We believe that the energy
and initiative of our people have been too narrowly coached
and superintended; that they should be set free, as we
have set them free, to disperse themselves throughout the
nation; that they should not be concentrated in the hands
of a few powerful guides and guardians, as our opponents
have again and again, in effect if not in purpose, sought to
concentrate them. We believe, moreover,-who that looks
about him now with comprehending eye can fail to believe?
-that the day of Little Americanism, with its narrow hori-
zons, when methods of "protection " and industrial nursing
were the chief study of our provincial statesmen, are past
and gone and that a day of enterprise has at last dawned
for the United States whose field is the wide world.
Americans for a Big America
We hope to see the stimulus of that new day draw all
America, the republics of both continents, on to a new life
and energy and initiative in the great affairs of peace. We are
Americans for Big America, and rejoice to look forward
to the days in which America shall strive to stir the
world without irritating it or drawing it on to new antag-
onisms, when the nations with which we deal shall at
last come to see upon what deep foundations of humanity
and justice our passion for peace rests, and when all
mankind shall look upon our great people with a new
sentiment of admiration, friendly rivalry and real affec-
tion, as upon a people who, though keen to succeed,
seeks always to be at once generous and just and to
whom humanity is dearer than profit or selfish power.
Upon this record and in the faith of this purpose we go
to the country.
A/
1
1
Y
DEMOCRACY'S SCROLL
4
OF PROGRESSIVE DEEDS
Story of Accomplishment Without
Equal in Nation's Entire
History
This is the summary of results wrought by
masterly leadership of the Democratic Party.
It is the plain review of fact which demonstrates
that not since the first years of the Republic,
when everything was to be done, has so much of
real public moment been done during a single
Administration.
It is the condensed story of domestic regenera-
tion, material and moral; of peace and clean
prosperity; of high honor for his country won by
Woodrow Wilson.
It bulletins victory won again and again for
popular, progressive measures and policies in the
face of the forces of organized selfishness and
reaction, now aligned solidly with the Republican
Party and behind the candidacy of Charles Evans
Hughes.
The record of achievement proves the Demo-
cratic Party the greatest agency of political reform
and progress entrusted with National power in
generations.
It also proves the Republican Party incompetent
and criminally negligen: because, during sixteen
consecutive years, the Republican Party had
full opportunity to enact the long bill of popular
rights made operative under Woodrow Wilson in
little more than three years-and not only failed
but refused to do so.
THE RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENT.
1
PEACE-Maintaining National honor and dignity through-
out, President Wilson has kept America at peace, safe in
the midst of a "world on fire," and free to serve both the
welfare of her own people and the broad cause of all
humanity.
2
AMERICANISM-President Wilson's doctrine of "Amer-
41
42
ACHIEVEMENTS
ica First," announced immediately after the beginning of
hostilities abroad, has proven to be a virile doctrine of devo-
tion to his country's right and best interests, in the face of
constant attack both at home and from abroad.
3
PROSPERITY-Free of the horrors of war, enjoying the
blessings of peace, aided by the constructive legislation and
administrative enterprise of the Wilson Administration, the
country has entered upon an era of prosperity hitherto un-
equaled in this or any other land.
!
4
PREPAREDNESS-As insurance against war and its
losses in blood and property, a programme for immediate
expansion of the army, navy and coast defences was worked
out with the usual efficiency and promptness of the Wilson
administration. It has now been adopted and guarantees
the Nation against foreign aggression.
INTERNATIONAL.
5
EUROPEAN WAR-With skill, address and courage that
has won the world's admiration, President Wilson has forced
the belligerents of Europe to respect the rights of Ameri-
cans and all neutrals on the high seas and has secured recog-
nition of the rights of neutrals as defined by international
law.
6
NEUTRALITY—Following traditional American policy,
the President has asserted and compelled with all the means
in his power observance of the national and international
duty of the United States to maintain absolute neutrality
toward all the nations at war in Europe. Scorning threats
against his political interests, he has bravely and relentlessly
trodden down disloyal endeavors to swerve him from enforc-
ing this policy.
77
MONROE DOCTRINE AND PAN-AMERICAN AF-
FAIRS-Firm maintenance of the Monroe Doctrine and a
new policy of absolute fair dealing with all the Republics of
the Western Hemisphere has substituted a feeling of trust
and confidence among the Pan-American countries for the
feeling of distrust and doubt that formerly prevailed. This
has resulted in agreements assuring lasting friendship and
already has led to large expansion of American trade in
South and Central America.
8
MEXICO-The Administration has dealt with Mexico in
the kindly spirit of tolerance and forbearance, engendered by
the possession of superior power and a devotion to ideals of
free government. Intent upon encouraging the development
of constitutional government in Mexico and fostering the
feeling of kinship which his entire Latin-American policy
There are
A
ACHIEVEMENTS
43
*
J
was building up among the Republics of this Hemisphere,
the President has maintained the attitude of an indulgent
friend toward the war-wracked Southern Republic, holding
in reserve at all times the policy of physical force as an
effective and decisive last resort.
10
9
PERSHING'S EXPEDITION-When the raids of Villista
bandits upon American soil at Columbus, New Mexico, and
other border points, which were inspired by persons intent
upon provoking American intervention, made it clear that
the United States should take drastic measures to prevent
their recurrence, the Administration despatched a powerful
column of American soldiers into Mexico, under command
of Brig.-Gen. Pershing. Villa's bands were dispersed and
the American troops have remained on Mexican soil to pro-
tect the border, pending an improvement in conditions which
will insure against new outrages.
CALLING OUT NATIONAL GUARD-When a body of
American troops were attacked by Mexicans at Carrizal,
Mexico, in June, and 17 of their number were taken prisoners
by the Carranzistas who claimed that the Americans had
been the aggressors, the President unhesitatingly sent an
ultimatum to the de facto Government demanding their
immediate release together with all equipments and proper-
ties of the United States taken with them. At the same time,
the President mobilized the National Guard in order to be
prepared to back up his ultimatum if drastic measures proved
necessary. The prisoners were released and the American
demands promptly complied with in every way.
11
FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC RESPONSIBILITIES—The
war in Europe thrust upon the foreign services of the United
States the duty of representing nearly all the warring coun-
tries throughout the civilized world, as well as in belligerent
territory—a task of enormous proportions which has been
performed so efficiently that the suffering of millions of war
stricken people has been substantially alleviated.
12
SERVICE TO AMERICANS ABROAD-Three hundred
thousand Americans caught in Europe at the outbreak of the
European war were afforded relief, protection and transpor-
tation home through the State Department and its Diplo-
matic and Consular representatives.
13
PANAMA TOLLS REPEAL-By firmly standing for
strict observance of America's treaty obligations, President
Wilson brought about repeal of the exemption clause of the
Panama Canal Act.
44
ACHIEVEMENTS
M
14
DANISH WEST INDIES-By negotiating a treaty for the
purchase of the Danish West Indies, the Wilson Administra-
tion succeeded after Republican Administrations had failed
in accomplishing an important step for the protection of the
Panama Canal and the Southern Atlantic Coast from naval
attack.
15
EUROPEAN WAR EMERGENCY LAWS-Acting
promptly and effectively, the President sponsored and
Congress passed measures enabling American finance and
commerce to meet the staggering blow to business dealt by
the sudden outbreak of the European war.
16
JAPANESE AFFAIRS—Conspicuous success has crowned
negotiations with Japan over the California Alien Land and
Labor questions, so that now the most cordial and friendly
relations exist between the United States and the chief
power of the Orient.
17
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY-By placing the rights of nations
above the dollar in determining foreign policy-by substitut-
ing for “dollar diplomacy,” “decent diplomacy "—the divorce-
ment of the Government from affiliations with special finan-
cial interests has been accomplished and the exploitation of
the smaller Latin-American countries by private financial
interests has ceased.
18
FOREIGN TRADE-With the substantial aid of the Fed-
eral Reserve Act and other progressive legislation and the
active and fruitful help of Government administrative
agencies, the foreign trade of the United States has been
developed to unprecedented volume.
CONSTRUCTIVE LEGISLATION.
19
CURRENCY REFORM-By the enactment of the Federal
Reserve Act, the industrial and commercial interests of the
United States have been emancipated by Democratic agency
from domination by special interests. The nation was freed
from the danger of financial panics, and the foundation laid
for the existing wonderful prosperity of the country.
20
RURAL CREDITS-The passage last July of the Federal
Farm Loan Act remedied an imperative need entirely ignored
by the Republicans for years and assures adequate means of
providing capital at fair rates of interest for the further
development of the agricultural resources of the United
States and promises an annual saving to farmers of $150,-
000,000 a year.
ACHIEVEMENTS
45

THIS RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENT SHOWS
THAT THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY UNDER
WOODROW WILSON HAS MADE GOOD.
WHY CHANGE?
AS EVERY INFORMED AMERICAN MUST
HAVE OBSERVED, THE REPUBLICAN PAR-
TY UNDER HUGHES IS SPLIT, WITH THE
PARTY'S MACHINERY IN FULL CONTROL
OF THE REACTIONARIES. THE REPUBLI-
CAN PARTY IS UTTERLY INCAPABLE OF
THE SUBSTANTIAL AGREEMENT IN ITS
OWN COUNCILS WHICH IS ESSENTIAL TO
CONSTRUCTIVE PERFORMANCE,
AGAIN WHY CHANGE?
21
GOOD ROADS-In the new Federal Good Roads Law,
approved by the President last July, the Democratic Admin-
istration makes available seventy-five million dollars for the
development of highway systems throughout the United
States, under safeguards which prevent wasteful use of the
money.
22
TARIFF REVISION DOWNWARD-In keeping with the
platform pledge of 1912, the Democratic party revised the
tariff downward, and put the Underwood Tariff Law upon
the Statute Books, thus unfettering industry and commerce,
depriving monopoly of its former control over production,
distribution and prices, and providing adequate customs
revenue for the maintenance of the Government.
23
INCOME TAX-The Income Tax Law, opposed by the
Republican Party for a generation, shifts the burden of taxa-
tion from those least able to pay to those best able to pay.
24
TARIFF COMMISSION BILL-In this measure, creating
a tariff commission, the Wilson Administration takes an im-
portant step towards eliminating the tarif' from politics and
affords assurance of protection to American manufacturers
against any emergency which may follow the close of the war
in Europe.
25
WAR REVENUE-To meet the cost of "Preparedness
the Wilson program increases the income tax, provides for
an inheritance tax and levies a special tax upon munitions
of war. Many Republican members of Congress have voted
for this plan.
""
46
ACHIEVEMENTS
26
AMENDMENT OF ALDRICH-VREELAND ACT-
Congress promptly followed the recommendation of the Wil-
son Administration in August, 1914, by so amending the then
useless Aldrich-Vreeland Act as to make it an effective aid in
the period of tense financial strain occasioned by the war
abroad.
27
THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION-This new
Commission in the year and one-half of its operation with
signal success has supplied the demand for a tribunal to
arbitrate commercial disputes, to prevent "unfair competi-
tion," and to do justice between the public and the great
industrial corporations.
28
DIRECT ELECTION OF UNITED STATES SENA-
TORS-A reform inspired and carried into effect by Demo-
crats, which does much to restore popular Government at
Washington.
29
SHIP PURCHASE ACT AND THE MERCHANT
MARINE-By persistence in the face of determined opposi-
tion by Republican reactionaries, the new Shipping Law for
the development of an American merchant marine was passed
last August. A series of prior progressive Democratic enact-
ments, including the Ship Registry Act and the law creating
the War Risk Bureau, already had done much to aid American
shipping and the new law is certain to cause a quick and
much larger expansion of our merchant navy.
30
SEAMAN'S ACT AND SAFETY AT SEA-By a series
of laws, chief of which is the Seaman's Act, working condi-
tions of sailors in the American merchant service are im-
proved and precautions are taken to avoid the fearful loss of
life at sea that accompanied the Titanic disaster.
31
REVISION OF TRUST LAWS-In the face of persistent
opposition of the special interests and at a time when the
greatest international questions pressed upon the President
and Congress, a complete revision of the anti-trust laws was
secured and is now in force.
7
32
AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION-Under the Smith-
Lever Agricultural Extension Act elaborate machinery has
been put into operation by Woodrow Wilson that involved
the expenditure of nearly five million dollars during the last
fiscal year, a sum which will increase automatically year by
year until 1922, for the dissemination of scientific knowledge
ACHIEVEMENTS
47
concerning farm operation and management. This law is
expected to double the productiveness of American farms.
33
WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION-A model measure has
passed both Houses and will extend this protection to thous-
ands of Government employees.
34
LABOR'S MAGNA CHARTA-Laws have been enacted
preventing the abuse of the injunction in labor disputes and
legally declaring the labor of a human being not a commodity
open to barter and sale like inanimate things.
35
CHILD LABOR LAW-President Wilson's personal inter-
vention brought about the enactment of this important social
justice measure which uses the Federal Power to emancipate
children from industrial oppression.
36
EIGHT-HOUR DAY-To the laws passed by the Demo-
cratic majority of the House in the Sixty-second Congress
applying the eight-hour day to all work done by the Govern-
ment whether directly or by contract, has been added the
act requiring the eight-hour workday for women in the Dis-
trict of Columbia.
37
INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES ARBITRATION ACT—A
law secured by the President that establishes the United
States Board of Mediation and Conciliation and affords the
Government better facilities for preventing or settling great
railway and industrial strikes.
38
COTTON FUTURES ACT-Gambling in cotton is dealt
a death blow by a cotton futures law enacted by Democrats
after the subject had been evaded by Republicans for two
decades.
39
GRAIN STANDARDS-A law giving the Secretary of
Agriculture authority to establish official grain standards,
simplifying relations between grain producers, dealers and
consumers, was enacted last August.
40
U. S. WAREHOUSE ACT-Warehouse receipts are made
more acceptable collateral which enables owners of stored
products to obtain loans more nearly approximating the full
value of their products.
41
ALASKAN RAILWAY-In providing for the Alaskan
Railway, which is now being rapidly pushed to completion,
the Wilson Administration took the one step necessary to
66
open up Alaska."
48
ACHIEVEMENTS
<
1.
42
CONSERVATION-A series of new laws supplement
effective policies of administrative action in the Interior and
Agriculture Departments. Large American resources are
opened to development; and monopolization, overuse or mis-
use of the remaining timber, mineral, oil and land resources
of the country is prevented.
43
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE-In a new Philippine
Law, a greater measure of freedom is allowed the Filipinos
and their ultimate independence is assured.
44
CHANGE OF HOUSE RULES-Keeping its pledges in
the campaign of 1910, the Democratic House of the 62nd
Congress abolished the system of czarism which so long
had put the House in full control of a small group of men
representing the special interests. The new and liberal rules
then adopted have been continued in effect under Democratic
majorities during the 62d and 64th Congresses.
EXECUTIVE.
45
THE PRESIDENT'S DEVOTION TO DUTY-The
Record of Achievement has been made possible by the Presi-
dent's unceasing labor, firmness, clear thought and infinite
patience and self-sacrifice.
46
THE LOBBY-Fearless exposure of "invisible govern-
ment" at Washington has driven the lobby from the National
Capital.
47
POPULAR GOVERNMENT RESTORED-Government
of for and by the people of the United States has been
restored at Washington by President Wilson and the Demo-
crats. The President led the fight for a series of legislative
reforms to this end, has enforced these measures after enact-
ment and has applied the rule of the public first throughout
the government service.
48
UNEMPLOYMENT—An intelligence system has been put
in operation in the Department of Labor which brings the
jobless man and the manless job together.
49
CLOSE RELATIONS WITH CONGRESS-By appearing
at the Capitol in person and addressing Congress upon urgent
questions, the President gave emphasis to his belief in a
return to Government by public discussion and brought about
team-work between the Executive and Congress which has
been the marvel of the country.
1
ACHIEVEMENTS
49
ና
50
GENUINE TRUST DISSOLUTION—The Department
of Justice under President Wilson has enforced real dissolu-
tion of monopolies and combinations adjudged unlawful in
lieu of the sham dissolution characterizing the outcome of
trust cases under the Taft and Roosevelt administrations.
51
CLARIFYING TRUST LAWS-The Department of Jus-
tice has done much to bring about more exact definition of the
anti-trust laws, and thus has practically ended the uncertainty
as to the legality or illegality of many practices. This has
developed a spirit of co-operation which has led to the settle-
ment of great trust cases by the now famous consent
decrees" which avoid years of expensive litigation and uncer-
tainty.
·
52
POST OFFICE SELF-SUPPORTING-In the fiscal year
ended June 30 last, the Post Office returned a profit of
$5,742,445.20, and during the four fiscal years of the Wilson
Administration a net surplus has been recorded as contrasted
with deficits of $48,739,637 for Roosevelt's second term and
of $26,495,914 for Taft's term.
53
PARCEL POST-This service has broken up an extortion-
ate monopoly by the private express companies and has been
developed from a mere shell to the most gigantic, useful
and far-reaching express service in the world.
54
POSTAL SAVINGS-Deposits in the Postal Savings
System have increased from $30,000,000 to more than $85,-
000,000 under the Wilson Administration. The law has been
amended liberalizing the conditions under which deposits
may be made, thus vastly expanding this System as a means
of keeping money in circulation.
55
1
CROP MOVING-By placing the surplus funds of the
United States Treasury directly into the banks of the South
West, at crop moving periods, the Wilson Administra-
is greatly aided the movement of crops to market and
has put an end to the practice of previous administrations of
concentrating these much needed funds in the New York
banks.
56
INTEREST ON GOVERNMENT DEPOSITS-By re-
quiring two per cent. interest on the deposits in the banks
of the country the former practice of allowing favorite
banks the use of huge sums of the people's money free has
been ended and more than one million dollars revenue de-
rived annually.
+
ACHIEVEMENTS
50
ti
"
57
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE REORGANIZED-
The Department of Commerce has been reorganized with
the result that the work of its several important Bureaus
has become of vast practical value to industry and the general
business of the country.
58
PROMOTION OF COMMERCE--Facilities for aiding
American conquests of foreign markets have been added and
administered with conspicuous success through the Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Com-
merce.
59
PARKS-Administration
NATIONAL
of the National
Parks System has been reorganized so that travel and accom-
modations in the parks have been much improved, and the
legend, "See America First," has added attractions and fol-
lowing.
(6
60
IMPROVED MARKETING SYSTEM-The organization
by the Department of Agriculture of an Office of Markets
and Rural Organization applies scientific and modern business
methods toward the elimination of waste in transporting and
distributing farm products.
61
HELPING THE FARMER'S WIFE-The Secretary of
Agriculture has made the introduction of labor saving devices
and of new methods of improving farm domestic conditions
an especial feature of his great Department's expanded activi-
ties, and to that end has secured the services of thousands
of women who serve as demonstrators of the latest and most
economical methods.
62
INDIAN REFORMS-The great Indian reservations have
been made larger contributors to the Nation's food supply and
a vocational system of education has been introduced which
prepares Indian youth for competition in later life with white
men and women. Introduction of a cost-accounting system
has affected large savings in the administration of Indian
affairs.
63
THE CONSTITUTION OF PEACE"-The President's
famous "Constitution of Peace" policy resulted in the volun-
tary breaking up of interlocking directorates, which all admit
have been the backbone of the trust system.
64
NEW LAND POLICY-The new public land policy of the
Secretary of the Interior combines conservation and the
proper use of the land of our nation domain. More than
20,000,000 acres of lands withdrawn by prior administrations
ACHIEVEMENTS
51
have been restored to public entry. The policy is that the
land should be used for the purpose for which it is best
fitted, and that it should be disposed of by the Government
with respect to that use under such conditions as to prevent
monopoly, and under certain well-defined restrictions and
limitations. To this policy the West is reconciled.
65
RURAL SANITATION AND VOCATIONAL DIS-
EASES-The vital importance of directing the federal power
and resources to the conservation and protection of health
has been recognized by the expansion of the Public Health
Service into a highly useful agency for attacking the problems
of rural sanitation and of industrial and vocational diseases.
66
OLEO LAW ENFORCED-Over $1,000,000 back taxes
have been collected and the fraudulent sale of oleomargerine
has been stopped through the Treasury's vigorous enforce-
ment of the oleomargerine law.
The Republican party, seeking some issue, just any issue
upon which to hang the slightest hope of returning to power,
is driven to the necessity of denouncing in its own platform,
adopted at Chicago, the vote of a majority of its own mem-
bers in the House and Senate upon practically all of the
reform measures that have been written into law by the
Democratic party. They declare we “favor an effective system
of rural credits as opposed to the ineffective law proposed by
the present Democratic administration." BY THIS DE-
CLARATION THEY CHARGE PRACTICALLY EVERY
REPUBLICAN IN THE SENATE AND ALMOST EVERY
REPUBLICAN IN THE HOUSE WITH HAVING
VOTED FOR AN INEFFECTIVE RURAL CREDIT
LAW, WHICH HAS PASSED BOTH THE SENATE
AND HOUSE. IN THE SENATE THE VOTE WAS 57
TO 5, IN THE HOUSE 295 TO 10.-Ollie M. James as
Permanent Chairman of the Democratic National Convention.
I'
AM WILLING, NO MATTER WHAT MY PERSONAL
FORTUNES MAY BE, TO PLAY FOR THE
VERDICT OF MANKIND. PERSONALLY, IT WILL
BE A MATTER OF INDIFFERENCE TO ME WHAT
THE VERDICT ON THE 7TH OF NOVEMBER IS,
PROVIDED I FEEL ANY DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE
THAT WHEN A LATER JURY SITS, I SHALL GET
THEIR JUDGMENT IN MY FAVOR. NOT IN MY
FAVOR PERSONALLY-WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES
THAT MAKE?-BUT IN MY FAVOR AS AN HONEST
AND CONSCIENTIOUS SPOKESMAN OF A GREAT
NATION.-WOODKOW WILSON.
1
APPEAL FOR LIGHT FOR
SIXTEEN MILLION VOTERS
Let Mr. Hughes and the Republican
Party Answer
Do you favor repeal of the Federal Reserve Act passed by a
Democratic Congress, recommended and approved by
President Wilson, under which the danger of financial
panics is forever banished from the United States?
* ***
Would you have protested against the violation of Belgian
neutrality and have backed the protest by plunging America
into the European carnival of slaughter?
* *
*
Do you favor repeal of the Rural Credits Act, passed by a
Democratic Congress, recommended and approved by Presi-
dent Wilson, which gives long-term credit at interest rates
that promise an annual saving of $150,000,000 to the farmers?
** *
Would you have recognized Victoriano Huerta as President
of Mexico?
*
Do you favor repeal of the Clayton Anti-trust Act, passed
by a Democratic Congress, recommended and approved by
President Wilson, which overthrew the principle that the
labor of a human being is a mere commodity of commerce?
* * * *
Will you, Mr. Hughes, recommend, and will the Republican
Party in Congress support a law establishing universal com-
pulsory military service in the United States?
*
*
Do you advocate repeal of the Federal Trade Commission
Act, passed by a Democratic Congress, recommended and
approved by President Wilson, which has given so much
assistance to legitimate business enterprises and under which
adequate protection against unfair competition is provided?
* * * *
Mr. Hughes, would you have tried the policy of diplomatic
negotiation as a means of summoning the moral force of law
and neutral opinion to stop Germany's illegal use of sub-
marines?
* *
Do you favor repeal of the "porkless" Good Roads Act,
passed by a Democratic Congress and approved by President
Wilson, for the development of rural highways?
* * * *
Would you, Mr. Hughes, have broken relations with Ger-
many and sent our young men by the hundreds of thousands
to nameless graves at the bottom of the Atlantic or in Flan-
ders before the policy of diplomatic negotiation had had
thorough trial?
Will you undertake to repeal the income tax, passed by a
Democratic Congress, recommended and approved by Presi-
dent Wilson, which places a just share of the burden of
taxation upon those best able to bear it?
* *
Do you favor violating neutrality and risking the future
safety of your country by placing an embargo on munitions
of war?
J
52
LET REPUBLICANS ANSWER.
53
1
Do you favor repeal of the Agricultural Extension Act,
passed by a Democratic Congress, recommended and ap-
proved by President Wilson, which for the first time provides
facilities for carrying direct to the farmer practical scientific
knowledge of how to increase the profits of his farm?
* * * *
Do you favor intervention in Mexico?
* * * *
Do you advocate repeal of the Grain Standards and Ware-
house Acts, passed by a Democratic Congress, recommended
and approved by President Wilson, which aid commerce in
the great staple cereals and enable cwners of stored agricul-
tural products to secure loans on warehouse receipts on
better terms?
* *
*
What is your attitude towards the disloyalists of your
party who have attempted to prevent the enforcement by
President Wilson, both on the part of the American govern-
ment and by all American citizens, of an honest neutrality
towards all the warring nations of Europe?
* ** *
Inasmuch as the largest amount collected in any one year
under the highest tariff ever enacted (Payne-Aldrich Act)
was $333,000,000, what form of taxation would you substitute
to pay a "Preparedness” cost of $630,000,000?
* *. * *
Do you favor the reactionary Republican plan of granting
huge subsidies to favored corporations, money collected
from the people by taxation, as the best way of encouraging
the development of an American merchant marine?
** * *
Do you favor repeal of the Child Labor Law, the Anti-
Injunction Law, the Seaman's Act and related social justice
measures of high importance, passed by a Democratic Con-
gress and recommended and approved by President Wilson?
*
*
**
Do you favor re-enactment of the Payne-Aldrich Act which
betrayed your party's campaign pledge of 1908 and which
has been repudiated by many Republican and all Progressive
leaders?
Do you stand with those Progressives and progressive Re-
publicans in Congress who voted for practically all the pro-
gressive Democratic measures mentioned above, or do you
stand with the reactionary Republicans who voted against
them?
*
IN CONCLUSION-
President Wilson and the Democratic Party
submit their case to the American people on the
record they have made. Broadly speaking that is
the issue of the campaign. Upon the public
survey and estimate of that record depends the
outcome of the election.
If, as charged by you, Mr. Hughes, and your
supporters, that record is bad and does not justify
the continued confidence of the country it will
become your duty, if elected, to do all in your
power to change that record. We submit that in
all fairness the American people, for whose verdict
you are contesting, are entitled to know how much
of this record you and your party will attempt
to destroy if placed in power.
1
7
}
54
A DECADENT PARTY.
THE
(From the Philadelphia North American, June 15, 1916).
HE Republican convention of 1912, which stole a nomina-
tion and bestowed it upon a man who received fewer
electoral votes than any other candidate in the history of
the party, made a record in political criminality. But at
least it had vigor and audacity and powerful leadership.
Besides achieving notoriety, it extorted that sort of unwilling
admiration which one gives to the daring buccaneer.
The Republican convention of 1916 revealed no virtues
which the other lacked; and it could not lay claim even to
the doubtful distinction won by its ignoble predecessor. It
was vicious without being virile. It was not only degraded,
but dull.'
CC
References have appeared in some newspapers to the em-
ployment of a steam roller." The idea is quite erroneous.
In the convention of this once mighty, efficient and patriotic
party there were not to be found even the detached parts
from which such an engine might have been constructed.
And, had the parts been available, there was not present
a mechanician competent to assemble it. *** A large num-
ber of them were either accomplices in the criminal procedure
of 1912; more than a hundred others were representatives
of the German-American Alliance.
As a whole, the convention was made up of stolid partisans,
who had no ideas higher than manoeuvering for party advan-
tage and, if possible, insuring party victory. Of genuine
national feeling and patriotic sentiment there was not a trace.
The only manifestations of this kind came from the gal-
leries. * * *
The utter absence of patriotic spirit or even of intelligent
realization of current problems was emphasized by the fact
that once the delegates did show signs of animation. They
cheered for nine minutes the name of William H. Taft,
while the citizens in the gallery looked down upon the scene
in dumb astonishment.
An observer with a taste for statistics made known the sug-
gestive circumstances that the average age of the delegates
was about 60 years. This would account for their satisfac-
tion over the "keynote " address of Chairman Harding, which
consisted largely of ornate reminiscences of ancient Republi-
can history-a sort of Old Home Week oration for the party.
References to such vital present-day themes as Ameri-
canism and preparedness evoked little interest and not the
slightest enthusiasm. *
Not once was its national
*
* * *
convention moved by a genuine impulse of patriotism or
national consciousness.
The Republican party is
decadent. *** The Republican party as it now stands is
bereft of ability, of vision, of patriotism, of leadership, of
conscience.
Virtue has gone from it, and unless an
unforeseen miracle of regeneration can be worked, it is
doomed to sink into unhonored decrepitude.
* * *
*
WILSON'S DEMAND FOR
Story of President's Courageous
Refusal to Force Armed Inter-
vention Upon a Helpless People
MEXICO IS-JUSTICE
RESIDENT WILSON'S faith in democracy and the un-
selfishness of the United States in international dealings
have been so strikingly expressed in his Mexican policy that
it may be said to constitute the greatest contribution which
the country has made in many years to the progressive
thought of mankind.
While Europe suffered the throes of the most horrible war
that ever has afflicted humanity, the United States under
President Wilson's guidance, maintained peace with her
stricken neighbor, holding fast to the principle that a small
nation's sovereignty is entitled to the same consideration as
that of a great Power.
Frowning upon two elements of our citizenship who sought
to compel the Government to undertake armed intervention
in Mexico-that section of the property holders who wanted
intervention as a measure of protecting their private invest-
ments, and the politicians of the opposition who were willing
to work any injustice in order to advance their partisanship
-the President has steadily refused to take any course not
consistent with Mexico's right to solve her own internal
problems.
Two considerations have animated the President in the
formulation of his Mexican policy and have compelled his
adherence in it throughout his administration, namely:
The firm conviction that all nations, both-the weak and the
powerful, have the inviolable right to control their internal
affairs.
The belief, established upon the history of the world, that
Mexico will never become a peaceful and law-abiding neigh-
bor of the United States until she has been permitted to
achieve a permanent and basic settlement of her troubles
without outside interference.
In applying these principles, the President has been ani-,
mated by a generous spirit of forbearance inspired by the
possession of superior power and by a desire to aid rather
than coerce a sister republic. Thus he has not been as
ready to turn to the effective last resort of physical force
to assure the protection of the rights of American citizens
and to compel compliance with the demands of this Govern-
ment as he might have been had Mexico been better able
to protect herself. Limitations to this forbearance were fixed
in his mind, however, and on three occasions it became neces-
sary for him to disclose them. The first demonstration of
the iron firmness which lay back of the President's sympathy
}
AME
⭑
55
56
THE STORY OF MEXICO
-

THE WHY AND WHEREFORE
WE TOOK VERA CRUZ-
To back up Admiral Mayo's demand for an atonement of the
deliberate insult to the United States flag and uniform at
Tampico;
To show Mexico that Huerta, the despot and murderer in
temporary authority at Mexico City, must go.
WE EVACUATED VERA CRUZ-
Because Huerta had fled and neither he nor his representa-
tives remained to accord the atonement (salute of the
flag) demanded by the United States;
And because the return to Mexican administration of Mexico's
chief port was a necessity preliminary to the establish-
ment of conditions under which a constitutional govern-
ment could be set up in Mexico.
WE SENT PERSHING INTO MEXICO-
To capture Villa, if possible, and to break up the bands of
Villista outlaws behind the Columbus raid-and this it has
in large part accomplished.
WE MOBILIZED THE MILITIA AT THE BORDER-
To protect American soil, property and lives against further
incursions of marauding bands;
To enforce our ultimatum demanding the release of the Amer-
ican soldiers captured at Carrizal;
And to be prepared to enforce proper recognition of American
dignity and rights by the de facto (or Carranza) govern-
ment of Mexico.
WE HAVE AVOIDED INTERVENTION IN MEXICO AND
HENCE HAVE AVOIDED WAR BETWEEN A POWERFUL AND
WELL-ARMED NATION AND A WEAK AND BANKRUPT NA-
TION, BECAUSE PRESIDENT WILSON HAS REFUSED TO
ALLOW THE SOVEREIGN RIGHTS OF MEXICO AND OF ALL
THE NATIONS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE TO BE OUT-
WEIGHED BY SELFISH PARTISAN OR PROPERTY CON-
SIDERATIONS.
for Mexico came in 1914, in the attack on Vera Cruz which
drove Victoriano Huerta, the insolent and murderous despot
at Mexico City, from power. It was demonstrated again
when interventionist conspirators crossed the American bor-
der and killed American citizens at Columbus, and, finally,
when American soldiers were attacked by Mexicans at
Carrizal.
The Wilson Mexican policy is of a piece with the new
statesmanship which will regulate the international affairs of
the world when the lessons of the European war have been
learned and applied. One of the safeguards which
civilization is sure to set up against a recurrence
of such a war as is now being waged, is an instru-
mentality to protect the sovereign rights of weak
nations. The world is moving inevitably toward a new era
wherein nations will recognize and be held to the same moral
code that is now recognized by individuals. Conscience, and
not the possession of superior power, will dictate a Republic's
policy toward a smaller sister Republic.
In advance of the formulation of these principles into an
international code and while Europe was atoning for her
failure to recognize them, President Wilson has applied
them directly in his conduct of American relations with
{
¦
}
THE STORY OF MEXICO
57
S
Mexico. At times Mexico has transgressed the custom and
practice of nations which would be applied under the man-
dates of the most advanced international courts, and in the
absence of such mandates, the United States has of necessity
done its own police work. Thus it will be seen that America
once again, through the operation of this Mexican policy, has
arisen to the pioneer service of mankind. THUS IT WILL
BE SEEN THAT WHEN MANKIND BEGINS TO AP-
PLY THE PRINCIPLES WHICH WILL PREVENT
FUTURE WARS, THIS AMERICAN PRINCIPLE OF
THE INVIOLABILITY OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF
SMALL NATIONS WILL BE PLACED FIRST IN THE
CODE.
ALL LATIN AMERICA INVOLVED.
Our relations with Mexico have been so closely interwoven
with our relations with the other Republics of the Western
Hemisphere that it was impossible for the President to con-
duct the one without regard to the other. All Latin America
looked on intently as the United States dealt with Mexico.
Suspicion, which had been engendered by the long years of
misunderstanding and mistrust, preceding Mr. Wilson's Ad-
ministration, made the Mexican policy in the eyes of our
neighbors a real test of the sincerity of the friendly protesta-
tions the United States was making to all the Governments
of America. The more fortunate Republics of Central and
South America clearly were of the conviction that they could
expect no better treatment for themselves in less fortunate
circumstances than the United States would mete out to
Mexico.
A clear conception of the Mexican policy is possible only
when one realizes that coincidentally with the handling of the
Mexican situation the President has been engaged in formu-
lating a co-operative policy for Pan-America. This policy
was designed not only to promote trade relations whereby
the prosperity of the United States would be increased, but
also to develop a sort of international brotherhood here in
this hemisphere which will serve as a model for all mankind.
The Mexican policy has accomplished a great deal in this
respect. It has quieted the suspicions of Latin America.
FOR THE FIRST TIME IN OUR HISTORY THE
LATIN AMERICAN GOVERNMENTS ARE AT HEART
FRIENDS OF THE UNITED STATES. Friendships are
the most valuable resources of nations as well as individuals;
and in strengthening the bonds of good-will between the
Republics of this hemisphere Mr. Wilson has rendered a
patriotic service of highest order.
The sincerity of the unselfish friendship of the United
States was put to the test in Mexico and as a result of the
manner in which that test was met and of its effects upon our
relations with other Governments, we are better prepared
for the uncertainties of a future which may be troublous.
Indeed, it is a far cry from the attitude of suspicion general
among Latin Americans at the time of Mr. Taft's with-
drawal from the Presidency to a condition of international
amity in this hemisphere wherein the following important
58
THE STORY OF MEXICO
(6
1
statement from Senor Suarez, the Chilean Ambassador to
the United States, could escape comment from the news-
papers of the country, supposedly because it had ceased to
be news:
(6
Side by side with the thinker stands the statesman
who has radically changed the relations among the people
in this continent and has built an American international
policy of mutual esteem and co-operation in these very
moments praised and applauded by the whole continent.
'It is not the first time that, from the very august
chair to which he has been elevated by the love and
respect of his fellow citizens, the President of the Ųnited
States-now in our midst-appeals to the sentiments of
the American countries in behalf of the welfare and
progress of our Americas. The strengthening of con-
stitutional government throughout all nations in the
continent, the vigor and purity of our democracies and
the mutual cooperation for the defense of our national
rights and privileges have been the salient features of
his continental policy, and when the moment came of
showing with deeds the absolute sincerity of his fraternal
principles, as was the case in the unfortunate circum-
stances which gave rise to the mediation conference at
Niagara Falls, he has without any hesitation whatever
placed his authority and his influence on the side of peace
and love among the sister nations."
HISTORY'S CERTAIN VERDICT.
No American whose perceptions have not been clouded by
selfishness or misleading propagandas can escape a feeling of
pride when the principles on which the President's policy
was based are fully comprehended. It is indeed a matter of
deep and sober gratification to realize that when the great
intellects of the future turn back the pages of history to
study the origin of the movement designed to make an end
of all ambitious and greedy wars, they must add another
tribute to the list which mankind has awarded America for
her unselfish services.
How intense and incapable of being altered by partisan
assaults must be the pride which Mr. Wilson himself feels
in the contribution he has enabled his country to make to
the noble ideals of mankind. .It can be understood best by
recalling an incident in the early days of his Administration,
when Mr. Wilson expressed to an inconspicuous little woman
with whom he was conversing in his White House office,
the hope that there would be no war during his Administra-
tion. That was before the outbreak of the European war
and before the interventionist hydra had reared its head in
America. . One had to turn to history for an appreciation of
war's horrors and for a contrast with the tender mercies of
our day of peace. Since that time Mexico has placed a severe
restraint upon the President's efforts to maintain peace
throughout his Administration. There have been times when
war seemed almost inevitable, but each test has been met
by firmness and a consistent adherence to the ideals which
THE STORY OF MEXICO
59
Mr. Wilson recognized. And so the President stands to-
day, attacked as bitterly as Lincoln ever was attacked.
There have been times when the counselling of selfishness,
if listened to, might have withdrawn the President from the
path he has followed. Criticism and malicious partisanship
have made the path difficult thruout and always there has
been the probability that his personal fortunes would be
served best were he to adopt the easy course of sending the
American army into Mexico. The President has not sought
anything in his own behalf, however.
CC
"I am willing," said President Wilson in reference to his
Mexican critics, no matter what my personal fortunes may
be, to play for the verdict of mankind. Personally it will
be a matter of indifference to me what the verdict on the 7th
of November is, provided I feel any degree of confidence
that when a later jury sits I shall get their judgment in my
favor. Not my favor personally-what difference does that
make?-but my favor as an honest and conscientious spokes-
man of a great national convention."
It is impossible to grasp the vital significance of President
Wilson's Mexican policy without a broad knowledge of con-
ditions which had prevailed in Mexico before President Wil-
son was inaugurated. The Mexican problem in its present
form had existed for the American Government ever since
our frontier was extended to the Rio Grande. There had been
peaceful periods, in which for the most part order had been
maintained and international obligations fulfilled, but inter-
mittently there had arisen provocative circumstances similar
in character to those with which President Wilson has had
to deal. The peace and order which was thus capable of
being interrupted was a superimposed peace and order, and
not a normal expression of the contentment of a self-
regulated people. When the people maintained the peace
it was because they were forced to do so, and not because
justice reigned in the land. Thus it was that the history of
Mexico, like the history of every aspiring people, pressed

To Candidate Hughes:-
You are frank in stating that
Huerta's morals were of no concern
to America. Does this mean that
you would have recognized Huerta?
One of ten questions addressed to Mr. Hughes August
1, 1916, by thirty-six famous American authors.
There is only one way for parties and individuals to
win the confidence of this Nation, and that is by doing
the things that ought to be done. Nobody is going to be
deceived. Speeches are not going to win elections.-
Woodrow Wilson.
60
THE STORY OF MEXICO
*
upon President Wilson's consideration the truth that no
permanent good relations could exist between this great
Northern Republic and the one immediately to the south of
us until she had been left free to put her house in order,
however painful that process might be and whatever the de-.
mands it might make upon the forbearance of the United
States. Let us summarize the historical conditions which
had given rise to the Mexican trouble of the Wilson Ad-
ministration:
THE DIAZ TYRANNY.
Porfirio Diaz, surrounded by the old feudal lords of his
feudal states-the great Spanish-Mexican landlords, mine
owners, generals and advocates-called for foreign capital in
Mexico, and it came; American, French, English, German,
Belgian; and it got what it came for. At first, the conces-
sions granted were reasonably fair. .The privileged persons
became powerful. They formed a ring called the Friends
of Diaz," and, as he grew old, he fell more and more under
the influence of these men who controlled the natural re-
sources of the country. They formed a political party, self-
styled "Cientifico" because the programme was to develop,
according to modern, scientific methods, the resources of
Mexico.
66
Railroads were built; telegraph and telephones were in-
stalled; old mines were reopened; new mines discovered; oil
was struck; lands in great tracts were cultivated and made
productive; later, factories and new industries were estab-
lished. Under the stress of competition for concessions, the
foreigners, Americans among them, bribed the "Friends of
Diaz " or took Cientificos into business with them as partners
or shareholders, and, then to hold what they had or to get
more, they corrupted the little political bosses, the legisla-
tures and the Congress, and the courts. Mexico was more
corrupt than any American state ever was and for this
reason: Not only American methods of corruption, but all
the corrupting arts of all countries represented by the foreign
capitalists were mixed and perfected there.
Labor was cheap and good. Slow and unskilled, it was
patient, willing, obedient, teachable. But principally it was
cheap. A few cents, gold, a day was good pay. Thence came
the trouble.
As Mexico grew rich, the Mexicans grew poor.
The masters had Diaz reintroduce and extend the peonage
system, under which a worker and his children were bound
by debt to the land, mines or factories. A peon who left a
master could be brought back by the jefes politico (political
bosses), who had all the machinery of law and the army at
their call. There was no escape for the worker except when
one master outbid another in bribes to the jefe politico.
Sometimes, toward the end, the workers on the land or in a
factory would strike, but Diaz sent his soldiers and ruthlessly
cut them down. There never was a successful strike in
Mexico in the days of Diaz; there were few of any sort.
The Mexican people had from the earliest times possessed
1
THE STORY OF MEXICO
01
¡
—
I
THE LONG WAY THE WRONG WAY.
WAS trying to expound in another place the
other day the long way and the short way to get
together. The long way is to fight. I hear some
gentlemen say that they want to help Mexico, and
the way they propose to help her is to overwhelm
her with force. That is the long way to help
Mexico as well as the wrong way. After the fight-
ing you have a nation full of justified suspicion and
animated by well-founded hostility and hatred, and
then will you help them? Then will you establish
cordial business relationships with them? Then will
you go in as neighbors and enjoy their confidence?
On the contrary, you will have shut every door as
if it were of steel against you. What makes Mex-
ico suspicious of us is that she does not believe as
yet that we want to serve her. She believes that we
want to possess her, and she has justification for the
belief in the way in which some of our fellow-citi-
zens have tried to exploit her privileges and posses-
sions. For my part, I will not serve the ambitions
of these gentlemen, but I will try to serve all Amer-
ica, so far as intercourse with Mexico is concerned,
by trying to serve Mexico herself.-President Wil-
son's Address to Salesmanship Congress, Detroit,
Mich., July 10, 1916.
66
land. Around each village was an ample circle of soil called
Communal," which was open to any native of the com-
munity to use as he chose. And many a Mexican chose to
work upon this communal land or his own little rancho, rather
than in the mines or on the large plantations. Some Indian
tribes held in common great stretches of country, and never
did work for wages. It was really only the natural service of
the individuals enslaved by debt who went out to work for the
masters, and they had relatives and friends who, free at home,
kept up the atmosphere and the hope of liberty in Mexico.
Diaz took away from his people their communal lands.
His people resisted, and he had to use fraud and force. His
troops had to kill off some tribes completely and break up
others by shipping the most spirited of them into actual
slavery in Yucatan and tropical Mexico, where they died like
flies.
The grand, the underlying cause of the Mexican revolution
was the will of the Mexican people to be free and inde-
pendent. The dramatic setting of the first revolt shows
that. The Centennial of Mexico was opened in Mexico City
in September, 1910. It was, supposedly, a celebration of the
victory of Mexican independence from foreign control, but
really it was a glorification of Diaz and his delivery of
Mexico into foreign control. But the Mexicans understood
and on November 20, before the last of the foreign visitors
62
THE STORY OF MEXICO
was gone, the Mexican people had risen in arms and the
revolution, which has been going on all the five years since,
was begun.
MADERO'S FAILURE.
A poor little rich man's son led it: Francisco I. Madero.
One of a large, rich and very powerful Mexican family, he
had been educated in Europe and the United States and,
inspired with the "radical notions" of the cafes and the
labor unions, he had been going about Mexico preaching to
the peons and workers at the cross roads and street corners
"land, liberty and free elections, and no re-elections to a con-
stitutional government." Diaz and his friends, Madero's
own family, regarded Pancho Madero as crazy, and they let
him go on as harmless. But the people heard him gladly;
they followed him and by the beginning of 1911, Mexico
was afire with a new hope. Madero had to flee to the United
States, but on May 10 the revolutionists took Juarez. Madero
entered the city, and on May 26, Diaz, who knew his people,
resigned and departed from Mexico City in an armored
train to Vera Cruz, whence he sailed away in a foreign battle-
ship to Europe.
The tyrant was gone, the tyranny remained.
The "Friends of Diaz," who did not know the people,
the Cientificos, stayed. They made de la Barra, one of them-
selves, provisional President, but Madero at the head of his
revolutionary troops, entered Mexico City and became the
actual head of the Government. He was elected titular
president on October 2. Meanwhile, however, the Cientificos,
the Madero family leading, surrounded Madero and possessed
him. Venustiano Carranza, one of Madero's original leaders
in the North, went to Mexico City, saw what was happening,
and he warned President Madero.
Just as some of them helped start Madero's revolution, so
the foreigners in Mexico assisted at his downfall and caused
the other revolutions. There were exceptions, some Ameri-
cans favored Madero and his ideals, but generally the for-
eigners hated the revolution and all its works and words,
and so they joined, both openly and privately, with Huerta
and the little group of privileged Cientificos in their plot for
a "palace revolution" against the revolution of the people.
The plot was not to set up Huerta but a more "regular
government with a man like Felix Diaz as the dummy Presi-
dent. Diaz's name was used to gain foreign credit. But
Huerta was in charge. A friend of Madero and his general-
in-chief, he was also in command of the conspirators. He
had the city thrown into disorder; started mock battles which,
however, ran the streets with blood, for the fighters thought
the battles were real, and they killed one another by the
hundreds. Decane Tragica-the ten tragic days of that
pitched battle within the City of Mexico were indeed a
reign of terror, and Huerta, in command of both sides, or-
dered Madero's loyal regiments to march up to the machine
guns of the enemy, until they were killed or mangled in the
streets. When Huerta thought the city had enough of terror
""
1
1
THE STORY OF MEXICO
63
he stopped the bloody sham and on February 18, arrested
President Madero, Madero's Cabinet and his loyal brother,
Gustavo. And he shot Gustavo that night. The next
day by the false pretense that it was for the good of Mex-
ico, he obtained the resignations of President Madero
and Vice-President Suarez. He did not pass on the power
as the plotters had planned, however, but he proclaimed
himself dictator. Two days later, on February 22d, Madero
and Suarez were both treacherously shot "while trying to
escape"- -a fiction repeated so often in Mexico as to deceive
no one.
Huerta made use of his control of the Federal army at
Mexico City to establish himself in the seat of the murdered
President Madero. Then he sent this message to President
Taft:
"I have overthrown the Government, and henceforth peace
and order will reign."
TAFT WATCHED AND WAITED.
President Taft did not alter the policy he had evolved
for dealing with Mexico. It was a policy of cautious waiting,
the character of which was emphasized by Mr. Taft in March,
1912, when he threw the weight of his administration against
an intervention resolution introduced in the Senate as a re-
sult of the killing of a number of American citizens by Mexi-
cans at the Arizona border. Mr. Taft's views as to America's
duty were not changed by the events occurring at Mexico
City in the closing days of his administration, as was shown
by his utterance at Washington February 26, when he said:
'We must not in a case like Mexico-for it differs from
the Central American Republics-take such action as
shall give them to believe that we are moved by selfish
purposes, or arouse them to opposition to us. We must
avoid in every way that which is called intervention, and
use all the patience possible, with the prayer that some
power may arise there to bring about peace throughout
that troubled country. * * * But I have no sympathy
-none at all, and the charge of cowardice does not
66

VITALIZING CHRISTIANITY.
TH
HE most vitalizing thing in the world is Christi-
anity. The world has advanced, advanced in what
we regard as real civilization, not by material but
by spiritual means, and one nation is distinguished
from another nation by its ideals, not by its posses-
sions; by what it believes in, by what it lives by; by
what it intends; by the visions which its young men
dream and the achievements which its men of ma-
turity attempt.-President Wilson's Address before
Federal Council of Churches at Columbus, Ohio, De-
cember 10, 1915.
64
THE STORY OF MEXICO
frighten me-with that which prompts us for purposes
of exploitation and gain to invade another country and
involve ourselves in a war, the extent of which we could
not realize, and the sacrifice of thousands of lives and of
millions of treasure."
A precedent still more important than the Taft policy ex-
isted for policy Mr. Wilson was to follow. It was the policy
followed by President Lincoln in a similarly unsettled period
of Mexico's history. That policy was enunciated by Mr.
Lincoln through this communication from his Secretary of
State:
66
"For a few years past the condition of Mexico has been
so unsettled as to raise the question on both sides of the
Atlantic whether the time has not come when some
foreign power ought, in the interest of society generally,
to intervene to establish a protectorate or some form
of government in that country and guarantee its con-
tinuance there. You will not fail to assure the Govern-
ment of Mexico that the President neither has, nor can
ever have, any sympathy with such designs, in whatever
quarter they may arise or whatever character they may
take on. The President never for a moment doubts that
the republican system is to pass safely through all ordeals
and prove a permanent success in our own country, and
so be recommended to adoption by all other nations.
But he thinks also that the system everywhere has to
make its way painfully through difficulties and embarrass-
ments which result from the action of antagonistic ele-
ments which are a legacy of former times and very dif-
ferent institutions. The President is hopeful of the ulti-
mate triumph of this system over all obstacles as well
in regard to Mexico as in regard to every other Ameri-
can State; but he feels that those States are nevertheless
justly entitled to a greater forbearance and more gener-
ous sympathies from the Government and people of the
United States than they are likely to receive in any other
quarter."
AN INHERITED PROBLEM.
Thus the stage was set for President Wilson. Thus devel-
oped one of the most burdensome legacies that one American
President ever handed down to another. The first decision
which the President was called upon to make was between
the recognition and the non-recognition of Huerta. The facts
were clear and beyond partisan argumentation.
On the one hand, the President could recognize the dic-
tator, thus throwing the tremendous moral support of the
United States upon his side; and, so to speak, clamp his Gov-
ernment down upon the aspirations of the Mexican people.
Some of the President's advisers, who believe that the United
States should be guided only by consideration for its selfish
interests, thought this the wise thing for him to do. They
believed that the United States could well afford to sacrifice
Mexican liberties in order to facilitate the establishment of
an orderly period in which American lives and American
{
1
THE STORY OF MEXICO
65
property would be safe. Even that justification has been
removed, however, by subsequent disclosures, for it is known
now that Huerta would have had the greatest difficulty in
maintaining his control of the government even if he had had
the moral support of the United States. His hold upon the
government was a slender one and he was incapable of domi-
nating the outlying states, particularly those of the north,
where the radical-thought of Mexico flourished.
On the other hand, the President could refuse the recogni-
tion and support of the United States. He could take the
position that the United States was unwilling to interfere in
Mexican affairs in behalf of him who proclaimed: "I have
overthrown the government." He was free, if he chose to
do so, to await developments and to maintain an attitude of
preparedness to serve the sister republic when opportunity
should offer itself.
It was a clear choice between right and wrong, a clear
opportunity to avoid unpardonable commitments. The Presi-
dent did not hesitate. Only eight days elapsed after his
inauguration before he was ready to announce to the world
the decision he had made.
* * *
"Cooperation is possible," said the President in
a formal statement issued from the White House,
"only when supported at every turn by the orderly
processes of just government based upon law, not
upon arbitrary or irregular force.
We
cannot have sympathy with those who seek to
seize the power of the government to advance
their own personal interests or ambitions. We
are the friends of peace, but we know that there
can be no lasting or stable peace in such circum-
stances. As friends, therefore, we shall prefer
those who act in the interests of peace and honor,
who protect private rights and respect the restraint
of constitutional provisions."
It was the service of notice that the United States Govern-
ment, under President Wilson's Administration, would not
recognize Huerta or any other ruler in Latin-America whose
WE HAVE GONE DOWN TO MEXICO TO SERVE
MANKIND IF WE CAN FIND THE WAY. WE
DO NOT WANT TO FIGHT THE MEXICANS. WE
WANT TO SERVE THE MEXICANS IF WE CAN, BE-
CAUSE WE KNOW HOW WE WOULD LIKE TO BE
FREE, AND HOW WE WOULD LIKE TO BE SERVED
IF THERE WERE FRIENDS STANDING BY IN SUCH
CASE READY TO SERVE US. A WAR OF AGGRES-
SION IS NOT A WAR IN WHICH IT IS A PROUD
THING TO DIE, BUT A WAR OF SERVICE IS A
THING IN WHICH IT IS A PROUD THING TO DIE.
(From President Wilson's address at the service in honor of the
dead at Vera Cruz.)
S
66
THE STORY OF MEXICO
}
accession to power was made possible through the treach-
erous murder of his constitutional predecessor.
ENTER CARRANZA.
In a little while the revolutionary movement was revived
under the leadership of the Governor of Coahuila, Venustiano
Carranza. From the first it prospered. The Mexican people
were prepared to rally around any leader who raised revolt
against Huerta, whom they called "the foreign-chosen
traitor," and in whom they saw tyranny restored to power.
us.
In May, 1913, President Wilson sent John Lind as his
special representative to tender the good offices of the United
States to Mexico. He felt that as the friend of Mexico, the
United States ought not to hold back from offering its aid,
and that our position as Mexico's nearest friend in the regard
of the nations of the world made this duty encumbent upon
Lind sought to persuade Huerta to agree to a free elec-
tion, in which Carranza's followers and the Huertistas were
to take part on a basis of equal suffrage; Huerta was to bind
himself not to be a candidate. President Wilson pledged
himself through Lind to recognize and to give all practicable
assistance to the Administration to be constituted by the pro-
posed election and to facilitate a settlement in every way
honorable and consistent with international right.
Huerta insolently rejected these proposals, and the Presi-
dent, while deploring his attitude, felt that the United States
was not called upon to do more at that time. He declared,
in an address to Congress August 27, 1913, that but a little
more time was needed in order that the situation might work
itself out. Meanwhile, he thought it the duty of the United
States to show "what true neutrality will do to enable the
people of Mexico to set their affairs in order again."
The succeeding weeks established overwhelmingly that the
dictator, proclaimed as the "iron-handed," was incapable of
maintaining peace and order in Mexico and of fulfilling the
international obligations of a government. None realized
this better than Huerta himself. He was too wise to believe
that he could continue to rule unless he had foreign support
or unless some abnormal condition arose which might unite
all Mexico behind him. With the support of the United
States denied him, he set out to create the condition which he
believed would make his control durable.
It was to stir the Mexican people by his insolence toward
the United States and, if necessary, to provoke intervention.
DICTATOR'S REMOVAL ESSENTIAL.
Huerta's gradual weakening was reported to the
Congress of the United States by President Wilson in his
annual mesage, delivered December 2, 1913. In that message
the President reiterated his belief that there could be no cer-
tain prospect of peace until the dictator had surrendered his
usurped authority. The President's information regarding
the condition of affairs in Mexico justified his assertion that
Huerta had forfeited the respect and the moral support even
of those who at one time had been willing to see him suc-
THE STORY OF MEXICO
67
1
؟
ceed.
"Little by little he has been completely isolated,"
said the President. "By a little every day his power and
prestige are crumbling, and the collapse is not far away. We
shall not, I believe, be obliged to alter our policy of watchful
waiting, and then, when the end comes, we shall hope to see
constitutional order restored in distressed Mexico by the
concert and energy of such of her leaders as prefer the liberty
of their people to their own ambitions.”
">
Meanwhile, Huerta and his underlings omitted no oppor-
tunity to try the patience of the United States. A series of
insulting incidents, which had included offenses against the
sovereignty of the United States, culminated April 9, 1914,
when a quartersmaster and a boat's crew from the United
States ship "Dolphin were arrested at Tampico by officers
of General Huerta's army and paraded through the streets
of the Mexican city. Two of the men were taken into cus-
tody while aboard the "Dolphin's " boat, which had the flag
of the United States at her bow and at her stern. The
American sailors were released quickly, and the officers
responsible for the arrest apologized. General Huerta him-
self later expressed regret.
The arrest was regarded by Admiral Mayo, in command of
the American naval vessel at Tampico, as an effront to the
flag, and the admiral demanded a full salute in atonement
for it.
President Wilson informed the Congress on April 20 that
he had upheld Admiral Mayo's demand, and had felt it his
duty to insist "that the flag of the United States should be
saluted in such a way as to indicate a new spirit and attitude
on the part of the Huertistas."
The President was moved to this conclusion by a con-
sideration of the other offensive acts of the Huertista officials,
These had included the arrest and temporary imprisonment
of a mail orderly from the battleship "Minnesota " at Vera
Cruz, and the witholding of an official dispatch from the State
Department to the American Embassy at Mexico City by
the authorities of the Mexican telegraph service.
SEIZURE OF VERA CRUZ.
The President felt that these affronts had been perpetrated
by Huerta's representatives in retaliation for the failure of
the United States to recognize the Dictator. When Huerta
ignored the American ultimatum demanding a salute to the
flag, President Wilson ordered the seizure of the Port of
Vera Cruz by the American naval forces then in Mexican
water. The seizure occurred on April 21. It was accom-
plished after the death of 19 American sailors and marines,
and approximately 100 Mexicans. The action was directed
solely against Huerta and the forces he controlled. The
President made it clear that the undertaking to which he
applied the American forces was not war against Mexico,
but a stroke against the individual and his followers who had
perpetrated insults against the United States. Huerta's inso-
lence had become intolerable. The President's forbearance
and his Kindly sympathy for the Mexican people could not
1
68
THE STORY OF MEXICO
·
justify him longer in permitting a continuance of Huerta's
insolence. It should be remembered that always in the
President's mind there had been reservations as to the ex-
tent of the sacrifices which the United States Government
could make in order to avoid armed clashes with one of the
offending Mexican factions. The purpose behind the Vera
Cruz expedition was much the same as that in the President's
mind later when he ordered General Pershing to lead an
expeditionary force into Northern Mexico to break up the
Villista faction which was behind the Columbus raid.
both cases, the President felt himself eminently justified
in utilizing the power of the United States in crushing the
faction of Mexicans who were deliberately and with sinister
designs engaged in the commission of intolerable wrongs
against the United States.
In
The American forces were not sent into Vera Cruz to
compel a salute to the American flag. When Huerta refused
the President's ultimatum, he created a need that more
complete reparation be given for his offenses. That was the
sort of reparation which the President was intent upon pro-
curing. In a word, it was to break the waning power of the
Dictator and to bring his bloody reign to an end, since in no
other way could normal international relations be restored.
Estoppage of the delivery of a shipment of arms on board
the German steamship "Yperanza," consigned to Huerta,
which was due at Vera Cruz the morning of the seizure, was
but an incidental consideration in the order for the capture of
that port. The fact that arms later reached the Mexicans
through another port is irrelevant to the weighing of the Vera
Cruz incident, for it did not alter the certainty that the Presi-
dent's main purpose would be realized.
Although the American naval and military forces were pre-
pared for it, the President did not order a campaign into the
interior of Mexico. The seizure of the principal port in
Huerta's possession, the President regarded as all that was
needed at that time.
A. B. C. POWERS MEDIATE.
When the United States had been in comparatively peace-
ful possession of Vera Cruz nearly two weeks, the Govern-
ments of Argentina, Brazil and Chile applied a sudden, sharp
test to the sincerity of the friendship which Mr. Wilson had
been expressing for the sister republics of the Western
Hemisphere. Possibly fearing that if the United States went
further in its Mexican expedition, their own sovereignty
might become involved, the Latin-Americans proposed to
mediate the differences between the United States and
Huerta. President Wilson recognized the vital importance
of the mediation proposal to our relations with the Latin-
American governments, and with a vision of the golden
opportunity offered for winning the friendship and confidence
of Latin-America, he accepted. His acceptance did more
than anything that had occurred in many decades to convince
the Latin-Americans that the United States had no designs
upon their territories.
.
THE STORY OF MEXICO
69
Huerta, in view of the desperate straits in which he
found himself, also accepted the mediation, but while the
A. B. C. Conference was being held at Niagara Falls, his
power crumbled completely away. July 7, 1914, he fled
from the capital and sailed into exile, followed by the op-
probrium of all his patriotic countrymen.
Venustiano Carranza had been the civil leader of the revo-
lutionary movement which had come into control of the
government at Mexico City upon Huerta's withdrawal. His
chief military commander was Francisco Villa, who had
made a brilliant record as a strategist and a leader of the
Constitutionalist soldiers. They were jealous of one another,
and Villa's recalcitrance was intensified by his belief that
Carranza intended to relegate him to a subordinate position
not in keeping with his achievements as a leader of the vic-
torious army.
Weeks passed, however, without an actual
break between the two, and with Huerta gone, the United
States had no reason to retain possession of Vera Cruz. So,
on November 23, 1914, the port was evacuated and turned
over to the representatives of the new government at the
Mexican capital.
The Constitutionalist movement did not fulfill the bright
promises which it had held out for the future of Mexico.
Dissension and discord broke out within its ranks. The
jealousy and envy which Villa and Carranza entertained for
one another came to a head in a convention at Aguascalientes
which had been called to choose a provisional President,
pending a general election. Defeated in this convention,
Villa withdrew and went to Northern Mexico to organize
the soldiers in that region who were loyal to him. Open
warfare between the two divisions of the Constitutionalists
followed, although Carranza remained in control of the capi-
tal and gradually gained other advantages over his opponent.
CARRANZA'S RECOGNITION.
For a year the Administration held aloof, playing no fa-
vorites in the matter of its control of shipments of arms into
Mexico and hoping that the opposing factions would bring
order out of chaos without any activities on the part of the
United States. A year sufficed to disillusion the President
and his advisers, however. Thereupon, the Administration
consulted with the six ranking diplomatic representatives of
the Latin-American countries as to the practicability of
recognizing a government in Mexico. The Latin-American
representatives and Secretary of State Lansing invited both
Villa and Carranza to participate in a conference designed
to adjust their differences. The manner in which this invita-
tion was received decided the conferees of the United States
and the Latin-American countries. Villa's followers accepted,
apparently without reference to the wishes of one another
or their chieftain. Carranza's followers deferred to his wishes
in the matter and indicated that they represented a united
front. To the United States and the six Catholic countries
engaged in the peace conference the inference was plain tha
the side which gave evidence of such superior organizatio
70
THE STORY OF MEXICO
unity and harmony, held out the brighest promise for Mex-
ico's salvation. As a result Carranza was recognized as head
of the de facto government of Mexico by the United States
and the countries with which we were advising.
Thereafter Carranza's campaign against Villa was more
successful. Gradually Villa's forces disintegrated into inde-
pendent bands and the territory he controlled diminished.
He became little more than a leader of bandits who skulked
in the mountains and in the thinly populated areas of North-
ern Mexico, where they were able to elude the forces of the
de facto government.
Villa, hopeless of making headway against Carranza as
things stood, adopted Huerta's policy of attempting to pro-
voke American intervention. He hoped by arousing their
national pride to rally to his standard many of Carranza's
soldiers and to present himself to the ignorant Mexican
people in the guise of their would-be savior from a foreign
invader. The bandit leader went about his work with deadly
earnestness. January 12, 1916, he caused the murder of sev-
enteen American citizens near Piedras Negras, Mexico.
March 9, he personally led a raiding band across the border
and attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico, which
was guarded by a detachment of American cavalry.
The conscience of the American people demanded that the
perpetrators of this outrage be given swift punishment.
Villa's conspiracy to provoke intervention had fallen short
of its goal, but he had brought about a situation wherein
it was evident that the United States could not rely upon
Carranza's soldiers, who were few in number along the in-
ternational boundary, to suppress the brigands of Northern
Mexico. The President dealt with this situation in the same
firm manner in which he had dealt with Huerta's. offences
against American sovereignty. He ordered an adequate
armed force, under General Pershing, to pursue Villa into
Mexico and to crush or disperse his lawless bands. Per-
shing's instructions also were to get Villa, if possible, dead
or alive.
PROMPT PUNISHMENT.
The Pershing column was ready in ten days. It had to be
a complete little army, equipped for any sort of emergency,
for the danger existed that once in Mexican soil our forces
might, through misconception of its purpose, be attacked
from other quarters than by the followers of Villa.
President Wilson took all available means to convince the
Mexican people that the Pershing expedition was directed
solely against the persons responsible for the Columbus raid,
and by careful handling he reduced to a minimum the possi-
bilities of a rupture with the Carranza government. Formal
assurances were conveyed to Carranza that the sovereignty
of Mexico was not to be trenched upon. So favorable was
the impression made at Mexico City that the Chief of the
de facto Government suggested the negotiation of a recip-
rocal agreement to provide for the pursuit of raiders across
the border by either Government. In that tense period also
he President reaped the harvest of the good seed which had
)
}
THE STORY OF MEXICO
71
The then went to the
1
been sown throughout Latin-America by his policy of co-
operation. Carranza was encouraged to defer his efforts to
procure the withdrawal of the Pershing expedition by the
attitude of the Latin-American Governments and by the
official utterances with which the President and the State
Department followed up their first assurances to the Mexican
Government. The propriety of the American policy was
emphatically set forth in a statement made public by Secre-
tary of State Lansing, March 13, in which it was said that
“what is now being done is deliberately intended to preclude
the possibility of intervention."
Meanwhile, the soldiers under General Pershing engaged
in a vigorous pursuit of Villa and his outlaws. Unassisted
by the Carranza soldiers, the hard-riding American cavalry
clashed frequently with bands of Villistas and drove them
into the hills. Villa was wounded and sought refuge in some
mountain retreat where he was enabled to avoid capture.
The pursuit had taken the American forces more than three
hundred miles into Mexican territory. As time passed with-
out the capture of Villa, the Mexican populace became more
and more restless, and it became evident that they regarded
the expedition as an affront to their national pride. Events
gradually assumed a more ominous aspect. The increasing
suspicions and complaints of the Mexican people brought
such pressure to bear upon Carranza that it looked as if his
control of the executive authority would be lost unless he
took steps to bring about Pershing's withdrawal. Carranza
himself was forced to assume an attitude which seemed to
indicate a total lack of appreciation of the patience and for-
bearance which the American Government had displayed in
the past. He opened a series of interchanges which began
with inquiries as to how long the American troops were to
stay in Mexico, and culminated in a demand for their with-
drawal. An attempt was made in May to work out an agree-
ment for the joint patrol of the border through a series of
conferences between General Obregon and General Scott, the
Chief of Staff of the United States Army. Carranza repudi-
ated the arrangement which these officers had agreed upon
and returned to his note writing. In April word was con-
veyed by General Trevino to the officers of the American
forces that if they moved in any direction save toward the
American border, their movement would be regarded as an
unfriendly act. Pending some determinations of the ques-
tions which Carranza had raised, the American troops were
warned to avoid clashes, if possible, and to keep in mind "the
single purpose of the expedition." The President was wholly
intent on avoiding any mischance which might subject the
future of relations between Mexico and the United States to
its full influence.
KAR
THE CARRIZAL EPISODE.
In March, a body of American troopers had clashed with
the inflamed inhabitants of Parral. The tension produced by
this incident and by the attitude of the Mexican Government
was increased to the breaking point on June 21, when an
72
THE STORY OF MEXICO
{
engagement occurred at Carrizal between a detachment of
American cavalry, under Captain Boyd, and a considerable
number of Carranzista soldiers. Captain Boyd was in pursuit
of bandits. The engagement followed efforts by the Car-
ranzista commander to prevail upon Boyd to turn back. The
Mexican soldiers have steadily charged that Boyd provoked
the fight through disobedience to his instructions. The
American Government has never conceded the justification
of this charge.
-
It looked like war for a while. Impassioned by the reports
of the death of American troops at Carrizal, the American
people were prepared to make short shrift of Carranza's ex-
planations. To the public mind there appeared but one
proper method of dealing with the situation; it was to hold
the Mexican Government to strict account for the acts of
its soldiers, if it assumed responsibility for these acts. It
was the course the President decided upon.
Delaving only long enough to get official information as to
what had occurred, the President sent an ultimatum to Car-
ranza demanding the release of the American soldiers cap-
tured at Carrizal and the return of all their equipment and
the property of the United States taken with them. At the
same time, he ordered the National Guard to the Mexican
horder and prepared to enforce his demands, unless Car-
ranza assented to them voluntarily.
.
BRA
The crisis was robbed of its acuteness by Carranza's yield-
ing to the American ultimatum. He did release the prisoners
and returned them to American territory, thus turning back
the relations between his government and the United States
to their former status.
The interventionists were not satisfied with what had been
done. The old cry for a settlement of all our difficulties
with Mexico upon a warlike basis was renewed. The surface
aspects of the situation had been changed by the tension
resulting from the Columbus and Carrizal incidents, but the
President was capable of realizing that the fundamental is-
sues were unchanged.
PRESSURE FOR WAR.
There was a powerful pressure for war-a terrible war
by a well-armed, powerful nation against an unarmed, bank-
runt people exhausted by five years of civil strife, but who
still retained enough of patriotic feeling to unify them against
an invader. It was the old, old question whether the United
States should impose a peace on Mexico; whether, for the
sake of the interests of a few of its citizens, it should per-
manently suppress Mexico's upreaching toward freedom and
self-government. What killing irony it would have been,
even in these trying circumstances, for this custodian of man-
kind's ideals-herself composite of all the peoples of the
earth-to say to Mexico: "The germ of self-government in
you is incapable of fructifying. Your revolutions lead only
to new revolutions, and not freedom and peace as did the
revolutions of France. You must submit to a dictator; you
¡
ļ
THE STORY OF MEXICO
73
must be governed by an iron hand, and the United States
will see to it that you are."
President Wilson and the Democratic Administration, con-
templating this prospect, said: "No. There will be no glory
in such a war." The President thought of war in Europe, of
the clear prospect for a pan-American understanding with
all our neighbors, the Latin-Americas, and of its message of
peace to Europe through agreement not to intervene in and
exploit the little nations of the world. The President defied
those who were pressing him to intervene in an epoch-
making speech, delivered at New York in June. In that
speech, the President told of the prayers that were being
conveyed to him from unknown men and humble women:
"Mr. President, do not allow anybody to persuade you that
the people of this country want war with anybody." And
he declared himself the spokesman of such people. Then
he epitomized his defiance of those who were threatening
to make political misfortune the price of his failure to bring
on a war in his declaration that, regardless of the imminence
of the Presidential election, he was resolved to play only
for the verdict of mankind.
CAUSED CHANGE OF ATTITUDE.
Mr. Wilson's speech was immediately registered in a
changed attitude on the part of the Government at Mexico
City. It paved the way for negotiations for a settlement of
all existing differences by a joint commission to be composed
of three Americans and three Mexicans, to whom might be
referred the problem of protecting our border first, and sec-
ond, of clearing up and clearing away all the causes of mis-
understanding between the United States and Mexico, to the
end that has been the President's aim, always, everywhere-
Peace.
Thus the story of the Wilson Mexican policy closes as it
began, a story of peace-Peace. War, if necessary, but not
for mere misunderstandings; not for lack of patience, and
certainly not for exploitation.

WHAT IS TRUE VALOR?
I WOULD BE JUST AS MUCH ASHAMED
TO BE RASH AS I WOULD TO BE A COW-
ARD. VALOR IS SELF-RESPECTING. VALOR
IS CIRCUMSPECT. VALOR STRIKES ONLY
WHEN IT IS RIGHT TO STRIKE. VALOR
WITHHOLDS ITSELF FROM ALL SMALL IM-
PLICATIONS AND ENTANGLEMENTS AND
WAITS FOR THE GREAT OPPORTUNITY
WHEN THE SWORD WILL FLASH AS IF IT
CARRIED THE LIGHT OF HEAVEN UPON
ITS BLADE.-From President Wilson's Address at
Gridiron Club Dinner, February 26, 1916.
}
}
OUR MEXICAN POLICY AND
THE FATE OF NATIONS
Are the People of the Earth to be
Sacrificed to the Riches Thereof?
By Lincoln Steffens
The Mexican Question, as a narrow, political issue in the
United States, is an heritage direct from the Republican
administration of President Taft. All through Mr. Taft's
term the revolution burned down there; Mr. Taft's ambas-
sador took an undiplomatic, partisan part in it. Our rela-
tions with Mexico were in a mess when President Wilson
was elected, and President Taft, wisely and not improperly,
left to his Democratic successor the present Republican
question:
What is the United States to do about Mexico?
Back of this question lies a still broader question which is
an inheritance from all the other American administrations,
both Republican and Democratic, since the days of Wash-
ington, Monroe, Polk and Grant:
What is the United States to do about all the other nations
of the world?
All that the Democratic Administration of President Wil-
son has done is to take this question, restate it and make of
it a world issue. That's all. The world question Woodrow
Wilson is putting into international politics is:
What are all the great nations to do about the small nations
of the world?
One of the causes of the European war is the rivalry of
the great powers to intervene in the affairs of the weaker
nations, and, on the pretext of "protecting" and "developing"
them, to conquer, control and exploit the poor people and the
rich resources of the so-called backward countries.
What are we, the powerful peoples of the earth, to do about
the weaker peoples?
The world question which Wilson, the Democrat, is raising
by his Mexican policy and his peace plan, is the question of
democracy: home rule for Mexico and self-government the
world over. And the opposition, consciously or
sciously, is for exploitation; benevolent, but-abroad as well
as at home-fatal. So it is a world issue, big, hard to solve,
but vital. In involves, literally, the fate of nations.
uncon-
Are the people of the earth to be sacrified to the riches
thereof?
I have long enjoyed the friendship and companionship of
Republicans, because I am by instinct a teacher and I would
like to teach them something.-Woodrow Wilson,
།བམ"-་
1
I
74
"
MILITIA'S MISSION ON
MEXICAN BORDER
What Mrs. Henry Smith Owes to the
Statesmanship of Woodrow Wilson

Replying to a complaint from Mrs. Henry Smith,
of Winamac, Ind., who has a son in the National
Guard, President Wilson wrote July 26 last as fol-
lows:
My Dear Madam: Your letter of July 23 dis-
tresses me a good deal, because it shows that you
have not been correctly informed as to the pur-
pose of having the National Guard at the border.
It is not for the purpose of drill, but for the
purpose of protecting the country. The service
the men are performing there is an honor to
them and a necessity to the United States. I
cannot believe that the men in the National
Guard would wish to be excused from it or
would lose heart because of the discomfort and
inconvenience of the service.
The War Department has the camps on the
border under the most careful instruction, and is
using every means known to make them sanitary
and safe against disease. The health record of
the men on the border, both regulars and the
National Guard men, is exceptionally good.
I would not have you think that I do not sym-
pathize with you in the absence of your son,
but I beg that you will take these large matters
into consideration.
Sincerely yours,
WOODROW WILSON.
"The hardships to which the National Guard is subjected
on the Texas frontier are about equal to the hardships of an
ordinarily strenuous vacation in the Maine or the Minnesota
woods; but war is serious business. When Mrs. Henry Smith
thinks about the petty inconveniences to which her son is
subjected, let her think also of the millions of boys in Europe
who are in the trenches and who are dying daily by the
thousand in the midst of the most ghastly warfare known to
human history.
"Let her think of the boys lying on the field with arms
blown off, or legs blown off, or faces blown off, perishing
in horrible agony for the lack of medical assistance which
cannot reach them.
"Let her think of the millions of boys in Europe who after
i..
75
}
**
•
76
k
I
THE STORY OF MEXICO
this war is over will be crippled for life or with health shat-
tered domed to eke out a wretched existence as hopeless in-
valids.
"Let her think of the millions of mothers who are not
worrying because their boys have to eat army rations, but who
are worried day and night lest they will never see their boys
again alive.
Let her try to visualize the hourly terrors of a war in
which 8,000,000 or 10,000,000 men have already been killed or
wounded-most of them boys like her boy.
'THEN LET HER REMEMBER THAT EXCEPT FOR
THE STATESMANSHIP OF WOODROW WILSON THE
BODY OF HER OWN SON MIGHT BE LYING TO-
DAY IN AN UNMARKED GRAVE IN FLANDERS OR
FRANCE."-From the New York World.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE FOR MR. HUGHES
(From the Springfield Republican, Ind.)
As an example of "shameful" and 'ignoble' avoidance of
the duty of a President of the United States to protect American
Citizens from murderous attacks by foreigners, the following ex-
traordinary passage in an official message from the President to
the Governor of Arizona should prove exceedingly effective in the
hands of Mr. Hughes while he is on the stump:
The pressure for general intervention under such condi-
tions it might not be practicable to resist. It is impossible
to foresee or reckon the consequences of such a course and
we must use the greatest self-restraint to avoid it. * * *
Cannot, therefore, order the troops at Douglas to cross the
border, but I must ask you and the local authorities, in case
the same danger recurs, to direct the people of Douglas to
place themselves where bullets cannot reach them and thus
avoid casualty.
The President of the United States, in that message, was not
confronted with the question of protecting the lives of American
citizens in Mexico; the only question was the protection of the
lives of American citizens from Mexican bullets in the United
States. Instead of removing the cause of the killing of our citi-
zens in their own country, the President directed that American
citizens resident in Douglas, Ariz., should hide in their cellars
when Mexican bullets were flying about! How can Mr. Hughes
contemplate such
("
the
a performance except with
deepest
shame ''?
Yet that was the performance not of Woodrow Wilson but
of the last Republican President, William H. Taft, on April
18, 1911.
REFUSAL TO COMPOUND A FELONY.
(Christian Science Monitor, May 8, 1916.)
* * * There are some who insist upon continuing to
regret that President Wilson did not recognize Huerta.
Possibly by doing so he might have assisted very materially
in the earlier re-establishment of peace south of the Rio
Grande. But in countenancing Huerta's dictatorship he
would have been compelled to compound a felony and con-
done a heinous crime.
[/
A

WILSON MEXICO POLICY
SUPPORTED BY FAIRBANKS
Republican Candidate for Vice-
President Said in 1913, "It's a
Safe Rule to Follow Where
the President Leads"
THAT
HAT Charles W. Fairbanks, Vice-Presidential candidate
on the Republican ticket, fully approved the Mexican
policy of President Wilson, was a fact laid before the Senate
on August 21, 1913, by Mr. Kern of Indiana, who placed in the
Congressional Record the views expressed by Mr. Fairbanks.
In calling attention to the attitude of Mr. Fairbanks, as he
had outlined it in a speech delivered just before that date,
Senator Kern said, as printed in the Congressional Record:
"Mr. President, a few days ago an address was delivered
before the Republican Editorial Association of Indiana by the
Hon. Charles W. Fairbanks, formerly Vice-President of the
United States-a man who was presiding officer of this body;
a man with the respect and the confidence of all its members;
a man who, while a pronounced partisan, is recognized as
being a careful student of public affairs, possessing enlightened
views on public questions. * *
He says:
%
EXPLOITERS WANTED INTERVENTION.
I HAVE NO DOUBT THAT THE DISTURBANCES
IN MEXICO DURING THE LAST FEW YEARS
HAVE BEEN DUE, IN A GREATER OR LESS DE-
GREE, TO AN EFFORT ON THE PART OF AM-
BITIOUS, CUNNING MEN TO FORCE INTERVEN-
TION AND POSSIBLY ANNEXATION TO THE
UNITED STATES.
THE EXPLOITERS OF PUBLIC UTILITIES AND
OF THE MINERAL AND AGRICULTURAL RE-
SOURCES OF OUR NEIGHBOR HAVE UNDOUBT-
EDLY THOUGHT THAT THEY WOULD GAIN
MUCH IF THEY COULD FORCE INTERVENTION
BY THE UNITED STATES. THERE ARE SOL-
DIERS OF FORTUNE IN MEXICO WHO WOULD
UNDOUBTEDLY WELCOME SUCH A CONTIN-
GENCY.
-
SENSATIONALISTS ARE ADDING TO THE CON-
FUSION OF THE SITUATION AND MAKING
MORE DIFFICULT THE SOLUTION OF THE
PROBLEM. INTERVENTION IN MEXICO IS, OF
COURSE, NOT A MATTER TO BE CONSIDERED
LIGHTLY; FOR INTERVENTION MEANS WAR,
AND WAR MEANS THE DESTRUCTION OF HU-
MAN LIVES AND THE EXPENDITURE OF HUN-
DREDS OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS.
77
78
THE STORY OF MEXICO
UPHOLD WILSON'S HANDS.
IT MEANS, FURTHERMORE, THE RESPONSI-
BILITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF 20,000,000 PEO-
PLE FOR AN INDEFINITE PERIOD. WE ARE
NOW ENGAGED IN GOVERNING 10,000,000 ALIENS
AS THE RESULT OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN
WAR-A WAR WHICH COULD VERY PROB-
ABLY HAVE BEEN AVERTED IF WE COULD
HAVE EXERCISED A LITTLE MORE PATIENCE,
PATRIOTISM, AND SELF-RESTRAINT.
IF OUR SPECULATORS IN MEXICO SUFFER
PECUNIARY LOSS AS THE RESULT OF RECUR-
RING REVOLUTIONS, THAT IS A MATTER FOR
FURTHER CONSIDERATION, WHEN STABLE
GOVERNMENT AND PEACE ARE FULLY ESTAB-
LISHED IN THAT COUNTRY. IT IS NOT WAR-
RANT FOR SHEDDING THE BLOOD OF AMERI-
CANS. TO SACRIFICE THE LIFE OF ONE SOL-
DIER FOR ALL OF THE DOLLARS INVESTORS
OR SPECULATORS HAVE VENTURED IN MEX-
ICO WOULD BE THE SUPREMEST CRIMINAL
FOLLY, WITHOUT A DELIBERATE AFFRONT
ON THE PART OF THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT,
WHETHER IT EXISTS DE JURE OR DE FACTO,
IS NO GOOD GROUND ON WHICH WE WOULD
BE JUSTIFIED IN SENDING OUR ARMIES BE-
YOND THE RIO GRANDE * *
*
—
-
G
PRESIDENT WILSON IS DEALING WITH IT
(THE SITUATION) AS BEST HE CAN. WE MAY
NOT ENTIRELY AGREE THAT HIS COURSE IS
BETTER THAN THAT OF HIS DISTINGUISHED
PREDECESSOR, NEVERTHELESS WE SHOULD
ENDEAVOR TO UPHOLD HIS HANDS. THERE
SHOULD BE NO DIFFERENCE OF OPINION AS
TO THAT. BY DOING SO WE SHALL MAKE HIS
TASK A COMPARATIVELY EASY ONE.
PRESIDENT A SAFE GUIDE.
IT IS NOT AN HOUR FOR EITHER LITTLE
POLITICS OR SENSATIONAL JOURNALISM. THE
CLAMOR OF THE JINGOES SHOULD NOT BE
ALLOWED TO DROWN THE VOICE OF RATION-
AL, DELIBERATE STATESMANSHIP. IT IS A
PRETTY SAFE RULE, WHEN WE COME TO DEAL
WITH GRAVE INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS, TO
PUT OUR FAITH IN THE PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES AND FOLLOW WHERE HE MAY
LEAD. HE SPEAKS FOR THE COUNTRY WHEN
WE COME TO DEAL WITH INTERNATIONAL
AFFAIRS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES IS A SAFER GUIDE THAN SENSATION-
ALISTS AND THE SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE WHO
COME TO THE SURFACE WHENEVER INTER-
NATIONAL CONTROVERSIES ARISE.
WILSON REPUDIATES
DISLOYAL AMERICANS
Sharp Contrast Between Presidential
Candidates and Between Demo-
cratic and Republican Parties on
Patriotic Issue
THE
HE issue of Americanism now confronting the American
electorate calls for a vote of approval of President
Wilson's course in enforcing the neutrality laws fairly against
all belligerents and in upholding vital American rights of life
and property. Conversely, a repudiation
Conversely, a repudiation is demanded of
disloyal endeavors to prevent the observance of honest neu-
trality and to estop the President from enforcing recognition
of American Rights.
It involves choice between absolute silence in the Repub-
lican national platform and the forthright denunciation of
disloyal acts and groups of citizens by the Democratic
national platform; and between President Wilson's specific
denunciations of alien and un-American activities within the
United States and Mr. Hughes's generalities on the subject.
It is a question of whether America shall come first.
The issue is contained in the following sets of facts which
classify roughly into these groups:
1. The platform declarations and the respective utter-
ances of President Wilson and Mr. Hughes.
2. The evidence of the disloyal support of Mr. Hughes
for the Republican nomination and of united advocacy
by the disloyal element of Hughes's election as a means
of wreaking vengeance upon President Wilson because
of his insistence upon honest neutrality and his firm
maintenance of American rights.
3. The record showing strong Republican backing in
Congress of the efforts of disloyal organizations and
propagandists to prevent President Wilson in the sub-
marine negotiations from placing the power of America
behind his protests against German violation of American
rights and international law. This came to a head in the
votes upon the Gore and McLemore Resolutions.
Other interferences in vital governmental and political
affairs within this country are involved. Plots and conspira-
cies which have caused loss of American life and property
have been laid bare and the plotters and conspirators in-
dicted and prosecuted.
Official representatives of the German Government
within the United States were involved in these plots and
conspiracies and President Wilson demanded of Germany
and secured the recall from the United States of Capt.
Franz von Papen and Capt. Boy-Ed, military and naval
attaches respectively of the German Embassy at Wash-
ington.
79
80
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY

A TAINTED CANDIDACY
THE
HE UNITED effort of the disloyalists is to
defeat President Wilson.
Because the President firmly insisted on
Germany's respecting the rights of the
United States and because he pursued relent-
lessly the lawless methods employed by
conspirators in this country, these disloyal
citizens seek to punish the President.
A candidate who is willing to accept such
support is tainted with the same un-American
spirit. He is a tool in the hands of dis-
loyalty, an instrument of those whose only
purpose is to destroy politically a fearless
patriotic executive who has dared to oppose
disloyalty, to bring to justice violators of
our laws, to make known to the people of the
United States the plots which have been
hatched in this country.
·
Can political ambition accept disloyal
support and remain patriotic? Will the
American people permit their votes to be
used to punish a President because he has
been a patriotic American, because he has
refused to swerve from the path of duty to
curry favor with disloyal Americans, because
he will not be coerced by the threats and
opposition of those who are conspiring in the
interest of a foreign power?
It cannot be that the American people will
be so deceived or so reward faithful service
and firm defense of American rights.
The organized effort to bring about surrender of the
acknowledged right of American citizens to sell munitions
and supplies of war to any and all belligerents-a surrender
which if made would violate neutrality and jeopardize na-
tional safety-has been opposed.
Whether the Administration's course in these latter matters
shall be sustained also is part of the issue.
The vigorous plank of the Democratic platform and the
blank which stares out from the Republican platform appear
upon the inside of the Text Book's cover.
President Wilson's firm position upon the duty of undi-
vided allegiance on the part of all American citizens was
merely intensified by the events of the European war. Before
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
81
the war he had many times emphasized the necessity of a
thorough Americanism. The following presents in chrono-
logical order the principal utterances of President Wilson and
Mr. Hughes, beginning with two extracts from speeches de-
livered by the President before the European war began:
WILSON'S RINGING AMERICANISM.
May 11, 1914.
I listened again to this list of the dead with a profound
interest because of the mixture of the names, for the
names bear the marks of the several national stocks
from which these men came. But they are not Irish-
men or Germans or Frenchmen or Hebrews or Italians
any more. They were not when they went to Vera Cruz;
they were Americans, every one of them, and with no
difference in their Americanism because of the stock
from which they came. They were in a peculiar sense
of our blood, and they proved it by showing that they
were of our spirit-that no matter what their deriva-
tion, no matter where their people came from, they
thought and wished and did the things that were Ameri-
can; and the flag under which they served was a flag in
which all the blood of mankind is united to make a free
nation.
(President Wilson's address at the Brooklyn Navy Yard
at the service in memory of those who lost their lives at
Vera Cruz, Mexico.)
May 16, 1914.
This man (John Barry) was not an Irish-American;
he was an Irishman who became an American. I venture
to say if he voted he voted with regard to the ques-
tions as they looked on this side of the water and not
as they affected the other side; and that is my infallible
test of a genuine American: that when he votes or when
he acts or when he fights, his heart and his thought are
centered nowhere but in the emotions and the purposes
and the policies of the United States.
(President Wilson's address at the unveiling of the statue
to the memory of Commodore John Barry at Washington,
May 16, 1914.)
October 11, 1915.
There have been some among us who have not thought
first of America, who have thought to use the might of
America in some matter not of America's origination.
They have forgotten that the first duty of a nation is
to express its own individual principles in the action of
the family of nations and not to seek to aid and abet
any rival or contrary ideal.
I am not deceived
as to the balance of opinion among the foreign-born
citizens of the United States, but I am in a hurry
for an opportunity to have a line-up and let
the men who are thinking first of other coun-
tries stand on one side and all those that are
* * *
1
82
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
J
for America first, last, and all the time on
the other side.
(President Wilson's address to the D. A. R., at Wash-
ington.)
Nov. 4, 1915.
The only thing within our own borders that has given
us grave concern in recent months has been that voices
have been raised in America professing to be the voices
of Americans which were not indeed and in truth Amer-
ican, but which spoke alien sympathies, which came
from men who loved other countries better than they
loved America, men who were partisans of other causes
than that of America and had forgotten that their chief
and only allegiance was to the great government under
which they live.
(President Wilson's address to Manhattan Club. N. Y.)
Dec. 7, 1916.
-
I am sorry to say that the gravest threats against our
national peace and safety have been uttered within our
own borders. There are citizens of the United States,
I blush to admit, born under other flags but welcomed
under our generous naturalization laws to the full free-
dom and opportunity of America, who have poured the
poison of disloyalty into the very arteries of our national
life; who have sought to bring the authority and good
name of our Government into contempt, to destroy our
industries wherever they thought it effective for their
vindictive purposes to strike at them, and to debase our
politics to the uses of foreign intrigue.
(President Wilson's address to Congress.)
May 30, 1916.
We have no criticism for men who love the places of
their birth and the sources of their origin. We do not
wish men to forget their mothers and their fathers, their
forbears running back through long, laborious genera-
tions, who have taken part in the building up of the
strength and spirit of other nations. No man quarrels
with that. From such springs of sentiment we all draw
some of the handsomest inspirations of our lives. But
all that we do criticize is that in some instances-they
are not very numerous-men have allowed their old
ardor of another nationality to overthrow their ardor for
the nationality to which they have given their new and
voluntary allegiance.
(President Wilson's address at Arlington.)
June 14, 1916.
I believe that the vast majority of those men whose
lineage is directly derived from the nations now at war
are just as loyal to the flag of the United States as any
native citizen of this beloved land, but there are some
men of that extraction who are not, and they, not only
in past months, but at the present time, are doing their
best to undermine the influence of the Government of
1
Y
I
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
83
|
1
the United States in the interest of matters which are
foreign to us and which are not derived from the ques-
tions of our own policies. THERE IS DISLOYALTY
ACTIVE IN THE UNITED STATES, AND IT MUST
BE ABSOLUTELY CRUSHED.
(President Wilson's address at Flag Dag Exercises,
Washington.)
THE HUGHES GENERALITIES.
June 10, 1916.
I stand for an Americanism that knows no ulterior
purpose; for a patriotism that is single and complete.
Whether native or naturalized, of whatever race or creed,
we have but one country, and we do not for an instant
tolerate any division of allegiance.
(Hughes' Telegram of Acceptance.)
June 13, 1916.
I stated my position very clearly in my telegram to
the convention. My attitude is one of undiluted Amer-
icanism, and anybody that supports me is supporting an
out-and-out American and an out-and-out American
policy, absolutely nothing else.
July 4, 1916.
We want patriotism, and I don't think that we are
going to lose it very soon, although I devoutly hope that
out of the perils and difficulties of this time may come
a new birth of the sentiment of unity.
July 31, 1916.
We countenance no covert policies, no intrigues, no
secret schemes. We are unreservedly, devotedly, whole-
heartedly, for the United States. * * *
We denounce all plots and conspiracies in the interest
of any foreign nation. Utterly intolerable is the use of
our soil for alien intrigues. Every American must un-
reservedly condemn them and support every effort for
their suppression.
HITS DISLOYAL
CITIZENS ONLY
(From Milwaukee Journal, Ind.)
"THE plank on Americanism in the Democratic
national convention does not strike, as it
should not strike, at any citizen of the United
States who, no matter where his sympathies may
lie with regard to the nations now at war, has been
loyal and faithful to this, his country.
66
The Democratic plank does strike, as it should
strike, at every citizen who has forgotten America
and abused his rights and powers of citizenship to
the extent of seeking to serve any foreign nation, to
the injury of this, his country."
晶
​
1.
84
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
屁
​Hughes' Vagueness
"
Mr. Hughes' assertion in his telegram of acceptance, June
10, that
we do not for an instant tolerate any division of
allegiance," and of June 13, asserting his "undiluted" and
out-and-out" Americanism, were not accepted as adequate
by the patriotic press of the country, regardless of party.
They did not apply to outright disloyalty and those guilty
of it. Of the statement of June 13, which represented the Re-
publican candidate's concession to a demand for a vigorous
declaration on the subject of disloyalty and its support of
him, the New York Tribune, a staunch Republican organ,
said on June 14th that the "trouble with such a statement
as Mr. Hughes made yesterday pledging himself to out-and-
out' Americanism lies in the fact that it is precisely the sort
of statement that has been coming from disloyal sources
from the very beginning of the European War; and that the
disloyalists" who cheered the sinking of the Lusitania with
equal eagerness proclaimed themselves loyal Americans and
denounced the lack of patriotism of the women and children
who got in the way of the German submarine."
66
<<
66
This Tribune editorial continued:
'Many, many months ago this newspaper said: 'It
would be better for the Republican Party to
endorse Woodrow Wilson in 1916 than to
permit the principle to be established that
to defend American interests is to commit
political suicide."
"The Tribune meant that on July 14, 1915,
and it means it on July 16, 1916."
Hughes' utterances to this writing, including his speech of
acceptance, July 31, have not altered, but rather have weak-
ened, the attitude of "out-and-out" Americans towards him.
Of Americanism paragraphs in the speech of acceptance the
New York Tribune said that "the difficulty with Mr. Hughes's
comment lies in the fact that it supplies just exactly that
degree of vagueness" which will enable disloyalists to
indorse it and continue in their campaign directed against Mr.
Wilson.
The process of selecting the presidential nominees of the
great American political parties is, perhaps above all others,
solely the business of loyal Americans. That disloyal Amer-
icans were endeavoring to interfere with the discharge of
this American duty by the Republican convention at Chicago
was stated in sensational terms by Colonel Roosevelt in his
telegram to former Senator W. P. Jackson, June 8 last, in
response to the latter's invitation asking the Colonel to come
to Chicago and address the convention,
A "Foreign Viceroy"
"The professional German-Americans," Roosevelt said,
"are seeking to terrorize your convention, for they wish
to elect next November a man who shall not be in good
•
ï
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
-85
:
faith an American President, but the viceroy of a
foreign government. It is for your convention
in emphatic fashion to repudiate them."
That Roosevelt referred to Hughes as becoming a possible
viceroy of a foreign government was understood and univer-
sally conceded. The convention neither in its platform
nor in its choice of a presidential candidate-inasmuch as
Hughes had recorded no utterance on the loyalty question at
that time-repudiated the "professional German-Americans."
Republican newspapers, placing patriotism above partisan-
ship, testified to the substantial truth of Colonel Roosevelt's
statement. The New York Tribune, eight days before Hughes
was nominated, said editorially:
"But the (disloyal) German-Americans have adopted
him (Hughes) as their candidate. They have served
notice on the Republican party that it must not nominate
Elihu Root or Theodore Roosevelt because both are, by
reason of their public expressions, unsatisfactory to the
(disloyal) German-Americans and they have proclaimed
that Mr. Hughes is their favorite."
On June 6, two days later, the same newspaper said: “No
(disloyal) German-American has made the smallest conceal-
ment of the purpose to use Mr. Hughes to enforce German
wishes at Washington."
Worked Openly for Hughes
The facts were that agents of the German-American Al-
liance and other such organizations worked night and day in
Chicago for Hughes, promising German support if he were
nominated. What occurred after the nomination is in line
with what preceded it. THE NEW YORK WORLD (IND.
DEM.) defined the issue thus:
66
The followers of the Kaiser in the United States
have set out to destroy President Wilson politically for
the crime of being an American President instead of a
German President. They have adopted Mr. Hughes as
their candidate and made his cause their cause. They
have decreed that President Wilson must be defeated
because the foreign policies of his administration are
not satisfactory to the German Empire."
The leaders of the pro-German alien activities and propa-
ganda and of the pro-German anti-American press in this
country chorused their indorsement of Hughes promptly and
loudly. ALPHONSE G. KOELBLE, of the German-
American Alliance, and a chief lobbyist at Washington in
behalf of the Gore and McLemore resolution, said, June 11th:
"It is deeply gratifying not to find in either the Pro-
gressive or the Republican platforms any reference to
the so-called hyphen issue, which was so unfortunately
dragged in during the war by both President Wilson and
ex-President Roosevelt and lesser lights like Root, Jo-
seph Choate and others. These platforms are a virtual
repudiation of these men.
If the Democratic
party injects the hyphen issue into the platform the fate
* * *
86
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
1
•
of the Democratic candidates is sealed and the Demo-
cratic party will be overwhelmingly defeated next fall.
* * * I am certain that Justice Hughes will grow as
the campaign advances, and the chances of Mr. Wilson
being elected are now exceedingly slim."
The Democratic Convention with Woodrow Wilson's full
approval met this challenge. As has been pointed out, the
strong Democratic utterance and, the Republican complete
silence on this matter is one of the great outstanding facts of
the campaign.
Disloyalist Chorus for Hughes
Officials of the German-American Alliance endorsed the
Hughes nomination almost before the convention had finished
its work. GEORGE SYLVESTER VIERECK, editor of the
Fatherland, a frankly disloyal publication, declared: "The
nomination of Justice Hughes means the salvation of the
Republican party. It is a triumph of genuine Americanism
over nativism."
GEORGE VON SKAL, one of the most active agents of
the German propaganda in New York, was as enthusiastic
as Mr. Viereck. Von Skal said: "We are convinced that
President Wilson is pro-British, and that is the reason we are
going to vote against him. Justice Hughes, therefore, will
have the support of the German-American Democrats and
Republicans, and I think he will be elected.”
GUSTAV MAYER, publisher of the German Daily Gazette,
said in a speech at Philadelphia June 11, the day following
Hughes's nomination: "We suggested some weeks ago that
Hughes was the most logical man, and with his selection and
that of Fairbanks the entire country will rally to the support
of the Republican ticket."
The editor of the CINCINNATI VOLKSBLATT said:
"The nomination is a splendid one"; and the Cleveland
Wachter und Anzeiger commended Mr. Hughes while
attacking President Wilson and Col. Roosevelt: "We con-
sider it a great boon of the Chicago convention that the
people of the United States will not be compelled to choose
between the present leader in unneutral subservience to Eng-
land and the advocate of still greater unneutrality."
In the opinion of the CINCINNATI FREI PRESSE:
"Justice Hughes has expressed sentiments which are in
accord with the German-American idea of neutrality. We are
in thorough sympathy with him and his ideals.”
According to the ST. LOUIS WESTLICHE POST: "The
Republican party faced a gigantic problem and found a glor-
ious solution."
In a long editorial the NEW YORKER HEROLD cau-
tioned the Germans "not to overdo our business." After
declaring that "the overwhelming mass of the German-
Americans in the country will fall into line for the election
of Charles E. Hughes," it gives this advice to the German
voters: We Germans will beware of all mistakes in the cam-
paign. Also not to overdo our business. As far as we can
see, there is no necessity for German-Americans to work
1
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
87
openly in the campaign. We also believe that neither for the
campaign nor for the German-American Alliance is it of
advantage if they and their branch associations take any kind
of position in the campaign. The present election is not one
in which the German-Americans can participate as Repub-
licans or Democrats, but that does not include forming a
political party. Such would, aside from other severe thoughts,
become rather an element of weakness than of power for
German-Americanism."
Issue Up to Voters
Confronted with these facts the NEW YORK
WORLD said:
"If Mr. Hughes should be elected President
his success would inevitably be regarded
throughout the world as a tremendous victory
for Germany in the United States. It would
be a notice to all civilization that the German
German vote the
vote, and through the German
German Government, holds the balance of
power in American politics.
It would pro-
claim to the nations that no President of
the United States could hereafter hope for
re-election unless his foreign policy was satis-
factory to Berlin and the Kaiser. It would
make Potsdam the political capital of the
United States, and in its moral effect upon
Germany it would be more potent than a
great victory of the German armies in the field.
"That is the situation that the American
people face. Must their President, in the
words of Colonel Roosevelt, be 'the viceroy of a
foreign Government' in order to be re-elected?
Can a President of the United States be
defeated by the Kaiser? Willingly or unwill-
ingly, every American Voter, be he Democrat
or Republican, must vote on that issue when
he goes to the polls in November."
•
-
Later, a cable from Amsterdam said: "The German Press
is well satisfied with the selection of Charles E. Hughes as
Republican candidate. The press emphasizes the fact that
Hughes must have the German-American votes to defeat
President Wilson and states that they will not fail to assist
if the Republican candidate gives a guarantee of strict neu-
trality."
(C
AN ASSOCIATED PRESS DISPATCH from Chicago
June 13, follows:
Chicago, June 13.-The Teutonic Sons of America,
through the national council of the organization, to-day
announced the adoption, at a meeting here, of resolutions
88
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
felicitating Charles E. Hughes and Charles W. Fairbanks
upon their nomination. The resolutions also call upon
"all American citizens of Teutonic extraction or sym-
pathy to give their voice and support to the cause of
securing the election of Charles E. Hughes to the presi-
dency and Charles W. Fairbanks to the vice-presidency
of the United States."
"It is known, and indeed admitted, that certain German-
Americans did everything in their power to influence the ac-
tion of the recent Chicago Convention," said the Indianapolis
News (Ind.), June 15, editorially. "Many of them, and cer-
tain of their societies have been most hearty of their endorse-
ment of the ticket of that convention."
Situation Has Not Changed
That was the situation during and after the nomination of
Hughes. So it remains. The Republican campaign managers
count the German-American Alliance and kindred organiza-
tions as their sole hope of electing Hughes.
Addresses delivered by Mr. Hughes during his
swing through the West have not altered the case
as to disloyalty in 'the least. A symposium of
clippings just as inclusive and just as convincing
could be inserted here showing delighted approval
of Mr. Hughes's speech of acceptance and sub-
sequent utterances. The disloyalists supported
Hughes for the nomination, have supported him
since and are supporting him now.
The Challenge to Congress
Agents of disloyal organizations, working in behalf of
foreign interest and endeavoring to tie President Wilson's
hands in his fight to maintain American rights on the seas,
were active in Washington before and during the test in
Congress on the Gore and McLemore Resolutions.
The question of whether the President in his conduct of
American foreign affairs had united American backing be-
came vital late in February when the German Government
announced its determination to renew submarine attacks with-
out warning upon merchantmen of the Allied Powers armed
for defense. The right to arm for defense when attacked was
conceded in international law and hence it was the lawful
right of Americans to travel on such ships. To forbid them
to go on vessels of the kind would have been to deny them the
exercise of their right and to surrender their right.
It was an issue of whether Germany or any Power could
M
In the dealings of nations with one another arbitrary
force must be rejected and we must move forward to the
thought of the modern world, the thought of which peace
is the very atmosphere.-Woodrow Wilson.
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
89
arbitrarily renounce a law of nations and adopt a policy
which inevitably would lead to the loss of American lives.
That President Wilson would protest against this German
change of front in the submarine matter was generally
known. It became clear that the action of the German Gov-
ernment in adhering to its renewed purpose of torpedoing
merchant passenger ships without warning would depend in
a great extent upon whether President Wilson's protest was
supported by Congress and the American people. Hence the
President demanded and secured a showdown in Congress.
The results shed illuminative light upon the question
whether, now, President Wilson and Democracy or Mr.
Hughes and the Republican party best stand for a loyal,
courageous and honest Americanism.
Republicans Sustain President
As to the correctness of the President's stand, there is am-
ple testimony out of the mouths of the most conspicuous
Republicans in public life. In a prepared speech delivered
in the Senate March 7th, Senator Sutherland of Utah, Re-
publican, said:
"If, therefore, a citizen take passage upon
a ship so armed and lose his life by the sinking
of the ship without warning, what must be
the contention and claim of this Government?
To my mind, clearly this: That the citizen in
the exercise of a clear right has been deprived
of his life by the deliberately illegal act of the
belligerent Government which sent the sub-
marine on its mission of death. Others are
welcome to their own opinions, but I can
conceive of no other position for this Govern-
ment to assume; and unless it is willing to
forfeit the respect of mankind by becoming a
craven thing, it must be prepared to sustain
that position at whatever cost or consequence."
$
Reviewing the history which has established in international
law the right of merchantmen to arm for defense, Senator
Lodge said in the Senate, February 18:
"Such has been the practice of our own Government
down to less than a year ago. It seems utterly incredible
that this position should be in any way altered now or
that our Government should be ready to surrender the
unquestioned rights of Americans to travel or ship goods
on a belligerent merchantman subject to all the rules
which have been established by the Courts and by all
international authorities for at least two centuries. The
just rights of the citizens of any nation cannot be main-
mained by their surrender.
CC
The abandonment of those rights by any neutral Gov-
ernment on the ground that the invention of submarines
90
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
机
​with the necessary limitations upon the powers of cap-
ture possessed by those boats is inconceivable. Such
abandonment could only rest on the ground that the
rights of neutrals, the rules which for centuries have
been agreed upon by all nations for the protection of
innocent lives upon vessels captured in war, must be
thrown aside and discarded in order that a new instru-
ment of maritime destruction shall not be impeded in
its work of death and murder. Such a doctrine is re-
volting to every instinct of humanity, to every principle
of law and justice."
Other Republican Senators at various times made speeches
in Congress expressing the same view in similar terms.
Wilson's Sweeping Victory
When the President forced this issue to a vote on the Gore
Resolution in the Senate, March 3d, 19 Republican Senators
voted to sustain the President in maintaining, at all costs, the
rights of American citizens to travel on merchantmen armed
for defense, and 12 Republican Senators voted against tabling
the Gore Resolution, and for surrender of American rights.
Nine Republican Senators did not vote.
Granting that Mr. Hughes's declarations upon undivided
Americanism are adequate, which even Republican news-
papers have refused to admit, the reason why disloyalists in
the United States favor change to Republican national admin-
istration are again made clear by this vote. They have
secured support in the Republican Party and have been de-
feated in all their undertakings during the Wilson Adminis-
tration.
Four days later 101 Republicans in the House voted to
surrender the essential American rights contained in the
armed merchantman fight. It is true that 87 Republican mem-
bers ballotted to sustain the President and Americanism, but
101, including Republican Leader Mann, voted for an Ameri-
can backdown in this controversy with Germany-that is,
they voted against tabling the McLemore resolution warn-
ing Americans not to take passage on merchant ships armed
for defense.
•

NO TIME FOR EXCUSE OR PRETENSE.
The American people are going to insist upon it
before this year is over that everybody comes up and
is counted on the great questions of the day. They
are not going to take any excuses, they are not
going to take any pretenses; they are going to insist
upon the goods being delivered on the spot, and
anybody that declines to deliver them is going to
go bankrupt, and ought to go bankrupt. Everybody
ought to get what is coming to him.-President Wil-
son's Address before Motion Picture Board of
Trade, New York, January 27, 1916.
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
91
FINANCED TELEGRAPHIC LOBBYING.
source.
At the time of the test on the Gore and McLemore Reso-
lutions, and before and afterwards when questions involving
other phases of foreign policy were pending, scarcely a Con-
gressman or Senator failed to receive hundreds and even
thousands of telegrams so phrased as to indicate a common
The evidence of an organized effort to promote for-
eign interests by conducting a propaganda on an enormous
scale was conclusive. This situation provoked an exposure
by Senator Husting, of Wisconsin, April 27th, in the Senate.
It had to do with the so-called "American Embargo Con-
ference," which sought to place an embargo upon the expor-
tation of war munitions and war supplies from the United
States. Senator Husting showed that, first, this American
Embargo Conference had conducted a campaign for support
of an embargo upon further shipments of arms and munitions
to Europe and that later, April 24th and 25th, after President
Wilson's ultimatum in the Sussex case was dispatched to
Germany, had engaged in a wholesale enterprise to flood
Congressmen and Senators with telegrams indicating lack
of public support of the President's action. He showed that
at least two hundred thousand such telegrams had been sent
and that there were seven forms of messages used.
That the United States could not place an embargo on the
exportation of war munitions and supplies without commit-
ting a breach of neutrality has been admitted by the German
authorities, including the German ambassador, Count von
Bernstoff. It was also made clear that such a step would sac-
rifice a right upon which the safety of the United States
might in the future depend. Yet this is another of the causes
of the hostility of un-American Americans to President Wil-
son.
EMBARGO PLAN UNPATRIOTIC.
On this point also many Republican leaders have spoken
emphatically. Said Senator Sutherland in the same speech
above quoted:
"There is a demand on the part of a good many people
that we shall prohibit the exportation of munitions of
war. I am opposed to any such embargo for two reasons:
First, because it would clearly constitute a breach of
neutrality; and, second, it would inaugurate a policy
from which the United States itself in the future might
become the greatest sufferer, since if we should be
attacked by a great nation possessing overwhelming
military strength we might be dependent upon neutral
countries-at least in the early stages of the conflict-
for a supply of munitions with which to repel the attack.
The rule of international law, recognized almost uni-
versally, is that citizens of a neutral country have a
lawful right to sell and deliver to belligerent powers arms
and munitions of war, without limit as to character or
quantity. This has been the rule laid down by the
responsible officials of the United States from the
beginning of our history to the present day. If we
92
?
PRESIDENT REPUDIATES DISLOYALTY
should now take the first step which would finally result
in the establishment of a general rule prohibiting the
sale of munitions of war by citizens of neutral countries
to belligerents, it is not at all unlikely that we might our-
selves become the first victims of the new dispensation.
It has been our custom, in accordance with the usual
practice of democracies, to delay serious military pre-
paration until war was declared. Thus far we have
sometimes creditably gotten through, and sometimes
muddled through; but suppose at no far-distant day
some great military power with a vast army, vast military
resources, dissatisfied with something we have done, or
pretending to be dissatisfied, should take advantage of
our defenseless condition and set in motion its tre-
mendous instruments of war against us. If in that
situation there should be added to our lack of a trained
army a lack of arms and munitions, and if the neutral
markets of the world should be closed to us, none of us,
I think, would care to contemplate the unhappy and
humiliating fate which we might be compelled to face."
Violations of American life and property while engaged
in legitimate enterprises upon American soil have been numer-
ous. To the limit of the authority of the Federal Government,
the national administration under President Wilson has
brought the perpetrators of such outrages to justice under
American laws. To reach cases not covered by statute, revi-
sion of old law has been sought and obtained.
This enforcement of the neutrality laws and the criminal
laws against acts committed in alien interests has been thor-
ough but impartial.
Diplomats Violated U. S. Laws
Diplomatic immunity and nothing else stood between Cap-
tain Franz von Papen, military attache of the German Em-
bassy at Washington, and conviction under the criminal laws
of the United States. The strong hand of the Department of
Justice, enforcing America's neutrality under the orders of
President Wilson, "got" von Papen and other agents of
Germany. Together with the others implicated in the same
conspiracy, von Papen was indicted by the Federal Grand
Jury at New York early in 1916, in the Welland Canal case.
Had von Papen not been attached to the German Embassy,
the law would have taken its course.
/
▼
Captain von Papen's recall was requested by Secretary of
State Lansing early in December, 1915. At the same time
the 'Administration asked for the recall of the German naval
attache, Captain Boy-Ed. The ground for this request, as
officially put, was that these gentlemen were no longer
"acceptable to this government."
Germany recalled her military and naval attaches, and the
press of the United States, regardless of party, praised the
Administration for its efficient house cleaning. The full story
of the activities of Captains Boy-Ed and von Papen, personal
appointees of the Kaiser, has never yet been told.
1
1
A
J
L
STAND BY PRESIDENT
FOR "AMERICA FIRST"
German-Born Congressman Declares
Wilson's Course Just to Germany
and Elevates Him Far Above
Rulers of Europe
•
"
(The following is a partial presentation of a speech deliv-
ered in the Nantional House of Representatives July 18, 1916,
by Representative Charles Lieb of Indiana. Mr. Lieb was born
and grew to boyhood in Germany. He is a former German of
the type so well esteemed and so creditably and substantially
identified with the political, social and business life of all sec-
tions of the United States for the past fifty years. His utter-
ance is not a campaign speech," for he is not a candidate for
renomination. It represents the view of an Americanized Ger-
man not influenced by un-American prejudice, propaganda or
interests. The speech contains a candid, strong and practically
complete review of the difficult questions growing out of the
European War which have confronted President Wilson. It
should be read by every American who desires to be fair to the
President and who is in doubt whether an honest neutrality
has been maintained against all belligerents by the Wilson Ad-
ministration. The elisions deal solely with matter elsewhere
presented in the Text-Book, with references local to Indiana, or
with quotations from other Americanized Germans expressing
substantially Mr. Lieb's views. This speech may be obtained in
full on application to the Democratic National Committee or
the Democratic Congressional Committee.)
Mr. LIEB. Mr. Speaker, I was born in Germany (at Fle-
hingen). At the age of 14 years I came to the United States
in response to a youthful conviction that freedom and success
could be realized here as in no other land. I stood as in the
presence of God and swore allegiance to the land of my
adoption. I did so without the least misgivings as to the
wisdom of my decision to give up all national ties with the
country of my birth, thereby unalterably casting my lot with
the greatest Nation in the world, the United States. [Ap-
plause.] Never to this day have I wavered in my conception
of duty to the country of my adoption. Never have I al-
lowed myself to be influenced by any other motive than that
involving loyalty to the United States. [Applause.]
To-day I speak in the presence of Representatives of every
section of the Republic. I seek with honest intent and pur-
pose to express my humble convictions of the duties of all
those claiming citizenship under the flag of all flags.
I sincerely trust that whatever I might say will not be con-
sidered as having connection with any political ambitions, for
I am not a candidate for office, and I so informed my con-
stituents soon after I took my oath of office for a second
term in Congress.
Not very long ago the Congress of the United States con-
sidered the resolution for warning American citizens not to
take passage on armed merchant vessels. As a Congressman
representing a constituency in an Indiana district of more
93
94
LIEB'S SPEECH
than a quarter of a million of people I felt it my duty more
than ever before to give my country the benefit of my best
judgment in a matter involving the honor and future well-
being of every one of a hundred millions of people. Further-
more, the question involved the well-being of millions of peo-
ple of other lands who were so fortunate as not to be drawn
into the vortex of the great war of nations on the other side
of the sea.
VOTED TO SUSTAIN WILSON.
While it is already a matter of record that I voted to sus-
tain President Wilson and his policies in the armed-ship
controversy [applause on the Democratic side], I now feel
that it is incumbent on me to express my full attitude on
this and other questions. I have received scores of letters
from people who say they are of German extraction, and who
desire to have my views, pointing to the fact that other
Members of Congress had made statements, but that none
had
been printed in the Record from me.
Closely following the tabling of the McLemore resolution
came the address of President Wilson to Congress outlining
the contents of the note of the United States to Germany in
regard to submarine warfare. Coincident with this was a
deluge of telegrams and letters I received from constituents
requesting my offices in helping to keep the United States
out of war with Germany.
In addition to this mass of correspondence, there have been
numerous complaints in which the neutrality of our own coun-
try has been questioned. In fact, there has been such a
turmoil since the outbreak of the war, in which accusations
have been promiscuously and unjustly made against our be-
loved and patriotic President, Woodrow Wilson, that hardly
a mail has failed to contain some kind of protest. [Applause
on the Democratic side.]
Therefore I feel obliged and justified in discussing freely
every phase of the war situation as it concerns the neutrality
of the United States and the wisdom of the policies of Wood-
row Wilson.
No man has had greater trials as President of the United
States than Woodrow Wilson, with the possible exception of
Abraham Lincoln. In the midst of these great problems it
must be admitted that our President has maintained a splendid
poise. OH, THAT THE RULERS OF EUROPE HAD
DISPLAYED ONE-HALF THE
AND
PATIENCE
HAS
LEVEL HEADEDNESS
WHICH
AS THAT
CHARACTERIZED THE BEARING OF WOODROW
WILSON IN STEERING HIS COUNTRY SAFELY
THROUGH ONE GREAT CRISIS AFTER ANOTHER!
AND WHERE IS THERE A DIGNITARY IN THE
UNITED STATES TO-DAY WHO COULD HAVE
MATCHED WITH THE DIPLOMATIC SAGACITY
AND COURAGE OF OUR OWN LEADER, IN DEAL-
ING IN MATTERS OF INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFI-
CANCE?
Indeed, there has hardly been a day since the late summer
of that terrible year of 1914 when something has not been
LIEB'S SPEECH
95
pending, where a single false step by our President would
have plunged us into the awful holocaust of human lives.
For we must not think only of the lives that have been sac-
rified, but of the ones left at home whose dear ones have
been put forever beyond their wordly reach.
WILSON'S SINCERITY UNQUESTIONED.
Why should anyone have ever doubted the since desire of
Mr. Wilson to keep us free from the horrors of warfare?
Following the situation as closely as I have I cannot see one
move of the President which has justified the least suspicion
that Woodrow Wilson had any other motive than peace, if
peace were at all possible. And yet that very criticism has
been made in connection with every step of negotiation it has
been necesasry for this country to conduct. But let us not
forget that the history of our country bears out the contention
oft made that the greatest of our national patriots have been
subjected to the harshest criticism. Point out to me the
men who have the least to do in their dealings with the rest
of humanity and I will show you the men who have been
subjected to the least of criticism.
But I predict that in years to come, in calm moments of
retrospection, these same decriers of the President's handling
of our recent foreign complications will be the loudest in
their praise of the valiant service rendered the country by
Woodrow Wilson. For as history shows us that some of
the greatest deeds result in the harshest of unjust criticism,
so history unfolds to us a corresponding inclination of na-
tional decriers to eventually heap words of praise upon those
whose duty to their country is manifested by service that in
other ages loom up as towers of hope to those standing for
right, justice and humanity.
(Mr. Lieb here inserted quotations showing Carl Schurz at
one time bitterly criticized Lincoln but afterward paid him
high tribute; that Maximilian Harden, the German publicist,
has sustained President Wilson's contentions in the German
negotiations.)
THE SUBMARINE QUESTION.
This brings us to the submarine question and the United
States insistence that the points of international law be
strictly adhered to, as affecting non-combatants. I HAVE
BEEN IN CLOSE TOUCH WITH DIPLOMATIC AND
LEGISLATIVE CHANNELS OF THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT FOR MANY MONTHS, AND I AM
FIRMLY CONVINCED THAT THE WILSON ADMIN-
ISTRATION HAS AT ALL TIMES DEMANDED OF
EVERY BELLIGERENT GOVERNMENT THE PRO-
TECTION OF NEUTRAL LIVES AND PROPERTY.
Diplomatic correspondence has been carried on with Great
Britain and the allies with the same fervor that has char-
acterized the exchange of notes between the United States
and Germany. England has been charged with numerous
arbitrary changes by royal order, and, it is alleged, has been
untroubled by the requirements of law on the high seas.
-
96
LIEB'S SPEECH
}
Germany was in the first place censured for the sinking
of the Lusitania and for the conduct of her submarine war.
Many in our land were so bold as to charge we showed
extreme partiality in demanding things of Germany, while
putting off our negotiations with England. But the President
insisted that the two cases dealt with separate varieties of
American rights. * * *
GERMANY YIELDS TO UNITED STATES.
WHEN PRESIDENT WILSON MADE UP HIS MIND
THAT A LONG CHAIN OF GERMAN METHODS OF
CONDUCTING UNDERSEA WARFARE HAD WORN
AWAY AND BROKEN TO PIECES THE LAWS OF
HUMANITY AND THE HOLY CUSTOM OF NATIONS,
IT WAS WAS NOT ONLY HIS RIGHT BUT HIS DUTY
TO SPEAK WITH UNCOMPROMISING CLEARNESS.
AND HE DID WITH UNMISTAKABLE FIRMNESS,
WHEN, ON APRIL 20, A NOTE WAS DISPATCHED
TO THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT. THE GERMAN
GOVERNMENT YIELDED IN THE FACE OF THE
EVIDENCE IT HAD BEEN GUILTY OF VIOLATING
THE LAWS OF THE SEAS, AND ADMITTED THE
CONTENTIONS OF OUR PRESIDENT HAD BEEN
JUST AND FAIR.
Germany had embarked upon a policy which violated every
principle of international law. Instead of capturing vessels,
she proceeded to send them to the bottom of the ocean. Her
submarines laid in wait in many instances and without even
giving passengers a reasonable opportunity to take to their
boats, and trust themselves to the dangers of the deep, sent
them to the bottom without reasonable warning and without
chance of escape.
To those who have complained because we have been less
insistent with England than with Germany I want to call
attention to a few features of the entire controversy well
worth consideration.
FIRST, WHY SHOULD ANYBODY COMPLAIN
BECAUSE WE PUSH A MURDER CLAIM WITH
GREATER VIGOR THAN WE DO A CLAIM IN-
VOLVING SEIZURE OF PROPERTY?
SECOND, IN THE CASE OF ENGLAND THERE
WAS A REMEDY BECAUSE UPON SEIZING OUR
SHIPS THEY TOOK THE MATTER INTO A
COURT OF LAW TO TRY THE QUESTION OF
HER RIGHT TO CONFISCATE THE PROPERTY.
BUT IN THE CASE OF GERMANY, WHEN AMER-
ICAN MEN AND WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE
SENT TO THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA, NO POS-
SIBLE REMEDY WAS OPEN. LIFE CANNOT BE
RESTORED BY THE PAYMENT OF DAMAGES.
BLOOD SPILLED CANNOT BE COMPENSATED
IN MONEY.
Consequently no fair person can deny that we have dealt
with those nations with rigid impartiality.
-
}
}
{
C
LIEB'S SPEECH
97
1
WARNING RESOLUTION UNCALLED FOR.
The question of warning Americans against traveling on
armed merchant vessels was entirely foreign to the vital
questions of diplomacy. Every person knew it was danger-
ous to travel on any kind of merchant vessel. Why warn a
man when he is already warned? Besides, had Congress
passed the McLemore resolution, it would have interfered
with the negotiations for abandonment of submarine warfare
at the expense of lives of non-combatants. It would have
embarrassed the Government at a critical time. Whatever
sentiment was created in favor of the proposed resolution
was the result of a spell of hysteria which developed about
that time. This hysteria was assuredly not based on any
foundation of human justice. Had it been founded on human
justice and had it been in the interest of the neutrality of
America, I am quite sure President Wilson would have been
the first one to champion its speedy passage.
I received more than 1,000 telegrams and letters from con-
stituents on April 25 or thereabouts. With one or two ex-
ceptions these seemed to originate from a common source.
By that I mean to say that the reading of the messages was
identical. Therefore I am glad to say that certain statements
in these messages which were uncalled for were not the ex-
pressions of the persons whose names were signd thereto.
For instance, this unpatriotic statement was made: " Country
awakening to belief that administration may seek to draw
United States into present European conflict."
WILSON SHUNNED WAR.
How it originated I do not know, but the impression seemed
to take hold in some quarters that we were recklessly headed
for war. The same persons who insisted upon this theory,
that the President was deliberately trying to get into the
conflict in Europe, were only subscribing to the unfortunate
impression created abroad that citizens of this country be-
lieved the United States was to blame for demanding rights
which we, as well as other neutrals, were justified in holding
out for. In the crisis he faced the President should have had
the hearty support of every man, woman and child in Ameri-
ca. For it developed that Mr. Wilson pursued exactly the
right course. ANY OTHER ATTITUDE OF THE PRESI-
DENT WOULD HAVE PLUNGED US EITHER INTO
WAR OR PROLONGED THE SUBMARINE CONTRO-
VERSY. No matter what other construction may be put, I
say that Germany's answer was an open admission that Wil-
son was not only right, but fair. Another President might
T have gone to war with Germany, without sending any kind of
note. And we all ought to thank God that there was a Wood-
row Wilson in the White House to withstand the pressure of
war seekers on the one hand and the war partial on the other.
Wilson's course was the middle road, and he fearlessly took
that road. We have all much to be thankful for for that as
true Americans and with allegiance to one flag, and one
flag only.
:
W
LIEB'S SPEECH
98
1
1
* * Prejudicial construction has been put to matters
summed up by our country from unbiased decisions based on
the international laws.
From hundreds of press accounts of complaints of the com-
bating nations I have selected the following dispatch, coming
from London under date of January 15:
"If Count von Bernstorff succeeds in obtaining a quid pro
quo for the outward recantation by Germany of her acts of
piracy, and succeeds in enlisting the United States as one
of Germany's minor, indirect allies in her efforts to rule the
world, we may expect fresh attacks upon our interpretation
of international law. If President Wilson should elect to
walk the road so obligingly constructed for him by Berlin, it
is well he should realize where it is going to lead him."
Says the Pall Mall Gazette:
"The British Empire, which is shedding blood and not ink
for the vindication of 'neutral rights,' has reached a stage
in the conflict where technicalities will not be allowed to
restrain the legitimate use of all its weapons of warfare. Our
right to prevent supplies from reaching the enemy is absolute,
and if the process assumes fresh disguises, it is the business
of international law to strip them off and not to be fettered
by the wording of its former rescripts.
"No British government would dare to relax its grip on
Germany now in deference to its interests and threats of
outsiders, who are chiefly interested in what profit they can
make out of the world's agony. The blockade in future must
be tighter instead of looser, and nothing will impart to it a
sterner temper than any external interference."
ACCUSED BY PRO-ENGLISH AS INDIRECT ALLIES
OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN GOVERNMENT! AC-
CUSED BY PRO-GERMANS AS INDIRECT ALLIES OF
THE GOVERNMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN!
(Mr. Lieb here took up the question of the right of the
United States to export munitions of war to the Allies and
quoted many authorities, including the German Ambassador,
Count von Bernstorff, as admitting the right).
"DEUTSCHLAND" PROVES UNITED STATES RIGHT.
We could look nowhere to find better evidence of the im-
partiality of this administration than the case of the "Deutsch-
land," the merchant submarine liner. This craft came from
Germany with a cargo of goods which was delivered at an
American port. On the return trip American-made goods, as
well as nickel and rubber, which are used in the manufac-
ture of war material, were allowed to clear the port, bound
for Germany. This vessel could just as well have carried
guns and ammunition, for our Government permits our man-
ufacturers to sell to anyone who comes to buy-to do other-
wise would be a breach of our neutrality.
The coming of the "Deutschland" was nothing else but an
admission that the United States Government has been within
its rights in permitting merchant vessels to carry goods to
the allies. For if Germany takes goods out of this country to
be used in the manufacture of its guns, it certainly does not
T
1
LIEB'S SPEECH
99
believe the United States could honorably prevent the allies
from doing the same thing. If Germany could turn the
tables on the allies in the blockade situation, it of course
would have a distinct advantage, but because the advantage
has been on the other side all along is no indication that
the administration has been unneutral or unfair to Germany.
The reception given the "Deutschland" crew in Washing-
ton proved distinctly that neutrality really exists in the seat
of our Government. And conversely it disproves the theory
that there is any hostile feeling here in official quarters to-
ward the Imperial German Government.
In fact, the whole attitude of the United States Govern-
ment in giving a clearance status to the "Deutschland"; in
allowing it to deliver its merchandise; in allowing it to take
away cargo, part of which was a product of the soil of Can-
ada; in giving its crew a cordial reception as it would the
subjects of any other foreign nation in a legitimate quest, is
all a striking indication that the best of friendly relations
exist between this country and Germany.
REPUBLICAN TRICKERY.
Politicians are just now playing a great game to win the
German vote in the coming election. Every sort of trickery
is being resorted to. I believe I am right in warning Ger-
man-Americans to proceed cautiously in considering the
conditions.
On the one hand, we behold the spectacle of the Hughes-
Roosevelt sponsors trying to entice Germans from the Demo-
cratic to the Republican Party. On the other hand, we look
over the Republican platform and fail to find a mention of
the very issues they are trying to raise by mouth and pen.
YES, THEY COME TO YOU, FELLOW COUNTRY-
MEN, AND SAY WILSON WAS WRONG ON THE EM-
BARGO QUESTION, THAT HE WAS WRONG ON THE
SUBMARINE ISSUE. BUT IF THEY BELIEVE THOSE
THINGS SO ENTHUSIASTICALLY JUST ASK THEM
IF THEIR PLATFORM CONTAINS ONE WORD OF
CRITICISM IN, CONDEMNATION OF PRESIDENT
WILSON'S STAND ON THE EMBARGO QUESTION
OR ON THE SUBMARINE QUESTION OR ON THE
QUESTION OF THE RIGHT OF AMERICAN CITI-
ZENS TO TRAVEL ON ARMED BELLIGERENT VES-
SELS ARMED FOR DEFENSIVE PURPOSES ONLY.
"Oh!" they will say, "our platform covers that point when
we condemn the present administration for its foreign
policies."
"But," you can answer, "the platform could just as well be
construed that a Republican administration would have de-
clared war on Germany."
Perhaps Mr. Hughes, who has been silent on all public
questions for the past six years, may have the audacity to
come out of his hiding at this time and this day and tell the
people what he would have done under the trying circum-
stances that President Wilson went through, now that he
has the passing of time to aid him in his hindsight.
i
#
HOW PRESIDENT WILSON
KEPT PEACE AND HONOR
Story of American European Policy
and Its Enforcement Against
All Belligerents
The European War has inflicted upon mankind the greatest
catastrophe of all the ages. America has been spared partici-
pation in this punishment. In the two years in which Europe
has been engulfed in a maelstrom of horrors unprecedented
and almost inconceivable, America has been free to pursue
the even tenor of the days of peace.
This has been made possible by the policy of President
Wilson. He has held back from America the tide of destruc-
tion which already had spread over one hemisphere, and
withal has preserved the honor of the nation as the sacred
heritage of this generation-and of posterity. The President
has had a single purpose: to maintain, by peaceful methods,
the rights of the United States fixed under international law.
That ideal comprehends the desire that this nation remain
untrammeled to follow its own high destiny and to
serve mankind by aiding in the reestablishment of peace.
His policy has been successful. Two years of war
for Europe have been two years of peace for the
United States. America's honor has been pre-
served. The nation is free to perform the supreme
service, when the opportune moment arrives, to
assist in the restoration of peace throughout the
world.
The paramount test to which Americanism has been sub-
jected during the Administration of President Wilson has
been applied in the country's foreign relations. The United
States has passed through a period of perilous crises, wherein
the danger existed that the whole course of its future history
might be changed, with the inevitable consequence that its
public men have been and are being judged primarily by the
part they have played with respect to these events of inter-
national import and the attitude they have taken toward the
policies evolved to meet them.
President Wilson's place in history has been fixed pri-
marily, therefore, by his "war" policies. His greatest claim
to the love of his fellow countrymen today and to the venera-
tion of posterity is that by his policy of common sense and
his understanding of American ideals he has been enabled to
prevent this nation from sharing the desolation of Europe
without sacrificing its honor. His complete understanding
of the essential qualities that constitute Americanism, his
self-possession, his ability to ignore all consideration of the
effects of his acts upon his own fortunes, have placed in his
[
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HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
101
hands the most effective weapon ever wielded by the head
of a great nation for the accomplishment of a high national
purpose. Other Presidents and the executives of other na-
tions have displayed both the ability and the willingness to
utilize physical power in compelling the fulfillment of their
wishes and the wishes of their nations, but no man ever has
succeeded as he has done in focusing the moral power of
one nation and of forging it into so effective an instrumen-
tality for enforcing that nation's will. In this period
when the horrible wastage of European conflicts
have inspired doubts as to whether physical force
is the supreme arbiter of international differ-
ences, he has demonstrated that moral courage
achieves high national purpose more quickly
and with greater certainty than does the courage
based on force. His firm and consistent stand
for law and right has produced what it set out
to produce.
FORCE STILL FACTOR.
Nothing that has been said here can properly be regarded
as indicating that the President has utterly repudiated the
idea that physical force should be used in extreme eventu-
alities. He believes, and has said repeatedly, that situations
can arise when a nation must resort to physical strength in
order to maintain its honor and the rights of its citizens,
but he is happy in the realization that thus far the nation has
faced no demands which could not be met by the calm asser-
tion of its will.
We are a practical people here in America. A man is vin-
dicated by his achievements and not by high purposes alone.
It may be that the future historian will display greater inter-
est in the ideals which have animated President Wilson than
in the actual accomplishments of his policies, but for the
、present the case rests, and with the concurrence of his pro-
tagonists, upon what he has achieved. These achievements
were won by diplomacy, but they are of that elemental rela-
tionship to the life of the nation which brings them easily
within the understanding of every citizen.
It requires no grasp of international law to realize the im-
portance of what President Wilson accomplished when he
forced Germany to abandon her submarine warfare against
unarmed merchant ships. The German undersea warfare was
carried on at the sacrifice of many American lives. It was
undertaken to weaken Great Britain's mastery of the seas,
and Germany, believing her national existence at stake,
seemed for a time prepared to continue it regardless of its
effect upon the lives of neutrals. It seemed then that the
United States could choose between relinquishing the rights
of her citizens to travel on the merchant ships owned by
Germany's enemies and severing diplomatic relations with
Germany. Such was not the outcome, because the President
caused Germany to abandon the harsh but effective weapon
she had invoked and to respect the rights of Americans. To-
A
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Mr. Hughes, what would you have
done in the British or German nego-
tiations that Woodrow Wilson has
not done? And what has President
Wilson done that you would not have
done?
day American citizens are free to travel wherever duty or
their interests call them, over every ocean lane, with no
uncertainty as to whether their lives will be endangered or
their rights disregarded. THE MOST SUCCESSFUL WAR
COULD HAVE ACCOMPLISHED NO MORE THAN
THIS.
THE BRITISH NEGOTIATIONS.
The belligerents on the other side to this war, however,
have not failed to violate American rights. What have been
the accomplishments of the President's policy in respect to.
the activities of Great Britain and her allies, which con-
cerned the interests of the United States? Let us enumerate
them:
First, the President has forced substantial modifications
of Great Britain's policy toward American commerce,
bringing it more nearly within the limitations of inter-
national law, as instance the change from the irregular
policy embodied in the various Orders in Council, to a
more definite blockade policy to which can be applied
the recognized rules of international law, although in a
fashion which is not yet satisfactory to the United States.
Second, Great Britain and her allies have been held
responsible for every violation of international law in
their relations with the United States; the American case
has been thoroughly prepared, earnestly argued and is
now complete to date, thus assuring the just settlement
of our claims, when a period of greater calmness permits
an even-handed weighing of this evidence through the
instrumentality of arbitration or of other means of inves-
tigation.
The difference between the American difficulties with Great
Britain and those with the Teutonic Governments are most
clearly indicated in this simple summary of what the Presi-
dent has accomplished. The American case against
Great Britain is comparable to a civil case in an
American court.
It involved dollars and cents and financial losses in terms
thereof. The United States could well afford to rely in the
prosecution of its case upon the processes of the civil courts,
namely, the presentation of evidence and insistence upon the
application of clearly pertinent provisions of law. Since the
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
103
civil elements of international law alone were trenched upon
by Great Britain, the proper sentence against her was a
fine and the payment of damages. These the United States
has assessed, and is intent upon assessing whenever the evi-
dence in the case justifies.
GERMANY VIOLATED RIGHT OF LIFE.
Germany, on the other hand, inflicted little damage upon
the property of Americans, but she committed crimes
against them, in sacrificing their lives, so that the
honor of their Government was involved.
The difference in the offense of the two belligerents was
clearly stated by Secretary of State Lansing in this excerpt
from an address at Watertown, New York:
"The violation of the natural right of life is a much
more serious offense against an individual and against
his nation than the violation of the legal right of prop-
erty. There is not and cannot be adequate recompense
for the wrongful destruction of life, but property losses
can be satisfied by the payment of indemnities. If one
belligerent violates the rights of life and another bel-
ligerent violates the right of property, can you doubt
for a moment which one gives this Government the
greatest concern, or which one will call forth the more
vigorous protest and the more earnest effort to prevent
repetitions of the offense? A Government which places
life and property on an equality would be generally con-
demned, and justly condemned."
The purpose of this article is to tell in simple fashion the
story of how President Wilson kept the country out of war
and spared it the dishonor which would have resulted from
continued infringements upon its essential rights. It is real-
ized that nothing could be said in praise of this policy which
would be half so impressive as the mere fact recital of what
it has accomplished. The glories of peace need no in-
terpreter for America, for these ordinary attributes
of our life which the President has protected and
conserved are daily brought into relief against
the blackened and flame-licked skies of Europe.
The President has had a single policy for all of the Euro-
pean belligerents. It was to stand firmly and impartially for
the observance of international law wherever the rights of
American citizens might be involved. This policy he has
adhered to with absolute consistence.
The President never has assented tacitly or openly to a
violation of any accepted principle of international law which-
related to the rights of neutrals or the common rights of
mankind. He never has failed to state the case against any
of the belligerents when events put him forward as a proper
spokesman. Despite the terrific forces which the war has
unloosed here in America, the President has steered a straight
course, proceeding firmly upon the theory that the United
States could be guided by but one light in these days of un-
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.:
precedented circumstances. The principles of international
law he has applied to both parties of belligerents, and the only
difference which has occurred in our relations with the
entente powers on the one hand and with the Teutonic
powers on the other was due to the character of the viola-
tions of international law which the two parties committed.
The President's mind does not oscillate. He saw clearly
at the outset that the only hope for protecting American
rights and avoiding American participation in the war lay
in the strict maintenance of the principles of international
law. Likewise he realized that the same course was held up
to the vision of America because of the duty that devolved
upon her, as the greatest free Government, to keep alight
the torch of international justice and international right in
a period when the other great conservators of these princi-
ciples seemed bent upon extinguishing them.
AMERICA'S DUTY DECLARED.
The purpose of maintaining international law left but one
course open to the President. That was to proclaim Amer-
ican neutrality. It was the President's first step. He an-
nounced to the world in a series of formal executive procla-
mations, issued in 1914, as each belligerent entered
the war, that America would remain neutral. Each procla-
mation defined for American citizens the limitations fixed
by international law and the laws of the United States upon
their activities in a time of conflict between powers with
whom the United States was on terms of amity. These
included specific inhibitions as to giving aid to either side
by outfitting armed ships, supplying the armed ships of bel-
ligerents, or otherwise aiding the belligerents to utilize the
waters and the coasts of the United States as bases of mili-
tary operations. The President promised the world
that America's judgments would be even-handed
upon the issues presented to her and that neither
her moral nor her material power would be exerted
against either side so long as the rights of this
nation were respected.
The President was not content to rely upon a mere legal
neutrality. He thought that the ideals of America demanded
something more of her citizens. He determined, in so far as
he might be able to, to maintain a spiritual neutrality here
in the United States. August 18, 1914, the President issued
a statement from the White House warning the people of
the country "against that deepest, most subtle, most essen-
tial breach of neutrality which may spring out of partisan-
ship, out of passionately taking sides." "The United States
must be neutral in fact as well as in deeds during these days
that are to try men's souls," declared the President. "We
must be impartial in thought as well as in action, must put
a curb upon our sentiments as well as upon every transaction
that might be construed as a preference for one party to the
struggle before another."
The President even then foresaw the turbulence which
*
-
1
?
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
105
1
would arise in the life of the country as the result of clashes
among the interests and the sentiments of our foreign-born
citizens. He pointed the way to the avoidance of these dis-
asters, and substantiated his plea with this lofty argument:
Such divisions among us would be fatal to our peace of
mind, and might seriously stand in the way of the proper per-
formance of our duty as the one great nation at peace, the
one people holding itself ready to play a part of impartial
mediation and speak the counsels of peace and accommoda-
tion, not as a partisan, but as a friend."
"My thought is of America," the President went on; “I
am speaking, I feel sure, the earnest wish and purpose of
every thoughtful American that this great country of ours,
which is, of course, the first in our thoughts and in our
hearts, should show herself in this time of peculiar trial a
nation fit beyond others to exhibit the fine poise of undis-
turbed judgment, the dignity of self-control, the efficiency
of dispassionate action; a nation that neither sits in judgment
upon others nor is disturbed in her own councils and which
keeps herself fit and free to do what is honest and disinter-
ested and truly serviceable for the peace of the world."
The President had formulated his policy and had stated it.
He had adopted the policy formulated by Washington and
Jefferson in other European wars. It remained for him to
apply its high principles.
THE FIRST NEGOTIATIONS.
The first diplomatic correspondence between the United
States and the belligerent governments was begun by the
United States in August, 1914, as a measure of preparedness.
The United States proposed that all of the belligerents
accept the unratified Declaration of London as the code of
international law to be applied during the war. The Declara-
tion of London contained the most advanced international
code of naval warfare which had been produced out of the
experiences of civilization. Although by no means satisfac-
tory in certain respects, its provisions were more definite
than the provisions of the generally accepted law of nations
as to the interpretation of which there were differences of
opinion.

To Candidate Hughes:-
Would you have filed instant pro-
test against the invasion of Belgium
and backed up that protest with the
United States Navy?
One of ten questions addressed to Mr. Hughes August
1, 1916, by a committee of thirty-six famous American
authors.
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HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
Germany and Austria assented, August 14, 1914, on the
condition that the other belligerents do so, but Great Britain
and her allies were unwilling to consent, because it would
have barred measures by which they planned to utilize their
control of the seas against Germany. The allied belligerents
declared they would enforce the Declaration with modifi-
cations."
(6
Great Britain then proceeded to inaugurate a policy for the
suppression of German commerce, which was promulgated
by a series of radical Orders in Council, extending the lists
of conditional and absolute contraband beyond the articles
prescribed by the Declaration of London or in previously
recognized formulations of international law. It soon be-
came evident that the modifications which the British Orders
in Council were making in the Declaration of London would
reduce the so-called application of that code to the category
of mockery, so the United States, on October 22, 1914, in-
formed all of the belligerents that she felt obliged to with-
draw the suggestion that the Declaration of London be
adopted for the period of the war.
In its note of withdrawal the United States gave notice
of what its policy for the war would be. It said: This Gov-
ernment will insist that the rights and duties of the Govern-
ment and citizens of the United States in the present war
be defined by existing rules of international law and the
treaties of the United States without regard to the provi-
sions of the declaration, and that the Government of the
United States reserves to itself the right to enter a protest
or demand in every case in which the rights and duties so
defined are violated, or their friendly exercise interfered with
by the authorities of the belligerent government."
"
BRITAIN HELD TO ACCOUNT.
Meanwhile, Great Britain had ceased to observe the require-
ment of international law that a ship bearing goods of sus-
pected enemy destination be visited and searched upon the
high seas. British ships were compelling American vessels
bound for ports of neutral countries contiguous to Germany
to enter British ports in order that their cargoes be investi-
gated. American ships were held in port indefinitely await-
ing decision by the British commerce authorities OL the
prize court. Although international law did not authorize
it, Great Britain was seeking to prevent contraband articles
from reaching neutral countries where she would be power-
less to prevent their reexportation to Germany and Austria.
The British policy aroused a growing unwillingness among
ship owners to accept cargoes for the indicated neutral ports,
thereby inflicting losses upon American shippers and depress-
ing their industries.
Our note withdrawing the suggestion as to the Declara-
tion of London, despatched in October, 1914, was followed,
in December, by a sharp protest from the United States
against the restraints which the British Government had
placed upon American commerce.
This protest was confined in the main to the detention of
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
107
J
cargoes including contraband and conditional contraband
bound from the United States to neutral ports. Severe criti-
cism was made of Great Britain for attempting to prevent
an absolutely legal trade in articles between the United States
and other neutral countries, which might have been held
contraband if destined to a belligerent, and the American
Government declared that it viewed with growing concern
"the large number of vessels laden with American goods
destined to neutral ports which have been seized on the high
seas, taken into British ports and detained sometimes for
weeks by the British authorities.' The United States post-
poned a discussion of the British contraband policy which
had extended the definition of contraband to articles never
before so classified under international law. It pointed out
also that the immediate protest had been delayed purposely
by the United States in the hope that, after a period for ad-
justment, the British authorities would adapt their hurriedly
evolved emergency measures to international custom.
""
The sting of the American note lay in its conclusion,
which stated that a growing public criticism of Great Britain
was holding that nation responsible for depression in cer-
tain American industries dependent upon European markets,
and notice was served that, if the existing condition of
American trade with neutral countries was continued, it might
"arouse a feeling contrary to that which has so
long existed between the American and British
peoples."
AROUSED AMERICA.
It was a telling argument which the President had made
in behalf of American rights. Published in the United
States the note had the effect of arousing the American
people for the first time to the realization of the whole
nation's interests in the war and to the possibility that these
interests might eventually so conflict with the interests of
the belligerent nations that drastic measures might follow.
The President's note brought an early reply from the
British Government. That Government assured the United
States of its sincere purpose not to interfere with trade be-
tween neutral nations "unless such interference is necessary
to protect the belligerents' national safety, and then only
to the extent to which this is necessary." Great Britain
argued that the increase of American trade with Denmark,
Sweden, Norway, Italy and Holland-the then neutral coun-
tries contiguous to the central belligerents-was substantial
proof that these nations were re-exporting American goods to
Germany and Austria. She declared that the Entente Allies
were confronted with the growing danger "that neutral coun-
tries contiguous to the enemy will become on a scale hitherto
unprecedented a base of supplies for the armed forces of our
enemies and for materials for manufacturing armament."
Great Britain indicated her intention to continue to inter-
cept ships carrying goods really destined for the enemy and
pointed out the difficulty of searching such ships on the
high seas, thus attempting to justify her practice of con-
veying neutral cargoes into British ports for inspection.
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The note of January 7 was followed, on February 10, by
a more complete exposition of the British viewpoint. Great
Britain was then enabled to advance statistics regarding the
trade between the United States and the European neutrals
which she judged to justify the conclusion that "the naval
operations of Great Britain are not the cause of any diminu-
tion in the volume of American exports."
Great Britain claimed then that her policy of restraining
trade which she believed to be of ultimate enemy destination
was in accordance with the fundamental principles of in-
ternational law, despite the charges of the United States as
to the violation of special, recognized provisions of this law.
It was stated also that the United States in the American
Civil War had found it necessary to take vessels to United
States ports in order to determine whether the circumstances
justified their detention. The British note declared that in-
asmuch as all the food supplies of Germany had been placed
under the control of the Central Government, thereby re-
moving any distinction between the civil population and the
armed forces of Germany, she could no longer consent to
distinction in her contraband policy between foodstuffs in-
tended for the civil population and those for the armed forces
of her enemies. Attention was directed to the procedure
which had been adopted in British prize courts with a view
of expediting all cases of interest to neutral commerce as
evidencing the friendliness which the British Government
entertained for the United States.
រ
WAR ZONE" PROCLAMATION.
The two Governments had stated their position
and were still far apart in their interpretations of
international law respecting the rights of neutrals.
The United States was in a position to continue the nego-
tiations and had been preparing to do so for days before the
receipt of the British note of February 10, when a com-
munication was received from Ambassador Gerard at Berlin
conveying an announcement of the German "war zone" proc-
lamation. That proclamation declared the waters of Great
Britain and Ireland to be a war zone and announced that.
"on and after the 18th of February, 1915, every merchant
ship found in the said war zone will be destroyed without
its being always possible to avert the danger threatening
the crews and passengers on that account." The German
proclamation gave warning that even neutral ships could
not escape danger in these areas. Sir Edward Grey had
cited this proclamation in concluding his note of February
10 as justifying any disregard of international law which he
British Government might have committed in adopting meas-
ures for the protection of her interests. "It is impossible for
one belligerent to depart from rules and precedents and for
the other to remain bound by them," declared the British
foreign secretary.
The German Government, on the other hand, had published
a memorial at Berlin citing British offenses against inter-
1
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
109
national law as justification for the war zone policy. Britain
was held liable, as she had been held liable by the United
States, for ignoring the provisions of international law per-
mitting the importations of foodstuffs for the civil popula-
tion of Germany; for the proclamation of the North Sea as
a war area, thereby in effect making dangerous all approaches
to neutral ports of the North Sea; and further for the misuse
of neutral flags by British merchant ships.
Great Britain might argue that Germany's infringements
upon international law justified her course with respect to
neutral commerce, but the United States could not hearken
for a moment to the German argument that the British block-
ade policy justified the Imperial Government in resorting to
a submarine campaign which endangered American lives.
The German war zone decree fell upon American official ears
with a note of ominousness. For the first time, the lives of
American citizens were threatened and the honor of the
nation involved in the issues which had arisen.
"STRICT ACCOUNTABILITY."
The United States waited only three days to put
Germany on notice as to how her war zone procla-
mation had impressed us.
•
February 10, a note was despatched to Berlin informing
the Imperial Government that, in the opinion of the United
States, "to declare or exercise a right to attack and destroy
any vessel entering a prescribed area of the high seas, with-
out first certainly determining belligerent nationality and
the contraband character of its cargo, would be an act so
unprecedented in naval warfare" that the Government of the
United States was reluctant to believe that the Imperial
Government of Germany could contemplate such a course.
Germany's argument, based upon the suspicion that enemy
ships were using neutral flags improperly, was brushed aside
by the United States with the declaration that the right of
visit and search had been evolved to meet just such contin-
gencies. The American Government said emphatically that
it would be very hard indeed to reconcile the friendly
relations subsisting between the two governments with the
"indefensible violation of neutral rights" which the Imperial
Government threatened. Finally, the United States
warned Germany that she would hold the German
Government "to a strict accountability" for such
acts of their naval authorities and would "take
any steps it might be necessary to take to safe-
guard American lives and property and to secure
to American citizens the full enjoyment of their
acknowledged rights on the high seas."
Despite his unwillingness to admit the validity of the
German argument, based upon the suspected misuse of
neutral flags by the British Government, the President
on the same day sent a note to Great Britain urging
Mar
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HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
that, in view of the German pronouncement, the British
Government refrain from jeopardizing the vessels
of neutrals by authorizing or sanctioning the gen-
eral use of neutral flags by British ships.
February 19, 1915, the British Government replied with
reference to the misuse of neutral flags that it had not di-
rected any of its ships to raise them in the war zone, but
that it would be unreasonable to expect the British Govern-
ment to pass legislation forbidding the use of foreign flags
to avoid capture, inasmuch as many nations had recognized
the practice and none had forbidden it. The British Govern-
ment declared it the duty of a belligerent war ship to as-
certain the nationality and character of a merchant vessel
before capturing or destroying it and added that if that ob-
ligation were fulfilled the hoisting of a neutral flag on a
British vessel could not possibly endanger neutral ship-
ping. If loss to neutrals should be caused by disregard of
this obligation, the British Government would disclaim re-
sponsibility.
Germany replied February 16, 1915, in a note which sought
to justify her intended policy as a measure of self-defense.
Germany cited her abstention from violations of international
law theretofore as contrasting with the British naval policy
and declared that the effect of the belligerents' attitude to-
ward international law had been to deprive Germany's civilian
population of the right to trade with neutrals in non-contra-
band articles, whereas England could trade unstintedly even
in munitions of war. The German note put forward for the
first time an intimation that the United States ought to stop
the trade in munitions of war as a reprisal for British com-
merce infringements.
As regards the war zone policy, the German Government
gave notice of its intention not to recede from it. It expressed
ļ
A MIGHTY PEN.
A great deal of fun has been had over note-writing
although we used in other days to be fond of quoting "The
pen is mightier than the sword." But President Wilson had
just two tools he could use-his pen with his brain behind it,
OR YOUR LIFE. That is all he had. He could send
NOTES, or he could send HUMAN LIVES. He had to use
either the tools of diplomacy, or he had to use American
fathers and brothers and sons-of whom YOU would likely
have been one. NOW-ASIDE FROM PARTISAN PREF-
ERENCES-WHICH WOULD YOU PREFER A PRESI-
DENT TO RISK FIRST: HIS PEN, OR YOUR LIFE?
PRESIDENT WILSON TRIED HIS PEN FIRST. IF
THE PEN HAD FAILED THROUGH ANY WEAKNESS
IN ITS HANDLING, HE WOULD HAVE HAD TO FALL
BACK UPON THE BODIES OF AMERICAN MEN,
OFFERED AS SACRIFICES ON THE ALTAR OF BAT-
TLE. BUT THE NOTES DID NOT FAIL, BECAUSE
THEY WERE NOT WEAK NOTES, AND THEY WERE
NOT WRITTEN BY A WEAK MAN.-From the Detroit
News (Ind.).
(6
""
•
!
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
111
¡
its determination to suppress the British importations of war
material by every means at its disposal, and, while declar-
ing it far from its purpose ever to destroy neutral lives and
neutral property, pointed out that travel in the war zone
would not be without danger. The German Government
expressly declined all responsibility for "accidents" in the
war zone.
PLAN TO AVOID "ACCIDENTS.”
The United States forthwith, on February 20, submitted
its second proposal to the belligerents for an agreement to
change the rules of war. It was a modus vivendi which both
sides were to engage:
First, not to sow floating mines nor plant anchored
mines upon the high seas, to stamp all mines with the
stamp of the Government planting them and to use only
mines which would become harmless if separated from
their moorings.
Second, that neither would use submarines to attack
merchant vessels except to enforce the right of visit and
search.
Third, that each belligerent would require its merchant
vessels not to use neutral flags as a ruse of war.
Germany was to agree that all importations of foodstuffs
from the United States should be consigned to designated
agencies which would insure that their use be limited to the
civilian population and Great Britain to permit foodstuffs
to enter Germany for the use of the civil population. This
modus vivendi was concurred in by Germany March 1, but
the British Government replied negatively in a note which
characterized the proposed German methods of warfare as
"entirely outside the scope of any of the international in-
struments regulating operations against commerce in time of
war." The British communication declared that Germany
proposed to substitute "indiscriminate destruction" for "regu-
lated capture" of British merchant vessels and declared its
intention "to prevent commodities of any kind from reach-
ing or leaving Germany."
This note inaugurated the British blockade of Germany.
The United States impeached the legality of the British
policy in a note despatched from Washington March 5, 1915.
The United States held that a blockade to be legal must be
effective-a test which the British policy could not meet
because certain North Sea waters and those of the Baltic
were out of British control. It pointed out also that the laws
of blockade did not permit its extension to neutral countries.
An identical note was sent to the French Government.
Both governments promptly replied with arguments which
centered around the propriety of retaliatory measures against
Germany for illegal submarine operations. It was evident
that the arguments were describing a circle. On the one
hand, Germany was seeking to justify her course by a
recital of British shortcomings, and on the other the British
Government was grounding its arguments entirely upon the
justification of reprisal.
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-

To Candidate Hughes:-
It is arrant nonsense to talk about
action that would have prevented
the Lusitania tragedy.
The vague
advertisement did not appear until
shortly before the hour of sailing.
The occurrence was one of those
things that civilization had made
the world regard as incredible. The
only honest question is this: Would
you have made the disaster the sub-
ject of diplomatic negotiations or
would you have broken relations
with Germany at once?
From list of ten questions addressed to Charles Evans
Hughes August 1, 1916, by a Committee of thirty-six
famous authors.
The United States continued to argue the case from the
standpoint of international law while the German opera-
tions were continued. A note from the State Depart-
ment, despatched March 30, 1915, asserted Ameri-
can adherence in the principle of "universal
equality of sovereignty on the high seas."
It described the British Order in Council announcing the
blockade as “a practical assertion of unlimited belligerent
right over neutral commerce within the whole European
area and an almost unqualified denial of the sovereign rights
of the nations now at peace." Notice was given that the
British Government must be prepared "to make full repara-
tion for every act which under the rules of international law
constitutes a violation of neutral rights."
This was the status of American international relations
when, on May 7, 1915, a German submarine torpedoed and
sunk the British Steamship "Lusitania,” causing the death of
over 100 American citizens. The "Lusitania" attack culminated
a series of incidents in which German activities had violated
American rights. These included the sinking of the "Falaba,"
which had aboard one American citizen, an attack on the
American vessel, "Cushing," by a German aeroplane, and the
torpedoing of another American vessel, the "Gulflight." The
sinking of the "Lusitania" brought the American Government
to a decision between peace and war. Days passed in which
the mounting horror and anger aroused by that incident
threatened so to impassion the American people that war
£
}
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
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I
would be inevitable. It was a time to test men's
souls, particularly the soul of him who was
called upon to pilot the American Government.
SOUGHT THE INNER SILENCES.
The President isolated himself. He desired a quiet space
for clear thinking in order that he might judge the merits
of the issue that faced him and not be swept from his feet
by the tide of passion which was rising throughout the nation.
The conclusion which the President formed was that the
United States ought not yet to abandon its efforts to convince
the German Government of the inhumanity and illegality of
its course. He then set out to present the issues so clearly
to the German Government that it could not escape passing
upon them unequivocally, hoping in this way to prevent a
repetition of the "Lusitania" tragedy.
The President, in a note sent to Berlin May 13, 1915, ex-
pressed the opinion that it was practically impossible for the
German Government to employ submarines in the destruc-
tion of commerce without violating the principles of hu-
manity and justice. He pointed out the difficulty of a sub-
marine visiting and searching a merchantman as required
by law. Germany was called upon to disavow the acts com-
plained against, to make reparation so far as reparation was
possible for the loss of human lives, and take steps imme-
diately to prevent the recurrence of such outrages. The
German Government was warned that the Government of
the United States would not omit any word or act necessary
to the protection of its citizens.
Germany did not attempt to justify the proposition that it
could attack unarmed merchant vessels without meeting the
obligation of visit and search and warning. She argued the
"Lusitania" case and all of the other cases cited by the United
States as special cases, bringing forward in each instance
certain alleged circumstances, such as the claimed conceal-
ment of guns beneath the "Lusitania's" decks, as justification
for the course which had been followed. She attempted to
invoke the fact that the "Lusitania" carried contraband of war
as further justification for that attack.
The German reply was received May 28, 1915. It was sup-
plemented June 1 by a note in which the Berlin Government
sought to prove that no violation of the principle of visit
and search was involved in the "Gulflight" and "Cushing"
cases, thereby implicitly recognizing this principle. June 9,
the United States characterized as irrelevant that portion of
the German argument which related to the presence of contra-
band aboard the "Lusitania" and officially denied that guns
had been mounted beneath her decks. The United States
solemnly informed the German Government that this Gov-
ernment was contending for something much greater than
property rights or commerce privileges. "It is contending
for nothing less high and sacred than the rights of humanity,"
declared the American note. The United States reiterated
its demand for assurances as to the legality of Germany's
future acts.
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HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
1
July 9, the German Government transmitted to the Ameri-
can Government a note which reiterated the whole argument
regarding her right to adopt any practicable measures to
suppress the shipment of munitions of war to her enemies
and offering to protect the lives of Americans provided the
American Government would consent to limit her citizens
to traveling on American ships or on four British passenger
ships which Germany proposed should be placed under the
American flag. This note the United States regarded as
very unsatisfactory because it failed to meet the real differ-
ence between the two governments and indicated in no way
the attitude which Germany might be expected to take
toward the accepted principles of law and humanity which
were involved in the submarine operations.
PRESIDENT'S CHALLENGE TO GERMANY.
The President was naturally impatient at the continuance
of an argument which was confined to matters beside the
point on Germany's part. July 21, he pointed out how the
interval since the "Lusitania" attack had demonstrated the
practicability of confining submarine operations within the
limitations of international law, and very emphatically in-
formed the German Government that the United States ex-
pected a scrupulous observance of neutral rights in the future.
The German Government was told that any repe-
tition of previous incidents of violations of Amer-
ican right by German naval vessels would be
viewed as "deliberately unfriendly"-a phrase of
very definite and drastic import in diplomacy.
An intimation that the German Government was prepared
to commit itself to an observance of the principle of visit
and search had been conveyed in a note received from
Berlin July 12, in which it expressed regret and offered to
make compensation for an attack on the American steamer
"Nebraska," which was in violation of this principle. Relations
between the two governments became more and
strained, however, as weeks went by without any satisfactory
statement from the German Government. August 19th saw
an unwarned attack upon the "Arabic." Americans were
more
A PAEAN OF THANKSGIVING.
ΤΗ
THE praises of this policy (neutrality) are not written in
the ruins of American homes, not in the wreck of Ameri-
can industries, not in the mourning of American families;
they are found in the myriad evidences of prosperity and
plenty that make this a contented land. From every whirling
spindle in America, from every factory wheel that turns,
from every growing thing that breathes its prayer of plenty
to the skies from every quiet school, from every crowded
mart, from every peaceful home goes up a song of praise, a
paean of thanksgiving to hymn a nation's tribute, to the
statesmanship that has brought these things to pass.
-From Martin H. Glynn's keynote speech.
¿
HOW 115
·
WILSON KEPT PEACE
1.
aboard this ship, entitled to an opportunity for safe with-
drawal before attack, just as the Americans aboard the
"Lusitania" had been entitled to warning.
Tension developed rapidly then. Count von Bernstorf, the
German Ambassador, who was endeavoring to find a basis
of settlement for the "Lusitania" case, was informed by the
State Department that it did not wish to discuss that
case until the "Arabic" incident had been definitely
and satisfactorily settled. At the end of a week of uncer-
tainty, in which a severance of diplomatic relations was al-
most momentarily expected even by high officials of the
Government, the German Ambassador, on September 1,
1915, called upon Secretary of State Lansing and informed
him that he had been instructed to deliver an answer to the
last "Lusitania” note containing the following passage:
""
A DIPLOMATIC TRIUMPH.
"Liners will not be sunk by our submarines
without warning and without safety of the lives
of non-combatants, provided that the liners do not
try to escape or offer resistance.”
This was the concession of the essential principle for which
the United States had been contending. It opened the way for
a discussion of means by which a settlement of the "Arabic"
and "Lusitania cases might be reached. With its demand
complied with, this Government was free to seek compliance
with the other demands which it had made or thought it
necessary to make. Germany's intention to observe interna-
tional law in her submarine operations was stated again in
a note dated September 19, 1915, proposing a settlement of
the "William P. Fry" case, in which it was stated:
"The German Government, in order to furnish
to the American Government evidence of its con-
ciliatory attitude, has issued orders to the German
naval forces not to destroy American merchant-
men which have loaded conditional contraband,
even when the conditions of international law are
presented, but to permit them to continue their
voyage unhindered if it is not possible to take
them into port.'
October 5, 1915, the German Ambassador delivered a note
to Secretary of State Lansing informing him that instruc-
tions to German submarines had been made so stringent that
the recurrence of incidents similar to the "Arabic "case was
considered out of the question. It was stated that the
attack upon the "Arabic" had been committed in
violation of these instructions and that the Im-
""
-
AMERICA has merely asserted her rights of her citizens
and her Government upon what is written plain upon
all the documents of international intercourse. (Woodrow
Wilson.)
#
•
116
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
perial Government regretted and disavowed that
attack and had notified Commander Schneider,
the responsible submarine official of its disap-
proval. The German Government offered to pay
an indemnity for the American lives lost on the
"Arabic."
The United States thereupon set out a second time to test
Germany's assurances that she would not violate American
rights in her submarine operations. Only a few months were
permitted to elapse, however, before it became clear that
the conduct of a submarine campaign, such as Germany was
intent upon, was impossible without violation of the rights
of neutrals. The spring witnessed a series of happenings
in which Germany's promises were vitiated either by the
WORLD-PROTECTION FOR SMALL NATIONS.
"We are not mere disconnected lookers-on.”
R
"We must move forward to the thought of the modern
world, the thought of which peace is the very atmosphere."
EPEATED utterances of the leading statesmen of most of
the great nations now engaged in war have made it plain
that their thought has come to this, that the principle of
public right must henceforth take precedence over the in-
dividual interests of particular nations, and that the nations
of the world must in some way band themselves together
to see that that right prevails as against any sort of selfish
aggression; that henceforth alliance must not be set up
against alliance, understanding against understanding, but
that there must be a common agreement for a common ob-
ject, and that at the heart of that common object must lie
the inviolable rights of peoples and of mankind. * *
*
This is undoubtedly the thought of America. This is what
we ourselves will say when there comes proper occasion to
say it. In the dealings of nations with one another arbitrary
force must be rejected and we must move forward to the
thought of the modern world, the thought of which peace
is the very atmosphere. That thought constitutes a chief
part of the passionate conviction of America.
* * *
We believe these fundamental things: First, that every
people has a right to choose the sovereignty under which
they shall live. Like other nations, we have ourselves no
doubt once and again offended against that principle when
for a little while controlled by selfish passion, as our franker
historians have been honorable enough to admit; but it has
become more and more our rule of life and action. Second,
that the small states of the world have a right to enjoy the
same respect for their sovereignty and for their territorial
integrity that great and powerful nations expect and insist
upon. And, third, that the world has a right to be free from
every disturbance of its peace that has its origin in aggres-
sion and disregard of the rights of peoples and nations.-
From President Wilson's Address before League to Enforce
Peace, Washington, May 27, 1916.
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
117
incompleteness of instructions to submarine commanders or
by a willingness on the part of these officers to disregard
instructions.
PLOTTERS FORCED TO LEAVE.
American relations with Germany were aggravated in the
period by other circumstances not resulting from actual sub-
marine operations. The State Department discovered
evidence of activities of Capt. Franz Von Papen
and Capt. Karl Boy-Ed, military and naval at-
taches of the German Embassy at Washington,
in connection with the issuance of fraudulent
passports, the fomenting of strikes and an un-
warranted prying into American military secrets,
which made the continued presence of these
officials here intolerable. Their recall was there-
fore demanded and they left the country in
December, 1915.
A difficulty arose in February, 1916, when Germany as-
serted her intention to attack armed merchantmen without
warning. The American Government saw a clear violation
of international law in such a course. After a careful study
of precedents, the President caused the State Department to
announce that, in the opinion of the United States, merchant
ships may arm for defensive purpose without violating the
law and that naval vessels are obliged to ascertain that the
armament of such a ship is intended for offensive use before
committing an attack. It was made clear that the United
States intended to hold Germany responsible for unwarned
attacks upon merchantmen bearing Americans, even if such
ships were armed.
The armed ship controversy focused public attention on
one of the greatest handicaps under which the President had
labored throughout the negotiations with Germany. The
German Government had been misled into the belief that
America was divided on the issues involved in the German
submarine campaign. The men who wrote the replies to the
American notes had not fully realized that when the Presi-
dent spoke, America spoke, and, therefore, the danger always
existed that Germany might refuse the President's demands
in the expectation that he would be deterred from severing
diplomatic relations by the operation of hyphenated and par-
tisan political influences here in the United States.
THE TEST IN CONGRESS.
In late February, 1916, the Gore and McLemore resolu-
tions were introduced in the Senate and House proposing
that Americans be prevented from availing themselves of
their right to travel on armed merchantmen. Prominent
members of Congress declared that if permitted to come to
a vote these measures would pass overwhelmingly. Un-
recognized among most elements of our citizenship, this was
the crisis in the relations between the United States and
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HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
Germany. Faltering would have meant to the German offi-
cial mind that the President did not have the support of Con-
gress for his policy and that the German submarine com-
mander could safely disregard the warning given by the
American Government.. It was an issue which overshadowed
all other issues of our international relations because it com-
prehended them, and the President recognized its importance.
He called for a showdown.
The President gave notice that doubt could not
longer be tolerated as to whether the influence of
the American Government or a foreign Govern-
ment was supreme in the nation, and added that the
only possible hope for America passing unscathed through
the testing time of the European war was by a strict main-
tenance of international law whenever it was violated. Those
Congress leaders who had predicted the passage of the so-
called "scuttle" resolutions were challanged to show their
strength.
No uncertainty ever had existed in the President's mind as
to the quality of patriotism which inspired the great ma-
jority of the Congress, and the test of strength which he
forced eventuated in a way that more than justified his con-
fidence. Early in March, despite the opposition of 101 Re-
publicans, headed by Minority Leader Mann, the House re-
jected the McLemore resolution by a vote of 276 to 142.
The Senate rejected the Gore resolution by a vote of 68 to
14, 12 of the noes being Republican votes.
THE SUSSEX " HORROR."
In March, unlawful attacks were made upon the Man-
chester Guardian," the "Englishman," the "Berwinvale," the
Eagle Point," and finally upon the Channel ferryboat
Sussex," all of which carried Americans. The attack upon
the "Sussex ””
was the most shocking occurrence of Ger-
many's submarine campaign, except the sinking of the
"Lusitania." "It must stand forth," to quote the
President, "as the sinking of the steamer 'Lusitania'
did, as so singularly tragic and unjustifiable as to
constitute a truly terrible example of the inhuman-
ity of submarine warfare as the commanders of
German vessels have for the past twelve-month
been conducting it."
The President and the country felt that the point had been
reached where the United States could not longer tolerate
submarine operations by Germany on the scale and in the
way which had theretofore been attempted. April 19, 1916,
after an interchange of notes between the United States and
Germany and careful investigations by American naval and
diplomatic representatives had established that the "Sussex"
was torpedoed without warning, in outright violation of inter-
national law, the President addressed the Congress upon the
situation. He asserted that the "Sussex" attack and other
outrages had made it “painfully evident that the position
(6
(6
"C
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119
}
which this Government took at the very outset is inevitable,
namely, that the use of submarines for the destruction of an
enemy's commerce is of necessity, because of the very char-
acter of the vessels employed and the very methods of attack
which their employment, of course, involves, incompatible
with the principles of humanity, the long-established and
incontrovertible rights of neutrals and the sacred immunities
of non-combatants.”
On the same day, the President sent an ultimatum to Ger-
many, setting forth “that unless the Imperial German Gov-
ernment should now immediately declare and effect an aban-
donment of its present methods of warfare against passenger
and freight-carrying vessels, this Government can have no
choice but to sever diplomatic relations with the Government
of the German Empire altogether."
The American ultimatum was effective. Germany did not
commit another unlawful submarine attack, thus meeting the
President's demand that she effect an immediate abandon-
ment of her previous methods of submarine warfare. May 4
the German Government forwarded to Washington a note
stating that instructions had been given submarine com-
manders as follows:
WILSON'S DEMAND GRANTED.
In accordance with the general principles of visit and
search and destruction of merchant vessels recognized by in-
ternational law, such vessels, both within and without the
area declared as naval war zone, shall not be sunk without
warning and without saving human lives, unless these ships
attempt to escape or offer resistance."
Having acquiesced in the demands of the United States,
Germany went on to discuss the American policy toward
Great Britain and to intimate that the new restriction upon
submarine operations might be removed unless the United
States adopted more vigorous steps to alter the British
blockade policy. Only one course was open to the Govern-
ment of the United States. That was to accept Germany's
compliance with our demands and to disregard the conditions
which she by intimation placed upon this compliance. So it
was that on May 8 the President sent a brief note to Berlin
construing the German note as a complete acceptance of the
conditions which the United States had fixed for the mainte-
nance of friendly relations, and notifying the German Gov-
ernment that the United States could not "for a moment
entertain, much less discuss, a suggestion that
respect by Germany naval authorities for the
rights of citizens of the United States upon the
high seas should in any way or in the slightest
degree be made contingent upon the conduct of
any other Government affecting the rights of
neutrals and non-combatants." "Responsibility in
such matters," affirmed by the American note, "is single, not
joint; absolute, not relative."
120
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
THUS THE GERMAN CRISIS WAS DISPOSED OF
AND THE UNITED STATES WAS FREE AGAIN TO
GIVE ATTENTION TO THE CONTROVERSY WITH
THE OTHER BELLIGERENTS WHICH HAD BEEN
HELD IN ABEYANCE IN THE PERIOD WHEN AN
ACTUAL RUPTURE WITH GERMANY WAS LOOKED
UPON AS AN IMMINENT POSSIBILITY. Secretary of
State Lansing let it be known, however, that the argumenta-
tive part of the German note had made it very difficult for
him to continue the negotiations with Great Britain.
One of the most vexatious practices which Great Britain
and France had indulged in with respect of neutral inter-
course was her interference with neutral mails. The two
Governments had adopted the custom of removing and cen-
soring the mails aboard the neutral ships which she took into
her ports for inspection. This matter had been dealt with
in a note sent to London January 4, 1916, and on May 24 the
State Department sent a more complete communication
which made a full statement of the violations of international
law and the damage inflicted upon American citizens involved
in the policy of the Allies. The note reflected the sharp re-
sentment and suspicion of the policy which was felt in the
United States.
The note stated that Great Britain's continued offense had
led "to such losses to American citizens and to a possible re-
sponsibility of the United States to repair them, that this

TRUE AIM OF NEUTRALITY.
ΝΕ
EUTRALITY is a negative word.
It is a word
that does not express what America ought to
feel. America has a heart and that heart throbs with
all sorts of intense sympathies, but America has
schooled its heart to love the things that America
believes in and it ought to devote itself only to the
things that America believes in; and, be-
lieving that America stands apart in its ideals
it ought not to allow itself to be drawn, so far as its
heart is concerned, into anybody's quarrel. Not be-
cause it does not understand the quarrel, not because
it does not in its head assess the merits of the con-
troversy, but because America has promised the
world to stand apart and maintain certain principles.
of action which are grounded in law and in justice.
We are not trying to keep out of trouble; we are
trying to preserve the foundations upon which peace
can be rebuilt. Peace can be rebuilt only upon the
ancient and accepted principles of international law,
only upon those things which remind nations of
their duties to each other, and, deeper than that, of
their duties to mankind and to humanity.-President
Wilson's Address to the D. A. R. in Washington,
October 11, 1915.
1
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
121
Government will be compelled in the near future to press
claims for full reclamation upon the attention of his Majesty's
Government and of the French Republic." The United States
gave notice that it expected the questionable practices of the
British and French authorities in the treatment of mails to
be discontinued.
In the period when the United States had been so en-
grossed in the possibilities of the German submarine policy,
numerous interchanges had been made between this Govern-
ment and Great Britain regarding the commerce policy of
the Allies. October 21, 1915, the United States had sent an
extremely long and forceful note impunging the legality of
the British blockade on the ground that it violated the prin-
ciple of international law which forbids the blockade of
neutral ports in time of war, as well as the declaration of
Paris, which expressly declares that "blockades, in order to
be binding, must be effected; that is to say, maintained by
forces sufficient really to prevent access to the coast of the
enemy." Great Britain's practice of seizing vessels at sea
upon conjectural suspicion" was contrasted with the pro-
visions of international law defining the right to visit and
search. The statement was made that " unwarranted delay
and expense in bringing vessels into port for search and in-
vestigation upon mere suspicion has had a deterrent effect
upon trade ventures, however lawful they may be, which can-
not be adequately measured in damages." The United States
informed Great Britain that it would not advise its citizens
to seek redress before British prize courts which, in the opin-
ion of the United States, "are unauthorized by the unre-
stricted application of international law to grant reparation."
January 19, 1916, the United States received notification of
the adoption of the British Trading with the Enemy Act,
which permitted the British Government to prohibit all Brit-
ish citizens or corporations from carrying on business with
persons in foreign countries wherever such procedure might
seem wise. The United States protested, on January 25, that
the act had been framed without a proper regard for the
rights of persons living within the United States, and express-
ing grave apprehensions at future results of the application
of the new war measure. - Notice was given of the purpose of
this Government "to contest the legality or rightfulness of
imposing restrictions upon the freedom of American trade "
in the manner authorized by the Trading with the Enemy
Act.
<<
In a note which reached the State Department in Febru-
ary, the British Government described the act as "a piece of
purely domestic legislation," and admitted "the right of per-
sons of any nationality resident in the United States to en-
gage in legitimate commercial transactions with any other
persons." The Trading with the Enemy Act was utilized later
as authority for the blacklisting of 87 American firms, and for
excluding them from commerce with Great Britain and her
allies. The blacklist was not published until July, however.
The United States entered a prompt and vigorous protest
against this blacklist.
122
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
**-
EMBARGO ON MUNITIONS.
The suggestion that an embargo be laid on munitions ex-
portations to the Allies in reprisal for Great Britain's re-
straint of American commerce was widely discussed in the
United States both before and after the launching of the Ger-
man submarine campaign. The manifest difficulties in the
way of such a policy, however, deterred the great majority of
our citizens from viewing it with favor. In the first place,
it probably would have been necessary to amend the Consti-
tution in order to levy an embargo, and, in the second place,
it would have been extremely difficult to take recourse to
such measures of reprisals without working severe hardships
on American industries, as was demonstrated in the early
days of our national history.
DIFFERENCES WITH AUSTRIA.
The manufacturer of arms or of other munitions of war
might very properly have asked why the embargo was not
placed on wheat or other foodstuffs. He could have defended
his position by the statement that the Allies were benefiting
in a military sense just as much from their importations of
foodstuffs as from their importations of arms or gunpowder.
The intricacies and perplexities of the problem, to say
nothing of the fact that the Teutonic belligerents alone would
have been benefited by such a measure, which would there-
fore have been unneutral, were more than sufficient to prevent
President Wilson from resorting to such a policy. It would
have involved taking sides to a greater extent than the Presi-
dent thought consistent with the American policy of neutrality
and at the same time would have established dangerous
precedents which might have been invoked against the United
States in the event of American participation in future wars.
The latter point was driven home with great forcefulness
in a note sent by the State Department to the Austrian Gov-
ernment in August, 1915, in response to a plea for the sup-
pression of the trade in war contraband between the United
States and the Allies. The American Government in that note
pointed out that democratic governments opposed to mili-
WHAT IS TRUE VALOR?
I WOULD BE JUST AS MUCH ASHAMED
TO BE RASH AS I WOULD TO BE A COW-
ARD. VALOR IS SELF-RESPECTING. VALOR
IS CIRCUMSPECT. VALOR STRIKES ONLY
WHEN IT IS RIGHT TO STRIKE. VALOR
WITHHOLDS ITSELF FROM ALL SMALL IM-
PLICATIONS AND ENTANGLEMENTS AND
WAITS FOR THE GREAT OPPORTUNITY
WHEN THE SWORD WILL FLASH AS IF IT
CARRIED THE LIGHT OF HEAVEN UPON
ITS BLADE.-From President Wilson's Address at
Gridiron Club Dinner, February 26, 1916.
C
I
HOW WILSON KEPT PEACE
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1
tarism and the maintenance of great war machines in times
of peace must perforce maintain their right to unlimited im-
portations of munitions in time of war. Only by this means,
it was said, could such governments avoid the necessity for
great expenditures on accumulations of munitions.
America's differences with Germany's ally, Austria-Hun-
gary, have had various phases. The first serious one arose
September 8, 1915, when this Government felt constrained to
ask for the recall of the Austro-Hungarian ambassador at
Washington, on the ground that he had proposed to his Gov-
ernment plans to institute strikes in American munitions
plants, and that he had improperly employed an American
citizen, James F. J. Archibald, to convey communications to
the Austrian Government relating to these plans. November
7 an Austro-Hungarian submarine brutally shelled the pas-
senger ship "Ancona" in the Mediterranean after the vessel
had halted in response to a summons from the submarine.
The United States demanded that the act be denounced, that
the officer responsible be punished, and that indemnity be
paid for the Americans who were killed or injured. Austria-
Hungary made objections to these demands in a note dated
December 15, 1915, but in the face of a strict insistence
on the part of the United States, conceded all of
the demands on December 29. A demand that Austria-
Hungary apologize and make financial reparation for an
attack upon the old tank " Petrolite" is pending as this article
is being written.
GREAT FRENCHMAN'S PRAISE.
Unqualified admiration of President Wilson's
message to Berlin on the submarine issue (Sussex
note) was expressed by Georges Clemenceau in his
newspaper, L'Homme Libre, April 22, 1916. M.
Clemenceau says:
}
"What strikes one above all in this piece of
world diplomacy which the Chief of the American
Republic has submitted to the National repre-
sentatives is its fine, impassive objectivity, neither
complaints nor recrimination. Facts, no signs of
literature, contrary to what we have seen in the
case of other countries; nothing, too, of the
learned lawyer by happy surprise. Simple, strong
words of a statesman.
"The right, the august imprescriptible right,
which the Pilgrim Fathers of the Mayflower
brought from Europe their sons are bringing
back to us under a shield of iron forged by their
own strong hands.
"Hail to you, American citizens, who march back
into the history of Europe under a great arch on the
front of which Washington, Jefferson and so many
others have carved the noblest claims of humanity.
"What the Kaiser may decide to do is un-
important. Withdrawal or bombast-it will be
all the same in the end."
i
WILSON UPHELD BY
GERMAN STATESMAN
Dr. Bernhard Dernberg Tells Ger-
man People of President Wilson's
Firmness and High Motives
O
N the first page of the Tageblatt Dr. Bernhard Dernberg
published an article in which he gave full recognition
of the motives inspiring the American policy in the sub-
marine controversy, and speaks of German's "wise giving in "
in the Arabic case.
"PRESIDENT WILSON'S POLICY TOWARD GER-
MANY AND GREAT BRITAIN WAS INSPIRED," SAID
DR.
DERNBERG, "BY A DETERMINATION TO
FORCE THE BELLIGERENTS TO RESPECT THE
ANTI-BELLUM PRINCIPLES OF MARITIME LAW,
particularly as laid down in the declaration of London, and
to regard alterations by belligerents without the consent of
the United States and other neutrals as unbinding. America
came into conflict both with Germany and Great Britain over
these questions.
(6
The submarine question had first to be settled, because
this act was not a question, as in Great Britain's commercial
war with Germany, of replacable wares or financial losses,
but of the lives of American citizens. The differences with
Great Britain therefore were postponed until a way had been
cleared through Germany's wise giving in in the Arabic
case."
After stating in answer to the German press that the United
States would enforce her demands at all costs, he says:
"IT SOMETIMES HAS TAKEN RATHER LONG-
THE ALABAMA CASE TOOK FIFTEEN YEARS-BUT
HERE INTERESTS ARE AT STAKE WHICH DO NOT
PERMIT OF DELAY, AND, HOWEVER UNWILLING
THE PRESIDENT IS TO MAKE DIFFICULTIES FOR
GREAT BRITAIN (OR GERMANY EITHER), HE HAS,
AS HAS RECENTLY BEEN SAID, A SINGLE TRACK
MIND IN WHICH THERE IS NEITHER TURNING
OUT OR GOING BACK.”
FOR
OR vainglory or for selfish purpose, others may cry up
a policy of blood and iron, but the President of the
United States has acted on the belief that the leader of a
nation who plunges his people into an unnecessary war, like
Pontius Pilate, vainly washes his hands of innocent blood
while the earth quakes and the heavens are darkened and
thousands give up the ghost.
-From Martin H. Glynn's keynote speech.
NE
EUTRALITY is the policy which has kept us at peace
while Europe has been driving nails of war through the
hands and feet of crucified humanity.
-From Martin H. Glynn's keynote speech.
!
124
GERMAN
"PROGRESSIVE"
LAUDS WOODROW WILSON
Remarkable Articles By Maximilian
Harden, Famous Berlin Jour-
nalist and Publicist
MA
AXIMILIAN HARDEN, "the most feared and most
powerful publicist in the German Empire," in two issues
of his newspaper, Die Zukunft, last April, extolled Woodrow
Wilson as one of the greatest men of his time and defended
the American policy towards Germany as to munitions ex-
ports and the submarine negotiations.
The first of these, dated April 22, was entitled "If I Were
Wilson." It was in the form of an imaginary message to
the German people from President Wilson. In this way
Harden gave forceful expression to his own views.
Following are some quotations:
"I demand that Germany publicly dissociate herself from
every comment by foolish patriots who misuse our hospitality
to upset civil peace.
"I demand that Germany shall, without reserve, protect
the life and property of American citizens at sea. She can
protect them, for no longer may the question of the future
of two great peoples-whether they shall live in friendship
or enmity-depend upon the whim or nerve of a young sub-
marine commander who wishes to serve the Fatherland and
who only listens to his conscience when it says 'Down with
everything I can catch."'"
The second article was a editorial exposition of President
Wilson's public character and policies.
(6
He certainly is a man of high moral and intellectual
rank,” this Article said. “A man of whom we might be proud,
if he were one of ours. * *
*
WILSON, THE TEACHER OF POLITICAL LAW
WHO NOW SPEAKS IN THE NAME OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA, STANDS UPON THE CONVIC-
TION THAT THE ANNOUNCEMENT THAT FROM
MARCH, 1915, THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT WOULD
TREAT THE WATERS AROUND GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND AS BEING IN THE WAR ZONE WAS
A GROSS DENIAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW; THAT
THE PREMEDITATED METHOD OF THE GERMAN
SUBMARINE WARFARE IS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH
THE BASIC LAWS OF HUMANITY; THAT THIS
METHOD WHICH,
WHICH, WITHOUT
WITHOUT THE FLIMSIEST
LEGAL JUSTIFICATION, WITHOUT A TWINGE of
CONSCIENCE, DESTROYS MIGHTY OCEAN LINES
AND UNARMED PASSENGER SHIPS, AND HAS COST
125
126
PRAISE FROM GERMANS
THE LIVES OF HUNDREDS OF PEACEFUL AMERI-
CANS, WANTONLY SMASHES TO BITS THE UN-
DENIABLE RIGHTS OF NEUTRALS AND THE
SACRED PRIVILEGES OF ALL THOSE NOT EN-
GAGED IN THE WAR; THAT THE IMPERIAL GOV-
ERNMENT, WHOSE UPRIGHTNESS AND GOOD
FAITH ARE NOT PUT IN DOUBT, NEITHER HAS
SUCCEEDED NOR EVER WILL SUCCEED IN RECON-
CILING ITS METHODS WITH THE BASIC PRINCI-.
PLES OF HUMANITY.
-
'And as every promise of caution by Germany has been
followed by an act by a submarine sharply contradicting it,
the Government of the United States, that has been patient
so long because it feels a genuine friendship for the people
and rulers of Germany, must break off diplomatic relations
with the Imperial Government unless the methods of sub-
marine warfare are immediately given up, passenger and
freight ships not armed for attack are spared, and the rules
of humanity, of international law, and of the rights of
neutrals are again put into effect.
"These are the principal contents of the note that the
American Ambassador laid before the State Secretary of
our Foreign Office on the evening of April 20. Dare we
treat the complaint of a great, free people radiating the
strength of youth and represented by a man of the importance
and stamp of Wilson, according to the rules of a students'
row? Shall we haggle over words, refuse to stand for the
' entirely impertinent' tone, and use it as a pretext for refus-
ing to answer?
G. O. P. TRIBUTE.
COL. ROOSEVELT SAYS PRESIDENT WILSON IN-
VITES WAR BY HIS TIMID POLICY, BUT THERE
ARE MANY, VERY MANY, PEOPLE WHO THINK
THAT HE INVITES PEACE BY HIS CAUTIOUS AND
CONSIDERATE POLICY. IF THESE PEOPLE WERE
NOT IN A MAJORITY WE WOULD PROBABLY HAVE
HAD A WAR LONG AGO. THE PRESIDENT IS CON-
SULTING THE WISHES OF THE PEOPLE AND HE
FINDS THEY ARE IN PERFECT ACCORD WITH HIS
OWN VIEWS. IT IS FORTUNATE WE HAVE THAT
KIND OF PRESIDENT IN THESE PERILOUS TIMES.
C
THE ORDINARY ISSUES OF POLITICS DON'T FIG-
URE THESE DAYS, AND THE PARAMOUNT OBJECT
IS TO KEEP THE COUNTRY OUT OF WAR IF IT IS
POSSIBLE TO DO SO. THUS FAR THE PRESIDENT
HAS FOUND IT POSSIBLE, AND THE UNIVERSAL
PRAYER IS THAT HE WILL KEEP IT UP. WHEN
THIS COUNTRY GOES TO WAR IT WANTS TO DO
SO FOR SOME REAL REASON AND NOT ON FRIVO-
LOUS AND CAPRICIOUS GROUNDS. THIS REPUB-
LIC IS TOO GREAT TO BE TOUCHY AND BOAST-
FUL.-From the Columbus (O.) State Journal (Repn.).
agent on a tal
ALL PRAISE TRIUMPH
IN LUSITANIA CASE
Republican Are With Democratic
Newspapers in Proclaiming
Wilson's Great Diplo-
matic Victory
CHICAGO TRIBUNE (Rep.), September 2, 1915:
* *
President Wilson's bold stroke in diplomacy has found
its certain mark. He has stood unwaveringly for the
best that is recognized in American ideals, and, for
reasons that might be considered and weighed without
important result, has succeeded in imposing the will of
the American people upon the German people. *
President Wilson has had the fortune of making his un-
compromising policy stand. It is an extraordinary
triumph not only for the American nation but for him
personally. *
Results count, and in this case the
President has all the results on his side. *
The
President's attitude undoubtedly conformed to the av-
erage American's idea of National importance, and the
result coincides with that estimate. * * * The critics
of Mr. Wilson's scheme merely bow to and acclaim the
fact that he has arrived at the desired end without use
of the methods which they thought necessary. * * *
The result was the test. He has met that test.
* *
*
*
* *
*
NEW YORK EVENING POST (Ind.), Sept. 2, 1915:
Every true American, from Maine to California, and
from the Great Lakes to the Gulf, will welcome with
pride and delight the triumph of a statesmanship at once
firm and calm, of a patriotism at once unyielding and
without bluster, which this announcement presages.
What is actually embodied in Count Bernstorff's assur-
ance is so far beyond what only a short time ago seemed
possible that there need be no hesitation in rejoicing
over a splendid achievement of reason, justice and good
will.
NEW YORK TRIBUNE (Rep.), Sept. 2, 1915:
There seems now no reason to doubt that the crisis in
our relations with Germany has passed. The note of
Count von Bernstorff to Mr. Lansing patently furnishes
satisfying evidence of the change in the German subma-
rine policy.
So far as it is possible to judge, and there can be no
desire to minimize the value of the Ambassador's words,
Germany now accepts the principle which has been the
point of departure of American diplomacy, that subma-
rines shall exercise the right of visit and search before
attacking passenger ships.
In a word, Germany has consented to live within the
law, which is all that the United States has ever asked.
BROOKLYN CITIZEN (Dem.), September 2, 1915:
* * * The Administration is therefore entitled to
all the congratulations it is now receiving for having
insisted upon respect for a doctrine which, in addition to
being of great importance to the country, is also a safe-
127
128
ALL PRAISE TRIUMPH
guard for all civilized intercourse, as against the mere
unbridled violence of war. What no fair-minded person
will think of denying is that President Wilson has shown
extraordinary skill and firmness in vindicating the rights
of Americans without having to appeal to arms. This
may fairly be said to be one of the cases in which Riche-
lieu's familiar maxim is borne out by the event:
"IN
THE HANDS OF MEN ENTIRELY GREAT THE
PEN IS MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD."
PITTSBURG GAZETTE-TIMES (Rep.), Sept. 2, 1915:
Germany having admitted the legitimacy of our de-
mands that merchant ships must be warned before
attack by submarines or other hostile craft and due pro-
vision made for the safety of all on board, where does
this leave those loud-voiced members of our home guard,
who have been consistently virulent critics of their coun-
try's course? There have been three classes of the critics:
First, the out and out pro-Germans, who in any dispute
hastened to give the benefit of the doubt to the father-
land; second, the jingoes, who howled for war without
waiting for the aggressor to explain or justify or offer
disavowal or reparation, and, third, the peace at any price
folk, who wanted President Wilson to back down for
fear he might plunge the nation into war. Now, by Ger-
many's action all three classes have been thoroughly dis-
credited.
KANSAS CITY STAR (Ind.), Sept. 2, 1915:
The great service that Mr. Wilson will have rendered
to the American people is doubly enhanced by the fact
that is was a service performed for all humanity, in the
name of humanity. The highest ideals, not only of the
American Republic but of civilization, were contended
for by the American President. They have been con-
ceded, as it now appears, by the Imperial Government.
MILWAUKEE SENTINEL (Rep.), Sept. 2, 1915:
President Wilson has scored a great diplomatic success
to which his countrymen, without distinction of party,
will not fail to do justice.
NEW YORK COMMERCIAL (Ind.), Sept. 2, 1915:
In spite of Col. Roosevelt and other beaters of the war
drums who have been attacking the policy pursued by
President Wilson, the German Government did not doubt
that he meant what he said in his last note regarding
deliberately unfriendly" acts.
"
NEW YORK EVENING GLOBE (Ind.), Sept. 2, 1915:
The country is under great obligation to President Wil-
son for the skill, patience and firmness he has displayed
in the handling of this difficult business. It is not only
peace that has been won but peace with honor. Every
American may be pardoned feeling a little increase in
inner stature as he views with pride the fact that this
nation, by standing for its own rights, has added a little
in these trying times to the heritage of mankind.
BROOKLYN TIMES (Ind.), Sept. 2, 1915:
The bulk of the Nation, the peaceful, unbiased, loyal
Americans that people this prospering land are happy to-
day. They are filled with gratitude that the President
found the right way to bring about the right result; and
they rejoice that American blood will not be spilled be-
fore the mad military rulers of Europe see the light that
will guide their countries to peace.
bre
ALL PRAISE TRIUMPH
129
WATERBURY, MASS., REPUBLICAN (Rep.), Aug. 30,
1915:
President Wilson has won a notable victory in the
submarine controversy. *
* How ill-timed, in the
face of this, Mr. Roosevelt's tirade at Plattsburg will
seem! The Wilson policy has prevailed just at the time
when the ex-President was calling for action instead of
elocution. All that remains of the Colonel's argument
is the insistence that it was our duty to go to war to
protect the neutrality of Belgium-preposterous as that
would have been as a casus belli for a Western power.
*
NEW YORK SUN (Rep.), Sept. 2, 1915:
The United States has won a great diplomatic victory
in the square acceptance by Germany of those principles
concerning neutral rights on the high seas for which our
State Department has been contending.
Presi-
dent Wilson has succeeded in this controversy in pre-
serving the people peace with full honor.
* * *
NEW YORK TIMES (Ind.), Sept. 2, 1915:
President Wilson is in a position to say with the fervor
of full conviction that "truth is mighty and will pre-
vail." The great diplomatic triumph which, with the able
and fortunate assistance of Secretary Lansing, he has
achieved in the long controversy with Germany is one
which the world will award him great credit, but it is a
victory as well of truth and of the many sacred prin-
ciples of justice and humanity for which the various
notes dispatched to Berlin he has contended with so
much firmness and ability. *
66
""
* *
PITTSBURG POST (Dem.), Sept. 2, 1915:
(6
* * * Mr. Roosevelt's announced way would have
been without twenty-four hours' delay," following the
sinking of the Lusitania, to have shut off all commerce
with Germany and to have favored their enemies by re-
doubling shipments to them. His way might have cost
millions of American lives and billions of money, and
victory for us would have been no more complete. It is
things like these that cause the people time and again
to thank God that Woodrow Wilson is President in this
war period instead of Theodore Roosevelt.
HARTFORD POST (Ind.), Sept. 2, 1915:
President Wilson to-day should be the happiest man
in the world. A tremendous burden of anxiety has been
lifted from his mind by the cordial and complete com-
pliance of the German government with the demand of
the United States for the maintenance of the rights of
neutrals at sea in time of war.
Those of his fellow citizens, if any there were, who
felt that he had been too exigent in his attitude toward
the Germans in regard to their submarine warfare, now
realize their error and those who so virulently charged
him with lack of courage and of tact, are to-day utterly
confounded and ridiculous.
* **
*
HARTFORD TIMES (Ind.), Sept. 2, 1915:
** * * The right has been established by the splen-
didly simple process of seeing aright, acting aright and
insistence, as uncompromising as it has been unbellicose,
upon right conduct.
WILSON AND HUGHES AS
LEADERS
(From the New York World.)
Mr. Hughes was Governor of New York from January 1,
1907, until October 6, 1910, a period of three years, nine
months and six days.
Mr. Wilson has been President of the United States since
March 4, 1913, a period of three years, four months and
seventeen days.
There are few more striking contrasts in politics than the
record of accomplishment made by Mr. Wilson as President
and by Mr. Hughes as Governor.
When Mr. Hughes abandoned the fight for popular govern-
ment in this State, resigned his office and accepted an appoint-
ment to the bench of the United States Supreme Court, he
had brought about the enactment of only one important meas-
ure-the Public-Service Commission Act. Aside from the
Race-Track Law, that was his one achievement, and this was
largely offset by a complete demoralization of State finances.
which still continues.
Most of Mr. Hughes's energies as Governor were expended
in factional warfare with the Republican leaders who had
nominated him for their own purposes but who had no inten-
tion of allowing him to dictate the policies of the party. In
spite of his excellent motives and splendid efforts, Mr. Hughes
could not control the Republican organization; he could not
influence the Legislature, and he was compelled in the end to
let other men win the battle that he had so resolutely begun.
The Republican Party in the Nation is controlled to-day by
the identical interests that controlled it when Mr. Hughes
was Governor. Many of the bosses are the same bosses. The
Wall Street partnership, the trust partnership, the special-
privilege partnership, are all in full force now as they were
then. The National Republican organization is just as pro-
gressive as William Barnes and his New York cohorts were
during the Hughes Administration and just as eager for re-
form. Mr. Hughes as President would have to deal with the
same kind of political and corporation influences that he had
to deal with as Governor. He failed to subdue them when he
was Governor. What reason is there for believing that he
could subdue them as President?
MR. WILSON HAS PROVED THAT HE CAN LEAD
HIS PARTY, AND HE HAS OBTAINED FROM IT THE
MOST EXTRAORDINARY MEASURE OF PROGRES-
SIVE LEGISLATION THAT ANY ADMINISTRATION
HAS EVER WON. DAY BY DAY HE IS MAKING THE
RECORD MORE REMARKABLE AND MORE BRIL-
LIANT.
Does the country want four years more of constructive
government, or four years of factional fighting between a
Republican President and the Republican bosses?
130
!
CHARLES E. HUGHES-
A COLOSSAL EVASION
Nominated By the Bosses to Dodge
the Issues, He Plays the Game As
Planned
WHAT political elements nominated Hughes and why?
For whom does his candidacy now stand and of
what does it consist?
What could he do if elected President?
The meat of the case against Hughes lies in three questions
and, briefly, the answers are:
1. Diverse and discordant political elements
nominated Hughes as a mask for their divisions
and inherent differences.
2. His candidacy now stands for these discordant
groups and consists, therefore, of a Colossal Evasion
3. Hughes's divided backing is incapable even of
substantial agreement, to say nothing of concerted
action, upon domestic or international policies,
and, if in power, could not unite upon a plan of
constructive action. The Hughes candidacy can
not deliver and hence does not promise perform-
ance of any consequential sort; it is impotent.
Hughes has no program.
* * *
The Republican party divided into two separate and dis-
tinct parts in 1912. These parts stood for separate and dis-
tinct sets of political measures, methods and principles.
There were the reactionaries, the standpatters under the
Old Guard Bosses, behind Taft. There were the progressives
or forward-looking, forward-moving men, behind Roose-
velt.
The revolt of the Progressives was directed against the
Bossism which, in behalf of and financed by special interests
of great power and resources, dictated, and often corrupted
the system of making, political nominations; and then ap-
plied the same strong-arm methods to control elections. It
was a revolt directed against a system and many manifes
tations of the system-tariff injustices, trust abuses, labor's
inequality before the law, etc. Other points of difference were
numerous but elaboration is unnecessary; surely every one
remembers them. * * * Utterly defeated in the Chicago
convention of 1912, confronted with Taft's nomination (stolen
according to Progressives), the rebels withdrew from the
Republican and formed the Progressive party.
At Baltimore in 1912 much the same fight was fought with-
in the Democratic Party and there a complete victory for
131
-
HUGHES-COLOSSAL EVASION
132
#

PUT UP OR SHUT UP!
President Wilson's Ringing
Challenge to His Re-
publican Critics
(President Wilson's Address Before American Elec-
tric Railway Association, Washington, D. C.,
January 29, 1915.)
ALL I ASK IS THAT IF ANYTHING IS BEING
DONE THAT OUGHT NOT TO BE DONE, THE
FAULT IN IT BE CONCLUSIVELY POINTED OUT
AND THE WAY TO CORRECT THE MISTAKE BE
EXPLICITLY SHOWN. THERE IS AN OLD RULE
THAT OUGHT TO OBTAIN IN POLITICS AS IN
EVERYTHING ELSE, AND IT IS EXPRESSED IN
A VERY HOMELY WAY. IT IS THE RULE OF
'PUT UP OR SHUT UP." SOME ONE SAID,
"IF YOU WISH ME TO CONSIDER YOU WITTY,
I MUST REALLY TROUBLE YOU TO MAKE A
JOKE." IF YOU WISH ME TO CONSIDER YOU
WISE, I MUST REALLY TROUBLE YOU TO
SHOW THE CONCRETE PROOF; TO SHOW HOW
THE THING CAN BE DONE; TO SHOW HOW IT
CAN BE BETTER DONE. BECAUSE NOBODY is
FOOL ENOUGH TO SUPPOSE THAT THE WAY
HE HAS DETERMINED THAT THE THING
OUGHT TO BE DONE IS NECESSARILY THE
BEST WAY TO DO IT. BUT IT IS THE BEST
WAY TO DO IT UNTIL YOU SHOW A BETTER
WAY.
·
clean politics and progressive government was won. Wood-
row Wilson was nominated for President by Democratic
progressives and became President.
The Text Book tells the story of the four-year interim
with a wealth of fact and force. Supported by loyal, earnest,
progressive Democratic majorities in House and Senate
President Wilson put through the entire Democratic pro-
gram and more, including practically all of the Progressive
program. The Wilson Administration lived up to and made
good upon the declarations of essential policy and principle
made at Baltimore. The demands of progressives for
an end of government by the system and for a re-
sponsive popular government have been in all large
particulars met.
I
HUGHES-COLOSSAL EVASION
133
Quite obviously, therefore, the Republican Party, on con-
vening once more at Chicago to choose another nominee for
President, confronted a difficult task. There remained the
Progressives without and progressives within its own or-
ganization; though the same Bosses, employing the same
System, seeking the same ends, anxious to turn back the
forward movement and undo the checks placed upon pri-
vate control of government by Woodrow Wilson, still had
control of the Republican Party and its delegates. For
weeks in advance of the assembling of the convention, the
boast was openly made by the Old Guard leaders that the
delegates to Chicago were as fine a lot of professionally
hand-picked men as ever had been gathered under one roof.
Murray, Crane, Smoot, Penrose, Hemenway, Barnes, all these
and their lesser henchmen were there either working brazen-
ly in the open or with their batteries masked behind fa-
vorite son candidacies. Frank H. Hitchcock, active manager
of the Taft steam-roller in 1912, was on hand, operating a
brand new but nevertheless efficient Hughes machine. Any
one who cares to examine the roster of the Chicago
convention will discover that the Southern brother
was mobilized in 1916 as in 1912, to do as he was
told; that the big delegations from the Eastern
and Middle West States were in reactionary hands;
and that the outcome solely depended upon what
the same old gang which stole the Taft nomina-
tion—and which stood then and stands now for a
Central Bank, for a special-interest tariff, for self
and pelf all along the mighty long line might
decide to do. *
⭑
The outcome was Hughes-why? It was a choice between
Roosevelt or an out-and-out reactionary or Hughes. Chas-
tened by four years exclusion from power, with a noisy
Progressive convention in full blast a few blocks away, with
the old and new issues yawning between the majority of
their convention and the progressives (whether of large or
small "p"), the Bosses were compelled to take serious coun-
sel together.
The face of the general political situation had changed
somewhat in the four years, but not the body. Inter-
national questions had arisen, but international issues had
merely added to the breadth and depth of the chasm between
the two brands of Republicans. To have nominated Roose-
velt would have been to declare for the domestic policies of
the Progressives; for intervention in Mexico, and a pro-Ally,
unneutral position in European affairs. The Bosses were
neither ready nor willing to confess the crime of 1912;
neither ready nor willing to indorse progressive principles
and legislation; neither ready nor willing to defy the German-
American Alliance. All these things they desired to avoid—
and yet they dared not undertake another outright defiance
of the Progressives.
So they took Hughes. They did it to get under cover
134
HUGHES-COLOSSAL EVASION
#00
themselves and to hide the vital divisions upon domestic
and international questions existing both within their party
and between reactionary Republicans and Progressives.
They took Hughes because his record during the all-impor-
tant six-year period, 1910-16, was an absolute blank. They
took Hughes because his record as Governor of New York
indicated a conservative, even reactionary, mentality. But
more especially they took Hughes in the hope of perpe-
trating a hoax upon the American people so gigantic that it
compels admiration. In fine, they undertook to con-`
solidate behind an enigma, (1) disloyalists active
in the cause of the Teutonic Nations; (2) the ex-
treme protagonists of the Allies; (3) the fervent
advocates of progressive legislation and policies,
and (4) the most bitter enemies of progressive
legislation and policies.
* * *
Thus originated the candidacy of Charles Evans Hughes.
Of what does it now consist?
It is precisely what was expected of it. It is a Colossal
Evasion. Mr. Hughes is playing the game both ends against
the middle and to the queen's taste, exactly as planned. As
an intensely patriotic Republican newspaper has stated, Mr.
Hughes' utterances upon Americanism have "exactly that
degree of Vagueness" which enables disloyalists to support
him as means of rebuking President Wilson's fearless en-
forcement of an honest neutrality. By the same token this
newspaper should also have said, the same utterances have
an additional quality of vagueness which enables unneutral
extremists of the opposite sort, who are led or rather, de-
ceived, by Roosevelt-who also are not neutral and who in
fact hope and seek war with Germany-to support Hughes.
If Mr. Hughes intends to protest the violation of Belgium
neutrality and to enforce the protest, should he be elected,
he has not said so. If he favors an embargo on the export
of war munitions, as desired by pro-German unneutral or-
ganizations, he has kept silent on the point. If Mr. Hughes
rejects as inadequate the substantial victories won by Presi-
dent Wilson through diplomatic negotiation both with Great
Britain and with Germany, his lips are still sealed on the
subject. If Mr. Hughes disagrees with Chief Justice White,
his former colleague and senior upon the United States Su-
preme Court, in declaring the outcome of the submarine
negotiations the most notable diplomatic achievement of
modern history, he has not dropped a hint to the public
upon the matter. If he favors universal compulsory mili-
tary service, so essential a feature of Colonel Roosevelt's
present-day political gospel, no one knows it.
To pursue this catechism into domestic matters would in-
volve duplication of other articles in the Text Book. Take
the Record of Achievement, item by item, and search the
pages of Hughes's speeches and you find profound silence
upon every great constructive measure contained therein.
If Mr. Hughes stands with the Progressives and
all
3
A
HUGHES-COLOSSAL EVASION
135
progressive Republicans who voted with the Demo-
crats for Woodrow Wilson's constructive legis-
lative program, or with the reactionaries who
voted against these remedial laws, he has carefully
avoided indicating even a leaning either way.
* * *
As to what Mr. Hughes could do if elected, answer has
already been given in part. That elements or factions so
diverse and antagonistic as those which the Hughes can-
didacy seeks to assemble under the Republican name could
act together, not only is beyond belief, but has been time
and again disproven by their failure to act together.
Events since the Chicago convention have shown that a
great many of the 1912 Progressives refuse to accept The
Colossal Evasion; that a large percentage of them, perhaps
a major percentage, reject Hughes and will vote for Wil-
son; but it may be that many others, believing Hughes to
be progressive, will vote for him and count upon him to
support progressive measures and adopt progressive policies
should he be elected. Assume for the moment an extremely
improbable thing-that the confidence of the latter progres-
sive element is well placed-then to what extent could
Hughes live up in the Presidency to such expectations?
Upon every important vote in Congress involv-
ing either domestic or international affairs during
the last three years and a half, the Republicans
have divided. One group, the minority, has joined
the Democratic and Progressive congressmen in
support of Woodrow Wilson's progressive measures.
THE OTHER GROUP, CONSISTING OF THE MA-
JORITY OF THE REPUBLICAN REPRESENTATION
IN THE HOUSE AND SENATE, HAS PERSEVERED
IN THE SAME DOGGED OPPOSITION TO WHOLE-
SOME CHANGE WHICH CHARACTERIZED THEIR
COURSE UNDER TAFT AND WHICH CAUSED THE
SMASHUP OF 1912. (Perusal is invited of the analysis of
the votes of Republican and Progressive Congressmen and
of the article upon Congress which appear elsewhere in the
Text Book.)
W
The reactionaries have opposed the creation of all the
new agencies of public service established under Woodrow
Wilson and may be relied on to attempt to hamstring and
in some instances to destroy them, if they get control of
Congress. If Mr. Hughes should prove progressive, he would
endeavor to prevent such a catastrophe and would seek in
every possible way to expand the facilities and increase the
utility of these great public service enterprises. But he
would be helpless without the support of Congress and, in
domestic affairs, what could he accomplish of a progressive
nature through his party's following in Congress? It is much
the same as to foreign affairs; it will be remembered, 101
Republicans in the House voted to yield control of American
foreign policy to the German-American Alliance in the vote
136
HUGHES-COLOSSAL EVASION
1
}
on the McLemore resolution, while 87 Republicans voted to
sustain President Wilson's fight for the maintenance of Amer-
ican rights on the high seas.
Whatever Hughes might attempt to do as Presi-
dent, whether with relation to foreign or domestic
affairs, he would confront the same hopeless
situation. If he should go with the genuine pro-
gressives, would the Smoot-Penrose-Gallinger-
Cannon-Mann-Fordney aggregation meekly fol-
low? If he should join the reactionary and, in
Republican affairs, more powerful group, then
what would the progressives do about it?
As President, Hughes could not go forward or
backward.
OLD BANKING SYSTEM
FAVORED THE STRONG
By Edward A. Filene of Boston.
(Mr. Filene is one of the foremost Merchants of the United
States; a former vice-president of the International Chamber
of Commerce, a former director of the Boston Chamber
of Commerce, and now a director and an influential figure in
the United States Chamber of Commerce.)
"In the past, when financial crises came, as come they must
until we are all far wiser than we now are, the available
money which is the salvation of the business men in such
times, went to those of us biggest business men who were
the power behind the banks.
"It may seem rather a dry, abstract subject
to the average man, but the fact that to-day
any small business man can get the needed
credit for money under any conceivable finan-
cial stress is of the utmost importance not
only to the hundreds of thousands of small
business men and their families, but also
their employees and the whole country at
large. This last fact is to be especially borne
in mind because the regular cutting out of
the small business men which has taken
place at frequent intervals, until Mr. Wilson
and the Democrats put through the new
currency legislation, has resulted not only in
enormous financial losses to the small men
but in enormously diminishing the hopes and
ambitions of such men. This process also
has stopped, the general business progress of
the country."
1
1
7.
í
I
THE HUGHES VETOES
Equal Pay for Teachers, Income Tax,
and Other Progressive Measures
Turned Down
On May 29, 1907, the bill providing for equal pay for
teachers without regard to sex first came before Governor
Charles E. Hughes of New York. The measure had passed
both houses of the General Assembly, and the women
teachers, led by Miss Helen Strachan, of Brooklyn, had
worked long and waited patiently for it to become a law.
About 14,000 women teachers in Greater New York would
have reaped material gain, but Governor Hughes vetoed
the bill. In transmitting his veto to the General Assembly,
Governor Hughes, wrote the following in a special message:
f
"It is proposed by legislative enactment to establish the
proposition that for the work of a given position women
shall receive equal pay with men. * * * But, it is mani-
fest that the principle is one of general application and it
should not be adopted by the state unless the state is
prepared to apply it generally. The question is neces-
sarily one of state policy, and as such it should be pre-
sented and debated before action is taken.”
The fight was continued until Governor Dix, Democrat, be-
came Governor and he signed the bill. By this measure all
teachers, male and female, started with $720 a year pat, while
under the old law men started with $900 and women with
$600.
INCOME TAX.
While Mr. Hughes was Governor of New York the Federal
amendment to the constitution providing for a national in-
come tax came to the Legislature for ratification.
Governor Hughes sent a message to the Legislature which
killed the income tax amendment. New York State went on
record as opposed to having large incomes taxed to help
defray the expenses of the national government.
A storm of criticism of Governor Hughes' position with
regard to the income tax swept over the entire country.
Senator Norris Brown, of Nebraska, who had fathered the
income tax measure in the upper house said he could not
see why Congress should not have the power to tax all
incomes as emergencies arise.
Senator Borah, Republican Senator from Idaho, said that
Governor Hughes was in error. He did not believe state and
municipal bonds would ever be taxed under the amendment.
"It is a narrow and technical objection," said Governor Had-
ley, of Missouri. Less than a year later, under a Democratic
Governor and Legislature, New York ratified the income tax
amendment. (See article on income tax.)
137
138
HUGHES-COLOSSAL EVASION
ば
​5m +
ܚܘܐ
CONEY ISLAND NICKEL FARE.
The Coney Island five-cent fare bill passed the New York
State Legislature with only nine votes, all in the Senate,
against it. Yet the bill was vetoed by Governor Hughes.
Coney Island is the out-of-doors recreation resort for the
millions of New York City's middle class and poor. Reduc-
tion of the one-way fare from ten to five cents would have
been a boon to many hundreds of thousands of people.
"It is idle to suppose the companies can be compelled to
reduce their fares to five cents merely because the Legislature
says so," said Governor Hughes in his message to the Legis-
lature.
2-CENT A MILE BILL.
While Hughes was Governor, a bill was introduced and
passed providing for a two cent a mile rate for passengers
on all railroads in New York State not less than one hundred
and fifty miles long. Governor Hughes vetoed it.
FULL CREW BILL.
Assemblyman Baldwin introduced what became known as
the "Full Crew Bill," which was passed and sent up to the
Governor. Mr. Hughes returned it to the Assembly without
his approval. The measure provided for a full crew of six
persons on all freight trains of more than twenty cars on
railroads which ran more than four freight trains daily out of
their terminals.
EXTRAVAGANT APPROPRIATIONS.
Mr. Hughes gave New York the most extravagant State
Administration it had ever known. During the four years
previous to Mr. Hughes the total appropriations made by the
Legislature and signed by the Governor aggregated $112,318,-
126.15. During the four years of Mr. Hughes the total appro-
priations made by the Legislature and signed by the Gov-
an increase of
ernor aggregated $150,393,066.53. This was
$38,074,940.38.
JAMES R. MANN AS A PROPHET.
In 1912, James R. Mann, Republican leader of the House of
Representatives, predicted on the floor of the House that
Democratic administration would mean cutting off the
profits and cutting down the wages; would mean strikes and
riots and starvation and hell for the wage-earner and his
family, destruction for the manufacturer and damnation for
the home industry."
THE EXAMPLE OF AMERICA MUST BE THE EX-
AMPLE NOT MERELY OF PEACE BECAUSE IT WILL
NOT FIGHT, BUT OF PEACE BECAUSE PEACE IS
THE HEALING AND ELEVATING INFLUENCE OF
THE WORLD AND STRIFE IS NOT.-Woodrow Wilson.
bare
PROGRESSIVE POLICIES
ENACTED INTO LAW
Wilson and Democracy Make A
Record Every True Progressive
Can and Must Approve
THE
HEODORE ROOSEVELT characterized the Progres-
sive platform of 1912 as the greatest political document
written since the days of Abraham Lincoln. Those Progres-
sives who agree with him in that characterization will have
difficulty in voting against Woodrow Wilson, who has car-
ried most of its principles into practice; just as they will
have difficulty in voting for Mr. Hughes, who has opposed
most of those same principles.
If the Progressive Party had won in 1912, if it had elected
the President and gained control of both houses of Con-
gress, would it have been justified in going before the coun-
try for an endorsement if it had been able to say: "Here
is the platform we adopted in 1912 containing our promises,
and here is the legislative and administrative work we have
done, which redeems ninety per cent. of those platform
promises "?
Would not every Progressive proudly demand the recog-
nition due to such work of performance?
The Progressives did not win in 1912, but the Democrats
did. And not only have they carried out the pledges of their
own platform, but they have done something more of great
interest to every Progressive. THEY HAVE CARRIED
OUT MOST OF THE PLEDGES OF THE PROGRES-
SIVE PLATFORM AS WELL.
DEMOCRATIC PERFORMANCE.
The Progressives demanded the downward revision of the
Payne-Aldrich tariff act and the establishment of a non-
partisan tariff commission. THE DEMOCRATS HAVE
GIVEN THEM WHAT THEY WANTED.
The Progressives demanded the defeat of the Aldrich cur-
rency bill and the establishment of a new currency systém
under governmental control. THE DEMOCRATS HAVE
GIVEN THEM WHAT THEY WANTTD.
The Progressives demanded the creation of a Federal
Trade Commission; AND THE DEMOCRATS HAVE
GIVEN IT TO THEM.
The Progressives demanded that the Interstate Commerce
Commission be given the power to value the physical prop-
erty of the railroads and that the Commerce Court be abol-
ished. THE DEMOCRATS HAVE DONE BOTH
THINGS.
The Progressives demanded an income tax. THE DEMO-
CRATS GAVE THEM AN INCOME TAX.
139
140
PROGRESSIVES MUST APPROVE
The Progressives demanded an inheritance tax, AND THE
DEMOCRATS IN THE LAST REVENUE BILL ESTAB-
LISHED AN INHERITANCE TAX.
The Progressives demanded the construction of a govern-
ment-owned railroad in Alaska, AND THE DEMOCRATS
ARE BUILDING IT.
The Progressives demanded federal aid for the building of
good roads, AND PRESIDENT WILSON HAS SIGNED
A LAW FOR THAT PURPOSE PASSED BY A DEMO-
CRATIC CONGRESS.
The Progressives demanded some things, the recall of judi-
cial decisions, for instance, which the Democrats have not
seen fit to carry into effect. BUT PRACTICALLY ALL
OTHER DEMANDS, INCLUDING THOSE FOR “SO-
CIAL JUSTICE," ARE EITHER UPON THE STAT-
UTE BOOKS, OR ARE IN PROCESS OF PASSING
THROUGH CONGRESS, OR HAVE BEEN PLEDGED
IN THE DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM OF 1916, ADOPT-
ED AT ST. LOUIS.
▸
The record is so truly remarkable that it is worth while
to go into the facts in a little more detail, in order that one
may see that the Democratic party is indeed the party of
progress which so many voters hoped to find in the Pro-
gressive party of such unhappy history.
The best way to determine what the Wilson administra-
tion and the Democratic Congress have done to merit
Progressive confidence and support is to take the Progres-
sive platform and check it up, plank by plank, with the
record of the past four years.
64
PLANK BY PLANK.
The Progressives demanded a stronger anti-trust law and
Federal regulation of interstate corporations, namely, an
administrative commission of high standing which shall
maintain permanent, active supervision over industrial cor-
porations-doing for them what the government now does—
for the railroads by the Interstate Commerce Commission."
The Wilson administration has carried out this Progressive
demand, first, by the enactment of the Clayton Anti-Trust
act, and second, by the organization of the Federal Trade
Commission, which is provided precisely with the functions
outlined in the Progressive platform. Under this provision,
the Federal Trade Commission, organized on a non-partisan
basis and equipped with high-class experts, exercises admin-
istrative supervision over industrial corporations capitalized
to-day at something like $30,000,000,000.
"C
The establishment of a non-partisan scientific tariff com-
mission," as demanded by the Progressive platform, is one
of the features of the new revenue bill; and the Tariff Com-
mission itself will doubtless be engaged in its vital work in
time to receive public approval at the polls in November.
In answer to the Progressive indictment-" We condemn
the Payne-Aldrich bill as unjust to the people ”—the Demo-
cratic Congress promptly effected its repeal.
Answering the Progressive demand for "an immediate
こ
​PROGRESSIVES MUST APPROVE
141
¿
downward revision of those schedules wherein duties are
shown to be unjust or excessive," the average duty on duti-
able goods has been reduced by the Underwood tariff to
about 32 per cent. as compared with 42 per cent. under the
Payne-Aldrich tariff.
In harmony with the Progressive principle, as proclaimed
in the platform, that "the benefit of any tariff should be
disclosed in the pay envelope of the laborer "-wage increases
under the new Democratic tariff during the past 12 months,
affecting not less than 5,000,000 workmen in every branch of
American industry, will approximate 15 per cent. to 20 per
cent. higher than the Payne-Aldrich level.
The Progressives demanded the defeat of the proposed
Aldrich currency bill, declaring that "the control should be
lodged with the government and should be PROTECTED
FROM DOMINATION OR MANIPULATION BY WALL
STREET OR any special interests."
CURRENCY REFORM.
This Progressive demand is substantially and completely
satisfied, even beyond the dreams of the Progressive plat-
form makers, by the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act
and complete government control of national banking under
the supervision of the Federal Reserve Board. Under this
Wilson achievement, both Wall Street domination and the
possibility of panics has been made a thing of the Republican
past, and the banking deposits and resources of the country
augmented by upwards of $3,000,000,000 in two years' time.
The demand of Progressives and Democrats alike for an
adequate system of rural credits, has at last been realized,
and the new Federal Land Bank system with Federal super-
vision over co-operative agricultural units to be located
eventually in every farming community in America, wherever
farmers may be found who need capital at minimum rates for
agricultural development-will doubtless be ready to enter
upon its great mission of financing the American farmer
before another seed time.
THE VAST PROGRAM OF AGRICULTURAL EXTEN-
SION INAUGURATED BY CONGRESS UNDER THE
WILSON ADMINISTRATION-WHICH IS LOOKED
UPON BY MANY AS SECOND ONLY IN IMPOR-
TANCE TO THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM IN
FAR-REACHING RESULTS-IS LIKEWISE A PRACTI-
CAL AND THOROUGHLY WORKED OUT CONSUM-
MATION OF ONE OF THE ASPIRATIONS OF THE
1912 PROGRESSIVES.
The establishment of a graduated income tax which the
Progressives supported in 1912, following Democratic pre-
cedent of 20 years, is a conspicuous feature of the Wilson
administration.
-
Mr. Hughes, the presidential nominee of 1916, opposed the
ratification of the Income Tax amendment, in a special mes-
sage to the legislature as governor of New York. In that
respect, he followed eminent Republican example, as witness
the efforts of Senator Aldrich, as well as of President Taft
142
PROGRESSIVES MUST APPROVE
*
7
and Attorney-General Wickersham, in attempting to defeat
the submission of the Income Tax amendment.
However, despite all efforts of the ultra-conservative forces,
the people of the United States have sustained the Income
Tax amendment overwhelmingly. Of the 48 states, only
Utah, Rhode Island and Connecticut rejected the amendment.
Woodrow Wilson, as governor of New Jersey, and Vice
President Marshall, then governor of Indiana, were two of the
Democratic governors who led the American movement for
the income tax, and eight Progressive governors in messages
to the legislatures of their Progressive States joined the
triumphant procession.
NON-PROGRESSIVE ON INCOME TAX.
FEW ISSUES IN AMERICAN POLITICS HAVE CUT
A CLEANER LINE OF CLEAVAGE BETWEEN PRO-
GRESSIVES AND DEMOCRATS, ON THE ONE HAND,
AND ULTRA-CONSERVATIVES ON THE OTHER,
THAN THE INCOME TAX; AND ON THIS ISSUE,
CHARLES EVANS HUGHES STANDS OUT AS AN
ULTRA-CONSERVATIVE.
The inheritance tax, which was favored in the 1912 Pro-
gressive program, is a feature of the new revenue bill.
Democrats and Progressives alike stand against the old
Republican alliance of government and favored interests,
and are pledged "To destroy this invisible government, to
destroy the unholy alliance between corrupt business and
corrupt politics." President Wilson scourged the lobbyists
from the Capitol and restored the practice of plain dealing
in public business.
The Wilson administration has put into legislation and
practical administration much of the Progressive conserva-
tion program, having advanced the conservation system both.
in law and practice far beyond the Republican standard, and
further legislation is before Congress.
A Democratic Congress has authorized the Alaskan rail-
way demanded by the Progressives.
Direct election of senators by the people, exposure of the
paid tariff lobby, and a corrupt practices act-all govern-
mental reforms advocated in the Progressive program-are
included in the Democratic program of achievement.
DEMOCRATIC LAW FOLLOWS PROGRESSIVE
DOCTRINE IN REGARD TO INJUNCTIONS APPLY-
ING TO LABOR DISPUTES.
S
Railroad companies have been prohibited from controlling
waterway transportation lines, in accord with Progressive
ideas.
Physical valuation of railroad property as a basis of rate
making, is a Democratic law sustaining the Progressive
platform.
The creation and extension of the parcels post is another
Democratic fulfillment of a Progressive pledge.
The Wilson administration has put into force the Progres-
sive ideas on the subject of reform of labor laws, and has
gone much further in many directions. For the first time
PROGRESSIVES MUST APPROVE
143
in the history of the government, a labor representative is
a member of the President's cabinet. A mediation and con-
ciliation board has settled hundreds of disputes between labor
and capital, and about 90 per cent. resulting in benefits to
labor. Never in the country's history has American labor
prospered so well as to wages and hours, or been so signally
supported by the Federal government.
AID TO BUSINESS.
THE BUSINESS INTERESTS OF THE COUNTRY
WILL TESTIFY THAT THE THOROUGH-GOING PRO-
GRAM OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OF
THE WILSON ADMINISTRATION CARRIES OUT IN
GREAT DETAIL AND WITH MARKED RESULTS THE
FOLLOWING PROGRESSIVE DEMAND: "THE TIME
HAS COME WHEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
SHOULD CO-OPERATE WITH MANUFACTURERS
AND PRODUCERS IN EXTENDING OUR FOREIGN
COMMERCE. TO THIS END WE DEMAND ADE-
QUATE APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS AND THE
APPOINTMENT OF DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR
OFFICERS SOLELY WITH A VIEW TO THEIR
SPECIAL FITNESS."
Federal aid for good roads is a Progressive demand which
a Democratic Congress has put into concrete existence by
legislative act and a liberal appropriation for post roads.
The Progressive program of two battleships a year the
pending Democratic naval measure largely expands.
The Progressives of 1912 also strongly held that "it is im-
perative to the welfare of our people that we enlarge and
extend our foreign commerce."
In fulfillment of that worthy ambition, a Democratic
administration reports the domestic exports of the United
States for 12 months, ending June 30, 1916, as reaching the
vast total of $4,300,000,000, as against $2,400,000,000, the
largest total under Republican law and administration.
The expansion of our foreign commerce is upwards of
50 per cent., while our favorable trade balance now equals
$2,100,000,000 per annum, as against $500,000,000 in the best
Republican days.
Finally, the Progressives of 1912, in protest against the
"barbaric system of warfare among nations," favored an
international judicial tribunal as a peaceful means of settling
international differences, and now in 1916 they have the
opportunity to support Woodrow Wilson in his program to
carry that progressive thought into effective action in the
interests of humanity around the world.
In short, approximately 90 per cent. of the Progressive
program of 1912, President Wilson's administration and a
Democratic Congress have completed or are now hastening
toward completion.
The Progressive platform of 1912 is perhaps the longest
national platform ever written. Notwithstanding the large
number of measures covered, however, the Wilson adminis-
tration has industriously kept the legislative mill grinding
144
PROGRESSIVES MUST APPROVE
!
M
until the bulk of the Progressive grist is now ready for
human use.
Perhaps never in the history of political platforms has so
large a percentage of platform demands been enacted into
law.
HUGHES' SIX YEARS OF SILENCE.
AGAINST THIS PROGRESSIVE RECORD OF
WOODROW WILSON, THERE ARE SIX YEARS OF
SILENCE ON PUBLIC QUESTIONS IN THE CASE
OF THE REPUBLICAN NOMINEE, EX-JUSTICE
HUGHES.
When Mr. Hughes stumped for President Taft in the 1908
campaign, he attacked many of the Progressive ideas-such
as income tax, initiative and referendum, public ownership,
etc.-as the quack nostrums of "Dr. Bryan."
AS GOVERNOR, MR. HUGHES DISCLAIMED
AGAINST THE INCOME TAX, AND VETOED THE
2-CENT FARE BILL.
As candidate for President, his campaign was worked up
by Taft's friends and enemies of Roosevelt. Frank Hitch-
cock, Taft's postmaster general, was active field manager;
and Wickersham, Taft's attorney general, is to-day the prin-
cipal adviser of Candidate Hughes.
All that is known of Candidate Hughes, therefore, stamps
him as a stand-patter and opposed in the main to Progressive
policies; whereas the Wilson program has been a Democra-
tic-Progressive program throughout.
WHEN THIS RECORD IS STUDIED IN THE CLEAR
LIGHT OF DISINTERESTED DEVOTION TO THE
FUTURE OF THE REPUBLIC, WHAT PROGRESSIVE
WHO BELIEVED IN THE PLATFORM OF 1912 CAN
NOW REPUDIATE THE ADMINISTRATION OF
WOODROW WILSON, WHO, ALTHOUGH NOT A
CANDIDATE UPON THAT PLATFORM, HAS TRANS-
LATED IT INTO THE LAW OF THE LAND?

BLUSTER MERELY CONTEMPTIBLE.
I am an American but I do not believe that any
of us loves a blustering nationality, a nationality
with a chip on its shoulder, a nationality with its
elbows out and its swagger on. We love that quiet,
self-respecting, unconquerable spirit which does not
strike until it is necessary to strike, and then strikes
to conquer. Never since I was a youngster have I
been afraid of the noisy man. I have always been
afraid of the still man. I have always been afraid
of the quiet man.-From President Wilson's. Address
to West Point Graduating Class, June 13, 1916.
WOODROW WILSON
A Man of Intellect, Courage and Heart
TH
HE Democratic campaign Text Book in 1912 included a
sketch of Woodrow Wilson in which this statement was
given prominence:
Governor Wilson is a new man in public life. It is less
than two years ago that he made his first campaign speech as
a candidate. He is unique, as a political leader, in the fact
that he comes into the public view only in middle life, with
his political philosophy fully formed; it has been formed in
the privacy of forty years of constant study and investiga-
tion."
Woodrow Wilson has been President and helmsman of the
American Ship of State throughout a most thrilling period.
Experience has tested him most rigorously. The spotlight
has played upon him without pause. The manner in which
he bore his tests has been an open book to all of the great
body of people who had such immediate and vital concern
in the effect of his acts upon the destiny of the nation. It
so happens, therefore, that there is an intimacy of under-
standing between Mr. Wilson and his constituents such as
has existed between the President of the United States and
the people of the United States only in those great periods
when the soul of the nation has been put to the test.
WILSON AND LINCOLN.
Washington understood his countrymen and was under-
stood by them. Lincoln knew the heart of the nation and
could feel its sympathy and its understanding of him. Wood-
row Wilson has shaped the course which the future history
of his country will follow and, like the two former Presi-
dents who guided this greatest of Republics through epochal
testing times, he has revealed himself to the sympathies of
the people.
(6
Campaign periods are periods of retrospection. The citizen
who regards the exercise of his right of suffrage as a
serious duty rather than his privilege as a party man, then
makes an effort to weigh the merits of the candidates and to
judge them in the light of their careers. In 1912 people were
concerned with the forty years of Woodrow Wilson's life
preceding his nomination for the Presidency-the period in
which his political theories had been formulated by con-
stant study and investigation." Today they are concerned
solely with the four years of Woodrow Wilson's life since
his nomination for the Presidency. They are interested in
his acts as President of the United States in a period of in-
ternational upheaval. Let us see how the President has re-
vealed himself to the various groups of earnest watchers who
have hung upon his words and waited tensely for his acts,
appreciating fully the important relationship they bore to
him.
145
!
İng
146
WOODROW WILSON
The mothers of the country seem to feel that they have a
peculiarly accurate understanding of Mr. Wilson. They have
found in him a man who shared their abhorrence of war ex-
cept as a step necessary for the preservation of honor. They
have found in him a man who sympathized tenderly with
their desire that their sons be spared the horrors that have
engulfed another hemisphere. They have found in him a
man who never yet has given consideration to his personal
fortunes in his desire to hold back from their lips the chalice
of the supreme maternal sacrifice. Wrong was done by him
who said that the mothers of this nation are for peace at any
price. Neither the mothers of the land nor its President
hold peace so dear, but there is a peculiar sense of sympathy
between them because of their mutual conviction that peace
ought not to be shattered, that war's desolation ought not
to be brought upon our youth, until all honorable means of
peacefully adjusting international differences have been util-
ized.
STANDS FOR AMERICAN IDEALS.
The typical patriotic American-not the militaristic hot-
head whose mind pursues the phantom of war
as the
great intensifier of national virility-has found in Mr.
Wilson a man who understood American ideals as well as
American history and who was capable of interpreting them
in the light of the severest crisis, so that always the sober
pride of real Americanism might be upheld. This quality
was disclosed in the President's unwillingness to regard
Germany's offenses against the lives of Americans as in the
same category with Great Britain's restraint of our com-
merce. The President realized that Germany would trench
upon the honor of America were she permitted to continue
her submarine operations, and he dealt with that nation in a
firm manner which would have resulted in a complete sever-
ance of all relations and possibly in a war had Germany not
altered her policy in accordance with American demands.
Clearly the sentiment of sympathy with American mothers
is not of the quality which permits the President to flinch
when harsh tests must be faced. Iron and the milk of human
kindness both have gone into his make-up.
To the citizen of divided loyalty, Mr. Wilson has revealed.
himself as a man of iron. The President has struck and
struck hard at those who placed their allegiance to America
second to their allegiance to the land they had left behind
in order to become Americans.
To the political trickster and professional agitator the Pres-
ident has revealed the same forcefulness. Whenever these
politicians have essayed to block the progress of wholesome
constructive legislation, the President has displayed the
ability to overcome them because he knew how to avail him-
self of the moral force which backed his own just cause.
The President has regarded himself as the representative
and the spokesman of the whole people. There have been
WOODROW WILSON
147
į
times when the steps which the President deemed necessary
in the best interests of the whole people were blocked by
one cause or another. In every such case the President has
gone over the heads of the obstructors and back to the com-
mon source of all their representative power. He has ap
pealed to the electorate time and time again, as heretofore
Presidents had done only in election time. Unerringly, in
each instance of this sort, the people have recognized that
Mr. Wilson's side was their side and they have brought to
bear upon Washington those powerful creative rays of pub-
lic opinion which have compelled adherence to the Presi-
dent's policies.
PUTS DUTY FIRST.
The firmness of the President's character has been evi-
denced particularly in the manner in which he insisted upon
Congress remaining in session at times when important and
recognized public duties demanded consummation. The first
Congress, which he called into extraordinary session, soon
after his inauguration, remained in Washington for practi-
cally the whole of the next two years. The President in-
sisted that Congress apply its study to the great reform pro-
gramme to which the Democratic party had pledged itself
and he would not hearken to the pleas of the politicians that
they be permitted to go back to their own districts to mend
their fences.
To the people of Mexico President Wilson has revealed
himself as a tolerant friend. There are 15,000,000 people in
Mexico, of whom 300,000 bear arms and are engaged in war-
like operations varying from service as regular troops to
brigandage and border raiding. The President has never
been willing to inflict upon these 15,000,000 the suffering of
atonement for the wrongs committed by the uncontrolled
300,000. The great force of the United States has been
utilized only for the recognition of absolute necessities. The
President has striven hard to overcome the forces which
were impelling the United States to shut off for all time
the aspirations of the lowly and trampled-upon Mexicans
toward a happier and freer place in a world in which all
men should have equality of opportunity.
To the man who lives by physical labor the President has
revealed himself as the possessor of warm sympathies and
a keen understanding of the difficulties and hardships under
which such a living is wrested from the world. To the
world of business the President has revealed himself as a
thoughtful and just friend. To both business and capital, the
President has revealed himself as a soothing influence upon
a situation of gathering ominousness.
To the humanitarian and those men who have sought to
serve their fellows by removing some of the thorns that
press down on life here in America, the President has re-
vealed himself as a man imbued with their own impulses.
He was a mighty protagonist of a measure which would
* 30 de
******
148
WOODROW WILSON
hold up to scorn the manufactures of those industrial plants
which use the vitality of children in their productive processes.
His great executive power supported the movement to restrict
the hours of labor for women and to improve the conditions
under which this labor was performed. Likewise he has
exerted himself in behalf of the adoption of measures to pro-
vide restitution to working men for injuries suffered during
their employment in which they had no responsibility.
UPHOLDER OF EVEN-HANDED JUSTICE.
To each of these elements in our citizenship the President
has revealed himself as the stern upholder of even-handed
justice whenever one of them essayed to achieve a privilege
which trenched upon the rights of another element.
To those who were interested in his personal characteris-
tics the President has revealed himself as a much more ro-
bust figure than many of them supposed him to be at the
time he was elected. Although forgotten now, the sobriquet
of "School Master in Politics" was applied to him by many
persons at the time he assumed office. Austerity was re-
garded as one of his outstanding characteristics and he was
suspected of being a man partial to the reserve and dignity
of seclusion from the great pulsing currents of our life. The
gamut of his emotions was unsuspected. His responsiveness
to the human appeal was unknown.
But people know more about Mr. Wilson now than they
did then.
The country has been brought to an appreciation of the
fact that the man's great heart is equally responsible with his
great intellect for the place he is to occupy in the history of
America and of mankind. The man who came into office
regarded as preeminently a crusader is now recognized as
one who has made a consideration of its constructive effect
the test of his every act. He has been unwilling to destroy
anything for the sake of meting out punishment, but always
has demanded a constructive achievement as the result of
any act which had a destructive side.
MAKES DECISIONS IN ISOLATION.
The President's great tests have been met in isolation, as
was instanced by his withdrawal into the quiet of his own
mind when the sinking of the Lusitania brought the nation
to the brink of war. One must note the expression of a bond
of sympathy between the President and another great soul
which had preceded him at the helm of the American Gov-
ernment in this excerpt from one of the President's speeches
on Lincoln:
"There is a very holy and very terrible isolation for the
conscience of every man who seeks to read the destiny in
affairs for others as well as himself, for a nation as well as
for individuals. That privacy no man can intrude upon.
That lonely search of the spirit for the right perhaps no
man can assist."
The country still has a fresh recollection of the spectacular
1
WOODROW WILSON
་་
149
fashion in which corporation-ridden New Jersey called from
the quiet shades of Princeton University the man who was
thought to be both fit and free to lead them in their rebellion
against the special interests. Mr. Wilson's earnest admin-
istration of the State Government, the great mass of reform
legislation which he forced through the Legislature, his
splendid success in changing New Jersey from one of the
most oppressed to one of the freest States of the Union
is a part of the inspiring political history which upholds
mankind's faith in the future of Democracy. His career as
Governor of New Jersey served a two-fold purpose: It pre-
pared him for the battles he was to fight in the larger arena
of national politics, and, at the same time, so centered upon
him the attention of forward-looking Americans as to insure
his election to the Presidency of the United States.
HANDLING N. J. LEGISLATURE.
Early in Mr. Wilson's term as Governor of New Jersey
he encountered much recalcitrancy among the members of
his own party in the State Legislature. It looked as if he,
in pressing certain parts of his reform programme, would
have as much difficulty with his party colleagues as with the
Republican opposition. He then began a practice which was
destined to bring him before the public eye as a disturber of
precedents when he became President.
He invited himself to a Democratic legislative caucus one
evening. Some of the caucus leaders were unfriendly and
frowned upon his presence among them; one made an ad-
dress warning the Governor that the Legislature would not
stand for certain measures he had proposed. Then the
President's spirit showed and he made an address which will
live long in the memories of those who heard it. With hand
upraised, he informed the would-be obstructors that if they
held out against him he would appeal to the people of New
Jersey, whose representative he was, and that by virtue of
the powerful support he would gain from them he would
overcome the opposition which he then faced.
It was a
thrilling time for the legislators, who were deeply impressed
with the wisdom of not attempting to thwart their Gov-
ernor. Mr. Wilson's attendance upon the legislative caucus
was a forerunner of many visits to the Capitol of the United
States during his first Presidential term. The method he
employed in each case was the same; it was to get in close
personal touch with the lawmaking body, to meet its mem-
bers face to face and eye to eye, and to assert in their pres-
ence his prerogative of party leader which substantiated the
various appeals he made for legislative enactments.
Woodrow Wilson, the son of Joseph R. Wilson, and the
grandson of James Wilson, who emigrated to the United
States from Ireland, was born in Staunton, Virginia, in De-
cember, 1856. His education, which was carefully supervised
by his father, was begun in Davidson College, North Carolina,
and continued at Princeton University and the University of
Virginia. At the last named institution he studied law,
preparing for a public career; he did practice law for a brief
150
WOODROW WILSON
period in Atlanta, Georgia. His paramount interest was
the study of government, however. This had swayed his
work at Princeton and at the University of Virginia, and
the best fruits of his mind had gone into his writings on the
subject of government. A year in the practice of law con-
vinced him that he was intended for other labors, so in
1883 he registered at Johns Hopkins University to study his-
tory and political economy. During his residence at this
institution he published “Congressional Government: A Study
of Government by Committee" and it immediately took its
place as a highly authoritative and important work.
From 1885 to 1890, Mr. Wilson served in the faculty of,
first, Bryn Mawr College and then of Wesleyan University.
He was married June 24, 1885, to Miss Ellen Louise Axson,
of a distinguished family of Savannah, Ga. Mrs. Wilson died
at the White House on August 6, 1914. In 1890 Princeton
drafted her distinguished alumnus into her service, and as
Professor of History and Politics at Princeton, Mr. Wilson
rapidly achieved distinction as an author, a public speaker
and an inspiring teacher of young men. Twelve years later
he was elected President of the University and that institution
began to inhale more deeply of the thought currents which
were shaping American life. During his administration at
Princeton two important instances arose wherein Mr. Wilson
was called upon to apply the higher principles of Democracy.
The first was his attempted abolition of the palatial system
of student clubs which drew class distinctions through the
life of the college. Mr. Wilson's proposal for a substitute
system of "quadrangles was rejected by the trustees, after
a stormy debate. A second issue arose when Mr. Wilson
thwarted repeated efforts to have a graduate school estab-
lished separately from the university. President Wilson
proclaimed his opposition to "patronized endeavor," for he
believed that the seclusion of graduate students and their
separation from the rough and tumble of college life and
from contact with all sorts and conditions of men were con-
ditions under which Princeton University could not accept
gifts without sacrificing her usefulness and self-esteem. Mr.
Wilson held out for many years, although the university
blazed with the heat of the friction between him and the
protagonists of wealthy exclusiveness. Finally, in 1910, the
year in which he was nominated for Governor of New Jersey,
a bequest for a graduate school was made under conditions
which did not permit the trustees to reject it.
The President has three daughters, Miss Margaret Wood-
row Wilson, Mrs. Francis Bowes Sayre and Mrs. William
Gibbs McAdoo. He was married at Washington December
18, 1915, to Mrs. Edith Bolling Galt, of that city. In addition
to Congressional Government, he is the author of the follow-
ing works: The State-Elements of Historical and Practical
Politics, in 1889; Division and Reunion, in 1893; An Old
Master and Other Political Essays, in 1893; Mere Literature
and Other Essays, in 1896; Life of George Washington, in
1896; History of the American People, in 1902; and Con-
stitutional Government in the United States, in 1908.
""
HOW WE'VE PROSPERED
UNDER WOODROW WILSON
All Records of Previous National
Administrations Pale Into
Insignificance by
Comparison
NOT only all Republican but the world's prosperity records
(
have been broken under Democratic laws and adminis-
tration-under the New Freedom" of industry and finance
created and administered by President Wilson. And the tide
of our business and wealth is still rising.
In the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, the United States
made a world record for one nation's prosperity. Other
nations have had their golden age of industrial, commercial
· and financial greatness; but all former records pale into ob-
scurity beside the astounding totals piled up by the U. S. A.
in 1916.
The mills of our great industrial centers have been and
are humming day and night. The demand for labor exceeds
the supply, wages are higher than ever before. Money is
plentiful and cheap. Railroads are unable to get the equip-
ment to handle all the business offered. The farms have pro-
duced bountifully and farm products bring the highest prices
ever known. Large industries are contracted to capacity
well into 1917.
That the United States has been able to reap this splendid
harvest was ready to meet new and huge demands both do-
mestic and foreign-is almost wholly due to the wise recon-
structive legislation enacted under the Wilson Administra-
tion. All unbiased authorities agree and other chapters of
this Text-Book show that the Federal Reserve Act, the
Underwood Tariff Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act,
and other of the important legislation of the President's pro-
gramme equipped American capital and labor to take full
advantage of this truly golden opportunity.
All the recognized indices of business conditions tell the
same story. Official statistics of bank deposits and bank
clearings, postal receipts, building operations, gold supply,
exports and imports, ship building, wages, income tax re-
ceipts, railway earnings and the national wealth, separate and
in combination, go to show the amazing and unprecedented
volume of the nation's commerce and industry.
THE ASSERTION THAT THIS UNEQUALED PROS-
PERITY IS DUE TO AN ABNORMAL SITUATION
CREATED BY THE EUROPEAN WAR IS QUICKLY
DESTROYED BY STUDY OF THE FACTS. THE BUSI-
NESS IN MUNITIONS OF WAR IS BUT A SMALL
FRACTION OF THE TOTAL BUSINESS. It is shown
*
J
151
152
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
herein that if the sales abroad of explosives and firearms,
and other articles which may justly be placed as munitions
of war, were totally eliminated from American business of
to-day, still the prosperity of the country would far exceed
the records of all former years.
BANK DEPOSITS UP 39 PER CENT.
Neither the most hopeless pessimist nor the most incor-
rigible partisan can withstand the knock-down contrast of the
country's bank deposits under the last Republican and under
Woodrow Wilson's Administration.
On May 1, 1916, the gross deposits of the 7,578 national
banks as reported to the Comptroller of the Currency were
$11,135,322,000.
On the corresponding date in 1912 they were $8,015,511,000.
THE FOUR-YEAR GAIN IS $3,119,811,000, APPROXI-
MATING 39 PER CENT.
Every geographic section of the United States shared in
this prosperous growth.
The six manufacturing States of New England, in the
enjoyment of a good export trade, made a four-year bank
deposit gain under Wilson of $191,858,000, or slightly
over 30 per cent.
The eight Middle Western industrial States of Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa
and Missouri produced a substantial four-year deposit
growth under Wilson of $658,403,000, an increase of 29.3
per cent.
The nine Western agricultural and mining States of
North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Montana,
Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and Oklahoma in-
creased their deposits under Wilson by $212,219,000, a
growth of 41.6 per cent.
Though the 13 Southern States lost heavily in cotton
exports and prices through the European war, their bank
deposits grew under Wilson $218,084,000, or 26.7 per cent.
Notwithstanding the transfer of much Pacific commerce
to the Atlantic since the war began, the deposits of the
eight Pacific States were swelled under Wilson by
$124,462,000, or 21.3 per cent.
The Eastern States of New York, New Jersey, Penn-
District of
sylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and the
Columbia—including the great Federal Reserve centers
of New York and Philadelphia, and the Government
Treasury and sub-treasuries-showed the heavy deposit
increase of $1,713,794,000 under Wilson, or 52 per cent.
MUNITIONS CENTER ONLY LOSER.
THE ONLY STATE IN THE UNION FAILING TO
SHOWGAIN IN BANK DEPOSITS WAS DELA-
WARE THE ATLANTIC COAST SEAT OF THE
GREAT DU PONT POWDER INDUSTRY, CHIEF
BENEFICIARY OF WAR MUNITIONS BUSINESS. BY
CONTRAST, THE AGRICULTURAL DAKOTAS IN-
CREASED THEIR BANK DEPOSITS BY OVER 70 PER
CENT. AND OKLAHOMA OVER 100 PER CENT.
Jegg
W
Against the revelations of the reports of the 7,578 Federal
Member Banks of the United States to the Comproller of the
Currency and the Federal Reserve Board, Republican cal-
umny against the prosperity of the American people vanishes
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
153
like a soap bubble released in a wind. It demonstrates that
prosperity in 1916 is general and unbounded by section or
industry and exists notwithstanding the damaging effects of
the European War in the Southern cotton States and upon
the Pacific Coast.
The Comptroller's tabular statement of total national bank
deposits for 1912 and 1916 by States and geographic divi-
sions, and increases for each, appears hereafter.
As an index of the vastly increased volume of the coun-
try's business during the past four years, the bank clearings
of the United States during the first six months of 1916 under
Wilson were approximately 40 per cent. larger than in the
first half of 1912 under Taft, AND CONSTITUTED 70 PER
CENT. OF THE FULL TWELVE MONTHS' TRANS-
ACTIONS OF THAT RECORD REPUBLICAN YEAR.
THE SIX MONTHS' TOTAL OF 1916 IS $118,800,000,000
(BRADSTREET'S) AGAINST $85,100,000,000 FOR THE
FIRST HALF OF 1912-A DIFFERENCE OF OVER
$5,500,000,000 MONTHLY.
The largest percentages of four-year growth are 51 per
cent. for the 20 clearing-house cities of the Middle West and
50 per cent. for the 12 clearings centers of the Southwest.
Then came the 18 Middle Eastern clearings centers with 45
per cent. and 22 Northwestern with 31 per cent. gain.
BIG GAIN IN POSTAL RECEIPTS.
ANOTHER STANDARD MEASURE OF THE COUN-
TRY'S BUSINESS ACTIVITY IS THE POSTAL RE-
CEIPTS. RECEIPTS OF UNCLE SAM'S POST OFFICE
FOR THE WILSON ADMINISTRATION EXCEED
THOSE OF THE PRECEDING REPUBLICAN ADMIN-
ISTRATION BY APPROXIMATELY $224,000,000, OR 24
PER CENT., NOTWITHSTANDING THE
THE HEAVY
FALLING OFF OF THESE RECEIPTS FROM AUGUST,
1914, TO JUNE, 1915, OWING TO THE EUROPEAN
WAR. THE POST OFFICE SURPLUS FOR THE YEAR
ENDING JUNE 30 LAST WAS $5,742,445.20.
Permanent improvements as represented by building op-
erations reached $490,000,000 in 142 cities in the first half of
1916. The second quarter of the year shows an advance of
32 per cent., while the full year readily breaks the American
record.
The individual income tax produced in the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1916, $67,957,488 of revenue, compared with
$41,046,162 in 1915-an increase of 65 per cent. due to admin-
istrative efficiency and prosperity.
The corporation income tax in 1916 produced $56,909,941,
as compared with $39,155,000 in 1915 and $28,583,000 in 1912—
an increase of 45 per cent. over 1915, and of approximately
100 per cent. over Republican administration in 1912-due
again to administrative efficiency and prosperity.
Ordinary internal revenue receipts in 1916 are $387,873,000
as compared with $293,000,000 in 1912, and total internal rev-
enue receipts are $512,740,000 compared with $321,615,000 in
1912-a four-year increase of $191,000,000, or nearly 60 per
154
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
cent., the joint product of Democratic legislation, adminis-
tration and prosperity.
Gold coin, bullion and certificates in the United States on
July 1, 1916, made the record total of $2,439,000,000, or more
than one-fourth the total money gold of the world. In July,
1912, the gold stock of the United States was $1,818,000,000.
The increase is $621,000,000, or 34 per cent.
THE GOLD STOCK OF THE UNITED STATES TO-
DAY IS DOUBLE THAT OF FRANCE, AND $500,000,000
GREATER THAN THAT OF GERMANY AND THE
UNITED KINGDOM COMBINED.
The Comptroller of the Currency reports on July 1, 1916,
the total stock of money of the United States as $4,-
472,000,000. This is an increase of $500,000,000 in the fiscal
year. But, instead of this circulation increase pointing to-
ward inflation, the Comptroller points out, the year showed
an increase of $623,000,000 in gold; so that the increase in
gold stock accounted for the entire $500,000,000 increase in
circulation and for $123,000,000 of currency retired.
SOLID GOLD FOUNDATION.
NO COUNTRY EVER HAD THE SOLID GOLD
FOUNDATION FOR ITS BUSINESS THAT THE
UNITED STATES HAS TO-DAY.
The wealth of the United States for 1916 is estimated by
the United States Department of Commerce at $228,000,-
000,000, as compared with $187,000,000,000 in 1912—a four-
year gain of 21.8 per cent.
The latest published estimates of European countries are:
United Kingdom, $85,000,000,000; Germany, $80,000,000,000;
France, $50,000,000,000-the three combined being several
billions short of the American total.
The foreign commerce of the United States in the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1916, exceeded $6,500,000,000.
The British record in 1913 was $5,700,000,000.
The German record in 1912 was $4,600,000,000.
The Republican record for the United States in 1912 was
$3,857,000,000.
Our commerce outranks leading foreign competitors by
$1,000,000,000 to $2,000,000,000, and it passes the Republican
record by over $2,600,000,000, or 68.5 per cent.
**
American exports in the fiscal year 1916 exceed $4,300,-
000,000.
The Republican record, 1912, was $2,200,000,000.
The British record, 1913, is $2,556,000,000.
The German record, 1912, is $2,131,000,000.
BEATS REPUBLICAN RECORD 95 PER CENT.
UNDER A DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION IN
1916, THEREFORE, EXPORTS OF AMERICAN PRO-
DUCTS EXCEED THE REPUBLICAN RECORD OF
1912 BY 95 PER CENT.; THE BRITISH TOTAL FOR
1913 BY 68 PER CENT.; AND THE GERMAN FOR 1912
BY 100 PER CENT.
.
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
155
Excess of exports over imports in the fiscal year 1916 gives
the United States a favorable trade balance of $2,135,000,000.
The Republican balance in 1912 was $550,000,000.
FOUR YEARS OF REPUBLICAN TRADE BAL-
ANCES-1909, 1910, 1911 AND 1912—TOGETHER MAKE
$1,612,000,000, OR ABOUT $500,000,000 LESS THAN THE
DEMOCRATIC BALANCE OF 1916.
THE PAST YEAR OF WOODROW WILSON SHOWS
A HEAVIER TRADE BALANCE THAN THE FOUR-
YEAR TOTAL OF TAFT, OR THE FOUR-YEAR
TOTAL FOR ROOSEVELT.
Further demonstration which may interest agricultural
America is the following:
Exports of foodstuffs, crude and manufactured, aggregated
in the fiscal year 1912 under Taft $418,000,000.
The 1916 total under Wilson approximates $1,000,000,000,
an increase of $580,000,000, or nearly 140 per cent. more in
exports, which largely represent American farm production.
TARIFF IMPORTANT FACTOR.
A cardinal principle of the Underwood tariff law was to
make American industry independent of Government tariff
bounty by giving it the privilege enjoyed by foreign competi-
tors-of untaxed raw materials. Free wool is a notable ex-
ample. Reduction of duties on crude materials for use in
manufacturing was the great preparedness measure which
laid the foundation for the enormous expansion of export
manufactures during the past two years. Note the result:
Exports of Manufactures,
American Goods.
Cotton manufactures..
Leather and manufactures.
Iron and steel..
Chemicals, drugs, etc.
Automobiles and parts.
Wool manufactures..
Underwood
Tariff,
Fiscal
Year 1916.
$112,000,000
146,614,000
621,209,000
124,362,000
120,000,000
54,000,000
Payne
Tariff,
Same, 1913.
Increase,
Per
Cent.
$53,743,000
63,800,000
105%
304,000,000
26,574,000
350%
284%
31,250,000
3,560,000 1,400%
108%
128%
TO SUPPLY AMERICAN MILLS WITH MATERIALS
FOR THIS HUGE EXPANSION OF EXPORTS, IM-
PORTS OF CRUDE MATERIALS FOR USE IN MANU-
FACTURING ARE $300,000,000 GREATER IN 1916 THAN
IN 1913. AMERICAN FARMS, MINES, RANCHES AND
PLANTATIONS HAVE LIKEWISE BEEN CALLED
UPON FOR RECORD PRODUCTION OF MATERIALS
FOR USE IN MANUFACTURING, AND AMERICAN
LABOR AND CAPITAL HAVE NEVER BEFORE BEEN
SO HEAVILY EMPLOYED OR AT SUCH LIBERAL
INCOME AND WAGE RETURNS.
-
HUGE EXPORTS OF MANUFACTURES.
Total exports of manufactures ready for consumption for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, approximate $2,000,-
000,000, as against $776,000,000 under the last year of the
*
156
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
Payne tariff. The European war furnished the opportunity,
but wise tariff and currency laws and a liberal commercial
policy prepared the way and facilitated the great industrial
and commercial development.
The total industrial production of the United States in
1916-including products of agriculture, manufactures, mines,
quarries, oil wells, forests, fisheries and new buildings-ap-
proximates a value of $45,000,000,000.
-
The $1,350,000,000 by which exports of the recent fiscal
year to European warring nations exceed our normal ex-
ports to those countries represent only 3 per cent. of our
total industrial production.
EXPORTS TEN PER CENT. OF WHOLE.
THE ENTIRE $4,300,000,000. OF OUR 1916 EXPORTS
TO ALL COUNTRIES ARE LESS THAN 10 PER CENT.
OF OUR AGGREGATE VOLUME OF PRODUCTION.
Simply the increase in the country's 1916 industrial income
over that of 1912 amounts to several times the export total,
heavy though the latter has become.
In leading lines of industrial activity, 1916 ranks above
1912 from 20 per cent. to 50 per cent.
The 1916 steel production of the United States is placed at
42,000,000 tons-against the record under Republican regime
of 31,000,000-an increase of 35 per cent.
The 1916 total value of manufactures is estimated at over
$30,000,000,000—against $20,670,000,000 in the census of 1910
—an increase of 45 per cent.
Exports of finished manufactures for the fiscal year ap-
proximate $2,000,000,000, and, though the largest on record,
are only 6.6 per cent. of the total manufactured product.
Though iron and steel exports in 1916 are $618,000,000
against the Payne tariff record of $304,000,000 in 1913, the
exports are only 15 per cent. of the steel tonnage produced;
and, deducting the entire exports volume from production,
the balance for home demand is still more than 5,000,000 tons
greater than the 1912 total for both home and export demand.
The U. S. Steel Corporation reports show that even in
1915 the steel ingot production, less total steel exports, was
600,000 tons greater than the average annual steel ingot pro-
duction for the seven years, 1908-14 inclusive, for both home
and foreign supply. U. S. Steel unfilled orders in 1916 are
double those of 1915.
As showing the tremendous sustaining power of home de-
mand, it is interesting to note that the steel rail capacity of
American mills was contracted for, as early as July 1, 1916,
one year ahead.
Contracts to-day are being made chiefly for delivery in the
second half of 1917, and large European contracts are being
made for delivery after the war.
WONDERFUL BUILDING BOOM.
The building trades industries-which produce nothing for
consumption abroad-report 187 wage increases in 34 States
which is corollary to the report of 142 cities THAT PER-
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
157
MITS DURING THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF 1916
CALL FOR NEW BUILDINGS TO THE HUGE VALU-
ATION TOTAL OF $490,000,000 (BRADSTREETS).
THIS IS THE GREATEST SIX MONTHS' BUILDING
TOTAL ON RECORD.
As further demonstrating that the country's prosperity is
general, and not confined to war business on the Atlantic
coast-as some Republicans would like us to believe-the
Northwest leads in building improvement with a gain of 57
per cent. over a year ago; while Far-western cities are second
with a gain of 57 per cent., and the Middle West third with
23.6 per cent. gain.
THE HANDLING OF THE ENORMOUS INDUS-
TRIAL PRODUCTION OF THE UNITED STATES
HAS TAXED THE COUNTRY'S TRANSPORTATION
FACILITIES BEYOND PRECEDENT. RAILROAD
EARNINGS IN 1916 ARE THE HEAVIEST KNOWN,
AND RUN ABOUT $50,000,000 TO $60,000,000 PER
MONTH LARGER, OR 25 PER CENT. TO 30 PER
CENT., COMPARED WITH 1912. FOR THE FISCAL
YEAR ENDING JUNE 30 LAST (INTER-STATE COM-
MERCE COMMISSION) RAILWAY EARNINGS WERE
$3,400,000,000, AGAINST $2,740,000,000 FOR 1912, UNDER
TAFT-A GAIN OF 24 PER CENT.
-
FARMERS' LARGE SLICE.
DURING THE PAST THREE YEARS, THE DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL
PRODUCTION OF FARM WEALTH SHOWS AN AV-
ERAGE OF $10,000,000,000 AS AGAINST SOMEWHAT
LESS THAN $9,000,000,000 PER ANNUM DURING THE
TAFT ADMINISTRATION AND A LITTLE OVER
$7,000,000,000 DURING THE ROOSEVELT ADMINIS-
TRATION.
This prosperity of the American farmer places a strong and
enduring foundation under the entire national fabric of busi-
ness activity-and is greatest under Democratic laws.
In the 1914 campaign, hoping to win the Congressional
elections, the Mann-Smoot-Gallinger type of narrow Repub-
lican politician proclaimed from every political housetop the
bold assertion that the business depression then upon the
country had nothing to do with the European war, but was
entirely chargeable to Democratic administration. Now this
same outfit loudly asserts that the unprecedented prosperity
of the United States has nothing whatever to do with Demo-
cratic administration, but is attributed solely to the war. Can
you beat it?
To-day the prosperity which the nation enjoys bears wit-
ness that Democracy has kept the faith. To-day the gates
of opportunity are open; the hosts of special privilege stand
disarmed. To-day the forces of government are encourag-
ing, not blocking, the full expression of the nation's progress.
-From Martin H. Glynn's keynote speech.
GENERAL PROSPERITY IS
This consolidated testimony of American bankers as rend-
ered in reports to the Comptroller of the Currency, setting
forth the deposits of over 14,000,000 persons in every State,
county and town in the Union having a national bank, con-
victs of gross misrepresentation and gross insincerity every
Republican candidate and organ that denies our unprece-
dented prosperity or attacks it as temporary sectional,
"blood-soaked" and dependent upon foreign wars.
SHOWN IN BANK FIGURES
1 Maine.
2 New Hampshire.
3 Vermont.
4 Massachusetts.
5 Rhode Island
6 Connecticut..
422,361,000
34,501,000
76,733,000
New England States $619,938,000
$1,864,091,000
205,794,000
1,016,694,000
11,816,000
115,518,000
32,638,000
7 New York.
8 New Jersey.
9 Pennsylvania.
10 Delaware.
·
19 Alabama.
20 Mississippi
21 Louisiana.
•
•
•
26 Ohio.
27 Indiana.
28 Illinois.
29 Michigan.
30 Wisconsin.
31 Minnesota.
•
•
L
·
•
•
•
• •
+
•
•
•
11 Maryland..
12 District of Columbia.
Eastern States.... $3,246,551,000 $4,960,345,000 $1,713,794,000
13 Virginia..
$103,247,000
$136,030,000 . $32,783,000
14 West Virginia.
51,623,000
19,272,000
15 North Carolina.
38,349,000
8,596,000
16 South Carolina.
24,329,000
13,569,000
17 Georgia.
57,111,000
12,717,000
18 Florida.
40,061,000
18,492,000
43,310,000
7,340,000
14,762,000
5,381,000
53,539,000
1,752,000
22 Texas.
64,889,000
213,698,000
20,754,000
23 Arkansas.
6,718,000
24 Kentucky..
80,650,000
5,864,000
25 Tennessee.
73,192,000
20,711,000
Southern States... $814,615,000 $1,032,709,000
$218,084,000
$500,261,000
$372,593,000
162,224,000
$127,668,000
28,767,000
190,991,000
704,232,000 893,093,000
188,861,000
146,280,000
201,925,000
55,645,000
190,739,000
38,643,000
152,096,000
221,133,000
354,941,000
133,808,000
44,553,000
32 Iowa.
168,523,000
213,076,000
33 Missouri.
318,983,000
359,441,000
40,458,000
Middle States.....$2,246,064,000 $2,904,467,000 $658,403,000
•
·
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
►
·
•
•
·
· •
•
·
•
• ·
TOTAL DEPOSITS.
Increase of 1916 over 1912.
•
·
April 8, 1912. May 1, 1916.
$45,599,000
$54,770,000
21,697,000
26,355,000
19,047,000
23,599,000
557,789,000
35,067,000
566,000
37,483,000
114,216,000
$811,796,000 $191,858,000
$3,217,673,000 $1,353,582,000
266,878,000
1,289,724,000
•
10,952,000
129,527,000
45,591,000
70,895,000
46,945,000
37,898,000
69,828,000
58,553,000
50,650,000
20,143,000
55,291,000
Increase.
278,587,000
27,472,000
86,514,000
93,903,000
$9,171,000
4,658,000
4,552,000
135,428,000
61,084,000
273,030,000
*864,000
14,009,000
12,953,000
4
I
158
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
159
..
34 North Dakota.
35 South Dakota.
36 Nebraska.
37 Kansas.
38 Montana.
39 Wyoming.
40 Colorado.
+
•
41 New Mexico.
42 Oklahoma,
•
4
66
•
•
43 Washington.
44 Oregon..
45 California.
46 Idaho.
47 Utah.
48 Nevada.
49 Arizona.
50 Alaska.
•
• •
.
•
Western States...
•
· •
•
·
••
•
Pacific States..
•
51 Hawaii (Island Pos-
sessions).....
Total Banks.
* Decrease.
•
April 8, 1912.
$32,427,000
31,597,000
127,242,000
81,070,000
35,238,000
13,356,000
106,423,000
14,508,000
59,889,000
$501,750,000
$106,572,000
63,938,000
353,734,000
20,293,000
24,101,000
6,525,000
8,174,000
918,000
$584,255,000
May 1, 1916.
$56,760,000
53,192,000
150,187,000
105,293,000
53,733,000
19,874,000
131,577,000
18,974,000
124,379,000
$713,969,000
$113,973,000
77,295,000
426,590,000
30,486,000
35,291,000
8,367,000
15,212,000
1,503,000
$708,717,000
Increase.
$24,333,000
21,595,000
22,945,000
24,223,000
18,495,000
6,518,000
25,154,000
4,466,000
64,490,000
$212,219,000
$7,401,000
13,357,000
72,856,000
10,193,000
11,190,000
1,842,000
7,038,000
585,000
$124,462,000
WILSON'S WISE AND PRUDENT COURSE.
(From Indianapolis News, Ind., May 5, 1916.)
CONGRESS is again being deluged with tele-
grams and letters evidently originating in
some central source, believed to be the American
embargo conference, urging members to oppose a
severance of diplomatic relations with Germany.
* * * They know that the President is not seek-
ing war, but that, on the contrary, he has gone to
the limit in his effort to avoid it.
$2,328,000
$3,319,000
$991,000
$8,015,511,000 $11,135,322,000 $3,119,811,000
“The question of peace or war is one for the
Berlin government to answer.
* * *
"During the last year President Wilson has
shown a moderation and restraint that have been
the wonder of the world-that have exposed
him to severe criticism. He has given Germany
every chance to set herself right, not only with this
country, but with civilization. And he still has
hopes, as do we all, that the chance will be im-
proved. *
* *
<<
Certainly they will indignantly resent the in-
sinuation that President Wilson is trying to rush
this Nation into war against its will. But for his
wise and prudent attitude there would have been
war long ago."
The world is held stable by the man who waits for the
next day to find out whether the report was true or not.
-Woodrow Wilson.
WHAT PRESIDENT WILSON
HAS DONE FOR BUSINESS
of Nation's Industry
Huge Gain of Nation's
Directly Due to President's Wise
Statesmanship
By Theodore E. Price,
Famous Economist and Business Expert.
FACING the above record of the nation's growth since
they were removed from power, the Republicans, through
every agency at their command, including their candidate for
President, endeavor to belittle the showing by saying: "No
intelligent man is deceived by the temporary prosperity due
to abnormal conditions."
The implication intended is that the European war is en-
tirely responsible for a prosperity that we would not other-
wise have enjoyed. Let us analyze the facts.
It will be admitted that whatever profit the United States
has derived from the war in Europe is measured exclusively
by the increase in the balance of trade in our favor.
As our imports have varied but slightly since 1912, the in-
crease in our exports must include everything that we have
gained from the expansion in our foreign trade.
This increase in exports is about equal to the increase in
our trade balance, and while it cannot all be profit-for the
cost of producing the things exported should be deducted
from it-we will, for the purposes of this argument, assume
that our war gains equal the entire amount by which our
balance of trade has exceeded the normal average before the
war.
For the four fiscal years ending June 30th, 1914, our favor-
able balance averaged $550,000,000 a year.
For the last two years it has been as follows:
For the year ending June 30th, 1915....
For the year ending June 30th, 1916....
Total
Normal for two years, $550,000,000, each
←
$1,094,000,000
2,136,000,000
Increase for two years of war.
$2,130,000,000
This increase of $2,130,000,000 is manifestly in excess of
our entire gain from the war. It is equal to our profits plus
the cost of production, and it is only through the increase in
our foreign trade that the war can have profited us at all.
Our mathematically possible maximum gain from the war is,
therefore, $21.30 per capita. This figure is extravagant. Our
new export business is not all war business which will be
lost when the war is over. Much of it is business with
nations that are not in the war at all. Trade relations with
•
$3,230,000,000
1,100,000,000
160
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
161
both neutral and non-neutral nations have been established
that will endure. But consider the matter on the basis of the
highest possible figure, what do you find?
You find that our national wealth has increased by $41,-
000,000,000, or $410 per capita. Our debt to Europe has been
reduced by $3,340,000,000, or $33 per capita; our total bank
deposits have been increased by $4,700,000,000, or $47 per
capita, and the value of our manufactured products by
$10,000,000,000 or $100 per capita. If the war in Europe has
been the only reason for our prosperity, by what alchemy has
the gain of only $2,130,000,000 from our foreign trade been
multiplied nearly twenty times in the growth of our national
wealth?
The non-partisan economist hence believes that while the
war has undoubtedly stimulated the foreign demand for
some things, our prosperity has been mainly due to the en-
couragement that has been given to business and enterprise
by the Democratic Party under the leadership of President
Wilson.
The work of the administration in this respect is unparal-
leled. Never before have so many sound and necessary eco-
nomic reforms been enacted into law in so short a time.
The list is a long one. Here are some of many stimulative
measures which have aided this expansion:
1. The Federal Reserve Act, which stands out as the
most superlatively beneficial legislation that any party
has ever given to the people. Through it 'business has
been unfettered and panics have become almost impos-
sible. The strength and mobility that have been given
to our financial resources through the Federal Reserve
System have enabled us to withstand the shock of the
greatest war in history and have converted what might
have been a period of utter prostration into one of ex-
treme prosperity.
2. The Rural Credits Act, which gives the farmer the
same access to credit that has hitherto been reserved to
the business man.
3. The Income Tax Law, under which the inordinately
rich are contributing a larger share toward the mainte-
nance of a government which protects them in the pos-
session of their larger and unnecessary fortunes.
4. The Federal Trade Commission Act seeks to
remedy industrial injustice, prevent unfair competition
and protect both the business man and the public. It
provides for a continuing and careful investigation into
business conditions. It substitutes caution and advice
for prosecution, and airns to correct abuses without in-
juring those who are ignorant or innocent.
5. The Clayton Act, which defines the indefinite nega-
tions of the Sherman Law, prohibits interlocking
directorates, delegalizes the monopolistic control of one
corporation by another, and declares "that the labor of a
human being is not a commodity or article of commerce."
6. The Good Roads Law, which extends Federal aid
to the states in road building, and promises to greatly
162
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
TABLE OF
OF AMERICA'S
Population (Estimated for 1916 upon 1910 Census)
National Wealth (Estimate Department of Commerce).
U. S. Debt to Europe (Estimate, Department of Commerce)
Bank Clearings (Bradstreet's) first half calendar year.
National Bank Resources as of May 1st (U. S. Comptroller of Currency)
National Bank Deposits as of May 1st (Gross) (U. S. Comptroller of Currency)
State Bank Deposits (includes Trust Cos.) (Official for 1912, estimated for 1916)
Savings Bank Deposits...
... • •
•
•
•
• • •
•••
1912 and 1916.
Total Bank Deposits (Total approximate of above).
National Bank Loans as of May 1st (U. S. Comptroller of the Currency).
Money in Circulation as of July 1 (Treasury Statement).
Stock of Gold in U. S. as of July 1st (Treasury Statement).
Total Foreign Commerce U.S., Year ending June 30 (Department of Commerce)
Exports except gold and silver. Year ending June 30 (Department of Commerce)
Imports except gold and silver. Year ending June 30 (Department of Commerce)
Balance trade in favor U. S. Year ending June 30 (Department of Commerce)..
Net imports gold. Year ending June 30 (Dept. of Commerce) (1912 exports).
Agricultural exports. Year ending June 30 (Department of Commerce)
Manufactured exports. Year ending June 30 (Department of Commerce)..
Railway operating revenue gross Year ending June 30 Closely estimated
Railway operating revenue net
for June.
(Department of
Agriculture.)
{
• •
Value of crops and live stock produced |Calendar years
} Cal
Farm value wheat crop
Pig iron output (Tons) (Current estimates).
Steel production (Tons) (Current estimates)
Farm Lands (Census Valuation 1910.
Employed in manufacturing industries
Wages paid in manufacturing industries
Capital employed in manufacturing industries
Value manufactured products
American Ships in foreign trade (U. S. Comr. of Navigation).
Ship building (U. S. Comr. of Navigation). .
•
•
•
.. •
•
Est. Valuation 1916).
•
• •
· •
...
•
•
•
• •
•
Closely estimated for 1916
upon basis Census figures
for previous year
facilitate human intercourse in the country districts, re-
verse the cityward tendency of our population and enor-
mously increase the value of our agricultural land by
making it more accessible.
7. The Smith-Lever Agricultural Education Act, which
provides for Federal cooperation with the states in
extending a knowledge of progressive farming and re-
sponds to the demand that "the last load of illiteracy
shall be lifted from American youth."
•
•
To these should be added the Child Labor Law, passage of
which has been obtained by the President, and numerous
other less important measures which evidence the wise solici-
tude of the administration for the business of a nation that
consists chiefly of business men.
EFFICIENT EXECUTIVE MEASURES.
This solicitude has been manifest, not only in constructive
legislation, but in the manifold activities of the various great
departments of the government.
The Agricultural Department has extended its work
aggressively and variously.
The Secretary of the Treasury has taken the lead in organ-
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
163
•
UNPARALLELED PROSPERITY
Increase
or Decrease
1912
94,736,000
$187,000,000,000
6,500,000,000
85,300,000,000
10,792,149,000
8,015,000,000
6,750,000,000
4,442,000,000
$19,207,000,000
5,882,167,000
3,276,786,613
1,818,400,000
4,278,000,000
2,465,000,000
1,813,000,000
845,679,000
9,342,000,000
555,000,000
29,700,000
31,000,000
28,475,000,000
6,900,000
3.760,000,000
21,000,000,000
22,800,000,000
1916
930,000 (tons)
271,000 (tons)
101,200,000 +
$228,000,000,000
3,160,000,000
+
118,800,000 +
14,195,595,000
+
11,135,000,000 +
8,064,000,000
5,009,000,000
$551,000,000
2 136,000,000
404,000,000
- 8,000,000
1,020,000,000 (1915) 1,470,000,000
1,020,000,000
2,600,000,000
3,500,000,000
2,740,000,000
1,164,000,000 +
10,500,000,000
$24,208,000,000
7,606,428,000
4,018,043,555
2,439,901,000
6,531,000,000
4,333,000,000
2,197,000,000
++++++ ++
930,000,000
40,000,000
42,000,000
38,500,000,000
+
+++++
++++
8,500,000 +
5,320,000,000
37,500,000,000
32,200,000,000
6,464,000
$41,000 000,000
2,100,000 (tons) +
1,225,000 (tons) +
Percentage
of Increase
or Decrease
$1,585,000,000 + 287.0
412,000,000
450,000,000 + 44.1
1,580,000,000 +155.
760,000,000 + 27.6
318,321,000 + 37.6
1,158,000,000 + 11.7
375,000,000 + 67.5
10,300,000 + 35.
11,000,000 + 35.5
+10,025,000,000 + 35.4
1,600,000 + 23.2
+ 1,560,000,000
41.5
+
6,500,000,000
+
+
+ 30.9
9,400,000,000 + 41.2
1,170,000 (tons) + 126.
954,000 (tons) + 352.
+ 6.08
+ 22.0
51.4
3,340,000,000
33,500,000,000 + 39.2
3,403,446,000 + 31.5
3,120,000,000 + 38.9
1,314,000,000 + 19.4
567,000,000 + 12.8
$5,001,000,000 + 26.0
1,724,261,000 + 29.3
741,256,942 + 22.6
621,500,000 + 34.1
2,253,000,000 + 52.7
1,868,000,000 + 76.
384,000,000 + 21.1
•
izing many movements for the relief and extension of com-
merce.
The Post Office Department has been conducted at a profit
instead of a loss as under Taft and Roosevelt. The rural
free delivery service has been greatly extended. The parcel
post has been popularized, and the depositors in the postal
savings banks have increased from 165,000 in 1913 to 550,000
in 1915.
The Department of Justice, while pursuing real criminals
relentlessly, has inaugurated no political prosecutions for
the glory of trust-busting, and has preferred to caution rather
than persecute those who were guiltless of any intent to
transgress our complex laws.
The State Department, under the personal direction of the
President, has secured for us the benefits of peace without
the loss of honor, and the candid-minded man must admit
that we have benefited humanity more by our diplomacy
than we could have done by a resort to arms that would have
cost millions of lives and billions of treasure.
"A wise man changes his opinion, a fool never," and, con-
sidering the difficulties of his position and the divided public
opinion of the country, the President has shown marvelous
164
WILSON AND PROSPERITY
AA
;.
skill in guiding the Ship of State through the most troublous
period of the world's history. The hindsight of the critic is
naturally more accurate, though less necessary, than the
foresight of the statesman, and the fact that his detractors
can find nothing but the President's Mexican policy to attack
shows how remarkably correct most of his judgments have
been.
Through it all he has never lost sight of or sympathy with
American business industry and labor. Toward them his
policy has been one of constant solicitude. It has found ex-
pression in the Halls of Congress, in the White House and in
all his public utterances.
If there is any relation whatever between constructive
legislation and business progress, between conservation and
prosperity and between the statutory enactment of economic
law and material advancement, then we must conclude that
the marvelous business development in America during the
past two years is due to the policies of the President rather
than to the war in Europe.
PEOPLE NEED WILSON.
Can there be any doubt as to the disposition of the people
toward a public servant who can give such an account of his
stewardship? In one of his essays upon the United States,
John Stuart Mill said that “The American people when con-
fronted with grave economic questions often seemed upon
the point of doing the wrong thing, but in the end the com-
mon sense of the people has prevailed and they have done
the right thing."
Since the time of Mill the common sense and economic
sanity of the American people have not diminished. Thanks
to the conservatism, tact and statesmanship of President
Wilson, we have become the most powerful nation in the
world, both morally and economically.
THAT THE MAJORITY OF THE AMERICAN PEO-
PLE WILL INSIST UPON RETAINING THE SER-
VICES OF A MAN WHO HAS SERVED THEM SO
WELL IS A CONCLUSION OF BOTH LOGIC AND
OBSERVATION.
FORMER REPUBLICAN CREDITS PROSPERITY TO THE
NEW BANKING LAW.
In an interview last June in New York, William Barret
Ridgley, a former Republican Comptroller of the Currency,
declared that the present prosperity of the United States
rests upon secure foundation. The new banking law, Mr.
Ridgely states, is largely responsible for this fortunate out-
look. He said:
"We have cleaned house, paid our debts and laid up a
prodigious fund against future contingencies. Of almost
equal importance is the improvement in our financial system,
due to the establishment of the Federal Reserve Bank, which
gives us the machinery and organization for utilizing credits
and such a mobilization of our reserve money as to make
impossible any sudden derangement of our financial matters
as we have frequently seen in the past."
AMERICA EUROPE'S
"GOOD SAMARITAN"
War Munitions Only Two-thirds of
One Per Cent. Total Industrial
Production of U. S. During
War Period
AMERICA IS PLAYING THE PART OF GOOD
SAMARITAN TO EUROPE, AND THE PRESENT
PROSPERITY OF THE UNITED STATES IS NOT
“BLOOD-SOAKED." THE FACTORIES, MINES AND
FIELDS OF THE UNITED STATES ARE HELPING
FEED, CLOTHE AND PROVIDE TOOLS FOR THE
DAILY WORK OF THE MILLIONS OF THE CIVIL
POPULATIONS OF THE BELLIGERENT COUN-
TRIES-AND FOR THE ENTIRE POPULATIONS OF
NEUTRAL COUNTRIES.
But for this service, in addition to the losses of war, famine
and destitution would before this have overtaken great peoples
of Europe, including neutrals. This is one of many facts
which answer Republican distortions of the truth concerning
the present character and prospect of continuance of the
prosperity of the country under Woodrow Wilson. Analysis
of the relation of war munitions exports to other exports and
of the general business of the country follows:
During 23 months of the European war, to June 30, 1916,
agriculture accounts for $2,899,000,000 of the exports of the
United States, and explosives and firearms for $535,000,000
of the country's exports. These and the following figures are
supplied by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.
In other words, agriculture exceeds war munitions in vol-
ume of exports by $2,364,000,000—or 442 per cent.-notwith-
standing all the recent expansion of war munition business.
During the same 23 months, agriculture, forestry, fisheries,
mines and miscellaneous items together contribute exports
aggregating $3,094,000,000, which exceeds munition exports
by $2,559,000,000-or 478 per cent.-indicating that our stable
industries, resting upon natural resources, are five times as
great a factor as war munitions even in the export trade of
the world's greatest war period.
Moreover, total exports of manufactures during
this same period, exclusive of cereal manufactures
and provisions, aggregate $3,742,907,000, or seven
times the exports of explosives and firearms; which
indicates that war munitions represent only 14%
even of our exports of manufactures.
The total production of the United States, including wealth
produced by agriculture, manufactures, mines, forests, fish-
165
166
MUNITIONS SMALL FACTOR
:
eries, building and miscellaneous industries, is estimated as
exceeding $40,000,000,000 in 1915 and at over $45,000,000,000
(it is more likely $50,000,000,000) in 1916, and for the 23
months of the war will exceed $80,000,000,000.
The war munition business, as represented by $535,000,000
of exports of explosives and firearms, therefore, is a factor
in the nation's industry and commerce to the following
extent:
It is only 2% of 1% of the country's total indus-
trial production.
It is less than 8% of the total exports.
It is only 18% even of the exports of agricultural
productions; while only 2.6% of the total farm
production of the past two years, valued at
$20,400,000,000.
It is only 14% of the total exports of manufac-
tures; and only about 1% of the total value of
manufactured products of the United States dur-
ing 23 months ending June 30, 1916.
The fact is that the decrease of cotton exports as a result
of the war offsets all increase in exports due to war muni-
tions.
PROSPERITY IS SECURE.
Republican Banker of Chicago Admits End of War Will Not
Hurt Good Times.
•
·
GEORGE M. REYNOLDS, PRESIDENT OF THE
CONTINENTAL AND COMMERCIAL NATIONAL
BANK OF CHICAGO, RETURNED A FEW DAYS AGO
FROM NEW YORK. SPEAKING OF SENTIMENT
THERE HE SAID: "I CONTINUED TO BE IM-
PRESSED WITH THE UNANIMITY OF BELIEF
AMONG NEW YORK BANKING INTERESTS THAT
THE END OF THE WAR WILL NOT MATERIALLY
AFFECT THE INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY OF THIS
COUNTRY. I HAVEN'T BEEN ABLE TO SEE IT
JUST THAT WAY MYSELF. BUT NEW YORK IN-
TERESTS ARE IN TOUCH DIRECTLY WITH THE
MONEY AND INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS OF THE
COUNTRY, AND THEY HOLD THAT BY THE TIME
THE WAR IS OVER ITS END WILL HAVE BEEN
DISCOUNTED IN BOTH A MONEY AND INDUS-
TRIAL WAY. THERE IS BELIEF THAT IN THE
NEXT FEW MONTHS THE BANKS WILL BE ABLE
TO REALIZE DECENT RATES OF INTEREST WITH-
OUT ANY INCONVENIENCE TO BORROWERS TO
MEET EITHER COMMERCIAL NEEDS OR THE
NEEDS OF THE SECURITIES MARKET. I FOUND
IN NO QUARTER APPREHENSION OVER ANY
PHASE OF CONDITIONS OBTAIING.-From the Farm-
ers' Review, Chicago.
-
TOURN
MUNITIONS SMALL FACTOR
The following classification by the statistical division of
the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce covers the
domestic exports of the United States for 23 months, from
August 1, 1914, to June 30, 1916:
DOMESTIC EXPORTS OF THE U. S. CLASSIFIED.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS:
Animals and Foodstuffs-
Live animals
Grain and grain products.
Fruits and nuts....
Meat and dairy products.
Other
*
Total
Raw Materials-
Cotton, unmanufactured
Tobacco, unmanufactured
Other
Total
$742,453,581
91,996,335
33,126,461
$867,576,377
Total agricultural products.... $2,899,271,250
•
Other (except firearms)
Leather and manufactures.
Mineral oils refined..
Wool manufactures
Other manufactures
•
•
•
MANUFACTURES (not including food-
stuffs)-
Cars, carriages and automobiles....
Chemicals, drugs, dyes and medicines..
Copper and manufactures.
Cotton manufactures
Fisheries products
Forest and mine products.
Miscellaneous
Electrical machinery
Explosives and firearms.
Iron and Steel manufactures:
Machinery
Total manufactures
•
•
• •
• •
•
• •
•
•
•
•
•
• •
167
•
$177,362,240
978,895,459
70,427,511
501,966,678
303,042,985
$2,031,694,873
$250,211,319
168,354,904
263,360,723
180,191,063
48,610,417
535,377,358
268,480,145
534,656,666
262,781,287
275,952,600
80,833,090
874,098,015
$3,742,907,587
$32,176,136
155,393,348
7,868,259
Grand total domestic exports.. $6,837,616,580
In the above classification of exports for the 23 months
ending June 30, 1916, it will be seen that the $535,000,000 of
explosives and firearms is exceeded by grain and grain prod-
ucts alone to the amount of 82 per cent., and even by meat
and dairy products and animals 27 per cent. Unmanufactured
cotton and tobacco, though severely reduced in exports by
war, still exhibit an export total that is larger by $300,000,000
than explosives and firearms. Manufactures of cotton, leather
--+
h
168
MUNITIONS SMALL FACTOR
e
and wool, together with chemicals, exhibit an export total
nearly 30 per cent. greater than war munitions. Cars and
automobiles, copper, electrical machinery and mineral oil
make a total nearly 60 per cent. greater than explosives and
firearms, while total exports of iron and steel manufactures
exceed war munitions by $800,000,000, or 150 per cent.
•
Restoration of peace will add to the business of practically
all industries except explosives and firearms.
Peace, therefore, is due to bring renewed activity, instead
of depression, to American industry; and monthly increasing
operations, earrings, dividends, wages, new building and com-
panies, and prices of industrial shares, point to a stronger
foundation for prosperity with each month's progress toward
approaching peace.
A FLOURISHING TREASURY
ΓΗ
HE FISCAL year closed on June 30, 1916, with the
United States Treasury in an exceedingly strong and
gratifying condition, reflecting the great and unprecedented
prosperity of the country, and demonstrating the efficiency
of Democratic management of the Government and the
effective enforcement of the revenue laws by Secretary Mc-
Adoo.
T
Subject to revision upon analysis of complete returns, the
reports show that THE BALANCE IN THE GENERAL
FUND AT THE CLOSE OF BUSINESS ON JUNE 30TH
WAS $236,879,590.90, INCLUDING AMOUNTS TO THE
CREDIT OF DISBURSING OFFICERS AND OUT-
STANDING TREASURY WARRANTS. WITH THESE
ELIMINATED, THE BALANCE WAS $174,965,231.97,
THE GREATEST BALANCE IN THE GENERAL FUND
OF THE GOVERNMENT SINCE 1908.
→
The SURPLUS of all receipts over all expenditures for
the year amounted to $78,737,810.11.
The SURPLUS of ordinary receipts over ordinary dis-
bursements (exclusive of Panama Canal and public debt
transactions) was $61,112,813.74.
INCOME TAX RECEIPTS REACHED THE GREAT
TOTAL OF $124,867,430.28. This amount included $56,909-
941.78 from corporations and $67,957,488.50 from individuals,
EXCEEDING ALL ESTIMATES OF COLLECTIONS
FOR THE YEAR.
CUSTOMS RECEIPTS for the year amounted to $211,866,-
222.34, EXCEEDING THE ESTIMATE BY MORE THAN
$16,000,000.
Receipts from Internal Revenue were unprecedented and
remarkable, reaching the enormous total of $512,740,769.58,
and exceeding all previous estimates by many millions.
Ordinary Internal Revenue receipts amounted to $387,873,
339.30, and, excluding the emergency revenue from this
amount, these receipts were approximately $304,000,000, or
$32,000,000 greater than had been estimated.
i
1
NATION'S NEW WEALTH
-
IS SHARED BY LABOR
Wonderful Expansion of Commerce
Under Wilson Adds Billions to
Yearly Incomes of American
Wage Earners
i
WAGES in the United States under Democratic Adminis-
tration are at the highest level reached in the history
of this or any other country. The number of wage earners
has increased; their pay has increased; their workday has
been shortened.
C
Taking the official data of the U. S. Department of Labor
upon union wages per hour as the basis of computation, you
find that THE AVERAGE UNION WAGE DURING THE
YEARS 1914 AND 1915, UNDER DEMOCRATIC LAWS
AND ADMINISTRATION, WERE 10 PER CENT.
HIGHER THAN THE AVERAGE FOR THE SIX
YEARS-1907 TO 1912 INCLUSIVE-UNDER THE DIN-
GLEY AND PAYNE TARIFF LAWS AND REPUB-
LICAN ADMINISTRATION.
Taking as a basis a tabulation of press announcements
of wage increases for 1916, made by the Department of La-
bor, it is conservative to place the 1916 wage level at 10 per
cent. higher than 1915; or 20 per cent. higher than the Repub-
lican level of 1907-12.
The census of 1910 (based on 1909 data) gave the number
of wage earners employed in manufacturing industries only
as 6,615,000, and the wages paid, $3,427,000,000. It is esti-
mated (on basis of preliminary returns of 1914 census of
manufactures) that in 1915 American manufactures gave em-
ployment to 7,800,000 wage earners at wages amounting to
$4,407,000,000; or an increase of nearly $1,000,000,000 over
1910.
IT IS CONSERVATIVELY ESTIMATED THAT IN
1916 AMERICAN MANUFACTURES EMPLOY 10 PER
CENT. MORE WAGE EARNERS AT 10 PER CENT.
HIGHER AVERAGE RATE OF WAGES PER ANNUM
THAN IN 1915. THIS WOULD BRING THE 1916 VOL-
UME OF WAGES PAID IN MANUFACTURES ONLY
UP TO $5,300,000,000, OR UPWARDS OF $1,800,000,000
OVER THE REPUBLICAN CENSUS RECORD OF 1910.
THESE FIGURES ARE FOR WAGE EARNERS EM-
PLOYED IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ONLY.
The census of 1910 gave the total number employed in manu-
facturing and mechanical industries as 10.658,000, in trans-
portation 2,637,000, in mines 964,824, and in agriculture, for-
estry and animal husbandry (exclusive of 6,000,000 farmers
and other employers) as 6,659,000-making a total industrial
army of wage earners of over 20,000,000.
This industrial expansion-heavily increased produc-
-
169
170
LABOR SHARES PROSPERITY
****
tion, intensified labor demand, larger returns and higher
wages-which prevails on a nation-wide scale in 1916, affects
the wage level of the entire industrial army of 20,000,000 wage
earners. IT ADDS BILLIONS TO THE AGGREGATE
WAGE ENVELOPE OF AMERICAN LABOR AND IS
AN UPLIFTING FORCE WHICH MAKES FOR A
HIGHER STANDARD OF CIVILIZATION AND PROG-
RESS. The far-reaching character of the wage increases
won by American labor in 1916 is shown by the following
cases noted by the Labor Department tabulation of press
announcements:
Industries.
Arizona, miners...
Connecticut, foundries and ma-
chine shops...
Connecticut, textiles.
Colorado, miners...
Hawaii, sugar laborers.
Illinois, packing houses and stock
•
•
Coke works..
Iron and Steel.
Paper..
Railroads.
Textiles..
• ·
•
yards.
Indiana, foundries, etc.
Maine, paper and textiles.
Maryland, foundries, etc..
Maryland, longshoremen.
Massachusetts, textiles..
Massachusetts, foundries and
machine shops..
•
•
•
▸ ·
· •
•
•
•
Wisconsin, machine shops.
Interstate Companies—
Michigan (miscellaneous)
Missouri (various)..
• •
Montana, miners, etc.
New Hampshire, textiles...
New Jersey, textiles, metals,
transportation, etc.
•
•
•
•
· • •
•
•
•
• · •
New York, building trades.
New York, clothing..
New York, metals, etc.
New York, transportation.
Ohio, automobiles..
Ohio, foundries, etc.
Ohio, iron and steel.
Oregon (miscellaneous).
Pennsylvania, clothing, hats and
textiles..
10% (av.)
5% to 15%
Pennsylvania, iron and steel, etc. 10% to 15%
Pennsylvania, coal mining..
Pennsylvania, transportation, etc. 10% (av.)
Rhode Island, textiles..
10% (av.)
10% to 12%
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
·
Wage
Wage Earners
Increase.
Affected.
•
Up to 20%
10% to 20%
5% to 10%
10% to 25%
20%
10% (est.)
10%
5% to 10%
15% to 25%
10% (est.)
10% (av.)
10% to 15%
10%
10% (av.)
10% (av.)
5% to 10%
10% to 15%
10% upwards
10% upwards
10% to 20%
5% to 15%
10% to 15%
10% to 15%
10%
10% up
5%
10%
10%
7% to 10%
5% up
13,000
78,000
20,000
24,000
40,000
:
75,000
11,500
9,000
6,000
4,000
180,000
30,000
14,000
50,000
50,000
48,000
50,000
26,000
49,000
30,000
30,000
17,000
20,000
41,700
5,000
20,000
105,000
310,000
18,000
25,000
12,000
18,000
412,000
6,500
35,000
35,000
Of 1,486 instances of wage increases cited in the press pub-
lications consulted by the Labor Department, 493 cases in
which the number of employes affected is given show a total
of 1,901,000 wage earners. The entire 1,486 wage increases
listed are estimated to affect upwards of 5,000,000 men with
an increase of $300,000,000 in wages.
LABOR SHARES PROSPERITY
171
The above list, however, serves chiefly as an index of the
general wage movement which has reached every State and
industry of the Union. It shows that our phenomenal
prosperity is fully shared, under the new laws and adminis-
tration based on Democratic principles, by the great army
of American labor. DECREASE OF HOURS AND IN-
CREASE OF WAGES HAVE BEEN THE RULE UNDER
DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF THE GOVERNMENT.
The pessimistic predictions of Republican oratory have been
exploded and disproved by the experience of 20,000,000 wage
earners.
Our industrial census is taken only once in five years, and
so in working out an annual statement of the volume of
wages paid we have an official report for only each fifth year,
and for the intermediate years must work out an approxi-
mate estimate based on the percentage of average annual
increase.
+j
Fortunately, for this purpose, the census of manufactures
for 1915, based on the returns of 1914, are so nearly complete
that the approximate totals may be closely estimated. Con-
sequently, using the wage volume totals for 1909 and 1914
as a basis, we may work out on a percentage basis the ap-
proximate totals for the intermediate years between 1909
and 1914.
For 1915 and 1916, conservative estimates based on data
common to general knowledge may be applied, as compiled
by the Labor Department for many industries from the daily
and financial press.
THE FOUR YEAR GAIN.
In the estimates which follow, the total wage volume paid
in the manufacturing industries in 1915 is conservatively esti-
mated as 10 per cent. greater than in 1914; the increase being
principally due to the greater number of wage earners em-
ployed. For 1916 the most conservative estimate that can
be intelligently made is a 10 per cent. increase in the number
of people employed and a further 10 per cent. increase in the
rate of wages. It is quite probable that 12 per cent. to 15
per cent. increase in both number employed and in wage
rate would be nearer the mark.
UNDER WILSON
ADMINISTRATION.
On the above plan the annual averages, both for number
of wage earners employed in the manufacturing industries
and for volume of wages paid, for the years 1909 inclusive, as
follows:
•
Number
Wage
Earners
Total
Wages
<
UNDER TAFT
ADMINISTRATION.
Number
Wage
Earners
Total
Wages
1916.. 8,500,000 $5,320,000,000
1915.. 7,800,000 4,400,000,000
1914. 7,100,000 4,000,000,000 1910.. 6,700,000
1912.. 6,900,000 $3,760,000,000
1911.. 6,800,000
3,640,000,000
3,520,000,000
3,400,000,000
1913.. 7,000,000 3,880,000,000 1909.. 6,600,000
Total four years. $17,600,000,000 Total four years. $14,320,000,000
On the above basis, the total volume of wages paid in the
manufacturing industries for the years 1913-16 under present
172
LABOR SHARES PROSPERITY
laws and administration will exceed four years of Taft by
over $3,000,000,000.
PAY INCREASES MAY 1, 1916
IN
NCREASES of pay for the workers of particular
trades and concerns effective May 1 last were re-
ported in many newspapers. The accompanying table
is taken from the CHICAGO TRIBUNE (Rep.) of
April 30.
***
It shows for these particular trades and concerns
alone a YEARLY INCREASE OF PAY AGGRE-
GATING $64,426,464.
Concern.
Bethlehem Steel Company.
Overland Auto Company.
Butte miners and Smelter men.
Anaconda miners.
Portland and Coeur d'Alene district
miners..
United States Steel (Gary)
Chicago Packing Houses.
Hart Schaffner & Marx.
►
•
•
•
•
•
Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee.
Milwaukee teamsters.
Wisconsin Paper Mills, granted eight-
hour day (6,000 men).
St. Louis brewers.
•
St. Louis machinists.
St. Louis bakers granted shorter hours,
slight increase in pay.
•
Ohio Electric Railway.
United States Steel Corporation.
Columbus, Ohio, Street Car Company..
Youngstown, Ohio, steel workers..
Cincinnati building trades..
Toledo carpenters.
Toledo electricians...
Fall River cotton operatives.
New Bedford cotton operatives.
American Woolen Company.
Providence India Rubber Company.
Rhode Island cotton operatives.
Philadelphia carmen.
•
·
Omaha railway clerks, St. Paul
Pittsburgh district coal miners.
Youngstown sheet and tube workers,
Republic Iron and Steel Company,
and other West Virginia and East-
ern Ohio steel companies.
West Virginia coal miners.
Other Pennsylvania steel workers
Cleveland building and metal workers..
TOTALS.
+ •
·
•
• •
•
Men
Affected.
24,000
18,000
14,000
5,000
3,000
7,000
25,000
10,000
2,000
600
5,000
500
1,000
250,000
700
20,000
14,000
300
200
30,000
25,000
30,000
3,500
6,000
6,200
300
40,000
Increase
Monthly
Pay Roll.
$170,000
1,250,000
189,000
8,290
3,000
58,800
210,000
70,000
16,800
4,200
30,000
5,600
5,000
1,660,000
2,700
150,000
17,400
210
2,072
168,000
140,000
125,000
19,600
33,600
22,600
3,000
215,000
125,000
30,000
20,000
98,000
100,000
275,000
20,000
291,000
706,500 $5,368,872
AMOUNT OF INCREASES YEARLY, $64,426,464.
L
6
U. S. SHOWS LOWEST
RISE IN LIVING COST
Americans Buy Cheaper and Get
More For the Money
Money Than In
Any Country on the Globe
prices since the beginning of the European
war, July 31, 1914, have ruled far lower than the foreign
world level. The United States in 1916 stands among nations
as the country where living is the most reasonable in price
and the highest in quality.
·
The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States De-
partment of Labor finds that the relative average price for
all American food products at retail was 107 in April, 1916,
as compared with 95 in April, 1914. This is an increase of
12 points, or 12.6 per cent during nearly two years of the
war.
But (the report continues), “ON MAY 1 THE IN-
CREASE IN THE RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN
GREAT BRITAIN SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE
WAR WAS 55 PER CENT!"
The average increase in the British cost of living, meas-
ured by retail food prices, therefore, has been four times the
American increase; and the British have been the most fav-
ored of all belligerent European nations because of their
command of the sea with their navy and merchant marine
and their consequent freedom of the markets of the world
in the purchase of food supplies.
German prices are available only on meat and provisions,
and the increases on these products have ranged from 100
per cent to 200 per cent; while in Austria the increases have
climbed to 500 per cent.
Among the neutral countries, perhaps the most favored
during the war period are the Scandinavian nations by rea-
son of their great merchant fleets and the enterprise of their
merchants and seamen. Here is the Labor Department re-
port on prices in Norway:
"In Norway prices of 27 household necessaries were
63 per cent higher in February, 1916, than in 1911."
In Christiania the average for all prices compared with
1914 was higher by 34 per cent. In Stockholm, 1915 prices
were 23 per cent over 1913. For Sweden as a whole, salt
herring was 73.9 per cent and beans 123.9 per cent higher.
In Zurich, Switzerland, oatmeal had risen 138 per cent. In
the Netherlands, butter was higher by 128 per cent. In Italy,
even macaroni and spaghetti had risen 32.6 per cent. In
Vienna, forequarter beef, which before the war was worth
6c to 16c per pound, had risen to as high as 48c, and pork
costs the housekeeper 40c to 55c.
Doubtless the most dependable index of average prices,
173
174
LOWEST LIVING INCREASE
however, as measuring the, foreign cost of living level, is
that compiled by the British Board of Trade Labor Gazette,
and the United States Department of Labor summarizes this
official report as follows:
"On May 1 the average increase in the retail prices of
food in Great Britain since the beginning of the war may
be put at 55 per cent, according to the Board of Trade
Labor Gazette for May."
Price is relative, and is a measure of supply and demand.
In staple commodities of general world consumption, where,
in a free market, world conditions govern prices, we may
say that the price in a given country is high or low in pro-
portion as it differs from the world level. On that basis,
which is the, basis not only of economics but of modern
business, American prices during the past two years of the
European war have been low.
They have been enough lower than the world level to pay
exorbitant transportation and commission charges on $2,600,-
000,000 worth of American manufactured goods and $4,350,-
000,000 of American products all told from American mills
and mines, farms and factories, to Europe and all other for-
eign markets on the seven seas.
M
Consider how radically the reverse of this position was that
which prevailed under the high protective tariffs and other
artificial barriers-notably the trust agreements of the era
of trust organization, 1896-1912-of the days of Republican
Administration.
Under Republican tariff protection of trusts against foreign
competition, American consumers were taxed $2,500,000,000
per annum in extra prices over and above the prices at which
the tariff beneficiaries sold goods in foreign markets.
The average American family spending $1,000 a year for
living expenses paid $100 as tribute to tariff beneficiaries.
Machinists' hammers which were $6.60 per dozen for
American mechanics were quoted at $5 for export. A baby
carriage was $12.70 for an American mother and $9.50 for
export. The family meat chopper was quoted at $1.87 for
an American home and 93c for foreign sale; and so on down
the Republican tariff protected list.
Take note of this-THERE IS NOT A SINGLE PROD-
UCT OF AMERICAN MILLS AND FACTORIES THAT
IS NOT SOLD ABROAD TODAY UNDER DEMO-
CRATIC ADMINISTRATION AT PRICES 10 PER CENT
TO 50 PER CENT ABOVE THE AMERICAN PRICE
LEVEL; WHEREAS, UNDER REPUBLICAN ADMIN-
ISTRATION THERE WAS SCARCELY A PRODUCT
OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURE ON WHICH THE
TARIFF BENEFICIARIES DID NOT CHARGE AMER-
ICAN CONSUMERS 10 PER CENT TO 50 PER CENT
MORE THAN THEY SOLD THE SAME GOODS FOR
ABROAD.
•
FARMERS GAIN BILLION
Increases in Value of all Agricultural
Products Average Ten per Cent-
Rural Wages Climb, too-
Foreign Trade a Cause
UNDER Democratic administration and laws the farmers
of the United States realize $1,000,000,000 more per an-
num and add that much more to the Nation's income than
they did under Republican laws and administration.
In 1915 the value of the American farm crops and live-
stock products reached $10,500,000,000, as against $9,300,000,-
000 in 1912, a gain of $1,200,000,000-notwithstanding Re-
publican prediction that Democratic rule would ruin the
farmer and the prices of his products.
A YEAR UNDER WILSON
This marked gain is all the more notable in
view of the fact, that the war in Europe cut off the
foreign market for 30% of the exportable surplus of
the American cotton crop and reduced the price
from 12.5c. per pound in 1913 to 7.3c. in 1914 and
11.2c. in 1915, and also caused a heavy shrinkage
in the 1915 acreage, thereby producing a 30%
shrinkage in production, and a shrinkage in ag-
gregate value of approximately $300,000,000.
Despite the unfavorable conditions abroad, affecting the
great cotton crop, the steady upward march of American
farm production and values under Democratic laws and ad-
ministration exhibits the following favorable record, as esti-
mated by the U. S. Department of Agriculture:
Under Democratic Adminis-
tration.
Years.
1915
1914
1913
•
•
•
Republican Administration.
Value Total
Farm Product. | Years.
$10,501,686,000 1912
9,984,961,000 | 1911
9,849,513,000 1910
REPUBLICAN TOTAL BY...
AVERAGE DEMOCRATIC
·
Value Total
Farm Product.
Three Years $30,336,160,000
Three Years $27,199,356,000
THREE-YEAR TOTAL UNDER DEMOCRATIC
ADMINISTRATION EXCEEDS THREE-YEAR
$9,342,790,000
8,819,175,000
9,037,391,000
$3,136,804,000
YEAR EXCEEDS
AVERAGE REPUBLICAN YEAR BY $1,045,600,000
175
176
FARMERS GAIN BILLION
The wages of farm laborers have increased as follows:
Average for four years under Taft:
With board....
Without board..
Average for three years under Wilson:
With board...
Without board.
•
·
•
•
per month $20.05
.do..... 28.32
do..... 21.23
.do..... 30.11
...do….
FARM PRICES
The following condensed summary of official prices as com-
piled by the U. S. Department of Agriculture may interest
those who wish to make a detailed comparison on leading
commodities:
The average farm value of wheat on Dec. 1 was
98.6c. in 1914 and 92c. in 1915, as compared with
76c. in 1912.
The average farm value of corn on Dec. 1 was
64.4c. in 1914 and 57.5c. in 1915, compared with
48.7c. in 1912.
The average farm value of oats on Dec. 1 was
43.8c. in 1914 and 36.1c. in 1915, as compared with
31.9c. in 1912.
The average farm value of barley on Dec. 1 was
54.3c. in 1914 and 51.7c. in 1915, as compared
with 50.5c. in 1912.
The July 1 price of Ohio fine unwashed wool at
Boston was 30c. @ 31c. in 1916 as against 22c. @
24c. in 1912- an increase of 8c. against Republican
claims that the American wool grower could
prosper only under the Payne tariff law.
The July 1 price of best tub-washed wool at St.
Louis was 47c. @ 48c. in 1916, as against 35c. in
1912—a 12c. gain which gives the lie to Republican
political claims.
The July 1 price of live hogs at Chicago was
$9.75 @ $10 per 100 against $7.40 @ $8.20 in 1912-
a gain of 30%.
In short, whereas the Republican party for a generation
buncoed and bamboozled the farmer in order to secure his
vote in putting over tariff, currency and other laws for the
benefit of Wall Street and its industrial and financial trusts,
the Democratic party-through just tariff and income tax
laws, an efficient banking and currency system which looks
after the people against the favored financial centers, and,
moreover, by a firm and wise foreign policy which has kept
the United States out of war-has given the American farmer
the greatest prosperity, the best prices, the best home and
foreign markets, the lowest interest rates, and the only true
protection from predatory interests that he has enjoyed in
American history.
TEXTILE INDUSTRY'S
MARVELLOUS GROWTH
Huge Export Business Under the
Underwood Tariff Without
Parallel in History of U. S.
FOR
OR the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, domestic exports
of textile manufactures from the United States approxi-
mate $171,000,000. (U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce.) In 1915, they were $101,000,000, and in 1913,
the last fiscal year of the Payne tariff, they were only
$60,000,000.
*
The increase in textile exports for 1915 over 1913 was
$41,000,000, or 68 per cent. The increase of 1916 over 1919
is $70,000,000, or nearly 70 per cent. The increase of 1916
over 1913 is $111,000,000, or 185 per cent.
UNDER REPUBLICAN TARIFF ACTS, WITH THEIR
HEAVY TARIFF TAXATION OF WOOL, THERE
WAS NO EXPORTATION OF AMERICAN WOOLEN
GOODS, EXCEPT A LITTLE WEARING APPAREL
AND WOOLEN RAGS.
This was flagrantly true under the Payne-Aldrich tariff,
There had been scattering exports of wool goods under the
Dingley tariff in 1909; for example, $66,653 worth of carpets,
$13,786 worth of dress goods, and $49,351 worth of flannels
and blankets. In the last three years of the Payne tariff-
1911, 1912 and 1913-those pages of the Department of Com-
merce reports were blank. In their place, in 1913, stood
the item-a strange commentary upon the American woolen
industry-27,774,332 pounds of woolen rags" valued at
((
S
$923,184.
In 1916, under the provisions of the Underwood law, with
its free wool schedule followed by enormous importations of
raw wool from Argentine and Australia, exports of American
woolen goods aggregate $54,000,000, as against $4,000,000, the
Republican high tariff record.
AT THE SAME TIME, AMERICAN WOOL GROW-
ERS ARE ENJOYING RECORD PROSPERITY WITH
DOMESTIC WOOL AT 50 PER CENT. ABOVE THE
RULING PRICES OF 1910-13 UNDER THE PAYNE
TARIFFF; AND SHEEP FLOCKS ARE INCREASING.
The foreign wool needed for mixing purposes in manufacture
makes a market for additional quantities of the American
product. Thus, not only the manufacturer and textile work-
ers, but the farm producer and the general consumer, profit
from the development of the wool manufacturing industry
through importation of free wool.
The movement of American woolen goods to foreign mar-
kets began with the first year of the Underwood law. Elimi-
nating from consideration the items of "wearing apparel
and woolen rags," which had prominence in the Commerce
હે
""
177
178
BOOM IN TEXTILES
(6
Department report in Republican days, the remaining item
all other" increased from $1,099,996 in 1913 to $1,668,199 in
1914 and $16,829,617 in 1915.
The free materials provided for in the Underwood tariff
law built the foundation of industrial preparedness on which
American manufactures have stood and from which they
have made successful conquest of textile markets both at
home and abroad during the past two years. To-day they
find themselves not only secure in the possession of the
home market but branching out with a great export trade of
$170,000,000 into the markets of the world-markets from
which a narrow Republican philosophy for half a century
has excluded them.
NOT ONLY ARE AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS
AND THEIR SHAREHOLDERS TO-DAY REAPING
GOOD PROFITS FROM BOTH HOME AND FOREIGN
TRADE, BUT THEY ARE SHARING THEIR PROS-
PERITY WITH AMERICAN LABOR BY DECLARING
WAGE INCREASES WHICH AFFECT HUNDREDS OF
THOUSANDS OF WAGE EARNERS.
THE SOUL OF THE flag.
HE FLAG of the United States has not been
TH
created by rhetorical sentences in declarations of
independence and in bills if rights. It has been created
by the experience of a great people, and nothing is
written upon it that has not been written by their life.
It is the embodiment, not of a sentiment, but of a
history, and no man can rightly serve under that flag
who has not caught some of the meaning of that
history. * * *
*
You do not create the meaning of a national life by
any literary exposition of it, but by the actual daily
endeavors of a great people to do the tasks of the
day and live up to the ideals of honesty and right-
eousness and just conduct. And as we think of
these things, our tribute is to those men who have
created this experience. * * They have shown
us the way. They have not been afraid to go be-
fore. They have known that they were speaking the
thoughts of a great people when they led that great
people along the paths of achievement. There was
not a single swashbuckler among them. They were
men of sober, quiet thought, the more effective be-
cause there was no bluster in it. They were men
who thought along the lines of duty, not along the
lines of self-aggrandizement.-President Wilson's
Address at Flag Day Exercise, Washington, D. C.,
June 14, 1915.
{
PROSPERITY KNOCKERS
KNOCKED BY PROSPERITY
Bank Clearings of 137 Communities
Annihilate the Misrepresentations
of Republican Candidate Hughes

"We are living in a fools' paradise”—a sectional
and temporary prosperity "created by the abnormal
conditions incident to the war."-Charles Evans
Hughes.
BELOW is the complete official list of the 137 clearing
house cities, with a four-year comparison of business
growth by cities, by geographic sections, and for the nation.
Every intelligent voter, whether banker or workingman, pro-
fessional man or merchant, manufacturer or farmer, who
runs down this list, will admit that this prosprous growth
is not sectional but represents the business development of
every section of the United States; is not in any respect "a
fools' paradise" created "by the war"; is not dependent on
abnormal or war conditions.
Geographically the section of the United States which has
shown the greatest percentage of four-year growth of bank
clearings-which are the generally accredited barometer of
business volume-is represented by the 12 clearing house
cities of St. Louis, Kansas City, Houston, Fort Worth, Gal-
veston, St. Joseph, Wichita, Austin, Oklahoma, Topeka,
Tulsa and Muskogee, which report $5,810,465,000 of bank
clearings for the first six months of 1916 against $3,832,662,-
000 in 1912-an increase of 51.6 per cent. This is a section
which is not a producer of war munitions, yet the most
favored of all.
-
Perhaps the most remarkable gain of all, in view of the
effects of European war in transferring Pacific shipping to
the Atlantic, is the 15.3 per cent. expansion of the clearings
volume of the 15 clearings centers of the Far West.
THE "GARDEN OF EDEN.”
To find the Garden of Eden of this "fool's paradise" it
is a close choice between Tulsa, Oklahoma and Fargo,
North Dakota, both of which exhibit over 300 per cent.
increase in 1916 bank clearings over 1912. These are the
towns most profoundly affected by the prosperity "created
by the abnormal conditions incident to the war."
How impartially the goddess of "temporary prosperity"
has distributed her honors with respect to American geog-
raphy is shown by the following percentages of clearings
growth: Oklahoma City, 123.5 per cent.; Detroit, 93.3 per
cent.; Richmond, Cleveland and Toledo, 85 per cent. to 90
179· ·
180
PROSPERITY KNOCKERS KNOCKED
I
`per cent.; Kansas City, Waterloo, Hartford and Youngstown,
65 per cent. to 70 per cent.; Duluth, Helena, Muscogee and
Philadelphia, 50 per cent. to 60 per cent.; New York, New
Haven, Des Moines and Columbus, Ohio, 40 per cent. to 50
per cent.; Minneapolis, St. Paul, Buffalo, Fall River, Dayton,
New Bedford, Reading, Trenton and Sioux City, 30 per cent.
to 40 per cent.; Chicago, San Francisco and Denver, 25 per
cent. to 30 per cent.; Boston, Chattanooga, Charleston, Cin-
cinnati, Indianapolis, Louisville, Pittsburgh and St. Joseph,
15 per cent. to 25 per cent.
The complete six months' record by cities and geographic
divisions, as reported by Bradstreet's for 1916 and 1912,
follows:
BANK CLEARINGS AT 137 CITIES FOR SIX MONTHS,
1916 AND 1912
(As reported by Bradstreet's)
Clearing Houses
Boston..
Providence..
Hartford.
New Haven.
Worcester..
Springfield.
Portland.
Holyoke.
Lowell..
•
•
•
• •
•
Fall River..
New Bedford.
•
•
•
New York..
Philadelphia.
Pittsburg.
Buffalo.
Albany.
Rochester.
Scranton..
Syracuse.
Trenton..
Reading.
Wilmington.
Harrisburg.
Wilkes-Barre.
•
•
•
• •
•
•
• •
•
Total, New England
• •
•
Erie.
York..
Binghamton.
Chester...
Lancaster.
•
•
• •
·
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Total, Middle..
.
•
•
•
·
•
•
1916
$5,269,957,780
248,509,600
204,494,508
110,492,788
92,733,019
108,290,941
60,138,201
40,951,917
34,858,909
22,207,135
25,139,421
$6,217,774,219
$72,718,469,895
6,099,409,491
1,641,605,340
367,767,763
125,986,574
151,916,106
80,334,392
84,219,352
1912
$4,601,427,859
218,958,700
124,876,184
77,068,289
68,543,206
67,592,453
56,717,264
30,218,440
25,680,046
16,719,423
14,531,053
$5,302,332,917 17.7%
$50,136,208,589
3,982,737,314
1,351,240,156
273,125,221
150,383,764
123,049,850
70,650,324
64,551,285
Increase
% for
1916
44,157,619
43,881,425
40,118,291
not given
36,946,767
24,141,444
25,752,110
15,621,100
57,760,409
58,252,834
71,915,958
47,915,288
44,376,649
33,414,560
25,946,422
21,438,600
29,462,722
14,895,829
53,011,507
42,507,727
$81,713,203,872 $56,439,968,815 44.7%
I have found that the flame of moral judgment burned just
as bright in the man of humble life and limited experience as
in the scholar and the man of affairs. And I would like his
voice always to be heard.-Woodrow Wilson.
PROSPERITY KNOCKERS KNOCKED
181
↑
Clearing Houses
Cincinnati.
Cleveland.
Detroit.
Louisville.
Indianapolis.
Columbus.
Toledo...
Grand Rapids..
Evansville.
Dayton.
Akron.
Youngstown.
Canton.
Fort Wayne.
Lexington.
Kalamazoo.
Springfield
South Bend
Jackson.
Mansfield.
Ann Arbor.
•
•
•
•
• •
•
•
• •
•
D • •
Chicago...
Minneapolis.
Omaha..
Milwaukee.
St. Paul.
Des Moines.
•
• •
Tulsa..
Houston.
Galveston.
Austin..
•
•
• •
•
•
•
Duluth.
Peoria.
Sioux City.
Lincoln.
Davenport.
Cedar Rapids.
Waterloo, Iowa.
Springfield, Ill.
Rockford.
Quincy, Ill.
Bloomington.
Sioux Falls..
Decatur..
Fargo, N. D
Fremont.
Jacksonville..
•
•
•
+
St. Louis..
Kansas City.
Fort Worth..
St. Joseph.
Wichita..
Oklahoma.
Topeka.
Muskogee.
Total, Western . . . .
•
•
•
• •
• •
•
•
• •
•
· •
•
•
•
•
·
·
•
·
•
•
•
·
•
•
Total, Northwestern
•
•
·
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
*
•
1916
$842,390,750
1,010,557,177
992,936,453
474,754,496
264,375,501
230,394,000
222,534,594
105,519,351
44,570,999
79,242,208
93,003,000
64,762,872
62,844,691
36,304,718
21,810,614
not given
25,418,250
21,927,455
20,704,455
16,779,864
8,480,421
$4,639,311,869
$9,551,654,132
641,746,664
565,545,030
482,986,356
376,073,624
167,688,000
113,907,206
94,447,318
107,546,705
75,233,748
50,428,546
47,192,454
60,907,000
37,478,410
27,880,451
24,646,210
21,763,025
33,748,313
16,849,062
44,373,338
11,767,790
8,540,334
$12,562,403,716
$2,458,829,787
2,103,968,578
207,451,918
242,053,000
113,453,236
85,562,951
42,389,409
31,318,126
82,682,700
245,880,995
96,625,592
100,249,286
1912
$693,275,350
537,708,746
521,681,001
380,608,237
217,388,780
158,093,500
118,640,133
•
79,979,464
58,396,144
55,802,323
44,314,200
36,784,911
32,177,960
28,443,700
27,419,669
19,363,680
14,297,551
14,375,986
13,611,978
11,183,446
´4,926,081
$3,068,472,840 51.2%
$7,539,682,426
487,759,787
416,096,983
358,435,945
272,574,753
116,799,000
75,145,961
83,431,390
78,547,798
43,915,986
41,326,020
37,136,504
34,445,527
30,944,322
22,514,643
18,656,144
19,431,806
13,549,265
13,326,066
9,901,433
8,695,374
8,008,636
165,474,982
201,669,082
$9,730,325,769 29.1%
$1,981,812,106
1,283,764,766
84,695,273
38,278,721
39,999,616
Increase
% for
1916
19,664,431
17,303,900
not given
459,250,000
not given
Total, Southwestern
$5,810,465,578
$3,832,662,877 51.6%
Sometimes I think that nothing is worth while that is not
hard. You do not improve your muscle by doing the easy
thing.-Woodrow Wilson.
182
PROSPERITY KNOCKERS KNOCKED
Clearing Houses
Baltimore.
New Orleans.
Atlanta.
Richmond.
Memphis.
Washington.
Nashville.
Savannah.
Macon.
Norfolk.
Jacksonville, Fla.
Birmingham.
Chattanooga
Augusta, Ga.
Little Rock..
Wheeling, W. Va.
Charleston, S. C.
Knoxville.
Mobile.
Columbia, S. C
Jackson, Miss..
Vicksburg, Miss.
Frederick, Md..
•
•
• ·
•
·
·
•
•
•
•
·
•
•
•
•
• •
San Francisco.
Los Angeles..
Seattle..
Portland, Ore.
Denver.
Salt Lake City.
Spokane.
Oakland, Cal..
Tacoma..
•
•
•
·
Total, Southern...
•
•
• •
San Diego, Cal. .
Sacramento, Cal.
Helena..
Stockton, Cal.
Boise, Idaho.
Ogden, Utah.
·
•
*
•
•
•
4
•
•
•
•
•
•
·
·
•
•
D
•
Total, Far Western.
Grand total,
United States..
1916
$1,107,227,696
592,218,733
414,708,108
409,860,533
192,065,000
238,680,983
189,570,054
129,060,204
84,517,545
116,274,622
91,506,059
72,963,804
73,263,641
41,780,860
60,847,647
70,209,919
59,484,649
56,840,726
28,056,056
26,293,350
15,772,949
6,155,000
$4,087,323,814
$1,543,226,460
610,353,229
350,348,000
284,771,195
301,096,741
216,630,531
110,920,000
104,805,033
54,208,747
58,420,544
54,317,083
33,296,447
30,942,937
22,593,270
25,785,062
1912
$935,372,612
518,700,908
342,863,596
216,902,163
196,676,850
202,947,604
143,350,336
137,246,966
*
94,987,152
89,816,752
87,017,324
74,000,720
60,318,153
57,104,549
51,068,552
49,978,243
48,841,033
50,686,367
36,253,244
23,763,746
12,540,711
8,110,000
7,396,623
Increase
% for
1916
$3,445,944,204 18.6%
$1,278,140,825
564,808,455
284,371,652
289,759,505
233,625,587
195,756,034
108,772,622
95,181,406
65,801,795
63,295,522
40,149,729
21,764,079
20,247,321
19,817,533
16,161,921
$3,801,715,279
$3,297,653,986 15.3%
118,832,198,407 85,117,361,408 39.6%
HARTFORD POST (Ind.), Sept. 2, 1915:
President Wilson to-day should be the happiest man
in the worild. A tremendous burden of anxiety has been
lifted from his mind by the cordial and complete com-
pliance of the German government with the demand of
the United States for the maintenance of the rights of
neutrals at sea in time of war.
Those of his fellow citizens, if any there were, who
felt that he had been too exigent in his attitude toward
the Germans in regard to their submarine warfare, now
realize their error and those who so virulently charged
him with lack of courage and of tact, are to-day utterly
confounded and ridiculous.
*
*
+
WILSON'S POLICY WELDS
THE AMERICAS TOGETHER
Co-operation and Fair Dealing
Establish Good Feeling and New
and Profitable Trade Relations
With Pan-American Republics

Ð
“BONDS OF COMMON INTEREST AND MUTUAL
UNDERSTANDING."
(From the President's welcoming speech to the Pan-
American Financial Conference, May, 1915.)
I
AM sure that those who have this conference in
. charge have already made plain to you its pur-
pose and its spirit. Its purpose is to draw the
American Republic together by bonds of common
interest and of mutual understanding; and we com-
prehend, I hope, just what the meaning of that is.
There can be no sort of union of interest if there
is a purpose of exploitation on the part of any per-
son connected with a great conference of this sort.
The basis of successful commercial intercourse is
common interest, not selfish interest. It is an actual
interchange of services and of values: It is based
upon reciprocal and not selfish relations. It is based
upon those things upon which all successful eco-
nomic intercourse must be based, because selfishnes
breeds suspicion; suspicion, hostility; and hostil
failure.
BEFORE the Wilson Administration came into power Pan-
Americanism was little more than a name. In spite of
the efforts of the Pan-American Union, and in spite of the co-
operation of previous Administrations, Pan-Americanism was
more a theory than an actuality.
Almost at the beginning of his term of office, President
Wilson outlined at Mobile, Alabama, the policy which, to-
gether with the creation of the International High Commis-
sion in January, 1916, has made Pan-Americanism a living
reality. AND NOW, INSTEAD OF A HEMISPHERE
IN WHICH LIVE NATIONS WHICH MIGHT AT ANY
MOMENT SPRING ARMED AT EACH OTHER'S
THROATS, THE FOUNDATION HAS BEEN LAID FOR
AN INTERNATIONALISM SUCH AS MAY WELL
DRAW ENVY FROM THE EYES OF EUROPEAN
STATESMEN.
THE BROAD-MINDED AND FAR-SIGHTED POLICY
OF THE WILSON ADMINISTRATION HAS BROUGHT
ABOUT A NEW, A DIFFERENT AND A BETTER
FEELING TOWARD THE UNITED STATES AMONG
|
183
184
PAN-AMERICA
1
THE REPUBLICS OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMER-
ICA. THE FORMER ATTITUDE OF DISTRUST HAS
BEEN OVERCOME; MANY OBSTACLES, WHICH
HITHERTO. CLOGGED THE MACHINERY OF BUSI-
NESS EXCHANGE, HAVE BEEN REMOVED; AND
THE BASIS FOR LASTING AND PROFITABLE COM-
MERCIAL RELATIONSHIPS HAS BEEN ESTAB-
LISHED. DECENT DIPLOMACY HAS TAKEN THE
PLACE OF DOLLAR DIPLOMACY, AND THE “COM-
MUNITY OF INTEREST" BETWEEN THE THREE
AMERICAS HAS BECOME MORE THAN AN EMPTY
PHRASE. Following are some of the definite results:
BIG STRIDES FORWARD.
IMPROVED STEAMSHIP SERVICE AND PROM-
ISE OF STILL BETTER TRANSPORTATION FA-
CILITIES UNDER THE NEW SHIP PURCHASE
ACT.
LARGE EXPANSION OF OUR SOUTH AND CEN-
TRAL AMERICAN TRADE.
AFFIRMATION OF THE INTERESTS IN COM-
MON, BOTH POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL, OF
ALL THE INDEPENDENT NATIONS OF NORTH,
SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA.
PLANS LAID TO MEET THE IMPERATIVE
DEMAND FOR RELIABLE, FAST AMERICAN-
OWNED STEAMSHIP SERVICE BETWEEN THE
UNITED STATES AND THE EAST AND WEST
COASTS OF SOUTH AMERICA.
ESTABLISHMENT OF AMERICAN BRANCH
BANKS IN BUENOS AIRES, RIO DE JANEIRO,
SAO PAULO, SANTOS, MONTEVIDEO AND HA-
VANA.
AGREEMENT UPON A DEFINITE PLAN OF AR-
BITRATING COMMERCIAL DISPUTES BETWEEN
THE UNITED STATES AND ARGENTINA.
“DOLLAR EXCHANGE” INITIATED, WHERE-
BY TRADE CAN BE CONDUCTED BY THE
AMERICAN UNIT INSTEAD OF IN TERMS OF
THE FRENCH FRANC, THE GERMAN REICHS-
MARK OR THE BRITISH POUND STERLING.
NEW PARCEL POST AND MONEY ORDER CON-
VENTIONS NEGOTIATED WITH BRAZIL AND
ARGENTINE, THE TWO LARGEST OF THE
SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, WHICH BOTH
ASSIST EXCHANGE OF SAMPLES AND AID
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS.
TREATIES CONCLUDED ESTABLISHING THE
TWO-CENT LETTER RATE FROM THE UNITED
STATES TO THE BAHAMAS, BARBABOES, BRIT-
ISH HONDURAS, DUTCH WEST INDIES AND
THE LEEWARD ISLANDS.
NEGOTIATIONS BEGUN TO APPLY THE TWO-
CENT LETTER POSTAGE THROUGHOUT THE
WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
PAN-AMERICA
185
!
?
In his message to Congress in December, 1915, President
Wilson defined Pan-Americanism when he said that,
THE STATES OF AMERICA ARE NOT HOSTILE
RIVALS BUT CO-OPERATIVE FRIENDS, AND THAT
THEIR GROWING SENSE OF COMMUNITY OF IN-
TEREST, ALIKE IN MATTERS POLITICAL AND IN
MATTERS ECONOMIC, IS LIKELY TO GIVE THEM
A NEW SIGNIFICANCE AS FACTORS IN INTERNA-
TIONAL AFFAIRS AND IN THE POLITICAL HIS-
TORY OF THE WORLD. IT PRESENTS THEM AS IN
A VERY DEEP AND TRUE SENSE A UNIT IN WORLD
AFFAIRS, SPIRITUAL PARTNERS, STANDING TO-
GETHER BECAUSE THINKING TOGETHER, QUICK
WITH COMMON SYMPATHIES AND COMMON
IDEALS. SEPARATED, THEY ARE SUBJECT TO ALL
THE CROSS CURRENTS OF THE CONFUSED POLI-
TICS OF A WORLD OF HOSTILE RIVALRIES;
UNITED IN SPIRIT AND PURPOSE THEY CANNOT
BE DISAPPOINTED OF THEIR PEACEFUL DESTINY.
THIS IS PAN-AMERICANISM. IT HAS NONE OF THE
SPIRIT OF EMPIRE IN IT. IT IS THE EMBODI-
MENT, THE EFFECTUAL EMBODIMENT, OF THE
SPIRIT OF LAW AND INDEPENDENCE AND LIB-
ERTY AND MUTUAL SERVICE.
A VERY DIFFERENT FUTURE.
This message to Congress followed the invitation of the
Diplomatic and Consular Appropriation Bill, which Mr. Wil-
son approved on March 4, 1915, and which gave him authority
to ask the governments of Central and South America to
attend what later became known as the Pan-American Finan-
cial Conference. But this Conference, and the subsequent
creation of the permanent organization, known as the Inter-
national High Commission, merely bore out the President's
prophecy uttered, at Mobile when he said:
"THE FUTURE, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, IS GO-
ING TO BE VERY DIFFERENT FOR THIS HEMI-
SPHERE FROM THE PAST. THESE STATES LYING
TO THE SOUTH OF US, WHICH HAVE ALWAYS
BEEN OUR NEIGHBORS, WILL NOW BE DRAWN
CLOSER TO US BY INNUMERABLE TIES AND, I
HOPE, CHIEF OF ALL, BY THE TIE OF A COMMON
UNDERSTANDING OF EACH OTHER.”
-
The first Pan-American conference was held in Washington
in 1889 and 1890. Up to the Wilson Administration there
had been four Pan-American conferences. These conferences
had had, in the opinion of students of Pan-Americanism, a
great educational effect. At them many of the most impor-
tant subjects which are now being considered by the Inter-
national High Commission were discussed, and Secretary of
the Treasury McAdoo, Chairman of the United States section
of the International High Commission, has paid hearty tribute
to the work of these conferences. But, as Mr. McAdoo de-
clared at the first meeting of the Commission, held at Buenos
Aires in April, 1916:
ji.
186
PAN-AMERICA
THE NEW PAN-AMERICANISM.
A Mutual Guarantee of Independence and Territorial
Integrity.
*
*
THE
HE Monroe doctrine was proclaimed by the Uni-
ted States on her own authority. It always has
been maintained and always will be maintained upon
her own responsibility. But the Monroe doctrine de-
manded merely that European Governments should
not attempt to extend their political systems to this
side of the Atlantic. It did not disclose the use
which the United States intended to make of her
power on this side of the Atlantic. It was a hand
held up in warning, but there was no promise in it
of what America was going to do with the implied
and partial protectorate which she apparently was
trying to set up on this side of the water, and I be-
lieve you will sustain me in the statement that it
has been fears and suspicions on this score which
have hitherto prevented the greater intimacy and
confidence and trust between the Americans. The
States of America have not been certain what the
United States would do with her power. That doubt
must be removed. *
These conferences have
enabled me to foresee how it will be accomplished.
It will be accomplished in the first place by the
States of America uniting in guaranteeing to each
other absolutely political independence and territor-
ial integrity. In the second place, and as a neces-
sary corollary to that, guaranteeing the agreement
to settle all pending boundary disputes as soon as
possible and by amicable process-by agreeing that
all disputes among themselves, should they unhap-
pily arise, will be handled by patient, impartial in-
vestigation and settled by arbitration; and the agree-
ment necessary to the peace of the Americas, that
no State of either continent will permit revolution-
ary expeditions against another State to be fitted
out on its territory, and that they will prohibit the
exportation of the munitions of war for the purpose
of supplying revolutionists against neighboring Gov-
ernments. From President Wilson's Address at
Pan-American Scientific Congress, at Washington,
January 6, 1916.
IN SPITE OF THE HIGHLY EDUCATIONAL WORK
OF THESE CONFERENCES, PRACTICAL RESULTS
HAVE BEEN SMALL. AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS
WE HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY THE SAME PROBLEMS;
THEY ARE STILL UNSOLVED; THEY REMAIN A
CHALLENGE TO THE CONSTRUCTIVE INTELLI-
GENCE AND ENTERPRISE OF ALL THE PEOPLE OF
}

PAN-AMERICA
187
THE AMERICAN STATES. WHAT HAS BEEN THE
CHIEF REASON FOR THIS FAILURE? THE ANSWER
SEEMS CLEAR. NOT ONE OF THE CONFERENCES
PERFECTED AN ACTIVE ORGANIZATION UNDER A
CENTRAL DIRECTION TO CONTINUE THE WORK
IN THE INTERVALS AND FIGHT UNREMITTINGLY
FOR THE REMOVAL OF THE DIFFICULTIES WHICH
HAVE STOOD IN THE WAY OF THAT WHOLESOME
AND EXTENSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF INTER-AMER-
ICAN RELATIONS, ´ COMMERCIAL, SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL, FOREORDAINED AS THE DESTINY OF
THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS.
#
FINANCIAL CONFERENCE BIG STIMULUS.
The steps by which this great result is now actually being
attained are few but vitally significant. The first, as already
stated, was the invitation to the Pan-American Financial
Conference, extended by act of the Democratic Congress
March 4, 1915. The second was the Conference itself, held
in Washington during the last week of May, 1915. The third
was the passage by the Democratic Congress on January 28,
1916, of a bill carrying out the recommendation of the Con-
ference that there be established an International High Com-
mission, to be composed of not more than nine members, resi-
dent in each country. The fourth was the appointment of the
Commission, and the fifth was the meeting of the Commission
itself at Buenos Aires as already recorded. These steps put
Pan-Americanism, so to speak, on the map as a new entity in
the world, an international organization which has no parallel
on earth.
The first meeting of the Central Executive Council of the
International High Commission was held in Washington on
June 15. The names of the men constituting it are represen-
tative and non-partisan. The President is Secretary of the
Treasury W. G. McAdoo; the Vice-President is Professor
John Bassett Moore, the well known international lawyer and
distinguished diplomat; the Secretary General is Dr. Leo S.
Rowe. In addition to these, this first meeting was attended
by Senator D. U. Fletcher, of Florida; Assistant Secretary of
the Treasury A. J. Peters; Paul M. Warburg, of the Federal
Reserve Board, and John H. Fahey, of Boston, former presi-
dent of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States.
From LA PRESNA, Buenos Aires:
"In the course of the last few years the high political
tribune at Washington has become favorably inclined to-
ward the Occidental hemisphere. Let us listen to the
language of amity and solidarity, founded on mutual re-
spect and the rights of all."
From MERCURIO, Valparaiso:
"It is just recognized that the policy of the United
States has taken a new turn for the better during the
last few years toward the American nations and has tried
to attract them, inspiring them with confidence, with re-
peated declarations of deference and recognition of
equality of rights, thus helping toward a union based on
the community of interests, and President Wilson's re-
cent message is a plain confirmation of this new ideal
which meets with America's sympathy."
M
. 188
PAN-AMERICA
The following are some of the matters upon which the
Commission is now at work:
I-The establishment of the gold standards; a Pan-
American money of account; gold clearance funds under
international guarantee.
II-Uniform legislation on negotiable instruments; the
Hague Rules on Bills of Exchange and Checks; the
United States uniform laws on bills of lading and ware-
house receipts.
III-Unifority of classification of merchandise and of
customs regulations and documents; improved sanitary
conditions.
IV-Liberalization of regulations governing commer-
cial travelers; and federalization of taxes imposed upon
them.
V-Arbitration of commercial disputes; agreements
between Chambers of Commerce.
VI-Ratification of conventions upon patents, trade-
marks and copyrights.
VII-Improved postal facilities; parcel post and money
order conventions. Legislation governing telegraph
rates and the operation of wireless telegraphic systems;
improvement of telegraphic service. Improvement of
maritime and railroad facilities between the Americans.
VIII-Improvement of the legal position of merchant
creditors.
TRUE TO MONROE DOCTRINE.
The Pan-American policy of the Wilson Administration
cannot be discussed without reference to the Monroe Doctrine
and the Mexican situation. In his Mobile speech in 1913 the
President gave new point to inter-American relations and
made more convincing and clear than ever the attitude of the
United States towards the other nations of the Western
Hemisphere. It was on that occasion that President Wilson
declared that the United States "will never again seek one
additional foot of territory by conquest," a declaration which
has been used to confound the imperialists who have been
seeking to drive this Government into a war for the protec-
tion of property interests in Mexico. The friendly advice and
assistance which the republics of South America offered in the
early days of the Administration when the Ambassadors of
Argentina, Brazil and Chile and the Ministers of Bolivia,
Uruguay and Guatemala contributed to the effort to adjust
the difficulties below the Rio Grande with due regard to the
rights of the nations and the people of suffering Mexico.
THE SPIRIT OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION
WHICH IS THE KEYNOTE OF PAN-AMERICANISM
UNDER THE WILSON ADMINISTRATION, IS THE
LOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINCIPLES
AND MOTIVES WHICH GUIDED PRESIDENT MON-
ROE AND HIS ADVISERS IN THEIR FORMULATION
OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE. At that time the newly
independent United States of America feared European
domination and control of the struggling little countries to
»
PAN-AMERICA
189
the south. The Monroe Doctrine, which already provided
protection against the extension of European systems of
government to any part of the American continent, has thus
been enlarged so that it offers to our southern neighbors
assurances against aggression on the part of the United
States. Not only has this Government accepted the tender of
friendly offices by some of the South American states in
delicate matters of diplomacy, and thus established a new
precedent, but suspicions have been distroyed and confidence
has been created by Woodrow Wilson's suggestion to all
the governments of Central and South America that the
United States is willing to enter into treaties with them for
mutual guarantees of territorial integrity and political in-
dependence. Outlining these plans to the National Education
Association in New York early in July, Secretary McAdoo,
speaking for the President, described this offer as a noble
expression of the unselfish purpose of the United States to
maintain the principles of true democracy throughout the
Western Hemisphere. With the territorial integrity and
political independence of every American State secured
against European interference, against aggression by the
United States and agression as between themselves, a glorious
opportunity will be presented for the development of their
resources and the growth of their civilization under the
fructifying influences of established peace and friendship."
<<
DURING THE LAST THREE AND A HALF YEARS
WOODROW WILSON HAS BUILT A BASIS FOR A
PROFITABLE COMMERCIAL RELATIONSHIP
AMONG THE AMERICAS, AND HAS ESTABLISHED
ON THAT BASIS A SOLID STRUCTURE WHICH WILL
UNQUESTIONABLY ENDURE AS A PERMANENT
MONUMENT TO INTERNATIONAL PEACE ON THIS
HEMISPHERE.
For many years the Republican Party has talked about the
potential resources and riches of South and Central America
and the great mutual advantages that would accrue to the
entire hemisphere from closer intercourse between the United
States and her sister republics. The Democratic Party has
acted and given the country an effective and constructive
program to accomplish the ends which the Republicans
sought in futile talk. Secretary McAdoo's efficient grasp of
the problems of practical Pan-Americanism and the energy
with which he grappled with them have given to American
business and American enterprise the greatest opportunity
ever offered on this hemisphere.
From MANANA, Buenos Aires:
President Wilson's message embodies a lofty concep-
tion of American politics and bears witness to the great-
est elevation of mind, BECAUSE IT IS INSPIRED BY
HONESTY. IT IS, THEREFORE, NECESSARY TO
REJECT ALL APPREHENSION, ENTERTAINED
BY A FEW, REGARDING THE SO-CALLED
NORTH AMERICAN PERIL.”
190
PAN-AMERICA
PAN-AMERICAN SALES REACH $385,000,000.
It is not with Europe, but with the Pan-American nations,
that the most vital and permanent trade gains of the United
States are today being made under the direct and active
commercial campaign of the Federal Government under the
Wilson administration.
In fact, our total commerce with the Latin Americas for
the year ending June 30, 1916, approximated an even billion
dollars.
It is upon South and Central America and Cuba, that the
United States depends for its great volume of raw materials,
such as coffee, hides and wool, also for large supplies of
sugar, cocoa, nitrates and ores, which alike are necessary
to the expansion of our manufacturing industries and for
general consumption.
The great tidal wave southward during the past year, how-
ever, shows itself in a tremendous expansion of the export
trade.
Exports to South and Central America and the West Indies
during the fiscal year just closed reached the huge total of
$385,000,000. The increase is 62 per cent. in one year.
Today the United States, under the Federal Reserve Act,
has six branch banks in South America, one in Cuba and two
at the Isthmus. We have commercial attaches and agencies
in leading Pan-American ports. Our Government appropria-
tions for promotion of this trade have been doubled and the
Government energies through increased commercial agents
have trebled. AND THE RESULTS IN THE SINGLE
YEAR SHOW OVER $150,000,000 GAIN IN AMERICAN-
MADE GOODS MARKETED IN LATIN AMERICA.
Among leading articles of export are agricultural imple-
ments, automobiles, flour, all iron and steel products, coal,
cotton goods, provisions, twine, machinery of all kinds, steel
rails, boots and shoes, oils, lumber, furniture and an endless
list of Yankee notions.
ARGENTINA BIG BUYER.
Argentina alone took of us in the year just closed $3,300,000
worth of farm implements, $2,200,000 of automobiles, $2,300,-
000 of coal, $1,500,000 of cotton cloth, $1,900,000 of binder
twine, $6,000,000 or more of various steel products including
machines, $1,000,000 of boots and shoes and other leather
goods, $3,000,000 of oils, $1,000,000 of news print paper, and
$2,000,000 of lumber and furniture.
Cuba takes $6,725,000 of wheat flour, $2,500,000 of automo-
biles, $2,500,000 of railway cars, $3,500,000 of coal, $4,000,000
of cotton cloth, $4,000,000 of machinery and steel products,
$5,500,000 of boots and shoes, $6,000,000 of hog products, and
$3,000,000 of lumber.
Latin America buys over $30,000,000 of American boots and
shoes, and a far greater volume of iron and steel products;
perhaps $20,000,000 of cotton cloth, and $25,000,000 or more
each of wheat flour and machinery. But in the long list of
American export productions which covers pages of the
PAN-AMERICA
191
✡
Commerce reports, there is scarcely an article that does not
find its way into the 20 Pan-American republics.
Moreover, the gain is not only in trade but in American
shipping, American vessel tonnage engaged in the ocean
carrying trade with Argentina, Brazil and Chile has trebled
in a single year. American vessels clearing for the South
American trade last year reached 1,000,000 tonnage, which
was two-thirds of that of all foreign shipping nations.
THE CO-ORDINATION OF GOVERNMENT EFFORT
WITH AMERICAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE, BANK-
ING AND SHIPPING HAS MADE TREMENDOUS
STRIDES TOWARD THE COMMERCIAL UNION OF
THE PAN-AMERICAS. WHAT THIS EVENTUALLY
MEANS TO THE UNITED STATES MAY BE CONJEC-
TURED, WHEN DIRECTOR-GENERAL JOHN BAR-
RET OF THE PAN-AMERICAN UNION PREDICTS
THAT WITHIN FIVE YEARS THE COMMERCE OF
THE PAN-AMERICAN COUNTRIES WILL APPROX-
IMATE $5,000,000,000, WHICH IS GREATER THAN OUR
COMMERCE WITH EUROPE.
A PAN-AMERICAN FRANC.
(From the Providence, R. I., Journal, Repn.)
((
The brief reports by cable of the proceedings of the Pan-
American conference at Buenos Aires mention the adoption
of a resolution to establish a unit of money of account
for the nations of the Western Hemisphere. Perhaps no
action of the conference will turn out to be more interesting
or important.
*
"
A common monetary unit as an instrumentality for pro-
moting commerce among friendly disposed peoples has
proved highly convenient in Europe. If the proposal of the
Pan-American conference is accepted by the Governments
of North and South America, the new unit will undoubtedly
be equally useful in facilitating transactions.
* *
The unique Pan-American gold franc is a happy invention,
holding forth much promise for friendly intercourse and ex-
panding commerce.
BY FRANK A. VANDERLIP.
(President, National City Bank, New York.)
The Pan-American Financial Conference laid a foundation
of inestimable value for the building of definite commercial
and financial relations between the republics of North and
South America. In the past, the lack of mutual understand-
ing, which is so essential to political and business relations,
has been an obstacle to really constructive, co-operative effort.
America, I have said, was reborn by the struggle of the
Civil War, but America is reborn every day of her life by the
purposes we form, the conceptions we entertain, the hopes
that we cherish.-Woodrow Wilson.
MARSHALL, PROGRESSIVE,
VS
FAIRBANKS, REACTIONARY
Republican and Democratic Parties
Offer Indiana Candidates For
Vice-President Who Are In
Vivid Political Contrast
Thomas R. Marshall, the Democratic candidate for Vice-
President, like Charles W. Fairbanks, has once been a Vice-
President of the United States. But Marshall, unlike Fair-
banks, is a candidate to succeed himself and is in no sense
of the term a political afterthought of a standpat convention
forced by necessity to secure a standpat running mate for
the head of its ticket. Marshall's record in the four years
during which he has presided over the Senate of the United
States was such that his renomination was a foregone con-
clusion. Republicans and Democrats alike have combined to
render him praise for his impartial and upright conduct in this
high office, an office potentially as powerful as that of the
Presidency itself.
The political associations of Mr. Fairbanks have always
been with the reactionary Republicans. He has worked with the
Hemenway ring of Old Guard standpat politicians in Indiana
and with the Old Guard Bosses in national Republican affairs.
The Old Guard machine in Indiana ran him for the Republi-
can presidential nomination both in 1908 and 1916. The
national Republican Bosses would have been delighted to have
named him for the Presidency this year but they did not dare
do so.
Unlike Mr. Fairbanks, Mr. Marshall has a record which
should appeal to every democrat with a small
d"-as it ap-
peals to every Democrat with a large "D." The Vice-Presi-
dent's life story is a typical American biography. It is the
story of rise from the obscurity of a struggling country law-
yer to the highest post within the gift of the people of his
State, and thence to the next to the highest post within the
gift of the people of the United States.
ย
The first and only office ever sought by Mr. Marshall was
that of prosecuting attorney, back in 1880. In this attempt he
was defeated. Then, nearly thirty years later, in 1908, when
the Democrats in Indiana were nearly in a hopeless minority,
he was conscripted to stand as his party's candidate for the
governorship.
Mr. Marshall's life has not been without its touch of ro-
mance. It was in the clerk's office of Steuben County, where
he first went to try law cases, that he met the attractive
young woman who is now Mrs. Marshall. She was Miss Lois
1
1.
192
MARSHALL VERSUS FAIRBANKS
193
}
Minsey, daughter of the county clerk, who was a clerk in
her father's office. Mr. Marshall soon discovered that the
real "
case was in the clerk's office.
""
Mrs. Marshall is a woman of attractive personality. While
as the wife of the Vice-President of the United States she
conducts many brilliant social affairs, her real interest is
also in her home, and that home, according to a recent visi-
tor, is one "in which you feel you would like to sit down and
stay for supper."
Human welfare was the guiding principle of Marshall's
administration as Governor of Indiana. His service as
Governor shows that he has initiated and stood behind laws
which aimed at the social and physical betterment of the
people of Indiana. Enacted by the Democratic Legislature
during the session of 1911, at the instance of Governor Mar-
shall, were the following important acts:
To curtail child labor;
To regulate the sale of cold storage products;
To require hygienic schoolhouses and to permit medical
examination of school children;
To prevent blindness at birth;
To regulate the sale of cocaine and other drugs;
To provide free treatment for hydrophobia;
To establish public playgrounds;
To strengthen the pure food act;
To protect against loan sharks;
To provide police court matrons;
To establish uniform weights and measures;
To prevent traffic in white slaves;
To permit night schools in cities;
To investigate industrial and agricultural education;
To require medical supplies as part of a train equipment, etc.
CHAMPION OF THE TOILERS.
THE
HE following laws, intended to protect the toilers, were
also championed by him:
To create a bureau of inspection for factories, workshops,
mines and boilers;
To establish free employment agencies;
To require full train crews;
To require safety devices on switch engines;
To provide efficient headlights on locomotives;
To require inspection of locomotive boilers;
To require standard cabooses;
To require full switching crews;
To require storm windows for locomotives;
To provide a weekly wage; etc.
The Income Tax Amendment also was ratified at this ses-
sion; also laws to prevent corrupt practices at elections and
to provide for general registration of voters were enacted;
block systems were made compulsory on railroads and electric
railways; and a law to abolish the doctrine of assumed risk
and fellow-servant doctrine and to regulate the contributory
negligence defense was made as strong as the constitution of
the state would permit.
194
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
:
TO THE NAVY.
TWEEN REPUBLICAN AND DEMOCRATIC GENEROSITY
THIS ILLUSTRATION SHOWS THE DIFFERENCE BE-
—— Juli
بلد
MCKINLEY & ROOSEVELT- 107.006, 642.
ROOSEVELT -83.192.938.
TAFT
127,747,113.
L
TOTAL COST
OF VESSELS
AUTHORIZED SINCE 1901
FOR U.S. NAVY
(Lengths of ships represent values.)
WILSON - 655.289,806.


THANKS TO DEMOCRATS
AMERICA "PREPARES"
Democratic Efficiency Puts Through
Constructive Program for
National Defense
PREPARATION for national defense by land
and sea, preparation adequate, sane and dem-
ocratic-this sums up in a phrase the efficient
accomplishment of President Woodrow Wilson
and the Democratic Party controlling the 64th
Congress.
Preparedness is no longer agitation. It is fact.
It is written into the laws of the United States,
in response to the overwhelming popular demands
of the people thereof.
The program thus embarked upon is neither
militarism nor pacifism. It is the strong and
reasonable program of a great nation whose
servant is a great political party. It is a program
untouched by partisanship and weakened neither
by pork, favoritism nor private interest.
In its essentials it is the program of the military
and naval experts who in the past decade have
been unable to secure performance from the
Republicans. It recognizes for the first time the
position of the United States as a world power,
ready to meet aggression and ready to resent
interference with the principles of real Ameri-
canism-not the Americanism of the privileged
few, but the Americanism of the real Americans.
REGULAR ARMY 216,000.
Adequate preparedness and complete reorganization of the
military and industrial resources of the nation have been
made by the Wilson Administration in the Army Reorgani-
zation bill and in the Army Appropriation bill.* The com-
pleted program is the most comprehensive ever enacted by
an American Congress. By the terms of it the peace strength
of the Regular Army has been increased from a paper
strength of 100,000 men to a peace strength of 216,000,
*President Wilson's veto of the Army Appropriation bill
had solely to do with its revision of the Articles of War. Its
repassage with all appropriations and other provisions prob-
ably will have taken place before the Text Book is issued.
195
196
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES

-
THE PREPAREDNESS RECORD
ADEQUATE FUNDS.
Appropriations providing for the safety
of the United States are:
Army...
Navy.
Fortifications.
Military Academy.
Army and Navy Deficiency..
Total appropriations.
•
•
•
•
$267,000,000
313,300,095
25,748,000
2,238,000
27,558,000
$635,844,095
SPECIAL ACHIEVEMENTS.
Complete Reorganization of Industrial Resources;
Regular Army increased from paper strength of
100,000 to peace strength of 216,000, capable of ex-
pansion in war times of 256,000;
National Guard Federalized and raised to peace
strength of 467,000;
A Regular Army reserve, a National Guard reserve,
an officer reserve corps, an enlisted reserve corps;
Generous provision for citizen training camps;
A Council of National Defence;
FOUR DREADNAUGHTS AND FOUR BAT-
TLE CRUISERS (EIGHT CAPITAL SHIPS)—
THE FIRST YEAR.
Twenty torpedo boat destroyers and thirty coast
submarines with auxiliaries to be begun at once.
TEN BATTLE SHIPS-SIX BATTLE CRUIS-
ERS-TEN SCOUT CRUISERS-FIFTY TOR-
PEDO BOAT DESTROYERS-NINE FLEET
SUBMARINES-FIFTY-EIGHT COAST SUB-
MARINES AND AUXILIARIES BEFORE JULY-
1, 1919.
THE TRANS
capable of expansion in war times to 256,000. The National
Guard has been federalized and raised to a peace strength
of 467,000. A Regular Army reserve, a National Guard
reserve, an officer reserve corps, and an enlisted reserve corps
have been established. A reserve officer training corps has
been created, and generous provisions for citizens training
camps have been enacted. A Council of National Defense,
which will prepare the industries of the country for readiness
in time of a grave emergency, has been brought into being-
an achievement of the greatest importance which must be
counted as a failure on the part of previous Republican Ad-
ministrations. The total appropriation in the Army bill was,
in round figures, $267,600,000, or materially less than $3.00
per capita for each inhabitant of the United States.
}
1
:
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
لي
197
COMPLETE NAVAL REORGANIZATION.
Adequate preparedness and complete reorganization of the
Naval resources of the nation have been made by the Wilson
Administration in the Naval Appropriation Bill. By the
terms of it the building program has been made permanent
and consistent with the growing needs of the United States
as a world sea power.
Four dreadnoughts and four battle cruisers, in
all, eight capital ships, are to be built during the
first year.
The enlisted strength of the Navy has been increased to
68,500 men, expansible during emergency to 87,000 men.
Twenty torpedo boat destroyers, thirty coast submarines,
together with auxiliaries, will be begun at once.
The con-
tinuing program calls for the construction before the first
of July, 1919, for 10 battleships, 6 battle cruisers, 10 scout
cruisers, 50 torpedo boat destroyers, 9 fleet submarines, 58
coast submarines, and auxiliaries.
The naval militia has been federalized. The Naval Flying
Corps has been put on a permanent basis.
CRITICS ARE OVERWHELMED.
Provisions have been made for scientific research and for
coordinating the Navy with the industrial life of the country.
Naval training cruises have been for the first time established.
The achievements of the Naval Appropriation Bill are in
the opinion of naval experts without regard for political
party, of the greatest importance, and established the Demo-
cratic Administration's record for accomplishment so securely
that Republican criticism has been reduced to the pettiest
kind of carping.
The adequacy and efficiency with which the
Democratic Party has met the military needs of
the country is conclusively shown by the fact
that, without exception, every national defense
measure enacted by Congress during the last
year received the practically unanimous support
of Republicans as well as Democratic members
of the House and Senate. The majority of these
measures passed without a roll call. For example, there was
no roll call in the House, when, on June 26th, it passed the
Army Appropriation bill. There was no roll call in the
Senate on this bill. The Hay Army Reorganization bill
passed the House in March with two dissenting votes, one
being cast by Representative Fred A. Britten of Illinois, a
Republican, the other by Meyer London of New York, a
Socialist. Otherwise all the Republican members of the
House, including the loudest agitators for a large army,
agreed to the Democratic program.
There were no roll calls in either House or Senate on the
fortification bill, appropriating for the coast and other per-
manent defenses.
1
PREPAREDNESS FOR PEACE
Navy Act Directs President To
Call World Conference to
Consider Disarmament
D
EMOCRATIC "Preparedness "includes prepara-
tion for permanent peace in the world. A plan is
outlined for securing agreement among the great Pow-
ers to that end.
The President is specifically directed in the naval
appropriation act to call a conference of the Powers
after the European War ends to consider the large
questions of a peace agreement and disarmament.
Should an agreement be secured, the President is
authorized to suspend the carrying out of the greater-
navy program. A large part of the enormous expendi-
tures authorized by the navy act may thus be avoided.
The law declares it to be the hope of the United
States to adjust and settle its international disputes
through mediation and arbitration, to the end that war
may be honorably avoided.
This government, the act reads, "looks
with apprehension and disfavor upon a general
increase of armament throughout the world,
but it realizes that no single nation can
disarm and that without a common agree-
ment upon the subject every considerable
power must maintain a relative standing in
military strength.'
99
Having enunciated this general policy, the Act ex-
tends an invitation to all the great governments of the
world to participate in an international conference for
the study of means whereby disarmament may be
accomplished or at least limited. This conference is to
be called by the President of the United States not
later than the close of the European War.
To show its good faith, the United States, by act of
Congress, further provides that a commission of nine
citizens of the United States shall be appointed by the
President to represent this government at the proposed
conference and to lay before such conference the views
of the American people upon the subject of arbitration
and disarmament. The sum of $200,000 is appropriated
to pay the expenses of the American commission and to
entertain the conference should it be held in the United
States.
This body, the law says, "shall be charged
with the duty of formulating a plan for a
court of arbitration or other tribunal to which
disputed questions between nations shall be
referred for adjudication and peaceful settle-
ment, and to consider the question of dis-
armament and submit their recommenda-
tions to their government for approval."
&
{
198
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
199
ļ
When the navy bill passed the House for the first time on
June 2, the roll call showed 360 yeas to 4 nays, 7 answering
"present." Two of those who voted against the navy bill,
Browning of New Jersey and Graham of Pennsylvania, are
Republicans. Randall of California, the third who voted
against the navy bill, is a Prohibitionist, and London, the
fourth, is a Socialist. Among the seven who dodged by an-
swering "present" Republican Minority Leader Jim Mann
of Illinois was the most prominent. Four other Republicans
joined Mann: Coleman of Pennsylvania, Moore of Pennsyl-
vania, Nelson of Wisconsin, and Rogers of Massachusetts.
Although the Democrats hold the majority in the House, but
two Democrats, Tavenner of Illinois and Webb of North
Carolina, answered "present.”
On the final vote in the House on the conference
report in the Naval Appropriation Bill, the yeas
were 283, the nays 51. The democratic bill was
passed with the vast majority of the Republican
minority supporting it. Yet among the 15
Republicans who voted against the bill, were
some of the Republican leaders in the House-
Campbell of Kansas, Lenroot and Nelson of
Wisconsin, Mondell of Wyoming, and Anderson
of Minnesota. Any Republican criticism of the
democratic bill must take these facts under
consideration.
REPUBLICANS OPPOSE KAHN'S AMENDMENT.
On March 23 there was a vote in the House on the so-
called "Kahn" amendment to the Hay bill. This amendment
proposed to increase the size of the army from the original
140,000 to 220,000. A majority of Democrats and Republi-
cans voted down this amendment. Among the prominent
Republicans voting against it were Rodenberg of Illinois,
Green and Woods of Iowa, Campbell of Kansas, La Follette
of Washington, Esch of Wisconsin, and Mondell of Wyo-
ming. There was no partisanship in this roll call.
Upon the question of appropriating $11,000,000 to build or
buy a factory for the manufacture of armor plate, there was
a roll call March 21, in the Senate on what is known as the
Tillman Armor Plate bill. To save money by breaking up
the control of prices by the armor plate ring was the object.
The opposition was led by Republican Senators, including
Senator Oliver of Pennsylvania, who was charged on the
floor of the Senate with being financially interested in the
Steel Trust. The bill passed by 58 to 23, with 14 not voting.
The 23 voting against the bill were all old guard
Republicans--Gallinger, Curtis, du Pont, Lippitt,
Lodge, Penrose, Smoot and Weeks. Eight Re-
publicans voted with the Democratic majority--
Borah of Idaho, Clapp of Minnesota, Cummins of
Ioaw, Kenyon of Iowa, Norris of Nebraska, Poin-
200
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
dexter of Washington, and Works of California.
The Republican opposition was not, therefore,
solid.
--
The progressive Republicans stood with the
Democrats, and that simple fact tells its own story.
On July 21 the Senate passed the Navy bill by a vote of 71
to 8. Six of the 8 voting against the bill were Republicans.
Such vigorous critics of the Wilson Administration as Lodge
of Massachusetts, Gallinger of New Hampshire, Penrose of
Pennsylvania, Smoot of Utah, and Weeks of Massachusetts,
voted for this keystone measure of the Democratic prepared-
ness programme. Criticism by the Republican party of the
Democratic Naval program endorsed by Republicans in both
House and Senate must take these facts into consideration.
DROPPED BACK UNDER TAFT.
Among the many offenses against the Navy with which
the Democracy has been charged is the rather surprising one
of responsibility for the loss of our superiority over the
German navy, and the responsibility also for our lack of bat-
tle cruisers, which are now to be supplied. Both charges
were made by the Republican minority in the House, and
they also maintained that it was the aim of the Republican
Administration to make us the second naval power in the
world. It will be recalled that until December, 1911, the
Democrats were in the minority in both the Senate and
House, and for sixteen years the President had been a
Republican.
The General Board of the Navy was requested recently by
Congressman Butler of Pennsylvania, a Republican, to state
how it was that the German navy obtained its superiority
over ours; and taking displacement as a basis of comparison,
the Board said: Considering displacement of ships built,
the United States advanced from third to second place in 1907
and dropped to third in 1911."
It should be borne in mind that the Democratic House
did not meet in regular session until December, 1911. ON
THE BASIS OF SHIPS BUILT, OUR POSITION WAS,
THEREFORE, LOST WHILE THE REPUBLICANS
WERE IN ABSOLUTE CONTROL OF THE LEGISLA-
TIVE AND EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.
<<
Considering displacements of ships built and building,"
said the General Board, "the United States advanced from
third place to second place in 1909, held this place for a short
time only, AND DROPPED TO THIRD PLACE AGAIN
IN THE SAME YEAR, 1909."
The basis of ships built and building is a more accurate
index to naval strength than the basis of ships built only, for,
as the case at point illustrates, a nation can be superior to'
another, and by building little while that other nation builds
much, lose its superiority in a very short time. And on the
basis of ships built and building, we held second place "for
only a short time and dropped to third place again in the
same year, 1909," two years before the Democratic House
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
201

$2.
}
TERA
entered office, and four years before the Administration and
Senate became Democratic.
During Mr. Roosevelt's four years, when the world began
to build dreadnaughts, the United States authorized six capi-
tal ships, the German program authorized thirteen, including
battle cruisers; leaving us a deficiency of seven. In Mr.
Taft's first two years we authorized four capital ships, the
German program authorized seven, leaving us a deficiency
of three. Taking the six years together, we authorized ten
capital ships to Germany's twenty. There is not much evi-
dence here of any determination on the part of the Republican
administrations to build a navy superior to Germany's. In
those six years the General Board had in mind the construc-
tion of a navy superior to Germany's, and it recommended
the construction of twenty battleships, the same number the
Germans authorized. We authorized ten. The General
Board was certainly not the author of our program. Who
was?
ROOSEVELT'S MESSAGES CONVICT HIM.
The answer is found in President Roosevelt's messages to
Congress for 1905 and 1906. He recommended the following
in his message of December 3, 1906:
"I do not ask that we continue to increase our Navy.
I ask merely that it be maintained at its present strength
****
<<
This can be done by a well-settled program of provid-
ing for the building each year of at least one first-class
battleship equal in size and speed to any that any nation
is at the same time building; the armament presumably
to consist of as large a number as possible of very heavy
guns of one caliber, together with smaller guns to repel
torpedo attack; while there should be heavy armor, tur-
bine engines, and in short, every modern device. Of
course, from time to time, cruisers, colliers, torpedo-boat
destroyers and torpedo boats, will have to be built also.
All this, be it remembered, would not increase our navy,
but would merely keep it at its present strength."
December 5, 1905, President Roosevelt said in his annual
message:
W
"It does not seem to me necessary, however, that the
navy should-at least in the immediate future-be in-
creased beyond the present number of units. What is
now clearly necessary is to substitute efficient for in-
sufficient units as the latter become worn out or as it
becomes apparent that they are useless. Probably the
result would be attained by adding a single battleship
to our Navy each year, the superseded or outworn vessels
being laidup or broken up as they are thus replaced."
It was in accordance with these recommendations that the
United States at the outset of a new era in battleship con-
struction, adopted the standpat policy by which we were fore-
doomed to lose our position as second naval power.
It was in accordance with President Roosevelt's sug-
gestion that Congress in 1906, and again in 1907, authorized
2

202
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
only one battleship, while in 1906 the General Board recom-
mended three, and in 1907, two. It was in accordance with
the policy enunciated by Secretary Meyer, under Taft, when,
in his first report, he said: "Germany is now second among
the principal naval powers in warship tonnage built and build-
ing. The United States is third," and recommended, "in order
to keep the appropriation for the Navy Department within the
economical limit set for the Government," only two battle-
ships and one repair ship. Hence, no headway was made in
the Taft Administration toward retrieving the relative
strength we had lost under Roosevelt.
In the last two years of the Taft Administration when the
Democrats had control of the House, it must be remembered,
the Senate was Republican and the President was a Repub-
lican. In these two years Germany authorized five capital
ships and we authorized two. ON COMING TO THE
PROGRAM OF THE WILSON ADMINISTRATION, WE
FIND THAT FOR THE FIRST TIME IN YEARS WE
AUTHORIZED A LARGER PROGRAM THAN GER-
MANY. In our first two bills we provided for five capital
ships to Germany's four, and are this year providing five
capital ships against the three contemplated by the German
program at the outbreak of the war. In three years, in other
words, we are authorizing a total of ten capital ships to the
seven which were contemplated by the German program.
Is it the Republicans or the Democrats who have maintained
our naval prestige?
As regards battle cruisers, the General Board of the Navy
in its first two reports submitted under this Administration
did not recommend their construction. It recommends them
this year, and they are being provided. It is true that the
General Board did recommend two battle cruisers in their
recommendations of 1912, but the Secretary of the Navy,
Mr. Meyer, did not provide for them in his estimates. Every
battle cruiser in the British navy at the outbreak of the war
was authorized while the Republicans were in absolute con-
trol of this country, and Great Britain did not authorize or
construct a single battle cruiser between March 4, 1913, and
the outbreak of the war, while the Wilson Administration
was in power.
THE TRUTH ABOUT OUR SUBMARINES.
Our submarines have come in for pretty severe handling
from the partisan critics of the Navy. It is possible to dispose
of much argument by acknowledging, as Secretary Daniels
has readily and frankly acknowledged, for the last two years
-that our submarines are not all that is desired.
But where does the responsibility lie? Every submarine in
the Navy today was authorized, built or constructed for
under Republican Administration. It was not until three
years ago that submarine difficulties were treated seriously
in the Navy Department.
We had, and have, an unsatisfactory motor, battery and
engine, and yet under the old regime only the youngest
officers, lacking in theoretical and practical experience were
{
203
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
1
assigned to submarines and were expected to solve their
problems. Only one officer was assigned to each of the
sixteen submarines in commission and fourteen of these offi-
cers were ensigns.
No reflection upon their industry or their ability is intended,
but it is a most serious reflection upon those charged with
the administration of the Navy that no experienced officers
were assigned to this duty. Facts certainly warrant the be-
lief that our submarine troubles to-day are due to no other
cause than the indifference with which the problem was re-
garded in the past. It remained for this Administration to
take up the work in earnest, to solve the problems and to
place the flotilla on its feet, and much success has already
been achieved.
The flotilla has been detached from the destroyer flotilla
and made an independent command, under an admiral. The
number of officers assigned to submarines has been increased
so that two instead of one are now assigned to each of the
larger boats. Officers of experience have been selected. The
cooperation of manufacturers has been sought, and before
assuming his duties aboard ship an officer is now instructed
at the works where the engines, batteries and motors are
manufactured, so that he knows his machinery.
SCHOOL FOR UNDER-SEA NAVIGATION.
In accordance with the recommendations of Admiral Grant,
a six months' course of instruction at the submarine base at
New London is given every officer before he is assigned to
duty on board submarines. He will then be appointed to a
subordinate position and receive command of a boat only
after he has demonstrated his ability in theoretical study
and actual practice. This submarine base and school at New
London was opened by the Wilson Administration.
The problem has also been seriously taken up in other quar-
ters. It is being studied by the engineers of the Navy ashore
and afloat, with a view to perfecting machinery and improv-
ing the craft generally. As a result of these studies, larger
submarines have been recommended and provided and in
ARMING THE NATION.
E
W have been carried too close to the rocks of war dur-
ing the past two years to believe that those rocks do
not exist. And looking into the future we can perceive that
if our sovereignty is not challenged, if our peace is not
assailed it will only be because the world knows that we are
strong enough to defend ourselves from every foe.
FOR THESE REASONS THIS ADMINISTRATION
HAS DONE MORE FOR OUR ARMY AND OUR NAVY
THAN ANY ADMINISTRATION IN OUR HISTORY.
More than this, it has mobilized the resources of the nation
to meet the needs of war. It has placed the wealth of the
country back of the strength of the country, the toiler back
of the soldier and the sailor.
-From Martin H. Glynn's keynote speech.
204
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
every respect the situation is exceedingly well in hand. With
half the labor, half the study, half the work, the submarine
question has received under this Administration, the old
regime could not have turned over to its successors this im-
portant branch of the service in such a pitiful condition.
The Navy is to-day better organized, better balanced, bet-
ter officered, better manned, better armed, and better supplied
with ammunition, and is more efficiently and economically
administered than ever before in its history. Every branch
of the service has been improved and the organization of both
the Navy Department and the Atlantic and other fleets de-
veloped to the highest state of efficiency.
PRIOR 5-YEAR RECORDS BEATEN.
"We have made more real progress in the last two years,"
said Captain J. S. McKeen, than any previous five-year
period in any experience in the Navy. I do not think I
have ever known a time when everybody in the service from
top to bottom was working as hard with their heads and
hands to prepare the fleet for active service."
<<
Admiral Benson, the Chief of Naval Operations, asserts
that, "Cooperation between the various bureaus and offices
of the Department with the Office of the Chief of Naval
Operations has been most cordial and complete, and the prac-
tical result has been all that could be desired." And he adds,
'A thoughtful consideration of the work that has been ac-
complished will show that all is being done now that could
reasonably be expected from a so-called General Staff.' In
my opinion the organization that exists in the Department
and that is now in successful operation is accomplished in a
purely American and business-like manner all that could pos-
sibly be expected from the creation of a general staff, and is
doing this in a much more satisfactory way.
""
Says Admiral Dewey, "Our own General Board is, I think,
the best General Naval Staff in the world."
Rear Admiral Knight, president of the War College, where
high officers of the Navy are instructed in strategy and tac-
tics, testified that, Secretary Daniels has done more for the
War College than any of his predecessors."
"C
The existing shortage of enlisted men, like the shortage of
officers, is attributable to conditions inherited by the Admin-
istration. It was presented with a shortage of men, too great
to be overcome entirely in any three years of peace, and a
prejudice to service in the ranks that had to be corrected
before any gains could be made.
The Republican Administrations made no claim to having
enough enlisted men to man all vessels for war. The author-
ized strength of the Navy was far below the number that
would have been required, and in the sixteen years of Repub-
lican incumbency they made no provision for a reserve with
which to fill the gap. The reason the authorized strength
was not made sufficient to man properly all vessels was
because Republican Administrations could not fill the ranks
to the limited strength authorized by Congress.
}
Enlisted Men Promoted
Showing the number of Warrant Officers
of the Navy, appointed Ensigns, under the
Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson administrations.
Rooscuelt
Taft
Wilson
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
Taft
Wilson
t
"1
Showing the number of Asst. Paymasters
appointed from among enlisted men, under the
Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson administrations.
Roosevelt
4
4
33
Prior to the act of March 3, 1915, Pay
Clerks were selected by individual Pay
masters from any source within or with-
out the navy. Under the new law, all Pay
Clerks are appointed by the Navy
Department from the enlisted personnel.
Taft
Taft 8 mo
Wilson 4 mo
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Increase in Aeronautics
Showing the expenditures for aero-
nautic purposes under the Roosevelt,
Taft and Wilson administrations.
Roosevelt
fscl.yr.
Taft
Wilson
"
""
"
17
"1
"1
"
205
4 yrs. 10
4
"} 3
313
17
"
no expdtr.
'12 #24,532.79
" 13 56,032.90
"1
yrs. 1
3
11
15
11
n
14 194,492.46
15 219,429.20
" '16 884,679.28
'17 3,900,000.00*
$3,500,000 for aviation.
400,000 for aeronautic station Pensacola Fla.
Showing the total expenditures under
the Taft and Wilson administrations
admin
$61,888.06
5,217,278.57
206
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
At no time since the Spanish war has the Navy had enough
men to man all vessels for war; and until recently we have
not had enough to man properly all ships on a peace basis,
with some in reserve. For years we built ships without
authorizing the men to man them.
When Mr. Roosevelt began his second term, the authorized
strength of the Navy was 34,500 men. It was inadequate, and
3,000 additional men were recommended during his first year.
In all, during his second term, 7,500 additional men were
authorized, a number just sufficient to man the new ships
authorized during the same period, which required, under the
old schedule, since found inadequate, 7,155 men. But it failed
to provide a reserve or to cut down the previously existing
shortage, which was given as a legacy to the Taft Adminis-
tration.
SHORTAGE OF JACKIES INHERITED.
The ships authorized in the Taft Administration require,
under the old schedule, 9,886 men, and George von L. Meyer
was Secretary during all four years, and who has criticized
the present Administration for its lack of men, recommended
an increase of only 4,000 men and 1,000 apprentices, which
was 4,888 short of the number required to man the ships
authorized during his incumbency. Meyer, moreover, failed
to provide a single man toward overcoming the accrued
shortage of preceding years. Congress, however, authorized
an increase of 6,000 men and 1,000 apprentices (4,000 were
voted by the Democratic House), which was still short over
2,000 the number needed for new ships, and made no pro-
vision toward reducing the previous shortages. That Admin-
istration failed also to establish a reserve. The increase in
men actually enlisted was about 3,200.
The Wilson Administration became heir to the accumu-
lated shortages of the Roosevelt Administrations, augmented
by the shortages of the Taft Administration, and it is held
responsible for their shortcomings by the very persons to
whom they are due. It must be remembered that, though the
authorized strength of the Navy was many thousands short
of the number actually required, the Navy was turned over
to the Democrats about 5,000 men short of the number
allowed. THERE WERE ACTUALLY FEWER MEN IN
THE NAVY WHEN PRESIDENT TAFT AND SECRE-
TARY MEYER LEFT OFFICE THAN THERE WERE
EIGHT MONTHS BEFORE, ALTHOUGH CONGRESS
HAD, IN THE MEANTIME, AUTHORIZED AN IN-
CREASE OF 4,000 MEN, AND THEY HAD THE BEST
SEASON OF THE YEAR IN WHICH TO RECRUIT.
Under Secretary Meyer there were 10,360 cases of desertion,
and of the experienced men with good records, honorably
discharged upon their completion of enlistment, only 52 per
cent. re-enlisted.
This condition of affairs the Wilson Administration was
obliged to face when it entered office. It was as prompt in
remedying it as it was in its effort to remedy the shortage
of officers. Congress has this year provided for vocational
1
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
207
!
Taft
Wilson
;
Increase in Officers.
Showing by comparison the number of mid-
shipmen appointed at the Naval Academy un-
der the Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson administrations.
Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
Increase in Enlisted Men
Showing the enlisted personnel of the
Navy, as authorized by law.
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
"I
Auth. 1905 37,000
1908 44,500
1909 44,500
"/
4 yrs. 978
4 " 945
3" 1473
〃
Showing increase under each administration.
ES
19/2 51,500
1916 79,064
7,500
7,000
27,564
The act of 1916 permits the President
at his discression, in an emergency, to increase
the Navy to 87,000 which would be an increase of
35,500 over the Taft administration,
Navy Yard Increase.
Number of Men-Showing the total num-
ber of employees in the principal navy
yards in the United States as of date,
June 1,1913 and July 1, 1916,
1913
1916
16,898
24383
7485
of
Increase
Daily Pay,-Showing the total daily pay
such employees in 1912 and in 1916
1912
$
$46,027.35
1916
73,091.12
27,063.77
Increase
Comparison of Pay-Showing the average
daily pay of such employees in 1912 and in 1916.
$2.723
1912
1916
Increase
2.997
J.274
208
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
training in the Army. Secretary Daniels three years ago
established it in the Navy, and the innovation gradually filled
the ranks. It was not possible at once to overcome the prej-
udices toward the service, which the conditions just enu-
merated must certainly have caused, but enlistment, instead
of declining, increased, and in three years 6,331 men have
been added to the Navy, which is nearly double the increase
made in four years under President Taft.
ATTACK THEIR OWN INEFFICIENCY.
As critics of the Navy, the Republicans have had, perhaps,
knowledge of what they did and what they did not do. For
sixteen years they administered the affairs of the Navy
Department. They left it deficient, and they knew at first
hand its faults, which exist for no other reason than that
in their sixteen years of control they have not corrected
them; and, KNOWING
KNOWING WHERE THE NAVY WAS
WEAK, THEY HAVE, WITH POOR GRACE, SET
ABOUT TO BELITTLE THE EFFORTS OF THE
PRESENT ADMINISTRATION TO MAKE THE NAVY
A REAL EFFICIENT FIGHTING ORGANIZATION,
AND TO OVERCOME THE SHORTCOMINGS FOR
WHICH THE REPUBLICANS ALONE ARE RESPON-
SIBLE.
་
The fact that the Navy is short of officers and that officers
with little experience have been assigned to important duties
has been made much of by Republican critics of the Navy.
But responsibility for the present shortage cannot be placed
on Democratic shoulders. If the Republicans had been as
solicitous for the welfare of the Navy while in power as they
profess to have become in the last three years, there would
be no shortage to-day of which to complain.
The Navy is short of officers to-day because six, eight and
ten years ago the Republicans failed to appoint sufficient
midshipmen to the Naval Academy. The United States de-
pends upon graduates of the Naval Academy for its officers-
the number commissioned from other sources is so insig-
nificant as to be disregarded-and the first midshipmen to
enter the Academy under this Administration will not grad-
uate until June, 1917. Only time, with the aid of increased
midshipmen, can remedy the condition. The Democrats have
increased the midshipmen, and are providing engineers, avi-
ators and instructors to give some necessary immediate relief,
but as it takes four years to graduate an ensign, the lack of
officers cannot be charged to this Administration.
The Administration could not remedy the shortage of
officers immediately, but it at once set about to correct the
conditions so that at the very earliest time possible the fault
would be overcome. Within two months after entering office,
and long before any suggestions from outside sources, Secre-
tary Daniels recommended, and Congress authorized, an ex-
tension of law, allowed by the Republicans to lapse, providing
for two midshipmen to each member of Congress This has
permitted about 300 additional midshipmen to enter the
Academy in the last two years. The Democrats have this
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
209
year provided that the number of midshipmen shall be in the
ratio of three instead of two to each member of Congress,
making 531 additional appointments immediately available, or
a total of over 800 additional midshipmen, which have been
provided for in the first three years of Democratic Adminis-
tration. The Republicans failed to make increase in the
number of midshipmen, and actually allowed the law which
provided for two midshipmen to lapse-and that is why we
have not sufficient officers to-day.
DETAILS OF ADVANCEMENT.
Turning now to other details of constructive achievement
in the Navy, what do we find?
For the first time a continuing policy has been adopted
for the accumulation of reserve ammunition and for other
necessary adjuncts for a Navy strong enough and ready to
maintain the rights of the Republic.
The Sixty-fourth Congress also appropriated $3,900,000
for aeronautics and the aviation station, continuing the wise
policy of the Sixty-third Congress, which made the first
specific appropriation ($1,000,000) for aeronautics. The ap-
propriation by the Sixty-third Congress has permitted the
development of naval aeronautics so that an aviation ship is
now in the fleet, and the aviation corps has been increased
to 18 machines and 160 officers and men, as compared with
4 machines and 4 officers in March, 1913. The larger appro-
priations by the Sixty-fourth Congress will insure a larger
expansion.
The construction of new craft has been prosecuted more
rapidly under Wilson than in former years. For example, it
pok seven years
years to build the VIRGINIA, which was
aunched in 1906. It took nearly five years to construct the
COUTH CAROLINA, which was launched in 1909. At a
eriod when it was more difficult to secure material and
jor than ever before in the history of the country, by virtue
the prosperity ushered in by the Wilson policies, the
ENNSYLVANIA, just completed, was finished in three
ars and three months, and the ARIZONA, which is near-
g completion, in about the same time. Delays in con-
ruction of two ships authorized by the last Congress were
ecessitated by elaborate tests essential for securing under-
.ater protection against torpedoes, and by the inability to
secure bids from private contractors within the sum appro-
priated. Notwithstanding these difficulties, these two ships
will be completed in less time than any ships were completed
during either. the Roosevelt or the Taft administrations. All
new ships are now equipped with electrical propulsion, a for-
vard step in which the United States leads the navies of the
world.
When the Wilson administration undertook the regenera-
tion of the Navy, it was found that there was no mining
division, and that there were few. mines. Contracts were
made at once to purchase mines abroad-none could be had
In this country-but the European war made it impossible
For the contractors to fill the orders. Fortunately, the Navy'
210
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
*****
1
Reserve of Munitions.
Showing the percentages, of
total orders placed during
each administration.
Projectiles
McKinley-
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
Torpedoes
McKinley-
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
Mines
McKinley
Roosevelt,
Roosevelt,
and Taft)
Wilson
1
McKinley-
Roosevelts
Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
5.1%
8.6%
22.4%
63.9%
.9%
9.4%
18.2%
71.5%
Smokeless Powder
9.7%
90.3%
17.1%
20.0%
23.4%
39.5%
If in the great crisis that now confronts the nation, the
American people falter, if they forget that they are guardians
of the most sacred trust that a people ever held, their apos-
tasy will be visited upon the descendants of their children's
children.-From Martin H. Glynn's keynote speech.
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
211
3
t
1
›
1
Department had in its contract obtained the right to manu-
facture mines in this country, and it is doing so in its own
plant. A Mining Division has been organized complete.
Now for the first time in the history of the American Navy
its position with regard to mines and mining is satisfactory.
Moreover, the mines built in this country have been built at
a cost of between $175 and $200 less than the price con-
tracted for their purchase abroad, and a large saving has
been effected. For every 100 mines the Navy had when the
Wilson administration came into office, there are now 400,
i. e., four times as many, and the number is being multiplied
daily.
A like shortage in torpedoes has been remedied, and for
every hundred torpedoes we had on hand in 1913, we now
have 158 more ordered or in process of construction, and the
Navy Department is constructing torpedoes in its own
plant at a saving of over $1,000 on each torpedo. It has
also increased the capacity of torpedo works 433 per cent.
Not only are more torpedoes provided for less money,
but the Navy Department has won its suit to prevent
a private company from selling its torpedoes to foreign
nations, thereby disclosing Navy secrets. In rendering its
decisions, Judge Cox made this wise declaration, which en-
dorses the policy of the Navy Department under this admin-
istration: "This case illustrates the importance of the United
States having a manufactory of its own for the manufacture
of torpedoes and other implements of war, which are im-
proved and changed from time to time by the addition of
ingenious mechanism, which should clearly be kept secret
unless our enemies are to profit equally with ourselves in
every improvement which the ingenuity of our Army and
Navy officers may suggest."
ADEQUATE POWDER SUPPLY.
As the Navy increased its production of powder, the private
manufacturer decreased the prices from 80 cents to 53 cents
a pound, by direction of Congress after an investigation into
its cost. The Navy manufactures powder for 34 cents a
pound, including all overhead charges, and this administra-
tion has increased the capacity of the powder factory from
3,000,000 to 6,000,000 pounds per annum, insuring an ade-
quate supply at minimum cost.
For years the manufacturers of armor plate had been
charging the American people excessive prices for armor
plate. All three companies manufacturing armor plate
offered bids of identically the same price. Such bids were
not accepted, and more than $1,100,000 were saved on three
ships by insisting upon competition. But this large saving
still left the price far above a reasonable sum. The 64th
Congress has appropriated $11,000,000 to build an armor
plate plant, where armor plate can be manufactured at a
price of $230 a ton, as against $454, the price which was
being paid when the Wilson administration was inaugurated.
In addition to cheapening the cost of production, an addi-
.12
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
ional advantage of a government armor plate plant would
ɔe to encourage and give opportunity to its experts to stead-
ly improve the quality of the armor to be used on naval
craft. No process is perfect, and the study and experiment
vill produce superior armor. Secrets of production discov-
ered by government experts will belong exclusively to the
American Navy.
It has also appropriated $705,611 toward a projectile fac-
cery, to cost double that sum, insuring an adequate supply of
superior ammunition, not now obtainable, at cost price. By
ɔbtaining competition, $1,077,210 was saved on a single con-
tract for projectiles. A government factory guarantees com-
petition with private manufacturers, and the best quality of
projectiles.
Private ship-building yards must increase their facilities to
construct the large program authorized. It was the practice
before the Wilson administration to build no ships in any
except two navy yards, and their facilities were limited. The
Wilson administration has equipped, or provision has been
made by the 64th Congress to equip every navy yard to con-
struct naval craft, and it will be possible in the future to
secure more rapid construction of new ships for the Navy
in both private and public yards. The fact that the Govern-
ment can build in its own yards will, in normal times, insure
competition in building and secure prices more reasonable
than would be possible if it depended almost entirely upon
private shipbuilding yards as the Republicans did.
There has never been a time when so many men were em-
ployed at the Navy Yards as under the Wilson Administra-
tion, and the large program this Congress has authorized will
make it necessary to increase the number of skilled workmen
in our ten Navy Yards. The number of employees in July,
1916, was 24,383, as compared with 16,898 on June 1st, 1913,
before the new policy of building ships and making other
material in Navy Yards was adopted. The total daily pay
roll as of June 1, 1913, was $46,027.35, as against $73,091.12,
the total daily pay roll as of July 1, 1916. The average daily
wage prior to June, 1913, was $2.723, while the average daily
wage of July, 1916, was $2.997, an average increase per day
of wages of twenty-seven and four-tenths cents per day.
The ordnance experts of the Department have designed
and completed and placed on latest dreadnaughts the best
anti-aircraft gun in the world.
WORLD'S BEST BIG GUN.
It has also produced a large calibre gun that will shoot
straighter, shoot farther and hit harder than any gun now in
use in any foreign navy. Sixteen-inch guns are to be placed
on new dreadnaughts.
The unworkable organizations of both the Navy Depart-
ment and, the Atlantic Fleet (in which is centered the chief
strength of the American Navy) have been supplanted by
better ones. Without violating the American ideal of sub-
ordinating the military to the civil power, the Fleet and the
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
213
Department are now so organized as to effect the most suc-
cessful operation afloat and ashore.
1
THE ARMY'S RECONSTRUCTION
High praise has come from conservative, non-partisan ex-
perts for the Hay-Chamberlain law reorganizing and modern-
izing the land forces of the United States.
"The statement cannot be contradicted that it is the best
and only comprehensive measure looking to military pre-
paredness that has ever been passed by Congress," says Major
William D. Connor of the General Staff Corps.
"In general terms,” declares a curt War Department memo-
randum, “it may be said that this is the first comprehensive
legislation for national defense. It provides, as far as can
be foreseen, for the needs in men and material, and it has
been pronounced by all who are competent to judge as the
best military legislation that the country has ever had. Cer-
tain parts of it are more or less experimental, but without
experiment no advance will be made, and if any part of
the experiment does not work that part can be corrected by
new legislation."
There will hereafter be four classes of soldiers in the United
States: First, the Regular Army; second, the National Guard;
third, the enlisted reserve corps, all of which shall exist in
time of peace; and, fourth, the Volunteer Army, which will
be raised only in time of war. The peace strength of the
Regular Army is approximately 11,000 officers, not to exceed
175,000 combatant troops, and approximately 40,000 non-
combatant troops, including the unassigned recruits. The
National Guard will consist of about 17,000 officers and
440,000 men. The number of men who will join the enlisted
reserve corps can not be foretold. They are practically en-
listed specialists for the technical departments of the Army
recruited in time of peace for use in time of war only, and
are subject in time of peace to short periods of training
yearly. Volunteers can be called in time of war when and
in such numbers as Congress shall authorize.
The Army will be increased 34 1-3 regiments of Infantry,
10 regiments of Cavalry, 15 regiments of Field Artillery, 93
companies of Coast Artillery, 5 regiments of Engineers, 2
battalions of Mounted Engineers, the necessary number of
auxiliary troops in the Medical Department, Quartermaster
-Corps, Signal Corps, and the unassigned recruits, and in
addition thereto the number of Philippine Scouts that may
be determined upon by the President, not to exceed a max-
imum of 12,000.
The number of general officers of the Army has been in-
creased from 7 major generals and 17 brigadier generals to
11 major generals and 36 brigadier generals. This will pro-
vide the necessary general officers to command the divisions
and brigades and furnish the general officers for the General
Staff.
214
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
GENERAL STAFF EXPANDED.
The General Staff Corps has been increased from 38 officers
to 57 officers, and the duties of the General Staff remain the
same as they were before the writing of the new bill. This
important corps has been nearly doubled, and with its in-
creased numbers the General Staff will be better able than
heretofore to perform its important functions.
In order to provide for the regular officers necessary for
duty with the National Guard, duty at the various colleges
where military instruction is given for recruit duty, military
attaches' etc., provision is made for a detached officers' list
which provides 1,022 officers in addition to those necessary
with organizations. This supplies the officers necessary for
the various duties prescribed by law without taking them
away from their organizations. Up to the present time pro-
motion has been more or less unequal at different times in the
different branches of the service, and to a certain extent this
detached officers' list will be utilized to equalize promotion
in the different branches, and for the same purpose authoriza-
tion is given to transfer officers from one branch of the line
to another to fill the vacancies created by the new act.
ENLISTMENT STIMULATED.
The present enlistment contract provides for a seven-year
enlistment, four of which shall be with the colors and three
with the reserve. Under the new law these periods are re-
versed, that is, three years with the colors and four in the
reserve, but an important addition is made, namely that at
the end of one year's service any enlisted man within the
continental limits of the United States may be discharged
if he has become proficient in that time. This is an impor-
tant proviso and will, it is believed, increase the number of
enlistments. In addition to that, provision is made for pay-
ing the enlisted men in the reserve $24 a year, and the Presi-
dent is authorized to utilize the personnel of any department
of the Government, such as postmasters, mail carriers, etc.
to keep track of reservists, and also to use the postmasters
(except first class) to obtain recruits for the Army.
Enlisted men are prohibited from engaging in any civil
occupations, whether for pay or otherwise, that would put
them in competition with men in civil life.
OFFICERS' RESERVE CORPS.
An officers' reserve corps is provided which will authorize
the commissioning of civilians up to and including the grade
of major in the various branches of the Army These men
can be selected and trained in time of peace, and the officers
so obtained will be far better prepared than any volunteers
In
that could be raised hurriedly at the outbreak of war.
order to obtain these reserve officers, a reserve officers' train-
ing corps is authorized which will consist of units at the
various colleges, academies and universities throughout the
country where military education and training will be given
which, in connection with six weeks' field training each sum-
mer, will give a personnel for the officers' reserve corps that
1
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
215
is far better equipped for the duties of an officer than any
heretofore available.
1
In order to provide the enlisted men for the various tech-
nical staff corps and departments, an enlisted reserve corps
has been authorized, which will consist of men whose daily
occupation in civil life specially fits them for duty in the
Engineer, Signal and Quartermaster Corps and in the Ord-
nance and Medical Departments. This enlisted reserve corps
will provide the railway operatives, bridge builders, chauf-
feurs, hospital attendants, nurses, telegraphers, etc., required
for the departments and corps mentioned. It is impracticable
to keep in the Regular Army the number of men of these
classes that will be necessary in time of war, and the enlisted
reserve corps will provide for the deficiency.
No provision is made for a volunteer force in time of
peace, but in place thereof the ideas embodied in the busi-
ness men's camps of 1915 have been provided for, and the
new law provides that all expenses in connection with attend-
ance at such camps shall be borne by the Federal Govern-
ment.
NATIONAL GUARD FEDERALIZED.
The National Guard is, within the limits of the Constitu-
tion, federalized. The maximum number authorized is 800 for
each Representative and Senator in Congress, and such num-
ber from the Territories as the President shall prescribe.
This will probably give a total of about 17,000 officers and
440,000 enlisted men. The organization of the National
Guard will conform to that of the Regular Army, as will also
its equipment and armament.
The President is authorized to organize the National Guard
into brigades, divisions, and other tactical units, and to pre-
scribe the kind of organizations that shall be maintained
in the various States to insure that these brigades and di-
visions will be complete in all respects. Certain qualifica-
tions are required of officers of the National Guard, and
although these officers will still be commissioned by the
governors, they will not be recognized by the Federal Gov-
ernment unless. they fulfill the prescribed qualifications.
Regular Army officers may be commissioned in the National
Guard if the governors so desire. Enlistments in the Na-
tional Guard will be for six years, three years with the col-
ors and three years with the reserves, but a man may serve
out his enlistment, if he so desires, instead of going into the
reserve. Hereafter the enlistment contract for the National
Guard will contain an oath of allegiance both to the State
and to the United States, and not only enlisted men, but
officers, must subscribe to such an oath. The President is
not only authorized to call out the National Guard for the
constitutional purposes, but is also authorized to draft them
into the service of the United States whether they desire to
come or not, and also to draft the additional men that may
be needed to keep such National Guard units at war strength,
in case the National Guard Reserve, authorized by this act is
not sufficient for that purpose. Ample provision is made for
1
216
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
the protection of Federal property in the hands of the
National Guard, and in case property is lost or destroyed
through neglect or in any other way that could have been
avoided, the States must replace the property so lost.
Under the new law horses can be supplied to the mounted
organizations of the National Guard, and provision is made
for their care and maintenance.
BETTER TRAINING FOR MILITIA.
?
The National Guard will be required to have 48 periods of
armory training each year and 15 days' field training, and in
case the prescribed amount of training is not undergone the
President may withhold the funds appropriated for the Na-
tional Guard as he sees fit. In addition to that, the Secretary
of War may require such additional study on the part of the
officers as he may deem necessary. During periods of field
training the National Guard will be paid at the same rate
as the Regular Army, and for the armory training a generous
rate of pay is authorized. National Guard officers and men
may be sent to various service schools and will be paid
during such periods. The National Guard will be subject
to the laws and regulations governing the Army of the United
States from the time that they are required to come into
that service, and after that time there is no evading the
Federal law. A uniform system of courts-martial for the
National Guard is authorized, the limitations of which are
fixed by law. This will tend to uniform procedure and prac-
tice in all the different States. When the National Guard is
drafted into the service of the United States, they will be
entitled to all the rights of the existing pension laws.
In order to encourage target practice, the Secretary of War
is authorized to establish ranges and to supply rifles, ammu-
nition and instructors for rifle clubs in various parts of the
country.
PRESIDENT WILSON CONSISTENT
PRESIDENT WILSON'S attitude on the question of na-
tional defense has been consistent throughout. He has
stood against turning America into a military camp and
against universal compulsory service, but in his first com-
munication to Congress in which he discussed this subject
at length, he declared:
"We must depend in every time of national peril, in
the future as in the past, not upon a standing army, nor
yet upon a reserve army, but upon a citizenry trained
and accustomed to arms. It will be right enough, right
American policy, based upon our accustomed principles
and practices, to provide a system by which every cit-
izen who will volunteer for the training may be made
familiar with the use of modern arms, the rudiments of
drill and maneuver, and the maintenance and sanitation
of camps. We should encourage such training and make
it a means of discipline which our young men will learn
1
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
217
to value. It is right that we should provide it not only,
but that we should make it as attractive as possible.
* * * It is right, too, that the National Guard of the
States should be developed and strengthened by every
means which is not inconsistent with our obligations to
our own people or with the established policy of our
Government. And this, also, not because the time or
occasion specially calls for such measures, but because it
should be our constant policy to make these provisions
for our national peace and safety."
This was the message of the President, delivered in person
to Congress at the first opportunity after the outbreak of the
European war in 1914. In this same message the President
warned the country against nervousness and hysteria. “We
shall easily and sensibly," he predicted, "agree upon a policy
of defense. * * * Our policy will not be for an occasion.
It will be conceived as a permanent and settled thing, which
we will pursue at all seasons, without haste and after a fash-
ion perfectly consistent with the peace of the world, the
abiding friendship of States, and the unhampered freedom
with all whom we deal."
POLICY OUTLINED IN 1915.
One year later, on December 7, 1915, the President defined
at greater length his policy of preparedness and outlined the
program essentially as Congress subsequently enacted it. A
democracy, he declared, is not belligerent and will not main-
tain a large standing army. "War," he said, "has never been
a mere matter of men and guns. It is a thing of disciplined
might. If our citizens are ever to fight effectively upon a
sudden summons, they must know how modern fighting is
done, and what to do when the summons comes to render
themselves immediately available and immediately effective.
And the Government must be their servant in this matter,
must supply them with the training they need to take care of◄
themselves and it."
Industrial preparedness, the ability readily to mobilize the
industries of the country, was also urged by President Wil-
son at this time. "I take it for granted," he said, "that I
do not need your authority to call into systematic consulta-
tion with the directing officers of the Army and Navy men
of recognized leadership and ability from among our citizens
who are thoroughly familiar, for example, with the transpor-
tation facilities of the country and therefore competent to
advise how they may be coordinated when the need arises,
those who can suggest the best way in which to bring about
prompt cooperation among the manufacturers of the country,
should it be necessary, and those who could assist to bring
the technical skill of the country to the aid of the Govern-
ment in the solution of particular problems of defense."
The President has been frequently misquoted and mis-
represented because in his message of December, 1915, he
declared that the Administration "had not been negligent of
national defense. We are not unmindful," he said, "of the
great responsibility resting upon us. We shall learn and
▼
218
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
-
profit by the lesson of every experience and every new cir-
cumstance; and what is needed will be adequately done."
For their own partisan purposes this passage was misunder-
stood by Republican press and politicians, and the impres-
sion was sought to be conveyed that President Wilson had
declared that the country, in his opinion, was adequately
prepared and needed no new legislation, no increase in either
Army and Navy, no modernization of its land and sea de-
fenses. But the President's own words answer this charge
and prove it to have been without basis and unfounded.
MOBILIZATION OF INDUSTRY
UP TO THE WILSON ADMINISTRATION NO
ADMINISTRATION IN THE HISTORY OF THE
UNITED STATES HAD MADE ANY EFFORT TO
COPE WITH THE PROBLEM OF INDUSTRIAL PRE-
PAREDNESS. For decades before the outbreak of the
European war the industries of Germany had been mobilized.
Not only had the Imperial German government tabulated the
manufacturing plants, the railroads and the mines of the
nation with a view to securing prompt cooperation for the
national defense, but the authorities had listed the names of
every citizen so that in time of stress they might know whom
to send to the trenches, whom to call upon for the manu-
facture of munitions, what shops to turn into the control of
the quartermaster's department, and so on. In France, as in
Austria and in Germany, every horse and wagon suitable for
military service was listed and the records were kept by
areas so that at any time the governments could ascertain
in any stated district what horses and wagons were available,
their condition, and their readiness to respond.
THE NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT, PASSED BY THE
▸ DEMOCRATIC CONGRESS, AND SIGNED ON JUNE 3,
1916, BY PRESIDENT WILSON, WAS THE FIRST
TREATMENT, COMPREHENSIVE OR OTHERWISE,
OF THE SUBJECT OF THE MOBILIZATION OF THE
INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
To this Administration belongs the credit, then, of having
prepared, in times of peace, the industries of the United
States for effective use for national defense in time of war.
For the first time in the history of the country an industrial
inventory of the United States was prepared under the di-
rection of the government by the Committee on Industrial
Preparedness of the United States Naval Consulting Board.
This gigantic task, which was virtually completed before the
first of August, 1916, reveals just what plants the country
over can use their equipment to produce the thousands of
things necessary for the Government's use in a national
emergency. By the closest kind of cooperation between
Congress, the Army and Navy Departments of the Federal
Government, and the business interests of the country, a firm
and enduring foundation for the nation's defense has been
raised.
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
219
7
1
ANNUAL REPORTS REQUIRED.
The National Defense Act provides for the sending of an-
nual educational orders to American manufacturers in order
to teach them during peace how to turn out the military and
naval supplies needed in an emergency. An industrial re-
'serve will also be created so that in time of war the skilled
mechanic may be kept at work where his services are most
valuable instead of being sent to the firing line.
Both the inventory and the legislation growing out of it
are the result of a remarkable three months' campaign made
by a volunteer, unpaid organization of business men and engi-
neers created by the Wilson Administration. It marks a new
era in the relations of the engineer, the manufacturer and the
citizen generally in the safeguarding of the national govern-
ment, as well as a much closer coordination between various
governmental agencies. In many states undeveloped re-
sources have been classified and given publicity and new
industries are promised as the result of information gathered.
Business men the country over received the investigators
with the greatest courtesy and cooperation. In only a few
cases did they refuse to give the desired information, and
then usually under a misunderstanding of the committee's
plans, which was quickly cleared up. More than 30,000 con-
cerns, each doing an annual business of over $100,000, were
classified, in addition to many smaller plants with equipment
peculiarly suited to turn out material for the fighting line.
At the time of the Mexican crisis, Chairman Coffin sent out
urgent telegrams to the chairmen of all state boards, sub-
divisions of the Industrial Mobilization Committee, urging
all possible haste in preparing to supply the needs of the
army, and Secretary Baker of the War Department detailed
five regular army officers, two of them members of the Gen-
eral Staff, to the committee headquarters in New York.
Compliance with all orders given by the government for
products or materials is made obligatory and are to take
precedence over all other orders and contracts. Operators
of plants equipped for the manufacture of arms or ammuni-
tion are required to manufacture and furnish these supplies
upon the order of the government at a reasonable price.
COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE.
Important new legislation was enacted in the Army Ap
propriation bill of 1916. The most important single item in
this bill was that which created the Council of National De-
fense for the co-ordination of the industries and resources
for national security and welfare. This Council, the need
for which has long been a set forth by military experts,
and which, incidentally, was never recognized by Republican
Administrations, consists of the Secretaries of War, Navy,
Interior, Agriculture, Commerce and Labor, together with
an advisory commission nominated by the President to
serve patriotically without compensation. By the terms of
the statute it is enacted that the duty of this Council of
National Defense shall be:
220
PREPAREDNESS THAT PREPARES
"To supervise and direct investigations and make
recommendations to the President and the heads of ex-
ecutive departments as to the location of railroads with
reference to the frontier of the United States so as to
render possible expeditious concentration of troops and
supplies to points of defense; the co-ordination of military,
industrial and commercial purposes in the location of
extensive highways and branch lines of railroad; the
utilization of waterways; the mobilization of military and
naval resources for defense; the increase of domestic pro-
duction of articles and materials essential to the sup-
port of armies and of the people during the interruption
of foreign commerce; the development of seagoing trans-
portation; data as to amounts, location, method and
means of production, and availability of military sup-
plies; the giving of information to producers and manu-
facturers as to the class of supplies needed by the military
and other services of the Government, the requirements
relating thereto, and the creation of relations which will
render possible in time of need the immediate concen-
tration and utilization of the resources of the Nation."
#
:
SWISS IDEA ADOPTED.
Another section of the Army Appropriation bill sets aside
$300,000 for the establishment of indoor and outdoor rifle
ranges. These ranges will be under the control of the War
Department in charge of a "director of civilian marksman-
ship," and will be utilized to encourage and train citizens in
the art and science of rifle shooting. This is in line with
the Swiss idea of universal military service, and
paves the way for the accomplisment of President
Wilson's hope that there should be in America,
"a citizenry trained and accustomed to arm."
RAYMOND ROBINS LAUDS WILSON'S MEXICAN
POLICY
"The most skillful, the most courageous, the great-
est statesmanship of the last two years in this
world was the manner in which Wilson averted war
between this country and Mexico. The reason that
the blood of American men-sons of our homes-
is not today reddening the hot sands of Mexico, to
serve the interests of a few corporation magnates
and speculators, is due more to the courage and
constancy of Woodrow Wilson than to any other
factor in American life. I would count myself poor
and small indeed if I were not able to recognize
wisdom, courage and public service, even if it had
been shown by the chief of an opposing party."-
Raymond Robins, speaking at the Chicago Coliseum,
Oct. 19, 1914.
T
A DEMOCRATIC CONGRESS
ESSENTIAL TO PROGRESS
on
Contrast of Democratic
of Democratic Cohesion
With Republican Disunion
Progressive Issues Shows Need
of Re-electing Democrats
WH
HEN you vote in the presidential election this Fall you
will vote not only to elect Woodrow Wilson or
Charles E. Hughes, but to elect an agency of government.
You will vote also to elect Representatives and Senators-
the Congress. The President and the Congress together are
your agents in conducting the government.
If the government is to reflect and carry out your will as to
principles and politics, legislative and executive, these essen-
tial parts of the government must be in sympathy. They
must constitute a harmonious, effective, working whole.
A vast majority of Democrats, a minority of Republicans,
and also the four million-odd men and women who cast
their ballots for the Progressive Party in 1912, favor pro-
gressive government and are opposed to national adminis-
tration biased or controlled by special or selfish interests.
The voters of the United States want government of, for and
by the people. This now means not only government free
of obligation to particular interests and clear of affiliation
with classes, but government-especially important at this
juncture-free of and above foreign influences.
To obtain such a government, we assume, is your will. You
want, then, an agency of government-a President and a
Congress-at liberty and capable of translating your will
into action. You wanted this in 1912; you still want it in
1916. You got it in 1912; you can keep it in 1916.
HOW THE RECORD WAS MADE.
THE ELECTION THIS FALL IS A REFERENDUM
UPON WOODROW WILSON AND UPON THE
GREAT LEGISLATIVE ACHIEVEMENTS WHICH
PERSISTENT, DRIVING CO-OPERATION BETWEEN
THE PRESIDENT AND THE DEMOCRATIC MA-
JORITIES OF HOUSE AND SENATE HAS PÜT
THROUGH. SO CLOSELY UNITED ARE THESE
PROPOSITIONS THAT, IN FACT, THEY ARE THE
SAME. NOT ONE, BUT ALL THE PARTS GO TO
MAKE UP THE AGENCY OR INSTRUMENTALITY OF
THE KIND OF GOVERNMENT YOU WANT.
THE PRESIDENT AND THE SIXTY-THIRD AND
SIXTY-FOURTH CONGRESSES, WORKING TOGETH-
Wan
221
222
WHY A DEMOCRATIC CONGRESS
ER, HAVE MADE THE RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENT
WHICH SETS A NEW HIGH MARK OF ACCOMPLISH-
MENT IN ONE PRESIDENTIAL TERM. THERE
HAS BEEN PROPER ORGANIZED CO-OPERATION
WITHIN THE DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION
FROM THE TOP TO THE BOTTOM OF THE SORT
ESSENTIAL TO THE SUCCESS OF ANY LARGE
ENTERPRISE DEDICATED TO THE PUBLIC IN-
TEREST. IN A SENSE IT IS A MACHINE WHICH IS
INVOLVED; BUT MORE ACCURATE IS THE TERM
THAT HAS HAD WIDE USAGE "THE TEAM." IT
IS "THE TEAM-WORK" DONE BY THE PRESIDENT
AND THE CONGRESS TO WHICH YOU ARE IN-
DEBTED FOR VAST SERVICE RENDERED. IT IS
“THE TEAM" WHICH YOU SHOULD RE-ELECT.
WHAT COULD HUGHES DO?
Pause is proper and to the point before proceeding with
the story of what "The Team" has done and how it did it.
How of the reverse of the picture? What of Mr. Hughes'
team, or steam roller "—or whatever political tractor with
or behind him lies?
<<
How would it work out at Washington if Hughes were
President? His team" inevitably would be the most ill-
assorted, uncompanionable and fractious ever strapped into
harness. What would happen is conclusively forecast by
what has happened.
In the House, September 18, 1913, during the Sixty-third
Congress, 33 Republican Congressmen, 16 Progressives and
1 Independent voted for the Federal Reserve Act, and 77 Re-
publican Congressmen voted against it. In the Senate 6 Re-
publican Senators and 1 Progressive voted for this bill and 34
Repubican Senators against it.
Twelve Republican Senators voted for the Trade Commis-
sion Act August 5, 1914, and 14 Republican Senators voted
against it. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act was supported in
the House June 5, 1914, by 41 Republicans and 15 Progressive
Congressmen and opposed by 52 Republicans. In the Sen-
ate the Clayton Law was supported by 7 Republicans and 1`
Progressive and opposed by 16 Republicans.
i
(6
The great rural credits law was opposed in the Senate
May 4 of this year by 5 Republicans and supported by 16 Re-
publicans. In the House 10 Republicans voted no on this
measure May 15, 1916, and 102 Republican congressmen voted
aye.
REPUBLICANS AGAINST AMERICAN RIGHTS.
Upon the crucial test of Americanism contained in the Gore
and McLemore resolution put to vote in the House and
Senate last March-an outright showdown upon the question
of upholding President Wilson's fight to maintain American
rights at sea-101 Republicans voted not to table and 87
voted to table the McLemore resolution in the House. In
-
;
WHY A DEMOCRATIC CONGRESS
223
the Senate 12 Republican Senators voted not to table and 19
Republicans to table the Gore resolution. Had these resolu-
tions not been tabled President Wilson would have been
shorn of the power to demand German recognition of the
rights of Americans to travel upon the high seas. Whatever
Hughes may say or his partisans may do, this record shows
that 101 of 188 Republican members voting on this question
in the present House and 12 of 31 Republican Senators voting
on the Gore resolution in the present Senate were opposed
to the assertion and, if need be, the defense of essential
American rights.
TO SAY THAT SUCH DIVISIONS WOULD ĆEASE
AND A WORKABLE AGENCY OF GOVERNMENT RE-
SULT UNDER AN ALL-REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRA-
TION IS TO GOSSIP OF DREAMS. TO SAY THAT
HUGHES COULD PROVIDE PROGRESSIVE GOVERN-
MENT IS TO DEAL IN GOSSAMER WORDS, AB-
SURDLY VAGUE AND IMPOSSIBLE. IN PRACTICAL-
LY ALL THE TESTS TO DATE THE REACTIONARY
WING OF THE REPUBLICAN ORGANIZATION HAS
RETAINED A MAJORITY OF ITS OWN PARTY
MEMBERSHIP. TO SPEAK OF THE PENROSES, THE
GALLINGERS, THE SMOOTS, THE JOE CANNONS,
THE JIM MANNS, AND THE JOE FORDNEYS
CHANGING THEIR POLITICAL CASTE AND CHAR-
ACTER IS TO DECLARE IN THE FACE OF AGES OF
TESTIMONY TO THE CONTRARY THAT THE
LEOPARD MAY CHANGE HIS SPOTS.
"TEAM
PULLED TOGETHER.
To return to the Democratic "Team." A retrospect of
the busiest Congressional years of generations shows that
the application of the term
team "
to the work done by the
Democrats in Congress beginning in the 62d Congress and
under Wilson since March 4, 1913, is absolutely fair and
just. Without the constant sympathy and active labor of
the majorities of the House and Senate, the President could
not have succeeded as he has. The following review further
reveals Republican disunion and incompetence and sets forth
the bare record of Democratic unison and organization in
behalf of constructive reforms:
99
<<
-
FEDERAL RESERVE ACT.
H. R. 7837, Sixty-third Congress, first session. Passed
House September 18, 1913, 287 to 85. Conference report
adopted in House December 22, 1913, 298 to 60. On the con-
ference report in the House 245 Democrats voted yes, 2 Dem-
ocrats voted no; 53 Republicans voted yes, 58 Republicans
voted no. Passed Senate December 19, 1913; 47 Democrats
and 7 Republicans voted aye; 34 Republicans and no Demo-
crats voted no.
INCOME TAX CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT.
J
H. R. 21214, Sixty-second Congress, second session, first
passed House March, 1912, by a majority of 213; 178 Demo-
crats voted yes; no Democrat voted no; 75 Republicans voted
yes; 40 Republicans voted no. Passed Senate July 26, 1912,
37-18; 24 Democrats and 13 Republicans voted yes and 18
224
WHY A DEMOCRATIC CONGRESS
*
Republicans voted no. Ratified by three-fourths of the State
Legislatures, although opposed by Charles E. Hughes as
Governor of New York.
ELECTION OF SENATORS BY DIRECT VOTE.
H. J. Res. 39, Sixty-second Congress, first session, passed
House April 13, 1912. Yeas, 296; nays, 16; 185 Democrats
voted yes, 1 Democrat voted no; 110 Republicans voted yes,
15 Republicans voted no. Passed Senate June 12, 1911. Yeas,
64; nays, 24; 33 Democrats voted yes, 31 Republicans voted
yes, 7 Democrats and 17 Republicans voted no. Ratified by
three-fourths of the States and proclaimed as seventeenth
amendment to Constitution by Secretary Bryan May 31, 1913.
ABROGATION OF BOSSISM IN HOUSE.
Rule adopted in House April 5, 1911-Yeas 200, nays 135;
196 Democrats voted yes; no Democrat voted no; 4 Republi-
cans voted yes; 135 Republicans voted no.
UNDERWOOD TARIFF LAW.
H. R. 3231, Sixty-third Congress, first session. Conference
report adopted in House September 30, 1913; 250 Democrats
voted yes; 1 Democrat voted no; 5 Republicans voted yes;
103 Republicans voted no. Passed Senate September 9, 1913,
by 44 to 37, 1 Republican and 1 Progressive voting yes.
Signed by President Wilson October 3, 1913.
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ANTI-INJUNCTION LAW.
S. 8439, Sixty-second Congress, second session. Passed
House May 14, 1912, by a vote to 243 to 31-163 Democrats
voted yes; no Democrats voted no; 80 Republicans voted yes;
31 Republicans voted no. Passed Senate February 25, 1913,
without roll call. Signed by President March 4, 1913.
GOOD ROADS ACT.
H. R. 7617, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. Passed
House January 25, 1916, by 282 to 81; 163 Democrats voted
yes, 13 Democrats voted no, 128 Republicans voted yes, 68
Republicans voted no. Passed Senate May 8, 1916, without
roll call. Signed by President Wilson July 11, 1916.
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT.
H. R. 15613, Sixty-third Congress, first session. Conference
report adopted in House without roll call or division. Passed
Senate August 5, 1914. Yeas, 53; nays, 16; 41 Democrats and
12 Republicans voted yes, and 14 Republicans and 2 Demo-
crats voted no. Signed by President Wilson September 20,
1914.
EIGHT-HOUR DAY.
H. R. 9061, Sixty-second Congress, first session. Passed
House December 14, 1911, without roll call or division. Passed
Senate May 31, 1912; 25 Democrats and 20 Republicans voted
yes; 11 Republicans and no Democrats voted no. Yeas, 45;
nays, 11. Signed June 19, 1912.
RUCKER CORRUPT PRACTICES BILL.
H. R. 15842, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. Passed
House July 15, 1916, without roll call or division.
SAFETY OF RAILWAY EMPLOYEES.
S. 3769, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. Passed House
April 28, 1916, without roll call or division. Passed Senate
April 20, 1916, without roll call. Signed by President Wilson
May 4, 1916.
SEAMEN'S LAW.
S. 136, Sixty-third Congress, first session. Passed House
August 27, 1914, without roll call or division.. Passed Senate
October 23, 1913, without roll call or division. Signed by
President Wilson March 4, 1915.
مهم
WHY A DEMOCRATIC CONGRESS
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CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT.
Passed House 277 to 54, June 5, 1914, ayes 221 Democrats,
41 Republicans and 15 Progressives and Independents; noes
52 Republicans, 1 Progressive and 1 Democrat. Passed
Senate 46 to 16, August 5, 1914, ayes Democrats 43, Republi-
cans 7 and Progressives 1; noes Republicans 16.
WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION.
H. R. 15316, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. Passed
House July 12, 1916, by a vote of 285 to 2-145 Democrats
voted yes; 1 Democrat voted no; 140 Republicans voted yes;
1 Republican voted no.
RURAL CREDITS.
S. 2986, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session, passed House
May 15, 1916, by a vote of 295 to 10; 186 Democrats voted
yes; no Democrat voted no; 108 Republicans and Progessives
voted yes, 10 Republicans voted no. Passed Senate May 4,
1916-yeas 57, nays 5; 41 Democrats and 16 Republicans voted
yes; 5 Republicans and no Democrats voted no. Signed by
President Wilson July 17, 1916.
BILL TO PREVENT GAMBLING IN FARM PRODUCTS.
Amendment to H. R. 12717, Sixty-fourth Congress, first
session, Passed House May 2, 1916, as amendment to agri-
cultural appropriation bill. Vote on amendment was 107 to
21 on division. Passed Senate July 12, 1916, by acclamation.
WAREHOUSE ACT.
Amendment to H. R. 12717, Sixty-fourth Congress, first
session. Passed House May 2, 1915, as amendment to agri-
cultural appropriation bill. The vote was 286 to 42; 163
Democrats voted yes; 11 Democrats voted no; 125 Republi-
cans voted yes; 31 Republicans voted no. Passed Senate July
12, 1916, by acclamation.
GRAIN-GRADES ACT.
H. R. 12717, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. Passed
House May 2, 1916, as an amendment to Agricultural appro-
priation bill without roll call or division. Passed Senate July
12, 1916, by acclamation.
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ACT.
H. R. 7951, Sixty-third Congress, second session. Confer-
ence report adopted in House May 2, 1914, without roll call
or división. Passed Senate February 7, 1914, without roll call.
Signed by President Wilson May 8, 1914.
WAR REVENUE AND TARIFF COMMISSION ACT.
H. R. 16763, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. Passed
House July 10, 1916; 200 Democrats voted yes; no Democrat
voted no; 36 Republicans voted yes; 139 Republicans voted
no.
WAR RISK BUREAU ACT.
S. 6357, Sixty-third Congress, second session. Passed House
August 29, 1914, by 230 to 58. 131 Democrats voted yes; no
Democrat voted no; 39 Republicans voted yes; 56 Republicans
voted no. Passed Senate August 21, 1914, without roll call.
Signed by President Wilson September 2, 1914.
SHIP-PURCHASE ACT.
H. R. 15455, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. Passed
House May 20, 1916, by a vote of 211 to 161; 194 Democrats
voted yes; no Democrat voted no; 16 Republicans voted yes;
161 Republicans voted no. Passed Senate August 18, 1916,
38 to 21, a party vote.
226
WHY A DEMOCRATIC CONGRESS.
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PHILIPPINE ACT.
S. 381, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. Passed House
May 1, 1916, without roll call or division. Passed Senate
February 4, 1916; yeas, 52; nays, 24; 6 Republicans and 46
Democrats voted yes; 24 Republicans and no Democrats
voted no.
In the winter of 1914-1915, before the 64th Congress elected
in the fall of 1914 came in, the work of the 63d Congress was
carried on. To its already great record were added the Har-
rison Narcotics Act and the Coast Guard Act. The Ship
Purchase Bill, for the relief, encouragement and development
of our merchant marine, was pushed almost to the point of
passage, but was defeted by a Republican filibuster.
"TEAM'S " GOOD WORK CONTINUES.
The 64th Congress, controlled throughout by Democrats,
began its work in December, 1915, and has continued with the
same courage, co-operation and unflagging industry, the
completion of Wilson's programme. The above enumeration
points eloquently to results. There are now a Rural Credits
Law, a Good Roads Law, a Shipping Law, a Child Labor
Law, a Workingmen's Compensation Law, the Warehouse
and Grain Grades Acts, etc.
At no time has the "Team" dodged, shirked, or turned
back. Therefore is not the "Team" entitled to the only re-
ward for its conscientious, efficient service which the public
can give to wit, its retention in harness?
}
There is an aspect far larger than that of reward. Much of
the conservation programme remains to be put through.
There must be legislative support in order to insure efficient
administration of the new public service laws. The services
of the “Team" are as absolutely necessary now for proper
safeguarding of the future as they have been for the per-
formance of an essential work of reconstruction in the past.
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IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT CONGRESS REMAIN IN
SYMPATHY WITH THE GREAT PURPOSES OF THE
WILSON ADMINISTRATION. OF WHAT COM-
PLEXION SHOULD SUCH CONGRESS BE-A CON-
GRESS OF THE TYPE WHICH HAS LABORED SO
FAITHFULLY AND EFFECTIVELY IN HARMONY
WITH PRESIDENT WILSON, OR A CONGRESS CON-
TROLLED BY REACTIONARY, INTEREST SERVING
REPUBLICAN "BOSSES"? A REACTIONARY CON-
GRESS WOULD AT ONCE SET OUT TO DO EVERY-
THING IN ITS POWER TO OVERTHROW, CRIPPLE
AND NEGATE WOODROW WILSON'S PROGRESSIVE
ENACTMENTS. THIS WOULD INEVITABLY LEAD·
TO THE DISTURBANCE OF BUSINESS CONDITIONS.
THERE WOULD BE ANOTHER TARIFF AGITATION.
IT WOULD BE TAKING A NEEDLESS AND SERIOUS
RISK, IF NOT CERTAINLY INVITING THE LOSS OF
OUR PRESENT PROSPERITY. WHY CHANCE SUCH
A CATASTROPHE?
W
It was a national blessing that when the European crisis
burst the American Government was in smooth working order
and in safe hands. Millions of Americans since that time,
7
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
227
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as successive questions of increasing gravity have arisen,
have thanked Providence that President Wilson was at the
helm of Government in the United States.
The old sound, homely-wise argument against swapping
horses while crossing a stream enters here; and, to expand
the illustration and fit it more nearly to the case, most as-
suredly no one in his sober senses would split his team in
the middle of a ford at flood stage.

POPULAR ELECTION OF SENATORS.
By William Jennings Bryan.
IN
N 1892, the Democratic House of Representatives,
elected in 1890, passed for the first time a joint
resolution submitting an amendment to the Federal
Constitution providing for the popular election of
United States Senators. This was the first congres-
sional action taken towards the securing of this
great reform. A similar resolution was passed
by the House of Representatives, also Democratic, in
the following congress. After passing four more
times through the House of Representatives it passed
the Senate in 1912 and was rapidly ratified by the
states, so that on May 31, 1913, it became a part of
the constitution of the United States.
While no party can claim the entire credit for the
adoption of a constitutional amendment-since it re-
quires the support of two-thirds of both houses of
Congress and ratification by three-fourths of the
states-still it is worth while to note; first, that it
was a Democratic House that first approved the
policy; second, that the proposed amendment was
indorsed in the Democratic National platforms of
1900, 1904, and 1908, while it was ignored by the
Republican National conventions of 1900 and 1904,
and WAS REJECTED BY A VOTE OF SEVEN
TO ONE IN THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL
CONVENTION OF 1908.
The amendment was submitted to the states be-
fore the Democratic National convention of 1912 was
held but the Democratic platform of that year
URGED THE RATIFICATION, while the Repub-
lican National platform was silent on this subject.
It will be seen, therefore, that the Democratic
party has shown itself the constant friend of popular
election of Senators while the REPUBLICAN
LEADERS HAVE DONE LITTLE OR NOTH-
ING TO AID THIS EPOCH-MAKING REFORM.
THE MASSES of all parties have favored this re-
form, as they do all reforms increasing the people's
power over the government.
DEFEAT THESE MEN!
Negative Votes On Federal Reserve
Act and Rural Credits Puts
Reactionary Brand On Many
Republican Congressmen
.
HE Federal Reserve Act is conceded to be the greatest
remedial statute enacted in the United States for half a
century. It has served as the cradle for and now is the solid
foundation and bulwark of the unprecedented prosperity of
the United States. The Republican members of the Senate
and House who voted against this bill on passage in the
House and Senate in the 63d Congress, who now are candi-
dates for re-election or are candidates for any other elective
office in this country, should be defeated. They voted
against progress, against financial safety, against relief from
Wall Street's domination of the Nation's credits; and voted
for a continuance of articficial panics, for a monopoly of
credit by a few and for political and financial reaction along
the most vicious lines.
The names of the men who voted against the reformation
of the currency system in the Senate and House follow:
Anderson, Minn.
Barchfeld, Pa.
Burke, Pa.
Curry, Cal.
Edmonds, Pa.
Good, Iowa
Greene, Mass.
Hamilton, N. Y.
Humphrey, Wash. Johnson, Utah
Kennedy, Ia.
Anthony, Kans.
Barton, Neb.
Butler, Pa.
Davis, Minn.
Fordney, Mich.
Graham, Pa.
Griest, Pa.
Hawley, Ore.
EILE
HOUSE.
REPUBLICAN.
Austin, Tenn.
Britten, Ill.
Calder, N. Y.
Dunn, N. Y.
French, Idaho
Greene, Iowa
Guernsey, Me.
Hinds, Me.
Johnson, Wash.
Kiess, Pa.
La Follette,
Madden, Ill.
Morgan, Okla.
Roberts, Mass.
Roberts, Nev.
Shreve, Pa.
Steenerson, Minn.
Treadway, Mass.
Willis, Ohio
Kennedy, R. I.
Knowland, J. R., Kreider, Pa.
McKenzie, Ill.
Moore, Pa.
Mott, N. Y.
Powers, Ky.
Sells, Tenn.
Sloan, Neb.
Towner, Iowa
Wallin, N. Y.
PROGRESSIVES.
Cal.
Langham, Pa.
Mondell, Wyo.
Plumley, Vt.
Scott, Ia.
Slemp, Va.
Switzer, Ohio
Volstead, Minn.
Woods, Ia.
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Temple, Pa.
Walters, Pa.
PROGRESSIVE-REPUBLICAN.
Copley, Ill.
SENATE.
REPUBLICAN.
Avis, W. Va.
Browning, N. J.
Campbell, Kan.
Dyer, Mo.
Gillett, Mass.
Green, Vt.
Hamilton, Mich.
Howell, Utah
Kahn, Cal.
Kinkaid, Neb.
Langley, N. Y.
Mann, Ill.
Morin, Pa.
Platt, N. Y.
Roberts, Nev.
Sinnott, Ore.
Sutherland, W.Va.
Var, Pa.
Winslow,
Mass.
Catron, N. M.
Dillingham, Vt.
Gronna, S. D.
Lippitt, R I.
Oliver, Pa.
Sherman, Ill.
Sutherland; Utah
Brandagee, Conn.
Borah, Idaho
Bristow, Kan.
Colt, R. I.
Brady, Idaho
Burton, Ohio
Cummins, Iowa
Goff, W. Va.
Nelson, Minn.
Gallinger, N. H.
Kenyon, Iowa
雞雞
​McLean, Conn.
Penrose, Pa.
Root, N. Y.
Warren,. Wyo.
Smoot, Utah
Works, Cal.
The same is true of the Federal Farm Loan Act or Rural
Credits law. This measure is expected and, in the practically
Clapp, Minn.
Du Pont, Del.
Jackson, Md.
McCumber, N. D.
Page, Ver.
Smith, Mich.
Townsend, Mich.
1
228
DEFEAT THESE MEN
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unanimous opinion of experts, regarded as certain to lead
quickly to a phenomenal expansion and development of the
agricultural resources of the country. The five Republican
Senators constituting the entire negative vote were:
Browning, N. J.
Gillett, Mass.
Moore, Pa.
In the House the 10 negative votes, all Republicans, were
cast against the conference report on rural credits:
Brandegee, Conn.
Oliver, Pa.
Page, Vt.
Lodge, Mass.
Wadsworth, N. Y.
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Dale, Vt.
Gray, N. J.
Oakey, Conn.
Edmonds, Pa.
Greene, Vt.
Parker, N. J.
GORE-McLEMORE TEST.
NEW YORK GLOBE (Ind.), March 8, 1916:
"The vote in Congress is full and fair warning that
'strict accountability is no longer an academic doctrine.
It has been provided with teeth * */ *. The President
has handled a difficult problem with great skill and the
highest kind of courage."
(6
NEW YORK EVENING SUN (Repn.), March 8, 1916:
"The machinations designed to embarrass the Presi-
dent in his difficult dealings with Germany could not
stand against the light of day * * *. With the Presi-
dent in undisputed charge of dealings with Germany the
foreign situation is as it should be."
Gardner, Mags.
Kennedy, B. I.
Walsh, Mass
CLEVELAND PLAIN DEALER (Ind.), March 8, 1916:
The House, like the Senate, backs the President. The
nations of Europe are given notice that the country up-
holds the Chief Executive in his handling of foreign rela-
tions *
PRESIDENT WILSON WILL EX-
ERT EVERY EFFORT IN THE FUTURE, AS HE
HAS IN THE PAST, TO KEEP THIS NATION OUT
OF WAR WHILE PRESERVING ITS HONOR. HE
IS ENTITLED TO THE ASSISTANCE OF EVERY
AMERICAN AS HE CONTINUES TO INSIST, IN
THE FACE OF THE BITTEREST BELLIGERÉNT
DENUNCIATION, THAT INTERNATIONAL LAW
SHALL BE UPHELD, THAT THE RIGHTS OF
HUMANITY SHALL NOT BE CRUSHED TO SUIT
THE CONVENIENCE OF ANY POWER AT WAR
AND THAT AMERICANS ON THE SEAS SHALL
CONTINUE TO HAVE THE PROTECTION OF
THE AMERICAN FLAG.”
PHILADELPHIA LEDGER (Ind.):
"Even though the House by a decisive vote yesterday
sustained the President, it is humiliating to think that a
third of the members deliberately put themselves on the
wrong side of this vital question. What private griefs
they had which made them do it, there is no occasion. to
inquire. But these reasons must lie discernible either to
their patriotism or to their intelligence."
ST. LOUIS GLOBE DEMOCRAT (Repn.):
The action of the House of Representatives in tabling
the McLemore resolution warning Americans from
armed belligerent ships is a victory for the President, for
constitutional methods of procedure, and, in a way, for
the American people. * *
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ད་
REPUBLICANS SUPPORT
THE WILSON POLICIES
Votes of Congressmen of all Parties
Record Sweeping Indorsement
of Wilson Administration's
Principal Measures
THE
HE mute story told by the journal of the aye and nay
votes in the House and Senate during two Congresses
demonstrates that service of the whole people, not partisan
advantage or advancement, has inspired the great construc-
tive legislative program of the Wilson administration.
FOR ALL THE GREAT REMEDIAL ENACTMENTS
IN THE RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENT SOME OF THE
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE OPPOSITION PARTIES
IN HOUSE OR SENATE VOTED.
FOR OTHERS A MAJORITY OF THE REPUBLI-
CANS AND PROGRESSIVE CONGRESSMEN AND
SENATORS, AS WELL AS THE DEMOCRATS, VOTED.
FOR STILL OTHERS ALL THE CONGRESSMEN
AND SENATORS OF ALL PARTIES VOTED. IN
OTHER WORDS, SEVERAL IMPORTANT BILLS CAR-
RYING OUT REFORMS FOR WHICH THE COUNTRY
HAD WAITED YEARS-AND THAT WERE PRE-
VENTED FROM REACHING A VOTE BY THE
STRONG-ARM METHODS OF BOSS-RIDDEN REPUB-
LICAN CONGRESSES-WERE PASSED BY ACCLA-
MATION AFTER DEMOCRATS HAD LET DOWN THE
LEGISLATIVE BARS AT WASHINGTON.
G
The vote is the acid test. In the Congressman it represents
his final decision which cannot be altered and from which
no retreat is possible. Partisan considerations are always
an important factor in deciding a Congressman's vote. If
he be of the minority, he is predisposed to vote AGAINST
measures sponsored by the party in power. If he vote FOR
such measures, it is proof positive that those measures are
so thoroughly good, so essential to the public welfare, that
he dare not vote against them.
THE FOLLOWING REVIEW SHOWING NON-DEMO-
CRATIC SUPPORT OF DEMOCRATIC BILLS THERE-
FORE MIRRORS THE TRUE ESTIMATE PLACED
UPON THE PRINCIPAL DEMOCRATIC ENACTMENTS
BY MANY OF "THE ENEMY" DURING THE LAST
THREE AND ONE-HALF YEARS. IT CONSTITUTES
IMPORTANT EXHIBIT IN THE CASE OF WOODROW
WILSON AND DEMOCRACY VS. HUGHES AND RE-
ACTIONARY REPUBLICANISM, SOON TO BE SUB-
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SUPPORT FROM ALL PARTIES
231
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MITTED TO JURY. IT IS CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE
THAT REPUBLICAN LEADERS SHOULD EITHER
STOP CRITICIZING DEMOCRATIC MEASURES AND
POLICIES OR STOP VOTING FOR THEM IN CON-
GRESS.
Following is a review of the votes upon the more important
bills passed by House and Senate during the 63rd and 64th
Congress, giving the names of Republicans, Progressives,
Progressive-Republicans, Independents, and Socialists who
supported each measure.
SIXTY-THIRD CONGRESS.
UNDERWOOD TARIFF ACT.
Supported on passage in the House May 8, 1913, by three
Republicans, three Progressives and one Independent; and
in the Senate September 7, 1913, by one Republican and one
Progressive. The members so voting were:
HOUSE.
REPUBLICANS.
William J. Cary (Wis.).
James Manahan (Minn.).
William H. Stafford (Wis.).
INDEPENDENT.
William Kent (Cala.).
PROGRESSIVES.
M. Clyde Kelly (Penn.).
Wm. J. MacDonald (Mich.).
Arthur R. Rupley (Penn.).
SENATE.
REPUBLICANS.
PROGRESSIVE.
Robt. M. La Follette (Wis.). Miles Poindexter (Wash.).
CURRENCY REFORM.
The Federal Reserve Act was supported in the House by
thirty-five Republicans and thirteen Progressives, and in the
Senate by three Republicans and one Progressive, as follows:
HOUSE.
REPUBLICANS.
Silas R. Barton (Neb.).
Chas. H. Burke (So. Dak.).
Henry A. Cooper (Wis.).
Louis C. Cramton (Mich.).
John R. Farr (Penn.).
James A. Frear (Wis.).
H. T. Helgesen (No. Dak.).
Patrick H. Kelley (Mich.).
Edgar R. Kiess (Penn.).
Gilbert N. Haugen (Iowa).
Moses P. Kinkaid (Neb.).
W. L. La Follette (Wash.).
Irvine L. Lenroot (Wis.).
Clarence B. Miller (Minn.).
H. H. Moss, Jr. (W. Va.).
John M. Nelson (Wis.).
P. D. Norton (N. Dak.).
Nicholas J. Sinnott (Ore.).
Charles F. Curry (Cal.).
Charles R. Davis (Minn.).
Chas. H. Dillon (So. Dak.).
John J. Esch (Wis.).
Charles H. Sloan (Neb.).
J. M. C. Smith (Mich.).
Samuel Smith (Mich.).
George R. Smith (Minn.).
William H. Stafford (Wis.).
F. C. Stevens (Minn.).
Howard Sutherland (W. V.).
A. T. Treadway (Mass.).
Geo. M. Young (No. Dak.).
James Manahan (Minn.).
Carl E. Mapes (Mich.).
William D. Stephens (Cal.).
F. O. Lindquist (Mich.).
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SUPPORT FROM ALL PARTIES
سم
PROGRESSIVES.
Charles W. Bell (Cal.).
James W. Bryan (Wash.).
Walter M. Chandler (N.
Y.).
J. A. Falconer (Wash.).
W. J. Hulings (Penn.).
M. Clyde Kelly (Penn.).
John I. Nolan (Cal.).
SENATE.
REPUBLICANS.
Wesley L. Jones (Wash.). George W. Norris (Neb.).
John W. Weeks (Mass.).
PROGRESSIVE.
Miles Poindexter (Wash.).
A. W. Lafferty (Ore.).
Victor Murdock (Kan.).
H. W. Temple (Penn.).
W. J. MacDonald (Mich.).
Charles M. Thomson (Ill.).
A. R. Rupley (Penn.).
Roy C. Woodruff (Mich.).
CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT.
Supported in the House by forty-one Republicans and
fifteen Progressives and in the Senate by six Republicans
and one Progressive. These men were:
HOUSE.
REPUBLICANS.
Anderson, of Minnesota.
Burke, of South Dakota.
Cramton, of Michigan.
Davis, of Minnesota.
Farr, of Pennsylvania.
French, of Idaho.
Good, of Iowa.
Greene, of Vermont.
Hawley, of Oregon.
Johnson, of Washington.
Kennedy, of Iowa.
La Follette, of Washington.
McKenzie, of Illinois.
Mapes, of Michigan.
Morgan, of Oklahoma.
Porter, of Pennsylvania.
Scott, of Iowa.
Sloan, of Nebraska.
Smith, J. M. C., of Mich-
igan.
Towner, of Iowa.
Bell, of California.
Copley, of Illinois.
Hinebaugh, of Illinois.
Kelly, of Pennsylvania.
MacDonald, of Michigan.
Nolan, of California.
Temple, of Pennsylvania.
Woodruff, of Michigan.
PROGRESSIVES.
Barton, of Nebraska.
Campbell, of Kansas.
Curry, of California.
Dillon, of South Dakota.
Frear, of Wisconsin.
Gardner, of Massachusetts.
Green, of Iowa.
Haugen, of Iowa.
Helgesen, of North Dakota.
Kelley, of Michigan.
Kinkaid, of Nebraska.
Lenroot, of Wisconsin.
McLaughlin, of Michigan.
Mondell, of Wyoming.
Moss, of West Virginia.
Roberts, of Nevada.
Sinnott, of Oregon.
Smith, of Idaho.
Sutherland, of W. Virginia.
Vare, of Pennsylvania.
Woods, of Iowa.
Clapp, of Minnesota.
Cummins, of Iowa.
Jones, of Washington.
Bryan, of Washington.
Falconer, of Washington.
Hulings, of Pennsylvania.
Lindbergh, of Minnesota.
Murdock, of Kansas.
Rupley, of Pennsylvania.
Thomson, of Illinois.
SENATE.
REPUBLICANS.
Kenyon, of Iowa.
Norris, of Nebraska.
Perkins, of California.
PROGRESSIVE.
Miles Poindexter (Wash.).
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SUPPORT FROM ALL PARTIES
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PANAMA TOLLS REPEAL.
President Wilson's stand for repeal of the tolls exemption
clause of the Panama Canal Act also was strongly supported
in all parties. In the House 1 Independent, 2 Progressive and
23 Republican Congressmen voted with a large majority of
the Democrats to pass the bill. In the Senate 13 Republicans
and 1 Progressive voted with the President. These Congress-
men and Senators were:
HOUSE.
REPUBLICANS.
Britten, Illinois.
Madden, Illinois.
McKenzie, Illinois.
Good, Iowa.
Green, Iowa.
Haugen, Iowa.
Prouty, Iowa.
Gardner, Massachusetts.
Gillette, Massachusetts.
Hamilton, Michigan.
Anderson, Minnesota.
Davis, Minnesota.
Thomson, Illinois.
PROGRESSIVES.
Lindbergh, Minnesota.
Steenerson, Minnesota.
Stevens, Minnesota.
Volstead, Minnesota.
Bartholdt, Missouri.
Danforth, New York.
Helgensen, North Dakota.
Brown, Wisconsin.
Lenroot, Wisconsin.
Stafford, Wisconsin.
Esch, Wisconsin.
Copley, Illinois.
INDEPENDENT.
Kent, California.
Brandegee, Connecticut.
Burton, Ohio.
Colt, Rhode Island.
Crawford, South Dakota.
Gronna, North Dakota.
Kenyon, Iowa.
McCumber, North Dakota.
SENATE.
REPUBLICANS.
McLean, Connecticut.
Nelson, Minnesota.
Norris, Nebraska.
Root, New York.
Sherman, Illinois.
Sterling, South Dakota.
PROGRESSIVE.
Poindexter, of Washington.
WAR EMERGENCY MEASURES.
The European military upheaval paralyzed world trade and
closed stock exchanges in every quarter of the globe. It
precipitated a financial crisis without an example in this
country. At once, however, the Wilson Administration met
the two greatest issues which the situation presented. To
relieve the financial strain, the issuance of Treasury notes
was proposed to Congress and Congress UNANIMOUSLY
indorsed the proposal. The issuance of these notes, in con-
junction with huge deposits of Government funds made by
Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo, successfully met the
financial problem.
The second great question was that of providing the means
of acquiring ships to carry American food to Europe and to
convey American merchandise to other quarters of the world.
This was accomplished with equal expedition by the passage
of the act admitting foreign ships of whatever age to Amer-
ican registry, when purchased by Americans.
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234
SUPPORT FROM ALL PARTIES
-
The European war emergency bills, including the ship reg-
istry bill, were passed UNANIMOUSLY in their original
form. The conference report on the ship registry measure,
however, brought about a sharp fight and a record vote in
the Senate. This fight involved the wholly domestic ques-
tion of whether the coastwise trade should be opened up to
foreign ships which might be purchased under the bill. A
provision admitting such ships to the coastwise trade was
inserted in conference and was not a part of the original
Administration bill. With this provision finally eliminated,
the bill passed 40 to 20—12 Republican Senators voting aye.
The 12 were:
EDWIN C. BURLEIGH, Maine.
THEODORE E, BURTON, Ohio.
W. P. DILLINGHAM, Vermont.
LE BARON B. COLT, Rhode Island.
ALBERT B. FALL, New Mexico.
THOMAS STERLING, South Dakota.
J. H. GALLINGER, New Hampshire.
P. J. McCUMBER, North Dakota.
KNUTE NELSON, Minnesota.
BOIES PENROSE, Pennsylvania.
G. C. PERKINS, California.
JOHN W. WEEKS, Massachusetts.
A third great measure of relief, under which the United
States Government assumes the war risks upon American
cargoes, was passed by the Senate unanimously. In the
House the bill was opposed by Republican Leader Mann,
but was passed by the large margin of 230 to 58.
MEXICAN EMERGENCY RESOLUTION:
4
In the so-called Mexican Emergency resolution President
Wilson asked authority" to use the armed forces of the
United States in such ways and to such an extent as may be
necessary to obtain from General Huerta and his adherents
the fullest recognition of the rights and dignity of the United
States, even amidst the distressing conditions now unhap-
pily existing in Mexico."
Its passage was followed by the American occupation of
Vera Cruz, which brought about Huerta's elimination from
Mexican affairs. Small minorities in both Houses forced this
test upon the President's Mexican policy to vote in both
Houses in April, 1914, with the result that the President was
sustained not only by the Democratic vote but by 24 Repub-
licans and 1 Progressive in the Senate and by 77 Republicans
and 14 Progressives in the House. The latter were:
SENATE.
REPUBLICANS.
W. E. Borah, Idaho.
W. O. Bradley, Kentucky.
J. H. Brady, Idaho.
E. C. Burleigh, Maine.
T. B. Catron, New Mexico.
C. D. Clark, Wyoming.
LeB. B. Colt, Rhode Island.
A. B. Fall, New Mexico.
Nathan Goff, W. Virginia.
Knute Nelson, Minnesota.
C. S. Page, Vermont.
Boies Penrose, Pennsylvania.
G. C. Perkins, California.
L. Y. Sherman, Illinois.
George Sutherland, Utah.
C. E. Townsend, Michigan.
F. E. Warren, Wyoming.
C. I. Crawford, So. Dakota.
F
f
/
SUPPORT FROM ALL PARTIES
235
W. L. Jones, Washington.
P. J. McCumber, N. Dakota.
G. P. McLean, Connecticut.
PROGRESSIVE.
Miles Poindexter, Washington.
HOUSE.
REPUBLICANS.
Austin, Tennessee.
Barchfeld, Pennsylvania.
Browne, Wisconsin.
Calder, New York.
Cramton, Michigan.
Greene, Massachusetts.
Griest, Pennsylvania.
Hamilton, New York.
Helgesen, North Dakota.
Humphrey, Washington.
Kelley, Michigan.
Kennedy, Rhode Island.
Kinkaid, Nebraska.
Langley, Kentucky.
Lindbergh, Minnesota.
McKenzie, Illinois.
Manahan, Minnesota.
Miller, Minnesota.
Morgan, Oklahoma.
Mott, New York.
Parker, New York.
Peters, Maine.
Avis, West Virginia.
Barton, Nebraska.
Burke, South Dakota.
Cooper, Wisconsin.
Curry, California.
Dillon, South Dakota.
Dyer, Missouri.
Esch, Wisconsin.
Fess, Ohio.
Graham, Pennsylvania.
Greene, Vermont.
Hamilton, Michigan.
Haugen, Iowa.
Hinds, Maine.
Keister, Pennsylvania.
Kennedy, Iowa.
Kiess, Pennsylvania.
A. B. Cummins, Iowa.
W. S. Kenyon, Iowa.
Thos. Sterling, So. Dakota.
Bryan, Washington.
Falconer, Washington.
Hulings, Pennsylvania.
Lewis, Pennsylvania.
Murdock, Kansas.
Rupley, Pennsylvania.
Walters, Pennsylvania.
Danforth, New York.
Dunn, New York.
Edmonds, Pennsylvania.
Farr, Pennsylvania.
Frear, Wisconsin.
Kreider, Pennsylvania.
Lenroot, Wisconsin.
McGuire, Oklahoma.
McLaughlin, Michigan.
Mapes, Michigan.
Moore, Pennsylvania.
Moss, West Virginia.
Nelson, Wisconsin.
Patton, Pennsylvania.
Porter, Pennsylvania.
Prouty, Iowa.
Roberts, Nevada.
Scott, Iowa.
Sinnot, Oregon.
Sloan, Nebraska.
Smith (J. M. C.) Michigan.
Smith (S. W., Michigan.
Stephens, California.
Switzer, Ohio.
Treadway, Massachusetts.
Wallin, New York.
Young, North Dakota.
Roberts, Massachusetts.
Rogers, Massachusetts.
Shreve, Pennsylvania.
Slemp, Virginia.
Smith, Idaho.
Smith, Minnesota.
Stafford, Wisconsin.
Sutherland, West Virginia.
Towner, Iowa.
Vare, Pennsylvania.
Willis, Ohio.
PROGRESSIVES.
✔
Chandler, New York.
Hinebaugh, Illinois.
Lafferty, Oregon.
MacDonald, Michigan.
Nolan, California.
Thomson, Illinois.
Woodruff, Michigan.
THE SMITH-LEVER AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
_ACT, THE INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES' ARBITRA-
TION ACT, THE SEAMEN'S ACT AND THE ANTI-
NARCOTIC ACT passed both Houses by acclamation.
THE COAST GUARD ACT, placing the former revenue
cutter and life-saving services upon a military basis, passed
the Senate by acclamation and was supported in the House
by 60 Republicans, 5 Progressive-Republicans, 6 Progressives
and 1 Independent.
1
236
SUPPORT FROM ALL PARTIES
"
•
SIXTY-FOURTH CONGRESS
In the Sixty-fourth Congress, though the Democratic ma-
jority was reduced and a Presidential election impended, the
Republican members continued to vote in large numbers for
Democratic bills. The inducement to prevent a united minor-
ity front on the more important measures, in order to create
issues for use in the campaign, was even greater. Neverthe-
less the proposed enactments brought forward by the Demo-
crats were so good that many Republican and representatives
of other opposition parties continued to vote for them.
RURAL CREDITS.
Upon the Rural Credits Bill, which has now become the
companion law of the Federal Reserve Act, 16 Republicans
in the Senate and 101 Republicans, 2 Progressives, 2 Pro-
gressive-Republicans, and 1 Socialist in the House voted aye.
These men were:
Austin, Tenn.
Anderson, Minn.
Britten, Ill.
Capstick, N. J.
Cooper, W. Va.
Danforth, N. Y.
Dillon, S. D.
Esch, Wis.
Glynn, Ct.
Hadley, Wash.
Helgeson, N. D.
Hull, Iowa
Kelly, Mich.
Kreider, Pa.
Loud, Mich.
McKenzie, Ill.
Matthews, Ohio
Mudd, Md.
Platt, N. Y.
Ricketts, Ohio
Russell, Ohio
Slemp, Va.
Smith, Minn.
Sutherand, W.Va.
Towner, Ia.
Williams, T.S., Ill.
Woods, Ia.
HOUSE.
REPUBLICANS.
Browne, Wis.
Cary, Wis.
Crampton, Mich.
Davis, Minn.
Dowell, Ia.
Foss, Ohio
Good, Iowa
Hamilton, Mich.
Hernandez, N. M.
James, Mich.
Kennedy, Ia.
La Follette, Wis.
McArthur, Ore.
McKinley, Ill.
Meeker, Mo.
Nichols, Mich.
Powers, Ky.
Roberts, Nev.
Scott, Mich.
Sloan, Neb.
Stafford, Wis.
Sweet, Ia.
Volstead, Minn.
Wiiliams, Ohio
Bacharach, N. J.
Campbell, Kan.
Charles, N. Y.
Curry, Cal.
Dempsey, N.Y.
Drukker, N. J.
Fordney, Mich.
Green, Ia.
Haugen, Ia.
Hicks, N. Y.
Johnson, Wash,
King, Ill.
Lenroot, Wis.
McCracken, Ida.
Mann, Ill.
Miller, Pa.
Norton, N. J.
Ramseyer, Ia.
Rodenberg, Ill.
Sells, Tenn.
Smith, Ida
Sterling, Ill.
Switzer, Ohio
Wason, N. H.
Wilson, Ill.
PROGRESSIVES.
Elston, Cal.
SOCIALIST.
Meyer London, N. Y.
Britt, N. C.
Cannon, Ill.
Cooper, Ohio
Dallinger, Mass.
Dennison, Ill.
Ellsworth, Minn.
Foss, Ill.
Guernsey, Me.
Hawley, Ore.
Howell, Utah
Kearns, Ohio
Kinkaid, Neb.
Longworth, Ohio
McFadden, Pa.
Mapes, Mich.
Morgan, Okla.
Paige, Mass.
Reavis, Neb.
Rogers, Mass.
Sinnot, Ore.
Smith, Mich.
Sulloway, N. H.
Timberlake, Col.
Wheeler, Ill.
Wood, Ind.
PROGRESSIVE-REPUBLICAN.
Stephens, Cal.
1
Schall, Minn.
GOOD ROADS.
The new Good Roads Act for the development of the
American Highway System, which is a certain boon to the..
general public, was supported in the House by 105 Repub-
licans, one Progressive-Republican, one Progressive, one Pro-
hibitionist, one Progressive-Protectionist, and one Socialist.
This measure was passed in the Senate and a conference re-
port was agreed to in both Houses by acclamation. The non-
Democratic members voting for the bill in the House were:
SUPPORT FROM ALL PARTIES
237
Jakke
Anderson, Minn.
Britt, N. C.
Butler, Pa.
Cary, Wis.
Costello, Pa.
Darrow, Pa.
Dillon, S. D.
Esch, Wis.
Fuller, Ill.
Green, Ia.
Haugen, Ia.
Helgesen, N. D.
Hollinsgworth, Oh.
Hull, Ia.
E
Johnson, Wash.
Kelley, Mich.
Kinkaid, Nebr.
Lindbergh, Minn.
McKenzie, Ill.
Madden, Ill.
Miller, Minn.
Morgan, Okla.
Nelson, Wis.
Norton, N. D.
Ramseyer, Ia.
Roberts, Mass.
Rowland, Pa.
Scott, Pa.
Slemp, Va.
Smith, Idaho.
Sulloway, N. H.
Temple, Pa.
Vare, Pa.
Watson, Pa.
Wood, Ind.
REPUBLICANS.
Anthony, Kans.
Browne, Wis.
Campbell, Kans.
Cooper, W. Va.
Crago, Pa.
Davis, Minn.
Ellsworth, Minn.
Farr, Pa.
Garland, Pa.
Hadley, Wash.
Hawley, Oreg.
Hernandez, N. M.
Hopwood, Pa.
Humphrey, Wash.
Kearns, O.
Kennedy, Ia.
LaFollette, Wis.
McCracken, Idaho.
McKinley, Ill.
Mapes, Mich.
Moore, Pa.
Morin, Pa.
Nichols, Mich.
Peters, Me.
Reavis, Nebr.
Roberts, Nev.
Russell, Ohio.
Sells, Tenn.
Sloan, Nebr.
Steenerson, Minn.
Sweet, Ia.
Timberlake, Colo.
Volstead, Minn.
Williams, Ill.
Woods, Iowa.
Copley, Illinois.
PROGRESSIVE-REPUBLICAN.
PROGRESSIVE.
Schall, Minn.
Barchfeld, Pa.
Browning, N. J.
Cannon, Ill.
Cooper, Wis.
Cramton, Mich.
Dennison, Ill.
Emerson, Ohio.
Fordney, Mich.
Good, Ia.
Hamilton, Mich.
Heaton, Pa.
Hinds, Me.
Howell, Utah.
Johnson, S. D.
Keister, Pa.
King, Ill.
Langley, Ky.
McCullough, Ohio.
McLaughlin, Mich.
Matthews, Ohio.
Moores, Ind.
Mudd, Md.
North, Pa.
Powers, Ky.
Ricketts, Ohio.
Rodenberg, Ill.
Scott, Mich.
Sinnott, Oreg.
Smith, Mich.
Sterling, Ill.
Switzer, Ohio.
Towner, Iowa.
Wason, N. H.
Williams, O.
Young, N. D.
PROGRESSIVE-PROTECTIONIST.
Martin, La.
PROHIBITIONIST.
Randall, Cal.
SOCIALIST.
Meyer London, New York.
•
SHIP PURCHASE ACT.
This remedial legislation for the expansion of the Ameri-
can Merchant Marine and extending government control
over ocean rates and shipping monopoly, although every
possible effort was resorted to to draw a sharp partisan
line on the proposition-the reactionary Republicans favor-
ing ship subsidies-was supported in the House by 7 Re-
publicans, 1 Independent, 1 Socialist, 1 Prohibitionist, 1
Progressive-Protectionist, and 2 Progressives. The Non-
Democrats supporting the bill were:
· 238
SUPPORT FROM ALL PARTIES
M
pay
REPUBLICANS.
Cary, Wis.;
Dillon, S. D.;
Farr, Pa.;
Miller, Pa.;
INDEPENDENT.
Kent, Calif.
Schall, Minn.,
measure:
Moss, West Va.;
Norton, N. D.;
Young, N. D.
SOCIALIST.
Meyer London, N. Y.
PROGRESSIVE-PROTECTIONIST.
Martin, La.
PROGRESSIVES..
Nolan, Calif.
PROHIBITIONIST.
Randall, Calif.
WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION.
The Workman's Compensation Act, applying throughout
the Government service the modern theory of the employer's
full liability for injuries to employees sustained in the line
of duty, was supported in the House by 127 Republicans,
3 Progressives, 1 Socialist, 1 Progressive-Republican, and
1 Prohibitionist. Only two votes were cast against this
bill.
Borah, Idaho;
Clapp, Minn.;
Kenyon, Iowa;
PHILIPPINE BILL.
Six Republican Senators voted for the Philippine Bill,
declaring the purpose of the people of the United States
as to the future political status of the people of the Philippine
Islands. These Senators were:
La Follette, Wis.;
Norris, Neb.;
Works, Cal.
The measure passed the House on vote by show of hands,
251 to 17.
WAR REVENUE ACT.
The so-called War Revenue Bill, providing an increase of
the Income Tax and Inheritance Tax, and a tax on muni-
tions to pay the cost of preparedness, levying duty on dye
stuff and providing for a tariff commission, was supported
in the House by 34 Republicans, 2 Progressives, 2 Progres--
sive-Republicans, 1 Independent, 1 Socialist, and 1 Protec-
tionist. Here again the most determined effort was made
to preserve a fair showing of Republican unanimity in op-
position. Complete failure to obtain a solid party line-up
even against a revenue bill is shown by the following list
of Non-Democrats who supported this big Democratic
}
T
1
J
SUPPORT FROM ALL PARTIES
Anderson, Minn.
Cooper, Ohio.
Esch, Wis.
Greene, Ia.
Kinkaid, Neb.
Miller, Minn.
Reavis, Neb.
Smith, Minn.
Volstead, Minn.
Beales, Pa.
Cooper, Wis.
Farr, Pa.
Nolan, Calif.
REPUBLICANS.
Hawley, Oregon.
Lindbergh, Minn.
Morgan, Okla.
Roberts, Nev.
Stafford, Wis.
Young, N. D.
Brown, W. Va.
Davis, Minn.
Gardner, Mass.
Helgesen, N. D.
Longworth, Ohio.
PROGRESSIVES.
Elston, Calif.
PROGRESSIVE REPUBLICANS.
Stephens, Calif.
Copley, Ill.
INDEPENDENT.
Kent, Calif.
Brandagee, Conn.
Curtis, Kan.
Lodge, Mass.
Burleigh, Me.
Dillingham, Vt.
McLean, Conn.
Poindexter, Wash.
PROHIBITIONIST.
Randall, Calif.
SOCIALIST.
London, N. Y.
Norton, N. D.
Sinnott, Oregon.
Steenerson, Minn.
Cary, Wis.
Ellsworth, Minn.
Good, Ia.
Johnson, S. D.
McCulloch, Ohio
Ramseyer, Ia.
Sloan, Neb.
Sweet, Iowa
Schall, Minn.
239
AMERICAN RIGHTS AT SEA.
Upon the question of the President's conduct of European
affairs, from which Republicans, including Hughes, are en-
deavoring to extract political capital, President Wilson ob-
tained the support of 19 Republicans in the Senate and of
87 Republicans, 1 Progressive-Protectionist and 1 Prohibi-
tionist in the House.
This startling result followed the President's act in asking
of Congress a vote to uphold him in asserting the right of
Americans to travel upon merchant ships armed for defence
only. The question, however, was really much larger in
that the whole question of maintenance of American rights
on the sea by the President depended upon the support
given him by the country and Congress on the armed
merchantman proposition.
Warren, Wyo.
Clark, Wyo.
Du Pont, Dela.
Nelson, Minn.
Smith, Mich.
Weeks, Mass.
The 19 Republicans in the Senate who voted to table the
Gore Resolution which prohibited Americans from traveling
on Merchantmen of the Allies armed for defence were:
Colt, R. I.
Harding, O.
Oliver, Pa.
Sterling, N. D.
Page, Va.
Wadsworth, N. Y.
The Non-Democratic members of the House who voted
to table the McLemore resolution, which was of the same
purport and effect as the Gore resolution, were:
240
SUPPORT FROM ALL PARTIES
"
Beales, Pa.
Cooner, Ohio
Dallinger, Mass.
Dunn, N. Y.
Farr, Pa.
Freeman, Conn.
Graham, Pa.
Griest, Pa.
Haskell, Okla.
Humphrey, Wash. James, Mich.
Britt, N. C.
Cooper, W. Va.
Danforth, N. Y.
Edmonds, Pa.
Fess, Ohio
Gardner, Mass.
Gray, N. J.
Guernsey, Me.
Hicks, N. Y.
ELLE
Browning, N. J.
Curry, Calif.
Darrow, Pa.
Emerson, Ohio
Fordney, Mich.
Gillett, Mass.
Greene, Mass.
Hadley, Wash.
Hinds, Me.
Johnson, Wash.
Keiss, Pa.
Carter, Mass.
Dale, Vt.
Dempsey, N. Y.
Fairchild, N. Y.
Foss, Ill.
Glynn, Conn.
Greene, Vt.
Hamilton, N. Y.
Howell, Utah
Keister, Pa.
Kreider, Pa.
Kelly, Mich. ·
Kennedy, R. I.
McCracken, Idaho McFadden, Pa.
Lehlbach, N. J. Loud, Mich.
McLaughlin, Mich. 'Magee, N. Y.
Moores, Ind.
North, Pa.
Parker, N. Y
Pratt, N. Y.
Scott, Mich.
Smith, Idaho
Stiness, R. I.
Morin, Pa.
Oakey, Conn.
Peters, Me.
Rogers, Mass.
Scott, Pa.
Smith, Mich.
Swift, N. Y.
Mapes, Mich.
Mott, N. Y.
Paige, Mass.
Platt, N. Y.
Rowe, N. Y.
Sells, Tenn.
Snell, N. Y.
Temple, Pa.
Tinkham, Mass.
Ward, N. Y.
Treadway, Mass. Vare, Pa.
Wason, N. H.
Winslow, Mass.
ށ
Miller, Pa.
Nichols, Mich.
Parker, N. J.
Porter, Pa.
Sanford, N. Y.
Sinnott, Ore.
Snyder, N. Y.
Tilson, Conn.
Walsh, Mass.
Martin, La.
Randall, Cal.
WHENCE LEADERS SPRING.
In Popular Institutions All Classes Are Drawn on for
Leaders.
LIFE, gentlemen-the life of society, the life of the world
-has constantly to be fed from the bottom. It has to be
fed by those great sources of strength which are constantly
rising in new generations. Red blood has to be pumped into
it. New fiber has to be supplied. That is the reason I have
always said that I believed in popular institutions. If you
can guess beforehand whom your rulers are going to be, you
can guess with a very great certainty that most of them will
not be fit to rule. The beauty of popular institutions is that
you do not know where the man is going to come from,
You do not
and you do not care so he is the right man.
know whether he will come from the avenue or from the
alley. You do not know whether he will come from the
city or the farm. You do not know whether you will ever
have heard that name before or not. Therefore you do not
limit at any point your supply of new strength. You do not
say it has got to come through the blood of a particular
family or through the processes of a particular training, or
by anything except the native impulse and genius of the
man himself. The humblest hovel, therefore, may produce
you your greatest man. A very humble hovel did produce
you one of your greatest men. That is the process of life,
this constant surging up of the new strength of unnamed,
unrecognized, uncatalogued men who are just getting into
the running, who are just coming up from the masses of
the unrecognized multitude. You do not know when you
will see above the level masses of the crowd some great
stature lifted head and shoulders above the rest, shouldering
its way, not violently but gently, to the front and saying,
""
Here am I; follow me." And his voice will be your voice,
his thought will be your thought, and you will follow him
as if you were following the best things in yourselves.—
President Wilson's Address at Y. M. C. A. Celebration, Pitts-
burg, Pa., October 24, 1914.
[
¡
DO YOU WANT CONGRESS
IN OLD GUARD'S GRIP?
Under Republican Rule All the Big
Legislative Posts Would Be Filled
By Reactionaries of the Most
Pronounced Type
VICTORY at the polls in November for the Republican
party means turning back the wheels of progress and
putting the control not only of the Presidency but of Con-
gress into the hands from which it was torn by the revolt
of the people in 1910. Is the United States eager to have the
speakership of the House again held by Joseph G. Cannon
of Illinois, czar and dictator, or by his political lieutenant,
James R. Mann of Illinois, now minority leader of the House?
Are the plain, average citizens of this country hankering
after the surrender of the Senate to the old guard stand-pat
machine dominated by Smoot, Lodge, Gallinger, Penrose,
Warren and du Pont?
Yet precisely such a reaction must be expected with Re-
publican success. With few exceptions unprogressive Re-
publicans of the type who betrayed the people under Taft
will again fill the places of power in House and in Senate
should Hughes be elected. The election of Hughes and a
Republican majority in Congress carries with it no hope or
promise of reform-nothing but a going back to the fine old
days of high tariff, Aldrichism, boss rule, and a paradise for
the lobbyists of the big interests.
If the House goes Republican the important committee on
appropriations, for the last six years skillfully presided over
by Representative John J. Fitzgerald of New York, will have
as its chairman a conservative Massachusetts Republican and
supporter of Taft, Frederick H. Gillett. Occupying an im-
portant place on this committee, as it is now made up, will be
Joseph G. Cannon of Illinois.
SHIP SUBSIDY MAN IN LINE.
The Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, which,
under the Democratic administration, framed and reported
the Ship Purchase Bill, will be under the chairmanship of
William S. Greene, another Massachusetts man, an advocate
of ship subsidy and an opponent of most progressive meas-
ures.
If Hughes wins, and carries the congressional campaign
as well, the Ways and Means Committee, which frames tariff
bills, will have as its chairman that high protectionist, Joseph
W. Fordney of Michigan, with Augustus Peabody Gardner
of Massachusetts as second in command. "Hampy" Moore
of Pennsylvania, another high tariff man, will help to frame
the tariff bill which the Republicans hope to write. So will
241
•
i
W
242
STANDPATTERS WOULD CONTROL
Ebenezer J. Hill of Connecticut, a manufacturer and pro-
tectionist from way back, who helped frame the Payne-
Aldrich Act and who again hopes to be in a position to
write schedules for the New England industrial oligarchy.
There is not a low tariff man on the Republican end of the
Ways and Means Committee. Republican success means the
beginning of a new era of privilege in the tariff system.
Turning to the Senate and assuming that the party of
Hughes, Roosevelt, Barnes, Crane, Taft and Smoot defeats
the party of Woodrow Wilson next November, we discover
the following astounding state of affairs:
Gallinger will be President pro tem. Penrose will be
Chairman of the Finance Committee, so the Penrose-Fordney
Tariff Bill would be in name.
The Committee on Appropriations in the hands of a group
of the old guard whose names remind one of a-list of political
obituaries-Warren of Wyoming, chairman; Gallinger of
New Hampshire, Smoot of Utah, Dillingham of Vermont,
Jones of Washington, Townsend of Michigan and Charles
Curtis of Kansas. Knute Nelson, Ballingeri White-washer,
will have the Committee on Commerce.
The Committee on Banking and Currency, which framed
the Federal Reserve Act under the present Administration,
would be chairmaned by Weeks, a broker from Massachu-
setts, to back him up.
The Committee on Military Affairs, which promises to be
an increasingly important committee, would have as its
chairman Henry A. du Pont of Delaware and the Powder
Trust, with Thomas B. Catron of New Mexico, in charge of
the Committee on Coast Defences.
Smith of Michigan, as chairman of the Naval Affairs Com-
mittee; Reed Smoot of Utah, as chairman either of the Print-
ing Committee or of the Public Lands Committee; Clarence
D. Clark of Wyoming, as chairman of the Judiciary Com-
mittee-this is in prospect.
WILL PEOPLE STAND FOR IT?
DO THE PEOPLE WANT IT? WILL THEY STAND
FOR IT? DO THEY DESIRE THEIR LEGISLATION
TO BE WRITTEN BY THESE DISCREDITED STAND-
PATTERS?
The progressive Republicans of the Senate, many of whom
have stood by the Democrats in many a battle against special
privilege, are to be left out in the cold. La Follette of Wis-
consin is ranking Republican member of the Committee on
the Census, an unimportant committee, but in all probability
that chairmanship will be taken from him if the Republicans
are elected. Kenyon of Iowa is another advanced Repub-
lican who will have to whistle and whistle hard for a chair-
manship. Clapp of Minnesota is ranking member of the
Interstate Commerce Committee, but has been defeated for
renomination. Poindexter of Washington, formerly a Bull
Mooser, may be given the chairmanship of the unessential
committee to investigate trespassers upon Indian lands-but
probably not, for Warren G. Harding of Ohio, the man who
www
•
STANDPATTERS WOULD CONTROL
1
243
placed Hughes in nomination, and a man more acceptable to
the old regime in the Senate, though standing in second
place, is likely to be preferred to a Republican who has re-
fused to stick by the crimes of his party.
The Finance Committee in the Senate corresponds to the
Ways and Means Committee in the House. Aldrich was its
chairman in the old days. Penrose of Pennsylvania was its
lieutenant. With Penrose as chairman would be associated
Lodge, McCumber, Smyth, Gallinger, and Clark of Wyoming.
Do the voters of the country realize what it means to have
Congress controlled by the men whose names appear in this
article? If it means anything, it means what has happened
before. It means closed committee rooms, secret sessions,
the flourishing of special privilege, high tariff, and the kind of
unprogressive progress which caused the nation four years
ago to retire to private life or to subordinate positions the
old leaders of the Republican party.
It is the same old Republican party that it always
has been. It has a new man at the head of the
ticket, a man acceptable to the old gang. But the
gang's all there down below the head of the ticket—
and, as already remarked it is the same old gang.
The answer to this is simple:
Vote for Wilson-the man who unhorsed
the Republican "Black Horse Cavalry"
and vote for
for a Democratic House and
Senate.

LIES DON'T MATCH.
I
LEARN a great many things that are not so, but
the interesting thing about that is this: Things
that are not so do not match. If you hear enough of
them, you see there is no pattern whatever; it is a
crazy quilt. Whereas, the truth always matches,
piece by piece, with other parts of the truth. No
man can lie consistently, and he cannot lie about
everything if he talks to you long. I would guar-
antee that if enough liars talked to you, you would
get the truth; because the parts that they did not
invent would match one another, and the parts that
they did invent would not match one another.-Pres-
ident Wilson's Address before United States Cham-
ber of Commerce, Washington, D. C., February 3,
1915.

XA
PEU
Copyright by HARTSOOK
Cheap flask
Cook
DEMOCRATIC RECORD
WILL REAP VICTORY
Reviews
Speaker Champ Clark
Achievements and Predicts People
Will Not Change Presidents at
This Critical Time
(From the Speech of Speaker Clark Delivered in the House
of Representatives, July 10, 1916.)
A
CTIONS speak louder than words. Here are some of
the things we have done and on which we stand:
We passed a great tariff bill-the best ever placed on
the statute books. It contains many excellent changes
from the Payne-Aldrich-Smoot monstrosity, and it con-
tains one new feature that would make it the best of
all tariff bills, even if the rest of it were as bad as the
last Republican tariff bill, which most emphatically it is
not. That new feature is the income tax.
We had for more than half a century a financial system
of shreds and patches, with a currency system almost
wholly devoid of elasticity-one of the most necessary
and valuable features of any correct currency system.
The one we had was a standing invitation and temptation
to panic makers. Whenever it suited their convenience
they created panics and things went to smash, producing
stupendous loss and widespread suffering.
It is a wonder we got along with it as well as we did.
For a generation our Republican friends had been tink-
ering it—always promising but never achieving currency
reform.
WON PRAISE OF BUSINESS.
The Democrats, with the assistance of patriotic Pro-
gressives and a patriotic contingent of Republicans,
placed on the statute book the national reserve-bank act,
which is now praised by all business men, big and little,
which provides for elasticity and provides an abundant
supply of currency, and which, it is believed, will render
panics impossible in the future, a consummation de-
voutly to be wished.
It enables farmers to borrow money on farm lands-
the best security in the world-tends to prevent the
draining of all the money into a few great cities, re-
taining it so far as possible in the communities where it
belongs. Does any sane man believe that we would have
escaped a most destructive panic during the over-seas
war if we had not enacted the reserve-bank law?
We passed an anti-trust law which tends to promote
legitimate business and to crush illegitimate business.
Under the old anti-trust law the then existing trusts
flourished like a tree planted by the rivers of water and
new trusts sprang up as suddenly and as numerously as
mushrooms in a damp cellar.
245
246
CHAMP CLARK SEES VICTORY
Under the new law trusts are being dissolved and are
rearranging their business on a legitimate basis.
We passed a bill to open up our amazingly rich Alaskan
empire for the benefit of all our people and to prevent
that marvelous storehouse of wealth from being exploited
by the few and for the benefit and behoof of the few.
The policy of locking up Alaska was preposterous;
the policy of throwing it wide open to exploiters and
looters was criminal. We have chosen the better part
by authorizing the building of railroads into Alaska to
open it up for homes for our children, and our children's
children.
HIS LULLABY.
When I was a child my father used to put me to sleep
by singing a song the refrain of which was "Uncle
Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm." .He was then,
but he is not now. So we are looking out for prosperity.
Very little land worth entering now belongs to him
outside of Alaska, which bids fair to be not only a great
mining region, but also a great agricultural and grazing
section.
The Democratic policy seeks to utilize in perpetuity the
vast wealth of that marvelous territory for the benefit of
the American people.
We enacted the Alexander-La Follette seamen's bill,
which to a great extent, liberates American seamen from
a condition of semiserfdom which was a disgrace to
American civilization. We hope it will prove a great
boon to American shippers.
The Trades Commission law is, so far as our country
is concerned, a new venture in legislation, intended to
regulate trade so that it will be fair trade-fair to all,
big and little. Of course, being of recent date, we have
not had time to set the machinery under it to working at
its best, but much good is expected from its operations.
The rural-credits bill will undoubtedly prove a great
blessing to the farmers. The most valuable features of
it are the long term which the loans run, the plan for
amortization, and the low rate of interest. These will
give a permanency never known before on this side of
the Atlantic to agricultural pursuits, and will, it is hoped,
induce more people to own their own homes, a great
desideratum. The rural-credits bill, taken in connection
with the reserve-bank bill, ought to give great impetus
to the oldest of human occupations-that of tilling the
soil. In America the rural-credits scheme is new, but
in Europe it is old, having been started by Frederick
the Great at the close of the Seven Years' War, a cen-
tury and a half ago. The rural-credits bank, or land-
schaft, which he started is still doing business.
The bad wagon roads of America are a sad commen-
tary on our sense, for, stated in briefest terms, they con-
stitute wicked and wanton waste. We easily lead the
world in railroads, but we are badly behind Europe in
wagon roads. We consider the Romans of 2,000 years
{
CHAMP CLARK SEES VICTORY
247
ago old fogies, and yet they were ahead of us, much
ahead, in the matter of country roads. When they en-
tered a country their habit was to build roads. The
Appian Way is the most famous highway in the world,
and the rock roads which they constructed across the
Pyrenees are still traveled by the children of men. The
Shackleford good-roads bill is a long step in the direc-
tion of giving us a system of wagon roads which will be
of permanent and vast utility to all our people, particu-
larly to farmers, reducing the cost of transporting food
products to market, thereby reducing the high cost of
living and increasing the joy of living.
WON FIGHT OF YEARS.
After many years of agitation in favor of electing
United States Senators by the popular vote, we secured
a constitutional amendment authorizing it and passed
laws to put the amendment into effect. Not one of the
dire evils predicted touching that plan has been fulfilled.
No man ever possessed ingenuity enough to produce a
valid argument against it. The new plan is working well.
What is known as the Rucker corrupt-practice act
will go far to lift our politics to a higher plane, into a
purer atmosphere. That it is perfect no man claims, but
it will be amended and improved until the corrupt use
of money in politics is reduced to the minimum. On the
purity of politics depends the perpetuity of the Republic.
We have passed grain-grading and cotton-future bills
to prevent swindles upon the public and to aid honest
trade in those necessary commodities.
We have passed a carefully prepared and thoroughly
discussed water-power bill which will put an end to the
attempted monopoly of water-power sites and the charg-
ing of exorbitant charges for power.
We passed amended and better bills for the govern-
ment of Porto Rico and the Philippines, giving more of
self-government to the peoples of those islands.
The House has passed the Alexander ship bill, in-
tended to resuscitate the American merchant marine,
which all wise and patriotic Americans favor. It is to
be hoped that it will pass the Senate at an early day
and that once more our flag will float over every sea
and in every harbor of the world. That bill will enable
us to prevent exorbitant charges for ocean freights.
The House has passed a good, conservative "Over-
flow-prevention bill," which we hope will prove valuable
in preventing the appalling loss of life and property
caused by the great floods. That bill is now on the
calendar of the Senate.
We have passed such bills for defense of our country
by land and sea as public opinion demands.
The last three Congresses-including the present one-
have done more to improve the conditions under which
wage earners live and move and have their being than all
the preceding Congresses put together.
!
!
248
CHAMP CLARK SEES VICTORY
David J. Lewis, the able chairman of the Labor Com-
mittee in the House, also the next Senator from Mary-
land-a student, philosopher, and worker-recently in
an analytical speech in the House enumerated 15 im-
portant statutes touching labor which have passed the
House in the last six years, 13 of which are now laws,
the other two awaiting the action of the Senate. Every
man with brains in his head and love of country and of
humanity in his heart rejoices in these laws intended to
improve the condition of the laborers of the land. We
have passed many other good laws which I have not
mentioned.
J
The chances are the voters of America will act on the
sage dictum of Abraham Lincoln, that "it is unwise to swap
horses while crossing the stream," and continue the Demo-
crats in power.
The people seem to have absolute confidence in the pilot
of the ship of state, Woodrow Wilson, and are not likely to
drop him overboard in midocean while the storm whips the
waters into fury.
He did his duty; the Democratic House did its duty; the
Democratic Senate did its duty, and the word "duty" is the
sublimest word in our vernacular. We submit that we de-
serve well of the Republic-all of us. Thomas Campbell
said:
I watch the wheels of nature's mazy plan,
And read the future from the past of man.
DUTY FAITHFULLY DISCHARGED.
Having discharged our duty and been faithful to our
trust so far, the people will assume that we will do our duty
and be faithful even unto the end.
It is written: "By their works-ye shall know them."
Men are measured more by what they do than by what they
say. We rest our case upon the things we have accomplished
as an earnest of what we will accomplish if continued in
power.
Ours is a magnificent, a wonderful record, which anybody
save a stark idiot can easily and successfully defend. Upon
that unequaled record we confidently appeal to the grand
inquest of the Nation in the impending campaign.
GUARANTEES BETTER RURAL ROADS.
Your State put up half, Uncle Sam will furnish the other
half, for good country roads at a cost not exceeding $10,000
a mile. Each project is to be supervised by the federal de-
partment of agriculture. Each State Legislature must accept
the act and provide its half of the money, or it cannot bene-
fit from the new system. If it works well during the next
five years in which the $85,000,000 of federal funds thus be-
come available, then the plan may be continued.
A good road from every farm to every market is now a
possibility. These better rural post roads will supplement
the improved country highways and good roads between
large towns and cities. Such appropriations are preparedness
for peace or war.-Farm and Home.
¡
>
EFFICIENT HANDLING OF
NATIONAL EXPENDITURES
Bulk of Republican Vote is Cast in
Congress for All Money Bills-
Charge of Extravagance
Exploded
*
APPROPRIATIONS have been vigilantly scrutinized by
Congress throughout the Wilson administration. There
has been liberality in keeping with the wonderful growth of
the Nation's wealth and prosperity; but the increases in-
volve moneys used either to assure the country's safety
against military aggression or to provide new or expanded
facilities of needed public service.
CLINCHING EVIDENCE OF THE CARE AND EFFI-
CIENCY WITH WHICH AUTHORIZATIONS OF EX-
PENDITURES HAVE BEEN MADE IS FOUND IN THE
FACT THAT MANY REPUBLICANS IN BOTH
HOUSES OF CONGRESS VOTED FOR ALL THE
MEASURES CARRYING APPROPRIATIONS WHICH
WERE BROUGHT BEFORE THE HOUSE AND THE
SENATE BY THE DEMOCRATIC MAJORITIES.
In his speech accepting the Republican nomination for the
Presidency, and in other addresses, former Justice Charles
E. Hughes saw fit to echo the charge of extravagance
against the Democratic administration and the Democratic
Congress thoughtlessly made by a few Republicans in
Congress and some of the Republican newspapers. The
charge of extravagance must have been made without
reflection by these Republicans and similarly echoed by their
candidate for the Presidency, because even a hasty exam-
ination of the records of the two houses of Congress would
have shown that if there had been extravagance in appro-
priations, the Republican members of those bodies were
equally guilty with the Democrats of carelessness in voting
away the people's money.
THE BILL FOR PREPAREDNESS.
In fact, the records would have disclosed that in making the
appropriations for putting the country in a state of adequate
defense by increasing the army and the navy, the Democratic
majority was sharply criticized by members of the Republi-
can minority for not granting larger sums for defence pur-
poses, immense as were the sums actually agreed on by the
Democratic leaders for military preparedness. These sums,
as carried in the army and navy appropriation acts for the
fiscal year 1917, were respectively $267,596,530.10 and $313,-
300,095, as against $101,974,195.87 and $149,661,864.88 in
the army and navy bills for the fiscal year 1916.
249
250 -
EXTRAVAGANCE CHARGE EXPLODED
A further inspection of the record of votes on money bills
in Senate and House during the first session of the 64th Con-
gress shows the highly interesting fact that not one of these
bills, either the regular appropriation bills or other similar
bills calling for the expenditure of money, failed to receive
the votes of numbers of Republicans, large or small. This
is true even of the administration's Ship Purchase bill, which
was so bitterly assailed by Republican leaders as dangerous
and Socialistic. When this measure passed the House, on
May 20 last, 13 members of the minority voted for it. So,
too, the war revenue bill received the support of no less
than 42 members of the opposition when it passed the House
on July 10, 1916.
UNANIMOUS FOR MANY BILLS.
Still more indicative of the foolishness of charges of extrav-
agance by the Republicans against the Democratic majority
in Congress is the fact that the Republicans in both houses
appear to have been unanimously in favor of many of the
appropriation bills for the fiscal year 1917 as framed by
the Democratic majority, for no less than nine of these
measures went through both House and Senate by ac-
clamation. If any Republican objected to them, he did
not think it worth while to demand a roll-call, so that
the members might be placed on record. The nine money
bills passed by acclamation in both houses were the Post-
office appropriation bill, carrying $322,905,679, the Agricul-
tural, carrying $26,948,852; the Diplomatic and Consular, car-
rying $5,355,096.66; the Pension bill, carrying $158,065,000;
the Sundry Civil, carrying $128,246,445.24; the Army bill,
whose amount is given above; the Urgent Deficiency, carry-
ing $53,267,298.34; the Military Academy bill, carrying $2,-
238,328.57; the Indian bill, carrying $10,967,644.88.
NOES MIGHTY SCARCE.
For other appropriation bills as framed by the Democratic
majority the Republicans were almost unanimous. We find,
for instance, that the Fortifications bill, carrying appropria-
tions of $25,748,050, passed the House with only 2 negative
votes and passed the Senate by acclamation; the District
of Columbia bill passed the House by acclamation; the Navy
bill passed the House June 2 with but 4 votes against it and
had but 8 votes against it in the Senate, 24 Republican Sen-
ators supporting it; the Legislative, Executive and Judicial
bill, carrying $37,925,690.25, passed the House March 4 on a
rising vote of 189 to 4 and passed the Senate April 8 by ac-
clamation; the Good Roads bill, carrying $6,000,000 for the
current year, passed the House Feb. 10 by a vote of 283 to
81, no less than 110 of the opposition supporting it, and was
adopted in the Senate by acclamation; and finally the Rural
Credits bill, carrying $15,100,000, passed the Senate May 4
with 16 Republicans voting aye and only 5 voting no, and
went through the House May 15 with 102 Republicans voting
aye and 10 voting no.
In view of this record of the Republicans in Congress in
connection with the passage of almost every one of the ap-
!
1
EXTRAVAGANCE CHARGE EXPLODED
251
propriation bills for the current fiscal year, further comment
is unnecessary. If the charge of extravagance against the
Democrats is repeated during the campaign by the Republi-
can Presidential candidate or other Republican candidates
or stump speakers, it will only demonstrate further that the
Republicans are dishonest and desperate in their methods
of campaigning and hard pressed for ammunition to assail
their opponents.
No ground for honest criticism by Republicans can be
found even in the circumstance that many of the regular ap-
propriation bills for the fiscal year 1917 carry totals larger
than those of the same bills for the fiscal year 1916. In every
instance the increases can be traced to legitimate public
needs due to the increase of the population of the country,
the increased demands on the Government incident to in-
creased prosperity, the growing disposition of the people of
all sections to look more and more to the Federal Govern-
ment for assistance in matters affecting more than a single
state and to peculiar circumstances growing out of the un-
precedented conditions created in this country, as throughout
the world, by the great war.
APPROPRIATIONS FOR EMERGENCIES.
In certain instances appropriations have been made by the
Democrats to meet sudden emergencies that could be met
effectively only by the Federal Government. These appro-
priations were in the nature of investments and in the end
the Government and the people will receive dividends on
them either directly or indirectly. In one instance both the
Government and the public have drawn dividends, and very
substantial dividends, on an investment which the Govern-
ment made at the outset of the European war to meet the
emergency caused by the fabulous jump in war insurance
rates. Our export trade was threatened with complete stop-
page because of the prohibitive rates asked for marine in-
surance. In this situation the Democratic administration
promptly came to the rescue by inducing Congress to es-
tablish a War Risk Insurance Bureau with a capital of
$500,000. Loud objection was made to this plan of relief
in some Republican quarters on the ground that it was a
Socialistic proposition and that the Federal Government
should not go into business. Moreover it was freely pre-
dicted that the Government woud suffer heavy losses. But
up to Aug, 1 last the Government insurance bureau earned
and turned into the Treasury $2,192,348.67 in profits.
Under the present administration the United States has
enjoyed a wonderful era of good business and good times.
To-day Prosperity shines from blazing furnaces and glowing
forges. It echoes from busy docks and from thronged em-
poriums of trade. Its message of plenty fills the land with
the chant of the spindle and of loom, lifting the mortgage
from the poor man's home and promising his children a
future that seemed impossible before.
-From Martin H. Glynn's keynote speech.
252
EXTRAVAGANCE CHARGE EXPLODED
Of a similar nature are two items carried in the big totals
of the preparedness appropriations. One of these authorizes
the Secretary of the Navy to expend the sum of $13,000,000
in the erection of a government armor-making plant if he
finds that the old-time combination of private armor-makers
still insists on trying to force the government to pay exor-
bitant prices for armor-plate for its naval vessels. It is
probable that the government will not be compelled to build
its own armor-making plant, for already the private concerns
are declaring their readiness to supply the government with
armor practically at its own price rather than have their ex-
tensive and costly plants for making armor-plate left idle.
THE SECOND ITEM IS FOR $25,000,000 FOR A GOV-
ERNMENT PLANT FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF NI-
TRATES, SO ESSENTIAL NOT ONLY TO AGRICUL-
TURAL PROSPERITY BUT ABSOLUTELY INDIS-
PENSABLE FOR THE MAKING OF MANY EXPLO-
SIVES. At present this country is dependent on the outside
world for its supply of nitrates and if we became involved
in a foreign war our position would speedily become des-
perate owing to our lack of material for the manufacture of
explosives.
G
MONEY TO HELP FARMERS.
This year's Agricultural Appropriation bill carries a total
of $26,948,852. Last year's bill carried $22,971,782 but this
had to be supplemented by a special act appropriating $225,-
000 and by a deficiency appropriation of $395,000, carrying the
real total for last year's expenses of the Agricultural De-
partment up to $23,591,782. The increase of more than three
million in this year's bill is accounted for by such items as
$1,250,000 for fighting the foot-and-mouth disease in cattle
should that dreaded ailment renew its ravages of last year
among the herds of the country. It is an emergency fund
and may all be turned back into the Treasury. Last year
the experts of the Department of Agriculture, working with
state officials, spent about $2,000,000 in fighting foot-and-
mouth disease and it is hoped eradicated the plague for the
present. The Agricultural bill also carries an item of $350,-
000 for war on another cattle pest, the cattle tick, which does
so much damage among the herds of the south and south-
west. It is plain that appropriations of this kind are good
business investments because cattle disease means scarce and
high meat to the consumer the country over while the eradi-
cation or narrow delimitation of such diseases will have a
tendency to make meat cheaper.
A GOOD INVESTMENT.
Another investment that will pay big dividends in the
future to the people of the east is an item of $3,000,000 car-
ried in the Agricultural bill for continuing purchases of moun-
tain forest lands in accordance with the law establishing the
White Mountain and Appalachian Forest Reserves. This
item alone nearly accounts for the increase in this year's
Agricultural appropriation bill.
EXTRAVAGANCE CHARGE EXPLODED
253
}
Į
é
For the Office of Markets and Rural Organization the
Agricultural bill this year carries $792,590, being an increase
of $308,540 over the allowance of last year's bill for this im-
portant work, which was started in 1914 to aid the farmers
of the country in reaching consumers more directly and
cheaply, to supply them with information as to crop and
market conditions, and generally to obtain better results from
their labors. The demonstrated utility of the work has been
so great that an insistent demand has arisen for its extension.
GETTING DYES FROM GERMANY.
Owing to the complete cessation of the shipment of dyes
from Germany as a result of the great war, many American
industries have been seriously handicapped in the past year
by lack of dyestuffs. To remedy this grave condition and
if possible establish in this country a dye-making industry
that will render us independent of foreign dyes, an item of
$50,000 was inserted in the Agricultural bill, to be expended
by the Bureau of Chemistry, Agricultural Department, for a
special investigation of color and dye production. Allow-
ance has also been made to this bureau for an investigation
with a view to establishing a potash-producing industry in
the United States, another acute need made apparent by
the war.
The Rivers and Harbors appropriation bill, which carries
$41,723,935, furnishes conclusive refutation of charges of ex-
travagance made by Republicans against the Democratic ad-
ministration. The regular appropriation bills for 1915 and
1916 were killed by Republican filibusters. Lump sums for
waterway improvements were allowed, in 1915, $20,000,000,
in 1916, 25,000,000. Engineers connected with the work on
rivers and harbors have reported that the government lost
over $1,000,000 because the work was not kept up properly
in 1915, and stated they were unable to care properly for
the government property on the 1916 allowance. They came
to Congress this year with a demand for $44,376,710.
THOSE "CREEKS" YOU READ ABOUT.
The last Republican rivers and harbors appropriation bill,
that for 1913, carried $41,073,094 and contracts authorizing
$6,795,800 more.
Some of the most important items included in this year's
bill are demanded imperatively for commerce and defense.
The Delaware River appropriation of $2,000,000 was made
that work might be rushed on a deeper channel to the
Delaware Bay to meet the demands of the expanding Phila-
delphia commerce and to open a safe channel to the ship-
building yards where several great battleships must be con-
structed within a few years. East River, New York; gets
$700,000 for a 35-foot channel to the Brooklyn Navy yard,
where battleships are now being built, and where naval
vessels must rush for repairs when necessary.
The Mississippi River gets $6,000,000 to push ahead levee
construction and channel work north to the Ohio River in
an effort to save millions of acres of land from yearly flood
inundations and hundreds of millions dollars loss to crops.
254
EXTRAVAGANCE CHARGE EXPLODED
Democratic Congressmen have been accused of voting
money for improving small streams of no commercial value.
There are 16 so-called creeks appropriated for in the rivers
and harbors bill, the total being $375,785. These creeks ac-
commodate a commerce of 5,189,912 tons annually, valued
at $183,034,500. The Federal Government has treated a total
of 34 creeks, costing only $2,141,820, but which accommodate
a freight tonnage of 6,430,969, valued at $196,531,247.
The Legislative, Executive and Judicial appropriation bill
carries for 1917 a total of $37,925,690.25, as compared with
$37,036,164.75 in 1916. The principal increases are: Ex-
penses of collecting the income tax, $380,000; enlargement of
force of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, made neces-
sary because of the additional work, $24,800; more clerks
for State Department because of war conditions in Europe,
$54,080; more clerks for Navy Department, $26,350; enlarged
force for Patent Office because of growth of patent business,
this office being a revenue producer, $52,650; for promotion
of commerce with Central and South America, $75,000, as de-
manded by business men of this country; additional inspec-
tors for the Steamboat-Inspection Service, $52,500, which
grew out of the agitation following the sinking of the ex-
cursion steamer, Eastland, in Chicago Harbor last sum-
mer and the drowning of over 700 women and children; and
for additional experts at the Bureau of Standards, $25,000,
to make special investigations of aeroplane, naval and other
materials which are to go for use in the general plans for
defense of the country.
MONEY PUT TO GOOD USE.
The Sundry Civil appropriation bill, the burden bearer for
miscellaneous expenses of the government and provider of
funds for carrying along contracts entered into during pre-
vious years, has a total of $128,246,445.24 for the present year
as compared with $126,922,750.79 for 1916. But there were
other appropriations made in 1916, usually carried in the
sundry civil bill, including $7,083,022.69 in deficiencies, which
brought the total of expenditures under this heading for that
year up to $134,055,773.48.
There are many increases in appropriations in this bill for
this year, the justification for which is patent. For the Coast
Guard there is carried $5,374,800, an increase of $31,900.
The Coast Guard is to be equipped with aeroplanes for
greater efficiency. Interstate Commerce Commission, $5,-
440,000, increase $575,000. This Commission has been charged
with special railroad investigations by Congress. Its work
of making a physical valuation of railroad properties is ex-
tending rapidly.
K
Federal Trade Commission, $446,080. This Commission
organized its work last year and is launched now on a num-
ber of special investigations designed to prevent "big busi-
ness" indulging in unfair competition as against the smaller
business interests.
Armories and arsenals, $4,470,625; increase, $3,817,025. This
is a part of the general defense program accepted by leaders
::

EXTRAVAGANCE CHARGE EXPLODED
255
of both political parties. Infantry barracks at Hawaii, $1,-
127,000; increase, $964,000. Barracks and quarters at sea-
coast defenses in United States, $420,000; increase, $395,000.
Railroads in Alaska, $6,247,620; increase, $2,247,620. The
government is pushing its Alaskan railroad construction work
with a view of opening up to development a vast country
with wonderful agricultural and mineral possibilities.
The Diplomatic and Consular appropriation bill for 1917
carries a total of $5,355,096.66; last year, $4,061,280.01. The
increase is due in part to increased salaries made necessary
by the advancement of Ministers to South and Central
American countries to the rank of Ambassadors, and to ex-
traordinary expenses growing out of war conditions in Eu-
rope.
THE TOTAL APPROPRIATION FOR THE YEAR
FOR ARMY AND NAVY EXCEEDS $634,000,000.
NAVY ACTS, 1898-1916

$144,566,940
57,297,569
66,949,286
83,020,090
85,347,345
84,993,697
103,852,170
118,459,897
105,815,342
100,893,431
130,013,153
140,042,655
133,216,693
127,818,681
129,739,055
142,744,167
148,254,332
151,033,908
313,300,095
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
McKinley
McKinley
Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
Roosevelt
▸
TABLE OF APPROPRIATIONS,
1915, 1916, 1917
The totals of appropriations for the fiscal years 1915, 1916
and for the current fiscal year of 1917 are shown in the
following tables:
Title of Acts.
Agricultural.
Army
Diplomatic and consular.
District of Columbia
Fortifications.
Indian...
Legislative, etc..
Military Academy
Navy..
Pension (including de-
ficiencies therefor).
▸
•
•
•
•
· •
•
•
•
•
• • • •
•
Post Office.
River and harbor (in-
cluding amounts in
sundry civil, deficiency
and special acts).
Sundry civil (exclusive of.
amounts for rivers and
harbors).
Deficiencies (exclusive of
amounts for pensions
and rivers and harbors)
Urgent deficiencies ac-
count of war...
•
•
··
•
D
Total.
Total regular annual
appropriations.
Permanent annual ap-
propriations.
Grand total.
•
•
..
Sixty-third Congress.
Appropriations,
1915.
$19,865,832.00
101,019,212.50
4,309,856.66
12,172,539.49
5,627,700.00
9,771,902.76
37,630,229.70
997,899.54
144,868,716.61
169,150,000.00
313,364,667.00
26,988,500.00
103,081,727.39
23,363,586.61
$972,212,370.26
Appropriations,
1916.
$22,971,782.00
101,974,195.87
4,061,280.01
11,859,584.45
6,060,216.90
9,771,902.76
36,904,799.75
1,069,813.37
149,661,864.88
Sixty-fourth
Congress.
Appropriations,
1917.
$26,948,852.00
267,596,530.10
5,355,096.00
11,931 817.34
24,620.110.00
10,967,644.88
37,925,690.25
1,225,143.35
313,300,095.00
164,100,000.00 158,065,000.00
313,364,667.00 322,905,679.00
12,316,343.90
33,982,000.00 42,886,085.00
122,940,750.79 128,246,445.24
53,267,288.34
$991,039,201.68$1,405,259,476.50
$984,921,731.55 $993,369,805.02
131,196,407.00 121,567,207.00 $135,074,673.00
$1,116,118,138.55 $1,114,937,012.02$1,540,334,149.50
CHOATE AGREES WITH WILSON.
In short, there ought to be an end of namby-pamby talk
about the army and navy. Surely, there is no more approved
friend of international peace in our country than the Hon.
Joseph H. Choate. Read, then, what he writes in this num-
ber of the Review, on our need of efficient means of national
defense. He is in perfect agreement with what President
Wilson has set forth in his message to Congress of Decem-
ber 8. In another part of this number of the Review (see
page 93) there will be found a summary of the current official
utterances upon this important question of defense. The
period in which we live is too serious to justify those who
have a taste for controversy in trying to exaggerate seem-
ing differences of opinion which lend themselves so easily to
reconciliation. For our part, President Wilson's words seem
statesmanlike and noble. They are wholly compatible with
strict and efficient attention to the business of getting the
best results out of the vast expenditures for army and navy
that are met by the taxpayers.-Review of Reviews, January,
1915.
..
256
;
"PREPAREDNESS" STEP
!
IN DANISH PURCHASE
Wilson Efficiency Succeeds After
Republican Administrations
Repeatedly
Failed
ONE
NE of the principal steps taken by the Wilson Adminis-
tration in consummating its policy of national prepared-
ness was the negotiation of a treaty for the purchase of the
Danish West Indies. Successive Republican Administrations
tried and failed to put through this important measure for
national safety.
The treaty was signed by Secretary of State Robert Lansing
and Swedish Minister Brun, August 4. Immediately the Dan-
ish Rigsdag took the treaty under consideration, it being
practically certain of ratification. The possessions to be
acquired are the islands of St. Thomas, St. Croix and St.
John. They embrace a total area of 138 square miles and
have a population of 32,786.
The United States agrees to pay $25,000,000 for these valu-
able possessions and also will cede to the Kingdom of
Denmark certain nebulous "rights of discovery" which this
Government holds in Greenland.
PROTECTS PANAMA CANAL.
The paramount advantage to be gained by the United
States from the acquisition is the large measure of
safety which it confers upon the Panama Canal, this
Government's priceless possession on the Isthmus of Panama.
The strategic wisdom of gaining control of the islands lay
not so much in the need that the United States locate a great
naval base in one of their harbors, for the United States
already possesses such a base at Guantanamo on the Carib-
bean. It was a danger to the safety and amicable relations
of the United States which would result from the acquire-
ment of the islands by some other power, which awakened
President Wilson and his advisers to the need for vigorous
action.
With the islands safely under her sovereignty, as a result
of President Wilson's negotiation of the new treaty, the
United States need fear no encroachment upon the principles
of the Monroe Doctrine so far as these Caribbean possessions
are concerned. This danger always has existed because of
the inability of the United States, through the processes of
international law, to prevent a transfer of the islands such as
would have trenched upon the traditional policy of the United
States.
REPUBLICANS APPROVE.
Approval of this preparedness measure of the Wilson
Administration is indicated in the following statements by
Republican members of the Senate:
257
258
,,
THE PHILIPPINES
Senator Lodge, a Republican member of the Senate com-
mittee on foreign relations: "In the interest of peace, it is
of great importance that these islands should pass into the
hands of the United States.
Senator Penrose, the Pennsylvania Republican boss:
The
harbor of St. Thomas is one of the finest in the West Indies,
and the islands have a great strategic value in relation to the
Panama Canal."
The first Republican effort to buy the islands was made by
Secretary of State Foster in 1892, but his negotiations were
not completed before the end of the Harrison Administration,
and the project was abandoned. Ten years later President
Roosevelt and Secretary of State Hay made another deter-
mined effort. A treaty was negotiated, but failed of ratifi-
cation.
"6
FREEDOM FOR PHILIPPINES
Consistent with its declared and traditional policy
toward the Philippines, the Wilson Administration
has secured the passage of legislation declarative of
the intention of the United States to free the
islands upon the establishment of a
stable government. This action is in exact ac-
cord with the Democratic platforms of 1908 and 1912.
The critical vote in the Senate showed solid Repub-
blican opposition to this legislation.
The official representative in Washington of the
people of the Philippine Islands describes this legis-
lation as of greater importance to the Philippine
people than anything that has happened in the 350
years of the existence of that nation.
The Democratic Philippine measure, after stating
that it is the intention of the United States to grant
independence when a stable government is estab-
lished, includes important new reforms. The present
Philippine commission is abolished, and the people
of the islands are permitted to elect a Senate. At
the same time the new law enlarges the franchise,
adding more than half a million voters to the elec-
torate.
The Wilson Philippine legislation offers to the
hitherto oppressed and subject Filipinos not only a
greater share in their own government, but advances
to the utmost practicable extent the date of their
final freedom as a nation.
The statesman stands in the midst of life to interpret life
in political action.
Politics I conceive to be the science of the ordered progres
of society along the lines of greatest usefulness and con-
venience to itself. I have never in my own mind admitted
the distinction between the other departments of life and
politics.-Woodrow Wilson.
1-
PARCEL POST SHOWS HUGE
4
GROWTH UNDER WILSON
Democratic Administration Smashes
Old Express Monopoly and De-
velops the Largest, Most Efficient
Parcel Service in the World
DEMOCRATIC control of the House of Representatives
in 1912 and the cordial support of the Democratic
minority in the Senate brought about the enactment of the
parcel post law.
For twenty years the efforts of the people to secure a
parcel post had been frustrated by the special interests. A
Republican Postmaster-General once said that parcel post
measures had failed for just four reasons: The Wells-Fargo,
the United States, the American and Adams Express Com-
panies.
In the election of 1912, the Republican party was com-
pletely repudiated by the election of President Woodrow
Wilson and Democratic majorities in the House and Senate.
Hence, for three and a half years, the Democratic Administra-
tion has had the responsibility of the conduct and develop-
ment of the parcel post. What report to the public may now
be made on this important trust?
THE PEOPLE'S EXPRESS SERVICE.
THE PARCEL POST HAS BECOME A GIGANTIC
EXPRESS SERVICE HANDLING MORE THAN ONE
BILLION PARCELS A YEAR AT RATES MUCH LESS
THAN WERE CHARGED BY THE EXPRESS COM-
PANIES BEFORE THE GOVERNMENT ENTERED
THIS FIELD OF TRANSPORTATION. WHEREVER
A RURAL OR A STAR ROUTE GOES, THE PARCEL
POST GOES. EVERY COMMUNITY OF THE UNITED
STATES FROM THE LARGEST CITY TO THE SMALL-
EST HAMLET HAS CHEAP, EFFICIENT PARCEL-
EXPRESS; AND THIS MARVELOUSLY COMPLETE
FACILITY EVEN COLLECTS AND DELIVERS PAR-
CELS PRACTICALLY AT THE FRONT DOORS OF
THE MILLIONS OF FARMERS SERVED BY THE
44,000 RURAL ROUTES OF THE COUNTRY. IT IS
THE LARGEST, THE MOST GENERAL, THE QUICK-
EST AND BEST EXPRESS SERVICE IN THE WORLD.
During the two months in which the Republican Taft
administration was charged with the conduct of the parcel
post system, it had fallen far short of meeting the demands
either of business men or the general public. The expansion
is directly due to successive liberalizations of the rates, weight
limits and other regulations under the Wilson Administra-
tion, as follows:
1. Reducing postage for distances up to the sixth zone;
2. Increasing the weight limit from 11 to 50 pounds in
259
260°
PARCEL POST'S GROWTH
SA
the first and second zones and from 11 to 20 pounds
beyond the second zone;
3. Admitting books to parcel post;
4. Increasing the size limit from 72 inches to 84 inches
combined length and girth measurement;
5. Reducing the cost of insurance from ten cents to
three cents on parcels valued at $5 or less and introducing
a graduated scale of low insurance fee for greater values
up to $100;
6. Authorizing the insurance of receipts for parcels
shipped, which serve as evidences of mailing.
AS A FARMER'S FACILITY.
Special effort has been made to perfect parcel post as a
farmer's express facility. To that end the shipment of farm
products from farm to city has been encouraged and de-
veloped on a large scale. This opens new markets to the
farmer and provides a method by which city householders
obtain fresh country products of better quality and at cheaper
prices than before. Day and night delivery of perishable \
articles has been introduced in many cities.
DAMAGE TO PARCELS IN TRANSIT BY PARCEL
POST HAS BEEN REDUCED TO ONE-TENTH OF ONE
PER CENT.
The handling of the holiday mail in December, 1913, 1914
and 1915, subjected to crucial test the ability of the postal
organization to conduct the parcel post successfully under
emergency conditions.
THE RESULT WAS AN ACHIEVEMENT WHOLLY
UNEXPECTED BY THE PUBLIC, THE DELIVERY
OF THE MAIL, WITH A FEW EXCEPTIONS, BEING
COMPLETED BEFORE THE CLOSE OF BUSINESS
LAST CHRISTMAS DAY, ALTHOUGH MANY POST-
OFFICES REPORTED AN INCREASE IN THE VOL-
UME OF MAIL AMOUNTING TO FROM 200 TO 500
PER CENT. ON EACH OCCASION.
THE MORAL COWARD.
I
HAVE had the fortune to take part in affairs of a
considerable variety of sorts, and I have tried to
hate as few persons as possible, but there is an
exquisite combination of contempt and hate that I
have for a particular kind of person, and that is the
moral coward. I wish we could give all our cowards
a perpetual vacation. Let them go off and sit on
the side lines and see us play the game; and put
them off the field if they interfere with the game.
They do nothing but harm, and they do it by that
most subtle and fatal thing of all, that of taking
the momentum and the spirit and the forward dash
out of things. A man who is virtuous and a coward
has no marketable virtue about him.-President
Wilson's Address at Y. M. C. A. Celebration, Pitts-
burg, Pa., October 24, 1914.
{

1
+
WHY WOODROW WILSON
DESERVES RE-ELECTION
-William J. Bryan
"Even Jackson Never Met the Situa-
tion Better than Woodrow Wilson
Has Met It"
(Extracts from address delivered by Mr. Bryan at the Demo-
cratic National Convention at St. Louis, 1916.)
IN
N dealing with the domestic problems, our President, our
Senate and our House have joined together in giving the
country a program of constructive legislation that has no
parallel in all the history of this country.
You may take all the administrations from the
beginning of our republic to the beginning of
this administration, and you will not find as
many laws written upon the statute books, of
great importance to the people as you will find
written in the last three years by Woodrow Wilson
and a Democratic Congress.
We found the Republican Party in power, with a tariff
law written by the beneficiaries of protection. The President
called Congress together as soon as it could be assembled.
He presented the pledge of our platform to reduce the tariff,
and the members of our party, co-operating as the President
and Congress have seldom co-operated before, redeemed the
pledge and wrote upon the statute books the best tariff law
we have had in this country in 50 years. * *
JACKSON'S EQUAL.
As soon as the tariff question had been settled the Presi-
dent asked Congress to give consideration to the question of
currency reform. For twenty years the Republican Party
had advocated currency reform. It had admitted the need of
currency reform, but it never had the courage to undertake
currency reform.
The Democratic Party, true to its promise and its pledge,
prepared a bill, and that bill is now a law, thanks to the cour-
age of a President who was not afraid of Wall Street.
No president since Jackson has had to meet
such an unholy combination of the powers of
high finance, and even Jackson himself never
met the situation better than Woodrow Wilson
has met it. We have just commenced to learn what that
law means for this nation. Even before it became a law we
learned what it meant to have the White House on the side
of the people.
261
262
WILSON DESERVES TO WIN
!
A PANIC PREVENTED.
An attempt was being made to create a panic for the pur-
pose of compelling the abandonment of this proposed legis-
lation. When the evidence, as it came in from different sec-
tions of the country, was sufficient, the Secretary of the
Treasury went to the White House-and I want to call your
attention to that fact that he went to the WHITE HOUSE
and not to the kings of Wall Street, as Republican Secretaries
had been in the habit of doing-and after a brief conference
with the Executive he gave a statement to the public an-
nouncing that, if any community anywhere needed money to
tide it over a temporary embarrassment, it need not go to
Wall Street, but could come to Washington, that the Govern-
ment stood for all the people and was ready to protect them.
What was the result? The result was that that proposed
panic was nipped in the bud. "It folded its tent like the Arab
and silently stole away," and since that time no new panics
have been born.
This great piece of legislation, the greatest
piece of constructive statesmanship in a genera-
tion, has not only broken the hold of Wall Street
upon the business of the nation, but it has broken
the grip of Wall Street upon the politics of the
United States.
*
*
MEXICAN SITUATION INHERITED.
We inherited from a Republican Administration an insur-
rection in Mexico. It did not arise under this Administration.
You will find in the State Department a telegram sent by
Huerta to the preceding President: "I have overthrown the
government."
Yes, the government was overthrown, and this Administra-
tion has dealt with that situation and the Republican Party
dare not challenge a verdict before the country on the Mex-
ican question.
Your great Chairman to-day pointed out that our policy
had followed the precedent set by one of the most illustrious
of our Presidents, the greatest Republican President, Abraham
Lincoln; and he showed also what would have been the result
had we yielded to the importunities of interested parties, or
to the threats of Republican politicians, and invaded Mexico
for the purpose of intervention.
The President will not lack those who will defend his con-
duct. Aye, in every home you will find a mother who will
thank the President that her boy has not been sent to Mexico
to die in the trenches.
We have a few men interested in ranches,and a few inter-
ested in mines, who would use the blood of American soldiers
to guarantee profits on their investments in a foreign land.
But that is not the sentiment of the American people. The
people of this country stand back of Woodrow
Wilson in his determination not to intervene in
the affairs of Mexico.
*
1
WILSON DESERVES TO WIN
263
}
1
3
THE EUROPEAN WAR.
I appeal to the sense of justice of the American people;
when in God's time, the honor of mediating shall fall to this
nation, is it fair that the honor shall fall to one who has not
borne the burden in the heat of the day? Is not the Presi-
dent of the United States, who for two years has borne a
burden such as few men on earth have ever been called upon
to carry-if he has been able to protect the neutrality of this
nation and to save it from participation in this awful war-
should not the honor of being peacemaker come to him, and
to the party that selected him?
Why does the Republican Party, some of whose leaders
have tried to force the President into this war, come now,
when their efforts have failed, and ask the honor of being
mediator between the contending nations?
We have a record upon which we can appeal to the people
for their support, without fear and without blush. I believe
the American people, grateful for what this Administration
has done, grateful that we have peace in this country while
war stalks throughout the world, will not be unmindful of the
fact that it was a Democratic President supported by a Dem-
ocratic Senate and House who has thus saved the country
from the horrors of war.
AGRICULTURE NO LONGER NEGLECTED.
SUCH encouragement for better rural post roads
proves that Congress at last realizes the govern-
ment's duty to foster the country rather than the
city. Statesmen and politicians at last favor econo-
mic policies that may give the farmer a better chance.
Further proof of this is afforded by such con-
structive new laws as-
1. The Federal Farm Loan Act for farm mortgage
reform.
2. The Federal warehousing system whereby farm-
ers may own and operate storage places under
national supervision, so as to assemble, grade, pack
and market produce to better advantage.
3. The Cotton Futures Act and other laws to
assist producers toward better methods of distribu-
tion and marketing.
4. The Federal trade commission, which may yet
prove the farmers' protector against unfair business
practices.-Farm and Home.
(
As a lover of my country and as a Democrat I
join you in the endeavor to give to Woodrow
Wilson the opportunity to perform this task for
the nation and the world.


?
FINANCIAL PREPAREDNESS
New Bank Act Prevented Disaster in
America After European War Began
and Helped Nation to Finance
Its Present Huge Business
EVERY intelligent, fair-minded American banker
concedes that the existence of the Federal
Reserve Act, with its assurance of an early rescue
from the fetters of the National Bank Act, pre-
vented a total collapse of credits in this country
in the crisis of early August, 1914, occasioned by
the outbreak of the European war.
Knowledge that the Federal Reserve Board, com-
posed of men of the highest calibre, had been ap-
pointed and was rapidly organizing the new bank-
ing system effectually served to steady the shaking
structure of business throughout the United States.
The new law formed the foundation upon which
other war emergency measures were successfully
predicated. It not only gave confidence at the mo-
ment; it gave guarantee of fiscal facilities both at
home and abroad with which to take advantage of
the opportunities offered by the war conditions to
expand America's foreign trade.
}
Thus, in less than a year after the victorious end
of the fight to secure this law, the country had
ample cause to realize its obligation to President
Wilson and the Democratic majorities of the House
and Senate, who, with unfailing courage and un-
swerving purpose, made the fight. After working
all the summer of 1913 upon the tariff, the President
and Congress worked all the fall and well into the
winter upon the Currency bill-and "put it over."
The great statute has given priceless service in
our flush times as well as in the hour of need. As
1914 merged into 1915 and a tide of prosperity set
in for the United States such as the world has never
witnessed in one country, the demands upon the
American finance, though of another kind, became
enormous. We were "prepared," thanks to Wood-
row Wilson, to take full advantage of the oppor-
tunity which has involved supplying the multitu-
dinous needs not only of the warring nations of
Europe but of the other great neutral nations of
the world also.
*^
264
NATION OWES ITS
FINANCIAL FREEDOM
A
TO WOODROW WILSON
The President's "Master Mind"
Secured the Passage of the Federal
Reserve Act and Established an
Elastic Currency System in
the United States
(There are many men who have expressed eloquently
and well the magnitude of President Woodrow Wilson's
service to his country in bringing before Congress early
in 1913 the urgent currency question, and by his patience,
perseverance and uncompromising courage in securing
the enaction of the law now known as the Federal Re-
serve Act. Undoubtedly, however, the best equipped
spokesman upon the subject is Representative Carter
Glass of Virginia, Chairman of the House Committee on
Banking and Currency, who shared the honors of the
law's authorship with Senator Robert L. Owen of Okla-
homa. Of several addresses delivered by Mr Glass upon
this theme, none—in the sense both of stating the full
present-day significance of this "Act of Financial De-
liverance" and of appraising the obligation in which the
country stands debtor to President Wilson for his suc-
cessful fight to settle the currency problem-excells the
address delivered April 13, 1916, before the Common
Council Club at its Jefferson Day Banquet in Washington,
D. C. This address contains both inspiration and in-
formation and should be read by every open-minded man
in America, whether he be Democrat, Republican, Pro-
gressive, Independent, Socialist or Prohibitionist. This
speech is therefore included practically in full in the
Democratic National Text Book of 1916.)
SPEECH OF HON. CARTER GLASS AT JEFFERSON DAY
BANQUET.
5
FIVE TIMES WITHIN THIRTY
THIRTY YEARS
YEARS IMME-
DIATELY PRECEDING THE ADVENT OF THIS
ADMINISTRATION, A FINANCIAL CATASTROPHE
HAD OVERTAKEN US RIGHT IN THE MIDST OF
APPARENT BUSINESS PROSPERITY AND CON-
TENTMENT. EACH TIME THE DISASTER WAS DUE
LARGELY, IF NOT ALTOGETHER, TO A DEFECTIVE
BANKING AND CURRENCY SYSTEM; AND IT IS ·
LITERALLY CERTAIN THAT OUR ALWAYS TEDI-
OUS RESTORATION WAS RENDERED VASTLY
MORE DIFFICULT AND PAINFUL BY THE SAD
LACK OF WELL-DEVISED FACILITIES,
•
265
266
FINANCIAL FREEDOM
The old system had two fundamental defects. One was an
inelastic currency; the other a fictitious bank reserve. They
were Siamese twins of disorder; and sometimes I am inclined
to ascribe the invariable failure of our Republican friends to
reform the financial system of the country to their unwilling-
ness to subdue both of these evils at the same time. * * *
WHY OLD SYSTEM FAILED
The national currency was inelastic because based on the
bonded indebtedness of the United States, rather than upon
the sound liquid business assets of the country. For 50
years we proceeded upon the assumption that the country
always needed a volume of currency equal to its bonded in-
debtedness, and never at any time required less, whereas we
frequently did not need near as much as was outstanding and
just as often could have absorbed vastly more than was
available. Hence, when it happened that the circulating
medium was redundant, when its volume was too great to be
used in local commercial transactions, instead of taking it
through the expensive process of retirement it was bundled
off to the great reserve centers at a nominal interest rate, to
be thrown, at call, into the vortex of stock speculation.
In a different way and to an immeasurebly greater extent
the business of the country was made to suffer by this rigid
currency system in times of stirring development and enter-
prising activity. It could not begin to meet the commercial
and industrial requirements of the country. For example, the
total capitalization of the national banks of a given commu-
nity in time of stress, under the old system, measured the
full capacity of those banks to respond to the currency re-
quirements of the locality. If the combined capital stock of
the national banks of a city was $5,000,000, that exactly cir-
cumscribed the ability of those banks to supply currency of
their own issue to meet the demands of business, albeit these
might necessitate the use of $10,000,000 or more. AND IN
TIME OF PANIC, SUCH AS THAT WHICH CON-
VULSED THE COUNTRY IN 1907, HAD THESE BANKS
HELD $5,000,000 OF GILT-EDGE SHORT-TIME COM-
MERCIAL PAPER IN THEIR VAULTS, THEY COULD
NOT, UNDER THE OLD SYSTEM, HAVÉ EX-
CHANGED A DOLLAR OF IT FOR CURRENCY
WHEREWITH TO MAKE UP THE DEFICIENCY AND
PROMPTLY RESPOND TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF
BUSINESS, FOR PRACTICALLY ALL THE BANKS
WERE IN THE SAME DESPERATE PLIGHT, EVERY
ONE, WITH RARE EXCEPTIONS, LOOKING OUT
FOR ITSELF. WITH NO OTHER SOURCE OF SUP-
PLY.
-
A NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENT.
The first notable financial achievement of the Wilson ad-
ministration was to revolutionize this wretched currency
system, the unhappy victims of which are without number
and the losses beyond human approximation. We substituted
for a rigid bond-secured circulating medium, unresponsive at
any time to the commercial requirements of this great Nation,
1
;
FINANCIAL FREEDOM
267
a perfectly elastic currency, based on the sound, liquid com-
mercial assets of the country, responsive at all times and to
the fullest extent to every reasonable demand of legitimate
enterprise. It comes forth when required and is canceled
when not needed. The amount is ample when business is
active and only enough when business is lax.
Contra-distinguished from bond-secured currency, every
dollar of it is based on a stable commercial transaction,
whether of a mercantile, industrial, or agricultural nature,
fortified by a 40 per cent. gold reserve, by the assets of a
great banking system, by the double liability of member
banks, and by the plighted faith of a Government of a hun-
dred million free citizens.
So that in a case similar to the one cited a while ago, where
the banks of a given community, with $5,000,000 of liquid
commercial assets, could not, under the old system, in time of
stress, get a dollar of currency on their holdings, because
there was no source of supply, the same banks, under the
Federal Reserve System, could exchange their $5,000,000 of
liquid assets at a Federal reserve bank for $5,000,000 of the
best currency on earth, less a fair rate of discount. That
one reform, gentlemen, represents the difference between
disaster and success. * * *
A PANIC BREEDER.
And, likewise, the old system was a rank panic breeder. In
periods of greatest business activity the country was made to
suffer desperately for lack of adequate credit facilities. When
the prospect was brightest; when men of vision and ambition
and energy would press forward in pursuit of prosperity and
the hum of industry would literally be heard throughout the
land, two links in the chain would suddenly snap, tearing to
shreds the whole business fabric and carrying dismay to
every community on the continent.
That is to say, in plain terms, that when the country banks
of the United States, trying to respond to the commercial and
industrial demands upon them in their respective localities,
being unable to issue additional currency, would seek to draw
in their reserve balances from the congested centers, and
when the big banks of these centers would in turn, be com-
pelled to call their loans on stock, thus contracting the credit
facilities of "the street," interest rates would quickly jump,
mounting higher and higher, until panic would ensue, banks
throughout the country would stop payments across the
counter and consternation would reign where confidence and
contentment so soon before had prevailed. I have said the
losses are beyond computation; and that is so. They affected
not only the financial institutions immediately involved, but
the merchants whose credits were suspended; the industries
whose shops were closed; the railroads whose cars were made
idle; the farmers whose crops rotted in the fields; the laborer
who was deprived of his wage. No business enterprise, if
any individual, ever entirely escaped.
Another great achievement of the Wilson administration;
therefore, was to remedy this monstrous condition. NO
OTHER LEGISLATIVE EFFORT, AS I RECALL THE
*
268
FINANCIAL FREEDOM
:
HISTORY OF EVENTS, WAS
OF EVENTS, WAS EVER DIRECTED
AGAINST THIS BANK-RESERVE EVIL. IT RE-
QUIRED COURAGE. IT CONSTITUTED A CHAL-
LENGE TO THE DOMINATING FINANCIAL INTER-
ESTS OF AMERICA, AND THEY ACCEPTED THE IN-
VITATION TO THE CONFLICT. IT WAS A MEMOR-
ABLE FIGHT, IN WHICH SOUND ECONOMIC PRIN-
CIPLES TRIUMPHED SO COMPLETELY THAT MANY
OF THE GREAT BANKERS WHO SEEMED ONCE IM-
PLACABLE NOW CONCEDE THAT A TŘEMENDOUS
ADVANCE HAS BEEN MADE IN THE DIRECTION OF
SCIENTIFIC BANKING, AND THERE IS A GENERAL
CONCURRENCE OF BELIEF THAT THE FEDERAL
RESERVE SYSTEM SAVED THIS COUNTRY FROM A
FINANCIAL CONVULSION IN THE FATEFUL
AUTUMN OF 1914, EVEN BEFORE IT WAS IN FULL
OPERATION.
-
-
We corrected this vicious bank reserve system by estab-
lishing regional reserve banks and making them, instead of
private banks in the money centers, the custodians of the
reserve funds of the United States; by making these regional
banks, instead of private correspondent banks, the great re-
discount agencies of the country; by requiring these regional
banks to minister to commerce and industry rather than to
the schemes of speculative adventure. UNDER THE OLD
REGIME WE HAD BEEN TAUGHT TO BELIEVE
THAT THE BALANCE OF THE COUNTRY WAS DE-
PENDENT ON THE MONEY CENTERS. UNDER THE
NEW DISPENSATION THE FACT HAS BEEN RE-
VEALED THAT THE MONEY CENTERS ARE DE-
PENDENT ON THE BALANCE OF THE COUNTRY.
Under the old system the country banks were subservient to
the money centers, for only there could they resort for
rediscount favors. Under the new system it is no longer a
question of favor; it is purely a question of business. Under
the old system it was at times a question of ability to serve,
and at other times of willingness. The new system supplies
both the ability and the incentive to do business. INDEED,
THIS FINANCIAL PRODUCT OF THE WILSON AD-
MINISTRATION IS BOTH A PROCLAMATION OF
EMANCIPATION AND A DECLARATION OF INDE-
PENDENCE FOR THE NATIONAL BANKING SYS-
TEM OF THE UNITED STATES.
G
NEW YORK'S PRIMACY UNDISTURBED.
I noted the other day that a Representative in Congress
tauntingly referred to the fact that bank deposits in New
York had vastly increased since the adoption of the Federal
reserve act, and triumphantly asked what had become of the
boast that the primacy of New York as a money center would
under the new system depart. Such talk, however specious
it may seem, is assuredly not sensible.
Nobody ever made such a silly boast. Nobody ever dreamed
of such a stupid notion. Nobody ever pretended to desire
anything of the kind. Of course, New York has more de-
posits under the Federal reserve act than ever before. So
FINANCIAL FREEDOM
269
]
ì
has Pittsburgh, so has Boston, so has Baltimore, so has Rich-
mond, so has Chicago, so has San Francisco, so has Dallas,
so have the banks of a thousand other communities scattered
from one end to the other of this country.
That is exactly what we expected; that is precisely what
we predicted; that is the very thing the Federal reserve act
was designed to accomplish. It was contrived for the express
purpose of putting the whole national banking system on
such a sound basis as to create confidence and stimulate bus-
iness and swell the volume of deposits of every community of
the United States.
People put their money in banks now, and banks redeposit
with other banks now, because they know that under the
new system no panic will ever come to keep them from get-
ting their funds back.
The proponents of the Federal reserve act had no idea of
impairing the rightful prestige of New York as the financial
metropolis of this hemisphere. They rather expected to con-
firm its distinction, and even hoped to assist powerfully in
wresting the scepter from London and eventually making
New York the financial center of the world.
Eminent Englishmen with the keenest perception have
frankly expressed apprehension of such result. Indeed,
momentarily this has come to pass. And we may point to
the amazing contrast between New York under the old sys-
tem in 1907, shaken to its very foundations because of two
bank failures, and New York at the present time, under the
new system, serenely sécure in its domestic banking opera-
tions and confidently financing the great enterprises of
European nations at war.
AN INSPIRING CONTRAST.
In 1907, after six years of Theodore Roosevelt and 43 years
of the old system, New York could not let a country bank
have $50,000 of bank currency to meet the ordinary require-
ments of commerce or the pay rolls of industry.
In 1915, after three years of Woodrow Wilson and one year
of the new system, New York let two European nations, in
the very cataclysm of a stupendous war, have $500,000,000,
still leaving the banks of that city with larger deposits than
ever before in their existence. OH, YES, MR. TOAST-
MASTER, NEW YORK CITY BANKS HAVE GREATER
DEPOSITS TO-DAY THAN THEY HAD 17 MONTHS
AGO BY $605,000,000, THUS PUTTING TO SHAME THE
EVIL REPUBLICAN PROPHECY THAT THE FED-
ERAL RESERVE ACT WOULD CREATE A DISAS-
TROUS CONSTRICTION OF COMMERCIAL CREDITS
AND PRECIPITATE A PANIC OF UNSURPASSED VI-
OLENCE IN THIS COUNTRY.
THE COUNTRY'S RESERVE SECURE.
But, with all this, there are some things that New York
once had which it has not to-day and never will have again
as long as the Federal reserve act shall remain on the statute
books. It has not the gold reserve funds of the country for
use in the stock markets of "the Street," nor has it any longer
270
FINANCIAL FREEDOM
the power to control the rediscounting system of the United
States upon terms of its own adjustment.
To-day 12 regional banks of the new system, strung from
Maine to Mexico, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, hold more
than $500,000,000 of these funds, and soon will have many
millions more, to be used as basic credit facilities for cheer-
fully rediscounting the commercial paper of the merchants.
and manufacturers, the farmers and stockmen, the exporters
and importers of America, with not a dollar for the whirlpool
of speculation. And these trade loans are already being made
at an average rate of interest 1 1-2 per cent. lower than has
prevailed before in a long number of years.
THE MASTER MIND.
As to the Federal reserve act itself there has been occa-
sional speculation as to who most deserves credit for its con-
ception and its enactment into law. Its paternity has curi-
ously been ascribed to men who were savagely hostile to the
act; to men who never saw a sentence of the original draft;
to men who could not write its title in a month's trial.
I know very well that the chairman of the Banking and
Currency Committee of the House has been given an undue
part of the praise. But commendation so seldom is applied
to a public man that I have never repelled the pleasant things
said of me. With outward gravity and inward amusement I
have heard myself accused of statesmanship, and-have liked
it.
BUT, GENTLEMEN, THE SERIOUS FACT IS THAT
THE MASTER MIND OF THE WHOLE PERFOR-
MANCE WAS WOODROW WILSON'S. IT WAS HIS
INFINITE PRECIENCE AND PATIENCE; IT WAS HIS
ADMIRABLE COURAGE AND WISDOM; IT WAS HIS
PATRIOTISM AND POWER HIS PASSION TO
SERVE MANKIND-THAT GAVE ZEST AND INSPI-
RATION TO THE BATTLE FOR FINANCIAL FREE-
DOM. AND WHEN, ON THE EVENING OF DECEM-
BER 23, 1913, HE AFFIXED HIS SIGNATURE AND
SEAL TO HOUSE BILL 7837, THERE WAS CONSUM-
MATED IN THE OFFICES OF THE WHITE HOUSE
THE GREATEST LEGISLATIVE MIRACLE OF OUR
TIME.
IT IS BECAUSE I REALIZE NOW AS NEVER BE-
FORE THE INEVITABLY DANGEROUS AS WELL AS
THE TREMENDOUSLY BENEFICENT POTENTIALI-
TIES OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM THAT I
EARNESTLY PRAY FOR THE RE-ELECTION OF THE
MAN WHO MAY MOST BE RELIED ON TO ADMIN-
ISTER THE LAW TO THE LASTING GOOD, AND
NOT TO THE INJURY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
-
Why did we want a rural credit law? To facilitate the flow
of money to the land and to render that process as cheap as
possible.
Well, we have a rural credit law.
Farmer.
-The Dakota
}
K
-
FEDERAL RESERVE ACT
IN BUSINESS TODAY
Freedom of Panics, Secure Credit, a
Sound Dollar Always Good, and
Financial Local Self Government
are Among Its Blessings
UNDER the leadership of President Wilson the Democratic
Party in nine months created and put into successful opera-
tion a safe and efficient banking and currency system. The
Republican Party, through more than forty years of oppor-
tunity, had been afraid to do this work or pitifully incapable
of doing it, although it presented the most important and
pressing problem we had, and involved the welfare of every
citizen, every home and family in the land.
With the old system, inadequate and outgrown, but main-
tained and defended to the last by the Republicans, we had
successive panics. WITH THE NEW SYSTEM, CREATED,
SHAPED AND APPLIED BY THE DEMOCRATS, WE
HAVE COME THROUGH THE TREMENDOUS STRAIN
FORCED UPON OUR BUSINESS BY THE EUROPEAN
WAR WITHOUT A PANIC. We not only met the shock,
but are enjoying greater prosperity and stability than ever
before in our history. Facts tell with the people. We have
plainly before us the facts of vast activity, perfect confidence
and unexampled prosperity.
·
THE CHANGE FROM THE OLD SYSTEM TO THE
NEW WAS MADE WITHOUT JAR OR DISTURBANCE,
ALTHOUGH IT WAS PRACTICALLY A REVERSAL
OF THE THEORIES DIRECTING OUR FINANCIAL
SYSTEM. The Republican theory is the concentration of the
supreme power of wealth in a few hands. The Democratic
theory is the lawful and natural distribution of wealth and
power among the people. It is in exact accord with the foun-
dation principles on which our form of government was es-
tablished.
THE FORMER MONOPOLY OF MONEY.
The old Republican system forced the control of our cur-
rency supply into the keeping of powerful groups or a small
number of men in a few great cities. It swept the real power
to determine our prosperity or misery, or the advancement
or injury of any section or community or individual, into the
control of hidden and ever-narrowing circles, the membership
and purposes of which the general public could not know.
K
All enterprises, as a rule, must from time to time borrow
money. All of them must sell on credit; mines, manufactur-
ers, jobbers, retailers, farmers-even a railroad, though sell-
ing its transportation usually for cash, must get money with
which to meet its payrolls and operating expenses until the
agents have turned in their collections. The law maintained so
271
272
RESERVE ACT IN BUSINESS

THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT
Created Twelve Regional Reserve Banks amply equipped
to accommodate the entire business of the country with
rediscount facilities.
Furnished facilities of expanding the nation's currency and
credit to an extent in keeping with the country's
enormous wealth.
Terminated a system under which the reserve money of
the country was concentrated in two or three great
money centers, where it was used for stock speculation
rather than to accommodate commerce, industry and
agriculture.
Transferred tremendous reserve funds to twelve geograph-
ical centers, for the ready use of the respective twelve
sections of the country in the accommodation of legi-
timate business.
Ended the danger of panics by basing currency upon live
commercial assets so that it automatically responds to
commercial, industrial and agricultural requirements,
expanding when business is brisk and contracting when
business is slack.
Provided means whereby foreign branches of Federal Re-
serve banks have been established, which assist mate-
rially in keeping and expanding our foreign commerce.
Established for the first time in history an open discount
market where commercial bills and commercial paper
may at all times be discounted at low rates of interest.
Created the Federal Reserve Board which has brought
about a well-balanced control of interest rates and of
the expansion and contraction of currency.
IN WHAT LIGHT MR. HUGHES MAY REGARD THIS
SUPREME ACHIEVEMENT OF DEMOCRACY HE HAS NOT
STATED. IF HE DESIRES TO REPEAL THE LAW, OR
TO AMEND IT, HE HAS REFRAINED FROM SAYING SO.
THE REPUBLICAN PARTY'S POSITION, HOWEVER, HAS
BEEN MADE VERY CLEAR BY ITS MEMBERS IN CON-
GRESS. THEY WANT TO SUBSTITUTE FOR THE DEMO-
CRATIC PLAN A HUGE CENTRAL BANK CONTROLLED
BY WALL STREET BANKS AND OPERATED IN THE
INTEREST OF WALL STREET FINANCIERS.
long by the Republicans was a force pump carrying the ready
money or currency supply of the country to New York, Chica-
go and St. Louis, the three "Central Reserve Cities,” and put-
ting the borrowing chances of the general citizen at the
mercy of the powers in those cities. Outside of about fifty
"Reserve" and "Central Reserve" cities, every National
Bank was required to keep a so-called Reserve Fund, equal
to 15 per cent. of its total deposits. Of this Reserve Fund,
three-fifths was sent from the vaults of the local banks for
deposit in National Banks in the "Reserve" and Central
Reserve" cities. The National Banks in the "Reserve" cities
were required to keep reserves equal to 25 per cent. of their
total deposits, including the deposits received from the local
banks; and of this reserve they kept one-half in their vaults
and the other one-half-or 12½ per cent. of all their deposits
-they piled up in the National Banks in the three "Central
Reserve" cities, viz., New York, Chicago and St. Louis.
To illustrate: A country National Bank in Ohio, with de-
1
"
RESERVE ACT IN BUSINESS
273
i
posits built up in its community aggregating $1,500,000, had
to hold 15 per cent. of them, or $225,000, in reserve. Of this
$225,000 it held $90,000 in its own vaults, and usually sent
$135,000 of the money to a National Bank in a Central Reserve
or Reserve city, say Cincinnati. The Cincinnati bank held
one-fourth of that amount in its own reserve; and of this
reserve it kept one-half in its own vault and sent the other
half for its credit to National Banks in New York, Chicago
or St. Louis.
BIG CENTERS CONTROLLED RESERVES.
It sifted down to the fact that three-fifths of the reserves
of all the country banks, under the provisions of the old law,
was fed to the banks in the Reserve and Central Reserve
cities; and half of all the reserves of the National Banks in
the fifty or more Reserve Cities was piled up in the three
Central Reserve cities, hundreds and sometimes thousands of
miles away, and kept there.
An investigation made by the Comptroller of the Cur-
rency early in 1914, immediately after the passage of the
Federal Reserve Act, showed that the principles of concen-
tration had been carried so far that the National Banks alone
in six large cities had on deposit from other banks-National
and State-and trust companies throughout the United States
(exclusive of individual deposits) approximately one billion,
five hundred million dollars ($1,500,000,000); and that the
total amount of money which these National Banks in these
half dozen large cities were lending back to all other banks
and trust companies throughout the country, on Bills Pay-
able and Rediscounts, including indirect loans, was only one
hundred and ten million dollars ($110,000,000)-less than 8
per cent. of the amount held by them to the credit of all
banks.
Of the vast amount accumulated with the National Banks
in these six cities, approximately 530 million dollars was, at
the time referred to, locked in their vaults; about 300 million
dollars had been invested in securities (exclusive of Govern-
ment bonds hold for circulation); and over 400 million dol-
lars was being loaned to borrowers who kept no accounts
with the lending banks, on Stock Exchange loans, "bought
paper," etc.
COULDN'T GET THEIR OWN MONEY.
66
A very serious feature of the situation was that, when crises
came and the country banks had urgent need of their re-
serves and would call on their correspondents to remit, they
found that sometimes they could not get their money and
would be told that there was a currency famine," that the
banks were issuing Clearing House Certificates and could not
ship the cash demanded by their country correspondent
banks; the reason for this was that the money of the country
banks, which was deposited with the Central Reserve city
banks, was being loaned largely by those banks in Wall
Street on stocks for speculative purposes; and if these loans
should be called, the banks feared a smash in prices on the
New York Stock Exchange.
274
RESERVE ACT IN BUSINESS
When it happened to suit the purposes of the big interests
in Wall Street to call bank loans, produce a smash in prices
and a panic, they have not hesitated to do so. THE
COUNTRY WAS FOR YEARS AT THE MERCY OF A
FEW UNSCRUPULOUS MEN WHO POSSESSED THIS
POWER. THE FEDERAL RESERVE
ACT DESTROYED IT.
The investigations of the Pujo Committee of Congress
showed that the financial control of the United States, in-
cluding the fate and hopes of every man, woman and child
of the hundred millions of us, was centered in men number-
ing between 100 and 200 living in four or five cities.
DANGEROUS
LEGALIZED PLUNDER.
* * In this way the money of the depositors in the
smaller cities and towns was taken away by law from its
proper use that it might fatten big banks and increase the
power of the bankers in the big cities, and often promote
schemes of reckless speculation.
It was a natural consequence that the few men controlling
the use of this money, in addition to their own resources,
saw and used boundless and widening opportunities for in-
crease of their own power, for self-enrichment, the destruc-
tion of competition, and the regulation, in their own interest,
of the commerce of the continent.
The law had placed under their control, and they used for
their own uses, the money of other people, poured in from
thousands of scattered sources, and from hundreds of thou-
sands of hands.
By methods of interlocking directorates of great corpora-
tions, of close communion of interests, of dovetailing and
mutual support, they mastered a nation from ambush and
held all the authority of despotism without responsibility of
any kind to anybody.
This was the Republican system and theory of finance,
banking and currency. It brought unnatural and intensely
dangerous situations. It gave us abundant money in a few
great centers, easily available for stock speculation, lending
on call at 2 or 3 per cent. interest, while the business men,
farmers and producers throughout the country, who were
trying to build and create real values and do substantial
work for the country, were unable to obtain money for their
legitimate enterprises-or got it as a grudging dole at rates
sometimes three to ten times what the speculators were
paying. The record proves this.
WRONGS WIPED OUT.
THE DEMOCRATIC THEORY AND SYSTEM, NOW
EXPRESSED IN LAW, WIPE OUT THESE WRONGS
AND DANGERS. THEY GIVE US UNCLE SAM'S DOL-
LAR, GOOD FOR ITS FACE VALUE IN GOLD ANY-
WHERE IN THE WORLD, AND NOW ACCEPTED AS
THE WORLD'S SAFEST CURRENCY AND STAN-
DARD. They supply ample credit resources and
rency to meet the proper needs of business, flowing out
cur-
'.
-
1
RESERVE ACT IN BUSINESS
275
*
freely to help the moving of the crops, to aid reasonable en-
terprise and to promote healthful industry; contracting, by
the automatic process or wisely constructed machinery, as
the need diminishes. They make impossible the panics that
have stricken us periodically and brought ruin and destruc-
tion from ocean to ocean. They have, furthermore, banished
the dread of panics which, under the long period of Repub-
lican mal-administration and control of our finances, was
the nightmare of every business man and working man and
farmer, and obstructed proper enterprise and development.
HIDDEN MEN ROBBED OF POWER.
THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT MAKES IT IMPOS-
SIBLE FOR A FEW HIDDEN MEN TO DECIDE
WHETHER THERE SHALL BE "TIGHT MONEY” OR
"EASY MONEY." .IT GIVES THE PEOPLE AND THE
BUSINESS WORLD A FEELING OF SECURITY SUCH
AS NEVER HAS BEEN KNOWN BEFORE.
Under the Republican plan, solvent banks, in desperate
need of their reserve money to meet demands in a crisis,
have been sometimes forced to close their doors and suffer
heavy losses because their correspondent banks in the big
cities have refused to repay to them their own money. That
cannot happen now.
The new system is simple and works easily. It was cre-
ated as soon as an Administration and Congress, sincerely
diligent in the service of all the people and really possessing
the courage to defy the few but strong forces that had bat-
tened and waxed fat by the old laws, was put in power.
The Republicans in forty years were too feeble of purpose
or intellect to give us a currency with the necessary quality
of elasticity, flowing and ebbing, enlarging and contracting
according to the variations of the people's requirement.
They seemed to prefer and admire a currency which could
be turned on or off by a stopcock controlled by an invisible
hand.
NOW WE HAVE A CURRENCY SUPPLY CON-
TROLLED BY NOTHING AND NOBODY BUT THE
DEMANDS OF THE COUNTRY'S COMMERCE AND
THE SAFEGUARDS OF SCIENTIFIC REGULATION.
The Reserves in each of the Twelve Federal Reserve Dis-
tricts, into which the country has been divided by the new
law, are managed and directed by the substantial people of
the region or district itself, under the supervision of the
Federal Reserve Board. This gives the country local finan-
cial self-government. Neither the business men nor the
bankers nor the {. -ers need longer to importune the cen-
ters. Instead of a restricted issue of bond-secured currency,
we have now a currency and sufficient credits to meet every
need of legitimate business.
SOUND CREDIT NOW SAFE.
The local member bank is sure always that it can at any
time, if need be, exchange the eligible notes of its customers,
which it holds, for money to be used in helping local inter-
ests or to meet any emergency or demand from depositors.
All the member bank has to do is to present its eligible paper
}
i
276
RESERVE ACT IN BUSINESS
¦
1
to the Federal Reserve Bank of its own district, and the
money is immediately forthcoming.
EVERY CITIZEN, EMPLOYEE OR EMPLOYER
MUST, EVERY TIME HE THINKS OF IT, ENJOY THE
FEELING THAT NO PERIL OF PANICS OR BANK
CRASHES, OR GENERAL FINANCIAL DISASTER,
HANGS OVER HIM TO CLOUD HIS SMALL OR
LARGE INTERESTS, OR TO DISTURB HIS HOPES
AND PLANS FOR THE FUTURE.
Every citizen must feel larger and stronger with the con-
sciousness that the finances and the commerce of his country,
and his own interests therein, are not at the mercy of persons
far away and over whom he has no control, but are now con-
trolled by the operation of natural and just laws and admin-
istered by those near him and known to him and responsible
to him, dependent on his approval and heeding his protests
and questions.
FINANCIAL EMANCIPATION.
The more closely the average citizen studies the Federal
Reserve Act, the more carefully he studies conditions and
contrasts them with those of a few years ago, the more
clearly he will understand the faithful zeal for his welfare.
and advancement that has guided the action of this Demo-
cratic Administration; the more vividly he will realize the
disregard of his interests and the subserviency to the money
power that have marked the whole course of the Republican
Party; and the more plainly he will know which of the two
parties is the friend and helper of the average man and to
whom his vote should be given.
THIS GREAT MEASURE HAS EMANCIPATED THE
COMMERCE OF THE COUNTRY AS COMPLETELY
AS LINCOLN'S PROCLAMATION ESTABLISHED THE
FREEDOM OF EVERY BORN AMERICAN. IT IS
NOW FOR THE PEOPLE TO CONSIDER WHETHER
THEY MAY SAFELY PERMIT THE MACHINERY OF
THIS GREAT LAW OF FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE
TO BE ENTRUSTED TO THE HANDS OF THOSE
WHO SO CONSISTENTLY HAVE MAINTAINED
FINANCIAL DEPENDENCE FOR THE MANY AND
CONTROL BY THE SELFISH FEW.
WAUSAU (Wis.) RECORD HERALD (Rep.):
"Whatever criticism is properly due the President, it
cannot truthfully be said that he has tried, or is trying,
to get the country into war. On the contrary, he has
Iomitted no word or act' to keep the country out of
war."
OSHKOSH (Wis.) NORTHWESTERN (Prog. Rep.):
'THE UNITED STATES SENATE HAS REPUDI-
ATED THE MEDDLERS AND WOBBLERS WHO
SOUGHT TO TIE THE HANDS OF THE ADMIN-
ISTRATION IN ITS EFFORT TO PROTECT AND
PRESERVE AN AMERICAN RIGHT FULLY
GUARANTEED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND
HAS THEREBY CONFIRMED THE RULE AMER-
ICA FIRST.'
""
C
FARM LOAN LAW MEETS
RURAL CREDIT NEEDS
จ
New Wilson Achievement Enables
Farmers to Borrow for Long Terms
at Low Rates-Effects Reform
Long Ignored by Republicans
THE
HE constructive genius and unfaltering public spirit of
the Wilson Administration has faced and solved the
problem of rural credits.
A fitting complement to the Federal Reserve Act has been
enacted in the Hollis-Moss Bill, now known as the Federal
Farm Loan Act, approved by President Wilson July 17, 1916.
The long-term needs of the American farmer are for the
first time provided for. Another great link has been forged
in the chain of progressive enactments which constitute the
"New Freedom." Adequate capital at fair and much reduced
interest-rates is assured for the further development of
the marvellous agricultural resources of the United States.
There is an interesting and important story here.
The farmer and the home-seeker were completely ignored
in the National Banking Act of 1863 and 1864-a measure
designed for the special benefit of commercial interests-in
which the constructive capacity of the Republican party on
financial questions begins and ends. National banks in this
now obsolete statute were expressly forbidden to loan on
land mortgage, the best security in the world.
THROUGH ALL THE YEARS SINCE 1864 THE RE-
PUBLICAN PARTY WAS DEAF AND BLIND TO THE
FARMER'S NEEDS. OF MORE RECENT YEARS,
FROM 1896 UNTIL 1910, REPUBLICAN CONGRESSES
TOOK NO STEP TO AID FARM FINANCE. SIXTEEN
YEARS OF FULL CONTROL WERE ALLOWED TO
ELAPSE WITHOUT SO MUCH AS A BEGINNING.
THIS IN THE FACE OF THE FACT THAT SUCCESS-
FUL SYSTEMS OF RURAL CREDITS WERE IN
OPERATION THROUGHOUT EUROPE.
FEDERAL RESERVE ACT MADE A GOOD BEGINNING.
In 1913, in the first ten months of the Wilson administra-
tion, a banking and currency act was worked out and passed
by the Democrats which has become the admiration of the
financial world. The Federal Reserve Act, approved by
President Wilson December 23, 1913, brought safety and pros-
perity to the commercial interests, and made credit available
to the farmer.
For the first time in our history of national finance, the
peculiar needs of the farmer were recognized and met. Notes
given for agricultural purposes or based on live stock were
declared eligible for rediscount at Federal Reserve banks.
277

;
UNDER THE NEW FEDERAL FARM
LOAN ACT
WELVE Federal Land Banks are created in the
continental United States with $750,000 capital
each.
LOANS to farmers for productive purposes only
be made by the twelve banks
national farm loan associations.
M
EMBERS of the farm loan associations must be
borrowers and must take stock in the associa-
tions to the amount of 5 per cent. of their loans.
ST
TOCK subscriptions are a dividend-paying invest-
ment and the 5 per cent. stock subscription is
deducted from the proceeds of the loan.
BASED on its farm mortgages, each land bank may
farm-loan bonds to bear not to exceed 5
per cent. interest.
ROCEEDS of the bonds furnish funds for further
loans to borrowing farmers.
EARNINGS of the system go in full to the bor-
rowers.
INTEREST rates to the farmers, it is expected,
will be five per cent. or lower.
A PLAN of amortization of loans is provided
under which farmers may pay off the principal
on terms that reduce the annual interest rate to not
more than 3½ per cent.
PROVISION also is made for private joint-stock
banks under Government supervision which may
lend to farmers without requiring any investment
in the stock of the bank.
INTEREST RATES NOW PAID ON LONG-
TIME FARM LOANS AVERAGE ABOUT
8 PER CENT. THE NET SAVING TO
FARMERS OF INTEREST AND PRIN-
CIPAL IS EXPECTED TO BE OVER
$150,000,000 A YEAR.
America has been made up out of the nations of the world
and is the friend of the nations of the world.-Woodrow
Wilson.
I
278
CREDIT FOR THE FARMERS
279
J
Farm paper as an investment for banks was thereby placed on
an equal footing with commercial paper, instead of going
begging in the markets. Anything which can be taken to a
Federal Reserve bank as the basis for a supply of currency
is a quick asset of the first water.
In this way hundreds of millions have become available to
the farmer for short-term loans, and the farmer has not been
slow to avail himself of this privilege, as the records of our
national banks amply attest.
But this was not all. National banks were permitted by
the Federal Reserve Act to loan to the farmer on the security
of his farm. They were not compelled to make such loans,
however, and they are to be commended for the caution they
have exercised. A commercial bank ought not to tie up
any substantial amount of its funds in long-term loans, for
it is likely to be required to pay its deposits on very short
notice.
SUPPLEMENTARY LAW TO GIVE LONG-TERM LOANS.
The long-term needs of the farmer could not, however, be
denied. The successful farmer becomes more of a business
man each year. He must use more machinery, buy more
fertilizer, and sow better seed. He must erect better build-
ings, raise better stock, and grow better crops. He must
store his produce in order to sell in a high market. He must
pay cash in order to buy cheap. If he wishes to keep his
children on the farm, he must make his home attractive. All
of this costs money. He must have ready cash, and he must
have the use of cash for long periods. He must find easy ac-
cess to money which is seeking long-term investment.
Of money seeking long-term investment at low rates there
is an abundant supply. It includes the ordinary savings of
the school-teacher, clerk, minister, and wage earner; the pro-
ceeds of life insurance in the hands of widows and other
beneficiaries; funds belonging to estates, minors, and wards
in chancery in the hands of executors, guardians, and trus-
tees; funds of insurance companies, benevolent orders, and
societies of various kinds; endowments of colleges, hospitals,
museums, and other institutions; and assets to be invested
by receivers, courts, and governments. The aggregate of
these is enormous. They require an investment that is absɔ-
lutely safe and reasonably liquid in the sense that it may be
converted into cash upon moderate notice; in other words,
that it may find a ready market. A safe investment of this
character need not carry a high rate of interest.
BRIDGE THAT UNITES FARMER WITH INVESTOR
Here we discover the funds that should be made available
to the farmer on long-term mortgage. We may picture the
owners of this vast wealth grouped on one side of a river, the
farmers desiring loans grouped on the other side. It is evi-
dent that each has what the other wants. We are asked to
furnish the bridge which shall bring them in touch, or rather
to grant a franchise to those who will build the bridge if we
will construct the approaches. Such we conceive to be a
proper function of the Government.
280
CREDIT FOR THE FARMERS

WIDE-REACHING BENEFITS OF
THE RURAL CREDITS BILL
(From President Wilson's Remarks on Signing the
Rural Credits Bill.)
THE FARMERS, IT SEEMS TO ME, HAVE
OCCUPIED HITHERTO A SINGULAR POSI-
TION OF DISADVANTAGE. THEY HAVE NOT
HAD THE SAME FREEDOM TO GET CREDIT
ON THEIR REAL ASSETS THAT OTHERS
HAVE HAD WHO WERE IN MANUFACTUR-
ING AND COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES, AND
WHILE THEY SUSTAINED OUR LIFE, THEY
DID NOT IN THE SAME DEGREE WITH
SOME OTHERS SHARE IN THE BENEFITS
OF THAT LIFE. THEREFORE, THIS BILL,
ALONG WITH THE VERY LIBERAL PROVI-
SIONS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT,
PUTS THEM UPON AN EQUALITY WITH
ALL OTHERS WHO HAVE GENUINE ASSETS
AND MAKES THE GREAT CREDIT OF THE
COUNTRY AVAILABLE TO THEM. ONE
CANNOT BUT FEEL THAT THIS IS DE-
LAYED JUSTICE TO THEM, AND CANNOT
BUT FEEL THAT IT IS A VERY GRATIFYING
THING TO PLAY ANY PART IN DOING THIS
ACT OF JUSTICE. I LOOK FORWARD TO
THE BENEFITS OF THIS BILL, NOT WITH
EXTRAVAGANT EXPECTATIONS, BUT WITH
CONFIDENT EXPECTATIONS THAT IT WILL
BE OF VERY WIDE-REACHING BENEFIT;
AND, INCIDENTALLY, IT WILL BE OF
ADVANTAGE TO THE INVESTING COM-
MUNITY, FOR I CAN IMAGINE NO MORE
SATISFACTORY AND SOLID INVESTMENTS
THAN THIS SYSTEM WILL AFFORD THOSE
WHO HAVE MONEY TO USE.
-
Ba
‛——“… ག་:་
It is evident that the school-teacher in Vermont with $500
to invest cannot be sure that the Kansas farm mortgage of-
fered her is a sound investment. The title of the mortgagor
may be defective; the farmer may be improvident; the land
may not be productive. She has no way to ascertain these
primary facts. But if she is able to buy a long-term bond,
with semi-annual coupons sure to be promptly paid, secured
in common with thousands of like bonds on millions of dol-
lars' worth of farm land, guaranteed by twelve banks with an
aggregate capital of not less than nine millions, with selected
borrowers of known character, with titles examined and all
details attended to by trained men, and with Government ex-
:
CREDIT FOR THE FARMERS
281
+
amination and supervision, she may invest with confidence on
a moderate-income basis.
Such was the need and such was the imperative necessity
of Government action which the Republicans completely ig-
nored. Under the new Democratic law, the creation of a
Federal farm loan board under Government control is estab-
lished, consisting of the Secretary of the Treasury and four
members appointed by the President.
PROVISIONS OF THE NEW DEMOCRATIC LAW.
Twelve Federal land banks are established in the conti-
nental United States with $750,000 capital each, to do the
actual banking business. These banks make loans to farmers
for productive purposes only, through national farm-loan
associations.
Members of farm-loan associations must be borrowers, and
they must take stock in the associations to the amount of
5 per cent. of their loans. This subscription is an investment
in dividend-paying stock, and the 5 per cent. may be deducted
from the proceeds of the loan. This 5 per cent. becomes the
guaranty fund of the system, and is passed along to the land
bank to increase its capital stock. Individual liability to the
amount of each member's stock is also incurred by borrowers
so as to secure their financial interest in the conduct of the
association and in preventing bad loans.
Each land bank may issue farm-loan bonds, based on its
farm mortgages as collateral. The proceeds of these bonds
furnish funds for further loans to borrowing farmers. These
bonds cannot bear interest to exceed 5 per cent., and interest
to farmers cannot exceed 1 per cent. more than the rate
carried by the last issue of bonds. The 1 per cent. margin
pays all expenses and dividends. All earnings go to the
borrowers, and when a loan is paid in full the stock issued
when the loan was made is fully paid off in cash.
It is expected that loans will be made to farmers at 5 per
cent. or lower. The bonds will be an excellent investment
at 4 per cent., being tax exempt and a legal purchase for
fiduciary funds.
Provision is also made for private joint-stock banks under
Government supervision, which may lend to farmers without
requiring any investment in the stock of the bank, or any
assumption of individual liability. These banks will occupy
the same position in the mortgage field that national bank-
ing associations occupy in the commercial field. The twelve
Federal land banks will be co-operative and will correspond
to the familiar building and loan associations in cities.
LAW INCENTIVE TO SAVE.
NOT ONLY IS THE FARMER ENABLED TO BOR-
ROW MONEY FOR PRODUCTIVE PURPOSES AT
LOW RATES OF INTEREST, BUT HE IS ENCOUR-
AGED TO SAVE, AND PAY OFF HIS LOAN ON THE
AMORTIZATION PLAN. WITH EACH PAYMENT OF
INTEREST HE IS REQUIRED TO PAY A SMALL PER-
CENTAGE OF THE PRINCIPAL.
J
282
CREDIT FOR THE FARMERS
Assume that the loan is $2,000 and the interest rate is 5
per cent. per annum, payable semi-annually. The borrower
will pay $50 interest every six months. If he pays $10 addi-
tional (½ of 1 per cent. of $2,000) with each payment, his
debt will be extinguished and the mortgage discharged in
36 years. In a fat year he may pay as much as he chooses;
in a lean year he can easily comply with his contract. If he
pays a larger percentage of the principal with any installment,
the liquidation of the debt will be correspondingly quicker.
The mortgage may run for a term of from five to forty
years at the option of the borrower. No person may borrow
more than $10,000 from the land bank, nor more than 50 per
cent. of the appraised value of the land, plus 20 per cent.
of the value of the buildings.
WE HAVE THUS ENSURED FOR THE FARMER
LONG-TERM LOANS, AT LOW RATES OF INTEREST,
AND IN THE MOST FAVORABLE TERMS OF RE-
PAYMENT. PRODUCTIVE FARMING IS STIMU-
LATED AND THRIFT IS ENCOURAGED.
SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL, EASY TO ADMINISTER.
We have already seen that the Farm Loan Act provides a
long-term investment bond, issued under Government super-
vision, absolutely safe, and with an attractive income. A
study of the Act reveals the following further advantages:
Low cost of administration.
1.
2. Simplicity of organization and operation.
3. Adaptability to every part of the country.
4. Stimulation to the co-operative spirit.
REACTIONARIES SOLE OPPONENTS OF LAW.
The Republican platform of 1916 criticises the Democratic
Rural Credits bill as "ineffective." WE ANSWER THIS
BY SHOWING THAT WHEN THE ACT PASSED THE
SENATE, MAY 4, 1916, THE VOTE WAS 57 YEAS TO
5 NAYS. ONLY FIVE REPUBLICAN SENATORS,
BRANDEGEE OF CONNECTICUT, LODGE OF MASSA-
CHUSETTS, OLIVER OF PENNSYLVANIA, PAGE OF
VERMONT AND WADSWORTH OF NEW YORK,
VOTED AGAINST IT. IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE
THAT THESE SENATORS ARE ALL IN THE
SHADOW OF WALL STREET, MENTALLY AS WELL
AS GEOGRAPHICALLY. THREE OF THEM WERE
ON THE SUB-COMMITTEE WHO WROTE THE RE-
PUBLICAN PLATFORM OF 1916. THEY JUSTIFIED
THEMSELVES AT THE EXPENSE OF 14 OF THEIR
REPUBLICAN COLLEAGUES WHO VOTED FOR THE
BILL.*
IN THE HOUSE, MAY 15, 1916, 295 VOTED FOR THE
ACT, AND ONLY 10 AGAINST IT. THESE TEN ARE
OF THE SAME STRIPE AS THE SENATORS WHO
VOTED AGAINST IT, ALL BUT TWO FROM NEW
YORK OR ADJOINING STATES. THE TWO ARE
FROM RHODE ISLAND AND ILLINOIS.
* See Analized Votes upon important measures.
CREDIT FOR THE FARMERS
283
+
On the adoption of the conference report, which passed the
Hollis-Moss bill in its final form, the vote of the Senate was
unanimous, while the vote of the House was 311 yeas to 12
ན
nays.
The Hollis-Moss bill is now being subjected to the same
hysterical criticism that was levied at the Federal Reserve Act.
It has been denounced by the American Bankers' Association
because it gives Government aid to the farmers. It has been
criticised by the farmers because it does not give Govern-
ment aid. To those farmers who have been led to expect a
measure that would loan to them public money at 3 or 4 per
cent. upon an appraisal by the local postmaster, the bill will
prove disappointing. Those bankers who believe that the
Government should keep out of the land mortgage field and
leave such legislation to the States, are naturally displeased.
BUT THOSE WHO REGARD THE PLEDGES FOR
RURAL CREDITS, LEGISLATION, CONTAINED IN
THE 1912 PLATFORMS OF THE THREE GREAT PAR-
TIES, WILL FIND IN THE PENDING MEASURE À
SIMPLE, EFFICIENT, AND CONSTITUTIONAL PLAN
TO AFFORD TO THE FARMER THE SAME FACILI-
TIES FOR MORTGAGE CREDIT THAT ARE NOW
AFFORDED TO THE MERCHANT AND MANUFAC-
TURER THROUGH THE NATIONAL BANKING
SYSTEM.
After the Federal Farm Loan Act has enjoyed a fair trial,
we shall doubtless find its most vehement critics claiming
credit for its authorship. Such has been our experience with
the Federal Reserve Act since its value has been demonstrated.
PROGRESSIVE APPOINTMENTS.
The Federal Farm Loan Board, which is to handle the new
Rural Credits system, has been made up by President Wilson
of exceptionally strong and efficient men, thoroughly quali-
fied for the particular responsibilities to which they are called
in the agricultural and financial service of the country.
Judge Charles E. Lobdell of Kansas, Republican, has
served as legislator and judge of the Kansas bench during
nearly 20 years of his public career. He has had financial ex-
perience as president of a national bank, two State banks,
and a building and loan association. In 1914 he was presi-
dent of the Kansas Bar Association, and in 1915 president
of the Kansas Bankers' Association; and, having spent his
life in an agricultural community, he has had extensive
experience in loans on farm lands.
George W. Norris, a Philadelphia Democrat, is Director
and Deputy Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Phila-
delphia. He is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania,
a member of the bar, and had charge of the bond and in-
vestment business of the banking firm of Edward B. Smith
& Co. up to 1911, when Mayor Blankenburg appointed him
director of the Municipal Department of Wharves, Docks
and Ferries. He is a student of economic problems and ar
expert on investments and securities.
Captain W. S. A. Smith of Iowa, Republica”
284
CREDIT FOR THE FARMERS
expert, and during the past year or more has served the
U. S. Department of Agriculture as expert in farm practice.
He is an authority on farm loans, and for years has been a
student of rural credits. He is a practical farmer, and well
known to the farmers of the country as a writer on farm
finance and management. He also has had active financial
experience as director of the Stock Yards National Bank of
Sioux City, Iowa, and served on the loan committee of this
institution, which transacts millions of dollars of business
annually with farmers.
Herbert Quick, for years editor of Farm and Fireside, a
Democrat, is of national repute as a writer on farm problems.
He also is an experienced lawyer of nearly 20 years' prac-
tice, and has had extensive business experience.
As an
authority on rural credits he has a national reputation.
Three of the above appointees of President Wilson have
been brought up on the farm, owned and operated farms, or
been identified with agriculture most of their lives. Secre-
tary of the Treasury McAdoo is ex-officio Chairman of the
Board.
YEARLY SAVING TO FARMERS
If applied to the present mortgage indebtedness of farm-
ers, the Rural Credit Act will reduce the present average
interest rate on farm loans from 7.5 per cent. to 5 per cent.,
or less, while at the same time wiping out the principal
of the present farm mortgage debt of the United States in
from 15 to 40 years.
Below is given the statement of the farm debt of the
United States, as compiled by the Department of Agricul-
ture, and the present rate and amount of interest by States,
together with a comparative statement of the amount of in-
terest which the present farm debt of the several States
would bear at 5 per cent, and the amount of interest-saving by
States.
This table indicates an interest-saving under the Rural
"C
* *
* * *
Naturally an act providing for such an important financial
system is rather complicated and it will probably be some time
before its powers and limitations are clearly defined and the
system placed on a practical basis of operation. *
It
is expected by the framers of the measure that all of the stock
in the federal land banks will be owned by these associations
eventually. This is the feature that will make for real results
if it is properly developed.
This is the principle
that underlies all of the great credit systems of European
farmers, and it only remains to be seen how well American
farmers can apply themselves to such a plan to make it work
as well here as it has abroad.
The law is enacted
and at least furnishes a good start for a system of credits
farmers in many sections of the United States have
ng for a long time."-Ohio Farmer, July 29, 1916.
* * *
J
CREDIT FOR THE FARMERS
285
STATE
Credits Act of $66,600,000 to the farmers of the United States
on the present outstanding farm mortgage debt.
Delaware.
Florida.
Georgia
Idaho.
Illinois
•
United States. . $3,598,985,000
Alabama.
Arizona.
Arkansas.
California.
Colorado.
Connecticut...
• ·
* • •
• • •
• · •
Indiana.
Iowa.
Kansas.
Kentucky.
Louisiana
•
•
•
•
·
•
Michigan.
Minnesota.
Montana.
Nebraska.
Nevada.
•
..
·
Mississippi.
Missouri.
•
·
• ·
Maine.
Maryland.
Massachusetts.
•
·
• •
•
•
Tennessee.
Texas..
Utah..
• ·
•
• •
•
• ►
•
•
•
New Hampshire
New Jersey....
New Mexico...
New York..
North Carolina.
•
•
•
North Dakota..
Ohio...
Oklahoma.
Oregon..
Pennsylvania..
•
Rhode Island..
South Carolina.
South Dakota..
D
•
*
·
D
Vermont.
Virginia.
Washington..
West Virginia ..
Wisconsin.
Wyoming.
Estimated
Total
*
Farm
Mortgage
Debt
Average
Rate for
Interest Paid for
Plus Com- Interest and
mission Commission
%
25,943,000 9.4
4,161,000 9.4
21,033,000 9.6
124,752,000 7.6
36,767,000 8.9
17,013,000 5.7
6,857,000 5.6
4,490,000 9.6
29,711,000
8.7
21,566,000 8.9
355,802,000
6.0
132,325,000
469,063,000
180,706,000
6.2
5.9
6.9
41,305,000 7.1
21,141,000 8.6
13,727,000 6.2
32,393,000 6.1
24,077,000 5.6
118.950,000 6.6
145,181,000 6.8
34,419,000
8.5
223,107,000
6.8
17,111,000 10.0
165,015,000
3,129,000
7.1
9.7
35,610,000
6,100,000 5.3
5.8
4,585,000 10.5
168,234,000
5.6
21,005,000 7.7
100,364,000 8.7
130,678,000
6.1
73,129,000 8.4
35,535,000 8.0
109,312,000
5.8
5.9
2,514,000
24,967,000
8.4
92,467,000 8.0
25,468,000
7.9
9.0
184,321,000
6,818 000
9.0
17,113,000 5.6
25,007,000 6.8
43,470,000 8.7
8,725,000 6.4
5.8
7,148,000 10.0
Total
Amount
206,681,000
383,992
431,040
2,584,857
1,919,374
21,348,120
$246,558,961 $179,949,250 $66,609,711
2,438,642
1,297,150
208,050
1,051,150
1,141,492
183,084
967,058
391,134
2,018,208
9,481,152
3,272,263
6,237,600
1,838,350
969,741
850,650
8,204,150
27,674,717
12,468,714
2,932,655
1,818,126
851,074
1,975,973
1,348,312
7,850,700
9,872,308
2,925,615
15,171,276
1,711,100
11,716,065
303,513
323,300
2,065,380
481,425
9,421,104
1,617,385
8,731,668
7,971,358
6,142,836
2,842,800
6,340,096
148,326
2,097,228
7,397,360
2,011,972
16,588,890
613,620
958,328
1,700,476
3,781,890
558,400
11,987,498
714,800
Difference
Interest on Between
Estimated AmountNow
Paid and
Interest
at 5%
Farm Mort-
gage Debt
at 5%
342,850
224,500
1,485,550
1,078,300
17,790,100
6,616,250
23,453,150
9,035,300
2,065,250
1,057,050
1,720,950
11,155,350
855,550
8,250,750
156,450
305,000
1,780,500
229,250
8,411,700
1,050,250
686,350
1,619,650
1,203,850
5,947,500 1,903,200
7,259,050
2,613,258
1,776,750
5,465,600
125,700
1,248,350
4,623,350
1,273,400
9,216,050
340,900
3,243,552
1,433,913
119,091
855,650
1,250,350
2,173,500
436,250
10,334,050
357,400
41,142
206,540
1,099,307
841,074
3,558,020
1,587,900
4,221,557
3,433,414
867,405
761,076
164,724
356,323
144,462
1,204,665
4,015,926
855,550
5,018,200
6,533,900
3,713,468
1,437,458
3,656,450 2,486,386
1,066,050
874,496
3,465,315
147,063
18,300
284,880
252,175
1,009,404
567,135
22,626
848,878
2,774,010
738,572
7,372,840
272,720
102,678
450,126
1,608,390
122,150
1,653,448
357,400
INTEREST ONLY PART OF SAVING.
This statement, however, only faintly shows the possi-
bilities of the new law to American farmers. Besides re-
ducing the present interest rate, the new amortization pro-
vides for wiping out the principal of the debt. It will be
possible therefore eventually to eliminate the entire present
farm debt of $3,598,985,000, besides reducing the interest by
$66,600,000. On the basis of 40-year amortization payments,
the principal would be reduced at the rate of about $90,000,000
yearly. The farmer is also given the opportunity to make new
_286
CREDIT FOR THE FARMERS
loans to extend his agricultural operations at as low a rate as
merchants and manufacturers of the best credit standing.
The loans, too, are on long time, 15 to 40 years, so that a bad
crop or two cannot take his farm.
HOW LOANS WILL BE MADE
(From Address of Representative Ralph W. Moss, of Indiana,
one of the authors of the Farm Loan Act, in the
House of Representatives, July 5, 1916).
Every borrower when he makes an application for his loan
agrees to subscribe to the stock of the local association to
the amount of 5 per cent. of his loan. The local association
when it forwards its member's application for the loan to the
land bank also agrees to subscribe a like amount to the stock
of the land bank. When the loan is granted the land bank
retains out of the face of the loan the amount of the stock
subscription. Thus, if Mr. Jones makes an application for a
loan of $1,000, the transaction which results is as follows:
Mr. Jones executes his mortgage for $1,000 and the local asso-
ciation forwards it to the land bank; the land bank issues to
the local association $50 in par value of stock in the land bank
and transmits $950 in current funds. The local association
likewise issues to Mr. Jones $50 of stock in the association
and turns over to him the $950 received from the land bank.
The association must pay to Jones dividends on $50 stock
issued to him and in turn receives dividends on $50 of stock,
which it holds in the land bank. The land bank has issued
bonds to the amount of $1,000, which it has sold to the public.
It pays interest to its bondholders on this amount and receives
interest from Mr. Jones on the face of his mortgage, which
is $1,000. The land bank also has $50 in cash which it de-
ducted from the face of the loan to pay for the stock issued to
the local association when it received Jones' application.
This sum of $50 is invested and its income helps to pay the
dividends on the corresponding shares of stock.
When Mr. Jones' debt is paid in full the land bank cancels
the stock of $50 held by the association, paying the associa-
tion its par value; likewise the association cancels its stock
issued to Mr. Jones and pays him the $50 par value. Mr.
Jones is no longer a borrower in the system; he is no longer a
stockholder. He does not now help to create any business
for the system and he is not entitled to share longer in its
dividend distributions. I trust this illustration will make it
perfectly plain that this system is purely mutual and co-opera-
tive; that it is owned solely by the borrowers, and that every
cent of its earnings which are distributed as dividends are
paid directly to the borrowers in proportion that their loans
bear to the whole volume of loans granted by the land
bank. * * **
W
WILSON PUTS THROUGH
CHILD LABOR REFORM
His Personal Intervention Causes
Enactment of Important Social
Justice Measure, Twice Passed
by the Democratic House
N a very hot summer day the familiar figure of Woodrow
Wilson, President of the United States, appeared in the
esident's room of the Capitol. His appearance was un-
alded and unsuspected.
Some said that the President had come to declare war on
Mexico, some that the President wished to hold an important
conference with members of the Foreign Relations Commit-
tee on matters of diplomatic importance. But in a few mo-
ments these rumors died down and the fact stood forth that
the President had come to the Capitol to urge in person the
passage of the Child Labor bill.
This was the bill neglected by all previous Republican
Administrations. It provided, as everyone knows, that the
products of the labor of children under sixteen years of age
in mines or of children under fourteen in factories not be
admitted to interstate commerce. It had been on the Admin-
istration's programme since 1913, had passed the House twice,
and was at that moment before the Senate. Owing to the
presence of the closing days of the session, this bill was in
the utmost danger of being lost in the shuffle.
KNEW THE SITUATION.
President Wilson knew these facts and understood this
situation. He also knew that the bill had been carefully
drawn by expert sociologists to correct a grievous injustice
in American industrialism. He understood the forces which
were opposing it, and he believed that the most effective aid
that he could give at this crisis was to make a simple, direct,
personal appeal to the Senate and to the country-to let it
be known by the act of traveling from the White House to
e Capitol that he was putting all the weight and power of
› powerful office behind this measure.
To the President's room came members of the steering
committee of the Senate. Things began to happen forthwith.
For a few days the opposition held the upper hand, but before
the session was concluded the President had won.
The Child Labor Bill passed the Senate on August 8, 1916,
by a vote of 52 to 12. THIS VITAL PIECE OF SOCIAL
LEGISLATION WHICH HAD BEEN NEGLECTED
FOR SESSION AFTER SESSION OF CONGRESS BE-
CAME LAW. PRESIDENT WILSON, MORE THAN
ANY OTHER SINGLE INDIVIDUAL, DROVE IT
THROUGH CONGRESS.
-
شید
287
288
WILSON GETS CHILD LABOR LAW
The Child Labor Bill was urged upon the President in a
petition signed by a group of well known social workers
during the first month of his Administration. It was at that
time placed on the calendar of the Democratic programme,
not as a political measure, but as a measure of economic jus-
tice and necessity. Representative Edward Keating of Colo-
rado introduced it in the House during the first session of
the Administration. It passed the House by an overwhelm-
ing vote, but, largely, thanks to the Republican filibuster
against the Administration Shipping Bill, there was not time
to enact it in the Senate before the final adjournment of the
Sixty-third Congress.
Those who profess to see nothing but politics in the
President's spectacular visit to Congress last July should
remember these facts. They should also remember that the
Republican party, in its 1916 platform, for the first time, in-
cluded the Child Labor Bill, a declaration which followed
the action of the Democratic House in twice approving of
that measure.
The President's handling of the Child Labor Bill is typical
and symbolic of his method of handling legislation. First,
he leaves legislation to Congress, which, according to the
Constitution, is the legislative body. Failing to secure that
which he deems proper, he goes straight to Congress and
asks for it, squarely, man to man. When delicate interna-
tional situations have arisen, the President had gone straight
to Congress and has told it and the country what is hap-
pening, and what, in his opinion, should be done. Thus, he
has dealt with the general problems included in his annual
messages and with the special problems that have arisen from
time to time. Thus, he dealt on a torrid summer day with
one of the most important problems which have been before
the American people in connection with social and industrial
progress-the Child Labor Bill.
AUTO OR ONE-HORSE SHAY?
(From Speech of Representative Scott Ferris of Oklahoma
in the House of Representatives July 21, 1916).
My father and mother used to ride in a one-horse shay that~~
cost $35. Now, if we of the younger generation do not have
an automobile that costs $2,500 every third year, somethin
is going wrong. The whole scene has changed. The who
style and methods of life have changed. The butcher and
the banker all ride in automobiles now days. It is a different
scale of living that we are having, and the party does not live
now that is able to say that it will be able to reduce us to the
plane of a one-horse shay. I predict neither the gentleman
from Ohio nor myself will be here when this country returns
to the one-horse shay days of old.
BUSINESS ISSUE MET IN
BUSINESSLIKE WAY
Permanent Non-Partisan Tariff
Commission Fortifies American
Prosperity Against
War Changes
The Wilson Administration has met a business question
in direct businesslike fashion by providing for a Permanent
Non-Partisan Tariff Commission with ample power to obtain
and report to Congress the facts essential to tariff making.
The law creating the Commission has passed the House at
this writing and is now scheduled for early passage in Senate.
Thus President Wilson and the Democratic Congress have
moved swiftly and efficaciously to prepare and fortify the
United States against new conditions that may arise when
the European War ends. It is another example of the con-
structive capacity of Woodrow Wilson and a responsive pro-
gressive Congress to deal efficaciously with business problems
-to act while the opposition talks.
Since this Government now has in operation an honest,
fair, sound and well-balanced system of tariff taxation, to
which all business has become adjusted, it would be both
unwise and suicidal commercially to start an agitation or
propaganda to change or modify materially the existing
system—before the manifest results of the European war
upon trade, finance and industry the world over shall become
known.
TO MEET CHANGING CONDITIONS.
The Tariff Commission is empowered to study and in-
vestigate the economic and tariff conditions of a changed
and rapidly changing world. It is clothed with authority to
investigate every phase of the tariff question including the
relations between the United States and foreign countries,
preferential provisions, the effect of export bounties, and
all the conditions, causes and effects relating to the compe-
tition of foreign industries with those of the United States.
This action of the Democratic Party under Wood-
row Wilson gives the lie direct to those who charge
that it is a free trade Party.
Under this legislation tariff legislation is to be
taken largely out of politics and based upon facts
scientifically developed instead of upon greed
corruptly applied as heretofore in the formulation
of every high tariff bill enacted by the Republican
Party.
The best thought of the Country inclines to the opinion
that when hostilities cease and America begins to supply
289
290
NON-PARTISAN TARIFF COMMISSION
the wants of stricken Europe, immeasurably multiplied in
many lines by the present carnival of death and destruction,
we will enter upon a period of production far exceeding the
wonderful activities of the present. Be that as it may, the
Wilson Administration proposes to take no chances-to as-
sume no risk of being unprepared to meet any industrial
situation that may develop.
The country has had its experience with Republican tariff
commissions and has paid dearly for it. In 1882 a tariff
commission recommended a reduction of twenty per cent.
in import duties. A Republican Congress, with its historic
subserviency to the special interests, ignored the recommen-
dations entirely and made the tariff rates higher than before.
The makeshift tariff board provided by the Republican stand-
patters in 1909 for the purpose of quieting popular clamor
against their deliberate betrayal of the public interest in en-
acting the Payne-Aldrich law is still fresh in the public mind.
In view of the record it is not surprising that the American
people have lost confidence in either the ability or the desire
of the Bourbon element of the Republican Party to make a
tariff law in the interest of both manufacturer and consumer.
-
AN END OF LOG ROLLING.
Under the new Democratic law, administered by the Dem-
ocratic party, slip-shod and log-rolling methods of tariff
legislation will disappear. In the future tariffs will be based
on facts and not on the prejudiced testimony of the chief
beneficiaries. The schedules will no longer be fixed by the
agents of special privilege at the dictation of their masters.
With the arrogant and brazen assumption, for which its
leaders are noted, the Republican Party is claiming that the
Democrats adopted their idea in creating the tariff commis-
sion. This is completely answered by the historic truth
that although the Republican Party has controlled the ma-
chinery of the government eighty per cent. of the time dur-
ing the past fifty years it never gave the country what the
Democratic Party has now enacted into law.
The President is wholly committed to the tariff commis-
sion idea; the conviction that the Government ought to have
some specially expert instrumentality for accumulating in-
formation to guide Congress in dealing with tariff problems.
The scope of the commission's work was summarized by
President Wilson in these paragraphs of a letter he wrote
to Congressman Kitchin in January, suggesting that the ways
and means committee take up the Tariff Commission sub-
ject:
"What we would need would be above all things else a
board as much as possible free from any strong prepossession
in favor of any political, policy and capable of looking at the
whole economic situation of the country with a dispassionate
and disinterested scrutiny. I believe that we could obtain
such a board if the proper legislation were enacted and it is
quite clear to me what the field of its inquiry and its activ-
ities should be. It should, it seems to me, investigate the
administrative and fiscal effects of the customs laws now in
NON-PARTISAN TARIFF COMMISSION
291
force or hereafter enacted; the relations between the rates
of duty on raw materials and those on finished or half fin-
ished products; the effects of ad valorem and specific duties
and of those which are a compound of specific and ad
valorem; the arrangement of schedules of duties and the
classification of the articles in the several schedules; the
provisions of law and the rules and regulations of the Treas-
ury Department regarding entry, appraisement, invoices and
collection; and in general the working of the customs tariff
laws in economic effect and administrative method.
WILL SECURE THE FACTS.
"It could and should also secure facts which would be very
useful to the administrative officers of the Government, to
Congress, and to the public at large, through investigations
of the revenue derived from customs duties and the articles
subject to duty, the cost of collection thereof, and the revenue
collected from customs duties at the several ports of entry;
and it should be directed to investigate and throw light from
every possible angle on the tariff relations between the
United States and foreign countries; the rates of duty im-
posed on American products in foreign countries; the exist-
ence and effects of discriminating duties, commercial treaties
and preferential provisions; the effects of export bounties and
preferential transportation rates; and the effects of any spe-
cial or discriminating duties that may be levied by the United
States. It might in this connection furnish the State Depart-
ment with very valuable information regarding treaty and
tariff relations between the United States and foreign
countries.
“It might further be of great assistance to the Congress and
to the public and to American industry by investigating the
industrial effects of proposed or existing duties on products
which compete with products of American industry; the
conditions of competition between American and foreign
producers, including all the essential facts surrounding the
production of commodities at home and abroad; the volume
of importation compared with domestic production; the na-
ture and causes of the advantages and disadvantages of
American as compared with foreign producers; and the pos-
sibility of establishing new industries or of expanding in-
dustries already in existence through scientific and practical
processes in such a manner as substantially to promote the
prosperity of the United States.
(From Speech of Speaker Champ Clark in Congress).
The fairest and justest tax ever levied since men invented
the tax system is a graduated income tax with reasonable ex-
emptions. [Applause on the Democratic side.] In the very
first speech I ever made in this House on the subject of the
tariff I stated that I was in favor of a stiff graduated income
tax, and as long as the world spins on its axis and slides down
the ecliptic no political party is ever going to the country on
a proposition to repeal the income tax.
LEST WE FORGET!
*
A LEADER THAT WAS.
THE BANNER OF THE PROGRESSIVE NA-
TIONAL CONVENTION, CHICAGO, 1916, BORE
THESE WORDS:
WE WILL BE ALMIGHTY ASHAMED OF
OURSELVES IF WE ALLOW ANYBODY TO
HOODWINK US INTO NOMINATING ANY MAN
FOR PRESIDENT EXCEPT T. R."
+
CONSTANCY, THOU JEWEL!
SPEAKING OF PROGRESSIVES GOING
BACK INTO THE REPUBLICAN PARTY, COL-
ONEL ROOSEVELT SAID IN AUGUST, 1915:
“HOLDING THE CONVICTIONS I DO IT
WOULD BE AN IMPOSSIBILITY FOR ME MY-
SELF TO TAKE THAT STEP."
=
"PERKINS' GOOD MONEY"
-ONLY A YEAR LATER!
WIL
ILLIAM ALLEN WHITE, Progressive Na-
tional Committeeman from Kansas, in a signed
dispatch to the New York World, June 11, 1916,
following receipt of the Roosevelt telegram with-
holding acceptance of the Progressive nomination,
told just how and why the Progressive Convention
allowed itself to be jilted:
"THE POSITION IN WHICH THE RADI-
CALS FOUND THEMSELVES WAS THIS: MR.
PERKINS HAD PAID HIS GOOD MONEY FOR
THE PARTY AND IN HIM RESTED THE
TITLE OF THE PARTY. IT WAS NATURAL
THAT COL. ROOSEVELT SHOULD RECOG-
NIZE THAT TITLE. * * * AND WHEN MR.
PERKINS SPOKE IN THE PARTY COUNCILS
IT WAS ONLY NATURAL THAT HIS JUDG-
MENT SHOULD PREVAIL.”
American business has altered its point of view and in propor-
tion as it has altered its point of view it has gained in power and
momentum.-Woodrow Wilson.
Lankak
}

292
GOLDEN HARVEST REAPED
UNDER NEW TARIFF ACT
Underwood Act Roots Out Privilege
and Monopoly-Breeding Duties—
Opens New Markets to American
Enterprise
THE DEMOCRATIC
TARIFF LAW HAS-
IN
NCREASED American industrial and business ef-
ficiency by stimulating competition.
ENABLED U. S. industry to import raw materials
to be manufactured into finished products for
export on a huge scale.
ASSISTED in making a new record for U. S.
foreign trade, with a huge balance in our favor.
L
IFTED from the backs of the poor undue bur-
dens of taxation.
FILLED the workman's dinner pail from Maine to
PROVIDED the largest customs revenue obtained
from this source by any nation in the world.
HELPED create, sustain and distribute evenly the
present unequaled prosperity of the country-
SO, WILL YOU NOW VOTE FOR A RENEWAL
OF TARIFF AGITATION WHICH, AS
STATED BY JACOB H. SCHIFF, NEW YORK
BANKER AND LIFELONG REPUBLICAN, IS
"THE ONLY THING THAT CAN STOP THE
GREAT PROSPERITY WE NOW HAVE.”
THE
HE Democratic party, led by Woodrow Wilson, has re-
deemed its pledge to revise the tariff on a sound basis
in the interest of the consumer. The Underwood-Simmons
Act is the most equitable tariff measure ever placed upon the
statute books of the United States.
It remedies economic evil and injustice of long standing.
It meets the Government's need as a revenue measure. And
it has furnished definite and invaluable aid to the expansion
of American overseas commerce which is now so important
a factor in the present prosperity of the country.
293
294
GOLDEN HARVEST REAPED
Its companion measure fortifying the Government to deal
with any contingency growing out of the European War-
the Tariff Commission Act-at this writing is about to
become law.
In behalf of the masses of the American people and the
prosperity of American business, the Underwood-Simmons
Act has wiped out the discriminating and extortionate sched-
ules of the iniquitous Payne-Aldrich Law and placed the
necessaries of life, raw materials and unmanufactured articles
on the free list or given them the advantages of the minimum
rates of duty, while the maximum assessments have been
levied upon the luxuries of life.
Ang
TAX BURDEN EQUALIZED.
The burden of taxation has been more nearly equalized, and
for the first time in the history of the country, wealth has
been called upon to bear a fairer share of the cost of gov-
ernment.
Conceived and enacted free of all dictation by special in-
terests and privileged classes, the law has liberated the people
of the United States from the economic bondage in which
they had so long been held by the tariff policy of the Repub-
lican party-a policy having for its fundamental creed the
encouragement of all the elements and evils of monopoly
and oppression. To arm favored industries with the power
to extort from the consuming American public $5 to $50 for
every dollar collected as a protective duty at the Custom
Houses, has constituted the essence and chief effect of Re-
publican tariffs.
Contrast the achievement of the Democratic party in ef-
fectually reducing the tariff according to its platform pledge
with the shameful and repudiated record of the Republican
party, which, in answer to the general and emphatic demand
for a revision of the tariff downward, contemptuously gave
the country in 1909 the abortive Payne-Aldrich Act-the
rich man's tariff, written by and for selfish interests and
privileged classes regardless of the great consuming masses
of the United States. That tariff law and economic outrage
flagrantly violated a solemn pledge to the nation, and was
condemned by every fair-minded citizen, Democrat, Pro-
gressive and Republican alike. It was the rock upon which
the reactionaries and progressives of the Republican party
first split, culminating in the disruption of 1912.
A DEMOCRATIC DARE.
Would the Republican party dare re-enact the Payne-
Aldrich Law if given the opportunity?

Eliminating the abuses and injustices of the old high pro-
tective system, the Underwood-Simmons Act, by means of
the income tax section, has equalized taxation and lifted
much of the burden from the shoulders of the poor and mid-
dle classes of our people and transferred it to the wealthy
classes which have never paid their just share. Throughout
its history the Republican party has favored the tariff as
GOLDEN HARVEST REAPED
295
the chief source of government revenue because it afforded
a means of "shoving the taxes along" to the ultimate con-
sumer-putting them upon the overburdened backs of labor.
The Democratic party has always toiled in the interest of
the ultimate consumer-the masses of the people of the
United States-and by placing an income tax on wealth has
been able to remove the duties from many articles of com-
mon necessity and to cause a material reduction of the rates
on many articles of general use.
The income tax is constructive legislation that outweighs
all the fiscal legislation of the sixteen years of Republican
rule. Would the Republican party dare repeal it if given the
opportunity?

A STIMULUS TO INDUSTRY.
Coupled with its benefit to the consuming public, the
Underwood-Simmons Act has given a stimulus to our indus-
tries never before equalled in the history of the country.
It has unfettered business and commerce and permitted our
industries, great and small, to compete with the world. In
normal times it will not only be adequate as a producer of
revenue, but it will increase the efficiency of American busi-
ness, and will enable legitimate enterprise to prosper in the
United States without the power to oppress the masses of
the people with unreasonable and extortionate prices. While
a friend of all legitimate business, the Democratic party will
never be willing to confer upon any industry the power to
increase the cost of living out of all proportion to the eco-
nomic conditions of supply and demand.
We are living in an extraordinary period. Much of the
wealth of the world is being destroyed. This great waste,
together with the very important fact that millions of men
have been withdrawn from the fields of production and sent
to the fields of death has diminished the supply of the world's
goods and has greatly decreased the aggregate productive
capacity of the belligerent nations of the earth. In these
circumstances a high protective tariff unquestionably would
have resulted in a most oppressive increase in the cost of
living-a misfortune which has been checked by the reason-
able and fair customs duties of the Democratic law.
No industry has been hurt and every industry has been
benefited-for the tariff has played a most important part in
swelling the unprecedented tide of prosperity that is sweep-
ing every part of the country-the greatest in the history of
any nation on the face of the earth. The removal of the
prohibitive tariff barriers has enabled many neutral countries
- formerly dealing with belligerent nations of Europe to find in
the United States a ready market for their raw and unmanu-
factured products which otherwise could not have come
to us, and has given to our manufacturers the opportunity
of exchanging for them our finished products and opening to
them new and profitable markets which were never before
accessible to them under the Republican high protective
policy. We are importing from South America, Canada,
Asia, Africa and other countries needed crude materials,
manufacturing them into finished products and selling them
296
GOLDEN HARVEST REAPED
C
to the Old World or back to the countries from which the
raw material was purchased, and building up a foreign con-
sumption of our surplus products which has helped to pro-
duce our present prosperity and upon which stable prosperity
depends in the future.
The following table shows the imports and exports for the
fiscal years 1910 to 1913 under the Payne-Aldrich Act as com-
pared with the same statistics for the fiscal years 1914 to
1916 under the Underwood-Simmons Law:
PAYNE-ALDRICH ACT.
Year.
Total
Balance
of Trade in
Favor of the
United States.
Imports. Exports. Foreign Trade.
1910.. $1,556,947,430 $1,744,984,720 $3,301,932,150
1,527,226,105 2,049,320,199
1911..
3,576,546,304
1912.. 1,653,264,934 2,204,322,409 3,857,587,343
1913.. 1,813,008,234 2,465,884,149 4,278,892,383
$188,037,290
522,094,094
551,057,475
652,875,915
UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS ACT.
$470,653,491
1914.. $1,893,925,657 $2,364,579,148 $4,258,504,805
1,674,169,740 2,768,589,340 4,442,759,080 1,094,419,600
2,197,984,842 4,333,698,604 6,531,683,446 2,135,713,762
1915..
1916..
Because of the general depression throughout the world
during the fiscal year 1914-the year the Underwood-Sim-
mons Act went into effect-our foreign trade fell off one-
half (1-2) of 1 per cent. below 1913, but exceeded the record
of all previous years by over $400,000,000. Despite the un-
balanced economic conditions of 1914 due to the European
war, the balance of trade in favor of the United States, as
represented by the excess of exports over imports during
that year, was $470,653,491 as compared with $188,037,290 for
1910, the fiscal year under the Payne-Aldrich law.
MARVELOUS GROWTH OF COMMERCE.
The growth of our foreign commerce under the Democratic
tariff act since the outbreak of the European war, that is, for
the fiscal years 1915 and 1916, has been so extraordinary in
magnitude that it has broken all trade records of all coun-
tries in the whole history of the world. Our exports for 1915
were $2,768,589,340, exceeding all previous records by several
hundred millions; our exports for 1916 reached the stupendous
total of $4,333,698,604, or $1,565,000,000 greater than 1915 and
almost double the high records of previous years.
The balance of trade in favor of the United States for the
fiscal year 1915, was $1,094,419,600, breaking the record of all
previous years; while the favorable balance of trade for the
fiscal year 1916 was $2,135,713,762, or double that of 1915,
and almost three and one-half times the highest record of pre-
vious years.
These figures fairly stagger the imagination!
OUR EXPORTS COULD NEVER HAVE GROWN IN
THIS DEGREE IF OUR INDUSTRIES HAD BEEN
GOLDEN HARVEST REAPED
297
1915
1916
HAMPERED BY A HIGH PROTECTIVE TARIFF which
would have increased the cost of raw material to prohibitive
figures or forced to other markets the raw materials and un-
manufactured articles we have imported for the purpose of
manufacture into finished products in order to supply the ex-
port trade. The increase in our imports during 1916 is repre-
sented almost entirely by the increase in the imports of
such raw materials and unmanufactured articles required by
our own manufacturers. For example, we imported for the
fiscal year 1915 crude materials for use in manufacturing to
the amount of $575,143,000; for the fiscal year 1916, these im-
ports were $944,105,000—an increase of $369,000,000; for the
fiscal year 1915 our imports of manufactures for further use
of our own manufacturers amounted to $237,946,000, while for
the fiscal year 1916, they were $359,442,000, an increase of
$121,500,000. The increase in these two groups of imports
alone aggregated $490,500,000. On the other hand, our total
exports during the fiscal year 1916 of domestic manufactured
products (exclusive of foodstuffs) ready for consumption ex-
ceeded such exports for 1915 by $1,187,733,090, breaking all
previous records of the country's history, viz.:
•
Exports of Domestic Manufactures (exclusive of foodstuffs)
ready for Consumption—
•
N
Fiscal year 1913..
Fiscal year 1915....
Fiscal year 1916.
Increase in 1 year, 1916 over 1915...... $1,187,733,090
Compare these figures with our imports of manufactures
(exclusive of foodstuffs) ready for consumption which were
valued as follows:
$408,179,000
336,263,000
315,884,000
•
$808,634,402
1,996,367,492
Decrease as
Compared
With 1913.
$71,916,000
92,295,000
$164,211,000
Total decrease
It is very difficult to follow the devious Republican mind
on the tariff question. Republican leaders and spokesmen,
with characteristic partisan inconsistency and purely for the
purpose of misleading the country in their frantic efforts to
drive the Democratic party from power, contended until a
few months ago that the European war had acted as a tem-
porary tariff wall, preventing the flooding of the country
with foreign imports; that this accounted for our prosperity
and proved the theory of trade exclusion by high tariff pro-
tection to be correct. They now ignore that contention, make
an "about face" and point to the large increase in the imports
for 1916 as a threat to our prosperity and as a fruitful source
of tariff taxation to meet the present revenue necessities for
preparedness, etc.
298
GOLDEN HARVEST REAPED
As the increase in our imports has been due to increased
imports of raw materials and the like for the use of our manu-
facturers in their export trade, it would simply be taxing, and
consequently diminishing, our export trade if we increased
the duties on crude materials, and therefore hurtful to our
prosperity. The conclusive evidence that the Democratic
tariff law has helped the country is the fact, viz.: that while
we bought from foreign countries in 1916 (our imports)
$2,197,984,842, we sold to foreign countries in 1916 (our ex-
ports) more than twice as much as we bought, viz.: $4,333,-
698,604 leaving a trade balance in our favor, for the fiscal
year 1916, of $2,135,713,762. NO WONDER THE UNITED
STATES IS NOW THE RICHEST AND MOST PROS-
PEROUS NATION ON EARTH. DEMOCRATIC POL-
ICIES, DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION AND
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT TRULY IN THE IN-
TEREST OF THE PEOPLE, HAVE MADE IT SO.
DUMPING CHARGE A FABRICATION.
The charge, often repeated until recently, that the Demo-
cratic tariff has resulted in the dumping of European manu-
factures upon our markets to the detriment of American
business is utterly fallacious and deliberately misleading.
During the first ten months under the present tariff act, or
the period from its adoption to the outbreak of the war, that
is, during times of peace, our imports increaced $101,977,779,
or at the rate of only about $122,000,000 a year.
The following table shows the relative increase of imports
under the Payne-Aldrich and the Underwood-Simmons Acts:
Fiscal
Year.
Tariff Law.
1910 Payne-Aldrich
1912 Payne-Aldrich
1913 Payne-Aldrich
1914
1
•
•
Underwood-Simmons, at the rate of
Increase of
Imports Over
Preceding
Fiscal Year.
$245,000,000
126,000,000
160,000,000
122,000,000
In other words, the above table shows that for the year
ended June 30, 1910, nearly 11 months of which were under
the Payne-Aldrich law, the first year in which that law was
in effect, imports increased $245,000,000 over the preceding
year, or more than double the rate of increase under the first
ten months of the Underwood-Simmons Act; for the fiscal
year of 1912—the last full Republican year-also under the
Payne-Aldrich law, they increased $126,000,000 over the pre-
vious year; for the fiscal year of 1913, likewise under the
Payne-Aldrich Act, they increased $160,000,000, while the rate
of increase under the Underwood-Simmons Act for the fiscal
year of 1914 was only $122,000,000.
In spite of the increase of $101,977,779 in total imports for
the ten months ended July 31, 1914, the increase in foodstuffs
and crude materials for use in manufacturing was over
$105,000,000, leaving an actual decrease in the value of imports
-
GOLDEN HARVEST REAPED
299
of all kinds of manufactures (excluding manufactures of
foodstuffs) of over $3,000,000. In other words, instead of the
alleged dumping of European-made goods on our markets,
these figures show that there was really a decrease in the
value of importations of manufactured articles for that period.
Not only is this true as to manufactures as a whole, but an
analysis of the figures from each of the larger branches of
manufactures shows that they were not injured in any degree
by the lower duties.
Imports of manufactures of cotton for that period were
valued at about $60,000,000, as against $53,000,000 for the
corresponding period of 1913 under the old tariff.
But as
our total domestic output of manufactures of cotton annually
is at least $800,000,000, the increase could not have had any
effect on our cotton manufactures.
An analysis of the increase in the imports of our principal
manufactures for the ten months ended July 31, 1914, under
the Underwood-Simmons Act, that is prior to the outbreak
*of the European war, as compared with the corresponding
period of 1913, shows that wherever there was an increase in
imports of manufactured products there was a corresponding
or greater increase in the imports of raw materials, out of
which these goods are made.
Wool:
DEMAND EXCEEDS SUPPLY.
This clearly indicates that the demand of the United States
for these manufactured articles was in excess of the ability
of our own manufacturers to supply them. The following
table is illuminating in this respect:
IMPORTS.
Raw
Silk:
10 Months 10 Months
Ended
July 31,
1913.
Manufactured goods.. $13,000,000 $33,000,000 $20,000,000
Raw wool
26,000,000 53,000,000 27,000,000
Vegetable Fibres:
Manufactured goods..
...
Ended
July 31,
1914.
Uncured hides and
skins
Manufactured goods.. 22,000,000 27,000,000
Raw silk
72,000,000
Leather and Tanned
Increase.
65,000,000 70,000,000 5,000,000
42,000,000 49,000,000
7,000,000
Skins:
Manufactured goods.. 6,800,000 8,700,000 1,900,000
7,300,000 13,100,000 5,800,000
Unmanufactured
5,000,000
85,000,000 13,000,000
92,000,000 105,000,000 13,000,000
The above are the principal increases in the value of manu-
factured goods, while there are notable decreases in other
kinds of manufactures.
300
GOLDEN HARVEST REAPED
•
.
The value of imports of manufactures of iron and steel
entered for consumption for the period from October 4, 1913,
when the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act went into effect, to
June 30, 1914, shows a slight decrease from the value of the
imports during the period October 1, 1912, to June 30, 1913,
under the Payne-Aldrich tariff. Steel and iron articles en-
tered free of duty increased from $447,347 to $5,933,658 during
that period. Of this, however, the greater part consisted of
pig iron, the free imports of which increased to the value of
$3,193,333.
The domestic production of pig iron for the calendar year
1913, ending three months after the new tariff law went into
effect, and 8 or 10 months after the new duties on iron were
practically known, was 30,966,000 tons, valued at over $458,-
000,000. This was the record production for any year and
for any country. The entire production for the world for
that year being about 77,400,000 tons—the greatest production
to that date.
MADE GOOD BEFORE THE WAR.
Bar iron decreased; steel ingots, billets, bars, etc., de-
creased; wire rods decreased and forgings decreased, while
the value of imports of tin plates increased from $915,688
to $1,225,461. Wire and manufactures of wire increased from
$830,303 to $1,075,557. Imports of cutlery increased from
$1,380,765 to $2,532,911. These increases, however, were in-
finitely small in proportion to the total domestic production
of these articles. The domestic production of tin and terne-
plate in 1909, for instance, was $47,969,645. The domestic
production of wire and wire work was $126,210,278. The
value of the domestic production of cutlery and tools was
$53,206,163, while the total value of iron and steel products
of blast furnaces was $391,306,675, and of iron and steel
products of steel works and rolling mills was $985,628,297.
These relatively infinitesimal increases could have had no
adverse effect upon the iron and steel industries.
The above is an analysis of the situation before the out-
break of the European war-the only normal period during
which the Simmons-Underwood Act has had an opportunity
to operate. There has been a great decrease in our imports
of manufactured goods since the war, but the Republican
party has been making strenuous efforts to mislead the
country by the circulation of false statements of the wildest
character to the effect that Europe is prepared to dump two
billion dollars worth of manufactured articles upon the
United States as soon as peace is declared. The statement
is absurd on its face. It is an absolute fabrication. There
is absolutely no data upon which to base such statements.
That they are utterly ridiculous becomes instantly clear
when one considers the prostration of Europe and the fact
that a great proportion of her producers and manufacturers
have been withdrawn from the fields of commercial pro-
duction and are forced to devote their entire energies and
resources to the production of munitions and other ma-
terials to prosecute the war.
GOLDEN HARVEST REAPED
301
During the past two years our manufacturers have enor-
mously increased their efficiency and the output of their
plants, and our record breaking exports are going to every
corner of the globe, including markets which never before
have been available to the United States. This has resulted
in a great improvement in organization and in methods of
manufacture and in a great increase of trained workmen,
which will give the manufacturers of the United States for
years to come a paramount advantage over all foreign com-
petitors. In these circumstances there will be no chance for
an increase in the importation of manufactured products,
because, as clearly shown above, the increase in the imports
of manufactured goods in the past under the Simmons-
Underwood Act was due to an increased demand for such
goods by the people of the United States and the inability of
our manufacturers to supply them.
It is not only false, but dishonest, for the Republican party
to claim that the revenue needs of the Government could
have been provided by a protective tariff. The highest pro-
tective tariff ever written would have yielded less revenue
to the Government than the Underwood-Simmons Act. The'
articles which are not coming into this country now cer-
tainly would not come in under a higher protective tariff,
and many of the articles that had never previously sought
the United States, which are being imported now, would be
prohibited from entering by protective rates of duty. Rev-
enue cannot be collected from goods that do not enter the
country. While receipts from the tariff have necessarily
been decreased by the war, the receipts from the income tax
section of the Act have been a reliable, constant and increas-
ing source of revenue.
The Underwood-Simmons Act is a most successful revenue
measure, and will continue to prove so upon the restora-
tion of normal conditions in the world, as it was clearly dem-
onstrated to be successful in normal times.
THE CUSTOMS PROVISIONS OF THE LAW WILL
YIELD, DURING NORMAL TIMES, $100,000,000 IN
EXCESS OF THE CUSTOMS LAWS OF ANY OTHER
NATION. IN VIEW OF THAT FACT, WOULD THE
PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES TOLERATE AN
INCREASE IN THE TARIFF?
The following tables afford a comparison between the
amount of revenue receipts yielded to the Government by
the Payne-Aldrich Act and that produced by the Underwood-
Simmons Law:
Payne-Aldrich Act
Fiscal year 1912
Customs...$311,321,672
Corporation
Tax...... 28,583,304
Total.. $339,904,976
Payne-Aldrich Act
Fiscal year 1913
Customs...$318,891,396
Corporation
Tax.
→
35,006,300
$353,897,696
Underwood-Simmons
Act
Fiscal year 1914
My
Customs... $292,320,015
Corporation
Income Tax 43,127,740
Individual
Income Tax 28,253,535
$363,701,290
302
GOLDEN HARVEST REAPED
&
}
*
In other words, the receipts for 1912 under the Payne-
Aldrich Act—the last full Republican year-were $23,796,314
less than the collections for 1914, chiefly under the Demo-
cratic tariff law, and the receipts for 1913, likewise under the
Payne-Aldrich tariff, were $9,803,594 less than those for
1914, chiefly under the Democratic law.
NO MORE EXTREME TARIFFS.
THE LIFE OF THE MODERNIZED ULTRA HIGH
PROTECTIVE TARIFF SYSTEM AS HERETOFORE
DEVELOPED IN THIS AND ONE OR TWO OTHER
LEADING COUNTRIES HAS REACHED ITS END.
Apart from its essential injustice to the people, this system
has become a positive menace to the peace of all trade coun-
tries. It is naturally utilized for purposes of rank discrimina-
tion, practical boycotting, undue preferences, retaliations and
other irritating practices. It also involves in its logical de-
velopment, subsidies, bounties, rebates, and the like. The
trade practices growing out of the very spirit and operation
of these so-called scientific high protective tariff systems have
been a source of constant controversy and irritation among
the leading commercial nations. It is a matter of common
knowledge that the operation of the many unfair, injurious,
and sharp trade practices and the strenuous trade conquests
pursued under these systems largely contributed to the out-
break of the present European war.
Viewed from any standpoint, the citizen must be selfish,
greedy, and shortsighted who would demand or seriously
suggest tariff revision before normal conditions are re-
established in the world.
EUROPE HARD HIT.
At the close of the war, Europe, commercially and indus-
trially speaking, will be flat on her back. She will be bur-
dened by a stupendous debt and most seriously handicapped
by high prices, high wages, inflated currency, destroyed cap-
ital, scarcity of skilled labor, loss of export trade, high taxes,
burdensome interest, extreme scarcity of all raw materials,
and great depletion of her stock of manufactures, both for
export and domestic purposes. The principal countries at
war will be paying greater annual interest charges than the
total amount of taxes annually levied by the United States
Government. With these tremendous handicaps, no intelli-
gent person expects Europe to be able to rehabilitate herself
commercially and industrially within any short period of
time. Some of her best markets have already been lost to
the United States.
T
An organization without the vital spirit of co-operation is
dead and may be dangerous-Woodrow Wilson.
HOW WOODROW WILSON
DROVE OUT THE LOBBY
:
Charles B. Warren, of Michigan, Now
on Hughes's Campaign Committee,
in Exposure of "Invisible
Government"
•
WE
HEN President Wilson at the outset of his administra-
tion, in the spring of 1913, scattered the lobby which
for years had regularly gathered in Washington seeking to
prevent legislation in the interest of the people, he performed
a great public service which has been of continuing benefit
to the country. The lobby was practically a part of the old
stand-pat Republican machine.
The leaders of the lobby, lavishly supplied with funds
contributed by individuals and corporations made rich by
special legislation enacted under the Republican regime,
had their corps of experienced secretaries and clerks work-
ing night and day in extensive suites of offices, sending to
members of the House and Senators and broadcast to the
press of the country specially prepared "literature" calcu-
lated to arouse public sentiment against the progress of
reform legislation outlined by President Wilson in accord-
ance with the pledges of the Democratic platform.
The Underwood tariff bill, which dealt so drastically with
the iniquitous schedules of the Payne-Aldrich tariff act, was
the special object of the lobby's hostile activity at the
moment.
But when the President in a brief but pointed statement
called the attention of the country to what was going on,
there was a sudden cessation in these activities. The prin-
cipal lobbyists hurried from Washington like rats deserting
a sinking ship, their extensive bureaus of misinformation
were closed and Congress was enabled to continue its work
of reform legislation relatively free from the importunities
of the special interests.
The matter was not allowed to end here, however. Com-
mittees of both Senate and House were authorized to make
searching investigations into the activities of the lobby.
HUGHES CAMPAIGN AIDE INVOLVED.
An interesting revelation brought out by the lobby
investigation was the manner in which the American Sugar
Refining Co., the old trust that dominated the cane sugar
industry, was connected up with the Beet Sugar Trust with
a view to preventing cutting of prices. It was shown that
the former trust had acquired heavy holdings of the stock of
the Beet Sugar Trust, the Michigan Beet Sugar Co. and
other so-called independent beet sugar concerns established
in the West. THE MICHIGAN BEET SUGAR CO. HAD
303
304
DRIVING OUT THE LOBBY
**
+
AS ITS PRESIDENT CHARLES B. WARREN, THEN
AND NOW A MEMBER OF THE REPUBLICAN
NATIONAL COMMITTEE. THE LOBBY INVESTI-
GATION MADE IT APPEAR THAT WARREN WAS
THE AGENT OF THE OLD SUGAR TRUST IN THE
OPERATIONS WHEREBY IT CONTROLLED THE
BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY. A DECISION OF THE
SUPREME COURT HAVING MADE THE OLD SUGAR
TRUST'S CONTROL OF THE BEET SUGAR CON-
CERNS DANGEROUS, WARREN KINDLY BOUGHT
FROM THE OLD TRUST LARGE BLOCKS OF ITS
BEET SUGAR HOLDINGS. ACCORDING TO WAR-
REN'S OWN TESTIMONY BEFORE THE LOBBY IN-
VESTIGATION, HE BOUGHT OF THESE STOCKS
"JUST SUFFICIENTLY TO GET DOWN TO A POINT
OF SAFETY FROM PROSECUTION UNDER THE
TRUST ACT." THERE WAS GOOD REASON TO BE-
LIEVE THAT THESE PURCHASES WERE NOT IN
GOOD FAITH AND THAT THERE WAS NO DESIRE
TO COMPLY HONESTLY WITH THE ANTI-TRUST
LAWS.
THE SAME WARREN.
THIS IS THE SAME WARREN WHO IS NOW A
MEMBER OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF
THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE BY
DESIGNATION OF THE REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE
FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
CHARLES EVANS HUGHES.
९
ONE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTIES.
If our party were to be called upon to name the particular
point of principle in which it differs from its opponents most
sharply and in which it feels itself most definitely sustained
by experience, we should no doubt say that it was this: That
we would have no dealings with monopoly, but reject it
altogether; while our opponents were ready to adopt it into
the realm of law, and seek merely to regulate it and mod-
erate it in its operation.-President Wilson's Letter to
Representative Oscar W. Underwood, October 17, 1914, on
Accomplishments of 63rd Congress.
WILSON'S BASIC ARGUMENT
Against Wilson's basic argument that, even in the most
ferocious war, the voice of humanity and of international
law must be heard, nobody even lightly affected by the
morality of our stage of culture will present objections: the
Princeton Professor might base his arguments on Bismarck
or Goethe (who, in the presentation of essentials, are not so
far removed from each other as heedless or hostile phrase-
makers would have them).-Maximilian Harden, famous
Berlin editor.
1
+
DEMOCRACY REDEEMS
PLEDGES TO LABOR
Change of Administration Will
Jeopardize Labor's New Bill of
Rights, Written Into Statute
Law By Democrats
EMOCRATIC control of Congress and the sympathetic
leadership of Woodrow Wilson have made effective
epochal achievements which constitute a practically com-
pleted programme of economic justice for the laboring classes.
Great laws affecting terms and conditions of employment
have been rewritten to accord with the highest dictates of
modern conscience and experience. Administrative measures
have been adopted which expand the hand-worker's zone of
opportunity and tend to improve the conditions under which
the laboring man and woman work and live.
Labor's new Bill of Rights is safe-Labor's entire cause
is safe-under Woodrow Wilson. BUT SUPPOSE A
CHANGE TAKES PLACE TO ANOTHER AND AN
ENTIRELY DIFFERENT SORT OF FEDERAL AD-
MINISTRATION, PLACING THE ENFORCEMENT OF
THE NEW LAWS AND THE CONDUCT OF LABOR'S
NEW ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY IN THE
HANDS OF A PARTY WHICH HAS FOUGHT PRAC-
TICALLY EVERY ONE OF THE ADVANCES MADE
IN LABOR'S BEHALF! WHAT THEN?
ESSENTIALS OF LABOR RECORD.
Essential chapters in the story of the redemption of Dem-
ocratic pledges to Labor are-
1. AMENDMENT OF THE ANTI-TRUST LAWS
RELATIVE TO ORGANIZATIONS OF LABOR AND
FARMERS ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE
LABOR OF A HUMAN BEING IS NOT A COMMO-
DITY OR ARTICLE OF COMMERCE AND SHOULD
NOT BE LEGALLY PLACED IN THE SAME CATE-
GORY WITH DUMB OR INANIMATE THINGS.
2. PASSAGE OF THE CHILD LABOR LAW EX-
CLUDING ARTICLES MADE BY THE LABOR OF
CHILDREN FROM INTERSTATE COMMERCE.
3. THE PREVENTION OF THE ABUSE OF THE
RIGHT OF INJUNCTION IN LABOR DISPUTES
BY OUR FEDERAL COURTS.
305
*
306
}
PLEDGES TO LABOR REDEEMED
4. RESTRICTING
PUNISHMENT FOR AL-
LEGED CONTEMPTS OF COURT AND PROVID-
ING A TRIAL BY JURY IN ALL CASES OF CON-
TEMPT WHEN THE ALLEGED ACT HAS NOT
OCCURRED WITHIN THE IMMEDIATE PRES-
ENCE OF THE COURT.
5. SPECIFICALLY DEFINING THE THINGS
THAT LABOR MAY DO IN FURTHERANCE OF A
LABOR DISPUTE.
6. PROHIBITING THE FUNDS
ATED FOR PROSECUTION OF VIOLATIONS OF
THE ANTI-TRUST LAWS FROM BEING USED TO
PROSECUTE LABOR AND FARMERS' ORGANI-
ZATIONS FOR ACTS COMMITTED IN FURTHER-
ANCE OF THEIR LEGITIMATE FUNCTIONS.
7
APPROPRI-
7. THE ENACTMENT OF THE SEAMEN'S
LAW GIVING SAILORS THE RIGHT TO CEASE
THEIR EMPLOYMENT WHEN THEIR VESSEL
IS IN A SAFE PORT IF THE WAGES AND WORK-
ING CONDITIONS ARE NOT SATISFACTORY TO
THEM.
PROMOTES INDUSTRIAL PEACE.
8. THE CREATION OF A PERMANENT MEDI-
ATION BOARD TO USE THE GOOD OFFICES OF
THE GOVERNMENT IN PROMOTING ADJUST-
MENTS OF LABOR DISPUTES ON RAILROADS
ENGAGED IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE, UNDER
THE ADMINISTRATION OF PERMANENT OF-
FICIALS WHO CAN DEVOTE THEIR ENTIRE
TIME TOWARDS THE ADMINISTRATION OF
THE LAW.
GAR
-
ESTABLISHMENT
9. THE
OF AN EIGHT-
HOUR LAW FOR WOMAN AND CHILD WORK-
ERS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
10. AN EIGHT-HOUR LAW FOR EMPLOYES
ENGAGED IN OPERATIONS UNDER THE ALAS-
KAN COAL LAND ACT.
11. CONSTRUCTION OF THE ALASKAN RAIL-
ROAD BY THE GOVERNMENT INSTEAD OF
THROUGH CONTRACTORS.
12. THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ACT
AND APPROPRIATIONS THEREUNDER, PRO-
VIDING VOCATIONAL EDUCATION FOR FARM-
ERS AND RESIDENTS IN RURAL COMMUNI-
TIES.
G
14. MASTERS, MATES AND PILOTS ON VES-
SELS GUARANTEED THE RIGHT TO QUIT ·
WHEN CONDITIONS ARE NOT SATISFACTORY
TO THEM.
PLEDGES TO LABOR REDEEMED
307
7
15. SEVEN NEW SAFETY STATIONS AND TEN
NEW EXPERIMENT STATIONS PROVIDED FOR
THE BUREAU OF MINES TO ENABLE IT TO
EXTEND ITS WORK OF LABOR SAFETY.
AN
16. AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE GREAT
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTE IN THE COAL-FIELDS
OF WEST VIRGINIA BY A COMMITTEE OF THE
SENATE WHEREBY PEACE WAS RESTORED,
EIGHT-HOUR WORK-DAY OBTAINED,
CHECK-WEIGHMEN ALLOWED TO REPRESENT
THE WORKMEN IN SEEING THAT THEIR COAL
IS PROPERLY WEIGHED, AN INCREASE IN
WAGES SECURED, THE RIGHT OF ORGANIZA-
TION GUARANTEED AND THE BASIS LAID FOR
PROGRESSIVE IMPROVEMENT OF THE WORK-
ING CONDITIONS OF THE MINERS.
17. FEDERAL BOILER INSPECTION EXTEND-
ED SO AS TO APPLY TO LOCOMOTIVE EN-
GINES AND TENDERS.
18. A COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF REP-
RESENTATIVES MADE AN INVESTIGATION OF
THE CONDITIONS EXISTING IN THE COLO-
RADO COAL-FIELDS AND THE MICHIGAN COP-
PER REGION DURING THE BIG STRIKES IN
THOSE STATES, GIVING TO LABOR AN OPPOR-
TUNITY TO BE HEARD UPON ANY CHARGES,
COMPLAINTS OR GRIEVANCES THEY DESIRED
TO PRESENT, AND PROVIDING A CHANNEL
THROUGH WHICH THE PUBLIC MIGHT BE-
COME ACQUAINTED WITH THE FACTS.
19. IMPOSITION OF AN INCOME TAX IN CON-
FORMITY WITH THE PROVISIONS OF
THE RECENTLY ADOPTED CONSTITUTIONAL
AMENDMENT PLACING THE BURDEN OF TAX-
ATION UPON THE SHOULDERS OF THOSE
BEST ABLE TO BEAR IT.
20. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MINIMUM
FINE FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE HOURS
OF SERVICE ACT OF 1907, APPLYING TO RAIL-
WAY EMPLOYES, WHICH HAD BECOME PRAC-
TICALLY INOPERATIVE BECAUSE THE LAW
PROVIDED A MAXIMUM BUT NO MINIMUM
FINE FOR THOSE WHO WERE CONVICTED OF
ITS VIOLATION.
AND THERE IS MORE.
In addition to the measures enumerated above enacted into
law by the two Congresses during this Administration, which
have been the busiest in history, preparations have been made
for further legislation. The Bill to create a Bureau of Labor
Safety and the Government Employes' Compensation Bill
have passed the House and have been reported to the Senate.
(The latter is now law.) The Convict Labor Bill to enable
308
PLEDGES TO LABOR REDEEMED
States
to regulate admission from another State of
"convict-made goods has been reported favorably by the
House Committee on Labor and also by the Senate Com-
mittee on Education and Labor, and is now on the calendar
of both Houses. A bill to provide Federal aid for vocational
training has been reported favorably by the House Com-
mittee on Education and the Senate Committee on Education
and Labor. A bill to provide an increase in wages for Fed-
eral Inspectors of Locomotives and Railway Equipment is
on the House calendar with a favorable report from the
House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. A
bill to create a National Employment Bureau has been fav-
orably acted upon by the House Committee on Labor and
is now before the House for its consideration.
SAFETY ON RAILROADS.
A bill for the promotion of the safety of employes and
travelers on railroads, providing a greater distance of clear-
ance between cars and obstructions along the right-of-way,
has been placed upon the calendar of the House with the
endorsement of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce.
The foundation upon which the successful record of the
Wilson Administration in providing protection of wage-
workers against injustice and wrong was laid during the
Sixty-second Congress. For sixteen years the Republicans
had had uninterrupted control of both branches of Congress.
The power of the Speaker had become supreme. He selected
all of the committees to which legislation was referred and
named their chairmen. Desire for good committee appoint-
ments and chairmanships on the part of members of the
majority created an influence in the hands of the Speaker
which enabled him to control the action of the committees
and through them the legislation which should be consid-
ered. The committees became the graveyards of every piece
of legislation which the Speaker had decided to oppose.
DEMOCRATS BROKE BARRIERS.
In the Sixty-second Congress the Democrats had control
of the House. THEY BELIEVED THAT THE PRINCI-
PLE OF ALLOWING ONE MAN TO DOMINATE CON-
GRESS WAS WRONG, AND THEY AMENDED THE
RULES OF THE HOUSE BY TAKING THE POWER
TO NAME THE COMMITTEES OUT OF THE HANDS
OF THE SPEAKER AND PLACING IT IN THE HANDS
OF THE MAJORITY OF THE MEMBERS OF CON-
GRESS. The effect was immediate. Committees of Congress
became free to act in accordance with the judgment of the
majority. They took on new life and measures were con-
sidered upon their merits instead of by the dictation of one
man.
Among other committees that began to function after six-
teen years of inactivity was the Committee on Labor. It
reported out and secured the consideration and enactment
7
PLEDGES TO LABOR REDEEMED
309
of a number of measures favorably affecting labor, among
which may be mentioned the law providing an eight-hour
work-day on work done for the Government as well as on
work done by the Government; the creation of the Indus-
trial Relations Commission; the authorization of the Chil-
dren's Bureau; the establishment of the Department of Labor,
and the restoration of the right of hearing, petition, and
association to civil service employes.
The same rules have applied to each succeeding Congress
and they enabled the Administration to secure the enact-
ment of the progressive legislation above recounted.
THERE HAS NEVER BEEN AN ADMINISTRATION
SINCE THE FOUNDATION OF THE GOVERNMENT
WHERE SO MUCH LEGISLATION HAS BEEN EN-
ACTED DIRECTLY AFFECTING THE WAGE-WORK-
ERS AND IMPROVING THEIR CONDITIONS.
LIBERALS VS. TORIES.
One of the great champions of Labor in Congress has been
Representative David J. Lewis of Maryland, now candidate
for the U. S. Senate. Explaining why Democracy has been
Labor's instrument of progress Mr. Lewis said in a speech
in the House, July 10, 1916:--
"I SAY IT IS SOMETHING MORE THAN A
COINCIDENCE THAT THESE MEASURES HAVE
PASSED A DEMOCRATIC CONGRESS AND WERE
NOT EVEN CONSIDERED UNDER REPUBLICAN
RULE. WHAT IS THE CAUSE? WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE? THE DIFFERENCE, SIR, I SUB-
MIT IS THIS: THE PARTY OF JOSEPH G. CAN-
NON REPRESENTED ONLY A PART OF THE
PEOPLE. THE PARTY OF WILSÓN AND CLARK
REPRESENTS THEM ALL. ONE IS THE TORY
WHO THINKS ALL LAW-MADE CHANGES ARE
DANGEROUS, AND, AS WENDELL PHILLIPS
SAID, IS AFRAID TO BRUSH DOWN THE COB-
WEBS LEST THE CEILING MAY FALL. THE
OTHER IS THE LIBERAL AND PROGRESSIVE,
WHO KNOWS THAT AS SOCIAL AND ECO-
NOMIC CONDITIONS CHANGE SO MUST
CHANGE THE RULES OF THE STATE WHICH
REGULATE THE RELATIONS OF HUMAN
BEINGS."
Of the work and present head of the Department of Labor
Ir. Lewis said:-
THE SECRETARY OF LABOR.
"Mr. Speaker, the Department of Labor is a real living
and dynamic fact. And why? Its Secretary is a real son
of labor. I insert his biography as taken from the Congres-
sional Directory:
William Bauchop Wilson, of Blossburg, Pa., Secretary
of Labor, was born at Blantyre, Scotland, April 2, 1862;
came to this country with his parents in 1870 and settled
at Arnot, Tioga County, Pa. In March, 1871, he began
working in the coal mines; in November, 1873, became
half member of the mine workers' union; has taken an
half
310
PLEDGES TO LABOR REDEEMED
active part in trade-union affairs from early manhood;
was international secretary-treasurer of the United Mine
Workers of America from 1900 to 1908, having been
elected each year without opposition; is engaged in farm-
ing at Blossburg; is married and has nine children; was
elected to the Sixtieth, Sixty-first, and Sixty-second Con-
gresses from the fifteenth congressional district of Penn-
sylvania; chairman Committee on Labor, House of Rep-
resentatives, Sixty-second Congress. Took the oath of
office as Secretary of Labor, March 5, 1913.
64
Surely in the case of the Department of Labor there was
no 'making the promise to the ear and breaking it to the
heart.' A distinguished Member of this House has said that
if in argument you should grant the Secretary of Labor any
of his premise, defeat was certain to follow, so surely does
his Scotch processes of logic plow their way through all
obstructions when given a single admission. He is a credit
to his race. He is a credit to the labor sentiment of the
country, which has trusted and supported him, and a credit
to the administration whose arduous responsibilties he so
splendidly shares. Surely in William B. Wilson labor has
a voice in the great councils of the Nation."
THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY.
In all the Government Departments the eight-hour work-
day has been extended to apply to all Government contracts
except for the purchase of those things that can be usually
bought in the open market. Mechanics and laborers em-
ployed in the arsenals and Navy yards of the Government
have received substantial increases in wages commensurate
with the improved conditions which have been secured by
the workers in private employment, and its improvements
have been numerous and great.
With a record of this kind to rely upon as a pledge of
the sincerity of its purpose, with the American workingman
more steadily employed, with better wages and conditions
than ever before, with pledges in the platform which give
a guarantee of future progressive legislation, surely the
Democratic Administration is entitled to a vote of confidence
from the wage-workers and farmers of the United States,
organized and unorganized.
WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION.
The new Workmen's Compensation Law which had passed
the House and passed the Senate August 19 applies to over
400,000 persons in the employ of the United States Govern
ment. This includes all the civil employees, whereas the
former law covered less than one-fourth of them.
It provides for the payment of two-thirds of the wage:
during the period of incapacity resulting from personal injury,
the payments beginning three days after the accident; and
medical care is provided. The compensations to dependents
of injured are also liberal.
Up to the time of the passage of this law the New York
State law was the most liberal, but this surpasses it and is
considered the most scientific as well as the most liberal
compensation law in the world.
1
}
STORY OF UNPARALLELED
SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE
Wilson Administration Carries Out
Constructive Program for Develop-
ment of America's Farm
Resources
Woodrow Wilson and the Democratic as-
sumed direction of all branches of the Federal Gov-
ernment in March, 1913, they did not have to waste time in
securing information concerning rural life problems.
It was not necessary to create commissions to inform them
concerning the needs of agriculture. They knew the prob-
lems and needs from long and intimate experience and study,
and proceeded promptly to mark out a program which has
been pursued with singular intelligence and executed with
remarkable promptness.
Their program involved a conception of rural life as a
whole. Heretofore those in charge of the Government had
been able to see only one aspect of it-production. The
Democratic program revealed a full appreciation not only
of the importance of problems of production and a deter-
mination to prosecute energetically work of a scientific and
practical character in this field, but also for the first time
embraced problems in the untouched and important half of
agriculture involved in distribution, in marketing, rural
finance, and rural organization. The legislative and admin-
istrative record has been made. The achievements speak
for themselves and need little more than summarily to be
set forth.

$36,129,000 THIS YEAR.
The Democratic party has generously shown its apprecia
tion of the importance of agriculture. The year before it
assumed charge of the Government the aggregate of all the
appropriations for the activities of the Federal Government
in relation to agriculture was $24,077,000. The amount ap
propriated for the fiscal year 1917 for similar purposes is
approximately $36,129,000, an increase of over 50 per cent.;
and two of the laws enacted during the last three years, the
Cooperative Agricultural Extension Act and the Federal
Aid Road Act, involve large annual increases, the former of
$500,000 a year until 1922-23, and the latter of $5,000,000
annually for four years, each necessitating contributions of
equal amounts from the States working in cooperation with
the Federal Government.
Particular pains have been taken to foster production
through every promising approach. Greatly increased pro-
vision has been made for improving cultural methods, for
311
312 WILSON'S SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE

CAN YOU BEAT THIS
MR. HUGHES?
IN
N brief, this is the Wilson Administration's record of practical,
efficient and progressive achievement in making farming and
all rural pursuits more attractive and more lucrative:
1.
REORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL-
TURE bringing about a more logical and effective grouping
of its activities and making all its work more directly helpful
to farmers.
2.
COOPERATIVE
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ACT,
taking directly to the farms the information amassed by the
Department and the State agricultural colleges regarding ways
and means of applying better method and up-to-date machin-
ery to increase the pleasure and the profit of farming.
<<
3. ATTACK UPON THE PROBLEMS OF DISTRIBU-
TION, giving attention for the first time to the second half
of agriculture" by the adoption of practical plans of rural
organization, by improving marketing facilities and by intro-
ducing ways of avoiding waste and loss.
4. COTTON FUTURES ACT, providing standards for cot-
ton, supervision of the operations of cotton exchanges and
placing the sale of cotton on a firmer basis.
5. UNITED STATES GRAIN STANDARDS ACT, bringing
about uniformity in the grading of grain, enabling the farmer
to obtain a fairer price for his product, and affording him a
financial incentive to raise better grades of grain.
6. THE UNITED STATES WAREHOUSE ACT, authorizing
the Department of Agriculture to license bonded warehouses,
making possible the issuance of reliable and easily negotiable
warehouse receipts, permitting the better storing of farm prod-
ucts, increasing the desirability of receipts as collateral for
loans, and promoting the standardization of storage and mar-
keting processes.
7. THE FEDERAL AID ROAD ACT, providing cooperation
between the Federal and State Governments in the construc-
tion of rural roads which will strongly influence the develop-
ment of good road building along right lines, stimulate larger
production and better marketing, promote a fuller and more
attractive rural life, add greatly to the convenience and eco-
nomic welfare of all the people, and strengthen the national
foundations.
8. THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT, authorizing national
banks to lend money on farm mortgages and recognizing the
peculiar needs of the farmer by giving his paper a period of
maturity of six months.
9. THE FEDERAL FARM LOAN ACT, creating a banking
system that will reach intimately into the rural districts, oper-
ate on terms suited to the farmer's needs under systematic
management, introduce business methods into farm finance,
reduce the cost of handling farm loans, place upon the market
mortgages which will be a safe investment for private funds,
attract into agricultural operations a fair share of the capital
of the Nation, and lead to a reduction of interest rates in all
rural communities.
increasing varieties of staple crops and introducing new ones,
for encouraging standardization, for introducing drought and
insect-resisting plants, and especially for eradicating and con-
trolling plant and animal diseases.
A
Careful thought has been given to the matter of increasing
the meat supply of the Nation. The appropriation for the
eradication of the cattle tick has been nearly doubled, that
for the control of hog cholera has been increased from $100,-
000 to $360,000, ample appropriations have been made for the
eradication of the menacing and destructive foot-and-mouth
WILSON'S SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE
313
1
disease, and the disease has been eradicated at a cost to the
Federal Government of nearly $4,500,000.
No pains have been spared to improve the grazing condi-
tions in the National Forests, and attention has been directed
to the necessity of improving the grazing conditions on the
public lands.
Special efforts have been made to bring about an increase
in the number of animals in the settled farm areas of the
country, and large appropriations have been made for the
control and the eradication of predatory animals destructive
to live stock.
But it was obvious that no less important than the securing
of additional information for farmers was the problem of
conveying it to them and of inducing them to apply it, and
that it was little short of criminal to spend millions of dollars
to acquire valuable information and not to use every possible
efficient agency available for placing it at the disposal of
the rural population as promptly as possible. It was realized
that if the average farmer could be induced to apply what the
experts knew and what the best farmers practiced a revolu-
tion could be brought about in the agriculture of the Nation.
It was clearly a matter of urgency that through every
proper channel at the earliest possible moment there be
brought home to the 6,000,000 farm families of the Union the
knowledge which the agricultural agencies of the Nation had
acquired and were increasingly acquiring. Therefore, imme-
diately the Department of Agriculture attacked this problem.
It first dealt with the printed matter of the Department.
AN INFORMATION SERVICE.
It was clear that bulletins were not infrequently difficult
to interpret, to understand, and to apply. It was necessary
to adapt them to the classes of people they were intended
to reach. The first step taken was to segregate the scientific
bulletins for the scientists from the popular bulletins for the
farmer; and no pains were spared to simplify the latter and
to convey the information in the briefest, simplest and clear-
est form.
The second step was to devise a central agency to facili-
tate the securing of information by all interested parties and
agencies, including the daily and weekly newspapers, and in
particular the agricultural journals. It was ascertained that
such papers would gladly use material if it were furnished
to them in readily available form, and that correspondents
of representative journals would telegraph to their home of-
fices items giving important and timely agricultural informa-
tion bearing upon pressing problems. Accordingly, the Office
of Information was organized.
Its work has resulted not only in a fuller knowledge on the
part of the farmers that they can get assistance and that
bulletins are available, but it has also led to a vastly larger
use of agricultural matter by the press of the Nation.
Furthermore, it was recognized that the printed page is
not the most efficient educational medium, but that personal
contract is requisite; that the demonstration method is the
most effective way of reaching the farmer.
314
WILSON'S SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE
This idea was embodied in the cooperative agricultural
extension act, approved May 8, 1914. This is one of the most
significant and far-reaching measures for the education of
adults ever adopted by any Government. Its aim is to take
the results of the latest research and best practice in agri-
culture and home economics directly to the farmer and his
family. Through it the Nation takes to the farmer and his
wife and his children engaged in their daily tasks the best
thought on problems of rural life. It incorporates the princi-
ple of coordination of activities between the State and the
Nation. This is highly significant and important. It is essen.
tial that the two jurisdictions, the State and the Nation, serv-
ing the same people, shall act efficiently.

The Act directs that they shall jointly plan and execute
the educational extension activities. Its purpose was to pre-
vent friction, jealousy, duplication of work, and waste; and
two years of administration of the Act justifies the assertion
that it is accomplishing its purpose.
Carrying an appropriation of $480,000 outright from the
Federal Treasury for the first year, it provides for an increase
the second year to $600,000, and of $500,000 annually there-
after until 1922-23, with the requirement that the States make
available an equal amount. For 1922-23, and annually there.
after, there will be expended under the terms of the Act,
from Federal and State sources alone, a total of over $8,600,-
000 in the direct education of the farmer; and this fund is
being and will be increasingly supplemented by contributions
from local sources.
DEMONSTRATIONS IN ALL COUNTIES.
It is not extravagant to say that, when the Act is in full
operation, there will be expended for the education of the
rural population in agriculture and home economics from
eleven to fourteen millions of dollars annually. This sum
will be sufficient to place in each of the 2,850 rural counties
of the Union two farm demonstrators and specialists who will
assist the demonstrators in the more difficult problems con-
fronting them. These agents are under the joint direction of
the land-grant colleges and the Federal Department. This
great force of teachers will convey to the farmer information
not only as to the best methods of. production, as to the
improvement of breeds of plants and animals, as to the
eradication and control of plant and animal diseases, soil im-
provement and farm management, but also as to the best
marketing practices, the importance and possibilities of co-
operation, of rural organization, and the making of rural life
more profitable, comfortable, and attractive.
But there was a more significant conception, and the devel-
opment of proposals for attacking even more urgent prob-
lems. The problems of production continue to be vital and
important. It is essential not that less but that larger pro-
vision be made for investigations and practices in this field.
It was clear, however, to Democratic leaders that further
production in many directions waited on better distribution,
and that in this field were involved fundamental problems of
WILSON'S SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE
315
L
justice and injustice which demanded solution. It was obvi-
ous that there was more to rural life than the mere increase
of crops and animals, more even than the finding of markets,
more than a matter of profits and even of justice in distribu-
tion, and that to limit the attack on rural life problems merely
to these aspects of it would be inadequate and partial. The
time had come to see to it that the fruits of modern civiliza-
tion should not accrue so exclusively to the towns and cities.
That, relatively speaking, there had been neglect of the
rural life of the Nation was clear. We had been so bent on
building up great industrial centers, in rivalling other nations
of the world in manufacturing, fostering it by every natural
and artificial device we could think of, so busy trying to make
each city larger by the next census, that we had, in great
measure, overlooked the very foundations of our industrial
existence. It had been assumed that we had a natural
monopoly in agriculture, that it could take care of itself, and
we had, therefore, cheerfully left it to do so; and recklessness
and waste had been incident to our breathless conquest of the
continent. President Wilson was right when he said early
in his administration: "It has, singularly enough, come to
pass that we have allowed the industry of our farms to lag
behind the other activities of the country in its development.
Our thoughts may ordinarily be concentrated upon the cities
and the hives of industry, upon the cries of the crowded mar-
ket place and the clangor of the factory, but it is from the
quiet interspaces of the open valleys and the free hillsides
that we draw the sources of life and of prosperity, from the
farm and the ranch, from the forest and mine. Without these
every street would be silent, every office deserted, every fac-
tory fallen into disrepair."
NO SYSTEM UNDER REPUBLICANS.
No systematic attention had been given by any agency or
individuals to the pressing problems in the field of the eco-
nomics of agriculture. Even the economists of the Nation
had shown a singular indifference concerning them. They
were busily studying the economic problems relating to in-
dustry. All were devoting their attention assiduously to
banking, transportation, public debts, international payments,
municipal and corporation finance, State and Federal finance,
economic theory, the history of economics, the economic sys-
tems of Greece and Rome and the Middle Ages, but a mere
handful had shown any appreciation of the numerous and
complex problems of rural life which vexed the six million
farmers of the Nation. The field of the economics of agri-
culture was practically unexplored, and there were doubts
even as to the lines that inquiries should follow and as to
the possibility of any results within a reasonable time. In
view of these facts, the record of the Democratic party in
this field has been striking. What are the items? In this
place nothing more than a mere summary is possible.
In the first place, provision was made promptly for the
creation of an Office of Markets and Rural Organization.
Beginning with a modest sum, the appropriations for this
316
WILSON'S SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE
Office, including those for enforcing new laws designed to
promote better marketing, have increase to $1,200,000.
Quickly an effective organization was developed and has
been engaged in making market surveys, studying methods
and costs, transportation and storage problems, city market-
ing and distribution, the establishment and promulgation of
market grades and standards, and cooperation in production,
marketing and finance. Since the problems of those engaged
in producing and marketing perishables were especially
urgent, plans were formulated to assist these producers
through a market news service. The Democratic Congress
has made available for this undertaking the sum of $137,000.
Effective assistance has been given to groups of producers
in many areas. A similar service for live stock will be in-
augurated during the year, an appropriation of $65,000 hav-
ing been made available for the purpose.
It was recognized by the Democratic leaders that even
though the individual farmers were thoroughly efficient and
community cooperation were established, the problems of
production and marketing could not be solved adequately
and justly because of conditions over which neither the
individual nor the community had the requisite control. It
was obvious to them that these conditions could be estab-
lished only by legislation. They, therefore, set themselves to
the task of devising the necessary measures.

RESERVE ACT GAVE ASSISTANCE.
In the Federal Reserve Act they authorized national banks
to lend money on farm mortgages and recognized the peculiar
needs of the farmer by giving his paper a period of maturity
of six months. But this action did not place him in a posi-
tion of equality with the merchant, manufacturer, or other
citizen in urban communities and in the field of industry. It
was essential that banking machinery be devised which would
reach intimately into the rural districts, that it should operate
on terms suited to the farmer's needs, and should be under
sympathetic management. The need was for machinery which
should introduce business methods into farm finance, bring
order out of chaos, reduce the cost of handling farm loans,
place upon the market mortgages which would be a safe
investment for private funds, attract into agricultural opera-
tions a fair share of the capital of the Nation, and lead to
a reduction of interest. These needs and these ideals have
been met by the enactment of the Federal Farm Loan Act,
approved July 17, 1916.
At the same time, the problem of establishing standards
on which producers of farm products might trade, of super-
vising the trading in staple crops and the operations on
futures exchanges, and of developing a better system of
warehouses was attacked.
The farmers have been in a position singularly different
from the producers of other products. Among the difficul-
ties confronting them in the distribution of their products
have been the lack of generally known or accepted standards
for staple crops on which to trade, the absence of a system
WILSON'S SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE
317
for ascertaining commercial differences actually prevailing
in the markets, the inadequacy of storage facilities, and the
difficulty of securing storage certificates easily available as
collateral for loans. These difficulties will be overcome in
large measure through the operation of the Federal Farm
Loan Act, the Cotton Futures Act, the United States Grain
Standards Act, and the United States Warehouse Act.
Under the Cotton Futures Act, which was enacted on August
18, 1914, and re-enacted in the Agricultural Appropriation
Act for the fiscal year 1917, standards for cotton have been
established, the operation of the futures exchanges have been
supervised, and the sale of cotton has been put on a firmer
basis.
SERIES OF IMPORTANT LAWS.
The United States Grain Standards Act, which is included
in the Agricultural Appropriation Act for 1917, aims to bring
about uniformity in the grading of grain, thereby enabling
the farmer to obtain fairer prices for his product and afford-
ing him financial incentive to raise better grades of grain.
The United States Warehouse Act, also included in the
Agricultural Appropriation Act for 1917, will enable the
Department of Agriculture to license bonded warehouses in
the various States and will make possible the issuance of
reliable warehouse receipts which will be widely and easily
negotiable. It will permit the better storing of farm products,
increase the desirability of receipts as collateral for loans,
and therefore will be of definite assistance in financing crops.
It will also promote the standardizing of storages, of ware-
house receipts, and of marketing processes.
Of no less importance for agriculture and for the national
development is the Federal Aid Road Act, approved July 11,
1916. This is treated in a special article of the Text Book.
The Cooperative Agricultural Extension Act recognizes a
new class of pupils-men and women, working at their daily
tasks on the farm. It makes available to the States for the
nine fiscal years after its passage the aggregate sum of $23,-
120,000 of Federal funds to be expended for instruction and
practical demonstrations in agriculture and home economics.
The States from their own resources must appropriate for
like purposes a total of $18,800,000, making a grand total of
$41,920,000 to be expended up to the end of the fiscal year
1923. Thereafter, the Federal Government is to continue to
appropriate $4,580,000 annually and the States must appro-
priate $4,100,000 annually, making a total annual expenditure
for this new form of agricultural promotion of $8,680,000.
These sums by no means represent the full appropriation of
the Federal Government to the county-agent and demonstra-
tion work. In addition, Congress, under the present admin-
istration, has appropriated directly to the Department of
Agriculture for this purpose over $1,000,000 a year. This sum
does not include $20,000 for aiding farmers' institutes and
agricultural schools and over $20,000 to be used by the De-
partment in home economics investigations.
318
WILSON'S SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE
!
The table given below shows the distribution of the Fed-
eral funds to the several States, under the law:
State.
Alabama.
Arizona.
Arkansas
California.
Colorado.
Connecticut..
Delaware
Florida
Georgia.
Idaho.
Illinois.
Indiana
•
L
•
•
•
•
...
•
·· ·
•
•
• •
•
•
Iowa..
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine.
Maryland.
Massachusetts.
+
•
Michigan.
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri.
Montana.
Nebraska.
Nevada.
•
*
[
• •
· • · •
· · •
· ·
▼ •
•
· • •
*
•
•
· •
·
D •
.. ..
•
New Hampshire
New Jersey..
New Mexico.
New York.
North Carolina.
North Dakota..
Ohio..
Oklahoma.
Oregon.
Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island...
South Carolina.
South Dakota..
Tennessee.
Texas.
Utah...
Vermont.
Virginia.
Washington
West Virginia.
Wisconsin.
Wyoming
··
•
..
•
•
•
•
·
•
Fiscal year
1914-15.
Per cent
that rural
popula- Amount
tion of
State
each
State
bears to will
total rural receive.
popula-
tion. 1
3.58
.29
2.78
1.84
.80
.232
.213
1.08
4.19
.52
4.38
10,000
3.16
10,000
3.13
10,000
2.43 10,000
3.51 10,000
2.35
10,000
10,000
.731
1.29
.49
3.00
2.48
3.22
3.84
.491
$10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
-10,000
10,000
10,000
.41
.38
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
3.21
1.09
2.01
2.69
1.04 10,000
4.26
10,000
2.71 10,000
.741
10,000
6.15 10,000
.04
2.61
1.03
3.53
5.99
10,000
10,000
10,000
1915-16 1916-17
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
Maxi-
mum
amount
each
State is
entitled.
to
receive.
$31,493
11,717
26,680
21,039
14,795
11,398
11,281
1.79
.14
.36
1.28
.57
13,414
3.90
33,443
3.82 10,000 32,953
16,491
35,174
13,110
36,282
28,943
28,794
24,556
31,088
24,094
14,389
17,748
12,922
28,002
24,899
29,330
33,036
12,952
20,728
10,834
12,133
17,660
16,236
35,557
26,256
14,442
46,893
10,220
25,691
16,167
31,202
45,970
12,438
12,275
29,267
16,523
Maxi-
mum
amount
each
State is
entitled.
to
receive.
22,071
26,164
11,250
$49,404
13,147
40,580
30,236
18,789
12,563
12,347
21,898
56,151
15,702
58,184
44,729
44,456
36,686
48,660
35,839
18,047
24,203
15,374
43,005
37,315
45,438
52,232
15,412
29,668
11,529
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
.21 10,000
99.988 $480,000 $1,080,000 $1,580,000
13,909
24,043
16,259
52,979
52,081
21,431
56,855
39,802
18,144
77,637
10,402
38,768
21,308
48,870
75,945
14,468
14,170
45,323
21,958
32,130
39,634
12,290
1917-18,
1918-19, 1922-23,
1919-20,1 and there-
1920-21, after.
1921-22
For the
above
fiscal
years,
add each
year the
amount
given be-
low to the
total for
the imme-
diately
preced-
ing year.
$17,911
1,431
13,900
9,198
3,995
1,165
1,067
5,408
20,978
2,592
21,902
15,786
15,662
12,130
17,573
11,745
3,657
6,456
2,443
15,002
12,416
16,108
19,196
2,460
8,940
695
1,777
6,383
2,845
19,536
19,127
5,196
21,297
13,547
3,701
30,744
183
13,076
5,140
17,668
29,975
2,031
1,896
For fiscal
year
1922-23
and there-
after.
$156,870
21,730
123,980
85,424
42,759
19,554
18,749
54,345
182,020
31,254
189,596
139,442
138,428
109,466
154,103
106,309
39,991
62,936
30,029
133,016
111,811
142,086
167,41 I
30,172
83,308
15,699
24,572
62,341
33,329
170,195
166,846
52,607
184,640
121,081
40,352
262,101
11,497
117,223
52,148
154,878
255,795
26,655
25,543
141,659
54,571
92,484
16,056
5,436
10,059
13,470
120,454
1,041
18,541
$500,000 $4,580,000
1. Figures after 1920 subject to returns of fourteenth census on rural popu-
lation.
The framers of the Act recognized the important part
played in farm economy by farm women by requiring that
a part of the Federal funds appropriated under the Act be
devoted to practical demonstrations in home economics. The
purpose of these demonstrations is to bring to the farm
woman information which will enable her to lessen household
WILSON'S SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE
319
B
drudgery, utilize improved methods, and make her own life
and that of her children happier, healthier, and more effec-
tive.
WOMEN HAVE APPROPRIATION.
The farm women have a definite appropriation all their
own. During the last fiscal year, $542,732 of State and Fed-
eral funds, or nearly 11½ per cent. of the total expendi-
tures for extension work, was expended for demonstrations
in home management and home economics, under which are
included the devising and demonstrating of lavor-saving ma-
chinery and methods for the farm housewife. In addition,
the Federal Government is expending for the enforcement of
the Food and Drugs Act and the Meat Inspection Law nearly
$4,000,000 annually, which, by protecting the food supply
and preventing adulteration, directly helps farm and other
women in their important responsibility of providing safe
and nourishing food for their families.

During sixteen years of uninterrupted control of
the National Government, the Republicans had ample
opportunity to put through all or any part of the con-
structive programme for agricultural advancement
herewith described.
They didn't do it.
This is just one of the many reasons why the
farmers will come through, strong, for Woodrow
Wilson in November.

WILSON VS. TAFT IN AGRICULTURE.
Total of All Appropriations for Department of
Agriculture, Including Special Acts.
UNDER TAFT.
UNDER WILSON.
Fiscal
Year.
1910..
1911.
1912.
1913..
•
•
•
•
Fiscal
Year.
$16,542.736 1914.
20,070,828 1915.
22,370,016 1916.
22,666,496↓ 1917 . . .
•
•
$24,076,945
28,530,832
28,004,082
36,128,852
1
PRESIDENT WRITES OF
HIS WORK FOR FARMER
Outlines Constructive Program In
Letter to Chairman House
Agriculture Committee
(Congressional Record, August 15, 1916.)
The White House,
Washington, August 11, 1916.
My Dear Mr. Lever-It has given me much satisfaction
to approve today the bill making appropriations for the
Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1917, and for other purposes, because the bill not only makes
very generous provision for the improvement of farm pro-
duction in the Nation and for investigations and demonstra-
tions in the field of the marketing of farm crops and of the
organization of rural life, but also contains three well-con-
ceived measures designed to improve market practices and
the storage and financing of staple crops. As the passage of
this bill marks the practical completion of an important part
of the program of the betterment of rural life which was
mapped out at the beginning of the administration, I feel
that I can not let the occasion pass without conveying to you
and to your associates in both Houses my appreciation of
the service rendered to the Nation in strengthening its great
agricultural foundations.
The record, legislative as well as administrative, is a remark-
able one. It speaks for itself and needs only to be set forth.
1. Appreciation of the importance of agriculture has
been shown through greatly and intelligently increased
appropriations for its support.
2. Particular pains have been taken to foster production
by every promising means, and careful thought has been
given especially to the matter of increasing the meat sup-
ply of the Nation.
3. Greatly increased provision has been made, through
the enactment of the cooperative agricultural extension
act, for conveying agricultural information to farmers and
for inducing them to apply it. This piece of legislation
is one of the most significant and far-reaching measures
for the education of adults ever adopted by any Govern-
ment. It provides for cooperation between the States and
the Federal Government. This is a highly important and
significant principle. When the act is in full operation
there will be expended annually under its terms, from
Federal and State sources alone, a total of over $8,600,000
in the direct education of the farmer; and this amount is
being and will be increasingly supplemented by contri-
butions from local sources. It will permit the placing in
320
PRESIDENT ON AGRICULTURE
321
J
each of the 2,850 rural counties of the Nation two farm
demonstrators and specialists, who will assist the demon-
strators in the more difficult problems confronting them.
4. Systematic provision for the first time has been made
for the solution of problems in that important half of
agriculture which concerns distribution marketing, rural
finance, and rural organization.
5. Provision was made promptly for the creation of an
Office of Markets and Rural Organization, and the appro-
priations for this office, including those for enforcing new
laws designed to promote better marketing, have been
increased to $1,200,000. The more difficult problems of
marketing are being investigated and plans are in opera-
tion for furnishing assistance to producers of perishables
through a market news service. A similar service for
live-stock interests will be inaugurated during the year.
6. The problem of securing the uniform grading of
staple crops, of regulating dealings and traffic in them, of
developing a better system of warehouses, and of pro-
viding more available collateral for farm loans has been
successfully dealt with.
7. Under the cotton-futures act standards for cotton
have been established, the operations of the future ex-
changes have been put under supervision, and the sale
of cotton has been placed on a firmer basis.
8. The United States grain-standards act will secure
uniformity in the grading of grain, enable the farmer to
obtain fairer prices for his product, and afford him an
incentive to raise better grades of grain.
9. The United States warehouse act will enable the De-
partment of Agriculture to license bonded warehouses in
the various States. It will lead to the development of
better storage facilities for staple crops and will make
possible the issuance of reliable warehouse receipts which
will be widely and easily negotiable.
10. Of no less importance for agriculture and for the
national development is the Federal aid road act. This
measure will conduce to the establishment of more effec-
tive highway machinery in each State, strongly influence
the development of good road building along right lines,
stimulate larger production and better marketing, promote
a fuller and more attractive rural life, add greatly to the
convenience and economic welfare of all the people, and
strengthen the national foundations. The act embodies
sound principles of road legislation and will safeguard
the expenditure of the funds arising under the act not
only, but will also result in the more efficient use of the
large additional sums made available by States and locali-
ties.
11. The Federal reserve act benefits the farmer, as it
does all the other people of the Nation, by guaranteeing
better banking, safeguarding the credit structure of the
country, and preventing panics. It takes particular note
of the special needs of the farmer by making larger pro-
vision for loans through national banks on farm mort-
322
PRESIDENT ON AGRICULTURE
gages and by giving farm paper a maturity period of six
months.
12. It was essential, however, that banking machinery
be devised which would reach intimately into the rural
districts, that it should operate on terms suited to the
farmer's needs, and should be under sympathetic manage-
ment. The need was for machinery which would intro-
duce business methods into farm finance, bring order out
of chaos, reduce the cost of handling farm loans, place
upon the market mortgages which would be a safe invest-
ment for private funds, attract into agricultural operations
a fair share of the capital of the Nation, and lead to a
reduction of interest. These needs and these ideals have
been met by the enactment of the Federal farm-loan act.
I am glad to have had an opportunity to take part in the
execution of this large program, which, I believe, will result
in making agriculture more profitable and country life more
comfortable and attractive, and therefore insure the retention
in rural districts of an efficient and contented population.
Hon. A. F. LEVER,
Faithfully yours,
WOODROW WILSON.
Chairman Committee on Agriculture,
House of Representatives.

WILL REDUCE THE NUMBER
OF FARMER TENANTS
(From Washington Post, Ind.)
The rural credits and good roads bills *** should
make the lot of the farmer much easier. The farmers
have been obtaining good prices for their products and
are generally prosperous, but the fact must be faced
that the percentage of farmers who own their own
land without encumbrance is extremely small.
When Germany put her rural credits system into
effect the percentage of farmer tenants was about
as large as is the case in the United States. Under
the German credit system, however, nearly 90 per
cent. of the German farmers now own their own
land.
With federal aid to road construction and this new
rural credits law it should not be long before the
same fortunate condition is brought about in the
United States.
>
↑
$75,000,000 FOR GOOD ROADS
Democrats Put Through "Porkless"
Law That Assures
Development-A "Prepared-
ness" Measure
Highway
THE
HE Democratic platform of 1912 declared in favor of
national aid to state and local authorities in the con-
struction and maintenance of post roads." The Republican
convention of 1912 was silent on this vital topic, a topic which
has since become one of the main planks in the program of
preparedness. The Progressive platform pledged that party
to foster the extension of good roads in every possible way.
THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, UNDER WOODROW
WILSON, HAS MADE GOOD ITS PLATFORM PLEDGE
AND HAS WRITTEN ON THE STATUTE BOOKS A
GOOD ROADS BILL WHICH HAS THE ENDORSE-
MENT OF STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSIONERS,
AUTOMOBILE SOCIETIES, AGRICULTURAL ORGAN-
IZATIONS AND NUMEROUS EXPERT AUTHORITIES.
On July 11, 1916, the President signed the good roads bill.
On January 25 it passed the House by 282 to 81. On May 8
it passed the Senate without a roll call. In the subsequent
weeks the House and Senate bills were patiently remolded in
conference, resulting in the perfected measure to which the
President finally affixed his name.
On the average unimproved road the average cost of haul-
ing has been found to be 23 cents per ton mile, while on
improved roads the average cost is only 13 cents per ton
mile. The total production of corn, wheat, oats, potatoes,
hay, and cotton for 1915 was 270,000,000 tons. If only 100,-
000,000 tons were hauled a distance of 7 miles, the result
would be 700,000,000 ton miles, which at an average cost
of 23 cents per ton mile would represent a financial burden
of $161,000,000. With an adequate system of improved roads
this burden would be reduced by approximately $70,000,000,
or 14 times the Federal aid appropriation for roads for the
year ending June 30, 1917.
ROADS IN NATIONAL FORESTS.
The Federal Aid Road Act, in addition to appropriating
$75,000,000 for the next five years for rural post roads in
the States, appropriates $1,000,000 a year for ten years, or
$10,000,000 of Federal funds for the survey, construction, and
naintenance of roads and trails within or only partly within
the National Forests, when necessary for the use and develop-
ment of resources upon which communities in or near the
Forests are dependent. This aid to road building in the
National Forest areas is highly equitable, because the Federal
Government, which is the owner of assets in many communi-
323
324
HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT
ties of the West, to the extent in some instances of 50 per
cent. or more, should take its proper part in assisting strug-
gling communities to develop themselves. Without this
Federal aid, these communities, many of which are just
beginning their existence, either would have to bear the full
cost of roads or do without proper means of communication
for the marketing of their supplies and the conduct of their
business. Under the present plan, at the time when these
communities need help most, the Federal Government ad-
vances the money for road building which is repaid grad-
ually out of the National Forest revenues in which these
communities already share.
RESULTS EXPECTED.
The $10,000,000 referred to here will be expended over a
period of ten years, making a total contemplated expenditure
out of the Federal Treasury for the five- and ten-year periods
of $85,000,000. There will be at the same time an expenditure
from State funds of approximately the same amount-perhaps
a larger amount-making an aggregate contemplated by the
bill of about $170,000,000.
The Act furnishes satisfactory safeguards for
the efficient expenditure of this money. It wil
result in a wiser application of large sums which
will be expended in the several States in excess of
the amounts which it appropriates. It has been
estimated that for several years past the Nation
has been expending the equivalent of approxi-
mately $225,000,000 a year for roads, much of it
through inadequate machinery, with consequent
waste. Through the improvements of machinery,
methods, and processes which this Act will effect
there will result greatly increased efficiency in
handling the additional local funds.
NO WASTE OF MONEY.
THE DEMOCRATIC GOOD ROADS BILL IS A
"PORKLESS" BILL. IT PROVIDES THAT STATE
AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS SHALL CONTRIB
UTE EQUALLY TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADL
WITHIN STATE BOUNDARIES. A CONSERVATIVE
OFFICIAL OPINION IS THAT THIS LAW:
"WILL CONDUCE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF A MORE EFFECTIVE HIGHWAY MA-
CHINERY IN EACH STATE, STRONGLY IN-
FLUENCES THE DEVELOPMENT OF GOOD
ROAD BUILDING ALONG RIGHT LINES,
STIMULATE LARGER PRODUCTION AND
BETTER MARKETING, PROMOTE A FULLER
AND MORE ATTRACTIVE RURAL LIFE, ADD
{
!
1
HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT
325
GREATLY TO THE COVENIENCE AND ECO-
NOMIC WELFARE OF ALL OUR PEOPLE,
AND STRENGTHEN OUR NATIONAL FOUN-
DATIONS."
Although Republicans in Congress hastened in large num-
bers to join with Democrats to pass this bill, already purely
partisan criticisms have been made against it. In order to set
forth the true purpose of the bill and at the same time to
answer those who are carping against it, the following sum-
mary has been prepared:
1. The State and the Federal Government shall
co-operate in the construction of rural post roads.
It seems highly desirable that the two jurisdictions
serving the same people shall work together instead
of at cross purposes and that the people shall have the
benefit of the joint counsel and direction of the best
agencies the two jurisdictions have been able to de-
vise.
2. Each State shall give its assent to the provi-
sions of the act.
3. The funds made available by this act shall be
used only for construction or reconstruction purposes.
4. For such purposes each State shall put up at
least an equal amount of money or its equivalent in
labor and materials at least equal to the Federal Aid.
5. It shall be the duty of the State or the civil
subdivision thereof, as the law of the State provides,
to maintain the roads constructed under this act,
6. No money shall be expended in any State
which has not a State highway department and
the Federal department shall deal with no agency in
the State other than the State highway department.
7. The Secretary of Agriculture and the State
highway department shall agree upon the roads to be
constructed and the character and method of con-
struction.
8. The State highway department shall submit to
the Secretary of Agriculture projects setting forth
proposed construction; that the Secretary of Agri-
culture may approve or disapprove a project; and no
money shall be paid out of the Federal Treasury un-
der the act on any project until such project shall
WHY?
Why should the country prefer Mr. Hughes to Mr. Wilson?
In all the discussion of the elements of his availability and
\ strength, in all that has been said about the demand of the
people for his nomination, there has been no information
vouchsafed on that point. If there is any reason on earth
why the American people should expect a better administra-
tion of their domestic affairs or a wiser guidance in their
foreign relations from Mr. Hughes than Mr. Wilson, it has
thus far escaped disclosure.--From New York Times (Ind.).
!
326
HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT
have been approved and plans, specifications and esti-
mates therefor shall have been submitted to and ap-
proved by the Secretary of Agriculture.
9. There shall be appropriated out of the Federal
Treasury amounts as follows: First year, $5,000,000;
second, $10,000,000; third, $15,000,000; fourth, $20,-
000,000; fifth, $25,000,000; total, $75,000,000. As the
States are required to make available an equal amount
or its equivalent, there will be involved $150,000,000
for co-operative construction work extending over a
period of five years.
10. Over half the Federal amount for the five
years will go to States which now have not only satis-
factory highways departments but funds for mainte-
nance. Plans will undoubtedly be set on foot by the
Department of Agriculture, co-operating with the
State highway agencies, to secure more satisfactory
arrangements for maintenance from legislatures in the
more backward States. Roads built with federal aid
must be satisfactorily maintained, or further federal
aid will be withheld for roads in that section.
REPUBLICANS VOTE AYE.
Among the Republican members of the House of Repre-
sentatives who voted with the Democratic majority in favor
of the good roads bill were Representatives Campbell of Kan-
sas, Cannon of Illinois, Cooper of Wisconsin, Esch of Wis-
consin, Hinds of Maine, McKinley of Illinois, Moore of
Pennsylvania, Roberts of Massachusetts and Woods of Iowa.
Republican Representative Caleb Powers of Kentucky voted
for the bill, saying, "I am going to put myself down on the
side of national aid for road construction and road improve-
ment."
Republican Representative Nicholas Longworth of Ohio,
explained his negative vote on the bill on the ground that he
was "not willing at this time to risk the failure of adequate
appropriations for preparedness” because of the expenditure
called for in the bill. The Democratic Congress, however,
has not only passed measures which the Republicans admit
are adequate for national defense, but it has also by increasing
the income tax and continuing other internal taxes, raised
sufficient funds for all measures of preparedness.
A FEATURE OF THE BILL TO WHICH LITTLE AT-
TENTION HAS BEEN DRAWN IS THAT IT DOES
NOT CALL FOR ANY EXTENSIVE OR EXPENSIVE
INCREASE IN BUREAUCRACY, THE CONSTRUC-
TION AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADS HAVING
BEEN PUT UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE STATE
HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT, INSURING ECONOMY, {
EFFICIENCY AND SCIENTIFIC SYSTEM.
DISTRIBUTION BY STATES.
Secretary Houston, July 21 last, announced the following
apportionment of the balance, $4,850,000, among the several
¿
HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT
327
}
State.
States in accordance with their area, population, and actual
mileage of star and rural delivery routes as prescribed in the
Act:
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Iowa
Kansas
•
..
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
·
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
•
•
·
•
Sum
Apportioned.
$104,148.90
J
State.
59,212.68
78,737.81
250,720.27
Delaware
68,513.52 Florida
Georgia
82,689.10
151,063.92 Idaho
83,690.14 Illinois
31,090.44
Indiana
146,175.60
North Carolina.
143,207.40
North Da¬ta
97,471.91
Ohio
67,474.66
48,451.50
44,047.22
73,850.95
145,783.72
142,394.06
88,905.84
169,720.41
98,287.19
106,770.81
64,398.30
20,996.62
•
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina..
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
··
Sum
Apportioned.
• •
··
• •
$8,184.37
55,976.27
134,329.48
60,463.50
220,926.23
135,747.62
114,381.92
76,143.06
186,905.42
115,139.00
78,687.37
230,644.17
11,665.71
71,807.64
80,946.02
114,153.48
291,927.81
56,950.15
22,844.47
99,660.71
71,884.28
53,270.46
128,361.07
61,196.82
Total
$4,850,000.00
A reapportionment will be made for each of the four re-
maining fiscal years, as the amounts appropriated are dif-
ferent and the population must be taken from the latest avail-
able Federal census and the mileage of rural delivery and
star routes from the certificate of the Postmaster General
for the next preceding fiscal year.
HATS OFF.
ADVERTISING AND SELLING, New York City, January,
1916:
A typewriter company sent out circular letters stating
that a competitor had moved his factory and would no
longer be able to fill orders.
The Commission wrote on official stationery politely
saying nay, and presto, the unfair competition stopped.
In another case a manufacturer published advertise-
ments disparaging the goods of a competitor in an im-
proper way (details not given) and a gentle word from
the Commission was all that was necessary to make the
manufacturer right about face.
Hats off to Uncle Sam! * * *
L
INCOME TAX GRANTS
BELATED JUSTICE
Fairest Revenue Law Made Opera-
tive By Democrats After Long,
Hard Fight-Mr. Hughes'
Non-Progressive Position
ONE of the most valuable and lasting services rendered
the American people by the present Democratic ad-
ministration was the adoption of a comprehensive income tax
law as a permanent part of our fiscal system.
While the inauguration of any tax method new to the
people involves some complications in the beginning, yet the
present income tax law has been administered, from the
outset, more successfully and with less difficulty than either
of the more than fifty income tax laws of other countries.
It can also be said in compliment to those subject to the
tax that they have more cheerfully and willingly acquiesced
in this law than income taxpayers elsewhere.
As a revenue producer the present law is more than meet-
ing expectations. This tax requires at least two years to
attain its normal revenue yield. For the first full year of
its existence, the fiscal year 1915, the law yielded $80,000,000,
while for the fiscal year 1916 its receipts jumped to $124,-
000,000. Under the proposed new rates the law will yield
about $230,000,000 for the fiscal year 1917. The lowest rate
of 2 per cent. applies to individuals and corporations, while
the additional or graduated rates aggregate 12 per cent. on
the higher individual incomes which also include those from
corporate sources.
MANY COUNTRIES TAX INCOMES.
This wholesome method of taxation has found and forced
its way into the revenue statutes of virtually every civilized
country because of its inherent honesty and absolute equity
as a tax. It is a truism based upon universal experience
that under any other method of taxation, accumulated prop-
erty falls far short of bearing its fair share of taxes. After
thousands of years of tax discussion and controversy, the
overwhelming verdict of the ablest authorities on taxation
throughout the world is that ability to pay is the best test,
and that such ability is most accurately measured by income.
For the year 1913 the American people as a whole were
annually paying $2,130,000,000 taxes for governmental pur-
poses, federal, state and local. These comprised tariff taxes,
general and special property taxes, business, license, occupa-
tion, poll and other taxes.
The tariff taxes persons upon what they eat and wear and
use. Under this method the poor man with a large family
pays more taxes than the rich man with a small family.
氰
​1
f
328
FAIREST REVENUE LAW.
329
THE $318,000,000 PAID TO THE GOVERNMENT IN
TARIFF TAXES FOR THE YEAR 1913 CAME PRIN-
CIPALLY OFF THE DAY LABORER AND THE PER-
SON OF SMALL MEANS WHO COMPRISE THE
MASSES OF THE PEOPLE. The internal revenue tax on
whiskey and tobacco, amounting to $309,000,000 for the same
year, was likewise distributed.
The less than 2 per cent. of our population who own or
control more than 50 per cent. of the accumulated property
of the country contributed but a very minor portion of the
$627,000,000 thus paid to the federal government in 1913. The
chief burden of the $1,500,000,000 taxes paid the states and
their subdivisions in 1913 fell mainly on the small property
D
owner.
Less than 20 per cent. of all personalty, and probably less
than 10 per cent. of all intangible personalty, is reached for
taxation under existing laws. Bonds, mortgage notes, and
other intangible personalty, aggregate near $50,000,000,000,
or about one-third of the total wealth of this country. Urban
real estate evades the chief portion of its fair share of taxes
under present laws.
EQUITABLE REVENUE SOURCE.
IN THE LIGHT OF OUR PROPERTY CONDITIONS,
INEQUITABLE AND INEFFICIENT TAX LAWS, AND
UNEQUAL TAX BURDENS, IT HAS BEEN FOUND
THAT THE TAX ON INCOMES AS A SUPPLEMENT
TO OUR PRESENT REVENUE LAWS EMBODIES
THE BEST METHOD OF EQUITABLY AND EFFECT-
UALLY REACHING ALL PROPERTY WHICH
SHOULD BE SUBJECT TO TAXATION.
The enactment of the present law under this national ad-
ministration marked the end of a nation-wide contest extend-
ing back more than twenty years. The income tax was vi-
ciously assailed in the courts, through the press, and on the
stump, by every agency that the power and influence of ac-
cumulated wealth could command.
Ignoring the fact that the tariff as framed was a vicious,
inequitable class tax which practically exempted the wealth
of the country, the opposition long denounced the proposed
income tax for no other reason than that it would require
this same wealth to pay its reasonable proportion of tax to
the government. Every conceivable argument to delay, and
if possible to defeat, the enactment of an income tax law,
was invoked. These specious objections, however, were over-
come both by reason and by the experience of every other
nation that had tried out this tax method.
As a last recourse the opposition finally admitted that the
federal government should have the power to impose this
tax, but only in case of exigency. When the Payne tariff
bill was pending a majority of Congress, composed of Demo-
crats and a small minority of Progressive Republicans, was
bout to compel the insertion of the income tax provision.
The outcome was the adoption of the corporation excise tax
ɔrovision and the submission to the states of the income
330
FAIREST REVENUE LAW.

To Candidate Hughes:
As Governor of New York, you
opposed the income tax amendment
to the Constitution. Does this an-
tagonism persist? Do you or do you
not believe in paying for prepared-
ness out of a tax on incomes, inheri-
tances and munitions?
From list of ten questions addressed to Mr. Hughes
August 1, 1916, by thirty-seven famous authors.
tax amendment to the constitution in lieu of such income
tax provision. SPEAKING FOR HIS PARTY IN CON-
GRESS, SENATOR ALDRICH SAID ON THE FLOOR
OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE ON JUNE 20,
1909:
"I SHALL VOTE FOR THE CORPORATION TAX
AS A MEANS TO DEFEAT THE INCOME TAX."
In the same connection and under the stress of the same
conditions the income tax amendment forced its way through
Congress. Those then in control of the Republican party,
however, still clung to the contention that if perchance the
requisite number of states should ratify this amendment at
some time in the future the income tax should be utilized
only in times of exigency or emergency. This was the last
stand made by the opponents of the tax.
HOW HUGHES "TRIMMED."
CHAS. E. HUGHES, STYLED BY MANY AS THE RE-
FORM GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK, WHEN THE
AMENDMENT WAS SUBMITTED TO THE LEGISLA-
TURE, STARTLED THE COUNTRY BY CHAMPION-
ING THE VIEWS OF THE REACTIONARY AND
STANDPAT LEADERS OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY
IN THIS RESPECT, IN A MESSAGE TO HIS STATE
LEGISLATURE STRONGLY OBJECTING TO THE
RATIFICATION OF THE AMENDMENT. IN HIS MES-
SAGE, HE FIRST PROTESTED THAT HE FAVORED
GIVING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT THE POWER
TO LAY AN INCOME TAX WITHOUT APPORTION-
MENT. BUT HE HASTENED TO QUALIFY THIS
VIEW, IN EFFECT, BY ADDING:
-
"I BELIEVE THAT THIS POWER SHOULD BE
HELD BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, SO AS
TO PROPERLY EQUIP IT AS A MEANS OF MEET-
ING NATIONAL EXIGENCIES."
WHILE THE REFORM GOVERNOR THUS CON-
SENTED TO GIVING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
(
FAIREST REVENUE LAW.
331
THIS TAXING POWER, IT WAS ON CONDITION
THAT THE POWER SHOULD NOT BE EXERCISED
EXCEPT ON THE RARE OCCASION OF AN EMER-
GENCY OR EXIGENCY. HAD HIS RECOMMENDA-
TION BEEN HEEDED, CONGRESS WOULD NOT TO-
DAY HAVE THE POWER TO IMPOSE AN INCOME
TAX TO MEET THE MOST EXTREME AND PRESS-
ING EXIGENCY. In the second place, he further qual-
ified his statement professedly favoring federal authority
to impose this tax, by offering on wholly insufficient grounds
what he claimed was an insuperable objection to the ratifi-
cation of the income tax amendment. That objection was
that if given this power, the federal government might tax
the income derived from state and municipal bonds. Even
Senator Root felt constrained publicly to controvert this
view. Governor Hughes concluded his message as follows:
"I, therefore, deem it my duty, as Governor of the State,
to recommend that this proposed amendment should not
be ratified."
WHY DID HE DO IT?
Why did the Governor feel called upon to send this mes-
sage to the Legislature? In dealing with this amendment the
Legislature was really acting in the capacity of a conven-
tion and not in that of a legislative body. The function of
the Governor in such circumstances is the purely ministerial
one of transmitting the proposed amendment to the legisla-
tive body, yet so anxious did the Governor seem to defeat.
the amendment, that he went outside his official function and
launched his entire prestige and power as Governor in the
form of an official message against its ratification. He had
no power of veto nor official function to recommend.
The following year, under a Democratic Governor, New
York State joined with the large majority of States in rati-
fying the income tax amendment. Only six States in the
Union voted against its ratification. Numerous influential
Republicans openly opposed the position taken by Governor
Hughes.
The argument that the income tax should only be tem-
porary and designed to meet emergencies is very similar
to that long made against the enactment of the internal
revenue tax on whiskey and tobacco. When the expenses
of the federal government jumped from $61,000,000 a year
in 1860 to more than $260,000,000 following the war, this
argument ceased and these taxes became permanent. IN
THE LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT OUR FEDERAL
EXPENDITURES INCREASED FROM $432,000,000 IN
1897 TO $681,000,000 IN 1913, AND COMMENCING WITH
THE PRESENT FISCAL YEAR WILL AGGREGATÉ
MORE THAN $850,000,000 ON ACCOUNT OF THE EX-
TRAORDINARY EXPENDITURES FOR THE ARMY
AND NAVY, IT CAN NO LONGER BE SERIOUSLY
SUGGESTED THAT THE TAX ON INCOMES SHOULD
ONLY BE UTILIZED IN CASE OF EXIGENCY. Why
should the laboring man and the person with little or no
property pay a permanent tax on the sugar he eats, the
332
FAIREST REVENUE LAW.
woolen and cotton clothes he wears, on his occupation as a
huckster, insurance agent, family grocer, and on the small
amount of property he perchance owns, while the receivers
of large incomes from more than 50 per cent. of the accu-
mulated property of the country are granted immunity from
their just share of taxes until an extreme exigency arises?
WILSON PLAYS NO FAVORITES.
THE PRESENT ADMINISTRATION STANDS FOR
JUST, INSTEAD OF UNJUST; HONEST, INSTEAD OF
DISHONEST, TAXATION. IT WOULD NOT IMPOSE
AN UNDUE PROPORTION UPON ANY CITIZEN OR
CLASS. IT WOULD APPLY THE SAME SOUND AND
UNERRING TEST OF ABILITY TO PAY TO EVERY
CITIZEN, RICH OR HUMBLE, THROUGHOUT THE
REPUBLIC.
THE FALSE ISSUE
OF SECTIONALISM
The charge that any one section of the country has control
of Congress under the Democratic Administration is unwar-
ranted. Two-thirds of the members of the House and Senate
Committees of the present Congress are from the South, East,
West and Far West States, and not from the South.
On the House Appropriations Committee, of which
Mr. Fitzgerald of New York, a Northerner, is Chairman,
the South has 7 of the 21 members.
On the House, Ways and Means Committee, the South
has only 6 of the 22 members.
On the House Committee on Agriculture, the South has
6 out of 21.
On the House Banking and Currency Committee, the
South has 6 of 20 members.
On the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, the South
has 7 of the 21.
On the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce, the South has 5 out of 21.
These are the most important committees in the House.
In the Senate, the East, South and West have not only a
large majority in each committee, but have a majority of
the chairmanships.
On the Senate Finance Committee of 17 members, 5
are from the South.
1
On the Appropriations Committee of 19 members 8 are
from the South.
On the Interstate Commerce Committee, of 17 members
4 are from the South.
On the Public Buildings Committee of 16 members, 5
are from the South.
This proportion runs through all of the larger committees
of the Senate.
The appeal to sectionalism is but another evidence of the
Republican lack of important issues.
NEW SHIP ACT RESTORES
AMERICAN FLAG TO SEA
President Wilson Wins Hard Fight
for a Progressive Merchant
Marine Policy
ΤΗ
HERE is no achievement of which the Democratic party
may boast with greater justification than the enactment
of the Shipping Law which President Wilson and a Demo-
cratic Congress has given the country, in spite of the opposi-
tion and power of the Shipping Trust and in spite of the
indefensible obstruction of the Republican Party, controlled
and enfeebled by special interests pleading for subsidies.
This great measure, combining economic and
military preparedness, creates an American mer-
chant marine in time of peace and a naval auxiliary
in time of war. It is the first great practical step of any
administration to restore the American flag to the seas in the
interest of the people of the United States and of all legiti-
mate business of the country. It will permit the development
of a permanent constructive merchant marine policy con-
ferring incalculable benefits not only upon our farmers, mer-
chants, manufacturers and producers, but upon our ship-
owners and investors as well.
By the creation of a shipping board for the regulation of
ocean carriers in the interest of American shippers, the law
will release our foreign commerce from the grip of shipping
combinations and the control and domination of foreign flags.
It will give the farmers and manufacturers of the United
States the benefit of reasonable ocean freight rates and will
free them of the notorious discriminations and injustices to
which they have been subjected during all the years that the
people of the United States have been clamoring for an
American merchant marine.
r
REPUBLICANS CLING TO SUBSIDIES.
True to its record as the party of special privilege, the only
alternative offered by the Republican party for this con-
struction measure was a plea for ship subsidies. To take
the people's money and give it outright to the
shipowners with the longest pull and the strongest
pull purely for their personal profit and en-
richment without the remotest control by the
Government or the slightest consideration of our
shippers was the Republican plan.

No President has made a more valiant effort to restore the
American flag to the seas than has Woodrow Wilson during
the past two years, and no party has more brazenly outraged
patriotism in a great national emergency, or wantonly at-
333
334
MERCHANT MARINE

THE SHIP PURCHASE ACT-
1. Establishes a Governmental Shipping
Board to supervise shipping matters generallq.
The great maritime nations have found similar
supervision necessary.
2. Enables the Board to supervise freight
and passenger schedules and prevent extortion
by shipping combinations in restraint of trade.
3. Appropriates $50,000,000 to be obtained
from the sale of Panama Canal bonds, to pur-
chase or construct ships which are to be leased
to private shipping people to extend the foreign
trade of the United States.
4. Makes such ships available at any time
for use as naval auxiliaries or Army transports
when needed, a step absolutely necessary for the
national defense.
5. Authorizes the Board to establish new
steamship lines to extend our foreign trade.
6. Restricts operation of Government lines
to a period not to exceed five years after the
close of the European war.
The law will result in the upbuilding of
an American Merchant Marine in the
foreign trade composed of ships of modern
type which, by virtue of their modern
construction, can be operated under the
American flag, paying American rates of
wages, giving American standards of food
and service in successful competition with
foreign rivals a thing which the Repub-
lican Party has never been able to offer the
country.
»
tempted to impede the economic progress of our country,
than has the Republican party by purely partisan obstruction
to a great measure for the relief of the suffering commerce
of our farmers, our manufacturers and our merchants.
When the war set the continent of Europe afire, the ocean-
borne commerce of the United States faced the greatest crisis
of its history. Within a few weeks the ships of Germany
were anchored in the harbors of the world powerless to move
Great Britain, the other great flag upon which our trade
depended, called to the colors, for the uses of naval warfare,
many of her vessels of commerce; and in a little while scores
of merchant ships were at the bottom of the sea.
The normal tonnage of the world was decreasing at a
1
I
MERCHANT MARINE
335
frightful pace, and ocean freight rates were rising in un-
precedented and extortionate degree. The commerce of the
United States was at the mercy and favor of a foreign flag,
and the farmers, manufacturers, merchants and exporters of
our country were the helpless victims of the avarice of ship-
owners who defied the sanctity of contracts and burdened
our products with the highest freight charges in the history
of the world.
It was the statesmanship of the Wilson administration that
comprehended the situation, and, within a month after the
declarations of war, proposed an emergency measure to meet
the pressing needs of American business. That bill passed
the House of Representatives, but was filibustered to death
by a Republican minority in the Senate of the last session of
the 63rd Congress. It was lost simply because the Repub-
lican minority would not permit the Senate to vote on the
proposition.
FILIBUSTER CAUSED BIG LOSS.
No nation ever sustained a greater loss as the result of the
defeat of one measure than did the United States sustain as
a result of the defeat of the Emergency Shipping Bill; and
the record of no party contains a more shameful blot than
that of the Republican party which refused to allow the
Senate of the United States to vote on a measure designed
to extend the strong arm of the people's government to
assist the people's commerce in the people's interest, and not
in the interest of a favored few.
Undaunted by the failure of this emergency bill, the Ad-
ministration immediately undertook to frame a measure de-
signed not only to meet the abnormal conditions of the
shipping world today, but also as a great step towards a
permanent merchant marine policy which will ultimately
restore the flag of the United States to the seas and give our
suffering commerce the relief which is so essential to our
prosperity. The Shipping Law is the result.
(C
Because of the scarcity of tonnage and the increased power
of shipowners to charge all the traffic will bear," ocean
freight rates have continued to soar, increasing 50 to 1,600
per cent. over normal charges, to the great detriment of our
exporters. Three hundred million dollars continues to rep-
resent the enormous annual ocean freight rate bill of the
United States, paid to the foreign owners of ships by Amer-
can commerce.
Despite the extortionate assessments thus levied upon our
GREAT BRITAIN.
One of the striking features of the subvention
policy of Great Britain is that, with few exceptions,
it has consisted exclusively of grants for the opera-
tion of fast mail steamships between the mother
country and its colonies.
* Cargo ships have
received no aid from the British Government."
* *
336
MERCHANT MARINE

GERMANY.
*
"The largest of the German lines, the Hamburg-
American Line, which is one of the largest in the
world, has developed rapidly without Government
aid. Much of the development of the next largest
German Line, the North German Lloyd, has been
accomplished on the unsubsidized services. *
The rapid development of the German merchant ma-
rine is due chiefly to favorable economic conditions.
The imports and exports are not only large, but also
well balanced in tonnage. * * * Much of the suc-
cess of German shipping is attributable also to the
efficient coordination of the industrial and commer-
cial activities of the country."
*
farmers, merchants and manufacturers, the Republican party
pursued to the bitter end its inexcusable and unpatriotic op-
position to the only practical means of relief.
In the House of Representatives 159 Republicans voted in
solid phalanx against the Shipping Bill, and in the Senate of
the United States the reactionary Republicans made every
effort to defeat it. The bill passed the Senate 38 to 21, the
negative vote consisting entirely of Republicans.
(C
The Shipping Act is the constructive measure which says
to every American skipper on the high seas: 'The United
States Government and the mobilized commercial forces of
America are behind you with a navigation system and
cargoes to see that you carry the commerce of America with
success to your company and honor to your country."
FUTILITY OF REPUBLICAN SUBSIDIES.
Against the constructive program for the restoration of
the American merchant marine, as now effectively developed
by President Wilson and a Democratic Congress, the Repub-
lican platform of Hughes and Fairbanks offers the old dis-
credited plan of ship subsidy and subventions.
簿
​Every practical shipper and ship owner knows that, as
against the bid of present ocean rates, a mail subsidy is a
dead-letter. Vessels receiving subsidies from the bellig
erent nations are today withdrawn from merchant servic
and drafted for war purposes. Merchant vessels of neutra
countries desert their subsidized mail routes for the profits
of Atlantic commerce.
An exhaustive report on the subject of "Government Aid
to Shipping," in which Commercial Agent Grosvenor M.
Jones, by direction of E. E. Pratt, Chief of the Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce, reviews the practices c
all countries with relation to this subject, comes from th
Department of Commerce as an interesting and timely expos
of the subsidy theory now injected as an issue of the nationa
campaign. It shows that cargo ships have received no a
from the British government; that the development of th
MERCHANT MARINE
337
two largest German lines, the Hamburg-American and the
North German Lloyd, has been accomplished without sub-
sidies; that, notwithstanding large bounties, French merchant
shipping has not held its own in competition with unsub-
sidized shipping of other nations; and that large merchant
navies have been developed by Norway, Sweden, Denmark
and the Netherlands, with practically no financial government
aid as to transoceanic business.
OTHER SHIPPING LAWS
THE progressive record of the Wilson Administration and
its supporting Democratic Congress upon shipping ques-
tions includes other important measures. Principal of these
are
THE SEAMEN'S LAW.
THE SHIP REGISTRY ACT.
THE CREATION OF THE WAR RISK BUREAU
IN THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
THE HARDY OFFICERING ACT.
PROVISIONS FOR GREATER SAFETY OF LIFE
AT SEA AGREED TO BY THE OTHER GREAT
MARITIME POWERS OF THE WORLD AFTER
CONGRESS HAD AUTHORIZED PRESIDENT
WILSON TO CALL OR PARTICIPATE IN A CON-
FERENCE OF THE POWERS UPON THE SUB-
JECT.
The loss of the Titanic on April 14, 1912, resulted in the
loss of 1,517 lives and created an international demand for
greater safety of life at sea. Congress passed a joint reso-
lution authorizing the President to call or participate in
an International Conference on safety of life at sea, which
became a law June 12, 1912. Great Britain later called the
conference, which met in London from November 12, 1913,
to January 20, 1914. This conference was participated in
by the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany and
nine other nations.
Representative J. W. Alexander, chairman of the committee
on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries, was chairman of the
American delegation appointed by President Wilson. There
resulted a convention between the nations participating which
provides:
1. For destruction of derelicts.
2. For the establishment in the North Atlantic Ocean
by the United States of an ice patrol service which goes
far to assure safety of navigation in the vicinity of ice.
3. For the construction of more seaworthy vessels and
for carrying on passenger ships radio outfits, life-saving
appliances, and fire protection equipment.
The Convention was ratified by the Senate of the United
3tates in December, 1914, and by several of the other Con-
tracting States, and steps were being taken to carry it into
effect when the war in Europe suspended further action by
the belligerent nations.
.
338
MERCHANT MARINE
FRANCE.
* *
France has been called the 'bounty-giving nation
par excellence.' The policy of granting aid to the
merchant shipping of France has been so long in
operation as to have become virtually a tradition.
* * Not only direct, but also indirect, State aid
in many forms has been extended to French ship-
ping. If Government aid could of itself create a
large merchant marine, France should today have
one of the largest.
* The fact of the matter
is, however, that the French merchant marine has
not held its own in the international competition.
In 1860 French shipping was outranked only by that
of Great Britain and the United States, and the
French merchant marine was more than one-fifth as
large as that of Great Britain. By 1880 the French
marine had been passed by the Norwegian, German
and Italian navies. In 1910 the merchant navies of
Great Britain, the United States, Germany, Norway
and Japan outranked that of France."
66
re-
The articles and regulations of the Convention as
gards life-saving appliances, and manning of life boats, are
made effective by section 14 of the Seamen's Act of March
4, 1915.
SEAMEN'S LAW ENDS HIGH SEA SLAVERY.
The Republican and Progressive Party platforms of 1912,
like the Democratic platform of 1912, favored the speedy
enactment of laws for the greater security of life at sea, and
the repeal of all the laws compelling seamen to endure in-
voluntary servitude.
The seamen had been knocking at the door of Congress
for many years while the Republican Party had been in
The
power to secure such legislation, but without avail.
Democratic Party secured control of the House of Repre-
sentatives in the 62nd Congress, and the Democratic House
and Republican Senate passed the seaman's bill. It was
pocketed by President Taft and never became a law.
In 1913, at the beginning of President Wilson's admin-
istration, the bill was reintroduced in the Senate and House,
The bill
both bodies being controlled by the Democrats.
passed, and was approved by the President on March 4, 1915,
redeeming the pledge of the party platform, and the demands
of the Federation of Labor for this remedial legislation in
the interest of this long-neglected class of seafaring men, as
well as to make greater provision for the safety of those who
go down to the sea in ships."
**
Of the twenty sections of the seamen's law, ten amend
earlier laws. More than half of the act is incorporated in
section 14, which sets out in detail the regulations regarding
}
MERCHANT MARINE
339
the size, equipment and number of life boats, life rafts, life
belts and other life-saving equipment, and the manning of
the life boats and rafts, enacting into law the provisions of
the London Convention of Safety of Life at Sea covering
these subjects. A number of the provisions relate to and
are intended to improve the living conditions of the sailors
while at sea; the allowance of water per day is increased;
the space allowed on merchant vessels except yachts, and
pilot boats of less than 100 tons register, is increased from
75 cubic feet to 120 cubic feet, and not less than 16 square
feet of deck space for each man.
The Act also requires a separate berth for each seaman,
and proper lighting, draining, heating, and ventilation, also
proper wash room and fumigation of forecastles at such in-
tervals as may be required by the Surgeon General of the
Public Health Service. Steamboats on the Mississippi River
or its tributaries must furnish a proper place for the crew.
Sailors are divided into at least two watches at sea, and fire-
men, oilers, and water tenders into at least three watches.
When in a safe harbor the hours of labor are not to be more
than nine, and no seaman shall be required to work on Sun-
days or on specified holidays.
SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES.
'Norway, Sweden and Denmark have merchant
navies that rank among the largest in the world.
These countries rank high in respect to per capita
ownership of merchant shipping. The development
of the merchant marine of Norway, which has taken
place largely since 1880 and which has far outstripped
that of France, has been due in a very small degree,
if any, to financial aid granted by the Norwegian
Government.
* The policy of Sweden and.
Denmark has been similar to that of Norway in
that financial aid by the Government has been limited
to the payment of small amounts for mail and trade
communications, chiefly within the limits of the
Baltic sea."
<<

THE NETHERLANDS.
The policy of the Netherlands has been dis-
tinguished by the fact that no bounties or subsidies
have been paid. The direct aid extended by the Gov-
ernment has been exclusively for mail subventions to
improve steamship and mail communication with the
far-distant colonies."
((
340
MERCHANT MARINE
The provisions with reference to payment of wages are
made more favorable to the seamen. Under the former lawE
wages were paid on an intercoastal traffic within two days
after the termination of the voyage; now within 24 hours,
and on foreign voyages they were paid within 3 days after
the cargo had been delivered or within 5 days after the sea-
man's discharge, whichever occurred first.
SHIP REGISTRY ACT BOON IN EMERGENCY
The war in Europe began early in August, 1914. The
effect on our foreign commerce for the time being was dis-
astrous. To meet the conditions then existing the act of
August 18, 1914, was passed, admitting foreign-built ships to
American registry for the foreign trade, and the President
was authorized whenever in his discretion the needs of our
foreign commerce might require, to suspend by order, so far
and for such length of time as he might deem desirable, the
law prescribing that all the watch officers of vessels of the
United States registered for the foreign trade should be
citizens of the United States.
Under like conditions and in like manner and to like
extent the President was authorized to suspend the provisions
of the law requiring survey, inspection, and measurement by
officers of the United States of foreign-built vessels admitted
to American registry under the act.
The effects of the act were immediate and salutory.
Large sums of money were invested by American citizens in
vessel property under foreign flags.
WAR RISK BUREAU BIG HELP IN CRISIS.
The war in Europe developed another situation which
demanded prompt and heroic treatment. Several belligerents
issued decrees making provision for war risk insurance on
their own merchant fleets and forbade their insurance com-
panies from writing such insurance on enemy vessels or
neutral ships.
To meet this situation and respond to the urgent de-
mand of the great commercial and shipping interests of our
country, an act to authorize the establishment of a Bureau
of War Risk Insurance in the Treasury Department was
passed by the Congress, approved by the President, and be-
came a law September 2, 1914.
The law has proven of the greatest benefit to our shipping
in the foreign trade. Instead of being a burden on the
Treasury, the net premiums received on war risk insurance
policies issued exceed the losses by over $2,000,000, as shown
by the most recent Treasury statement on the subject.
Moreover, we can develop no true or effective American
policy without ships of our own,-not ships of war, but ships
of peace, carrying goods and carrying much more: creating
friendships and rendering indispensable services to all inter-
ests on this side the water. They must move constantly back and
forth between the Americas.-Woodrow Wilson.
WONDERFUL REVIVAL OF
U. S. MERCHANT MARINE
Stars and Stripes Rapidly Regaining
Premier Place on Sea Under
Democratic Rule
AFTER 50 years of stagnation and decline, the American
merchant marine has turned at last to face the dawn
of restoration. Here is a significant list of infallible signs
taken from statistics supplied by the Commissioner of Navi-
gation, Department of Commerce:
Under the American Ship Registry Act of 1914, which
removed the restriction as to the country of a ship's con-
struction, there have been added to American registry
in overseas commerce 183 vessels of 617,154 gross tons,
which now carry American commerce under the Ameri-
can flag.
On July 1, 1916, American registry of ocean merchant-
men covered, in round numbers, 2,100,000 vessel tons, as
compared with 930,000 on the same date in 1912-an
increase of 126 per cent. in four years' time.
On July 1, moreover, there were building in American
shipyards steel merchantmen of 1,225,000 tons, as com-
pared with 271,000 tons on the same date in 1912. In
this case, the increase is over 350 per cent. Prophecies
of timid Republican orators, that free American registry
would injure American shipyards, are blown to the winds.
As against 1,225,000 steel tonnage under construction
in American yards on July 1, the record construction of
Germany was 920,000 in 1914; and while the United
Kingdom has recorded a greater tonnage up to 1,400,000
tons, its construction last year was 650,919 tons.
NOW LEAD WORLD.
The United States in 1916 stands, for the first time in its
history, the foremost shipbuilding country in the world.
There are reasons why America will retain this position.
First, the United States is the greatest producer of steel in
the world-manufacturing more than the United Kingdom
and Germany combined-and the price of American ship
plates is lower than in Great Britain, our chief competitor.
Second, steel shipbuilding is closely analogous to two in-
dustries in which Americans have easily stood at the forefront
for years, namely, steel bridge building and locomotive con-
struction. We are now building steel ships for all comers,
just as formerly we built bridges and locomotives for the
world.
We have now to see how the story of the ports and car-
goes, as contained in the commerce statistics of the Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, tallies with the record of navigation
registry and the shipyards.
341
342
REVIVAL OF SHIPPING.
From 1901 to 1912, under Republican navigation and tariff
laws, only 6 per cent. to 10 per cent. of the water borne
exports of the United States was carried in American vessels.
For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, this percentage is
increased to 13 per cent.
In 1912, American imports carried in American vessels
amounted to 11 per cent. of the total. For the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1916, this percentage rises to 22 per cent.-
or just double the 1912 record.
TOTAL AMERICAN VESSEL TONNAGE ENTERING
OUR PORTS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR JUST
CLOSED UNDER PRESIDENT WILSON REACHES
18,000,000, AGAINST 11,257,000 FOUR YEARS AGO UN-
DER PRESIDENT TAFT. THE VESSEL TONNAGE
INCREASE IS THEREFORE 60 PER CENT., WHILE
THE CARGO INCREASE OF THESE VESSELS IS 100
PER CENT.; WHICH INDICATES THAT, UNDER
THE PRESENT COMMERCIAL PROSPERITY AND
GREATER FREEDOM FROM RESTRICTIVE TARIFF
AND NAVIGATION LAWS, THE VESSELS ARE GET-
TING HEAVIER CARGOES.
UNCLE SAM HELPS IT ALONG.
In addition to the above record merchant ship building
will come the big naval program of the Government-the
greatest program of American history. About half of the
program for new battleships, battle cruisers, scout cruisers,
destroyers and submarines, numbering some 150 vessels of
more than 800,000 tons displacement, will be under construc-
tion as soon as practicable. British shipyards on June 30,
1914, were building 90 warships of 592,545 tons displacement.
AS SHOWING AMERICAN LEADERSHIP IN THE
WORLD'S SHIPBUILDING AT THIS TIME, LLOYD'S
REGISTER GIVES THE TOTAL WORLD'S MER-
CHANT LAUNCHINGS IN THE CALENDAR YEAR
1915 AS 743 SHIPS OF 1,201,638 GROSS TONS-WHICH
IS LESS TONNAGE THAN IS TO-DAY BUILDING IN
AMERICAN YARDS ALONE.
H
And now is to come the additional stimulus
of the Democratic Ship Purchase Act.
GRE
REAL AMERICANISM.
"If that is not Americanism, we do not know what is," com-
mented the Indianapolis News, independent newspaper, on
the Americanism plank in the Democratic platform. The
News continued: "We should add that, though the convention
spoke strongly for preparedness, it also spoke strongly for
peace, and commended the President most warmly for having
kept the nation out of war without, as it thought, surrender-
ing any right or sacrificing the national honor."
"It is no mere random collection of vote catching tidbits,"
declared the Newark Evening News, referring to the platform.
3
—
"
TRADE COMMISSION
SCORES BIG SUCCESS
In
New Agency of Square Deal
Business Is Created By Wilson´
Administration and Becomes
Invaluable To Commerce
O
NE of the principal new agencies of the Government
provided by the Wilson Administration to facilitate the
commerce and industry of the country is the Federal Trade
Commission. Its creation was wholly due to the initiative
and force of President Wilson in facing and working to a
solution of the domestic problems that confronted and ham-
pered business at the outset of his administration.
The Commission was intended to serve as the expert busi-
ness agent of the Government to deal with business situa-
tions and disputes in a practical and prompt manner, after
the fashion of business men. The aim was to clear the
obstacles from the path of development for all legitimate
trade enterprises, large and small. Protection of the "little
fellow" from unfair aggression on the part of his larger and
financially more powerful competitors was a prime object.
A purpose not less important, however, was that of helping
to open to the large enterprises opportunities of legitimate,
healthy subsistence and expansion in both domestic and for-
eign fields.
Ada
The Commission faced a new and a large undertaking. It
settled down to work, assumed big constructive tasks, and
has made substantial progress towards achieving the results
expected. There is no need to rely upon a partisan verdict.
In the business world, the Commission has been accepted
as a highly serviceable utility. An emphatic stamp of ap-
proval has been placed upon its work to date.
ABLE MEN APPOINTED.
President Wilson appointed to the Commission men ex-
pert in business, economic and legal knowledge, who con-
stitute a non-partisan board. Its membership consists of
Chairman Edward N. Hurley of Chicago, who amassed a
large fortune through successful manufacturing operations
and other business connections, and who was formerly Presi-
dent of the Illinois Manufacturers' Association; Joseph E.
Davis of Wisconsin, attorney and former Commissioner of
Corporations; William J. Harris of Atlanta, Ga., who made
a distinctively successful and creditable record as Director
of the United States Census, and who prior to that time
had achieved reputation for business sagacity as the presi-
dent of a large insurance company in the South; Will H.
Parry, editor, successful business man and philanthropic
343
H
1

DEEDS OF THE TRADE
COMMISSION
Investigation of this year's high gasoline prices,
which probably will result in material decrease of
these prices.
Inquiry into the recent advance in the price of
print paper attributed to the European war by the
manufacturers.
Investigation of the increase in the cost of an-
thracite coal to ascertain whether the increase is
justified by last spring's increase of wages.
General investigation of the bituminous coal in-
dustry to determine the cause of its present demoral-
ized condition and to suggest a constructive remedy.
Complete investigation of oil pipe-line transporta-
tion in the mid-continent oil field, which disclosed
favoritism to large producers and which led to an
improvement of conditions.
Inquiry into general accounting methods of manu-
facturers which brought out the fact that many en-
terprises in the United States lose heavily from the
lack of proper cost accounting systems.
Active campaign for the inauguration of systems.
of cost accounting which will give to producers an
exact idea of costs of production and proper prices,
and to wholesale and retail merchants an exact idea
of the cost of doing business which will lead to
greater stability and prosperity in all lines of indus-
try. The commission has mailed to manufacturers
and retail merchants booklets concerning proper sys-
tems of cost accounting.
B
Inquiry into conditions confronting American ex-
porters in foreign fields bringing out many impor-
tant points, chiefly the need of American co-opera-
tion in seeking and keeping foreign markets. The
Commission has submitted to Congress a recom-
mendation that compels time selling agencies for
foreign trade be removed from the operation of the
anti-trust laws.
Probe of the methods of foreign manufacturers
and exporters which resulted in the recommenda-
tion adopted by President Wilson and by Congress
for anti-dumping legislation.
Submittal of a comprehensive report on hariff
laws and customs administration in Brazil, Uruguay,
Argentine, Chile, Bolivia and Peru in their relation
to the development of American Foreign Trade,
based on an extensive investigation in these coun-
tries.
General suggestions to trade as to the advisability
of standardization of products and processes and
also as to the proper and helpful function of Trade
Associations.
The consideration of 250 complaints having to do
with alleged "unfair competition."
1
The issuance of numerous informal rulings and the
Inauguration in some instances of formal proceedings
to put an end to the use of practices which the Com-
mission has reason to believe are unfair."
(
▸
I
344
SUCCESS OF TRADE COMMISSION
345
}
citizen, who built the battleship "Nebraska" in the Seattle
Yards, the first battleship built on the Pacific Coast for the
United States Navy; George Rublee, successful New England
lawyer interested in public work, and widely known for his
legal contributions to legislative enactments.
HANDLES 250 COMPLAINTS.
During the existence of the Commission some 250 com-
plaints charging unfair methods of competition in inter-
state commerce and violations of such sections of the Clay-
ton Act, have been filed with it. The methods alleged to
be unfair in these complaints, among others, include the
following:
Predatory price cutting, inducing breach of contract, main-
taining bogus independents, betrayal of trade secrets and
confidential information, certain bidding up of prices of
goods purchased, combinations and threats to cut off com-
petitors' supplies, disparagement and confusion of goods,
making certain guarantees against decline in price of goods
sold, false and misleading advertising, fighting ships and
fighting brands, misbranding of goods, instituting boycott
and threats to boycott, institution of vexatious actions and
advertising such suits, threat to institute such suits against
competitors, influencing newspapers not to accept adver-
tising of competitors and employing systems of espionage.
After surveying the field, the Committee found from a pre-
liminary investigation that 200,000 corporations out of a total
of 260,000 engaged in the manufacturing and mercantile
business of the United States were eking out an existence;
100,000 of them did not earn a penny. Out of 60,000 success-
ful corporations doing a business of $100,000 a year, over
30,000 charged off no depreciation whatever. Only 10 per
cent. of our manufacturers and merchants know the actual
cost to manufacture and sell their products; 40 per cent.
estimate what their costs are; and 50 per cent. have no
method but price their goods arbitrarily. Most of the manu-
facturers and merchants who do not know what their goods
cost are basing their selling price on what their competitors
sell for, and with only this knowledge for a basis they are
frequently cutting prices and demoralizing the industry in
which they are engaged.
WHY FAILURES OCCUR.
There were over 22,000 business failures in the United
States last year; more than 20,000 of them were small con-
cerns. A large percentage of business is run at loose ends,
haphazard, and without the proprietors really knowing at
any time how they stand or whether they are making a profit
or a loss.
The Commission recently mailed to every corporation in
the United States a form containing a few simple questions.
pertaining to their industries. This information embraced
the products which they manufacture, their annual sales, the
capital invested, and other principal items, such as deprecia-
tion, and so forth. This data will be compiled by industries
346
SUCCESS OF TRADE COMMISSION
and a summary of results sent to each company engaged in
that particular line. This will give each and every man in
the business an opportunity to know whether or not the
industry he is engaged in is in a healthy condition. If an
industry with large capital is showing no earning power, that
industry either is not well managed or the production ex-
ceeds the demand. Knowledge of existing conditionhs will
prevent others from entering the business or unprofitably
investing additional capital where overproduction already
exists. The industry in which conditions are unsatisfactory
will receive particular attention, and the real causes of the
conditions will be ascertained.
Under the direction of Chairman Hurley, and in coopera-
tion with some of the leading accountants and trade associa-
tions, a campaign is being conducted for the inauguration of
systems of accounting in various lines of industry which
will give to producers an exact idea of their costs of produc-
tion, and to merchants an exact idea of their cost of doing
business, which will lead to greater prosperity and stability
in all lines of industry through the elimination of prices-
too low or too high-fixed without any accurate knowledge
of costs.
The Commission has encouraged the formation of new
trade associations, and urged the existing commercial, in-
dustrial and trading associations-approximately 6,500—to
greater effort along the lines of improving systems of cost
accounting, bettering process of manufacture, standardizing
output, obtaining credit information and advancing the wel-
fare of employees through the utilization of their knowledge
of labor requirements.
FOREIGN TRADE INQUIRY.
The Commission has also instituted an inquiry in reference
to a certain phase of foreign trade and is making a report
and recommendations thereon to Congress. This work has
had especially to do with clearing away obstacles in the way
of developing new business with South America. .The sum-
mary of such report has already been submitted, in which
the Commission recommends the enactment of legislation
which will remove the doubt as to the application of the
antitrust alws to export trade. In making such recommen-
dation the Commission says it does not believe that Con-
gress intended by the antitrust laws to prevent Americans
from cooperating in export trade for the purpose of com-
peting effectively with foreigners, where such cooperation
does not restrain trade within the United States, and where
no attempt is made to prevent American competitors from
securing their due share of the trade. At the same time it
warns Congress that such legislation should be so framed
as to securely safeguard free competitive conditions in do-
mestic trade.
At every turn the things that the Progressive Republicans have
proposed that were practicable, the Democrats either have done
or are immediately proposing to do.-Woodrow Wilson.
TRADE COMMISSION AN IM-
PORTANT AID TO BUSINESS
Independent and Financial Press
Indorse Trade Commission's
MEETS WAR PROBLEM.
FINANCIAL AMERICA, New York City, December 3, 1915:
The Federal Trade Commission is not an organization
which sits in its office waiting for cases to be called to its
attention, waiting to be asked to give aid or waiting to
be told how to give it. The Commission is an assertive,
constructive organization, taking the initiative in the
work of finding where its aid is needed and of formulat-
ing practical methods of helpfulness.
A HELPING HAND.
GLOBE, South Bethlehem, Pa., April 8, 1915 (Ind.):
It is pleasing to note that we have one Government
agency that is trying to do good by lending a helping
hand instead of hindering by officious meddling. We re-
fer to the Federal Trade Commission.
1
Work
NEW BUSINESS METHODS.
WASHINGTON POST, March 14, 1916 (Ind.).
Under the old procedure, if some subordinate official of
a large corporation adopted questionable methods, con-
stituting restrain of trade, the Government sued to
dissolve the concern and scattered it into original units.
Invariably the result of this procedure was higher
overhead expenses for each of the units and higher
prices to the public.
The new way, under the efficient system of the Federal
Trade Commission, is to aid the small business man who
is hurt, bring the larger corporation to a realization of
its error and the injustice of it, and yet preserve effi-
ciency.
(6
*
""
JUSTIFIES itself.
THE REPUBLICAN, Chester, Pa. (Rep.), January 6, 1916.
The Federal Trade Commission is fast justifying its
creation. Its listing of all our National resources for
war is a service for which the Nation will be peculiarly
grateful at this time.
THE GREAT PHYSICIAN OF TRADE.
OREGONIAN, Portland, O., August 13, 1915 (Ind. R.).
The Federal Trade Commission is conducting a series
of inquiries into business in the Pacific Northwest which
has quieted many fears that were awakened by its crea-
tion.
*
By listening to pleas on behalf of trade co-operation,
the Commission has shown itself to have an open mind
and not to be ready to condemn any trade organization
merely because it is a combination.
CAUSING A SCARE.
AMERICAN WOOL AND COTTON REPORTER.
If the Federal Trade Commission can * * * make
decisions which will prevent the sale of deceptive
goods, it will cause such a scare among the distributers
of textiles that it will prevent a large amount of decep-
tion merely through the fear of being brought to trial.
There is a great opportunity for good being done to the
textile trade in the developments which are occurring.
347
}
DEMOCRATIC PREPAREDNESS
STOPPED 1914 WAR PANIC
Democratic
Efficiency in 1914
Contrasted With Republican In-
1907-Aldrich-
competence in
Vreeland Act Made Workable
TH
HE WILSON administration rescued the United States
from the brink of panic when war spread like a flame over
the continent of Europe. After hostilities began in August,
1914, foreign exchange was disorganized; credit facilities de-
stroyed; and shipping practically suspended. The United
States was commercially isolated.
Swift and vigorous action by Secretary of the Treasury
McAdoo prevented suspension of specie payments. The Ad-
ministration met the situation with unhesitating decision and
lightning rapidity. Its prompt measures and success in sus-
taining confidence and steadying the finances of the nation
brought order out of chaos, and paved the way for the
country's present security and prosperity. IT GAVE SHARP
CONTRAST WITH REPUBLICAN INCOMPETENCE
AND INDECISION IN 1907, UNDER PRESIDENT
ROOSEVELT'S ADMINISTRATION, WHEN ALL OF
THE REPUBLICAN MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT
BROKE DOWN COMPLETELY AND CAUSED HARD
TIMES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY FROM
WHICH ONLY NOW, UNDER WOODROW WILSON,
THE NATION HAS EMERGED.
McADOO'S BOLD ACTION.
Immediately following the first declaration of war, the
Secretary of the Treasury boldly announced that there was
stored in the vaults of the Treasury $500,000,000 of emergency
national bank notes which could be issued, under the Aldrich-
Vreeland Act, AS AMENDED AND MADE WORKABLE
BY THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT, upon a moment's
notice, to supply a circulating medium. This met the first
pressing need of the situation.
Through Democratic foresight and statesmanship a pro-
vision was inserted in the Federal Reserve Act modifying
the old Aldrich-Vreeland Emergency Currency Act to such
an extent as to make it really workable and available fo
the business of the country and extending it from June 30,
1914, when it would have expired, to the 30th of June, 1915.
THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE LAW, AS
ORIGINALLY ENACTED BY
ENACTED BY THE REPUBLICAN
PARTY, CREATED SO MANY RESTRICTIONS AND
IMPOSED SUCH PROHIBITIVE TAXES ON THE CIR-
CULATION PROVIDED BY THE ACT, THAT IT WA
f
348
TREASURY PREVENTS PANIC
349
1
PRACTICALLY INOPERATIVE. The changes reduced
the taxes and modified the conditions so that the law became
of practical use.
An amendment also was passed by Congress at Secretary
McAdoo's request authorizing the Secretary also to suspend
the provision of the Act which limited the actual amount of
the currency which could be issued under it to $500,000,000,
and authorizing him to issue to any national bank circulating
notes equal to 125 per cent. of its unimpaired capital and
surplus.
In the first week of August, 1914, $100,068,350 of emergency
currency was issued under the Aldrich-Vreeland act as
amended and made workable by the Democratic administra-
tion, and altogether $386,444,215 of such currency was issued
to all sections of the country needing it. All of this emer-
'gency issue has since been retired.
On the morning of the 3rd of August, 1914, the Sub-Treas-
ury in New York City was in position to issue, and did issue,
millions of dollars of emergency currency to the banks of
New York. The Sub-Treasury was able to do this because
a Democratic administration had the foresight and intelli-
gence to ship from the City of Washington, by express, on
the Saturday preceding the 3rd of August, 1914, or the day
that war was declared, something like $40,000,000 of emer-
gency currency to meet the very crisis the bankers described,
and this currency was issued to the New York banks UPON
THE CONDITION THAT THEY WOULD PAY THE
CURRENCY OVER THEIR COUNTERS UPON DE-
MAND, NOT ONLY OF THEIR DEPOSITORS, BUT
OF THEIR CORRESPONDENTS THROUGHOUT THE
COUNTRY, SO THAT A CURRENCY PANIC SIMILAR
TO THAT WHICH BEFELL THE COUNTRY IN 1907
THROUGH REPUBLICAN STUPIDITY AND HESI-
TATION WOULD NOT OCCUR AGAIN.
RESERVE ACT DID THE REST.
The Administration having bridged over the critical period,
the Federal Reserve System went into operation on Nov-
ember 16, 1914, and completely restored commercial and
banking confidence.
The direct assistance rendered by the Secretary of the
Treasury to the banks and business interests of the country
during the period immediately following the outbreak of
the European war, called forth the following comment from
the Commercial and Financial Chronicle of New York on
August 15, 1914:
66
It is to the credit of the authorities at Washington
that in the present grave crisis in the world's history
they have acted with commendable energy for the relief
and protection of the country's monetary affairs. The
vigor and promptness with which they set the machinery
in motion for supplying emergency currency under the
Aldrich-Vreeland law deserves all praise. They recog-
nized from the first that the country's financial mechan-
ism would be called upon to deal with a very unusual
situation and one of extraordinary character. Quick
action and quick comprehension were imperative, and
350
TREASURY PREVENTS PANIC
I
""
Messrs. McAdoo and Williams, by their skilful handling
of affairs proved that they were equal to the task.'
The above measures do not represent by any means all
the steps taken by the Treasury Department to swing the
country from threatened calamity into the road of the
greatest prosperity of its history. Among other important
steps taken was the establishment by legislation at the
instance of the administration of the Bureau of War Risk
Insurance. This enabled the shipping interests to get insur-
ance for their vessels and cargoes and is another evidence
of the promptness with which the Government moved. Since
that date policies have been written by the Bureau of War
Risk Insurance aggregating $135,542,189. The total number
of policies written was 1526; total premiums received by the
Bureau amount to $2,868,103.32; the net losses to the Gov-
ernment have been $712,518.15; leaving a surplus of premiums
as a profit to the Treasury of $1,925,251.50.
"GREATEST SPEAKER OF
-
ΟΝ
N MARCH 4, 1915, MR. OSCAR W. UNDERIVOOD of Ala-
bama, who then was the Democratic floor leader of the House
and now is U. S. Senator from Alabama, said in his valedictory
address to the House:
THE AMERICAN CONGRESS"
"Mr. Speaker, two decades ago you and I started in public life
together, almost at the same time. In leaving the House I cannot
refrain at this time from giving public utterance to the feeling that
I have for the Speaker.
"
"Your distinguished services to your country nced no monu-
ment," Mr. Underwood went on, addressing the Speaker personally.
You have already achieved your place in the history of our gov
ernment, and there is no man in the United States that more proudly
and more willingly and more gladly gives acknowledgment to the
distinguished services of the greatest Speaker of the American
Congress."
"
Thereupon JAMES R. MANN, Republican leader, said:
Mr. Speaker, I am about to perform what I think is the
pleasantest duty that falls to my lot during the term of Congress.
While it has not been usual to precede by any remarks the offering
of the resolution which I shall offer, I do not feel quite willing to
let the occasion go by without paying a very short tribute to the
able and beloved Speaker of this House."
Mr. Mann then offered the following resolution, which was unani-
mously agreed to:
fo
Resolved, That the cordial thanks of this House are presented
to the Honorable Champ Clark, ils able and distinguished Speaker,
for the able, impartial, courteous and dignified manner in which he
has presided over its deliberations and performed the arduous and
important duties of the Speakership during the present time of
Congress now about to end."
Later in the day, VICTOR MURDOCK, Progressive floor leader,
in bidding farewell to his colleagues, said:
"
"The other day I had as a visitor in the gallery a lady from
England, and she said: Who is the man who is sitting up front?'
I said: He is the Speaker-Champ Clark.' 'Well," she said:
they uncle him?'
?
"
Do
We have not uncled him, but I think it can be said by every
member in this body conscientiously that we all look upon him
lovingly as a superb type of American citizenship."
L

FA
CENA 2
CONSERVATION REFORMS
EFFECTED BY DEMOCRATS
New and Important Laws and Pro-
gressive Executive Policy Put An
End to Scandals and Open Up
Alaska and the West
In the administration of old laws having to do with the
conservation of natural resources constructive progress has
been made by the Wilson Administration, and new laws have
been enacted and put in force which help materially to safe-
guard the public interest. Still other legislation is well on its
way to assured passage, which will go far towards completing
a practical, progressive conservation programme.
The Ferris Bill, relating to water power on public lands,
has passed the House. This bill provides adequate induce-
ment to capital for the development of needed water power
and contains stringent protective features. The investor is
assured long and certain tenure, while the public secures reg-
ulation of rates, prevention of monopoly and the right to
take over the entire plant at the end of the leasehold period.
PREVENTING WATER POWER GRABS.
There are thirty-five million potential horse power of hydro-
electric energy in the United States. H. R. 406, the Ferris
Bill, deals with 74.6 per cent. of the aggregate or all of the
non-navigable streams of the country under the jurisdiction
of the Interior Department.
A companion bill dealing with hydro-electric energy on the
navigable streams of the country now under the jurisdiction
of the War Department embraces 25.4 per cent. of the aggre-
gate, passed the House in the Sixty-third Congress, and failed
in the Senate. Another measure has passed both branches
of Congress during the first session of the Sixty-fourth Con-
gress and is now in conference. The Administration is deter-
mined that this measure also shall be made a thorough con-
servation enactment. At the present writing the conferees
are seeking to work out a bill that will be in the public
interest and meet the President's progressive views on this
subject.
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT.
Another important conservation measure which has passed
the House is the general development bill to encourage under
proper conditions and terms, phosphate, potash, oil and gas
deposits in the public lands.
351
352
PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATION

LAND DEVELOPMENT LEGISLATION.
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT BILL-Passed
House January 15, 1916, by acclamation. Provides
for the development of phosphate, potash, coal, oil
and gas deposits.
ALASKAN RAILROAD ACT-Signed by Presi-
dent Wilson March 12, 1914. Provides for building
the Alaskan Railway. Will open to development
important agricultural and mining districts of
Alaska.
SIX HUNDRED AND FORTY ACRE HOME-
STEAD BILL-Passed House January 18, 1916, by
acclamation. Opens 700,000,000 acres of grazing land
suitable for stockraising in 640-acre homesteads.
ALASKAN COAL LEASING ACT-Signed by
President Wilson October 20, 1914. Encourages
development of the Bering, the Matanuska, and the
Nanana coal fields of Alaska.
OREGON AND CALIFORNIA LAND GRANT
ACT-Became law in June, 1916. Recovers to the
Government $50,000,000 worth of timber on 2,300,000
This bill protects the prospector while exploring the land,
provided he is diligent; and rewards him if he locates a val-
uable deposit; but provides for development on conditions
which prevent reckless waste and misuse. It provides for
development under safeguards that prevent violation of the
principles of conservation.
Go-ahead methods which yield nothing to special interests,
yet permit the free play of legitimate enterprise within reason-
able bounds, have characterized the direction of the Interior
Department's affairs by President Wilson and Secretary Lane.
In the Department of Agriculture, too, the Administration
has enforced a similar policy of practical and efficient con-
servation. The great national forests, which represent the
largest single conservation enterprise of the national govern-
ment, have been continued under an unflinching federal con-
trol and have been administered for the largest service both
to the general and the local public.
HOMESTEADERS' RENEWED FAITH.
Under the Wilson regime at the Interior Department,
homesteaders have renewed faith in the government's fair
treatment. Special agents are no longer prosecutors but co-
operative workers with proper officials. Water power sites
are no longer leased to private interests without proper safe-
guarding of the public interest. The government's perma-
nent right in all remaining power sites is retained.
A consistent effort has been made both to open the public
resources to development and to prevent frauds and monopo-
lies. The new Reclamation Extension Act, originated and
PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATION
353
passed under President Wilson, grants the rancher twenty
years instead of ten in which to pay his share of the expense
of reclaiming his land. Under legislation which has passed
the House, homesteaders may secure 640 acres of land for
stock raising, instead of being confined to 160 acres.
f
Encouragement has been given to the generation of elec-
tricity for lighting cities, traction purposes and domestic uses,
by the regulated development of water power on the public
lands. Since March 4, 1913, about 268,000 acres of land have
been withdrawn from public entry for classification as coal
lands, while during the same period more than fifteen and
one-third million acres of land that had been withdrawn be-
cause it was suspected that they might be coal lands, have
been restored to the public domain and opened to public
entry. Coal land withdrawals have been reduced by this
Administration from about sixty-five and one-half million
acres to less than 46,000,000 acres.
PROGRESS IN SURVEYING.
Since March, 1913, material progress has been made in the
work of locating and surveying portions of streams valuable
for power. About 685,000 acres have been added to power-
site reserves, and about 190,000 acres found not to be of
sufficient value to warrant retention have been restored there-
from. The net increase in area of power-site reserves is,
therefore, 495,000 acres. These public reserves now embrace
an area of a little more than 2,350,000 acres and cover in
whole or in part power sites with estimated maximum capac-
ity of about 10,500,000 horsepower, or between 15 and 20 per
cent. of the total water horsepower of the United States.
With reference to the use of these reserves for power pur-
poses, since March, 1913, permits have been issued and
grants made looking to the development of nearly a million
horsepower of installed capacity and the construction of
many hundred miles of transmission lines.
Every man, woman and child in America is dependent in
some measure upon petroleum and natural gas.
The oil fields of the United States are estimated to contain
only about 30 years' supply at our present rate of use.
HUSBANDING OIL SUPPLY.
Former administrations abandoned oil fields while a large
part of the oil was still in the ground; allowed tremendous
uantities of gas to waste into the air; let water into the oil
sands, ruining areas that should have produced hundreds of
thousands of barrels of oil. To the prevention of this waste-
fulness and ignorance the Interior Department has set its
-hand. It has gone into the oil fields and shown how wells
might be drilled without allowing gas to escape into the air
or water to enter the oil sands. It has enforced the observ-
ance of conservation principles on lands belonging to the
Indians. It has advised how to store oil with a minimum
Toss. It has found methods for obtaining a larger proportion
of the oil from the ground.
The American public will enjoy the comforts and con-
•
354
PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATION
;

PROTECTING WATER POWER.
The Ferris Water Power Bill affects 74.6 per cent.
of the country's water power. It contains these
essentials of a proper water power policy:
THAT TITLE IN FEE NOT PASS OUT OF
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT UNDER ANY
CIRCUMSTANCES.
THAT LEASES EXTEND NOT
EXTEND NOT LONGER
THAN 50 YEARS.
THAT THERE BE DILIGENT AND PROMPT
CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT OR FÖRFEI-
TURE OF RIGHTS, THUS PREVENTING THE
GRANTS FROM BECOMING MERE SPECULA-
TIVE OPTIONS.
THAT ROYALTY BE PAID THE GOVERN-
MENT IN ALL CASES EXCEPT FOR MUNIC-
IPALITIES WHO FURNISH CURRENT TO
CONSUMERS WITHOUT PROFIT.
THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RE-
SERVE FULL POWER TO FIX RATES FOR
SERVICE, CAPITALIZATION, BOND ISSUES,
ETC., IN INTERSTATE PROJECTS.
THAT FORFEITURE FOLLOWS PROOF OF
CONSPIRACY TO PREVENT THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF POWER OR TO LIMIT OUTPUT.
The bill has passed the House and is on the Senate
calendar under agreement for a vote.
veniences of oil and gas from its own fields for a longer
period because of this work. And with the next session of
Congress will come the enactment of the new leasing bill
above referred to, under which two million acres of reserved
oil land will be opened.
ALASKAN RICHES TAPPED.
In Alaska, a national treasure-house almost untouched be-
cause of its inaccessibility, the Administration secured the
passage of an Act authorizing the construction of a Govern-
ment railroad to tap the coal fields, the fertile farm lands
of the interior, and the mines of gold, copper, and other pre-
cious minerals heretofore out of reach. This action has
greatly stimulated the prosperity of Alaska and will contribute
not only to the benefit and enrichment of that territory but
of the country generally. The first leg of the Alaska Railroad
is now completed and is carrying coal from the Matanuska
coal fields to Cook's Inlet, some fifty miles.
The coal lands of Alaska were involved in charges of fraud
and corruption but this Administration, after thorough inves-
tigations and hearings, has cleared the dockets of all fraudu-
lent claims, leaving the best coal deposits of Alaska open to
such disposition as will best serve the public interest.
PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATION
355
*
1
The National Forests represent the Nation's largest single
conservation undertaking. During the last three years this
great constructive project has been carried forward with
notable achievements, both in administration and in legisla-
tion.
USE BUT NOT MISUSE.
The National Forest enterprise is succeeding because the
public properties are being used, at the same time as they
are being protected, and because they are serving as a great
factor in local development. With over 45,000 purchasers
drawing upon the Forests each year for timber, with over
ten million head of cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and swine
utilizing the forest ranges, with a million and a half people
using the forests each year for recreation, with 1,200 towns
and cities drawing their water supplies from the protected
forest areas, with water power sites being used under permit
affecting upwards of a million horsepower, with about 40,000
settlers getting free their domestic wood supply, range for
their milch cattle, and other privileges, it is clear that the
National Forests are becoming very useful properties.
During the last three years great advance has been made in
solving the vexatious problem of agricultural classification.
In adjusting the permanent boundaries of the Forests some
7 million acres have been eliminated and restored to general
entry. In addition, there have been each year made available
for individual settlers, inside the National Forests, 200,000
to 300,000 acres of land, in individual tracts found suited for
agricultural use. During this three-year period also nearly
a million dollars have been expended in opening up isolated
regions by roads. No less than 800 miles of new road in the
mountain regions have been built and over 600 miles of old
road made serviceable.
1
1916.
FORESTS' EARNINGS INCREASED.
BY EFFICIENT BUSINESS HANDLING, THE EARN-
INGS FROM THE NATIONAL FORESTS HAVE BEEN
INCREASED FROM $2,109,257 IN 1912 TO $2,782,166 IN
Congress, under the leadership of the administration, has
recognized the need of certain constructive legislation to
carry out the great public purposes of the National Forests.
In order to open up the resources of the Forests and make
them serve in a higher degree in local community develop-
ment, Congress has appropriated $10,000,000 to be expended
in ten years for road building in the Forests. This is one
of the greatest pieces of constructive conservation legislation
enacted since the Forests were created.
Republican Organ Applauds
NEW YORK TRIBUNE-"Mr. Wilson's supreme service
is to mankind. He has maintained international law; he has
upheld civilization; he has defended humanity."
*

1
IMPORTANT ANTI-TRUST SUITS
BY THE WILSON ADMIN-
ISTRATION SETTLED
OR PENDING
S
A VERY brief summary of other of the larger trust actions,
together with the outcome or present status under the
Wilson Administration, follows:
ANTHRACITE COAL MONOPOLY CASES: Directed
against the Lackawanna, Lehigh Valley and Reading Rail-
roads. The first case has been decided in favor of the
Government by the U. S. Supreme Court. Others are in
course of preparation for argument in that Court.
SOUTHERN PACIFIC-CENTRAL PACIFIC MERGER:
Government seeks to enforce divorcement of the two
systems.
CORN PRODUCTS CASE: Lower Court has ordered the
dissolution of this combination, which occupies a prepon-
derant position in the large trade in starch, glucose and
corn products generally. It is the first case referred to the
Federal Trade Commission for the preparation of a decree.
AMERICAN CAN CASE: On appeal from decision of
the District Court against its dissolution, although the
Company was held to be organized as a combination in
restraint of trade.
SHOE MACHINERY CASE: New proceeding brought
under the Clayton Act.
INTERNATIONAL
HARVESTER CASE: Decided in
favor of the Government but pending on appeal in the
U. S. Supreme Court.
BUTTER AND EGGS CASE: An action well known to
the people in the Middle West which was decided in the
Government's favor. The decree prohibits price fixing by
the Elgin Board of Trade.
KELLOGG TOASTED CORN FLAKES COMPANY
CASE: This company has been ordered by the courts to
cease fixing and enforcing re-sale prices.
BITUMINOUS COAL CASE: Injunction granted dis-
solving this monopoly of the production and transportation
of bituminous coal in the Ohio and West Virginia fields.
U. 8. STEEL CASE: Decided against the Government in
the lower court and pending on appeal in the Supreme
Court.
OLOTHES WRINGER CASE: Combination of the prin-
cipal manufacturers of clothes wringers for the purpose
of price fixing ordered to cease this practice.
PLUMBERS' SUPPLIES CASES: Against a combina-
tion to restrain trade in plumbers' supplies. Won by the
Government.
NATIONAL WHOLESALE JEWELERS' ASSOCIATION
CASE: Enjoined from further carrying out a conspiracy
to prevent manufacturers of jewelry from selling direct to
retail dealers.
The officials of the Department recognize the desirability of
the most accurate possible definition of the illegal transactions
forbidden by the Sherman Law. When the HARVESTER,
STEEL, CAN, LEHIGH VALLEY, READING, KODAK, and
SHOE MACHINERY cases now being prepared by the Depart-
ment for argument before the Supreme Court shall have been
decided, the so-called area of debatable ground will have been
greatly circumscribed.
356
IMPORTANT ADVANCES IN
TRUST LAW ENFORCEMENT
Firm Course of Wilson Administra-
tion Clears Up Laws of Business
and Substitutes Real For Sham
Trust Dissolution
UNDER President Wilson, important progress has been
made in enforcing and in bringing about a clearer under-
standing of the prohibitions of the anti-trust laws. By its
work in clearing up these vital laws of business the Depart-
ment of Justice in the last three and one-half years has per-
formed a service that has materially aided legitimate industry
and commerce.
Its firm course had led to the substitution of genuine dis-
solution of illegal monopolies in lieu of the ineffective disso-
lutions characterizing the Taft and Roosevelt administration.
The decrees in the Union Pacific, Harvester, Telephone, New
Haven, Reading and Kodak cases all involve real dissolution,
and contrast vividly with the final result in the larger cases
of the recent Republican administrations.
Indeed, this definite stand of the Department under Wilson
has led to very general acceptance of the anti-trust laws and
their prohibitions throughout the business world, so that
now instead of protracted and expensive law suits being the
rule, with consequent uncertainty and disturbance of im-
portant industries, it occurs frequently that the necessary
changes of organization are made by mutual agreement be-
tween the law officers of the Government and the concerns
affected. This is done through the famous "consent decrees,"
introduced by Attorneys-General McReynolds and Gregory.
These short cuts speed law processes and aid business greatly.
A DEFINITE POLICY.
The underlying policy of the Department of Justice toward
the enforcement of the anti-trust laws was recently stated by
the Attorney General as follows:
The Sherman Act is enforced by the Department of Jus-
tice in the same manner and according to the same rules
of policy as other statutes, with the same care, and with
neither more nor less vigor. Plain or intentional viola-
tions are proceeded against vigorously, as under other
statutes. When, as with all statutes, doubtful cases arise
in which there is no intent to violate the law, they are
dealt with just as similar cases under other statutes are
dealt with; that is, with a view to enforcing strict com-
pliance with the law, but without unnecessarily stigmatiz-
ing or unnecessarily burdening with litigation persons
who have been honestly mistaken as to the law and who
stand ready to rectify their mistake.
357
358
TRUST LAW ENFORCEMENT
Under indifferent Republican administrations shrewd law-
yers pointed out the paths to be trod by big interests to avoid
the toils of the law, and from 1900 to 1912, under Republican
rule, the monopolistic forces of this country grew to enor-
mous proportions. Legitimate business was all but stifled.
The administrations of Roosevelt and Taft attempted an
ineffectual campaign to curb the trusts. In the Northern Se-
curities case under Roosevelt, and in the Standard Oil and
Tobacco cases under Taft, THE PARTS INTO WHICH
THE UNLAWFUL MONOPOLIES WERE DIVIDED
WERE LEFT IN THE CONTROL OF THE SAME PER-
SONS. There was no real effectiveness in the so-called dis-
solutions. Competition was not restored.
REPUBLICANS CODDLED THE TRUSTS.
The law was brought into derision and almost into public
contempt. The only effect of the so-called dissolutions was
a change in the form of the monopoly. Competition in any
real sense cannot exist between corporations controlled by
the same persons. The law was thus practically nullified by
reason of this defective manner of its enforcement.
The Democratic administration has brought about the first
real dissolution of monopoly under the anti-trust law, after
sixteen years of pretense by the Republicans. The present
administration has insisted in every trust case, notably the
Union Pacific-Southern Pacific Merger Case, the Telephone
Case, the New Haven Case, the Harvester Case, the Kodak
Case, and the Anthracite Coal Case, THAT THE PARTS
INTO WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COMBINATION OR
MONOPOLY WAS OR MAY BE DIVIDED MUST BE
SEPARATE AND DISTINCT IN OWNERSHIP AND
MUST NOT BE LEFT IN CONTROL OF THE SAME
SET OF MEN.
For instance, in the decree of the court in the Union Pa-
cific-Southern Pacific Merger Case, the stock of the Southern
Pacific Company owned by the Union Pacific Company was
placed in the hands of a trustee to be disposed of to pur-
chasers upon their sworn statement that they did not own
stock in the Union Pacific Company. This produced a com-
plete divorcement of interests. Had such a policy been
pursued by the Government in the Standard Oil, the Tobacco
and the Powder Cases under the Republican administration,
there would have been no grounds for the present widespread
complaint of a continuance of monopoly in those industries.
NEW FREEDOM BUSINESS.
The insistence of the present administration that trusts
{
and other combinations in restraint of trade shall be dissolved
not merely in form but in reality, has cleared the atmos-
phere and brought the great business interests to a realiza-
tion of the fact that the trade of the country must be liberated
from monopolistic control. Business men throughout the
country are showing a real desire to adjust their affairs to
that view of the law.
TRUST LAW ENFORCEMENT
359
It also remained for the Democratic administration to
enact the further legislation necessary to clarify the situa-
tion in the business world. President Wilson early in his
administration obtained the enactment by Congress of what
is known as the Clayton Act, and also the law for the
creation of the Federal Trade Commission.
SO EFFECTIVELY AND SMOOTHLY HAVE THESE
GREAT CONSTRUCTIVE MEASURES ACCOM-
PLISHED THE REFORMS IN VIEW THAT THE CA-
LAMITY HOWL ONCE DIRECTED AGAINST THESE
CONSTRUCTIVE REFORMS HAS ENTIRELY SUB-
SIDED. IN THIS WE HAVE ONE OF THE LARGE
CONTRIBUTING CAUSES OF THE NATION'S UN-
EXAMPLED PROSPERITY WHICH, AS IS SHOWN
ELSEWHERE IN THIS TEXT-BOOK,
FROM MAINE TO CALIFORNIA.
EXTENDS
EFFECTIVE SHORT CUTS.
Among the important cases disposed of by "consent decree"
have been the New Haven, Telephone and Thread cases.
They contain striking examples of the advantages of this
"policy of mutual reasonableness," as it is often called. This
is illustrated by a comparison of the Union Pacific and the
New Haven cases. Both were mergers of railroad corpora-
tions. The first case could be settled only by a law suit
which was fought by the defendants to the end. The original
petition of the government seeking dissolution was filed
February 1, 1908. The case was decided by the Supreme
Court in favor of the government on December 2, 1912,
nearly five years later, and the final proceedings winding up
the matter were not had until December 22, 1915. The ex-
penses of litigation were very large, both to the government
and to the railroad company. The court costs paid by the
company amounted to over twenty thousand dollars, but that
sum takes no account of the many thousands spent by the
defendant corporation for counsel fees and for the other
very large expenses incident to such a suit.
On the other hand, the New Haven case was settled within
90 days from the filing of the bill by the entering of a decree
which was in every respect as effective a decree as if it had
been entered after the case had been heard by the lower
courts and by the Supreme Court. It differed from such a
decree only in that it was entered with the consent of the
defendants who agreed that it might be entered against them
and were consulted as to its terms. In comparison with
the Union Pacific case the cost to the parties was almost
insignificant.
P
RESIDENT WILSON drove invisible government out of
Washington and uncovered the mightiest lobby that
ever ramified a republic or had its rendezvous in its capital.
He drove the lobbyist out; he turned the American people
in.-From speech of Ollie M. James at St. Louis Convention.
1
WONDERFUL EXPANSION
Deadly Parallel Presents the Case
of Wilson vs. Taft in Foreign
Commerce

ON MARCH 4, 1913.
Annual foreign trade,
$3,857,587,343.*
Exports, $2,204,322,409.*
Our net foreign indebt-
edness, funded and float-
ing, $6,500,000,000.
Our loans to foreign
countries were practically
nothing.
Imports of manufactured
goods amounted to $360,-
018,963,* or 21.78 per cent.
of our total imports.
Exports of manufactured
goods ready for consump-
tion amounted to $672,268,-
163,* or 30.98 per cent. of
all our domestic exports.
Total amount of special
appropriations for promo-
tion of our foreign trade,
$60,000.*
Field staff engaged in
promoting foreign trade
numbered 11.
No commercial attaches.
No appropriation for
commercial attaches.
No district or branch of-
fices in the United States
for promoting foreign
trade.
Only 9 agents gathering
information about foreign
markets for American
products.
Only 2,145 trade oppor-
tunities issued for the ben-
efit of American manufac-
turers.
*
ON AUGUST 4, 1916.
trade,
Annual foreign
$6,530,000,000.†
Exports, $4,330,000,000.†
Our net foreign in-
debtedness reduced by
half.
!
Our loans to foreign
countries. were one and
one-fourth billion dollars.
Our imports of manufac-
tured goods amounted to
$315,000,000,† or 14.30 per
cent. of our total imports.
Our exports of manufac-
tured goods ready for con-
sumption amounted to $2,-
000,000,000,† or 46.73 per
cent. of all our domestic
exports.
Total amount of special
appropriations for promo-
tion of our foreign trade,
$252,000.†
Field staff engaged in
promoting foreign trade
numbered 61.
Ten commercial at-
taches.
An appropriation of
$100,000 for
attaches.
commercial
Eight district offices and
six co-operating branch of-
fices for promoting Amer-
ican trade.
Twenty agents gathering
information about foreign
markets for American pro-
ducts.
*Fiscal year, 1912. †Fiscal year, 1916.
There were 4,300 trade
opportunities issued, each
giving a specific chance to
market American goods
abroad
360
FOREIGN TRADE RECORD
IS OVER SIX BILLIONS
Change of National Administration
Will Menace
Menace Overseas Business
and Risk Loss of Prosperity-
Facts as to Munitions Sales
ROM March 4, 1913, to date, this country has enjoyed an
F increase of its foreign trade far in excess of former
increases of this or any other nation during a similar period.
Our total foreign trade for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1912, was $3,857,587,343; in the fiscal year 1913 it increased to
$4,278,892,383, but fell off slightly in 1914, when it amounted
to $4,258,504,805. There was a slight increase during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, when the total trade was $4,-
442,759,080; but in the fiscal year 1916 it leaped to $6,530,-
000,000.
The European War created an opportunity to secure this
enormous business but practical legislation and efficient ad-
ministrative action aided in securing it. Authorities agree
that much of the business can be retained by the enterprise
of our business men if the present co-operation by the Gov-
ernment is continued, and if radical changes of policy such as
would be involved in a Republican tariff revision are not
adopted.
This article tells the important story of the growth of our
overseas business, AND DEMONSTRATES THAT A
CHANGE OF NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AT THE
FLOOD TIDE OF OUR FOREIGN SUCCESSES
WOULD MENACE NOT ONLY EXPORT BUSINESS
BUT THE PROSPERITY OF THE COUNTRY,
A STUPENDOUS PROPOSITION.
Six and one-half billion dollars worth of foreign trade is
a remarkable and stupendous thing, and has contributed to
the present unbounded prosperity of the United States.
It was in 1872 that our foreign trade first exceeded one
billion dollars; in 1900 it passed the two billion dollar mark;
in 1907 it crossed the three billion dollar line; in 1913 it was
slightly above four billion dollars. AND NOW WITHIN
THREE SHORT YEARS THE LEVEL HAS EXTENDED
TO WELL OVER SIX BILLION DOLLARS-AN IN-
CREASE OF OVER FIFTY PER CENT. SINCE THE
BEGINNING OF THE WILSON ADMINISTRATION.
Exports have shown the same tremendous upward ten-
dency. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912, our exports
amounted to $2,204,322,409. They increased in the fiscal year
-
361
362
STUPENDOUS FOREIGN TRADE

Professor Walter Troeltsch, of Marburg Univer-
sity, Germany, says in a technical periodical pub-
lished in Essen: "We shall have to face a long
period of diminished purchasing power, combined
with higher costs of production, owing to dearer raw
materials, and also higher taxes and higher wages."
1913 to $2,465,884,149; fell off in 1914 to $2,364,579,148; in-
creased again in 1915 to $2,768,589,340; and jumped in the
fiscal year 1916 to $4,330,000,000. But even more important
than the growth in the volume of our exports has been the
change in their essential character.
Prior to March 4, 1913, our exports consisted largely of raw
materials; in fact, 33 per cent. of our exports were raw ma-
terials in unmanufactured state. For the last fiscal year the
proportion of raw and crude products in our exports is only
13 per cent. Meanwhile the proportion of finished manu-
factured goods has increased from 31 to 47 per cent. In
actual figures, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912, we
exported $672,268,163 of finished manufactured goods and
$723,008,839 in crude materials. In 1916 we exported $2,000,-
000,000 of finished manufactured goods and $536,000,000 raw
materials.
IMPORTS OF RAW MATERIALS.
No less remarkable is the great increase in our imports
of raw materials. This was aided by the Underwood Tariff,
which placed raw materials on the free list. In 1912 22 per
cent. of our imports consisted of manufactured articles ready
for consumption. During the last fiscal year our imports of
manufactured goods ready for consumption amounted to 14
per cent. of the total imports. On the other hand, in 1912 the
imports of raw materials amount to 34 per cent, while in 1916
they amounted to 43 per cent of the total. THIS MEANS
THAT INSTEAD OF IMPORTING MANUFACTURED
GOODS READY FOR CONSUMPTION, WE ARE NOW
IMPORTING THE RAW MATERIALS FROM WHICH
THOSE GOODS ARE MANUFACTURED; AND IN-
STEAD OF PAYING FOR FOREIGN LABOR AND FOR
FOREIGN PROFITS WE ARE PUTTING THAT
MONEY INTO THE POCKETS OF OUR OWN LA-
BORING MEN AND ARE PAYING PROFITS TO OUR
OWN PEOPLE.
G
W
These changes in the three short years since the beginning
of the present administration are of great significance in the
economic history of this country; they mark the shifting of
the balance of economic power in the world from Europe to
the United States.
MUNITIONS TRADE EXAGGERATED.
IT IS SOMETIMES STATED THAT THIS INCREASE
IN OUR TRADE IS DUE ENTIRELY TO MUNITIONS
A
}
STUPENDOUS FOREIGN TRADE
363
1
OF WAR. BUT THIS STATEMENT IS FAR FROM
THE ACTUAL FACTS. A large portion of our gain in
foreign trade has been with countries outside the war zone.
We may divide all our exports into three groups:
(1) Exports of actual munitions of war, including am-
munition, cartridges, loaded projectiles, guns, rifles, etc.
(2) Exports of what might be called secondary army
supplies, including horses and mules; automobile trucks
and aeroplanes; horseshoes and barbed wire; men's shoes;
harness and saddles; wearing apparel and manufactures
of brass, copper, lead and zinc.
(3) Exports of other products that would be sold even
in times of peace, including agricultural, electrical and
other machinery; grains and flour; chemicals; cloths,
wearing apparel and other manufactures of cotton; fish,
fruits and meats; bars, billets, rails, sheets, structural and
other iron and steel; leather; mineral and vegetable oils;
paper; tobacco; lumber and other manufactures of wood,
and the various other agricultural, mining and manu-
facturing products which enter into our exports under
normal conditions.
The largest percentage of increase in our exports of these
three groups occurred in the actual munitions of war. A
comparison, however, of our exports of this group since the
war with a period prior to the war based solely on the per-
centage of increase is fallacious for the reason that the ex-
ports in normal times are insignificant.
IT SHOULD BE BORNE IN MIND, TOO, THAT THE
ARTICLES CLASSED AS SECONDARY ARMY SUP-
PLIES ARE EXPORTED IN TIMES OF PEACE AND
THAT, IN FACT, A LARGE PORTION OF THEM
WOULD BE EXPORTED, WAR OR NO WAR.
WONDERFUL TRADE BALANCE.
Another significant change has taken place.
Heretofore
the United States has never enjoyed a really favorable "bal-
ance of trade." True, exports have for a number of years
exceeded imports by many millions of dollars.
Since 1900, for example, our excess of exports over im-
ports has amounted to as much as $1,094,000,000 in 1915,
and has declined to as low as $188,000,000 in 1910. But there
are many factors in the real balance of trade between the
United States and other foreign nations that have not been
taken into account.
The United States has for years borrowed money from
Europe, and at the beginning of the Wilson administration
owed Europe not less than $6,500,000,000, on which we paid
an annual interest of not less than $300,000,000. Our tourists
traveling in foreign countries spent probably not less than
$250,000,000 each year. Foreigners resident in the United
States sent back to Europe probably not less than $150,000,000
annually. Shippers paid to foreign-owned steamship lines
not less than $50,000,000 each year. The sum total of these
expenditures was approximately $750,000,000 annually. At
no time, therefore, since 1900, and certainly not before that
364
STUPENDOUS FOREIGN TRADE
until 1915, have we ever had a sufficient "balance of trade"
to fully offset this great indebtedness and the large interest
payments on it.
Conditions have changed under the Wilson administration.
In three years we have taken up $1,500,000,000 of American
securities held abroad, paid off $500,000,000 of floating debt,
and loaned to foreign countries $1,250,000,000-thereby re-
ducing our net debt to the world by the vast total of $3,250,-
000,000--which is without precedent in history. Not only has
the debt been thus reduced, but our payments abroad have
heavily shrunk. Even our foreign population, on account
of the difficulties in sending money abroad, have cut off their
remittances. Along with the decrease in our indebtedness
to Europe has of course come a falling off in the interest
charges. Our payments to Europe probably do not amount
to more than half the amount paid each year prior to the
inauguration of Woodrow Wilson.
On the other hand, instead of borrowing money from
Europe, we have actually made loans to European nations
and other nations on the American Continent.
Our loans to foreign countries now (Aug. 1, 1916), aggre-
gate approximately $1,250,000,000.
BUY HEAVILY ABROAD.
In addition, American investors have bought in foreign
markets at favorable prices old Government issues to the
extent of nearly $50,000,000.
Our position in the world's markets has, therefore, com-
pletely changed. We have assumed a position of command-
ing importance and our commerce exceeds that of any other
country of the world. As a matter of fact our commerce at
present is as great as that of England and France combined.
In the world of financial affairs we have also taken the lead-
ing role. We have discharged a large share of our indebted-
ness to foreign countries and are now lending money in-
stead of borrowing it.
Foreign trade is a stabilizer. It would be relatively impos-
sible for the United States to withstand the ups and downs
of trade if it did not have a large foreign trade with which
to balance the wheel of business. If a concern in the United
States manufacturing agricultural machinery does a purely
domestic trade, his business rises and falls with the crop
conditions in this country. If, however, he also sells in
Canada, Argentina, Russia, India and Australia in all of
which it is quite improbable for bad crops to occur at the
same time, he has a good business in some counrties to off-
set the slackness at home or in other foreign fields. What
is true of the manufacturer is true of the dealer in raw
materials, such as iron, steel, lumber, cement, and the great
food products, such as corn, wheat, meat and the staples like
cotton and tobacco. The wider the markets the greater the
variation in conditions and the more stable the business of
the country supplying these markets. If we are to have
greater stability in business conditions in the United States,
it is absolutely necessary that we have wider markets, which
means a larger foreign trade.
STUPENDOUS FOREIGN TRADE
365
The Democratic Administration of Woodrow Wilson has
recognized for the first time in the history of the United
States the impossibility both of expecting to get foreign trade
and of setting up a high tariff wall of the extreme type fav-
ored by a majority of Republicans. IT IS IMPOSSIBLE
FOR ANY MAN, BUSINESS MAN, MANUFACTURER,
OR FARMER, TO BELIEVE IN HIGH PROTECTION
THE REPUBLICAN BRAND AND AT THE SAME
ME TO BELIEVE IN FOREIGN TRADE. THE MAN
HO BELIEVES IN REPUBLICAN HIGH PROTEC-
'ON IN EFFECT INDICATES HIS WILLINGNESS
R HIS DESIRE TO DO AWAY WITH FOREIGN
RADE, AND THE MAN WHO ANNOUNCES HIS
NTENTION TO GET FOREIGN TRADE AVOWS
'HAT HE DOES NOT NEED PROTECTION.
OLD TARIFFS HINDERED BUSINESS.
Another phase of the tariff situation should not be over-
looked by those who advocate a high protective tariff wall.
In effect, the country that establishes a high tariff wall says
to other countries, This is the way we believe that the
country should develop; if you are wise you will go and do
likewise." THEREFORE, IT IS NOT SURPRISING
THAT WE FIND THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL
AND SOUTH AMERICA FOLLOWING OUR OWN
EXAMPLE AND ERECTING THE HIGH TARIFF
WALLS THAT ARE NOW THE CHIEF OBSTACLE
TO OUR GETTING TRADE IN SOUTH AMERICA.
(6
One of the most important achievements of the present
Democratic Administration in its efforts to promote trade
was the establishment and development of the Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce. There had long been an
appropriation for promoting commerce, but prior to the Wil-
son Administration the amount was so small that it was
impossible to do much effective or practical work. This ap-
propriation is now nearly four times the amount used in 1909
and more than double the amount ever granted by a Re-
publican Administration.
TRADE "DIPLOMATS" NOW HELP.
Since the beginning of this Administration, the number of
commercial agents, skilled technical investigators in foreign
countries, has been greatly increased. Eight branches and
six co-operative branch offices have been established in the
United States for developing foreign trade. Ten commercial
attaches have been sent to the important commercial foreign
capitals of the world in London, Paris, The Hague, Petro-
grad, Melbourne, Peking, Rio de Janeiro, Lima, Buenos
Aires and Santiago. This work of trade promotion has been
increased tenfold over what it was during the previous ad-
ministration. Its work has increased in extent, volume and
in practicability. It aims to give the manufacturer expert
service and expert information with reference to foreign
trade. It has succeeded in building up a wide and enviable
reputation for its business-like methods and for the efficiency
of its work.
t
366
STUPENDOUS FOREIGN TRADE
Constructive legislation by the Wilson Administration has
greatly facilitated the development of our foreign trade. The
first and most important legislation bearing on foreign trade
was the Federal Reserve Act, which created adequate ma-
chinery for financing foreign business. Payments in inter-
national trade need no longer be made through London, for
there has been established in New York an "acceptance"
market which has proved of incalculable value in building
our trade and enabling our manufacturers to finance t
foreign business. This legislation also permitted Natio
Banks to open branches in foreign countries and thro
them to give our exporters a service that had never bef
been possible.
LAWS AND SHIPPING.
The shipbuilding industry and merchant shipping have
been hampered in the past by restrictions imposed by Re.
publican Administrations. Some of these have been removed
Foreign-built vessels are permitted to register and fly the
American flag, and our merchant marine has increased dur-
ing the last two years more than in the preceding fifty. The
ship purchase measure, urged by the administration and op-
posed by the Republican members of Congress, provides
legislation that will enable the United States to go still
further in the development of a merchant marine. It aims
to regulate ocean freight rates, to require foreign vessels to
give as favorable rates to American as to European ships;
in short, to regulate a business now wholly unregulated, to
the immense disadvantage of the United States.
Other legislation designed to assist American exporters
includes the bill permitting American manufacturers to com-
bine in their foreign trade work so that they may meet on
equal terms their foreign competitors who have long been
permitted to do this, and the proposed American trademark
law which will make it possible for American goods to
carry a distinctive American mark that will distinguish them
in all countries of the world and guarantee their American
origin.
A vital question, and one that is agitating many business
men at the present time, is whether or not we will be able
to hold the increased trade we have obtained since the be-
ginning of the European war, or whether we will lose it to
our foreign competitors.
LIKELY TO HOLD NEW TRADE.
{
Barring a change from the present active and efficient co-
operation of the Government in this field, there is every rea-
son to believe that American exporters will hold the bulk of
their new business in other than war munitions. Europe will
be loaded with war debts, and these will mean heavy taxes
on business and industry. Practically all of the elements en-
tering into cost of production will be raised; the good-will
of their foreign business is already practically lost to many
of the European belligerent nations, and the labor-supervis-
¿
STUPENDOUS FOREIGN TRADE
367
!
·
ing force in Europe will be considerably reduced and its
efficiency will be considerably impaired.
The men who are fighting in the armies of Europe are
not the unemployed or the unemployable; they are the very
flower of the industrial and commercial enterprises. Many
of these men will not return to their places in the factories
or at the bench. Many of those who do return will be
maimed and diseased, and most of them will have lost the
work spirit that is so characteristic of and such a large asset
to the European worker.
FOREIGN PRICES WILL BE HIGH.
During the war capital has been withdrawn from produc-
tive uses, all capital expenditures and capital investments
have been reduced in efficiency, plants need renewals and
repairs which have not been made, the demand for capital
will be large at the end of the war, and the stock of it on
hand will be small and expensive. The war is not yet over,
and these effects will be cumulative as long as the war lasts.
Interest rates will therefore be high.
The elements entering into cost of production will all be
raised, and it is claimed that prices can not even for a short
period be substantially lower than the cost of production.
On these principles it is argued that prices will be high,
higher than ever before in Europe, and will more nearly
approximate the level of prices in the United States. Euro-
pean nations will not be able to export or to supply their
own markets at prices as much below ours as they were
before the war. We will be able therefore to hold a very
large proportion of the new trade we have obtained during
the progress of the war.
It is absurd to believe that European nations will be able
to do more after the war than they did before the war. They
will be weaker, not stronger. Domestic wants will have to
be filled before the European nations can seriously undertake
foreign trade. No matter how much they may want foreign
trade, no matter how much they may need it, they will first
have to set their own houses in order.
We can successfully compete with any other nation in the
world in any market, but we can do so only when we bring
our present industrial equipment and our distributing ma-
chinery to the highest point of efficiency. The war will be
followed by a period of intense competition, and the most
efficient producers and distributors will win. We cannot
waste with one hand and win with the other. We must use
science and research in business as our rivals do. We can
no longer afford a gospel of industrial fear in this country.
We can compete if we will to compete and shall be both
stronger and safer for the effort. It is a principal part of the
programme of President Wilson to continue the development
of the Government auxiliaries to foreign trade expansion so
that America may keep the place in foreign trade that it now
has. A change of administration inevitably would cut short
and cripple the very practical work to this end now under
way.
WILL YOU VOTE FOR
PROSPERITY'S ENEMIES?
Calamity Howlers of 1912 and 1914
Now Join in Chorus of Knocks in
Hope of Destroying American
Good Times
The Republican leaders predicted suffering and panic
throughout the land in 1912-there was none.
The Republican leaders prophesied ruin and disaster in
1914-and it didn't happen.
Today the Republican leaders belittle and seek to weaken
confidence in the present unexampled prosperity. They say
it is spotty, temporary, artificial, abnormal, perverting and
insecure.
This Text-Book teems with evidence that the general busi-
ness and industrial outlook is of the best. American pros-
perity is general, well distributed, deserved and, in so far
as mortal eye can pierce the future, secure.
Are not the Republican leaders-Hughes, Mann, Cannon,
Harding and the rest-and lesser lights therefore proven by
the record to be the ENEMIES OF PROSPERITY?
CASSANDRAISTIC CHORUS.
Says Charles Evans Hughes in 1916: "When we contem-
plate industrial and commercial conditions, we see that we
are living in a fool's paradise."
Said Republican Floor Leader James R. Mann in the
House of Representatives August 2, 1912: "They (Demo-
cratic measures) would add to wages paid abroad; would
add to the idle labor here; * * * would mean strikes and
riots and starvation and hell for the wage-earner and his
family, destruction for the manufacturer, and damnation for
the home industry.”
Says Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio in his Repub-
lican keynote speech at Chicago: "No one disputes a tem-
porary prosperity in our land today. But it is sectional in
its factory aspect, abnormal in its fevered rush, fictitious in
its essentials and perverting in its tendency."
Said former Republican Speaker Joseph G. Cannon in the
House December 15, 1913: "President Wilson reversed the
lever and the Democratic Congress followed his directions
and reversed the revenue policy of the government. This
reversal has slacked business so that in many places it has
almost stopped," etc.
They are now, as then, prophets of evil.
368
1
1
1
!
REPUBLICAN RECORD OF
MISRULE AND BETRAYAL
During Three Administrations Privi-
lege and Bossism Control at
Washington-Complete Fail-
ure to Reform Conditions.
HO CAN doubt but that the return to power of the Re-
publican party this autumn will mean anything but a
revival of the abuses which prevailed when, in the elections of
1910 and 1913, the Democrats threw out of office the Old
Guard which had been voted discredited by overwhelming ma-
jorities? The election of Mr. Hughes means nothing if it does
not mean the restoration of the Taft-Roosevelt-Penrose,
Smoot-Crane-Mann-Cannon stripe of politician.
Roosevelt chose Taft. Taft, according to Roosevelt, be-
trayed the people, and to-day, meeting under the flimsy ban-
ner of reunion, these same leaders, Taft and Roosevelt, are
appealing to the same people to vote for Hughes, who pleases
them both-as he pleases the interests which traditionally
finance and faten the Republican party.
The record of the Republican party has not grown better
with age. There is no reason to supose that it will not be re-
peated with the assumption again of office by the Republicans,
chastened though some of them may profess to be by en-
forced retirement to private life and pleased though they are
with carping criticism of the constructive achievements of the
Administration of Woodrow Wilson.
Let it be remembered that the Republican downfall began
with the passage of the Payne-Aldrich tariff law, a revision
upward of the tariff, insead of the promised revision down-
ward.
"THE CITADEL OF PROTECTION."
(6
The increases chiefly affected the raw material, the partly
finished and the finished products most essential to the
people-clothing, household utensils and even foods. Take
the famous Schedule K, the woolen schedule, which Aldrich
called the citadel of protection." Nearly every man, woman
and child in the United States uses wool in some form.
Schedule K of the Dingley law contained such high rates
that the manufacturers were enabled to substitute shody
and other cheap material for wool, for which, however, the
consumers paid the same prices. Upon Schedule K espe-
cially the country expected downward tariff revision.
This excerpt from the great speech on the wool schedule
by the late Senator Jonathan P. Dolliver, of Iowa, a Repub-
lican, tells what was done:
369
370
REPUBLICAN MISRULE
"I desire now to speak of some of the morbid and ab-
normal influences which have gone out from Schedule K.
to mitigate the tariff system of the United States. The
high rates imposed throughout the schedule have been
peculiarly attractive to laborers in other departments of
the textile vineyard, and it is easy to trace the move-
ments of greed in more than one schedule framed to pro-
tect these industries. Manufacturers in other textile de-
partments have been persistent in their efforts to get the
advantage of the rates on woolen goods. Makers of
silks, of cottons and of furs, not satisfied with their own
rates, have sought shelter among the slippery provisions
of the wool tariff. We have already seen how hospitably
the manufacturers of cotton have been received. It takes
only a slight investigation of the silk schedules to see
how easily that product puts itself into partnership with
the enterprise.
BOGUS DUTIES.
"The manufacturers of fur garments, not content to
gratefully accept the modest 35 per cent. accorded them
by the present law, have been able to secure here the in-
crease of their rate to 50 per cent., provided they contain
no wool. I do not know whether they are entiled to
that or not, but I do know that they ought not to be
allowed on account of the presence of the wool in the
lining or elsewhere in the garment to pass over to the
wool schedule where, in addition to the 60 per cent. ad
valorem, they will enjoy a bogus compensatory of 44
cents per pound on the weight of the whole garment.
<<
The root of this abuse lies in Schedule K, where all
sorts of manufactures,, whether cloths or clothings or
anything else containing a trace of wool, must be weighed
up under its benign provisions. If it operated merely to
affix excessive rates to articles not entitled to them,
would be bad enough; but it operates also to bring our
protective tariff system into ridicule and contempt. Why
should a fur coat, with a cotton lining or no lining at all,
be asessesd 50 per cent. ad valorem, while with $2 worth
of wool lining it takes 44 cents per pound and 60 per cent.
ad valorem? But that is not an extreme case. I spoke
the other day of a cotton blanket, with a fringe of wool
to prevent unravelling, received hospitably at the Custom
House and solemnly charged up with the specific com-
pensatory calculated a generation ago for woolen goods."
As for cotton, on not a single one of the 95 all-cotton sam-
ples of fabric taken as the basis of the Taft Tariff Board's
investigations of the cotton schedule was there an actual
reduction of the tariff by the Payne-Aldrich law.
TAFT STOOD FOR IT.
And Taft "stood for it." In his Winona speech, Septem-
ber 20, 1910, he said:
"When it came to the question of reducing the duty at
this hearing in this tariff bill on wool, Mr. Payne in the
House, and Mr. Aldrich in the Senate, found that in the
Republican party the interests of the wool-growers in the
far West and the interests of the woolen (worsted) manu-
facturers in the East and in other States, reflected
through their representatives in Congress, was sufficiently
strong to defeat any atempt to change the woolen tariff
and that had it been atempted it would have beaten the
bill reported from either committee."
REPUBLICAN MISRULE
371

16 YEARS OF INCOMPETENCE
DURING sixteen years of uninterrupted control
of Congress the Presidency, the Republi-
cans FAILED-
To prepare the nation for defense.
To
O reform a currency system that caused panic
after panic and placed the power over the finan-
cial affairs of the nation in the hands of a few Wall
Street millionaires.
enact an income tax law.
то
то
To enforce the anti-trust laws effectively.
ΤΟ
O strike by new legislation, as has been done by
the Clayton act, at interlocking directorates, hold-
ing companies and other trust abuses not covered by
the Sherman Act.
To
O adopt and apply an effective conservation
policy.
ΤΟ
To
O eliminate graft, special privilege, and mon-
opoly-giving duties from the tariff law.
O root out the old system by which the Bosses
and the Lobby ruled the House and Senate.
To grant labor its just due as provided in the
"Magna Charta” and many other progressive
labor laws enacted by the Democrats.
To
enact a Rural Credits Law and to encourage
agricultural development by such enactments as
the Good Roads Act, the Agricultural Extension Act,
the Cotton Futures Act, the Grain Grades and Ware-
house Act, which have recently become law under
Woodrow Wilson.
ETC,
TC, etc., etc. ! ! !
Such was tariff revision under Republican rule-a great
hoax and a national scandal. Other chapters from the history
of the Taft Administration match it well.
THE BALLINGER-PINCHOT CASE.
Soon after the inauguration of President Taft, charges
were made by Gifford Pinchot, then chief forestèr of the
United States, and by Louis R. Glavis, the special agent in
charge of the Seattle land office, that Richard A. Ballinger,
who had entered Taft's Cabinet as Secretary of the Interior
March 4, 1909, was proposing to patent a group of coal claims
in the Katalla district in Alaska, known as the Cunningham
claims. These claims, alleged to be fraudulent, comprised
5,280 acres of the richest coal lands in Alaska, and involved
coal resources having an estimated value of from $50,000,000
to $100,000,000. If patented, this vast property, under an
372
REPUBLICAN MISRULE
!
agreement between the Cunningham claimants and Wall
Street financiers, was to fall into the hands of the Morgan-
Guggenheim interests.
In the fall of 1909 the Democrats of the House united with
the progressive Republicans and forced an investigation by
a joint committee of the House and Senate. A hard fight
occurred in the House over the personnel of this committee;
but the Aldrich machine was still supreme in the Senate,
' and hence the reactionary Republicans succeeded in getting
control of the committee by a majority of one. It therefore
followed that the majority fulfilled all predictions by exon-
erating Secretary Ballinger. But the presence on the com-
mittee of such Democratic members as Senator (then Rep-
resentative) Ollie James, of Kentucky; Senator Fletcher, of
Florida; Representative Graham, of Illinois, and the late
Representative Madison, a progressive Republican from Kan-
sas, prevented the stifling of material evidence and resulted
in what was commonly conceded to be a great popular ver-
dict against Ballinger.
THE FIGHT ON DR. WILEY.
Much more could be written-the story of the obstacles
thrown in the path of Dr. Harvey W. Wiley's efforts to en-
force the pure food and drug act, for instance. But the com-
plete subservience to privilege of the controlling element in
the Republican party has been shown.
Nor was Taft solely responsible. He reaped as the
In his
McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations had sown.
famous Philadelphia speech, delivered February 12, 1912,
Senator Robert M. La Follette, of Wisconsin, cited these
startling figures:
66
Between January 1, 1898, and January 1, 1900, 149
trusts were formed to suppress competition and control
prices. These combinations were capitalized for $3,000,-
784,000.
"From January 1, 1900, to January 1, 1904, 8,664 great
plants were combined into trusts, with a total capitaliza-
tion of $20,379,162,400.
"From January 1, 1904, to January 1, 1908, trust con-
solidation made mighty strides, and the total capitaliza-
tion reached the astounding sum of $31,672,160,754.'
A large percentage of this capitalization was the "capitali-
zation of earning power," and this earning power in large
degree depended upon the tariff. Officials, attorneys or
agents of the principal of these trusts held Republican seats
in the Senate and House and upon the Republican National
Committee.
ROOSEVELT DODGED TARIFF ISSUE.
During the latter half of the last four years of Republican
rule, the Republicans, President Taft co-operating with the
shattered Aldrich machine in the Senate, were chiefly active
in preventing final enactment of the progressive legislation
When Aldrich's broken
which originated in the House.
power did not suffice, a presidential veto did the business. i
One after another, measures regulating the issuance of in-
junctions, providing an eight-hour day in all Government con-
tracts involving the employment of labor, giving trial by jury
REPUBLICAN MISRULE
373
in contempt cases, granting the public protection against
shipping monopolies, proposing election of United States
Senators by direct vote of the people, revising the tariff and
introducing the income tax into the revenue system-these
and many others were put through the House only to be
vetoed by the President or pigeonholed in the Senate.
Many of the great reforms which, by virtue of the 1912
election, are now accomplished facts, were promised both by
Roosevelt and by Taft. Roosevelt especially was lavish
with promises.. Yet, in progressive deeds, the two Roose-
velt Administrations were even less productive than the Taft
Administration.
And the same crowd are moving heaven and
earth and Wall Street to get back in now.

NEED OF A TARIFF BOARD.
THERE is another thing about which I have
changed my mind. A year ago I was not in favor
of a tariff board, and I will tell you why. Then the
only purpose of a tariff board was to keep alive an
unprofitable controversy. If you set up any board of
inquiry whose purpose it is to keep business disturbed
and to make it always an open question what you
are going to do about the public policy of the Gov-
ernment, I am opposed to it; and the very men who
were dinning it into our ears that what business
wanted was to be let alone were, many of them, men
who were insisting that we should stir up a con-
troversy which meant that we could not let business
alone. There is a great deal more opinion vocal in
this world than is consistent with logic. But the cir-
cumstances of the present time are these: There is
going on in the world under our eyes an economic
revolution. No man understands that revolution;
no man has the elements of it clearly in his mind.
No part of the business of legislation with regard to
international trade can be undertaken until we do
understand it; and members of Congress are too
busy, their duties are too multifarious and distract-
ing to make it possible within a sufficiently short
space of time for them to master the change that is
coming.
I hear a great many things predicted about the
end of the war, but I do not know what is going to
happen at the end of the war; and neither do you.
* * * There is so much to understand that we
have not the data to comprehend that I for one
would not dare, so far as my advice is concerned,
to leave the Government without the adequate
means of inquiry. From President Wilson's Ad-
dress at Dinner of Railway Business Association,
New York, January 27, 1916.
·
THE INCOME TAX AMENDMENT.
By William Jennings Bryan.
THE taxation of incomes is possible because of an
amendment to the Federal Constitution effect-
ive Feb. 25, 1913, specifically authorizing such a tax,
and the Democratic party deserves a large part of the
credit for securing the adoption of this amendment.
The revenue law of 1894, passed by the Democratic
Congress, contained an income tax provision, a flat
rate of two per cent. being assessed against all in-
comes in excess of $4,000.
This law was declared unconstitutional by a
divided court-5 to 4-one judge changing his
decision between the two hearings of the case. In
1896 the Democratic platform declared in favor of
an income tax and the demand was repeated in 1900
and 1908. The platform of 1908 demanded an
amendment to the Constitution specifically author-
izing an income tax. The Republican platforms
during those campaigns were silent on the subject
and in the campaign of 1908 the Republican candi-
date announced his opposition to an amendment,
giving as his reason that IT WAS NOT NECES-
SARY. He contended that an income tax, if
needed, could be collected by a statute properly
drawn. The Republican candidate was elected and
then followed a peculiar situation which illustrates
the influence of unexpected circumstances. The
Democrats in the Senate took the President at his
word and prepared an income tax amendment to
the Aldrich Bill and secured the support of enough
Progressives to insure its adoption. To defeat a
STATUTORY income tax, Senator Aldrich pre-
vailed upon President Taft to recommend THE
VERY CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT
WHICH HE HAD DECLARED UNNECESSARY,
and the Democrats, already committed to an amend-
ment, accepted this solution of the situation and the
amendment was submitted.
The Republican leaders did not expect the amend-
ment to be ratified. President Taft made no effort
to secure ratification and THE PRESENT REPUB-
LICAN CANDIDATE, MR. HUGHES, THEN
GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK, SENT A MES-
SAGE TO THE LEGISLATURE PROTESTING
AGAINST RATIFICATION. But to the surprise
of Republican leaders, the states ratified the amend-
ment and it is now a part of the constitution, its
validity being attested by a unanimous decision of
the Supreme Court. Here is a great reform which
has made it possible to transfer a large per cent. of
Federal taxation from consumption to incomes-
from the overburdened masses to those who have
been escaping their fair share of the expense of
government.
The Democratic party, having labored to secure
the amendment, has been prompt to take the advan-
tage of the opportunity it offers to do justice to the
common people in the matter of taxation. Surely
the Democratic party deserves the gratitude of the
public for its sturdy defense of their rights and
interests. PRESIDENT WILSON, THEN GOV-
ERNOR OF NEW JERSEY, WAS ONE OF THE
STATE EXECUTIVES WHO OFFICIALLY
URGED THE RATIFICATION OF THE IN-
COME TAX AMENDMENT.
***
!
1
374
}
GLYNN SPEECH SOUNDS
PARTY'S BATTLE SUMMONS
Woodrow Wilson's Matchless Record
Is the Inspiration of
of a Famous
Oration That Has Been Called
"The Lexicon of Modern
Democracy"
(The keynote speech delivered at the St. Louis Convention
by former Governor Martin H. Glynn, of New York, was hailed
throughout the United States as a thorough, brilliant and con-
vincing address upon current issues. It won favorable notice
even from Republican commentators, and its appeal, sound
logic and effective interpretation of President Wilson's ideals
and record in office must impress every man or woman who
believes in the forward movement of American politics and
national administration which President Wilson has led with
such signal success. Following are extracts from this speech.
It may be obtained in full on application to the Democratic
National Committee or to the Democratic Congressional Com-
mittcc.)
-
IF
F, IN THE GREAT CRISIS THAT NOW CON-
FRONTS THE NATION, THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
FALTER, IF THEY FORGET THAT THEY ARE´
GUARDIANS OF THE MOST SACRED TRUST THAT
A PEOPLE EVER HELD, THEIR APOSTASY WILL BE
VISITED UPON THE DESCENDANTS OF THEIR
CHILDREN'S CHILDREN.
Out of the flaming fire of revolution, out of a struggle in
which they risked their lives, their fortunes and their sacred
honor, the Fathers of the Republic brought a nation which
they dedicated to liberty and to human progress.
For the nation so consecrated, true men in every generation
have labored and struggled, suffered and died, that it might
flourish and endure.
We who stand to-day on the fertile soil of America, who
live under the smiling skies of a free and fruitful land, must
prove worthy of the trust that American sacrifice has im-
posed on every American.
MUST HOLD TO NATION'S TRADITIONS.
For the America of to-day and for the America of to-mor-
row, for the civilization of the present and for the civilization
of the future, who must hold to the course that has made
our nation great, we must steer by the stars that guided our
ship of state through the vicissitudes of a century.
FOR MYSELF, I HAVE CONFIDENCE ENOUGH IN
MY COUNTRY, FAITH ENOUGH IN MY COUNTRY-
{
375
2
મ
376
PARTY'S BATTLE SUMMONS
MEN, TO BELIEVE THAT THE PEOPLE OF AMERI-
CA WILL RISE TO THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES WITH
A SINGLE MIND AND A SINGLE VOICE.
THE CRISIS TODAY.
One hundred and forty years ago the manhood of America
was called upon to decide whether this should be a nation.
Half a century ago Americans were forced to determine
whether this should continue to be a nation. To-day the
Republic faces a third crisis no less momentous than that of
1776 or that of 1860. To-day Americans must again determine
whether their country shall preserve its national ideals,
whether it shall have a national soul, whether it shall stand
forth as a mighty and undivided force, whether the United
States for which Washington fought and for which Lincoln
died shall hold its place among the nations.
For two years the world has been afire; the civilization that
we know has been torn by the mightiest struggle in its
history. Sparks from Europe's conflagration have blazed in
our own skies, echoes of her strife have sounded at our very
doors. That fire still burns, that struggle still continues, but
thus far the United States has held the flame at bay; thus
far it has saved its people from participation in the conflict.
What the people of the United States must determine
through their suffrage is whether the course the country has
pursued through this crucial period is to be continued;
whether the principles that have been asserted as our national
policy shall be endorsed or withdrawn.
THE PARAMOUNT ISSUE.
This is the paramount issue. No lesser issue must cloud
it, no unrelated problems must confuse it.
In the submission of this issue to the electorate we, of this
convention, hold these truths to be self-evident to every stu-
dent of America's history, to every friend of America's in-
stitutions.
FIRST That the United States is con-
strained by the traditions of its past, by the
logic of its present and by the promise of its
future to hold itself apart from the European
warfare, to save its citizens from participation
in the conflict that now devastates the nations
across the seas.
SECOND-That the United States in its
relations with the European belligerents must
continue the policy that it has pursued since
the beginning of the war, the policy of strict
neutrality in relation to every warring nation,
the policy which Thomas Jefferson defined
as "rendering to all the services and courtesies
of friendship and praying for the reestablish-
ment of peace and right."
1
PARTY'S BATTLE SUMMONS
377
THIRD-That save where the liberties, the
territory or the substantial rights of the
United States are invaded and assaulted, it is
the duty of this nation to avoid war by every
honorable means.
FOURTH-That it is the duty of the United
States Government to maintain the dignity
and the honor of the American nation and in
every situation demand and secure from every
belligerent the recognition of the neutral
rights of its citizens.
FIFTH-That because the President of the
United States has asserted these principles
and pursued these policies the American
people must support him with ardor and
enthusiasm in order that these principles and
policies may be known to all the world, not
as the opinion of an individual but as the
doctrine and faith of a loyal and united nation.
NEUTRALITY OLD AS FLAG.
In emphasis of these self-evident propositions we assert that
the policy of neutrality is as truly American as the American
flag.
For 200 years neutrality was a theory; America made it a
fact.
The first President of the United States was the first man
to pronounce neutrality a rule of international conduct.
In April, 1793, Washington declared the doctrine; and
within a month, John Jay, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
of the United States, in an epoch making decision from the
bench, whose realization would ensure universal and perpetual
peace, wrote the principle into the law of this land. The
Declaration of Independence had foretold it by declaring "the
rest of mankind enemies in war, in peace friends"; the Con-
stitution recognized it; but the first President of the United
States by proclamation, the first Chief Justice by interpreta-
tion, gave it vitality and power.
And so neutrality is American in its initiation.
RECOGNIZED IN CANNING'S DAY.
Thirty years later Prime Minister Canning, in the British
Parliament, pointed to this American policy of neutrality as
a model for the world; and eighty years later, after approval
by various statutes and agreements, it was written, almost
word for word, in the treaty wherewith we settled our dif-
ferences with England over violations of neutrality through-
out the Civil war.
And so neutrality is American in its consummation.
•
378
PARTY'S BATTLE SUMMONS
AND TO-DAY IN THIS HALL, SO THAT ALL THE
WORLD MAY HEAR, WE PROCLAIM THAT THIS
AMERICAN POLICY OF NEUTRALITY IS THE POL-
ICY WHICH THE PRESENT ADMINISTRATION PUR-
SUES WITH PATRIOTIC ZEAL AND RELIGIOUS DE-
VOTION; WHILE EUROPE'S SKIES BLAZE RED
FROM FIRES OF WAR, EUROPE'S SOIL TURNS RED
FROM BLOOD OF MEN, EUROPE'S EYES SEE RED
FROM TEARS OF MOURNING WOMEN AND FROM
SOBS OF STARVING CHILDREN.
THE MEN WHO SAY THIS POLICY IS NOT AMERI-
CAN APPEAL TO PASSION AND TO PREJUDICE AND
IGNORE THE FACTS OF HISTORY.
NEUTRALITY IS AMERICA'S CONTRIBUTION TO
THE LAWS OF THE WORLD. SIR HENRY MAINE
SAYS SO, CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS SAYS SO,
HENRY CLAY SAYS SO, DANIEL WEBSTER SAYS
SO, AND UPON THE EVIDENCE OF THESE WIT-
NESSES WE REST OUR AMERICANISM AGAINST
THE SPUTTERINGS OF PEPPER-POT POLITICIANS
OR THE FABRICATIONS OF THOSE WITH WHOM
A FALSE ISSUE IS A GOOD ISSUE UNTIL ITS
FALSITY IS SHOWN, ITS
EX-
MALICIOUSNESS
POSED.
T
WHERE THE PRESIDENT STANDS,
To win this priceless right of neutrality this nation had to
undergo a long and painful struggle.
It took Washington with his allies and sword eight years
to win recognition of his country's liberty; it took Washing-
ton and his successors eighty years of endless negotiation to
win recognition of American neutrality. And this eighty
years of struggle wove the doctrine of neutrality so closely
into the warp and woof of our national life that to tear it
out now would unravel the very threads of our existence.
Where is the American hardy enough to challenge a policy
so firmly fixed in the nation's traditions? Is there among us
any man bold enough to set his wisdom above that of
Washington, his patriotism above that of Hamilton and his
Americanism above that of Jefferson? Is there any American
so blind to our past, so hostile to our future, that, departing
from our policy of neutrality, he would hurl us headlong into
the maelstrom of the war across the sea?
The President of the United States stands to-day where
stood the men who made America and who saved America.
WITH GRANT AND JOHN ADAMS.
He stands where John Adams stood, when he told King
George that America was the land he loved and that peace
was her grandeur and her welfare. HE STANDS WHERE
GENERAL GRANT STOOD WHEN HE SAID THERE
NEVER WAS A WAR THAT COULD NOT HAVE
BEEN SETTLED BETTER SOME OTHER WAY, AND
HE HAS SHOWN HIS WILLINGNESS TO TRY THE
WAYS OF PEACE BEFORE HE SEEKS THE PATHS
OF WAR.
PARTY'S BATTLE SUMMONS
379
¦
+
He stands where George Washington stood when he prayed
that this country would never unsheath the sword except in
self-defense so long as justice and our essential rights could
be preserved without it.
For vain glory or for selfish purpose others may cry up a
- policy of blood and iron, but the President of the United
States has acted on the belief that the leader of a nation who
unges his people into an unnecessary war, like Pontius
Pilate vainly washes his hands of innocent blood while the
earth quakes and thousand give up the ghost.
ONLY BY STANDING ON THIS ROCK OF AMERI-
CANISM, AGAINST WHICH DASHED THE WAVES
OF CONFLICT, COULD THE PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES, FACED BY A WORLD IN ARMS,
SAVE THIS COUNTRY FROM BEING DRAWN INTO
THE WHIRLPOOL OF DISASTER. ONE FALSE STEP
IN ANY DIRECTION AND HE WOULD HAVE CAR-
RIED THE NATION WITH HIM OVER THE PRECI-
PICE.
*
*
S
MUTE TESTIMONY OF WASHINGTON AND LINCOLN.
By opposing what we stand for to-day, the Republican
party opposes what Hamilton stood for a century ago. The
founder of the Republican party and the founder of the
Democratic party, placing their country's happiness above
every other consideration, forgot partisanship and made
American neutrality a national creed. We who follow Jeffer-
son stand where Jefferson stood, but we look in vain for a
sign from the present leaders of the Republican party to
show that they follow where Hamilton led. Where Hamilton
thought only of country they thought only of self. Where
Hamilton placed patriotism above partisanship they placed
partisanship above patriotism. How long do they dare to
speak for the great body of American citizens who form the
rank and file of the Republican party? Do these leaders
believe that their Republicanism is a better Republicanism
than Hamilton's, their Americanism a purer Americanism
than that of Washington?
Unless statesmanship has fallen into disrepute among Re-
publicans, the men who controlled the Chicago convention
cannot read Alexander Hamilton out of the Republican
party. Unless I mistake the temper of the American people
the Republican bosses can no more lead their adherents away
from the neutrality for which Washington and Hamilton
struggled than they can lead them away from the flag for
which Washington and Hamilton fought.
INCONSISTENCY LAID BARE.
If Washington was right, if Jefferson was right, if Hamilton
was right, if Lincoln was right, then the President of the
United States is right to-day; if the Republican leaders are
right then Lincoln was wrong and Jefferson was wrong and
Hamilton was wrong and Washington was wrong.
380
I
PARTY'S BATTLE SUMMONS
In all the history of the world there is no other national
policy that has justified itself so completely and entirely as
the American policy of neutrality and isolation from the
quarrels of European powers. Before we declared our neu-
trality we were embroiled in all the troubles of Great Britain,
France and Spain; since then we have had less than three
years of war with Europe and 116 years of amity and peace.
Before this declaration every war was a world-war; sin
this declaration nearly every war has been a local war. Before
this declaration war was a whirlpool, ever-increasing in area
and in its whirl dragging down the nations of the earth; since
this declaration war has become a sea of trouble upon which
nations embark only from self-will, from self-interest or the
necessity of geographical position, of financial obligation or
political alliance.
PEACE AND PROSPERITY.
Neutrality is the policy which has kept us at peace while
Europe has been driving the nails of war through the hands
and feet of a crucified humanity.
It has banished conquest from our programme of national
greatness and has made us find our destiny at home. It has
forced us to build on the brawn of our sons and the energy
of our daughters rather than upon the tears of conquered
women and the blood of conquered men. It has made us
seek treasure in our harvests, wealth in our fields by staying
our hands from war's blood stained pot of gold. It has been
the flaming sword which forbade us to devastate the Eden
of others and compelled us to make an Eden of our own. It
has freed us from the paralyzing touch of Europe's balance
of power, leaving to Europe the things that are Europe's and
preserving for America the independence, the peace and the
happiness that now are hers.
As a result of this policy America stands serene and con-
fident, mighty and proud, a temple of peace and liberty in a
world aflame, a sanctuary where the lamp of civilization burns
clear and strong, a living, breathing monument to the states-
manship of the great Americans who kept it free from the
menace of European war.
Wealth has come to us, power has come to us, but better
than wealth or power we have maintained for ourselves and
for our children a nation dedicated to the ideals of peace
rather than to the gospel of selfishness and slaughter. *
* *
A POLICY THAT SATISFIES.
But, say our critics, this policy satisfies no one.
They mean it does not satisfy those who would map out
a new and untried course for this nation to pursue, but they
forget it does satisfy those who believe the United States
should live up to the principles it has professed for a century
and more.
CHIEF JUSTICE WHITE OF THE UNITED STATES
SUPREME COURT SAYS THIS POLICY HAS GIVEN
AMERICA THE GREATEST DIPLOMATIC VICTORY
OF THE PAST GENERATION. MAXIMILIAN HAR-
1
}
PARTY'S BATTLE SUMMONS
381
DEN, GERMANY'S NOTED EDITOR, SAYS "THAT
NEVER ONCE HAS THIS REPUBLIC VIOLATED ITS
NEUTRALITY," AND GILBERT K. CHESTERTON,
THE FAMOUS ENGLISH JOURNALIST, SAYS “IT IS
THE DUTY OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES TO PROTECT THE INTERESTS OF THE
PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES," THAT "HE
CAN'T DIP HIS COUNTRY INTO HELL JUST TO
SHOW THE WORLD HE HAS A KEEN SENSE OF
BEING AN INDIVIDUAL SAVIOUR.”
THIS POLICY MAY NOT SATISFY THOSE WHO
REVEL IN DESTRUCTION AND FIND PLEASURE IN
DESPAIR. IT MAY NOT SATISFY THE FIRE-EATER
OR THE SWASHBUCKLER BUT IT DOES SATISFY
THOSE WHO WORSHIP AT THE ALTAR OF THE
GOD OF PEACE. IT DOES SATISFY THE MOTHERS
OF THE LAND AT WHOSE HEARTH AND FIRESIDE
NO JINGOISTIC WAR HAS PLACED AN EMPTY
CHAIR. IT DOES SATISFY THE DAUGHTERS OF
THIS LAND FROM WHOM BLUSTER AND BRAG HAS
SENT NO LOVING BROTHER TO THE DISSOLUTION
OF THE GRAVE. IT DOES SATISFY THE FATHERS
OF THIS LAND AND THE SONS OF THIS LAND
WHO WILL FIGHT FOR OUR FLAG, AND DIE FOR
OUR FLAG WHEN REASON PRIMES THE RIFLE,
WHEN HONOR DRAWS THE SWORD, WHEN JUS-
TICE BREATHES A BLESSING ON THE STANDARDS
THEY UPHOLD.
WHOM AND FOR HOW LONG?”
And whom, we ask, will the policy of our
opponents satisfy, and for how long? Fighting
for every degree of injury would mean perpetual
war and this is the policy of our opponents, deny
it how they will. It would not allow the United
States to keep the sword out of the scabbard as
long as there remains an unrighted wrong or an
unsatisfied hope between the snowy wastes of
Siberia and the jungled hills of Borneo. It would
make America as dangerous to itself and to others,
as destructive and as uncontrollable as the cannon
that slipped its moorings in Victor Hugo's tale of
'93. It would give us a war abroad each time
the fighting cock of the European weather vane
shifted with the breeze. It would make America
the cockpit of the world. It would mean the
reversal of our traditional policy of government.
It would mean the adoption of imperialistic doc-
trines which we have denounced for over a century.
It would make all the other nations the wards of
the United States and the United States the
keeper of the world. What would become of
1
382
PARTY'S BATTLE SUMMONS.
keeper of the world. What would become of the
Monroe Doctrine under such a policy? HOW LONG
DO OUR OPPONENTS SUPPOSE WE WOULD BE
ALLOWED TO MEDDLE IN EUROPEAN AFFAIRS
WHILE DENYING EUROPE THE RIGHT TO MEDDLE
IN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. The policy of our op
ponents is a dream. It never could be a possibility
It is not even advanced in good faith it is simply
an appeal to passion and pride. to sympathy and
prejudice, to secure partisan advantage.
In a
word this policy of our opponents would make the
United States the policeman of the world. Rome
tried to be policeman of the world and went down
Portugal tried to be policeman of the world and
went down Spain tried and went down, and the
United States proposes to profit by the experience
of the ages and avoid ambitions whose reward is
sorrow and whose crown is death
* * *
WOODROW WILSON, THE MAN.
AMERICANISM AND PEACE, PREPAREDNESS AND
PROSPERITY,-THESE ARE
ARE THE ISSUES UPON
WHICH THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY STANDS, AND
THE HEART OF DEMOCRACY SWELLS WITH PRIDE
THAT IS MORE THAN A PRIDE OF PARTY, AS IT
HAILS THE MAN, WHO HAS ASSERTED THIS
AMERICANISM, ASSURED THIS PEACE, ADVOCA-
TED THIS PREPAREDNESS AND PRODUCED THIS
PROSPERITY.
THE MAN WHO IS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES TO-DAY HAS MEASURED UP TO THE BEST
TRADITIONS OF A GREAT OFFICE.
He has been wise with a wisdom that is steeped in the
traditions of his country, with a wisdom that has been dis-
ciplined by training and broadened by instruction.
He has been prudent with the prudence of one who has
within his hands the destiny of a hundred million people.
He has been firm with the firmness that proceeds from
deep conviction, with the firmness that is grounded in a duty
well defined.
He has been courageous with the courage that places coun-
try above self, with the courage that follows duty wherever it
may lead.
He has been dignified with the dignity that is self-forgetting
and self-respecting, with the dignity that conserves the
majesty of the greatest office in the world.
He has been patient with the patience which believes and
trusts that truth crushed to earth will rise again, with the
patience that can endure and wait, watch and pray, for the
certain vindication of justice, humanity and right.
He has been patriotic with a patriotism that has never
wavered, a patriotism that is as pure and strong as the faith
that moved the fathers when they made our country free.
PARTY'S BATTLE SUMMONS
383
No President since the Civil war has had as crucial prob-
lems to solve; and no President has displayed a grasp more
sure, a statesmanship more profound.
Assailed by the wolves of privilege, he has pulled their
claws and drawn their teeth.
Assaulted by partisan envy he has shamed his traducers
into silence and made friend and foe go forward together in
the paths of national progress.
He has fired our patriotism with a new ardor; he has
breathed into our ancient traditions a new vigor and a new
life.
He has added strength to America's courage and mingled
mercy with America's strength.
He has fastened the brakes of justice upon the wheels of
power; he has lifted the mists from the temple where our
liberties are enshrined.
"PRESIDENT AND PRESIDENT TO BE.”
AND WHEN THE HISTORY OF THESE DAYS
COMES TO BE WRITTEN, AND THE CHILDREN OF
TO-MORROW READ THEIR NATION'S STORY,
when time shall have dispelled all misconception, and the
years shall have rendered their impartial verdict, one name
will shine in golden splendor upon the page that is blackened
with the tale of Europe's war, one name will represent the
triumph of American principles over the hosts of darkness
and of death.
THAT NAME WILL BE THE NAME OF THE GREAT
PRESIDENT WHO HAS MADE DEMOCRACY PROUD
THAT HE IS A DEMOCRAT, AND MADE AMERICANS
PROUD THAT HE IS AN AMERICAN.
It will be the name of the student and the scholar who has
kept his country true to its faith in a time that tried men's
souls; the name of the statesman who has championed the
cause of American freedom wherever he found it oppressed;
the name of the patriot who has implanted his country's flag
on the highest peak to which humanity has yet aspired; the
name that carried the torch of progress to victory once and
will carry it to victory again; the name of Woodrow Wilson,
President and President to be.

CHARACTER.
IF
F you will think about what you ought to do for
other people, your character will take care of it-
self. Character is a by-product, and any man who de-
votes himself to its cultivation in his own case will
become a selfish prig. The only way your powers
can become great is by exerting them outside the
circle of your own narrow, special, selfish interests.
And that is the reason of Christianity. Christ came
into the world to save others, not to save Himself.
-Woodrow Wilson's Address at Y. M. C. A. Cele-
bration, Pittsburgh, Pa., October 24, 1914.
:
1
DEMOCRATIC MEASURES
HIT CORRUPT PRACTICES
Important Victory in Long Fight
Against Misuse of Money in
Political Campaigns
ī
THE strongest measure ever sanctioned by Federal law-
makers for the regulation of expenditures in national
political campaigns was passed by the Democratic House
on July 15th. It has the earnest support of the Wilson Ad-
ministration and at the present writing is scheduled for early
passage in the Senate and for enactment into law.
Only Republican opposition has delayed its final passage.
It provides complete publicity of campaign contributions
and, for the first time in the history of the United States,
limits the expenditures of candidates for President and Vice-
President. The Rucker Bill, as it is called, performs the
additional service of consolidating into one compact whole
all prior laws upon the subject of corrupt practices in politics.
This guarantee of cleanliness in national politics represents
the success of steady battle to this end waged chiefly by
Democrats and most conspicuously by Woodrow Wilson
during the last six years. It constitutes a victory obtained
in the face of the persistent and determined opposition dur-
ing the last six years of the reactionaries controlling the ma-
jority of the Republican membership of the House and the
Senate.
Under this measure candidates both for nomination and for
election to the office of President, Vice-President, Senator
and Representative must make public before nomination and
before election statements setting forth their campaign ex-
penditures and the source of their campaign contributions.
Candidates for the presidency are limited to $50,000. Can-
didates for the Vice-Presidency to $25,000. And candidates
for members of Congress to $2,500.
REPUBLICAN LAW FULL OF JOKERS.
The first Federal statute enacted by Congress requiring
the publicity of campaign receipts and expenditures was
passed by the Taft Administration in 1910. This law, how-
ever, was an evasion in that it required an accounting only
after election and only by national campaign committees-
leaving therefore many loopholes. To correct these jokers
the Democratic House in the next Congress passed a bill
requiring accounting by committees before as well as after
election, but the Senate struck out the provision requiring
the pre-election statement.
The next Congress, Democratic in both branches, passed a
law requiring publicity before election, and limiting the
amount of expenditures.
WAS
L
384
HITS CORRUPT PRACTICES
385
1
The publicity feature provides safeguards against undue or
improper expenditure by political committees. The principle
of the bill is to throw open the door to every individual who
desires to make contributions to a political committee, and to
require the committee to make public the amount of the
contribution, the name of the person from whom it came,
and for what purpose it is used. In the event of failure of
committees or candidates to report their returns at the proper
time, the district attorney in whose district the delinquent
resides is notified and must proceed to prosecute if upon
investigation the facts are found to warrant it.
PROVIDES CURE OF SERIOUS EVILS.
"Your committee," declared the unanimous report written
by Chairman Rucker of the House Committee which origi-
nated the measure, "has, in response to a widespread and
growing sentiment broadened the scope of the bill so as to
include candidates for President and Vice-President of the
United States. There seems to be no good reason why
candidates for these high positions should not be limited
like the candidates for the Senate and House in the amount
that may be lawfully expended in securing their nominations
and elections
* Appeal to the mind and judgment of
men by political parties and candidates for political office is
commendable and is encouraged by every section and pro-
vision of this bill.
+6
'But the objectionable and vicious practice, sometimes
indulged in, of collecting large campaign funds in the great
money centers and carting them into other states to de-
moralize, corrupt and debauch the electorate and thereby
destroy the safety and purity of the ballot box is a crime
against public morals which cannot be too harshly denounced
or too soon prohibited. If the enactment and enforcement
of this section will cure the evil, it will have fully accom-
plished its purpose and will meet the hearty approval of every
voter whose vote cannot be purchased with money."
THREE QUOTATIONS
1. "The platform (Progressive) put forth in 1912 was
much the most important public document promulgated in
this country since the death of Abraham Lincoln."-Theodore
Roosevelt.
༡.
"Our strongest party antagonists have accepted and
enacted into law, or embodied in their platform, very many
of our most important principles."-Also Theodore Roosevelt.
3. "The present administration, during its three years of
life, has been guilty of shortcomings more signal than those
of any administration since the days of Buchanan."-Likewise
Theodore Roosevelt.
The United States was founded not to provide free homes but
to assert human rights.—Woodrow Wilson.
}
WILSON VOTES FOR
EQUAL SUFFRAGE
President Adheres to
Adheres to Cause of
"Votes for Women"
66
ΟΝ
N OCTOBER 6, 1915, when the constitutional amend-
ment providing for Women's Suffrage was to be voted
on in New Jersey, President Woodrow Wilson found time
amid the heavy pressure of his official business to go to
Princeton and cast his vote for suffrage. He was the first
President in the history of the United States to vote for the
enfranchisement of women.
An examination of the New York poll books reveals the
fact that Justice Hughes was not sufficiently interested at
that time to go to New York and vote for a similar amend-
ment which was submitted that same Fall in New York.
The respective declarations of the Republican and Demo-
cratic platforms upon suffrage are:
DEMOCRATIC
We recommend the exten-
sion of the franchise to the
women of the country by the
States upon the same terms
as to men.
REPUBLICAN
The Republican Party, re-
affirming its faith in govern-
ment of the people, by the
people, for the people, as a
measure of justice to one-half
of the adult people of the
country, favors the extension
of the suffrage to women, but
recognizes the right of each
State to settle this question
for itself.
SUFFRAGE IN SENATE.
G
Once during the Wilson administration the Federal Suff-
rage Amendment came to a vote in the Senate. It was re-
jected by 35 yeas to 34 nays, the necessary two-thirds not
having voted in its favor. This roll call is significant as
showing the non-partisan lines on which the Senate di-
vided on this question. Such prominent Republicans as
Senator John W. Weeks, of Massachusetts, a candidate in
1916 for the Republican Presidential nomination, voted
against the amendment which Mr. Hughes now favors. So
did Senator W. E. Borah of Idaho, a "progressive Repub-
lican"; and so did Republican Senators Du Pont, Bradley,
Brandegee, Catron, Dillingham, Lodge, McCumber, McLean,
Oliver and Page.
1
}
386
¦
!
RINGING CHALLENGE
TO REPUBLICAN FOE
With Compelling Eloquence, Senator
Ollie James Describes Woodrow
Wilson's Services to America
(Ranking with the address of former Governor Martin H.
Glynn, temporary chairman of the Democratic National Conven-
tion at St. Louis, 1916, was the oration by U. S. Senator Ollie
James of Kentucky, the permanent chairman of the convention.
Extracts from Senator James's speech follow. The full text
may be obtained on application to the Democratic National Com-
mittee at the New York or Chicago offices, or to the Democratic
Congressional Committee at Washington, D. C.)
wants an Army and a Navy in keeping
with the dignity, preservation, and worth of this great
Republic. [Applause.] Such preparedness and ability to
defend ourselves, our cities from bombardment, and our soil
from invasion, and to protect the rights of our citizens is the
purpose of Woodrow Wilson. I want a Navy large enough
that it will be impossible for a foreign shell to fall in a single
American city. [Applause.] I want an Army strong enough
to make it impossible for an aggressor's foot to press Amer-
ican soil. We do not want à foot of anybody else's soil, and,
by the eternal God, they shall not take a foot of ours. [Ap-
plause.] I do not fear militarism. It has never menaced a
free people.
In this land of freedom the right to declare war rests with
the people themselves. Those who must fight its battles,
speaking through their duly accredited Representatives in
Congress-the House and the Senate-can alone declare war,
and as the people can declare war so they can proclaim peace.
Democracy believes in preparedness without mili-
tarism. During this administration we have done
more to build up an Army and Navy in three
years than the Republican Party did in forty
} years of its existence. More has been done to
give the American people a Navy and an Army in
three months than Col. Roosevelt and Mr. Taft
did in eleven years.
GREAT DIPLOMATIC VICTORY.
No President during the life of this Republic has ever had
to deal with so many delicate and dangerous problems as
those which have confronted President Wilson during the
last two years of his incumbency in office. With more than
half of the world in arms in Europe, with Mexico in revolu-
tion at our border, these difficult and complicated interna-
387
388
JAMES CHALLENGES REPUBLICANS
tional problems have confronted him almost daily, and he
has handled them as becomes a patriot and a statesman.
When the "Lusitania" was sunk the militant voice of Theo-
dore Roosevelt cried out for war, and if he had been Presi-
dent of the United States at that time, to-day 500,000 brave
American sons would be contending around the fort of Ver-
dun in this mighty maelstrom of blood-thousands would
have been buried in the ditches. Our President, patient,
patriotic, farsighted, the real statesman, handled this ques-
tion with the greatest ability, and won for America its great-
est diplómatic victory.
Some gentlemen in Congress undertook to take out of the
President's hands the right of handling our foreign situation.
Congress met that quickly, decisively, and said that they
stood, as every American should stand, back of the President
of the United States. When the President sent his ulti-
matum to Germany he was criticized by two elements—one
that he was seeking to force the country into war and the
other was that he was too cowardly to engage in the conflict.
There are happily two kinds of courage; the courage of the
man who is willing to undertake the danger himself and the
courage of the man that sends others to the conflict. [Ap-
plause.] The courage of the man who wishes himself to
enter the conflict may be rash, for he alone is to suffer, but
the courage to take a nation into war, where millions of
lives may be sacrificed, is another kind of courage. It is a
courage that must be able to stand bitter abuse [applause];
a courage that moves slowly, acts coolly, and strikes no blow
as long as diplomacy may be employed, honor of the country
upheld, the flag respected, and lives of Americans protected.
[Applause.] Woodrow Wilson has both kinds of
courage the courage of conflict and the courage
to act cooly and sensibly when he is dealing with
the lives of others-the fate of a nation. It was
no time for divided counsel. The interference of
Congress would have created chaos in this country,
contempt for our honor and our country abroad,
and would have destroyed the power of America
to either maintain its honor or protect the rights
of the neutrals of the world,
i
WILSON FOLLOWS LINCOLN'S LEAD.
The President has dealt with the Mexican
situation, and his policy has been the same as
that of Abraham Lincoln under like conditions
more than half a century ago. [Applause.] Speaking /
through his great Secretary of State, Mr. Lincoln said:
"For a few years past the condition of Mexico has been
so unsettled as to raise the question on both sides of the
Atlantic whether the time has not come when some foreign
power ought, in the interest of society generally, to intervene
-to establish a protectorate or some other form of govern-
ment in that country and guarantee its continuance there.
JAMES CHALLENGES REPUBLICANS
389
You will not fail to assure the Government of Mexico that
the President neither has, nor can ever have, any sympathy
with such designs, in whatever quarter they may arise or
whatever character they may take on." * * *
When the Republican platform at Chicago denounced the
Mexican policy of Woodrow Wilson, it denounced at the
same time the similar Mexican policy of Abraham Lincoln-
the one they have heretofore called the "patron saint" of
the Republican Party.
When the Lincoln administration came into power, Mexico
had been in turmoil for years. The government of Juarez
was in power, but was unable to enforce order. Not only had
American property been destroyed, but American lives had
beẹn lost, and a member of the American legation had been
murdered.
ما
t
It is a perfectly easy thing for the President of the United
States to plunge his country into war if he is´ olitician
before he is a patriot. He would seek his own re-election as
he came upon horseback up the bloody highway of contend-
ing armies. The American people have never yet repudiated
a war President and never will. We are naturally a red-
blooded, fighting race. Of course, our Army could
invade Mexico and march in triumph to its capital,
but after the war was over other armies would
march—an army of widows and orphans, an army
of cripples and men broken in health, an army of
pensioners, and an army of tax collectors gather-
ing up the earnings of the people to pay the great
war debt.
All America wants peace-peace with
honor.
WORLD LEADER AND TEACHER.
Four years ago they sneeringly called Woodrow Wilson
the school teacher; then his class was assembled within the
narrow walls of Princeton College. They were the young
men of America. To-day he is the world teacher, his class
is made up of kings, kaisers, czars, princes, and potentates.
The confines of the schoolroom circle the world. His sub-
ject is the protection of American life and American rights
under international law.
The saving of neutral life, the freedom of the seas, and
without orphaning a single American child, without widowing
a single American mother, without firing a single gun, with-
out the shedding of a single drop of blood, he has wrung
from the most militant spirit that ever brooded above a
battle field an acknowledgment of American rights and an
agreement to American demands. [There were calls from
the delegates and the galleries "repeat it." Mr. James here
repeated the sentence. The continued cheering that followed
this made it impossible for Mr. James to proceed. Tre-
mendous outbursts of applause and cheering, the parading of
delegates with the standards of many States around the hall
kept up for 20 minutes before he was able to proceed with
his speech.] He truly demonstrated that principle is mightier
2
.
<
390
JAMES CHALLENGES REPUBLICANS
1
than force, that diplomacy hath its victories no less renowned
than war.
Shall we by his defeat tangle again the untangled
international problems-shall we say to the warring coun-
tries, “Open again these settled international questions; his
was not the voice of his country"?
PEACE AND HONOR.
--In the bloodiest crucible of all history he has
kept the stainless banner of the Republic flying
above 100,000,000 of people in peace and in honor.
During these years of great trial, of difficulties, and compli-
cations crowding upon each other like waves of an angry
sea, with enemies powerful from without and critics and
traducers from within, with abuse cruel as it was cowardly,
he emerges as majectic and powerful as a mountain after a
storm, loved by all who believe in justice, and feared by those
who temporize with wrong. He elevates himself to
that lofty but lonely eminence occupied by George
Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Woodrow
Wilson, the three worst abused but best beloved
Americans the Republic ever grew. [Great
applause.]
IMPERISHABLE GLORY FOR THE PRESIDENT.
Following are extracts from the editorial comment of in-
dependent and Republican newspapers upon Germany's
answer to the final Lusitania note, September, 1915:
NEW YORK EVENING POST-"Without rattling a
sword, without mobilizing a corporal's guard of soldiers, or
lifting the anchor of a warship, won for civilization the
greatest diplomatic victory of generations."
BOSTON NEWS BUREAU-For us the diplomatic vic-
tory is complete, and it is won through the President. This
is the personal triumph, wrought out by ideas and work.”
SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN-"It is the imperishable
glory of President Wilson that in defending neutrals he has
also vindicated the claims of civilization and humanity against
a renascent barbarism."
NEW YORK EVENING POST "The unconquerable
power of moral ideas which is thus once more demonstrated.
The President's moral victory assures him a foremost place
* WITHOUT MO-
in the pages of American history. *
BILIZING A REGIMENT OR ASSEMBLING A FLEET,
BY SHEER DOGGED, UNSWERVING PERSISTENCE
IN ADVOCATING THE RIGHT, HE HAS COMPELLED
THE SURRENDER OF THE PROUDEST, THE MOST
ARROGANT, THE BEST ARMED OF NATIONS, AND
HE HAS DONE IT IN THE COMPLETEST SELF-
ABNEGATION, BUT IN FULLEST, MOST PATRIOTIC
DEVOTION TO AMERICAN IDEALS."
S
1
"EFFICIENCY FIRST"
IS WILSON'S RULE
Review, Department by Department,
Reveals Business Effectiveness
Throughout the Government
Service
WOODROW
OODROW WILSON has breathed active eager pur-
pose to serve the whole people into the entire govern-
ment service.
New agencies devoted to the general welfare have been
introduced in all the Government departments at Washing-
ton, and old ones have been energized and expanded.
The scandals that, without exception, characterized the
succession of Republican administrations from 1896 to 1912
have been conspicuous by their absence.
Clean men have been appointed to appointive positions.
They have kept clean and kept the work under them clean.
Administrative ability of high order has been displayed.
Entirely new agencies of huge proportions have been put
to work smoothly, usefully, efficiently.
Witness the parcel post in the Post Office Department; the
installation of the Federal Reserve System; the creation,
organization and adaptation to many urgent needs of the
Department of Labor; the inauguration of a dozen new and
vitally serviceable activities in the Department of Agricul-
ture; the establishment of and prompt attack upon acute eco-
nomic questions by the Federal Trade Commission; the prac-
tical entry of the Departments of Commerce and State into
the promotion of foreign trade, etc.
Clean men have been given executive responsibility, and
they have made cleanliness, efficiency and ability the measure
of advancement beneath them. The merit system has not
been undermined or overthrown. It has been enforced as
never before.
-
A HUGHES BLUNDER.
MR. HUGHES WAS PARTICULARLY UNFORTU-
NATE IN FOCUSING ATTACK UPON THE DIPLO-
MATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICES. THESE FOR-
EIGN SERVICES OF UNCLE SAM ARE RECOGNIZED
THE WORLD OVER TODAY AS THE BEST IN THE
BUSINESS. Since the European War began, the U. S.
foreign representatives have shouldered not only their own
increased duties, but have assumed successfully and bril-
liantly the diplomatic business of practically the entire civil-
ized world.
Just about the most amazing thing happened at the recent
t
391
392
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
!
council of the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the
United Kingdom. The meeting was held at London and was
devoted to the study of ways and means of improving British
commercial efficiency and organization. It was a war council
of the highest and most serious consequence because from
the outset it has been clear that the result of the war
depends upon industrial efficiency as much as upon military
prowess.
GOT THE DESIRED FACTS.
Up rose President Sterling of the Belfast Delegation, and
said that whenever he required exact technical details con-
cerning Belfast's chief industry, the linen trade, he was
obliged to seek it in the American Consular Reports. These,
he said, contain better information than is possessed by the
British government or by the Belfast trade.
Thereupon Colonel Herbert Hughes, C. B., C. M. G.,
President of the Sheffield Chamber of Commerce, represent-
ing Sheffield's great steel industry, said that the Sheffield
manufacturers had found it imperative to know the sources
and distribution throughout the world of wolfram ore, from
which tungsten is made. Tungsten is essential in the manu-
facture of high-resistence steel for guns and armor.
(C
Colonel Hughes stated that he searched available British
data to no avail. Then he added: It was suggested to me
that I would find it in the trade statistics compiled from
the reports of American consuls. I did find it there. I was
able to discover where wolfram was produced; the quality,
the state of the trade, and the amount likely to be available."
Norway has already reorganized.its consular service along
the American lines. Great Britain is planning a like change.
In many special articles this Text-Book tells of the larger
constructive tasks done and done well under President Wil-
son. Below follows a review, Department by Department,
of other important work, all of it useful, all of it good, all of
it reflecting not only public spirit but effectiveness, adminis-
trative capacity and efficiency of personnel.
V
*THE STATE DEPARTMENT
NEW WORK of importance and scope never before im-
posed upon the American State Department has been
brilliantly handled.
When hostilities broke out between the original bellige-
rents, and later as other belligerents joined the war, the
United States was asked to take over the representation of the
belligerents in the countries of their enemies. As a result in
most of the warring countries the United States has charge
of the interests formerly cared for by the diplomatic and
consular officers of the belligerents. All intercourse between
the belligerents, as well as the public and private interests of
one belligerent country in the territory of its enemy, are now,
with a few exceptions, handled by American representatives.
*
*The larger work of the State Department in the submarine
negotiations and protests to Great Britain are dealt with in
the special article on the European war.
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
J
393
ļ
This work has required large additions to the personnel of
the American foreign service in the countries at war. It
has enabled the United States to perform relief service among
the war-stricken peoples on an enormous scale.
AID TO AMERICANS.
When the war opened there were nearly three hundred
thousand Americans in Europe who were anxious to return
to the United States immediately. The State Department co-
operated in aiding them. (See Treasury article.) The
Department was deluged with inquiries regarding friends and
relatives and requests to transmit money to them in Europe,
at times receiving as much as $70,000 for this purpose in
a single day. The business of taking care of the repatriation
of these Americans alone was an enormous task.
When the prisoners of war began to be taken in large
numbers and concentrated in prison camps, the belligerents
were anxious that their subjects in these camps should re-
ceive proper care and treatment. They requested the United
State to send representatives to visit and report upon
the conditions existing in the concentration camps in
Great Britain, Germany, Austro-Hungary and Russia.
This work has required a large part of the time of many
American diplomatic and consular officers for several months
and is, at the present time, receiving their careful attention.
Perhaps the most important work of the Department, so far
as American interests are concerned, has been the protection
of the neutrality of the United States.
The Department has labored vigilantly to prevent the ports
of the United States from being used as bases of naval opera-
tions by vessels carrying supplies to belligerent warships at
sea. It was doubtful whether the laws then existing were
sufficient to withhold clearance from vessels supposed to be
engaged in such business. To remove this doubt the adminis-
tration asked Congress to pass a joint resolution, which was
done on March 4, 1915, authorizing and empowering the Presi-
dent to withhold clearance from any vessel which he had
reasonable cause to believe to be about to carry fuel, arms,
ammunition, men or supplies, to any warship or supply-ship of
a belligerent nation in violation of the neutral obligations of
For the
OUR EFFICIENT AMBASSADORS.
*** *
(From Washington Star (Rep.), March 12, 1916).
The President was criticised at the beginning
of his administration for some of his diplomatic and many of
his consular appointments * *. But as the proof of the
pudding is in the eating, it is to be confessed that in these
cases mentioned (ambassadors at European capitals) he
picked men who have met, and met well, emergencies of much
difficulty, and carried themselves in a way generally to jus-
tify his favor fully. And as the war is still in progress there
is further work for them to do."
*.
*
394
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
*
the United States. In the carrying out of this resolution, the
State Department has had the co-operation of the Treasury
Deparment, through its collectors of customs, and the Navy
Department.
In the maintenance of the neutrality of the United States
it has been necesasry to scrutinize incoming and outgoing
vessels, not only as to their character and outfit, but as to
their destination. War vessels of certain belligerents have
visited American ports and accepted the customary hospi-
tality in time of war. When war vessels have not been able
to complete the repairs necessary to make them seaworthy,
THAT IMPORTS QUESTION.
From the N. Y. Evening Post (Ind.)
A
PPARENTLY with a dim appreciation of that difficulty,
the Chicago platform proceeded triumphantly to remark
that under the tariff of 1913 "imports have enormously in-
creased, in spite of the fact that intercourse with foreign coun-
tries has been largely cut off by reason of the war." If we take
the trade figures last at hand, covering the ten months of
the present fiscal year up to April 30, we shall find that,
as against the $1,249,000,000 increase in merchandise exports
as compared with the corresponding months up to April
30, 1914, the country's imports increased $150,000,000. Prob-
ably most people would say that, in view of the prodigious
export movement, the increase of imports was abnormally
small. But waiving that consideration, it may be asked what
these increased importations were, and how related to the
tariff. The facts are interesting; we commend them to the
attention of the spellbinders. Import of finished manufac-
tures decreased $129,000,000 from the same period of the last
fiscal year before the war, a decline of 34 per cent. Where
was the increase then? Under the item which the Govern-
ment's statement describes as "crude materials for use in
manufacturing," we find an increase of $219,000,000. If the
Republican party views with alarm" this fairly convincing
showing, it should consult the manufacturers. THE FUR-
THER INCIDENTAL FACT THAT, WHILE OUR IM-
PORTS FOR THE PERIOD FROM EUROPE DE-
CREASED $230,000,000, THOSE FROM SOUTH AMER-
ICA INCREASED $128,000.000 AND FROM ASIA $95,000,-
000-COUNTRIES IN WHICH WE ARE SUCCESS-
FULLY PUSHING OUR EXPORTS, AND WITH WHICH
OUR MERCHANTS ARE HOPING FOR A RAPID
GROWTH IN TRADE-MAY ALSO PRESENT SOME
MATTER FOR REFLECTION.
<<
THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM DRAFTED IN CHI-
CAGO IS A "REMARKABLE FULMINATION" WITH
ONE-HALF OF THE LEGISLATION IT DEMANDS
ALREADY ENACTED AND THE OTHER HALF NOW
BEING WORKED OUT BY THE DEMOCRATIC
PARTY-Cleveland Plain Dealer.
✓
A
1
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
395
(
within a reasonable time, it has been necesary to cause them
to be interned. This has been done with the German cruisers
Prince Eitel Frederick, Crown Prinz Wilhelm and Geier, and
with the auxiliary vessels Locksun and Farn.
The Panama Canal was opened to the passage of merchant
vessels and ships of war last autumn. This necessitated the
immediate preparation of rules governing the use of the Canal
by warships of belligerent nations. The State Department,
in co-operation with the War Department, prepared a set of
rules which were put in force by a proclamation of the Presi-
dent dated November 13, 1914. In order to make the rules
effective, an agreement was negotiated with Panama by which
that country and the Canal Zone were to be regarded as
practically one district for the enforcement of the rule as to
coaling battleships.
WIRELESS RESTRICTIONS.
When hostilities broke out the question arose as to the use of
wireless stations for the transmission of messages. As such
stations could be used from American shores to direct the
movements of vessels at sea, all stations in the United States
were placed under censorship which, by Executive Order of
August 5, was to be enforced by the Navy Department. As
communication with Germany had been severed through the
cutting of the line, the censorship was later modified so as
to allow the transmission of official messages in code as long
as they are of a neutral nature.
As a belligerent measure Great Britain early in the war
AN EXPERIMENT NO MORE.
HE United States were founded, not to provide
free homes, but to assert human rights. This flag
meant a great enterprise of the human spirit. No-
body, no large bodies of men, in the time that flag
was first set up believed with a very firm belief in
the efficacy of democracy. Do you realize that only
so long ago as the time of the American Revolution
democracy was regarded as an experiment in the
world and we were regarded as rash experiment-
ers? * * *
Democracy is the most difficult form of govern-
ment, because it is the form under which you have
to persuade the largest number of persons to do
anything in particular. But I think we were the
more pleased to undertake it because it is difficult.
Anybody can do what is easy. We have shown that
we could do what was hard, and the pride that ought
to dwell in your hearts tonight is that you saw to
it that that experiment was brought to the day of
its triumphant demonstration.-President Wilson's
Address at G. A. R. Celebration at Camp Emery,
September 28, 1915.
396
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
;
placed a censorship upon telegrams transmitted by cables
touching that country. The Department has had considerable
correspondence with the Brtish Government on this subject,
with a view to having the censorship modified as to certain
classes of innocent telegrams. Modifications have been ob-
tained. As, however, the United States has in its war cen-
sored telegraphic communications, and as it regards this pro-
cedure as a legitimate military measure in time of war, and
as the British Government holds to the same view, the cen-
sorship of telegraphic communications has not been entirely
lifted.
{
The Department has been of great service to the work of
the Belgian Relief Commission, headed by an American citi-
zen as chairman and composed entirely of neutrals, by as-
sisting the billigerent governments to agree not to interfere
with the shipment of food and supplies to Belgium.
Late last year, one person of German nationality was taken
from an American vessel on the high seas by belligerent
cruisers and detained as an enemy alien. As this action was,
in the view of the Department, without legal justification,
protests were made and after correspondence extending over
a few months the release was obtained of the person arrested
in this manner.
REGULATING PASSPORTS.
The war has shown that the regulations of the Department
in regard to the issuance of passports were too lax to be use-
ful in a great war involving so many nations which had sub-
jects residing in the United States. New regulations there-
fore were issued, which have been made more strict from
time to time as circumstances appeared to require. At present
passports are only good for a period of six months for visit-
ing particular countries for the special purpose set forth in
them. A photograph of the bearer is affixed to the passport
by the impress of an appropriate seal. Nevertheless, it has
come to the knowledge of the Department that certain of
these passports have been reproduced and forged. Every
effort is being made to ascertain who the perpetrators of the
forged passports are.
The Department has had to consider the restraints upon
commerce produced by the measures of Great Britain and
her allies. The United States has protested against the so-
called "blockade" order of March 11, 1915. This matter, as
well as other restraints upon commerce, are how matters of
discussion between the Department and the Government of
Great Britain.
THIRTY PEACE TREATIES.
A plan made operative by the State Department, now
embodied in treaties with thirty nations which, altogether,
exercise authority over three-quarters of the population
of the globe, provides first, that ALL DISPUTES OF
EVERY KIND AND CHARACTER, which cannot be
settled by diplomacy, MUST, if they are not by another
TREATY submitted for arbitration, be submitted to an inter-
national tribunal for investigation and report; second, that
き
​EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
-397
the investigation must be concluded within on year; third,
that the contracting parties reserve the right of independent
action at the conclusion of the investigation, but, fourth, that
they agree not to resort to force during the investigation.
These four provisions will, it is believed, make war a re-
mote possibility between the contracting parties.
The plan of these treaties has been followed by Brazil,
Argentina and Chili in a treaty which they have recently
signed. If the belligerent nations hau hen bound together
by similar treaties the present conflict ight have been
avoided, but, while they were supplied with machinery for
war, they had no machinery sufficient for dealing with dis-
putes which defied diplomatic settlement. And, strange to
say, until the beginning of this administration this country
was nearly as poorly supplied as Europe with machinery for
peace.
L
THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT
*The United States Treasury has been freed of Wall Street
control under President Wilson and Secretary McAdoo. Its
powers and its labors have been devoted wholly and solely to
the public interest. Here follows a brief survey of the results:
The deposit of funds with national banks in the agri-
cultural states for the purpose of assisting in the move-
ment of crops instead of in New York banks.
The enactment of a law authorizing the President to
call a Pan-American Financial Conference, and the hold-
ing of such conference on May 24, 1915, under the direc-
tion of Secretary of the Treasury W. G. McAdoo.
The adoption of a consistent and economical system
in regard to the acquisition of sites for public buildings
and the construction of such buildings which will lead
to increased economy and better service.
The enforcement of the oleomargarine law whereby
the receipts from taxes of oleomargarine have been in-
creased many fold.
3
Advantages of new financial system increased by the
crusade of the Comptroller of the Currency against
banks which have been charging usurious interest rates.
Sales of opium, cocaine and kindred habit-forming
drugs reduced 75 per cent. under the Harrison Anti-
Narcotics Law.
New War Risk Insurance Bureau operated at a profit
to the Government and to the great assistance of
American shipping.
The consolidation of the Revenue Cutter and Life
Saving Services, with an increase in economy and effi-
ciency in operation.
The amendment of the so-called Aldrich-Vreeland Act
which converted a dead letter into a practical instrument
There is a distinction waiting for this Nation that no nation
has ever yet got. That is the distinction of absolute self-control
and mastery.-Woodrow Wilson.
*Special articles upon the Treasury's condition, Pan-
American affairs, Revision of the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, and
the Federal Reserve Act will be found on pages 168, 183,
265 and 348, respectively.
}
}
398
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
ܪ
"
of relief to the banks and the public generally during
troublous days that followed the outbreak of the Euro-
pean War.
The direct assistance rendered by the Secretary of the
Treasury to the banks and business interests of the
United States in the crisis following the outbreak of the
European War.
The relief of thousands of Americans who otherwise
would have been stranded in the countries at war.
Charging interest on United States deposits with
national banks at the rate of two per cent. per annum,
thereby making the national banks, for the first time, pay
for the use of Uncle Sam's money.
The expansion of the Public Health Service into a
public welfare enterprise of the highest value. This
Service has been made not only the instrument of
effective protection against the entry of contagious dis-
eases into the country but a valuable practical means
of combating rural, industrial and vocational diseases
throughout the country.
The establishment of a system of shipping Government
moneys and securities by mail, insured, instead of by
express as heretofore, resulting in large savings to the
Government as well as to the banks of the country.
The reduction of the charges for assaying ores at the
Philadelphia mint and the minor assay offices, thereby
making the mint service a real help to the man who
mines for precious metals.
The purchase of 4,375,000 ounces of silver between
August 3 and September 17, 1915-the largest in a similar
period since the repeal of the purchase clause of the
Sherman Act, approved July 1, 1890, at the average
price of $0.487 per ounce. This transaction resulted in
a marked advance in the price of silver and so stimulated
the market that the production of this metal has con-
tinued without abatement, whereas operations in a num-
ber of mines were about to cease.
CROP MOVING DEPOSITS.
The policy of depositing funds of the public treasury in
the sections of the country where they would serve the inter-
ests of the people of the United States in facilitating the
movement and marketing of the crops and not the selfish
interests of the profit-seeking money powers of the country
is one of the most convincing evidences of the administra-
tion's freedom of Wall Street control. The common good
inspired and directed this use of Government funds to meet
the demands of harvesting the crops, resulting in the relief of
the usual stringency and the release of adequate credit to our
farmers, merchants, shippers and all other legitimate business
at reasonable rates of interest, such as they had never en-
joyed during these periods in Republican regimes.
This was done even under the old unrevised banking sys-
tem before the Federal Reserve Act was placed in operation.
The Republican party during its years of power chose one
of two privilege-favored courses in dealing with the situation:
It either poured the funds of the Treasury into New York,
Chicago and other big money centers where they were
loaned out by the banks at high rates of interest to other
banks in the localities where they were needed, reaching the
actual borrowers at exhorbitant figures; or it sat idly at
Washington with the money locked in the vaults of the
7
¡
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
399
;
!
3
Treasury and took absolutely no steps to relieve the suffering
farmers and other legitimate business interests. Whichever
of the two courses was adopted the beneficiaries were the
dominant moneyed interests of the country. The Republican
party enabling them to exact extortionate interest rates from
the producers who were denied relief by the very Government
that was supposed to exist for their benefit.
Contrast the Republican record with the course of a Demo-
cratic Secretary of the Treasury who in the summers of 1913
and 1914-the two years of the Wilson administration pre-
ceding the operation of the Federal Reserve System-depos-
ited Government funds directly in the sections where they
were needed to move the crops or to assist general business
conditions. For the first time in the history of the country
he swept aside the great money centers as beneficiaries and
went directly to the localities where there was need of money.
Depositaries were created in the SMALLER CITIES AND
TOWNS throughout the country where the consumer bor-
rowed direct from the bank in which it was placed. In 1906
and 1907, public moneys were, with one exception, placed in
existing depositaries, the principal portion going to the big
money centers.
CONTRAST WITH REPUBLICAN POLICY.
July 31, 1913, Secretary McAdoo announced that he would
deposit $25,000,000 to $50,000,000 with the National banks
of the South and West, the sections of the country where
the customary seasonal demands were pressing for the move-
ment and marketing of the crops. Forty-six million, five
hundred thousand dollars was allotted but the mere announce-
ment of the Secretary's willingness to relieve the usual
stringency of the period so restored confidence and relieved
the situation that it was necessary to distribute only $37,386,-
000. Twenty-one million, eight hundred and four thousand
dollars was placed in 130 banks in 40 cities in 13 southern
states and the District of Columbia, while 63 banks in 23
cities in 15 western states received $15,582,000.
Under Roosevelt, Secretary Cortelyou, from August 28
to October 14, 1907, made weekly deposits with banks in
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Cincinnati,
Chicago and St. Louis direct aggregating $25,000,000 to assist
in moving the crops. The New York City banks received
direct and for other banks a total of $16,150,900 of the
$25,000,000. From October 22 to November 4, during the
panic of 1907, Secretary Cortelyou deposited $39,674,000
additional in New York City.
Secretary McAdoo is the first Secretary of the Treasury
to require the national banks of the country to pay interest
on all Government deposits, or in other words, to adopt the
obvious business principle of charging reasonable interest
for the use of the people's money. FOR YEARS UNDER
REPUBLICAN RULE BANKS RECEIVED FUNDS OF
THE GOVERNMENT, GREATLY INCREASING THEIR
WORKING CAPITAL, AND DID NOT GIVE THE
TREASURY ONE CENT FOR THEIR USE.
400
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
(
Prior to 1908 interest had never been required on Govern-
ment deposits. After the Act of 1908, interest at the rate
of one per cent. per annum was collected on so-called "in-
active accounts in all national banks until July 1, 1912,
after which two per cent. interest was collected on that class
of deposits. Two per cent. interest was collected on the Dis-
trict of Columbia Tax Allotment beginning with May, 1911.
By "inactive accounts" is meant a special deposit (usually
$1,000) which remains fixed or stationary in amount.
On April 30, 1913, Secretary McAdoo announced that, be-
ginning June 1, 1913, all Government depositaries would be
required to pay interest at the rate of two per cent. per
annum on all Government funds, active as well as inactive,
in order that the Government should receive a proper return
for the use of its money. THIS ACTION EARNED FOR
THE TREASURY $1,409,426 DURING THE FISCAL
YEAR 1914 AND $1,222,707 DURING THE FISCAL YEAR
1915, AND OVER $800,000 IN THE FISCAL YEAR 1916,
OR A TOTAL OF MORE THAN $3,500,000 FOR THE
THREE YEARS, AS COMPARED WITH $810,623 FOR
THE ENTIRE SIX YEARS UNDER REPUBLICAN AD-
MINISTRATIONS FROM 1908 TO 1913. If Republican
Secretaries of the Treasury had followed the same course as
Secretary McAdoo in charging two per cent. interest on all
Government deposits from 1908 to 1913, the proceeds to the
Treasury would have been $9,409,396, as compared with the
$810,623 received during those years.
This in another instance of the superior efficiency and busi-
ness ability of Democratic administration of the Government.
"T
The prompt and vigorous handling of the relief problem
after the war began set a new example of a country's solici-
tude and care for its citizens in foreign lands. No govern-
CLOSET-COUNCILS DANGEROUS.
I BELIEVE in the patriotism and energy and initia-
tive of the average man. Some men say they be-
lieve in it, but when they act, they show that they
do not. They show that they think the only advice
that it is safe to take is their advice. [Voice in
crowd: "Oh, you Teddy!"] I was not referring to
any individual, but I could give you an interesting
and a very short list of a group of individuals who
have that opinion, namely, that it is not safe for the
United States to escape from their control. I feel
perfectly safe in the hands of the average body of my
fellow citizens. The theory of government which I
decline to subscribe to is that the vitality of the
nation comes out of closeted councils where a few
men determine the policy of the country.-President
Wilson's Address to Advertising Clubs at Phila-
delphia, June 29, 1916.
?
$
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
401
ment ever before offered such relief and protection to the
citizens under its flag.
The Administration sent a public vessel laden with gold
to Europe to provide food, shelter and transportation home
for Americans who, overtaken in the zone of trouble by the
sudden outbreak of war, found themselves among strangers,
helpless and penniless. ITS PROMPT AND EFFECTIVE
ACTION SAVED THE REFUGEES FROM INDESCRIB-
ABLE SUFFERING AND POSSIBLE DEATH AND
RELIEVED THE AGONIZING ANXIETY OF THEIR
FRIENDS IN THIS COUNTRY.
Three hundred thousand Americans scattered over the
continent of Europe flocked to the larger cities and besieged
the American embassies, legations and consulates. At the
earnest request of President Wilson, Congress appropriated
$2,750,000 for the relief, protection and transportation of these
citizens.
By direction of the President, a Relief Board, consisting of
the Secretary of the Treasury as Chairman, and the Secre-
taries of State, War and Navy, promptly organized a relief
expedition and sent the U. S. S. Tennessee to Europe with
$1,500,000 gold on board belonging to the Government, and
$3,000,000 gold forwarded by bankers to protect the holders
of their letters of credit. The remotest corners of the con-
tinent of Europe were searched for information regarding
American citizens, and the Government's effective course
allayed the apprehension and alarm of their friends in this
country.
CREATION OF COAST GUARD.
The creation of the Coast Guard by the consolidation of
the Revenue Cutter and Life Saving Services is another
illustration of Democratic efficiency in government as com-
pared with Republican incapacity.
As it exists today the Coast Guard combines both Ser-
vices under one executive head, provides a retired list for
the men on account of age, thirty years' service, gives the
men of the former Life-Saving Service longevity pay, cloth-
ing allowance, and medical attention from the Public Health
Service. The combined services today are in the most effi-
cient condition of their history.
For many Republican years there had been agitation to
render aid to the hardy American fishermen whose vocation
carries them to regions where they are out of reach of medi-
cal assistance, in furnishing the important supply of fish to
the American people. It was recognized that the Govern-
ment owed consideration of this kind to this class of its citi-
zens, as nearly all of the important maritime nations have
• furnished aid of this kind.
By the Act of June 24, 1914, the Secretary of the Treasury
was authorized to utilize any coast guard cutter to extend
medical and surgical aid to the crews of American vessels
engaged in the deep-sea fisheries. This floating hospital sys-
tem was inaugurated January 6, 1915, and has been maintained
every since. Much benefit has been given to sick and injured
4
-
402
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
·
fishermen by this humanitarian work by the Federal Govern-
ment under Democratic control.
The cost of collecting the great sum of $512,740,769.58 of
Internal Revenue taxes last year was, as a result of Demo-
cratic efficiency and economy, only 1.40 per cent., the lowest
cost in the history of the Internal Revenue service. The
average cost of collecting the Internal Revenue receipts dur-
ing the three fiscal years of President Wilson's administration,
1914, 1915 and 1916, was only 1.52 per cent., as compared with
an average of 1.93 per cent. during the administrations of
President Roosevelt and 1.68 per cent. during the adminis-
tration of President Taft, or an average of 1.84 per cent.
during the combined Roosevelt and Taft administrations.
DESPITE NEW BURDENS.
This great record of efficiency and economy in the Internal
Revenue service during President Wilson's three years has
been made despite the fact that during his administration
several new laws have been placed on the statute books for
administration by the Internal Revenue Bureau, such as
"The Cotton Futures Act" and "The Anti-Narcotic Act,"
which are not revenue producers. Regardless of the fact
that it has been necessary to incur expenses incident to en-
forcing these acts, the total cost of collection for the fiscal
year 1916 was the lowest in the history of the Internal Reve-
nue Service.
The Wilson Administration has an unparalleled record of
fruitful activity in the field of public health. This work has
benefited the workingman, the farmer, and every other class
IDLE WORKER AND VACANT JOB.
How They Are Brought Together Under Democra-
tic Administration.
The labor of this country needs to be guided from
opportunity to opportunity. We proved it the other
day. We were told that in two States of the Union
30,000 men were needed to gather the crops. We
suggested in a Cabinet meeting that the Department
of Labor should have printed information about this
in such form that it could be posted up in the post
offices all over the United States, and that the De-
partment of Labor should get in touch with the
labor departments of the States, so that notice could
go out from them, and their co-operation obtained.
What was the result? Those 30,000 men were found
and were sent to the places where they got profit-
able employment. I do not know any one thing
that has happened in my administration that made
me feel happier than that-that the job and the man
had been brought together.-President Wilson's
Jackson Day Address at Indianapolis, Ind., January
8, 1915.
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
403
1
of citizen, and presents a record unapproached by any other
administration.
After years of neglect of the subject, the Wilson adminis-
tration took up the question of sanitary conditions in rural
communities for the protection of the health of farmers.
Typhoid fever has been reduced 80 per cent. in some localities
where the Public Health Service, which is under the Treasury
Department, has made investigations. Other studies have
reduced the prevalence of malaria as much as 50 per cent.
in a single year.
RURAL SANITATION.
Nearly 54 per cent. of the population of the United States
dwell in rural communities, many of which are without ade-
quate means for the disposal of sewage, the safeguarding of
water supplies, or other means of sanitation, while the remain-
ing portion of the population is much more adequately safe-
guarded. As a consequence the death rate during the past
two decades in cities has shown a marked and decided reduc-
tion, while that of country districts has exhibited little
change. Although these conditions have been common
knowledge for years and the subject of reports from various
commissions, it remained for the present administration to
pass the first national appropriation for the study and im-
provement of health conditions in farming communities.
Until the Wilson administration came into power, the
- United States, the greatest industrial nation in the world, had
never made more than an isolated effort toward either the
study or the prevention of occupational or industrial diseases.
Within the past three and one-half years, however, exten-
sive investigations have been inaugurated by the Public
Health Service of the occupational hazards of industry. An
industrial laboratory has been equipped in the Pittsburgh
district for the study and prevention of occupational and
industrial diseases and thorough investigations have been
made elsewhere of the occupational risks of various industries.
In co-operation with the Bureau of Mines the hazards of
miners have been investigated and the methods to be adopted
for the improvement of hygienic conditions and the better
sanitation of mines have been outlined and followed, such,
for instance, as the prevention of tuberculosis among the
zinc miners of Missouri. In many other instances it has been
possible to recommend and adopt measures which have led to
a reduction in illness and the saving of many lives.
VOCATIONAL DISEASES.
For the first time in the history of the country, Congress,
under Democratic control, has made adequate financial pro-
vision for the investigation of disease, including studies and
methods of the prevention of malaria, the eradication of
typhoid fever and pellagra, investigations of the pollution
of streams, studies of child labor problems and the like.
Effective co-operation and assistance have been rendered
State and local health authorities in controlling epidemics
and preventing the spread of disease. When infantile par-
alysis appeared as an epidemic in New York City, the Public
7
404
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
Health Service not only assisted in checking the disease in
New York but in preventing its transmission to other parts of
the United States.
Methods for the prevention of the interstate spread of
disease have been extended and expanded and means for the
better protection of the health of travelers have been adopted.
The care and cleanliness of railway passenger coaches has
been placed on a higher standard, and the transportation of
persons in a communicable stage of disease has been regu-
lated to safeguard the health of fellow travelers. Energetic
measures prevented dissemination in this country of the
Mexican epidemic of typhus fever, a deadly scourge.
THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
THE Wilson Administration's conduct of the Department
of Justice has:
*BROUGHT ABOUT ACTUAL DISSOLUTION OF
TRUSTS IN CONTRAST WITH THE SHAM DIS-
SOLUTIONS OF THE ROOSEVELT AND TAFT
-
ADMINISTRATIONS.
*ENFORCED THE ANTI-TRUST STATUTES IN
CONJUNCTION WITH THE TRADE COMMISSION
SO AS TO REDUCE THE AREA OF DOUBT
KNOWN AS THE TWILIGHT ZONE, AND THUS
CLEAR UP THE LAWS OF BUSINESS.
SUCCESSFULLY DEFENDED THE CONSTITU-
TIONALITY OF THE INCOME TAX AND OF THE
ACT OF CONGRESS MAKING PIPE LINES COM-
MON CARRIERS.
CLARIFIED BY SUCCESSFUL PROSECUTIONS
THE PURE FOOD LAW AND THE COMMODITY
CLAUSE OF THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT
WHICH PREVENTS RAILROADS FROM ENGAG-
ING IN PRIVATE ENTERPRISE IN COMPETI-
TION WITH SHIPPERS ALONG THEIR LINES.
VIGOROUSLY PROSECUTED VIOLATIONS OF
THE NEUTRALITY LAWS OF THE UNITED
STATES.
ACTIVELY GUARDED THE PUBLIC INTEREST
AGAINST LAND FRAUDS INVOLVING TITLE TO
VALUABLE DEPOSITS OF OIL AND OTHER OF
OUR NATURAL RESOURCES.
AGAINST
PROTECTED THE GOVERNMENT
ALMOST INNUMERABLE ATTEMPTS TO SE-
CURE LARGE SUMS THROUGH DAMAGE SUITS
IN THE COURT OF CLAIMS.
ENFORCED THE CRIMINAL
THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY.
STATUTES
AND INTRODUCED A NEW STANDARD OF
EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY IN THE SERVICE
BOTH IN THE FIELD AND AT WASHINGTON.
The Department of Justice has begun in the courts only
those cases which upon the most careful consideration and
review have seemed to be well founded. It has been careful
on technical
to refrain from trivial prosecutions based
grounds and has been scrupulous to avoid the temptation to
seek public favor by attacking unpopular but lawful enter-
prises.
*For trust prosecutions, see special article, page 537.
¡
405
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
}
Violations of the Interstate Commerce Acts have been
vigorously prosecuted and a broad construction of their
remedial provisions secured in cases which have been pre-
´sented to the Supreme Court during this Administration. In
these cases the Acts were held to apply to trains engaged in
interyard movements and also to interurban electric trains.
PURE FOOD LAWS.
In the enforcement of the Food and Drugs and Meat In-
spection Acts, laws which so vitally affect the public health
and welfare, many serious questions arose which hampered
the effectiveness of these Acts. These questions were pre-
sented to the Supreme Court in several important cases and
the Government secured interpretations of the Acts which
put new life and vigor into them and greatly enhanced their
value as protective measures. Under these decisions, the
addition of a poison to any food, whether simple or com-
pound, in amounts which may be harmful to any class of
persons consuming it, is forbidden, as is also the use of a
misleading compound name or the practice of deception
through the employment of a name of an unusual derivative
rather than the poison from which derived.
Another important victory for the Government was the
decision upholding the constitutionality of an amendment to
the Food and Drugs Act which forbids the use in interstate
commerce of labels or circulars containing false and fraudu-
lent representations as to the therapeutic value of the article.
This decision will greatly facilitate the prosecution of manu-
facturers of fraudulent patent medicines, which have proved
a curse to the country and menace to the public health.
A case involving the constitutionality of the Migratory Bird
Law was argued before the Supreme Court last October. The
case has been set for reargument next fall. The administra-
tion of this law has caused a most gratifying increase in the
number of game and insectivorous birds, many species of
which were threatened with extermination.
The evasion of State prohibition laws has been checked by
the vigorous enforcement of the Federal laws governing the
interstate shipment of alcoholic liquors.
LAND FRAUDS RUN DOWN.
Since March 4, 1913, the Public Lands Division of the De-
partment of Justice has brought to a conclusion 657 civil
and 247 criminal proceedings affecting public lands, and 537
civil and 42 criminal cases involving Indian lands. Of these,
444 civil and 96 criminal cases affecting public lands, and 431
civil and 25 criminal matters affecting Indian lands were ter-
minated favorably to the Government. The value directly
and indirectly involved in this litigation is enormous.
In the Midwest Oil Company's case the Attorney General
succeeded in establishing the right of the President to make
withdrawals of public lands for public purposes. This de-
cision is believed to be the most important and far reaching
of any affecting the public domain rendered by the Supreme
406
{
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
Court in recent years. Exploitation of the public petroleum
lands had become very active and the unusually large pro-
duction of oil threatened to exhaust the supply in a very
wasteful manner. The conservation of oil as fuel for the
navy is one of the serious matters involved. IT IS IMPOS-
SIBLE TO ESTIMATE
ESTIMATE WITH
WITH PRECISION THE
VALUE OF THE LANDS AND OIL SAVED TO THE
GOVERNMENT UNDER THIS DECISION, BUT IT IS
SAFE TO SAY THAT THE PROPERTY AFFECTED
AGGREGATES THOUSANDS OF ACRES OF LAND
CONTAINING OIL ESTIMATED TO BE WORH MORE
THAN $100,000,000.
OIL LAND CASES.
Twenty-five suits have been brought in California and two
in Wyoming for the protection of reserved oil deposits.
In litigation against the Southern Pacific Company et al.,
to recover title to 6,000 acres of valuable petroleum lands
patented to the Southern Pacific Company, the court decided
in favor of the Government, the lands recovered being esti-
mated as worth $18,000,000.
Another case of great importance under the Public Lands
Division is that now pending against the Oregon and Cali-
fornia Railroad Company, involving 2,364,000 acres of land in
Oregon valued as high as $50,000,000.
The Oklahoma River Bed cases are among the most im-
portant of those under the Public Lands Division.
The value of the property now actually in controversy is
about $20,000,000.
A record of the important land litigation directed by the
Attorney General under the present administration is too
long to be stated in detail in this article. There have been
numerous cases in addition to those above stated in which
the Government has scored important victories. Large and
valuable areas of public land and of Indian land (particularly
in the State of Oklahoma), have been relieved from tres-
passes and illegal claims, as the result of diligent and unre-
mitting labors of the Department.
RECORD WORK IS DONE BEFORE CLAIMS COURT.
Upon the Attorney General is imposed the defense of suits
in the Court of Claims. Here, as elsewhere in the Depart-
ment, an increase in the volume of business transacted has
been shown during the present administration. The Court of
Claims division has disposed of more than 20,000 cases, in-
volving more than $138,000,000.
In bankruptcy cases a great many more indictments and
convictions have been obtained under this administration
than during preceding periods. So effective has been the
investigation and prosecution of violations of the White Slave
Traffic Act that such offenses are now very rare. From March
1, 1913, to December 30, 1915, there were 872 convictions un-
der this act.
{
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
407
i
*POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT
THE
HE STORY of postal administration under the Wilson
Administration is a story of the adniinistration for the
first time of the largest governmental business enterprise in
the world on a strictly business basis.
The NET SURPLUS of postal receipts and expenditures
for the four fiscal years 1913-16 under President Wilson is
more than $1,800,000.
During the four fiscal years 1905-8, during Roosevelt's
second term and under Postmasters General Cortelyou and
Meyer, THE POSTAL DEFICIT AMOUNTED to
$48,739,639.34.
During 1909-12, during Taft's Administration and under
Postmaster General Hitchcock, THIS POSTAL DEFICIT
AGGREGATED $24,937,657.40.
AND BUT FOR THE ABNORMAL CONDITIONS IN
THE FISCAL YEAR 1915, WHEN THE EUROPEAN
WAR CAUSED THE ONLY POSTAL DEFICIT RE-
CORDED UNDER WILSON AND BURLESON, THE
SURPLUS FOR THE FOUR YEARS WOULD HAVE
AMOUNTED TO FROM FIFTEEN TO TWENTY MIL-
LIONS OF DOLLARS. IT MAY AMOUNT TO FROM
THIRTY TO FORTY MILLIONS DURING THE NEXT
FOUR YEARS IF DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION
IS CONTINUED.
In the year ending June 30, 1908, the number of miles of
mail service rendered annually by the Postal Service, ex-
clusive of that performed by city and rural carriers, was
538,438,722. In the year ending June 30, 1912, this figure
was 578,165,266. AND IN THE YEAR ENDING JUNE
30, 1916, THIS ANNUAL MILEAGE OF MAIL SERVICE
HAD BECOME 618,116,956.
Surpluses of $3,800,000 and of $3,500,000 were paid into
the Treasury for the fiscal years 1913 and 1914, respectively,
and the surplus for the last fiscal year ending June 30 is
$5,742,445. After annually recurring deficits, the Wilson Ad-
ministration has put the Postal Service upon a self-sustaining
basis.
THE SQUARE DEAL.
1
To provide equal service for everybody, to give the very
best service everywhere, to eliminate "pull," privilege and
waste all along the line-these have been the guiding rules of
the Postal Establishment under Democratic control.
Private interests doing work for Uncle Sam have been re-
quired to give honest measure for honest pay,
Postal employees, of all grades, have been compelled to
place efficiency of the service above all other considerations.
There has been open, fair competition in the bidding upon
all contracts for furnishing postal supplies and contractors
have been required to live up to their contracts.
Principal officers of the great corporation which handles
*(See Special Article upon Parcel Post, page 259.)
1
408
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
all the huge mail-transfer service in Greater New York
bribed postal clerks for paltry sums to alter the records so
that the rich corporations could evade payment of penalties
for failing to meet contract obligations.
The general manager of the company, one employee of the
company and one post office employee were sent to the peni-
tentiary. The company was purged of every officer and em-
ployee of the company to whom was attached the least suspi-
cion. The company was fined $50,000, sufficient to cover the
losses of the Government.
The results of Postmaster General Burleson's administra-
tion of the Postal Savings System have been phenomenal.
Under his guidance the number of depositors has increased
from 310,000 at the beginning of March, 1913, to 603,000 at
the end of June, 1916, while the amount deposited has in-
creased during the same period from $30,000,000 to $86,-
000,000. The gain of nearly 50 per cent in the per capital
deposit is convincing evidence of the prosperity of the work-
ing people of this country, who are the principal patrons of
the postal savings banks.
HUGE GROWTH OF POSTAL SAVINGS.
Postmaster General Burleson urged upon Congress the
necessity of removing the hindering restrictions imposed by
the original postal savings act of June 25, 1910, on the
amount that may be accepted from a postal savings deposi-
tor. In response to his recommendation an act was passed
and received the approval of President Wilson on May 18,
1916, which enables any person to deposit any number of
dollars, and at any time, until the balance to his or her
credit amounts to $1,000, exclusive of accumulated interest.
By the terms of the original postal savings act no one could
deposit more than $100 in any one calendar month, nor have
a balance to his credit in excess of $500, exclusive of accu-
mulated interest. As a result of these restrictions it has been
estimated that as much money was refused at the post offices
as was accepted. THE REMOVAL OF THE HINDER-
ING RESTRICTIONS HAS BEEN FOLLOWED BY AN
IMMEDIATE AND PRONOUNCED INCREASE IN
POSTAL SAVINGS DEPOSITS, WHICH WILL ULTI-
MATE IN RESTORING A LARGE PART OF THE HID-
DEN-MONEY OF THE COUNTRY TO THE ACTIV
CHANNELS OF INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE.
G
Rapid progress has been made to secure stronger an
safer mail cars. This tends to protect from death or injury
the 21,000 railway mail clerks who are directly engaged in
the railway transportation of mails.
Since March 4, 1913, 847 ALL-STEEL AND 203 STEEL
UNDERFRAME FULL RAILWAY POST-OFFICE
CARS, A TOTAL OF 1,050, HAVE BEEN PLACED IN
SERVICE, and 223 wooden full railway post-office cars
have been retired from service. Of a total of 1,411 full
railway post-office cars, there are now but 361 full wooden
cars up to the construction requirements of the Department,
of which 337 are steel-reinforced.
·
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
409
Į
}
Also, railway postal clerks are afforded the added pro-
tection granted by the new Liability Law which provides
leave with pay for injuries sustained while on duty and re-
lief for their relatives and legal representatives in case of
death.
RURAL FREE DELIVERY.
When the present Democratic administration came into
office, between 2,000 and 3,000 petitions from patrons living
in the rural districts asking for the establishment of rural
free delivery service were pending before the Postoffice De-
partment. Today there are but 20 such petitions pending.
Up to the close of 1915 there were authorized by the Post-
office Department under the Wilson administration a total
of 8,942 new rural free delivery routes and extensions. It is
a record without parallel in the postal administration of the
country. More than 430,000 families have been accommo-
dated with new or improved rural service between March 4,
1913, and March 31, 1916. Some of the conspicuous instances
of the extension of the service where badly needed and with
the number of families served are: California, 17,608 fami-

A PROGRESSIVE
POSTAL POLICY
(From speech of Postmaster-General Albert S.
Burleson before the Convention of the National As-
sociation of Postmasters of the United States July
18-21, 1916, at Washington, D. C.)
A
NY postmaster in this country, if he keeps step
with the purpose of those in control here
at Washington, will see to it that every method
and device which will promote the efficiency
of the Postal Service shall be resorted to and
adopted. *
* *
to
I don't want any expense spared when it comes
the question- of promoting postal effi-
ciency. ** *
""
Whereas postal efficiency is the dominant policy
of this Administration, economy follows as a close
second.
Cut off everything in the way of postal
favoritism. We preached for years, those
of you who belong to the political organi-
zation that I do, equal rights to all and
special privileges to none.
There should be absolute equality in the Postal
Service. It requires backbone to live up to this doc-
trine, but you know I am Scotch and carry a rea-
sonable amount around with me."
1
410
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
lies; Illinois, 12,860; Indiana, 11,675; Iowa, 11,605; Kansas,
9,021; Michigan, 12,727; Minnesota, 14,650; Missouri, 25,844;
Ohio, 21,526; Pennsylvania, 28,127; West Virginia, 10,718,
and so through the list of states in the same liberal propor-
tion.
REAL CIVIL SERVICE.
Under the Taft Administration 47,000 fourth-class post-
masters, ALTHOUGH ALL WERE POLITICAL AP-
POINTEES, were covered into the classified civil service
by executive order. This order was annulled by and provi-
sion made under Mr. Burleson for filling all fourth-class
offices paying $500 a year or more BY COMPETITIVE
EXAMINATION. A limit was placed at $500 because of
the difficulty of obtaining an eligible list of at least three
applicants in the very small towns. A genuine civil service
has been introduced in lieu of a system which merely per-
petuated a political regime.
Mail service to all of the belligerent nations of Europe
has been maintained. Parcel post exchange with Germany
and Austria was continued until last November, WHEN
THE ONLY STEAMSHIP LINES AVAILABLE RE-
FUSED TO HANDLE THE BUSINESS.
Extensions have been made in the international parcel post
and money order systems which greatly improve the facili-
ties of exchange between the United States and the coun-
tries of South and Central America. Parcel post and money
order conventions have recently been negotiated with Brazil
and Argentina, the two largest of the South American Re-
publics. Five other new parcel post treaties have been put
in operation.
Five treaties have been concluded establishing the two-cent
letter rate from the United States to the Bahamas, Barba-
dos, British Honduras, Dutch West Indies, and the Leeward
Islands.
POSTAGE TO PAN-AMERICA.
THE POSTMASTER GENERAL IS VIGOROUSLY
PUSHING NEGOTIATIONS TO OBTAIN TREATIES
APPLYING THE TWO-CENT LETTER RATE
THROUGHOUT THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. THE
IMPROVEMENTS ALREADY MADE ARE MATERI-
ALLY ASSISTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF COM-
MERCE WITH THE LATIN-AMERICAN NATIONS.
A parcel post treaty with China has just been negotiated
and became effective August 1. This will do much to help
American trade expansion in the practically limitless field
open among the 400,000,000 people of the Chinese Empire.
1
The Post Office Department is assisting materially in
purifying the advertising columns of magazines and news-
papers. It has joined heartily in the movement which tends
to prevent acceptance by publishers of advertisements of a
fraudulent nature.
IN CONTRAST WITH THE LAX ATTITUDE OF
THE TAFT ADMINISTRATION ON THE SUBJECT,
THE FRAUD ORDER STATUTES HAVE BEEN RE-
LENTLESSLY ENFORCED AGAINST ALL FRAUDU-
-
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
411
{
66
LENT ENTERPRISES WHICH USE THE MAILS IN
THE CIRCULATION OF THEIR ADVERTISING
'LITERATURE." During the last fiscal year 57 fraud or-
ders were issued. In the same year 1,900 lottery schemes
were barred from the mails.
NAVY DEPARTMENT
THE
HE larger progressive work of the Navy Department is
treated in the general article of " Preparedness," be-
ginning upon page 198 of the Text Book.
Much else has been done which appropriately should be
added to the story of democratic Efficiency-democratic with
a small "d" and Efficiency with a large "E"-at Washington.
The Marine Corps during the Wilson administration, plus
the strength authorized at the present session of Congress,
is 35,548 men. This large increase since March, 1913, was
made necessary to provide for the deficiencies that had
existed since the Spanish-American War and to provide for
the large increase in ships authorized by the Wilson adminis-
tration. For the first time provision has been made for an
organized and trained naval militia and an adequate reserve
of men with experience afloat.
NEW GRADES OF OFFICERS.
The grades of Admiral and Vice-Admiral have been created,
assuring commensurate rank for responsibilities of high com-
mand and placing American officers on equality with those
of foreign navies holding similar positions.
It was found that the number of chaplains in the Navy two
years ago was the same as the number authorized in 1841.

CONFIDENCE THE BUSINESS OXYGEN.
THE
HE era of private business in the sense of business
conducted with the money of the partners-I
mean of the managing partners-is practically
passed, not only in this country, but almost every-
where. Therefore, almost all business has this di-
rect responsibility to the public in general: We owe
a constant report to the public, whose money we are
constantly asking for in order to conduct the busi-
ness itself. Therefore, we have got to trade not
only on our efficiency, not only on the service that
we render, but on the confidence that we cultivate.
There is a new atmosphere for business. The oxy-
gen that the lungs of modern business takes in is
the oxygen of the public confidence, and if you have
not got that, your business is essentially paralyzed
and asphyxiated.-President Wilson's Address at
Conference of American Electric Railway Associa-
tion, Washington, D. C., January 29, 1915.
?
412
で
​EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
}
1
The Navy had increased from 12,000 men to 51,500, but it
had never been thought necessary to increase the number
of chaplains in all that seventy-three years. Upon the recom-
mendation of this administration a law was passed allowing
one chaplain for every 1,250 men in the Navy, providing the
spiritual leadership so necessary in a service composed largely
of boys in their teens " and young men in their early
twenties. Soon there will be a chaplain on every large ship.
(6
JACKIES BECOME OFFICERS.
Doors heretofore closed are now open to bluejackets. Un-
der new legislation 25 enlisted men can now be appointed
annually to the Naval Academy and qualify to rise from
apprentice seaman to Admiral. Already 28 have been
appointed and this new recognition has had a salutary effect
throughout the entire Navy and made it truly American in
spirit.
Fifteen enlisted men have been appointed as Assistant Pay-
master, and 64 to the position of Pay Clerk, which grade,
numbering over 200, will henceforth be exclusively filled by
appointments from the ranks instead of by the personal
appointments of pay officers. Thirteen enlisted men have
been promoted to Ensign from the ranks during Wilson's
3 years as compared with three in Taft's 4 years.
Enlisted men are also eligible to the aviation corps and new
schools have been opened for vocational education. Existing
schools have been enlarged, giving opportunity for the best
training to ambitious enlisted men who come into the Navy,
with a chance to those of superior ability to earn promotion.
While the utmost care is exercised in accepting men for the
Navy, causing the rejection of 5 out of every 6 applicants for
physical, mental or moral reasons, the fact that the Wilson
administration has been able to fill and keep the quota of
enlistments full, that re-enlistments have increased from 52
per cent. to 85 per cent, that desertions have fallen off from
216 to less than 90 per month, that the number of prisoners
have been reduced from 1,800 to 700 under improved penal
systems, evidences the increased popularity and efficiency
of the service.
INCREASE OF ENLISTED STRENGTH.
By providing instruction on every ship and by other means
the Wilson administration within three years added over
6,331 men to the enlisted strength of the Navy.
In no administration of the Navy Department has the
training of officers or the preparation of the Fleet for battle
been cared for so jealously and efficiently. The Naval Wa
College, where high ranking officers are taught and practice
problems in the science of strategy and tactics, had under
Republican rule been permitted to degenerate, until in 1913
it had a class of five students and nine instructors.
Two courses at the College were established in April, 1914,
and now 32 officers are taking the regular course while the
new correspondence course is being taken by 499 officers.
This new course brings the instruction and study of the War
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
413
.t
College into close touch with the officers of the fleet. In
his hearings before the House Naval Committee in February,
1916, Admiral Knight said: "The recent development of the
War College, which has been rather striking, has been due
in large measure to the interest which has been taken in it
by our present Secretary of the Navy. The War College has
been in existence since 1885, and during a large part of that
time it has had to struggle for existence. Its ideals have
always been high and its methods of work have always been
admirable, but never until this present administration has it
found any active aggressive support from the Navy Depart-
ment. Very early in his administration, Mr. Daniels came
to the War College. He saw at once what it was and what
its possibilities were, and he said 'I am a friend of the War
College.' From that time on he has done everything possible
to support the War College and strengthen it, and the work
that we are doing there now is very largely due to hirn."
The final test of a naval policy and naval administration
is results. Nothing else counts. The Wilson administration
presents concrete results. The target scores, war manoeuvres,
and the incessant practice at ranges never before attempted
tell the story of the improved efficiency of the fleet.
The report of the Commander-in-Chief of the Atlantic Fleet
and the testimony of expert Navy Officers in their recent
hearings before Congress emphasize the fact that the Navy

RIDICULING DANIELS.
"MR. SPEAKER, from time to time during this
Congress we have read very bitter attacks
made upon the Secretary of the Navy. It has been
noticed, no doubt, that these attacks were general in
their character. It is easy to say mean generalities
about any man. It is easy to ridicule men. The
charges against this man have all been general in
their character. There has not been one single
charge that specified anything dishonorable ever
done by Josephus Daniels, now Secretary of the
Navy.
"I wish that all the people of the United States
knew this man as his home people know him. He
is a clean man. He is a good man. He will never
do anything dirty. Never in his life have his hands
been soiled by dishonor, and I think I can properly
bestow upon this loyal American the beautiful tribute
bestowed by Secretary Thomas F. Bayard upon Mr.
Cleveland-he presides over a typical American
home, for around his fireside are gathered innocent
and guileless childhood, gracious and refined woman-
hood, lofty integrity and perfect manhood."-Repre-
sentative E. W. Pou, of North Carolina, to the
House, July 27, 1916.
}
414
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
is recovering in traget practice from the slump from 1909 to
1913.
The navy now makes all its own mines at a saving of
$145 on each. In smaller economies of various kinds $2,000,-
000 was saved, of which, in 1915, $1,000,000 was reappropriated
by Congress for aeronautics and $800,000 for submarines. The
old “misfit" battleships Mississippi and Idaho were sold
after about 6½ years of service for $12,535,275.96, the original
cost price of both together, and, with $2,000,000 additional,
appropriated by Congress, a modern new dreadnaught, the
Mississippi, now building at Newport News, was added
to the navy. As the result of carefully watching the trans-
portation expenses of the enlisted men between naval stations
and ships, a saving of $176,643.56 was effected.
The number of employees in the Navy yards of the United
States is 7,485 more than when the Wilson administration
came into power. The increased amount of pay to navy yard
employees during this period is $27,063.77. The average pay
per day for employees in 1912 was $2,723 as compared with
$2.997 in 1916, an increase of pay of $0.274 per day.
WAR DEPARTMENT
The War Department under the Wilson Administration
has made itself more useful to the country, inaugurated and
accomplished more constructive and reform work than dur-
ing any twenty years of its previous history. Its handling
of the troops in and out of Vera Cruz and rapid, efficient
mobilization and equipment of the National Guard on the
Mexican border show greatly to advantage over the slow
mobilization and inadequate equipment at the outset of the
Spanish-American war.
The results of the Department's fruitful work in aiding
preparedness plans to effective completion as regards army
matters appear in the article upon the general subject of
preparedness, page 198. Efficient administration, however,
has been reflected in many other particulars.
Chief among actual military movements during the past
three years is the maintenance of the Mexican border patrol,
sustained over approximately 1,700 miles, and the dispatch of
the punitive expedition into Mexico under General Pershing,
These large movements have been carried out
smoothly and quickly. Supplies have been pro-
vided in ample quantities and good quality,
promptly distinctly an achievement. The border
patrol has been maintained by the regulars
throughout the Wilson Administration.
RECRUITING IMPROVED.
Since March 4, 1913, the recruiting service of the army has
been greatly improved. The total enlistments was increased
from 25,086 for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1912, to 48,813
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915.
Economies have been introduced in the purchase of fuel
1 ¡
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
415
1
PATIENCE PRODUCED PEACE
From the New York Times (Ind.).
* * WHAT STANDING HAVE THE
REPUBLICANS TO DENOUNCE THE WIL-
SON POLICIES AS 'WEAK AND VACILLAT-
ING' WHEN 14 REPUBLICAN SENATORS
AND 102 REPUBLICAN MEMBERS OF THE
HOUSE VOTED AGAINST TABLING THE
GORE AND MCLEMORE RESOLUTIONS
THAT, IF PASSED, WOULD HAVE FORCED
A COMPLETE SURRENDER OF THE RIGHTS
OF AMERICAN PASSENGERS UPON THE
SEA? * * * THERE IS NO HOPE FOR
THE REPUBLICANS IN THAT QUARTER. IF
THERE IS ANY ONE GROUND UPON WHICH
THE PRESIDENT HAS WON TITLE TO AND
POSSESSION OF THE CONFIDENCE OF THE
PEOPLE IT IS HIS AVOIDANCE OF WAR.
WITH PATIENCE AND ABILITY HE HAS
PERSISTED IN THE USE OF THE PEACEFUL
RESOURCES OF DIPLOMACY AND NEGOTI-
ATION WHERE A HOTHEAD IN THE WHITE
HOUSE MIGHT, AND PROBABLY WOULD,
HAVE INVOLVED THE NATION IN THE
EUROPEAN CONFLICT. *** YET IF WE
TAKE FROM THE REPUBLICANS THE ISSUE
GROWING OUT OF THE WAR, WHAT HAVE
THEY LEFT? * * * THE COUNTRY'S EX-
PERIENCE OF PROSPERITY UNDER THE
DEMOCRATIC TARIFF WILL NOT INCLINE
IT TO VOTE FOR AN IMMEDIATE RETURN
OF THE EXCESSIVE IMPOSTS AND GRANTS
OF PROFIT AND PRIVILEGE WHICH THE
REPUBLICANS WILL INSIST ARE NECES-
SARY TO KEEP THE FACTORIES GOING.
* * * MORE AND MORE AS THE CAM-
PAIGN ADVANCES THEY WILL BE CON-
FRONTED BY THE DIFFICULTY OF MAK-
ING A FIGHT WITHOUT PRESENTABLE
ISSUES. THEY WILL BE REDUCED TO THE
NECESSITY OF CARRYING ON A CAMPAIGN
MERELY FOR THE CHANGE OF MEN AND
OF PARTY NAMES WITHOUT BEING ABLE
TO FIND CONVINCING REASONS FOR MAK-
ING IT."
(<
amounting to $100,000 a year. Better quarters have been
secured at army posts for officers and enlisted men. Better
system has effected savings in the purchase of clothing and
equipment. Better transportation facilities have been intro-
duced; motors bought and motor truck companies organized;
416
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
and since the Pershing expedition entered Mexico, the De-
partment has supplied approximately 2,600 motor trucks for
carrying supplies.
An important start towards organizing an
adequate aviation service has been made. Large
quantities of equipment and supplies for the
increased army and of the federalized National
Guard have been produced and steps are being
taken to maintain a stock of essential supplies
to equip a large army in the event of war.
Close co-operation with industrial concerns and railroads
has brought about quick work. Freight shipments have been
put through from Washington to the Texas border in four
days; from Philadelphia to San Antonio in 78 hours; from
the Great Lakes to the border in 48 hours. The War and
Agriculture Departments have worked out a plan for en-
couraging breeding of horses for the army.
Quietly the National Guard has been placed in a position
in which it could be, as proven during the past few months,
of effective service when called upon. The work of regen-
eration had not been completed when the call to duty came
but they were so much better prepared than they would have
been if left to continue under the old conditions and control
that the entire country can well feel proud of their perform-
ance. A recent report by the Chief of the Militia
Bureau to the Chief of Staff of the Army, extracts
of which are given below, amply prove Democratic
efficiency and Republican neglect.
REGENERATION OF MILITIA.
The first definite steps taken for the complete enforce-
ment of the Militia Law of 1903 were taken in connection
with the inspections held in 1913. During the preceding ten
years, opportunity and encouragement had been held out to
the Organized Militia to conform to the standard of efficiency
established by the law.
Under the Militia Law of 1903, the powers of the War De-
partment were largely advisory, and the only means of en-
forcing its policies was the withholding of Federal funds
allotted to the States. Under the more extensive
powers conferred on the War Department by the
National Defense Act of 1916, it will be possible to
extend the scope of the policies inaugurated and
to exercise a degree of control over the develop-
ment of the National Guard that has heretofore
not been possible.
ARMY'S BATTLES OF PEACE.
Many, in fact a majority, of the people look upon the army
as merely a machine for killing people but the American
army under Woodrow Wilson has been quite as useful dur-
ing peaceful times as during war. At Vera Cruz the great
*
!
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
417
}
efficiency of the regular army was fully demonstrated in
ways other than that of fighting. The American army men
transformed what was once a yellow fever hotbed and a pest-
hole of tropical diseases into one of the cleanest and health-
iest cities on the continent.
When the Mississippi River flooded all of the surrounding
country inundating hundreds of square miles of land and
making thousands homeless in 1913 and 1914, the Army was
called upon and within 48 hours was on the job bringing
order out of chaos, providing food and shelter and relieving
distress. They applied army sanitation methods to the huge
refugee camps and prevented epidemics more deadly than
flood waters.
After the San Francisco earthquake the army men came
out of the ruins of their own barracks and took charge of the
situation during those awful times. Their splendid service
will ever remain a grateful memory to the men and women
of the great Western city.
The army authorities had full charge of the great encamp-
ment of the 55,000 Union and Confederate veterans upon
the 50th anniversary of the battle of Gettysburg in July,
1914. Advanced calculations indicated that there would be.
at least 30 deaths during this four days of reunion for these
were old men and the encampment was held during a period
of torrid weather. Thirty coffins were provided but only
eight were used.
PANAMA CANAL,
During the Wilson Administration the Panama Canal has
been opened to commerce and by the passage of vessels
through the great waterway the dream of centuries has be-
come a reality. Commercial traffic between the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans was inaugurated on Saturday, August 15,
1914, by the Government Steamship "Ancon," which made
the trip from entrance to entrance in approximately nine
hours, well within the time previously estimated for the
passage of a ship through the Canal. September 18, 1915,
a slide at Culebra caused a complete suspension of Canal
traffic. April 15, 1916, the Canal was reopened to commerce.
The prospect of the waterway being again blocked by slides
seems to be very remote. On April 1, 1914, the supervision
of Canal matters was placed under the control of the Gov-
ernor of The Panama Canal in place of the seven-headed com-
mission theretofore existing.
The Wine Mess
Secretary Long, under McKinley's administration, issued
an order forbidding the sale of alcoholic liquors to enlisted
men. On July 1, 1914, Secretary Daniels issued an order
abolishing the wine mess on board all ships and stations of
the United States Navy. That order made the same rule
apply to officers as already applied to enlisted men.
The criticism which the wine mess order received ended
when foreign countries followed the example of the United
States, and in our Navy it has come to be regarded by officers,
who at first objected to it, as a wise regulation.
418
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON

MILITARISM IMPOSSIBLE HERE.
The Spirit That Breeds It Cannot Live in American
Air.
You know that the chief thing that is holding
many people back from enthusiasm for what is
called preparedness is the fear of militarism. I want
to say a word to you young gentlemen about mili-
tarism. You are not a militarist because you are
military. Militarism does not consist in the exist-
ence of an Army, not even in the existence of a very
great army. Militarism is a spirit. It is a point
of view. It is a system. It is a purpose. The pur-
pose of militarism is to use armies for aggression.
The spirit of militarism is the opposite of the civilian
spirit, the citizen spirit. In a country where mili-
tarism prevails the military man looks down upon
the civilian, regards him as inferior, thinks of him
as intended for his, the military man's, support and
use; and just so long as America is America that
spirit and point of view is impossible with us.
There is as yet in this country, as far as I can dis-
cover, no taint of the spirit of militarism.-From
President Wilson's Address to West Point Gradu-
ating Class, June 13, 1916.
*COMMERCE DEPARTMENT
Fo
OUR years ago what is now the Department of Com-
merce was a group of scattered parts. Today it is an
efficient, united family of public services coherent and co-
operating in a common work.
Four years ago the equipment for vital work of the De-
partment was in many ways pitifully inadequate.
The lighthouse vessels were in good repair and active use
but none had wireless. Some of the Coast and Geodetic
Survey steamers, both on Pacific and Atlantic, were vener-
able wrecks, menacing the lives of those using them and
performing the minimum of work at the maximum cost.
Three are now condemned and sold.
The inspection of the fisheries of Alaska had long been
farcical. The service owned no boat in those waters and
borrowed from those persons to be inspected the means for
the inspection. This would please Dickens or Mark Twain,
but was hardly serious business.
The foreign commercial service was inchoate and under-
manned. The Steamboat-Inspection Service was sadly short
of needed men. The Census was housed in a wretched old
*(The work of the Department of Commerce in promot-
ing foreign trade is more completely described in the article
upon Foreign Trade, page 361.)
}
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
419
}
barn desperately hot in summer and wholly unfit all the
time.
There was one small motor launch to enforce the naviga-
tion laws on all our shores. The Bureau of Standards was
without the fine electrical and chemical laboratories since
erected.
PROPER TOOLS SUPPLIED.
Ships, buildings, apparatus, men, the proper tools for the
work, have been secured by the Wilson Administration.
Secretary Redfield said recently:
"I wanted that whole great organization to be all
shot through with the idea that it was a servant, a real
living servant of American commerce. All the eight
services were to know that each must definitely and ac-
tively contribute to that service. There was something
each could do and they must do it. Passive routine
would not be tolerated. Here was a second task; hav-
ing the means to work to get the spirit. This done, then
from both to get results, good results that could not be
ignored or denied, that would be definite and clear cut
services that others could not render but which we did.
(6
This, too, has been accomplished. The appeal would
be to a thousand business offices and show in ten thous-
and items of service."
The coast of Alaska was dangerous, ill-lighted, unsurveyed.
It had taken a horrible toll of ships and lives and cargoes.
Insurance rates were exalted. The development of the ter-
ritory was diminished. It was well to build a railway in
Alaska, but quite desirable to make it safe for a vessel to
reach the railway. So, new and better aids to Alaskan navi-
gation, more buoys, more lights and fine new lighthouse on
deadly Cape St. Milas, were installed by the Wilson Admin-
istration. So, also, the new lighthouse steamer Cedar, the
largest and best we have, designed and built with special
reference to Alaskan service, was put in service. So, also,
new surveys of Alaskan waters were made, and this time
with the wire-drag which no rock pinnacle can escape. It
laid its unerring finger on forty or more menaces to ships,
none of which were known before.
DEVELOPING THE FISHERIES.
Fisheries are an important business enterprise. Those of
Alaska produce over $16,000,000 in annual value of salmon
alone. The steamer Roosevelt, two new sea-going launches
and the small steamer Osprey put this service in Alaska
into a more effectively helpful form than ever before. And
the Department of Commerce has created an entirely new
business that in eight months has put over $200,000 in the
pockets of fishermen from a new source, furnishes wholesale
and retail dealers with a sale in a like period of over four
million pouds of a new fish food and keeps twenty vessels
productively busy at a time when they otherwise would be
idle. All this and more has resulted from the establishment
by our Fisheries Service of a market for tile fish.
Harbors like New York, Boston and Portland (Maine)
420
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
have been searched with the wire-drag and unknown dan-
gèrs in each brought to light. On all our shores the cease-
less guard of a thousand lights now goes on, expanding in
number, in quality, in usefulness as new appliances are con-
stantly brought into service. The Lighthouse Service and
the Coast and Geodetic Survey are two great guardians of
our water-borne trade. They were never as earnest and as
useful as now they are.
AIDING SCIENCE TO AID INDUSTRY.
The Great Bureau of Standards under Woodrow Wilson
has been put in direct touch with the business world. It is
attacking and solving problems which underlie our indus-
tries, our railways, and our public utilities. To it come with
their problems men in every industry. From it now goes
out a literal flood of light to clear away industrial darkness,
to stop industrial waste, to add to commercial power. More
than a few business houses there are who would on call rise
up and call the Bureau of Standards blessed. It directly en-
hances our foreign trade and safeguards our domestic trade.
No one informed of its fruitful work would longer prattle
about government "hostility to business.”
The direct and productive work of the Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce is known to all men. Few who
know its work fail to recognize its practical value. A manu-
facturer whom it aided to secure an order worth nearly a
million was glad to say it was "a wonderful job." From every
side, from all lands, from men of all opinions come unsolicited
thanks and appreciation.
DRUMMING UP TRADE.
66
Six lines were printed in the form of a "Trade Opportu-
nity" in the daily Commerce Reports," and new orders
were obtained from a Portuguese firm to American produc-
ers aggregating over $100,000.
A suggestion was made by a Commercial Attache to a
European monarch and a preferential tax working against
America was removed and orders for many thousand tons
of coal followed. A new market has thus been opened.
In South America a Commercial Attache co-operated with
large American interests and a new smelting industry was
brought to the United States. By it credits were opened here
permitting foreign purchases heretofore impossible.
In Asia a Commercial Attache co-operated with an Ameri-
can salesman, and orders for the machinery equipment of
two cotton mills resulted.
A Department circular brought to a Southern City a
large order for hospital equipment from her Majesty, Queen
Olga of Greece.
The facilities of the service in New York were put at the
disposal of a visiting Russian buyer, who placed an order
for 40,000 bales of cotton per annum for five years.
An Australian buyer landing on our West Coast was met
by salesmen on his arrival, through the advance action of
the service; he bought double the amount he had expected
to purchase in America.
i
1
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
421
1
I
"
Information gained in Central America through a traveling
special agent" provided new sources of logwood supply
for an American industry requiring that product.
CENSUS EFFICIENCY INCREASED.
In the Census service development has been on lines of
greater punctuality in publishing collected facts. The re-
sults of the Census of Manufactures taken as of December
31, 1914, were long ago in large part printed and are far
in advance of previous records. The work also is branch-
ing out into new fields of facts needing to be known. The
same spirit, the same ideal of service is here that our other
services show.
THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT
A
PROGRESSIVE POLICY of action which at once pro-
tects the public interest and opens many important
fields of opportunity to private enterprise has characterized
the administration of the Department of the Interior under
President Wilson. There has been forward movements in
every one of the great bureaus of this department and in
no instance-in marked contrast with recent Republican ad-
ministration of these same agencies-has there arisen the
hint, much less the formulated charge, of a vicious motive
or questionable conduct.
The Interior Department, under Woodrow Wilson and
Secretary Lane, has:
Opened up the West and Alaska.
*Advanced the cause of conservation.
Made the National Parks in fact the "Playgrounds of
America."
Contributed to solution of the gasoline question.
Reorganized the Indian Service along lines that greatly
enhance its utility to the Indians and the country.
Made the Bureau of Education an enlarged and more prac-
tical agency for the improvement of the nation's schools.
Inaugurated a "Safety First" campaign which has much
reduced the annual loss of life in mine disasters.
ENLARGED HOMESTEADS.
Farmers can now have 320 acres of Government land for
"Dry Farming" purposes, by reason of the cooperation of
this administration, and in consequence acreage devoted to
wheat growing in the Western States has increased fully
fifty per cent. Since March 4, 1913, the total area, which has
been designated as open to 320-acre entry, reaches the huge
total of 75,000,000 acres.
Bona fide settlers have been taking up the public domain
instead of "dummy entrymen" that for so many years made
the Land Office the center of national scandals. Under
Wilson the time consumed in acting upon final proofs for
homesteads has been reduced fully fifty per cent.
*(See special article on conservation, page 351.)
A
$
422
Delays of approximately six months in acting on applica-
tions for land surveys have been entirely eliminated. The
abuses of the Carey and Desert Land Acts were for years
notorious. A different state of affairs exists and the law is
enforced.
At the beginning of President Wilson's term more than
65,000,000 acres of public lands were under withdrawal from
the public use. In the past three years more than 20,000,000
acres, or nearly one-third of the total, have been restored
to public entry.
State
LANDS OPENED.
The States affected by this action and the acreage in each
that has been withdrawn and restored during the present
administration are indicated in the following table:
Arizona.
California.
Colorado.
Idaho..
Montana.
Nevada.
• •
•
•
•
• •
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
New Mexico...
North Dakota..
Oregon.
South Dakota..
Utah.
Washington.
Wyoming.
•
•
¿
6,431,963
2,206,030
6,666,543
Totals.... 65,410,464
•
118,718
239,903
7,489,450
1,299,687
17,169,888
91,341
5,739,367
17,320,259
Outstanding from Mar. 4,
on Mar. 4, 1913, to June
1913
30, 1916
26,561
610,754
Withdrawals Restorations Outstanding
from Mar. 4, on June 30
1913, to June 1916
30, 1916
37,651
230,301
352,933
222,260
2,904,352
961,235
6,268,472
47,779
7,508
382,540
2,462,917
22,200
610,754
118,718
17,643
4,622,749
338,452
11,131,717
83,833
5,709,760
14,857,342
4,361
1,053,012
5,426,730
847,255
1,358,775
3,889,149
2,777,394
668,664 20,143,174 45,935,954
Lands in California and Oregon, estimated to be worth
between thirty and fifty million dollars, which had been
granted to the Oregon & California Railroad Company in
1870, have been recovered for the public, because of the
failure of that company to abide by the provisions of its
grant. More than 4,200,000 acres had been given the com-
pany, and the Government had provided that these lands
should be sold to actual settlers at not exceeding $2.50 per
acre. A few tracts were sold at this price but the company
soon withdrew the lands from sale, and only sold to timber
purchasers in large bodies and at prices far in excess of that
authorized by the grant. The Wilson administration took
the matter in hand, and enacted legislation so that the rail-
road company will receive for the unsold 2,300,000 acres just
$2.50 per acre, "all the value the granting act conferred upon
it," and the lands revest in the United States.
GASOLINE DISCOVERY.
When the price of gasoline was booming skyward last
spring, Secretary Lane came forward with the welcome news
that Dr. Walter F. Rittman, one of the chemists in the
!
1
4
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
423
t
Bureau of Mines, had devised a process whereby refiners can
obtain from crude oils 200 per cent. more gasoline than was
obtainable by old methods.
Cancer has been exacting a toll of 75,000 human lives every
year in the United States. Now the Interior Department
has developed a process whereby radium, believed to be
efficient in curing cancer, can be produced at the compara-
tively low cost of $37,000 per gram. The market price of
radium has been $120,000 per gram. Already as the result
of this discovery two great hospitals in this country have
been enabled to obtain adequate radium for use in the treat-
ment of cancer.
END OF INDIAN SCANDALS.
Time was not so very long ago when "Trimming the In-
dians" was a conspicuous feature of the yearly grind of the
federal machinery. Scandal followed scandal under Repub-
lican administrations in the Indian Bureau. Under the Wil-
son administration there has not been a whisper of scandal.
The Indian babies in Oklahoma nearly all have estates.
In the past three years 2,584 delinquent guardians have
been removed, and in the past year alone $1,800,000 in prop-
erty has been recovered for these minors.
The system of teaching the Indians has been revolution-
ized. Vocational training has been introduced and it is con-
ceded that the Indian schools now rank as the best of vo-
cational institutions in the country. These schools formerly
had conspicuously failed to give Indian youths the practical
training needed.
Where inadequacy and loose methods prevailed in the past
in the administration of the Indian Bureau, today efficiency
and honesty safeguards the Indian and his resources. Be-
cause of the more intelligent and bona fide interest in the
welfare of the Indians, and the energetic application of sci-
entific means of sanitation and education among them, the
Indian population has increased from 300,930 in 1913, to 309,-
911 in 1915, whereas under preceding administrations it was
reported that the Indians were slowly but surely dying out.
The value of free rations issued to Indians has decreased
from $330,852 in 1913, to $267,472 in 1915, notwithstanding
the increase in their number.
There are now 30,277 Indians engaged in active farming
as against 27,311 in 1913, when the Wilson administration
came into power. There are 642,843 acres of land being cul-
tivated by them today while their best record under the Taft
administration was 490,951 acres, and the value of their crops
has increased about $700,000.
NATIONAL PARKS SERVICE.
For the first time in our history the national parks have
become what they were intended to be-the playgrounds of
the people. The number of visitors to the parks last year
was more than doubled. Heretofore no automobiles have
been allowed in the parks; now every park is open to auto-
mobiles. New hotels and camps are going up in all the
424
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
parks. In the last two years two new parks have been added
to the Government's chain of parks-one in Colorado, the
Rocky Mountain Park, which contains thirteen mountains
over 14,000 feet high; and the first park east of the Mississippi
River, a tract of 5,000 acres donated to the Government on
Mount Desert, Maine.
Congress has passed a Park Administration Bill creating
a bureau under which the parks will in future be adminis-
tered with that seriousness which their value deserves.
}
EDUCATIONAL WORK, EXPANDED.
The Government's Bureau of Education has been given
new life and new hope under the Wilson administration.
Special attention has been given to rural schools, and a
reading circle for rural teachers has been established in 42
States.
So successful has been the work of this administration in
its educational work among the foreign element that the Na-
tional Educational Association, the official organ of the
teaching profession, recently adopted resolutions expressing
its approval and requesting that it be extended.
Two years ago the establishment of “home gardens" under
the direction of public schools, was effected, and as a result
50,000 children are cultivating backyard gardens and earning
as much money as if they were employed in factories instead
of out in the fresh air and sunshine after school hours.
-
The first comprehensive study ever made of the educational
provision for colored people in the United States, has just
been brought to a successful completion after a dilligent in-
vestigation of three years, and it is certain that discoveries
made and the information gleaned will have important bear-
ing on the development of educational institutions, both for
colored and whites.
MINES SERVICE ACTIVE.
In 1915 the fatality rate in the coal mines in the United
States was the lowest recorded for twenty years. During
the three years. 1910-11-12, there were 46 disasters in coal
mines in this country, in each of which five or more men were
killed at one time; while during the period from 1913 to 1915,
there were but 30 such disasters. This was due to the "Safety
First" campaign carried on by the Wilson administration in
the interest of the miners. The present Congress appropri-
ated $101,500 for the establishment of three new mine-safety
stations, which will be located at Butte, Montana; Reno,
Nevada, and Raton, New Mexico. They will be manned by
expert crews of life-savers. There are eight other mine-safety
stations and eight mine rescue cars.
Because of the increased efficiency in the Bureau of Mines,
the number of deaths by accidents in coal mines has de-
creased from five per one thousand workmen in 1907, to three
per thousand workmen in 1915. Twenty-two States now
have Workmen's Compensation laws as the result of the ac-
tivities of the Bureau of Mines.
For irrigation purposes $36,165,420 has been expended in
·
་
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
425
1
T
the last three years as against a total of $81,750,288 expended
in the preceding ten years. This year, 1916, $13,000,000 addi-
tional will be expended. Cooperation between irrigationists
and the Government inaugurated in place of a policy of Fed-
eral domination on irrigation projects. Right has been
granted farmers to take over the operation and management
of irrigation projects under rules that protect the Govern-
ment's rights therein, and giving preference in employment
to users of the irrigation waters.
AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT
NOT ONLY has a great task of physical reorganization of
the personnel and vast public agencies of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture been successfully carried out along busi-
nesslike lines under Woodrow Wilson, but in addition—a still
greater work-the science of farming has been made a use-
ful, almost everyday thing among the farmers of the country
instead of a faraway pursuit engaged in by a few men on
Uncle Sam's payroll.
-
Elsewhere in the Text Book, upon page 311, a special
article deals with the constructive legislative programme put
through under Woodrow Wilson and the larger adminis-
trative work of carrying it out. Still other articles deal par-
ticularly with the rural credits and good roads acts. There
remain facts aplenty going to show grasp, thoroughness and
efficiency ample to satisfy the most hopeless partisan, includ-
ing Mr. Hughes. To tell the whole story is impossible within
the limits of one article or one book-but here's a part of it:
DEMONSTRATORS NUMBER 770,000.
Seven hundred and seventy thousand persons, a large
majority of whom are successful farmers, are now cooperat-
ing directly with the U. S. Department of Agriculture in its
experimental work and in demonstrating the usefulness of its
discoveries to their communities. The Department has been
made in the past three years a great and effective clearing
house of practical agricultural information. These persons
aid the Department, and through it promote profitable agri-
culture by furnishing the Department's information to their
neighbors and communities, by demonstrating on their own
farms the local usefulness of new methods, by testing out in
a practical way the theories which the Department's special-
ists are investigating, by growing on a large scale the new
crops recommended, and by reporting on local conditions;
by helping, in short, in almost every conceivable way to in-
crease the knowledge of the Department and to place that
knowledge at the service of the people.
The great grain-raising section has been materially assisted
by the introduction of important new varieties of wheat, oats
and barley.
When the cutting off of the supply of imported sugar-beet
seed in 1915 threatened our sugar-beet industry, the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, through the State Department, was able
426
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
CIENCY
to arrange for the importation of the 1915 supply of sugar-
beet seed in time for planting. The lack of imported seed
threatened to be even more serious in 1916, but again the
administration's negotiations were successful, and 15,000
sacks, valued at approximately $150,000, were secured on con-
dition that the seed be consigned to the Secretary of Agri-
culture for use only in this country.
Fruit growers have been aided to escape the tremendous
losses in fruits shipped long distances, because the Depart-
ment has developed better methods of storing, packing and
shipping, especially in the case of apples in the East and
Northwest.
Rigidly enforced plant quarantines have kept out of this
country the highly destructive downy mildew of corn, which
if introduced would work havoc to that crop in the Missis-
sippi Valley, and the Mediterranean fruit fly, which, if it got
a foothold in this country, would cripple our citrus fruit
industry. The control of insects destructive to farm and
field crops has received special attention. In New England
REWRITING JUSTICE.
(From Speech of Thomas R. Marshall.)
HERE are those who believe-and I include myself in
the number-that the real statutes of a people are not
written in books of statutes but that they are written upon
the hearts and consciences of mankind. The most construc-
tive of the work of the Wilson Administration has been the
rewriting on the minds and hearts of the American people
of that statute which declares that nothing pays permanently
which is not just, and that statute has been written upon the
hearts and minds of men of both high and low degree. Vol-
untarily, interlocking directories are disappearing. Corpora-
tion managers are scrutinizing their business affairs, not for
the purpose any longer of putting them exclusively to the
touch of profit, but for the purpose of considering them in
the light of right and wrong. The withdrawal of Mr. Morgan
and his partners from the directorates of twenty-seven dif-
ferent corporations has been followed by like conduct upon
the part of other men. The voluntary dissolutions of the
American Telephone and Telegraph Company, of the New
York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company and o
other well-known corporations, reveal the new corporate
attitude, which is, that business is no longer just business,-
that now, it is justice as well as success. It may have been
thought when the Wilson Administration came into power
that there would be nothing more than a shifting of the
benefits of government from certain favored persons to other
favored persons, but the lobby investigation promptly dis-
illusioned prospective beneficiaries as well as the public. From
the very beginning, the legislative business of the Wilson
Administration, whether wise or foolish, has been conducted
without a trace of suspicion that any motive was the source.
of inspiration save the motive to promote the common wel-
fare.
·
!
F
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
427
the spread of the gipsy and brown-tail moths has been greatly
retarded and much progress made in eradicating these pests
in infested territory.
Onion growers in Indiana alone state that the work done
by the Department of Agriculture in connection with onion
thrips has been the means of saving $1,000,000 on that crop.
The study of fertilizers has received particular attention.
Efforts are being made to develop domestic sources of potash,
nitrogen and phosphate. The manufacture of nitrogen, par-
ticularly the fixation of nitrogen from the air by electrical
processes, has been investigated and an apparatus and process
for extracting nitrogen from garbage and other wastes have
been proposed.
In stock raising, dairying and poultry production the De-
partment during this administration has bent every effort
toward increasing the meat supply of the Nation and at the
same time making more profitable the production of animal
foodstuffs on the small farm as well as on the large ranch.
The direct attack of the Department on the problem has
been twofold: First, the devising and demonstrating of new
and better methods of handling beef animals, dairy cattle,
hogs and poultry; and, second, through the systematic con-
duct of highly successful campaigns for the eradication of
animal diseases.
ANIMAL DISEASES FOUGHT.
The campaign which resulted in the eradication of foot-
and-mouth disease from the United States within a compara-
tively short period has set for the world a new standard of
efficiency for the control of a highly contagious animal
disease. Hog cholera was costing the nation over $75,000,-
000 a year and greatly reducing one of its natural sources of
meat food. The present administration appropriated $600,000
to be used in demonstrating methods of controlling this
diseases of swine, and now hog raisers throughout the country
have been shown that they can save from 85 to 90 per cent.
of their animals if they will use the serum treatment as a pre-
ventive measure.

THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE, REPUBLICAN,
SAID AT THE OPENING OF THE REPUB-
LICAN CONVENTION:
*
"NO WORDS OF MR. HUGHES AFTER
NOMINATION CAN IN THE SMALLEST DE-
GREE REMOVE THE IMPRESSION THAT
WILL PREVAIL THAT HE WAS WILLING
TO WIN THE NOMINATION BY HYPHEN
AID.
* THE TRIBUNE DOES NOT
BELIEVE THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED
STATES WILL EVER RATIFY SUCH A BAR-
GAIN OR ACCEPT A CANDIDATE NOMI-
NATED UNDER SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES.
* * * IT WILL FORCE THE RE-ELECTION
OF MR. WILSON."
*
W
I
428
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
The farmers on the Government reclamation projects have
received special assistance from this administration, par-
ticularly through demonstrations which are leading to the
establishment of profitable dairying and cattle and swine
raising industries essential to the prosperity of these farms.
Particular attention to the development of pig clubs among
farm boys and girls. These clubs have grown from a mem-
bership of 2,000 in 2 States in 1913 to 20,000 in 13 States in
1916. The poultry clubs, which have for their object the
encouragement of chicken and egg production, have grown
to 8,500 members in 7 states.
The Office of Markets and Rural Organization has been
developed on practical and constructive lines and, though
only two years old, is already of great service to the Amer-
ican people, including all classes from the farmer to the
consumer. Its establishment marked the first definite step
toward the solution of the difficult problems confronting the
farmer in the marketing of his products-a phase of agricul-
ture which theretofore had been relatively neglected.
BE
GOVERNMENT NEWS SERVICE.
During the summer and fall of 1915 an experimental tele-
graphic market news service was conducted for four products,
strawberries, cantaloupes, peaches and pears, in all areas of
market production, to determine the possibility of establishing
a nation-wide market news service on fruits and vegetables.
The effort was a success. Congress has just appropriated
$136,600 for the extension of this work. This will enable
the Department to give the growers or shippers of numerous
other fruits and vegetables accurate daily telegraphic re-
ports of practically all car-lot shipments made; the destina-
tion of the produce; the prices prevailing in the larger mar-
kets; and a statement of the quantities offered on each mar-
ket.
The federal meat inspection has been widely extended and
made vastly more efficient than hitherto through the liberal
increase in appropriations provided by this administration,
and particularly through the drafting of new and more
stringent regulations, which make it impossible for doubtful
or diseased meat or meat products to enter into interstate
or foreign commerce.
Sixty per cent. of the meat produced in the United States
is now slaughtered, handled, and packed under the unre-
mitting supervision of trained Government specialists.
The Food and Drugs Act, prohibiting the adulteration and
misbranding of these products in interstate commerce; the
Sherley Amendment, prohibiting maufacturers from making
false and misleading claims as to the efficacy of patent medi-
cines; and the Net Weight Amendment, requiring an accurate
statement of the quantity of the contents of foods and drugs
in packages, have been vigorously enforced with full protec-
tion to the health of the consumer, and have prevented
swindling without unnecessary interference with the food
industry. The misleading guaranty legend, which long has
given consumers the false idea that the Government in some
;
.
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
429
way had examined and certified to the excellence of the food
or drugs so labeled, has been abolished.
Close and effective cooperation has been established be-
tween the Department and the State food, dairy and drug
officials. This has resulted in the more harmonious and
effective enforcement of Federal and State food laws and
has made possible effective joint campaigns to lessen the
interstate traffic in bad milk and eggs, adulterated stock
foods, and oysters and meat unfit for human consumption.
To increase the supply and lessen the cost of pure food,
active assistance and cooperation have been given to manu-
facturers and handlers of food by helping them to avoid
waste and spoilage, save valuable by-products, and ship cer-
tain perishable foods longer distances.
IMPROVED WEATHER SERVICE.
Early in the administration the Weather Bureau was re-
· organized and changes were made for reducing expenses,
eliminating duplications between Federal departments and
restoring that bureau strictly to its field of scientific useful-
ness from which at one time it had departed. Special weather
warning reports are now issued so that they will reach stock
and sheep raisers of the West, and the farmers and fruit
growers in the important fruit, truck, cotton, wheat, corn,
sugar, rice, tobacco and broom-corn districts in time to
enable them to protect their produce from weather damage.
To protect life and property at sea and along the coast,
special arrangements have been made for the early detection.
of storms.
THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
OF
F ITSELF the existence of the Department of Labor, a
separate entity within the Government consecrated to
the study and solution of Labor's problems, stands as a con-
spicuous memorial to the incompetence and indisposition of
the Republican Party to meet the demands of this forward-
moving age. It was created by the Democratic majority in
the House during the Sixty-second Congress and a combina-
tion of Democratic and progressive Republican votes in the
Senate. It was organized and has been expanded to its
present proportions as a great public service utility by the
Wilson Administration.
Upon its creation the new department took over the ac-
tivities which are comprised within the Bureaus of Immigra-
tion, Naturalization, and Labor Statstics, as well as the
Children's Bureau, and a distinctly new function for the
Federal Government-that of mediation in labor disputes.
The very purpose which led to the creation of this.
new agency of government, to foster, promote and
develop the welfare of the wage earners and to improve their
opportunities for profitable employment, contemplated a
sympathetic administration of the instrumentalities of gov-
ernment placed at its disposal, and this expectation has been
fulfilled.
430
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGES.
To bring the jobless man and the manless job together is
one of the chief ends which the Department of Labor has
undertaken to attain. This has involved the establishment
of a country-wide system of employment agencies.
The problem of unemployment is generally recognized as
one of the most perplexing of the day. How to so co-ordinate
the existent agencies of government as to make known to
the toiler without work where he can find profitable employ-
ment is a question which has long baffled many of our ablest
minds.
To the Department of Labor belongs the full credit for
having demonstrated the practicability of the idea by the
establishment throughout the nation of a chain of seventy-
eight branches, which are performing that most useful func-
tion of bringing man and job together. The co-operation of
various other Federal agencies, as well as State and munici- .
pal offices, has been secured, and there has thus been per-
fected the most elaborate and stupendous system to be found
in any country in the world.
The farmers of the country were quick to avail themselves
of the Department's services. The month of May, 1914, wit-
nessed a great shortage of harvest hands throughout the
States of Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri and South Dakota.
Without delay the Department brought this situation to the
attention of the unemployed throughout the country, and in
a surprisingly short space of time some 75,000 men were di-
rected to employment, with the result that the crop was
harvested in due season and thousands of workmen were
given profitable employment.
Another striking example of the invaluable assistance
which the Department has rendered through this medium
was presented in connection with the disastrous fire which
occurred at Salem, Massachusetts, in June, 1914. As a result
of this catastrophe, 3,500 persons had been deprived of the
means of a livelihood. The Department conducted a thorough
canvass of the industrial situation along the Atlantic sea-
board, and almost immediately secured positions for half this
number, and it has performed equally efficient, if not quite
as spectacular work ever since. In all, some 257,054 persons
have been directed to employment, with a resultant benefit to
the community at large which it would be difficult to over-
estimate.
Through the Bureau of Labor Statistics the Department
of Labor is not only collecting data concerning wages and
hours of labor in the most important industries, but it has
materially broadened the scope and humanized the purely sta-
tistical information to which these investigations hitherto had
been confined. It is keeping the people of our country advised
upon the fluctuations in the wholesale and retail prices, is
sympathetically administering the Federal Compensation
Law, and for the first time in the history of our Government
it is investigating the prevailing rates of wages in the vicinity
of Government plants to determine accurately the rates of
}
EFFICIENCY UNDER WILSON
431
¡
compensation which should be paid to various classes of
mechanics or laborers employed in Government works.
Throughout the various immigration stations of the country
much in the way of improving the facilities for the reception
of the newcomer to our shores has been accomplished. Care-
ful supervision is exercised over unaccompanied women and
girls to guard them from the perils which constantly beset
the unsophicated, and the closest attention is paid to the
physical comfort and well-being of those in detention.
Nor has the interest of the Department been permitted to
end with the passing of the immigrant through our gates.
The Bureau of Naturalization is directing a campaign of
education with a view to preparing those aliens who have
signified their intention of becoming citizens for the respon-
sibilities of citizenship in a manner which is calculated to
redound to their own best interests as well as those of the
country. The public school authorities are lending hearty
support to the movement, and, as a consequence, it is certain
that the aliens among us, who are now coming into the
sacred heritage of American citizenship, bring with them a
higher conception of the ideals and duties which that privilege
carries with it.
The same spirit of enlightenment which resulted in the
creation of the Department of Labor was responsible for the
establishment of a Federal Children's Bureau. The various
problems of child life in all its phases have engaged the at-
tention of this bureau. It began with a study of the prenatal
care of mothers. Its bulletin on that subject, written in plain,
homely language, has proven invaluable in tens of thousands
of homes. Its practical demonstrations of the proper care
of babies, which resulted in setting aside the week beginning
March 6, 1916, as Babies' Week, for practical instruction of
mothers in the proper care of infants, has awakened a uni-
versal interest in the conservation of child life. Its investiga-
tions of sanitation, safety, hygiene and allied subjects has
made available for the organizations and peoples of the
various States and municipalities the very best practical
thought on these subjects.
THERE SPOKE AMERICA!”
(From the New York Times (Ind.) of May 9, 1916, in ref-
erence to President Wilson's note to Germany on the sinking
of the Sussex by torpedo without warning.)
"The people of the United States hear their own voice and
read their own thought in the note that went from Washing-
ton to Berlin yesterday. It commands admiration as the just
and perfect answer to Germany's word that came to us in
such questionable shape. It is a model in form, in tone, in
brevity. No commendation of it would be misapplied, nor
could any praise surpass its merit.
* *
"IT IS A TREMENDOUSLY IMPERATIVE NOTE,
BUT NOT OFFENSIVELY SO TO ANY CLEAR CON-
SCIENCE. WE HAVE BUT TAKEN GERMANY AT
HER WORD.”
*
G
N
ELOQUENCE FROM LIPS OF
VICE-PRESIDENT MARSHALL
There's Snap and Point in These
Briefs from the Speeches by
Indiana's Candidate and
Orator
THE SAME OLD GUARD.
"THE
HE leaders of the old thought which brought the Re-
publican Party to its downfall are all back either upon
the tickets or in charge of the party machinery. From
Cannon to McKinley, from Penrose to Watson, the old guard
stretches out its Jacobean hands seeking the people's blessing,
and loudly proclaiming its willingness to die for the rights
of man.
But a suspicious electorate cynically asks, What
Man?"
PREVENTING BUSINESS CRIME.
"YOU ASK, then, why the Trade Commission and why the
necessity to prohibit conduct which has already been
condemned by the Supreme Court. I'll tell you. Greed may be
chloroformed but not unto death. Ambition may sleep, but
it wakens. The Sherman Anti-trust Law, if resorted to the
moment greed and ambition awake and begin again their
nefarious practices would undoubtedly suffice but that law
has never been resorted to until one evil after another has
sprung up and affected the welfare of the country generally.
Sociologists have found that we produce a better grade of
citizenship by the repression and cure of criminal tendencies
than by waiting and punishing the developed criminal for
his crime. A bureaucracy has not been set up in the City of
Washington. A system has simply been devised whereby
corporate and individual greed will be seized the moment it
arouses from its slumber and strangled before it has had time
to gather strength or do injury. Prevention, not regulation
is the object."-Vice-President Marshall.
WILSON-FOREMOST CITIZEN.
"IF
IT shall be asked why the President of the United States
is today the foremost citizen of America, let me answer.
It is not because he has been elevated to his high position
by the voters of his country. It is not because he dwells in
the White House in the City of Washington. It is not
because he writes great papers nor because he wields large
influence. It is because he seeks to dispense the ripened
fruits of a lifetime of learning not to a few, privileged and
select, but to all."
1
432
3
STORY OF PROGRESS IN
PRESIDENT'S SPEECHES
Extracts From His Brilliant Public
Utterances Reveal Woodrow
Wilson's Exalted Character
and Policies
PRESIDENT WILSON'S public addresses will live after
him through the years as among the most inspiring and
important contributed to history by a President of the
United States. He has given to the world many great
thoughts, a wholesome philosophy and an expression in high
office of unwavering devotion to fundamental human rights.
Within his country, these speeches mean even more; they
mirror the great deeds by which domestic evils of long
standing have been corrected and the Nation held at a time
of supreme test steadfast to moorings of law and right. The
limits of this Text Book allow but a partial presentation of
the more important addresses. The selections sketch the do-
mestic programme so clearly defined at the outset, deal with
each of the more important questions that have arisen, domestic
and international, and reveal the broad human sympathy and
the intense Americanism that have characterized his utter-
ances from the beginning of his administration.
WILSON'S VISION OF SERVICE.
"Our work is a work of restoration."
TE
HIS change of government means much more than the
mere success of a party. The success of a party means
little except when the nation is using that party for a large
and definite purpose. No one can mistake the purpose for
which the nation now seeks to use the Democratic party. It
seeks to use it to interpret a change in its own plans and
point of view. Some old things with which we had grown
familiar, and which had begun to creep into the very habit
of our thought and of our lives, have altered their aspect as
we have latterly looked critically upon them, with fresh,
awakened eyes; have dropped their disguises and shown
themselves alien and sinister. Some new things, as we look
frankly upon them, willing to comprehend their real char-
acter, have come to assume the aspect of things long believed
in and familiar, stuff of our own convictions. We have been
refreshed by a new insight into our own life.
We have itemized with some degree of particularity the
things that ought to be altered, and here are some of the
chief items: A tariff which cuts us off from our proper part
in the commerce of the world, violates the just principles of
taxation, and makes the Government a facile instrument in
433
434
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
the hands of private interests; a banking and currency sys-
tem based upon the necessity of the Government to sell its
bonds fifty years ago and perfectly adapted to concentrat-
ing cash and restricting credits; an industrial system which,
take it on all its sides, financial as well as administrative,
holds capital in leading strings, restricts the liberties and
limits the opportunities of labor, and exploits without renew-
ing or conserving the natural resources of the country; a
body of agricultural activities never yet given the efficiency
of great business undertakings or served as it should be
through the instrumentality of science taken directly to the
farm, or afforded the facilities of credit best suited to its prac-
tical needs; watercourses undeveloped, waste places unre-
claimed, forests untended, fast disappearing without plan or
prospect of renewal, unregarded waste heaps at every mine.
We have studied as perhaps no other nation has the most
effective means of production, but we have not studied cost
or economy as we should either as organizers of industry, as
statesmen, or as individuals.
1
* *
*
This is not a day of triumph; it is a day of dedication.
Here muster, not the forces of party, but the forces of
humanity. Men's hearts wait upon us; men's lives hang in
the balance; men's hopes call upon us to say what we will do.
Who shall live up to the great trust? Who dares fail to try?
I summon all honest men, all patriotic, all forward-looking
men, to my side. God helping me, I will not fail them, if
they will but counsel and sustain me!-From President Wil-
son's inaugural address, March 4, 1913.
TARIFF AN INCENTIVE, NOT A PRIVILEGE.
W
"The object of tariff duties must be effective competition."
HILE the whole face and method of our industrial and
commercial life were being changed beyond recogni-
tion, the tariff schedules have remained what they were
before the change began, or have moved in the direction they
were given when no large circumstance of our industrial
development was what it is to-day. * * * Only new prin-
ciples of action will save us from a final hard crystallization
of monopoly and a complete loss of the influences that
quicken enterprise and keep the independent energy alive.
It is plain what those principles must be. We must abolish
everything that bears even the semblance of privilege or of
any kind of artificial advantage, and put our business men
and producers under the stimulation of a constant necessity
to be efficient, economical and enterprising, masters of com-
petitive supremacy, better workers and merchants than any
in the world. Aside from the duties laid upon articles which
we do not and probably can not produce, therefore, and the
duties-laid upon luxuries and merely for the sake of the rev-
enues they yield, the object of the tariff duties henceforth
laid must be effective competition, the whetting of American
wits by contests with the wits of the rest of the world.-
From President Wilson's address to Congress, April 8, 1913.
S
1
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
BANKING AND CURRENCY LAWS.
"The duty of statesmanship is constructive."
IT IS not enough to strike the shackles from business. The
duty of statesmanship is not negative merely. It is con-
structive also. We must show that we understand what busi-
ness needs and that we know how to supply it. No man,
however casual and superficial his observation of the condi-
tions now prevailing in the country, can fail to see that one
of the chief things business needs now, and will need increas-
ingly as it gains in scope and vigor in the years immediately
ahead of us, is the proper means by which readily to vitalize
its credit, corporate and individual, and its originative brains.
What will it profit us to be free if we are not to have the
best and most accessible instrumentalities of commerce and
enterprise?
*
*
435
*
We must have a currency, not rigid as now, but readily,
elastically responsive to sound credit, the expanding and con-
tracting credits of everyday transactions, the normal ebb and
flow of personal and corporate dealings. Our banking laws
must mobilize reserves; must not permit the concentration
anywhere in a few hands of the monetary resources of the
country or their use for speculative purposes in such volume
as to hinder or impede or stand in the way of other more legi-
timate, more fruitful uses. And the control of the system of
banking and of issue which our laws are to set up must be
public, not private, must be vested in the Government itself,
so that the banks may be the instruments, not the masters, of
business and of individual enterprise and initiative.
-From President Wilson's address to Congress, April 23,
1913.
* ✡ #
BUILDING A CONSCIENCE INTO BUSINESS.
WHAT
HAT we are purposing to do is, happily, not to hamper
or interfere with enlightened business as enlightened
business men prefer to do it, or in any sense to put it under
the ban. The antagonism between business and government
is over.
We are now about to give expression to the best
business judgment of America, to what we know to be the
business conscience and honor of the land. The Govern-
ment and business men are ready to meet each other half
way in a common effort to square business methods with
'both public opinion and the law. The best informed men
of the business world condemn the methods and processes
and consequences of monopoly as we condemn them; and
the instinctive judgment of the vast majority of business men
everywhere goes with them.
* * *
We are all agreed that “private monopoly is indefensible
and intolearable," and our program is founded upon that
conviction. It will be a comprehensive but not a radical or
unacceptable program.
* *
Nothing hampers business like uncertainty. Nothing
daunts or discourages it like the necessity to take chances,
to run the risk of falling under the condemnation of the law
before it can make sure just what the law is.
*
I
J
436
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
AND THE BUSINESS MEN OF THE COUNTRY ·
DESIRE SOMETHING MORE THAN THAT THE
MENACE OF LEGAL PROCESS IN THESE MATTERS
BE MADE EXPLICIT AND INTELLIGIBLE. THEY
DESIRE THE ADVICE, THE DEFINITE GUIDANCE
AND INFORMATION WHICH CAN BE SUPPLIED BY
AN ADMINISTRATIVE BODY, AN INTERSTATE
TRADE COMMISSION.
The opinion of the country would instantly approve of
such a commission, It would not wish to see it empow-
ered to make terms with monopoly or in any sort to assume
control of business, as if the Government made itself respon-
sible. It demands such a commission only as an indispensible
instrument of information and publicity, as a clearng house
for the facts by which both the public mind and the man-
agers of great business undertakings should be guided, and
as an instrumentality for doing justice to business where the
processes of the courts or the natural forces of correction
outside the courts are inadequate to adjust the remedy to the
wrong in a way that will meet all the equities and circum-
stances of the case.-From President Wilson's Address to
Congress, January 20, 1914.
WHAT DOES LIBERTY MEAN?
IBERTY does not consist, my fellow-citizens, in mere
general declarations of the rights of man.
the translation of those declarations into definite action.
* * *
The task to which we have constantly to readdress our-
selves is the task of proving that we are worthy of the men
who drew this great declaration and know what they would
have done in our circumstances. Patriotism consists in some
very practical things—practical in that they belong to the
life of every day, that they wear no extraordinary distinction
about them, that they are connected with commonplace duty.
The way to be patriotic in America is not only to love
America, but to love the duty that lies nearest to our hand
and know that in performing it we are serving our country.
* * *
I have had some experiences in the last 14 months which
have not been entirely reassuring. It was universally ad-
mitted, for example, my fellow-citizens, that the banking
system of this country needed reorganization. We set the
best minds that we could find to the task of discovering the
best method of reorganization. But we met with hardly
anything but criticism from the bankers of the country; we
met with hardly anything but resistance from the majority
of those at least who spoke at all concerning the matter.
And yet so soon as that act was passed there was a universal
chorus of applause, and the very men who had opposed the
measure joined in that applause. If it was wrong the day
before it was passed, why was it right the day after it was
passed?-From President Wilson's address at Independence
Hall, Philadelphia, July 14, 1914.
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
437
"
THE DUTY OF SERVICE.
"We have gone down to Mexico to serve mankind if we can
find the way."
DUTY is not an uncommon thing, gentlemen. Men are
performing it in the ordinary walks of life all around us
all the time, and they are making great sacrifices to perform
it. What gives men like these peculiar distinction is not
merely that they did their duty, but that their duty had noth-
ing to do with them or their own personal and peculiar inter-
ests. They did not give their lives for themselves. They
gave their lives for us, because we called upon them as a
nation to perform an unexpected duty. That is the way in
which men grow distinguished, and that is the only way, by
serving somebody else than themselves. And what greater
thing could you serve than a nation such as this we love and
are proud of? Are you sorry for these lads? Are you sorry
for the way they will be remembered? Does it not quicken
your pulses to think of the list of them? I hope to God none
of you may join the list, but if you do you will join an im-
mortal company.
WE HAVE GONE DOWN TO MEXICO TO SERVE
MANKIND IF WE CAN FIND THE WAY. WE
DO NOT WANT TO FIGHT THE MEXICANS. WE
WANT TO SERVE THE MEXICANS IF WE CAN, BE-
CAUSE WE KNOW HOW HE WOULD LIKE TO BE
FREE, AND HOW WE WOULD LIKE TO BE SERVED
IF THERE WERE FRIENDS STANDING BY IN SUCH
CASE READY TO SERVE US. A WAR OF AGGRES-
SION IS NOT A WAR IN WHICH IT IS A PROUD
THING TO DIE, BUT A WAR OF SERVICE IS A
THING IN WHICH IT IS A PROUD THING TO DIE.
-President Wilson's address at the Brooklyn Navy Yard,
May 11, 1914, at the service in memory of those who lost their
lives at Vera Cruz, Mexico.
DEMOCRATS THE REAL PROGRESSIVES.
"The Democratic, and only the Democratic Party, has car-
ried out the policies which the progressive people of this
country have desired."
HE TROUBLE with the Republican Party is that it has
not had a new idea for thirty years. I am not speaking
as a politician; I am speaking as an historian. I have
looked for new ideas in the records and I have not found
any proceeding from the Republican ranks. They have had
leaders from time to time who suggested new ideas, but they
never did anything to carry them out. I suppose there was
no harm in their talking, provided they could not do any-
thing. Therefore, when it was necessary to say that we had
talked about things long enough which it was necessary to
do, and the time had come to do them, it was indispensable
that a Democrat should be elected President. * * * The
Republican Party is still a covert and refuge for those who
are afraid, for those who want to consult their grand-
fathers about everything.
}
438
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
*
There is a larger body of men in the regular ranks of
the Demorcatic Party who believe in the progressive poli-
cies of our day and mean to see them carried forward and
perpetuated than there is in the ranks of the Republican
Party. How can it be otherwise, gentlemen? THE DEMO-
CRATIC PARTY, AND ONLY THE DEMOCRATIC
PARTY, HAS CARRIED OUT THE POLICIES WHICH
THE PROGRESSIVE PEOPLE OF THIS COUNTRY
HAVE DESIRED. There is not a single great act of this
present great Congress which has not been carried out in
obedience to the public opinion of America; and the public
opinion of America is not going to permit any body of men
to go backward with regard to these great matters.
Let me instance a single thing:
I want to ask the business men here present if this is not
the first January in their recollection that did not bring a
money stringency for the time being, because of the neces-
sity of paying out great sums of money by way of divi-
dends and the other settlements which come at the first of
the year? I HAVE ASKED THE BANKERS IF THAT
HAPPENED THIS YEAR, AND THEY SAY, “NO; IT
DID NOT HAPPEN; IT COULD NOT HAPPEN UN-
DER THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT.” We have eman-
cipated the credits of this country; and is there anybody here
who will doubt that the other policies that have given guar-
anty to this country that there will be free competition
are policies which this country will never allow to be re-
versed? * * *
AT EVERY TURN THE THINGS THAT THE PRO-
GRESSIVE REPUBLICANS HAVE PROPOSED THAT
WERE PRACTICABLE, THE DEMOCRATS EITHER
HAVE DONE OR ARE IMMEDIATELY PROPOSING
TO DO. IF THAT IS NOT OUR BILL OF PARTICU-
LARS TO SATISFY THE INDEPENDENT VOTERS OF
THE COUNTRY, I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE ONE
PRODUCED. * **-President Wilson's Jackson Day
Address at Indianapolis, January 8, 1915.
"AMERICA FIRST!"
We do not want a foot of anybody's territory.
I AM not speaking in a selfish spirit when I say that our
whole duty, for the present at any rate, is summed up
in this motto, "America first." Let us think of America before
we think of Europe, in order that America may be fit to be
Europe's friend when the day of tested friendship comes.
The test of friendship is not now sympathy with the one side
´or the other, but getting ready to help both sides when the
struggle is over. The basis of neutrality, gentlemen, is not
indifference; it is not self-interest. THE BASIS OF NEU-
TRALITY IS SYMPATHY FOR MANKIND.
* * *
MY INTEREST IN THE NEUTRALITY OF THE
UNITED STATES IS NOT THE PETTY DESIRE TO
KEEP OUT OF TROUBLE. TO JUDGE BY MY EX-
PERIENCE, I HAVE NEVER BEEN ABLE TO KEEP
OUT OF TROUBLE. I HAVE NEVER LOOKED FOR
-
1
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
439
IT, BUT I HAVE ALWAYS FOUND IT. I DO NOT
WANT TO WALK AROUND TROUBLE.-From Presi-
dent Wilson's Address at the Associated Press luncheon,
New York, April 20, 1915.
BUSINESS IS NOT A THING APART.
"I, for my part, look forward to the future of American
business with the greatest confidence."
IT
T HAS never seemed to me possible to separate the busi-
ness of a country for its essential spirit and the life of its
people. The mistake that some men have made has been in
supposing that business was one thing and life another,
whereas, they are inseparable in their principles and in their
expression *
*
In the early years of the Republic we felt ourselves more
a part of the general world than we have felt since then.
Down to the War of 1812 the seas were full of American
ships. American enterprise was everywhere expressed in
American commerce, when we were a little Nation; and yet
now that we are a great Nation the seas are almost bare of
our ships, and we trade with other countries at the conven-
ience of the carriers of other nations. * * *
THE SPIRIT OF EXCLUSION AND MONOPOLY IS
NOT THE AMERICAN SPIRIT. THE AMERICAN
SPIRIT IS A SPIRIT OF OPPORTUNITY AND OF
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, AND OF ADMITTING EVERY
MAN TO THE RACE WHO CAN STAND THE PACE.
So I say that we have reason to look back upon the past
of American business with some dissatisfaction, but I for
my part look forward to the future of American business with
the greatest confidence. American business has altered its
point of view, and in proportion as it has altered its point
of view it has gained in power and in momentum. I have
sometimes heard exhortations to the effect that politics
ought not to be injected into businees. It is just as impor-
tant that you should not inject business into poltics. It is
even more important that you should not inject business
into politics, BECAUSE SO FAR AS THE BUSINESS OF
THIS COUNTRY IS CONCERNED THERE OUGHT
NOT TO BE ANY POLITICS. *
I am opposed to monopoly; not because monopoly does not
produce some excellent results of a kind, but because it is
intended to shut out a lot of people who ought not to be shut
out; and I believe that democracy is the only thing that
vitalizes a whole people instead of vitalizing only some of
the people of the country. I am not fit to be the trustee of
prosperity for this country; neither are you. Neither is any
group of men fit to be the trustees for the economic guidance
of this country. I believe in the common man. I believe the
genius of America to be that the common man should be con-
sulted as to how he is governed and should be given the
same opportunity with every other man under his govern-
ment I believe that that spirit is the spirit of the average
business man in America.-President Wilson's address before
Columbus (O.), Chamber of Commerce, December 10, 1915.
✓
440
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
THE MERCHANT MARINE.
How
are we to carry our goods to the empty markets of
which I have spoken if we have not the ships? How are
we to build up a great trade if we have not the certain and
constant means of transportation upon which all profitable
and useful commerce depends? And how are we to get the
ships if we wait for the trade to develop without them? To
correct the many mistakes by which we have discouraged and
all but destroyed the merchant marine of the country, to
retrace the steps by which we have, it seems almost deliber-
ately, withdrawn our flag from the seas, except where, here
and there, a ship of war is bidden to carry it or some wan-
dering yacht displays it, would take a long time and involve
many detailed items of legislation, and the trade which we
ought immediately to handle would disappear or find other.
channels while we debated the items.
The case is not unlike that which confronted us when our
own continent was to be opened up to settlement and in-
dustry, and we needed long lines of railway, extended means
of transportation prepared beforehand, if development was
not to lag intolerably and wait interminably. We lavishly
subsidized the building of transcontinental railroads. We
look back upon that with regret now, because the sudsidies led
to many scandals of which we are ashamed; but we know
that the railroads had to be built, and if we had it to do
over again we should of course build them, but in another
way. Therefore I propose another way of providing the
means of transportation, which must precede, not tardily
follow, the development of our trade with our neighbor states
of America. It may seem a reversal of the natural order of
things, but it is true, that the routes of trade must be actually
opened-by many ships and regular sailings and moderate
charges-before streams of merchandise will flow freely and
profitably through them.-President Wilson's Annual Address
to Congress on December 8, 1914.
IT IS high time we repaired our mistake and resumed our
commercial independence on the seas.
We
We
For it is a question of independence. If other nations go to
war or seek to hamper each other's commerce, our merchants,
it seems, are at their mercy, to do with as they please.
must use their ships, and use them as they determine.
have not ships enough of our own. We cannot handle our
own commerce on the seas. Our independence is provincial,
and is only on land and within our own borders. We are not
likely to be permitted to use even the ships of other nations
in rivalry of their own trade, and are without means to extend
our commerce even where the doors are wide open and our
goods desired. Such a situation is not to be endured. It is of
Peace is inconsistent with the loss of self respect. More than
that, peace is inconsistent with the abandonment of principle.—
Woodrow Wilson.
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
441
1
£
capital importance not only that the United States should be
its own carrier on the seas and enjoy the economic indepen-
dence which only an adequate merchant marine would give it,
but also that the American hemisphere as a whole should
enjoy a like independence and self-sufficiency, if it is not to be
drawn into the tangle of European affairs. Without such in-
dependence the whole question of our political unity and self-
determination is very seriously clouded and complicated in-
deed.
Moreover, we can develop no true or effective American
policy without ships of our own,-not ships of war, but ships
of peace, carrying goods and carrying much more: creating
friendships and rendering indispensable services to all inter-
ests on this side the water. They must move constantly back
and forth between the Americas. They are the only shuttles
that can weave the delicate fabric of sympathy, comprehension,
confidence, and mutual dependence in which we wish to
clothe our policy of America for Americans.
The task of building up an adequate merchant marine for
America private capital must ultimately undertake and
achieve, as it has undertaken and achieved every other like
task amongst us in the past, with admirable enterprise, in-
telligence, and vigor; and it seems to me a manifest dictate
of wisdom that we should promptly remove every legal ob-
stacle that may stand in the way of this much to be desired
revival of our old independence and should facilitate in every
possible way the building, purchase, and American registra-
tion of ships. But capital cannot accomplish this great task
of a sudden. It must embark upon it by degrees, as the op-
portunities of trade develop. Something must be done at
once; done to open routes and develop opportunities where
they are as yet undeveloped; done to open the arteries of
trade where the currents have not yet learned to run,-
especially between the two American continents, where they
are, singularly enough, yet to be created and quickened; and
it is evident that only the government can undertake such
beginnings and assume the initial financial risks. When the
risk has passed and private capital begins to find its way in
sufficient abundance into these new channels, the government
may withdraw. But it cannot omit to begin. It should take
the first steps, and should take them at once.-President
Wilson's Address to Congress, December 7, 1915.
WHAT PRESIDENT TAFT SAID ON SUBMARINE ISSUE.
"In view of the critical nature of the issue, however, is
there anything for a clear-headed, patriotic American to do
but to back up our President, who is our chosen constitutional
leader? This is no time to point out mistakes of the past."
Our deeds in the Nation have been greater than our words
upon the hustings; our performance as the lawmaker greater
than our promise as the campaigner. Senator Ollie M.
James.
J
442
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
“OUR ATTITUDE TOWARD MEXICO.
"We will aid and befriend Mexico, but we will not coerce
her."
O
UR concern for the independence and prosperity of the
states of Central and South America is not altered. We
retain unabated the spirit that has inspired us throughout the
whole life of our government and which was so frankly put
into words by President Monroe. We still mean always to
make a common cause of national independence and of poli-
tical liberty in America. But that purpose is now better un-
derstood so far as it concerns ourselves. It is known not to
be a selfish purpose. It is known to have in it no thought of
taking advantage of any government in this hemisphere or
playing its political fortunes for our own benefit. All the
governments of America stand, so far as we are concerned,
upon a footing of genuine equality and unquestioned inde-
pendence.
We have been put to the test in the case of Mexico, and we
have stood the test. Whether we have benefited Mexico by
the course we have pursued remains to be seen. Her fortunes
are in her own hands. But we have at least proved that we
will not take advantage of her in her distress and undertake
to impose upon her an order and government of our own
choosing. Liberty is often a fierce and intractable thing, to
which no bounds can be set, and to which no bounds of a
few men's choosing ought ever to be set. Every American
who has drunk at the true fountains of principle and tradition
must subscribe without reservation to the high doctrine of the
Virginia Bill of Rights, which in the great days in which our
government was set up was everywhere amongst us accepted
as the creed of freemen. That doctrine is, "That government
is, or ought to be, instituted for the common benefit, protec-
tion, and security of the people, nation, or community;" that
"of all the various modes and forms of government, that is
the best which is capable of producing the greatest degree of
happiness and safety, and is most effectually secured against
the danger of maladministration; and that, when any govern-
ment shall be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes,
a majority of the community hath an indubitable, inalienable,
and indefeasible right to reform, alter, or abolish it, in such
manner as shall be judged most conducive to the public weal."
We have unhesitatingly applied that heroic principle to the
case of Mexico, and now hopefully await the rebirth of the
troubled Republic, which had so much of which to purge
But we shall cut from them their last hope of having even
a false issue, for we shall pass a bill creating a tariff board to
gather the facts created by the new war conditions or the
conditions that may exist after peace is declared, and upon
these official facts, obtained by men not interested in en-
riching themselves by taxing others, and with this gathered
information be ready to meet every new condition which may
arise.-Ollie M. James as Permanent Chairman, St. Louis
Convention.
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
-
443
}
itself and so little sympathy from any outside quarter in the
radical but necessary process. We will aid and befriend
Mexico; but we will not coerce her; and our course with re-
gard to her ought to be sufficient proof to all America that
we seek no political suzerainty or selfish control.
The moral is, that the states of America are not hostile
rivals but co-operating friends, and that their growing sense
of community of interest, alike in matters political and in
matters economic, is likely to give them a new significance
as factors in international affairs and in the political history
of the world. It presents them as in a very deep and true
sense a unit in world affairs, spiritual partners, standing to-
gether because thinking together, quick with common sym-
pathies and common ideals. Separated they are subject to
all the cross currents of the confused politics of a world of
hostile rivalries; united in spirit and purpose they cannot be
disappointed of their peaceful destiny.
This is Pan-Americanism. It has none of the spirit of em-
pire in it. It is the embodiment, the effectual embodiment, of
the spirit of law and independence and liberty and mutual
service.-President Wilson's Address to Congress, December
7, 1915.
K
MANEN
NAME
LOOK TO WILSON TO MAKE PEACE IN EUROPE.
WITH critics all about him, with patience and
strength and great foresight, he has kept a
Nation at peace with honor. He has driven from
the control of the finances of the people of this Na-
tion an oligarchy of wealth and substituted in its
stead a just Government, interested only in supply-
ing the legitimate business needs of the country
with sufficient currency to meet its demands and
requirements. It ought not to be necessary to nomi-
nate him in partisan convention. Patriotism in this
world crisis should rise above politics, and all parties
should rejoice at an opportunity to proclaim him
the whole-hearted and happy choice of a Republic
of peaceful freemen. And as we can not afford to
swap horses while crossing a stream, who would
say that we can afford to swap horses while cross-
ing a bloody stream? So America can not afford to
change leadership during this great cataclysm that
shakes the nations of the earth, for to Woodrow
Wilson more than any other citizen in all the world
the Christian people, wherever the rain falls or the
sun shines this world around, look anxiously, hope-
fully, and prayerfully that he will bring peace to
the struggling armies of Europe.-From Speech of
Senator Ollie M. James, as Permanent Chairman at
St. Louis.
..
·
444
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
ON PREPAREDNESS
(It was President Wilson's action in going before the
people upon the issue of adequate military preparedness that
solidified sentiment in the country and in Congress behind
the comprehensive programme for the development of the
defensive armament of the United States. His swing
through the Middle West in January and February last
awakened that important section to the imperative need
both of ample means of military defenses along both Atlan-
tic and Pacific Coasts and of ample appropriations to pay
the bill. The following selections from this series of
speeches, delivered at New York, Pittsburgh, Cleveland,
Milwaukee, Chicago, Des Moines, Topeka, Kansas City,
and St. Louis, display the vigor with which the President
espoused the cause of preparedness and outline the National
"Safety First" measures since adopted by Congress.)
A WORLD WE DID NOT MAKE.
How can Americans differ about the safety of America?
WH
HILE AMERICA is a very great Nation, while Amer-
ica contains every element of fine force and accom-
plishment, America does not constitute the major part of the
world. We live in a world we did not make, which we cannot
alter, which we cannot think into a different condition from
that which actually exists. It would be a hopeless piece of
provincialism to suppose that because we think differently
from the rest of the world we are at liberty to assume that
the rest of the world will permit us to enjoy that thought
without disturbance.
* * *
It is a surprising circumstance that men should allow parti-
san feeling or personal ambition to creep into the discussion
of this fundamental thing. How can Americans differ about
the safety of America?
** * *
AMERICA REJECTS MILITARISM.
..
I cannot tell you what the international relations of this
country will be to-morrow, and I use the word literally; and
I would not dare keep silent and let the country suppose that
to-morrow was certain to be as bright as to-day. America
will never be the aggressor. America will always seek to
the last point at which her honor is involved to avoid the
things which disturb the peace of the world; but America
does not control the circumstances of the world.
* *
*
It goes without saying, though apparently it is necessary
to say it to some excited persons, that one thing that this
country never will endure is a system that can be called
militarism. But militarism consists in this, gentlemen: It
consists in preparing a great machine whose only use is
for war and giving it no use upon which to expend itself. Men
who are in charge of edged tools and bidden to prepare
them for exact and scientific use grow very impatient if they
are not permitted to use them.
* *
America is always going to use her Army in two ways.
She is going to use it for the purposes of peace, and she is
*
疲
​WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
445
Į
:
going to use it as a nucleus for expansion into those things
which she does believe in, namely, the preparation of her citi-
zens to take care of themselves. There are two sides to the
question of preparation; there is not merely the military side,
there is the industrial side; and the ideal which I have in
mind is this: We ought to have in this country a great system
of industrial and vocational education under Federal guidance
and with Federal aid, in which a very large percentage of the
youth of this country will be given training in the skillful use
and application of the principles of science in manufacture
and business; and it will be perfectly feasible and highly
desirable to add to that and combine with it such a training
in the mechanism and care and use of arms, in the sanitation
of camps, in the simpler forms of maneuver and organization,
as will make these same men at one and the same time in-
dustrially efficient and immediately serviceable for national
defense. The point about such a system will be that its
emphasis will lie on the industrial and civil side of life, and
that, like all the rest of America, the use of force will only be
in the background and as the last resort. % * *
There is only one way for parties and individuals to win
the confidence of this Nation and that is by doing the things
that ought to be done. Nobody is going to be deceived.
Speeches are not going to win elections. The facts are going
to speak for themselves and speak louder than anybody who
controverts them. No political party, no group of men, can
afford to disappoint America. This is a year of political ac-
counting, and the Americans in politics are rather expert
accountants. They know what the books contain and they
are not going to be deceived about them. No man is going
to hide behind any excuse; the goods must be delivered or
the confidence will not be enjoyed. For my part, I hope that
every man in public life will get what is coming to him.
America refuses to be deceived about the things that most
concern her national honor and national safety, that lie at
the foundation of everything that you love. It is the solemn
time when men must examine not only their purposes but
their hearts. Men must purge themselves of individual am-
bition, and must see to it that they are ready for the utmost
self-sacrifice in the interests of the common welfare. Let no
man dare play the marplot. Let no man dare bring partisan
passion into these great things. Let men honestly debate the
facts and courageously act upon them-From President Wil-
son's address to Railway Business Association, New York,
January 27, 1916.
OUR MILITARY NEEDS.
WE
E DO not intend, we never intend, to have a standing
army greater than is necessary for the ordinary uses
of peace; but we want to have back of that army a people
who can rally to its assistance in the most efficacious fashion
at any time they are called on to do so, but who, in the
- meantime, are not professional soldiers, who do not take
the professional soldier's point of view in respect of public
affairs, whose thought is upon their daily tasks of peaceful
446
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
industry, and who know that in the United States the civilian
takes precedence of the soldier. * *
WE THINK FIRST OF PEACE, WE THINK OF
THE CIVILIAN LIFE, WE THINK FIRST OF IN-
DUSTRY; WE WANT THE MEN WHO ARE GOING
TO DEFEND THE NATION TO BE IMMERSED
IN THESE PURSUITS OF PEACE. BUT WE WANT
THEM TO KNOW HOW, WHEN OCCASION ARISES,
TO RALLY TO THE ASSISTANCE OF THE PRO-
FESSIONAL SOLDIER OF THE COUNTRY AND
SHOW THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD THE MIGHT
OF AMERICA. SUCH MEN WILL NOT SEEK WAR.
SUCH MEN WILL DREAD IT AS WE ALL DREAD
IT. * * *
I have proposed that we should be supplied with at least
half a million men accustomed to handle arms and to live
in camps; and that is a very small number as compared with
the gigantic proportions of modern armies.
* * *
It amazes me to hear men speak as if America stood alone
in the world and could follow her own life as she pleased. We
are in the midst of a world that we did not make and can not
alter; its atmospheric and physical conditions are the condi-
tions of our own life also, and therefore, as your responsible
servant, I must tell you that the dangers are infinite and
constant. I should feel that I was guilty of an unpardonable
omission if I did not go out and tell my fellow countrymen
that new circumstances have arisen which make it absolutely
necessary that this country should prepare herself, not for
war, not for anything that smacks in the least of aggression,
but for adequate national defence.
* * *
SERVICE TO HUMANITY AIM OF TRUE AMERICANS.
You erect statues to men who have made great sacrifices
or to men who have given great beneficences. You do not
erect statues to men who have served only themselves. There
is a patriciate even in democratic America. Our peers are the
men who have spent their great energies outside the narrow
circle of their own self-interest, and who have seen to it that
great largess of intellectual effort was given for the benefit of
the communities in which they lived. These are the men we
honor; these are the men who are the characteristic Ameri-
AMERICA WAS BORN INTO THE WORLD TO
DO MANKIND SERVICE, AND NO MAN IS A TRUE
AMERICAN IN WHOM THE DESIRE TO DO MAN-
KIND SERVICE DOES NOT TAKE PRECEDENCE
OVER THE DESIRE TO SERVE HIMSELF.
cans.
If I believed that the might of America was a threat to
any free man in the world, I would wish America to be weak,
but I believe the might of America is the might of righteous
purpose and of a sincere love for the freedom of man-
kind.
*
*
*
WHEN THE WORLD IS ON FIRE.
In ordinary circumstances it has not been necesary for
America to think of force, because everybody knows that
there is latent in her as much force as resides anywhere in
I
{
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
447
>
}
the world.
This great body of 100,000,000 people has an
average of intelligence and resourcefulness probably un-
precedented in the history of the world. Nobody doubts that,
given time enough, we can assert any amount of force that
may be necessary; but when the world is on fire how much
time can you afford to take to be ready? When you know
that there are combustible materials in the life of the world
and in your own national life, and that the sky is full of
floating sparks from a great conflagration, are you going to
sit down and say it will be time when the fire begins to do
something about it? *
*
*
THERE ARE TWO THINGS WHICH PRACTICALLY
EVERYBODY WHO COMES TO THE EXECUTIVE
OFFICE IN WASHINGTON TELLS ME. THEY TELL
ME, "THE PEOPLE ARE COUNTING UPON YOU TO
KEEP US OUT OF THIS WAR." AND IN THE NEXT
BREATH, WHAT DO THEY TELL ME? “THE PEOPLE
ARE EQUALLY COUNTING UPON YOU TO MAIN-
TAIN THE HONOR OF THE UNITED STATES." HAVE
YOU REFLECTED THAT A TIME MIGHT COME
WHEN I COULD NOT DO BOTH? And have you made
yourselves ready to stand behind your Government for the
maintenance of the honor of your country, as well as for the
maintenance of the peace of the country? If I am to maintain
the honor of the United States, and it should be necessary to
exert the force of the United States in order to do it, have
you made the force ready? You know that you have not, and
the very fact that the force is not ready may make the task
you have set for me all the more delicate and all the more
difficult. * **
·
ONLY AFRAID OF UNREADINESS.
The Nation's honor is dearer than the Nation's comfort and
the Nation's peace and the Nation's life itself.
Is not afraid of anybody. I know that I express
your feeling and the feeling of all our fellow citizens
when I say that the only things I am afraid of is not being
ready to perform my duty. I am afraid of the danger of
shame; I am afraid of the danger of inadequacy; I am afraid
of the danger of not being able to express the great character
of this country with tremendous might and effectiveness
whenever we are called upon to act in the field of the world's
affairs.
* * *
The Nation's honor is dearer than the Nation's comfort and
the Nation's peace and the Nation's life itself.-From Presi-
dent Wilson's address at Cleveland, Ohio, January 29, 1916.
Woodrow Wilson and the Democratic Party advocate an army
big enough to make aggressors think the second time before they
strike a blow. Democracy wants an army and a navy in keep-
ing with the dignity, preservation, and worth of this great Re-
public. Such preparedness and ability to defend ourselves, our
cities from bombardment, and our soil from invasion, and to
protect the rights of our citizens is the purpose of Woodrow
Wilson. From speech of Ollie M. James, as Permanent Chair-
man of the St. Louis Convention. '
w
448
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
THE NEED OF TRAINING.
And so when we prepare for national defense we prepare for
national political integrity.
THE
HE CONSTITUTION of the United States makes the
President the Commander in Chief of the Army and
Navy of the Nation, but I do not want a big Army subject
to my personal command. If danger comes, I want to turn
to you and the rest of my fellow countrymen and say, “Men,
are you ready?" and I know what the response will be. I
know that there will spring up out of the body of the Nation
a great host of free men, and I want those men not to be
mere targets for shot and shell. I want them to know some-
thing of the arms they have in their hands.
Peace lies in the hearts of great industrial and agricultural
populations, and we have arranged a government on this
side of the water by which their preferences and their pre-
dilections and their interests are the mainsprings of govern-
ment itself. And so when we prepare for national defense we
prepare for national political integrity; we prepare to take
care of the great ideals which gave birth to this Govern-
ment; we are going back in spirit and in energy to those
great first generations in America, when men banded them-
selves together, though they were but a handful upon a
single coast of the Atlantic, to set up in the world the stan-
dards which have ever since floated everywhere that Ameri-
cans asserted the power of their Government.-From Presi-
dent Wilson's Address at Milwaukee, January 31, 1916.
AMERICA MERELY ASSERTED HER RIGHTS.
AMERICA has merely asserted the rights of her citizens
and her Government upon what is written plain upon
all the documents of international intercourse.
I know the spirit of America to be this: We respect other
nations, and absolutely respect their rights so long as they
respect our rights. We do not claim anything for ourselves
which they would not in like circumstances claim for them-
selves. Every statement of right that we have made is
grounded upon the previous utterances of their own public
men and their own judges. There is no dispute about the
rights of nations under the understandings of international
law. America has drawn no fine points. America has raised
no novel issue. America has merely asserted the rights of
her citizens and her Government upon what is written plain
upon all the documents of international intercourse. There-
fore America is not selfish in claiming her rights; she is
merely standing for the rights of mankind when the life of
mankind is being disturbed by an unprecedented war be-
tween the greatest nations of the world.
*
*
*
America apparently has never been jealous of armed men
if they are only at sea. Amèrica also knows that you can
not send volunteers to sea unless you want to send them to
the bottom. The modern fighting ship, the modern sub-
marine, every instrument of modern naval warfare must be
handled by experts. America has never debated or disputed
L
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
449
that proposition, and all that we are asking for now is that
a sufficient number of experts and a sufficient number of yes-
sels be at our disposal. The vessels we have are manned by
experts. There is not a better service in the world than that
of the America Navy. But no matter how skilled and capable
the officers or devoted the men, they must have ships enough,
and we are going to give them ships enough. * ** From
Address of President Wilson at St. Louis, Mo., February 3,
1916.
THE NECESSITY OF
CRUSHING DISLOYALTY
(President Wilson's uncompromising position upon the
necessity of an undivided allegiance to America on the part
of the entire body of American citizenship was clearly and
forcibly expressed before the European war began. Twice
in May, 1914, nearly three months before the curtain rose
in Europe upon the greatest tragedy of the World's history,
Woodrow Wilson defined the obligations of American citi-
zenship which subsequently he has so vigorously and so fear-
lessly emphasized. These important utterances, dating from
May 11, 1914, are quoted chronologically in the article upon
disloyalty, page 81, of the Text Book. Immediately following
the Flag Day address, June 14 last, came the strong declara-
tion of the Democratic National platform which is prom-
inently displayed in this Text-Book, and which, to state an
open secret, expresses the President's view with absolutely
literal exactness. The President has ever been careful to
state that in number the disloyalists are few. The following
extract is a fairly complete statement of his views on this
matter.)
VOICES THAT SPOKE ALIEN
SYMPATHIES
TH
HE ONLY THING WITHIN OUR OWN BORDERS
THAT HAS GIVEN US GRAVE CONCERN IN RE-
CENT MONTHS HAS BEEN THAT VOICES HAVE
BEEN RAISED IN AMERICA PROFESSING TO BE
THE VOICES OF AMERICANS WHICH WERE NOT
INDEED AND IN TRUTH AMERICAN, BUT WHICH
SPOKE ALIEN SYMPATHIES, WHICH CAME FROM
MEN WHO LOVED OTHER COUNTRIES BETTER
THAN THEY LOVED AMERICA, MEN WHO WERE
PARTISANS OF OTHER CAUSES THAN THAT OF
AMERICA AND HAD FORGOTTEN THAT THEIR
CHIEF AND ONLY ALLEGIANCE WAS TO THE
GREAT GOVERNMENT UNDER WHICH THEY LIVE.
These voices have not been many, but they have been very
loud and very clamorous. They have proceeded from a few
who were bitter and who were grievously misled.-President
450
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
Wilson's Address at Manhattan Club, New York, November
4, 1915.
I am sorry to say that the gravest threats against our
national peace and safety have been uttered within our own
borders. THERE ARE CITIZENS OF THE UNITED
STATES, I BLUSH TO ADMIT, BORN UNDER OTHER
FLAGS BUT WELCOMED UNDER OUR GENEROUS
NATURALIZATION LAWS TO THE FULL FREEDOM
AND OPPORTUNITY OF AMERICA, WHO HAVE
POURED THE POISON OF DISLOYALTY INTO THE
VERY ARTERIES OF OUR NATIONAL LIFE; who have
sought to bring the authority and good name of our Gov-
ernment into contempt, to destroy our industries wherever
they thought it effective for their vindictive purposes to
strike at them, and to debase our politics to the uses of
foreign intrigue. Their number is not great as compared
with the whole number of those sturdy hosts by which our
Nation has been enriched in recent generations out of virile
foreign stocks; but it is great enough to have brought deep
disgrace upon us and to have made it necessary that we
should promptly make use of processes of law by which we
may be purged of their corrupt distempers. * * * Be-
cause it was incredible we made no preparation for it. We
would have been almost ashamed to prepare for it, as if we
were suspicious of ourselves, our own comrades and neigh-
bors!
Not Many But Infinitely Malignant
BUT THE UGLY AND INCREDIBLE THING HAS
ACTUALLY COME ABOUT, AND WE ARE WITH-
OUT ADEQUATE FEDERAL LAWS TO DEAL
WITH IT. I URGE YOU TO ENACT SUCH LAWS AT
THE EARLIEST POSSIBLE MOMENT AND FEEL
THAT IN DOING SO I AM URGING YOU TO DO
NOTHING LESS THAN SAVE THE HONOR AND
SELF-RESPECT OF THE NATION. Such creatures of
passion, disloyalty, and anarchy must be crushed out. They
are not many, but they are infinitely malignant, and the hand
of our power should close over them at once. They have
formed plots to destroy property, they have entered into
conspiracies against the neutrality of the Government, they
have sought to pry into every confidential transaction of
the Government in order to serve interests alien to our
own. ** They also preach and practice disloyalty.
NO LAWS, I SUPPOSE, CAN REACH CORRUPTIONS
OF THE MIND AND HEART; BUT I SHOULD NOT
SPEAK OF OTHERS WITHOUT ALSO SPEAKING OF
THESE AND EXPRESSING THE EVEN DEEPER HU-
MILIATION AND SCORN WHICH EVERY SELF-POS-
SESSED AND THOUGHTFULLY PATRIOTIC AMERI-
CAN MUST FEEL WHEN HE THINKS OF THEM AND
OF THE DISCREDIT THEY ARE DAILY BRINGING
UPON US.-President Wilson's Address to Congress, De-
cember 7, 1915.
* *
•
•
-
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
451
1
- 1
1
LOYALTY MUST REMAIN INTACT.
It is not singular that sentiment should be disturbed by
what is going on on the other side of the water, but while
sentiment may be disturbed, loyalty ought not to be. I want
to be scrupulously just, my fellow citizens, in assessing the
circumstances of this day, and I am sure that you wish with
me to deal out with an even hand the praise and the blame
of this day of test. I BELIEVE THAT THE VAST MA-
JORITY OF THOSE MEN WHOSE LINEAGE IS DI-
RECTLY DERIVED FROM THE NATIONS NOW AT
WAR ARE JUST AS LOYAL TO THE FLAG OF THE
UNITED STATES AS ANY NATIVE CITIZEN OF THIS
BELOVED LAND, BUT THERE ARE SOME MEN OF
THAT EXTRACTION WHO ARE NOT, AND THEY,
NOT ONLY IN PAST MONTHS, BUT AT THE PRES-
ENT TIME, ARE DOING THEIR BEST TO UNDER-
MINE THE INFLUENCE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF
THE UNITED STATES IN THE INTEREST OF MAT-
TERS WHICH ARE FOREIGN TO US AND WHICH
ARE NOT DERIVED FROM THE QUESTIONS OF
OUR OWN POLITICS. There is disloyalty active in the
United States, and it must be absolutely crushed. It pro-
/ceeds from a minority, a very small minority, but a very
active and subtle minority. It works underground, but it
also shows its ugly head where we can see it; and there
are those at this moment who are trying to levy a species
of political blackmail, saying, "Do- what we wish in the
interest of foreign sentiment or we will wreak our ven-
geance at the polls." That is the sort of thing against which
the American Nation will turn with a might and triumph of
sentiment which will teach these gentlemen once for all that
loyalty to this flag is the first test of tolerance in the United
States. * * *-President Wilson's Address at Flag Day
Exercises, Washington, June 14, 1916.
་
STANDPATTERS HEADED FOR OBLIVION.
You have got to run fast merely to stay where you are,
and in order to get anywhere, you have got to run twice
as fast as that. That is what people do not realize. That is
the mischief of these hopeless dams against the stream
known as reactionaries and standpatters. That is what is the
matter with them; they are not even staying where they
were. They are sinking further and further back in what
will sometime comfortably close over their heads as the
black waters of oblivion. I sometimes imagine that I see
their heads going down, and I am not inclined even to throw
them a life preserver. The sooner they disappear, the bet-
ter. We need their places for people who are awake; and
we particularly need now, gentlemen, men who will divest
themselves of party passion and of personal preference and
will try to think in the terms of America.-President Wil-
son's Address at National Press Club, May 15, 1916.
}
452
:
WOODROW WILSON'S SPEECHES
•
A PERMANENT PEACE
"We are not mere disconnected lookers-on."
THIS
HIS GREAT war that broke so suddenly upon the world
two years ago, and which has swept within its flame
so great a part of the civilized world, has affected us very
profoundly, and we are not only at liberty, it is perhaps our
duty, to speak very frankly of it and of the great interests
of civilization which it affects. * * * Our own rights
as a Nation, the liberties, the privileges, and the property of
our people have been profoundly affected. We are not mere
disconnected lookers-on. The longer the war lasts, the more
deeply do we become concerned that it should be brought
to an end and the world be permitted to resume its normal life
and course again. And when it does come to an end we
shall be as much concerned as the nations at war to see
peace assume an aspect of permanence, give promise of days
from which the anxiety of uncertainty shall be lifted, bring
some assurance that peace and war shall always hereafter
be reckoned part of the common interest of mankind. * * *
-From President Wilson's Address Before the League to
Enforce Peace, Washington, May 27, 1916.
SERVICE TO WOMEN
Reasons Why Women Should
Favor Wilson
The work of President Wilson and the Wilson Adminis-
tration in behalf of the women of the United States has ex-
tended into several large fields.
By keeping his country at peace, he has won the lasting
gratitude of the mothers, wives and daughters of the land.
His personal intervention which resulted in the passage of
the Child Labor Act has emancipated children in industry
from an oppression in youth that dwarfs their bodies and
retards their mental development.
He has shown his deep interest in the Children's Bureau of
the Department of Labor, so that its appropriations and field
of helpful service have been substantially enlarged each year
since 1913.
S
The new and progressive activity of the Department of
Agriculture is directed especially to the problem of aiding
women upon the farms. For the first time, effective govern-
mental facilities have been put to the important task of
demonstrating to women ways and means of applying home
economics in rural life. Profit and a more wholesome and
enjoyable home life upon the farms are the objects. Thou-
sands of farm women already are being shown how to man-
age the smaller farm enterprises-the canning of fruits and
vegetables, the administration of small dairy and poultry
undertakings, the use of labor-saving devices, etc.—and year
by year the work is being expanded under the Agricultural
Extension Act.
DEMOCRATS CARE FOR
}
OLD SOLDIERS' NEEDS
Culminating in Sherwood
Sherwood Law,
Democracy's Record For Justice
To War Veterans is Con-
sistent and Strong
The Democrats have a long and strong record upon the
need of providing adequate pensions for our old soldiers and
sailors, their widows, minor children, and dependents. This
record culminated in the passage May 11, 1912, of the new
Sherwood or General Pension Law, which bases the amount
of pension upon age and service, and which has largely in-
creased the amounts paid aged and disabled veterans or their
dependents by the Government.
That law was sponsored in the House by General Isaac R.
Sherwood, a soldier-Democrat known throughout the United
States, and its passage in the House was secured by the sup-
port given by the Democratic majority which controlled the
House in 1912. In the Senate, the Republican majority then
controlling that body amended the original Sherwood bill.
But for the changes made by the Senate, the General Pen-
sion Law of to-day would be even more liberal than it is.
In a speech delivered in the House of Representatives,
June 17th last, the Honorable M. E. Burke, a member of
Congress from Wisconsin, reviewed the record of Democracy
upon pension legislation.
"No Government, whether monarchy or republic," Mr.
Burke said, "has ever treated its soldiers and sailors and
their dependents as liberally as this Government has treated
its soldiers and sailors, their widows, and their dependents.
Those who fought and bled for the Nation in time of war,
and their widows and dependents, are worthy of their coun-
try's gratitude, and with the advance of their years and in-
ability to labor, the Nation's gratitude and affection should
be increased and not diminished.
(6
Some of our opponents, however, may be disposed to
contend and assert that the solicitude and gratitude of the
Democratic Party for the old Union soldiers has but recently
been born or may be prompted by other than reasons of
gratitude to the Union soldiers.
"Permit me to here insert a list of the various pension
laws which were either approved by a Democratic President
or passed by a Democratic House of Representatives. Legis-
lative history proves what I now here credit to the Demo-
cratic Party:
DEMOCRATIC PENSION LAWS.
"FIRST—Act of August 15, 1876, providing
for the issuance of artificial limbs, or com-
mutation therefor, to disabled soldiers and
ره
453
454
PENSIONS
seamen, and providing transportation for the
purpose of having the same properly fitted.
"SECOND-Act of February 28, 1877, in-
creasing the pension of those who lost both
an arm and a leg.
"THIRD-An act of March 9, 1878, granting
pensions on account of service in the War of
1812 and the Revolutionary War, requiring a
service of but 14 instead of 60 days on the part
of the survivors of the War of 1812, and granting
pensions to widows, regardless of the date of
the marriage to the soldiers of this war.
It also granted pensions to widows of soldiers
of the Revolutionary War on a service of 14
days. Former laws required a marriage prior
to the treaty of peace in the case of widows
of the War of 1812.
"FOURTH-Act of June 17, 1876, increasing
to $72 per month the pensions of those who
lost both hands, both feet, or the sight of
both eyes incident to the service.
"FIFTH-Act of March 3, 1879, increasing
the pensions on account of amputation at the
hip joint. This sum was afterwards increased
to $45 per month by a Democratic House.
"SIXTH-Acts of January 25 and March 3,
1879, granting arrears of pensions from the
date of discharge, generous measures which
benefited more than 225,000 pensioners at once
and caused the annual pension rate to leap
from $33,708,526.19 to $57,240,540.14. The
Republican Party had control of both Houses
of Congress for more than 10 years after the
close of the war, but passed no legislation of
this character.
"SEVENTH-Act of June 21, 1879, abolish-
ing biennial medical examinations and pro-
viding that in no case shall a pension be with-
drawn or reduced except upon notice to the
pensioner and a hearing upon sworn testimony.
"EIGHTH-Act of June 16, 1880, giving $72
per month to all those who became totally
helpless for any cause incident to the service.
"NINTH-Act of February 26, 1881, for the
protection of pensioners in the Soldiers'
Homes.
:
PENSIONS
455
"TENTH-Act of July 4, 1884, which estab-
lished the proper relation which should exist·
between attorneys and clients and fixed by
law the fees to be allowed in pension cases.
By this act a Democratic Congress placed the
strong arm of the law between the helpless
applicant and the rapacious agent.
“ELEVENTH-Act of July 14, 1892, estab-
lishing an intermediate rate of pensions
between $30 and $72 per month, and fixing
the rate of $50 for all who required frequent
and periodical though not regular and con-
stant personal aid and attention.
“TWELFTH-Act of August 5, 1892, granting
pensions to Army nurses and forbidding the
demanding of a fee by claim agents for pros-
ecuting this class of cases.
of cases. This was a
generous recognition of the noble heroines
who, leaving home and loved ones behind, in
self-sacrifice braved pestilence and hardship
to minister to the sick in the hospitals of the
Army.
"THIRTEENTH-Act of December 21, 1893,
making a pension a vested right.
"FOURTEENTH-Act of April 18, 1884,
making it a felony for any person to falsely or
fraudulently represent himself to be an officer
of the United States.
"FIFTEENTH-Act of March 19, 1886, in-
creasing from $3 to $12 per month the pen-
sions of 79,989 widows and dependents on
the roll at the time as well as tens of thousands
who have since been placed thereon. These
certificates were issued by a Democratic
Commissioner of Pensions without any expense
or unnecessary delay to those deserving bene-
ficiaries.
"SIXTEENTH-Act of May 17, 1886, amend-
ing the reports of the War Department, which
discriminated against a large and worthy
class of soldiers, relieving thousands of unfor-
tunate veterans of the hardships worked by
the resting of the charges against them based
upon technical errors in the records.
456
PENSIONS
"SEVENTEENTH-Act of August 4, 1886,
increasing the pensions of 10,030 cripples-
armless and legless veterans.
"EIGHTEENTH-Act of January 29, 1887,
benefiting about 30,000 survivors and widows
of the Mexican War.
"NINETEENTH-Act of June 7, 1888, grant-
ing arrears to widows from the date of the
death of the husband and providing that all
United States officials authorized to administer
oaths should administer all oaths required to
be made in pension cases in the execution of
vouchers for pensions free of charge. This
arrearage act benefited at once more than
200,000 soldiers' widows.
"TWENTIETH-Act of August 27, 1888, in-
creasing pensions on account of deafness.
"TWENTY-FIRST-Act of February 12, 1889,
granting an increase of pension from $72 to
$100 per month to all persons who lost both
hands in the service and line of duty.
"TWENTY-SECOND-Act of March 1, 1889,
relating to the payment of pensions to widows
or dependent heirs where subsequent to the
issue of the check the pensioner dies.
"TWENTY-THIRD-Act of March 2, 1889,
removing certain technical charges in the
record and relieving a large and meritorious
class of soldiers.
"TWENTY-FOURTH—Act of March 2, 1895,
which abolished the rate of $2 and $4 and fixed
the lowest rate of pension at $6 per month.
"TWENTY-FIFTH-An act of May 11, 1912
granting a service pension to certain defined
veterans of the Civil War, increasing the
pension of more than 400,000 soldiers, and
which is the best pension law ever enacted by
Congress, thereby increasing the annual pen-
sion roll from $153,686,500 to $180,240,145.84."
"When we remember," continued Mr. Burke,
"that the Sulloway general pension bill, after
having passed the Republican House in the Sixty-
first Congress, was finally killed in the Republican
Senate of that Congress; and when we find that the
'
I
1
PENSIONS
457
J.
;
Sherwood bill, introduced by a Democratic soldier
and passed by a Democratic House in the Sixty-
second Congress, was amended by the Republican
Senate in that Congress so as to make it less liberal
by $2,500,000 each year, and so as to make this
maximum pension applicable to 15,000 less soldiers
and sailors, we can readily see that our Republican
legislators are not always safely and consistently
the best or most reliable champions and friends
of the old soldiers and sailors."
ADDITIONAL LIBERALITY.
Additional legislation further liberalizing the pension laws
became effective through Democratic support by an Act of
Congress approved March 4, 1913. An amendment to the
general law then made in substance provides that when a
soldier's or sailor's claim under this law has been passed
upon and allowed and his exact age once determined there
shall be kept a record in the Pension Bureau showing the
name, length of service, and age of each claimant, and date
of his birth, the monthly rate of pension granted to or re-
ceived by him, and the county and State of his residence.
Further increases in the rate of pension on account of ad-
vancing age are then made without further application by
the pensioner and take effect from the date he is shown by
the record to have attained the age provided by the act as
a period for advancing the rate. The object of this is to
advance the rate of pensions automatically, without expense
to the pensioner.. This law is working very satisfactorily.
"Under existing pension laws," Mr. Burke continued, "it
is impossible for the widow of a Spanish War soldier or
sailor to obtain a pension at the Pension Bureau unless her
husband died of disease or disabilities contracted in the ser-
vice. This is a discrimination against the widow of the
Spanish War soldier and sailor, for under existing law the
widow of a Civil War soldier or sailor is entitled, upon the
death of her soldier or sailor husband, to a pension of $12
per month regardless of the cause of death of her husband."
WIDOWS' PENSIONS PASSES HOUSE.
A bill to remove this discrimination passed the House of
Representatives early in this session almost unanimously and
has been reported favorably by the Senate Committee on
Pensions and is now upon the Senate calendar awaiting ac-
tion by that body. The bill which was reported favorably
and passed by the House was introduced by Hon. John A.
Key, representing the eighth district of Ohio, a Democrat
and a veteran of the Spanish-American War who served with
distinction in that campaign.
THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL PLATFORM OF
THIS YEAR CONTAINS A PLANK AGAIN PLEDGING
ITSELF TO GENEROUS PENSIONS FOR SOLDIERS
AND THEIR WIDOWS. THE SUBJECT IS ENTIRELY
IGNORED BY THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM.

T. R.--FOUR YEARS AGO
More Than a Flop-Its
A Somersault!
THEODORE ROOSEVELT IN EDITORIAL
FROM JULY 30th OUTLOOK, 1912.
"The American people are entitled to know that the
charge of stealing the Chicago Convention of 1912 is
more than campaign recrimination, and that the
frauds complained of are much more serious than the
mere_repetition of loose practices which might have
found unfortunate precedents in some previous con-
ventions of both parties. Seriously and literally,
President Taft's renomination was stolen for him,
from the American people and the ratification or re-
jection of that nomination raises the critical issue
whether votes or frauds shall determine the selection
of American presidents.”
THEODORE ROOSEVELT IN STATEMENT
TO NEW YORK WORLD JULY 30, 1912.
"It is no mere coincidence that at least nine-tenths
of the Senatorial leaders in the theft of the Chicago
convention were also leaders in the fight to retain Mr.
Lorimer in his seat in the Senate-Messrs. Penrose,
Guggenheim, Gallinger and Crane for instance.'
''
MR. ROOSEVELT IN A STATEMENT PUB-
LISHED IN THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE JUNE
12, 1912.
"Messrs. Crane, Franklin, Murphy, Penrose, and
Mulvane of Kansas, are foremost in the effort to thwart
the will of the people." Also: "Again and again have
we sent to the penitentiary election officials for deeds
morally not one whit worse than what was done by
members of the National Committee who unseated
properly elected delegates in the 9th district of
Alabama."
FORMER SENATOR JOSEPH M. DIXON,
MANAGER FOR ROOSEVELT IN 1912, SAID
IN TELEGRAM TO PRESIDENT TAFT
WHILE THE CHICAGO CONVENTION OF
1912 WAS IN PROGRESS:-
"The saturnalia of foul larceny now in progress
under the auspices of the National Committee took
on new repulsiveness today with the announcement
of the committee's action in the case of California.
Ninety millions of American citizens should know that
a majority of the National Committee of the Repub-
lican party has invaded and violated the sanctuary of
a popular vote in the great commonwealth of Cali-
fornia."
{
458
f
}
1
ว
EXTRA REVENUE NEED
MET BY DEMOCRATS
Wealth Must Pay Cost of Prepared-
ness Precautions Taken Against
War Emergencies
ΤΗ
HE EUROPEAN war seriously affected the customs
revenues of all countries. Many nations defaulted in the
payment of their obligations and even of interest on their
indebtedness. Peace countries the world over hurriedly
enacted temporary revenue measures to meet the war condi-
tions. The United States was no exception.
In addition to this condition two other emergency demands
later have been made upon the United States treasury, viz.:
the expenditures incident to the Mexican trouble and those
necessary for preparedness. In accordance with well estab-
lished fiscal practice under like circumstances both here and
elsewhere, the Mexican expenditures will be met by the
issuance of bonds.
It was generally agreed that the expenditures for the large
increase of the army, navy, and fortifications should be met
by increased taxation. This course Congress and the adminis-
tration have pursued.
In response to this exigency the revenue measure which
has just passed Congress and been signed by the President
was framed. This law, therefore, involves extraordinary
taxation to meet extraordinary expenditures.
NOT PERMANENT TAXATION.
This increase of revenues is not permanent tax legislation.
It is only designed to defray the expenditures of our recent
increased army, navy, and fortifications legislation. When
this duty has been performed and this burden met, these tax
rates will naturally be modified or repealed so as to conform
to normal conditions and normal expenditures.
Many persons have had the erroneous impression that tariff
taxes come from an inexhaustible source of revenue to be
tapped at will by the federal government and capable of
meeting the most extraordinary expenditures.
The truth, however, is that the annual tariff
tariff tax yield under the Dingley and Payne tariff
laws averaged less than $275,000,000 a year. In
the future the government will hardly be able to
impose tariff taxes that will yield an amount
greatly in excess of $300,000,000, whereas our
annual federal expenses to be met by taxes will
aggregate more than $850,000,000 until the in-
459

A PROGRESSIVE REVENUE POLICY
PAYING FOR "PREPAREDNESS" ,
cost of "Preparedness," which exceeds
$600,000,000 for the current fiscal year, is met
HE
ΤΗ
by:
1. An increased tax on large incomes.
2. A tax on large inheritance-that is, on un-
earned wealth.
3. A tax on the enormous profits of manufac-
turers of munitions of war.
SAFEGUARDS OF PROSPERITY
ΤΗ
HE Democratic war revenue measure also for-
tifies American enterprise and industry against
conditions which may arise at the end of the Euro-
pean war by providing for:
1. A tariff commission.
2. By preventing the dumping of foreign manu-
factured products into our markets,
3. By placing customs duties on dyes to insure
the safety of investments in the dye-manufacturing
enterprises which have sprung up in the United
States as the result of the interruption of commerce
with Germany.
creases for the army, navy, and fortifications shall
have been paid for.
The Underwood tariff law will during normal times yield
near $100,000,000 in excess of the customs laws of any other
nation. Under these conditions it was both natural and
necessary that Congress should turn to internal taxation as
a means of meeting these extraordinary expenditures. This
course was neither new nor novel. The truth, which many
have overlooked, is that our internal taxes were greater than
the tariff taxes during three of the four years' existence of
,
1
460
DEMOCRATS MEET REVENUE NEEDS
461
the Payne law. That law was obliged to carry a substantial
internal tax provision in order to meet normal expenditures
under normal conditions.
Congress found as the most available and equitable sources
of additional revenue, an increased tax on incomes, an estate
tax, and a temporary tax on the manufacture of munitions.
The reasons for the increase of the income tax rates to meet
these exigencies are obvious. This tax should yield over
$230,000,000 for this fiscal year.
THE INHERITANCE TAX.
Inheritance taxation affords the largest untapped field of
reyenue in this country. While it is true that many of the
states have utilized this source of revenue, it has been only
to a limited extent.
The aggregate annual yield to all the states having the law
is to-day less than $30,000,000. One European country with
half our wealth and population derives over $130,000,000
annually from this source. It is a tax which is universally
conceded to be just and cheap and easy of collection. It
affords a constant and regular yield of revenue. An estate
or inheritance tax levy of $65,000,000 annually in this country
would not touch our capital, but would amount only to about
one-half of one per cent. of our annual increase of wealth.
The tax is graduated on net estates whose value exceeds
$50,000, and is expected to yield $20,000,000 the first year
and $65,000,000 annually thereafter.
THE MUNITIONS TAX.
Spain, Holland, Sweden, Denmark, New Zealand, England,
France, Germany, Austria, Canada and others have, as a
means of meeting their various emergency expenditures & ir-
ing the past two years, imposed excess profit taxes, excess
income taxes, and other excess or super taxes.
In view of the abnormal profits realized by munitions con-
cerns in this country during the war and of the sound policy
pursued in similar respects by other nations, it was deemed
both wise and just to require the manufacturers of munitions
and like products to contribute a reasonable portion of their
excess profits to the extraordinary expenditures required for
the increase of the army, navy, and fortifications. The excess
profit tax rates of most other countries range around 40 per
cent. to 50 per cent.
In the recent omnibus revenue measure, Congress sought to
eliminate all the special taxes of the war emergency law
possible. It was-found necessary, however, to retain certain
of its tax provisions for the present. They are not intended
to be permanent but will be repealed as gradually and rapidly
as the condition of the treasury will permit.
DUTY ON DYESTUFFS.
The textile and other manufacturers are the chief consumers
of dyestuffs in this country. Prior to the war, Germany,
which, through careful specialization, had developed the man-
ufacture of dyestuffs to a very high stage, was practically
462
DEMOCRATS MEET REVENUE NEEDS
•
supplying the world with the colors chiefly used. The war
cut this market off, resulting everywhere in a dye famine.
No appreciable quantity of dyestuffs has been obtainable
in any market of any country. Great Britain, Japan and other
nations have sought to relieve themselves of this condition
by making appropriations for government co-operation in the
production of dyes. The European war produced this en-
tirely new and anomalous situation in dyestuffs, as it has
produced other anomalous conditions in finance, commerce
and industry. The result was the enactment of the provision
increasing the duties on dyes, colors and certain of their in-
gredients.
UNFAIR FOREIGN COMPETITION.
It was deemed wise to subject the foreign sellers of mer-
chandise in the United States to similar rules and require-
ments of fair competition that apply to our domestic manu-
facturers under the provisions of the federal statutes.
Among other things, this new law prevents a
given foreign concern of large capital from destroy-
ing an industry in the United States by system-
atically underselling it and at prices below the
domestic price in the country of manufacture,
with the intention of driving the domestic estab-
lishment out of business.
This and kindred provisions of the unfair competition law,
while not in the least interfering with the fullest and most
unrestricted competition that is fair, are calculated and in-
tended to prevent the destruction of any domestic industry
by methods 'not tolerated by our laws.

IF YOU WANT PEACE YOU WANT WILSON!
7
HE people of the United States will be called upon
in November to decide which of two men is better
fitted to assume American leadership in a world-
endeavor to prevent repetition of the horrors now
afflicting Europe.
For women, this is a paramount question. Women
suffer most from war. Men are killed; the women live
on, robbed of home and protected motherhood, com-
pelled to shoulder burdens not intended for them.
Women should compare Woodrow Wilson's record
and his utterances with the present position and utter-
ances of the opposition candidate and decide which of
the two men is better qualified to lead the nations of
the earth ourselves, and our brothers and sisters on
the other side who are hoping so much of America-to
enduring peace, security and prosperity.
1
WILSON'S PATIENCE A
NATIONAL BLESSING
Newspaper
Detroit's Independent
Assails Republican Campaign
Charge as an Insult to
Country's Intelligence
(From the DETROIT NEWS, June 17, 1916.)
IT MAY not much matter who administers the next presi-
dential period of the United States. But it does matter
that fairness and balance of national thought characterize
this presidential campaign above all others.
It appears from preliminary statements that the main
republican contention in the campaign is to be the alleged
vacillating weakness" of President Wilson. It equally
appears from the democratic preliminaries that their conten-
tion will rest upon the alleged wisdom and strength displayed
by the president.
66
"C
""
The difficulty in proving President Wilson to have been
"weak" is a very real one, since the alleged weakness
has not involved the nation in actual difficulty. It would
have been possible for Mr. Wilson to have asked congress
to declare war on Mexico-or to have created such a state
of affairs as to have compelled congress to declare war-the
day after he came into office. And that war would have been
going on now, with possible complications arising in Mexi-
co's behalf from European and South American nations. A
war with Mexico would have thrown our Monroe Doctrine
into the world ring to be fought over-and the end of it no
man could foresee. Of course, Mr. Wilson did not do that.
This is part of the weakness" charged against him.
(6
JINGOES IGNORED.
Again: Mr. Wilson could have declared war on Germany
the day after the Lusitania sunk. He would have had strong
support from an angered country and an aroused congress.
For days the nation was a dangerous mass of tinder, waiting
only the igniting spark. The president knew that such heats
of anger suddenly cool when the actual pressure of war
begins to be felt, and that the people who cried loudest for
war would be the very first to turn and rend the excitable
president who gave them what they asked in a moment of
irresponsibility. So, the thought of war was not even coun-
tenanced by the administration. And that is another item
in the alleged "weakness” of the president.
Every course must be judged by its results. Another
course than that which the president pursued in every ques-
tion he has had to handle would have meant war. President
Wilson never had any other choice to make-it was always
simply peace OR war. He always chose peace; and for that
he has been called a vacillating weakling.
*
463
464
WILSON'S PATIENCE
STRENGTH WITH CAPITAL “T.”
66
It is one of the strangest psychological exhibitions this
country has ever offered to the analytical mind. Here is a
nation spared the unnameable horrors of modern war, and
yet a part of it professes to be dissatisfied, and a whole
political party asserts that it is right to be dissatisfied. Would
Germany, surveying her loss of 700,000 young men killed, and
1,300,000 men crippled for life-would Germany today be
calling it "weakness" if by the exercise of diplomacy and
by "the writing of notes," the Kaiser had been able to stave
off the war? Would France have called it weakness" in
President Poincare, if he had been able to preserve France
whole in the midst of world cataclysm? No; these men
would have been hailed as being stronger than war itself!
WELL, IN THE SAME WAY, OUR OWN PRESIDENT
HAS BEEN STRONGER THAN WAR ITSELF. HE
WAS STRONG ENOUGH TO THWART THE TRICKS
OF OTHER NATIONS TO LURE US INTO THIS WAR.
HE WAS STRONG ENOUGH TO THWART THE WAR
PARTY AT HOME THAT TRIED, ITS BEST TO GOAD
US INTO THIS WAR. IF THAT IS "WEAKNESS ΤΟ
WHAT SHALL WE GIVE THE NAME OF STRENGTH?
""
THIS IS NOT A CAMPAIGN EDITORIAL. ITS OB-
JECT IS NOT TO MAKE OR HOLD A SINGLE VOTE
FOR WILSON. THE NEWS BELIEVES THAT
WHICHEVER CANDIDATE IS ELECTED, THE POLI-
CIES THAT HAVE RULED UNTIL NOW ARE GOING
TO BE CONTINUED, BECAUSE THEY HAVE PROVED
THEMSELVES THE WISEST AND SAFEST POLICIES.
(THE WISE POLICY IS ALWAYS THE SAFEST.)
THE OBJECT OF THIS WRITING IS ONLY TO SE-
CURE A FAIR STATE OF MIND IN WHICH TO ESTI-
MATE THE SERVICE THAT WOODROW WILSON
HAS PERFORMED FOR THE UNITED STATES.
HIS HEAVY BURDEN.
men.
In the circus, one sometimes sees an athlete hold up ten
One man mounts his shoulders, another follows, he
holds four men on his arms, two more brace themselves
against his hips, two cling to his back and neck. And then
the athlete begins to walk with them. He sways and strains.
He chooses his footing with painful care. His limbs look as
if they might collapse beneath him. But does anyone call
that weakness? No; for they do not look at the swaying, but
at the tremendous burden borne.
Likewise, in the more trying days of the past, President
Wilson may have seemed to sway under his burden, to walk
with painful carefulness, to choose his footing with what
seemed hesitation. Was it weakness? No. For look at the
burden he was bearing. STRENGTH IS MEASURED BY
WHAT IT DOES, BY WHAT IT CARRIES. BY THESE
TESTS, PRESIDENT WILSON WAS AND IS A STRONG
MAN. * * *
The Democratic National Committee
1916-1920
VANCE C. McCORMICK
HOMER S. CUMMINGS
ROBERT T. KEENAN.
CARTER GLASS.
W. R. HOLLISTER.
HENRY MORGENTHAU.
WILBUR W. MARSH…….
GORDON AUCHINCLOSS.
JOHN I. MARTIN.
Alabama.
Arizona
Arkansas
California.
Colorado.
Connecticut.
Delaware.
Florida.
Georgia.
Idaho.
Illinois.
Indiana.
Iowa.
Kansas.
Kentucky.
Louisiana.
Maine.
Maryland.
Massachusetts.
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Utah.
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Missouri.
Montana.
Nebraska.
Nevada.
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Philippines.
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Oklahoma.
Oregon..
Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island
South Carolina.
South Dakota..
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Washington.
West Virginia.
Wisconsin.
Wyoming.
Alaska.
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New Hampshire. . . R. C. Murchie.
New Jersey.
New Mexico
New York.
North Carolina.
North Dakota.
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.Fred T. Colter.
Wallace Davis.
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Homer S. Cummings.
Willard Saulsbury.
J. T. G. Crawford.
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.A. F. Mullen
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Isidore B. Dockweiler.
J. Fred C. Talbott.
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John W. Coughlin.
W. F. Connolly.
Frederick B. Lynch.
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Norman E. Mack.
.A. W. McLean.
.H. H. Perry
E. H. Moore.
Thos. Wade.
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Chas. F. Johnson.
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B. R. Tillman..
James Mee..
Cordell Hull.
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. A. Mitchell Palmer.
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T. J. Donohue.
Chairman
Vice-Chairman
.Assistant to the Chairman
.Secretary
Assistant Secretary
Chairman, Finance Committee
Treasurer
Assistant Treasurer
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R. H. Elder.
Charles Boeschenstein. ...Edwardsville
E. G. Hoffman.
W. W. Marsh..
W. F. Sapp.
Wm. B. Haldeman
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Jos. Martin.
John E. Osborne.
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Dist. of Columbia. . John F. Costello.
John H. Wilson.
Robert E. Manley..
.Andrés B. Cresas
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Wm. Poindexter.
Jas. H. Moyle.
Jas. E. Kennedy.
Carter Glass.
Hugh C. Wallace.
Clarence W. Watson.
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Omaha
Goldfield
Concord
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Waterloo
Galena..
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New Orleans
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Sergeant-at-Arms
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Stamford
Wilmington
Jacksonville
Atlanta
Coeur d'Alene
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Meridian
St. Louis
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.Ellendale
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Marlow
Portland
Trenton
Centerville
Carthage
Cleburne
Salt Lake City
. Williston
.Lynchburg
Tacoma
Fairmont
Green Bay
Rawlins
.Valdez
Stroudsburg
Providence
Washington, D. C.
.Honolulu
Naga. Ambos, Cama-
rines
San Juan
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465
}
Democratic Campaign Committee
AT NEW YORK HEAD QUARTERS
(42nd Street Building)
Vance C. McCormick..
Homer S. Cummings.
Wilbur W. Marsh.
Carter Glass.
Henry Morgenthau..
Robert S. Hudspeth.
Hugh C. Wallace..
Frederick B, Lynch..
D. C. Roper...
Robert W. Woolley.
Thomas J. Walsh.
Albert Sahm...
Simeon N. Johnson.
William F. Benson.
W. L. Saunders.
Francis S. Peabody.
Frank E. Doremus.
James E. Smith.
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Gavin McNab.
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Matthew Hale…….
Albert D. Nortoni.
Francis J. Heney.
J. A. H. Hopkins.
Ole Hansen.
Henry M. Wallace.
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U. S. Senator Thomas F. Walsh..
U. S. Senator Henry F. Hollis.
Representative Scott Ferris.
J. Bruce Kremer.
Representative Edward T. Taylor.
→
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Francis S. Peabody..
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(Karpen Building)
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Edward A. Fitzpatrick.
Mrs. George Bass..
U. S. Senator Willard Saulsbury, Chairman..
U. S. Senator William J. Stone.
U. S. Senator Thos. J. Walsh.
Representative Warren Gard
W. J. Cochran.
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Chairman, Special Bureau
Chairman, Club Organization Bureau
Chairman, Organization Bureau
. Chairman, Publicity Bureau
Montana
Indiana
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.Kansas
New Jersey
Illinois
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Chairman
Vice-Chairman
Treasurer
.Secretary
Chairman, Finance Committee
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.New York
Massachusetts
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.Labor Bureau
Organization Bureau
.Speakers' Bureau
Special Bureau
..Special Bureau
.Finance Committee
Reference Bureau
Woman's Bureau
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Congressional Committee
..Publicity Bureau
Massachusetts
California
Senatorial Committee
Senatorial Committee
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Missouri
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California
New Jersey
Washington
Michigan
Frank E. Doremus
HENRY MORGENTHAU, New York..
F. S. PEABODY, Chicago..
Alabama.
Arkansas
Arizona
State Chairmen of Finance Committee
State
California.
Colorado.
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General Finance Committee
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Connecticut.
Delaware.
Florida.
Georgia.
Idaho..
Iowa.
Kansas.
Kentucky.
Massachusetts.
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Minnesota.
Missouri.
Mississippi
Montana.
Nebraska.
Nevada.
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New Jersey...
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North Dakota.
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Oklahoma.
Oregon..
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Texas.
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Frank P. Glass..
. Frank Pace.
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Thomas A. Combs.
Marcus A. Coolidge.
Alfred Lucking.
John A. Hartigan.
G. H. Walker.
H. M. Street..
.Dr. J. M. Scanland.
H. P. Daniels.
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James K. Moffitt.
W. J. Gallagan..
Alvan Waldo Hyde.
John S. Rossell.
George M. Powell..
John D. Walker.
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W. B. Palmer..
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T. L. Foley.
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William Childs, Jr..
Henry Morgenthau.
A. W. McLean.
J. Nelson Kelly
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W. B. Anthony.
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Roland S. Harris.
Wm. H. Thornley
L. D. Jennings.
T. I. Gunderson.
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W. W. Armstrong.
. George F. Root.
W. R. Rust.
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Hon. R. B. Ridgway
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Yuma
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Chairman
Vice-Chairman
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Address
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Denver
Hartford
Wilmington
Jacksonville
Boise
Sioux City
Emporia.
Lexington
Fitchburg
Detroit
St. Paul
St. Louis
Meridian
Warm Springs
Omaha, Rose Bldg.
Goldfield
Lancaster
Bernardsville
New York
Lumberton
Grand Forks
Portsmouth
Oklahoma City
Portland
Philadelphia
Providence
Sumter
Centerville
Chattanooga
Fort Worth
Salt Lake City
.Newport
Tacoma
I am
Members of
General Finance Committee
ALABAMA
T. O. Smith, Birmingham; R. E. Spraggins, Huntsville; C. H. Teasley, Mont-
gomery; Geo. H. Malone, Dothan; Thomas M. Stevens, Mobile; J. B. Thornton,
Mobile; W. W. Hill, Montgomery; Charles S. McDowell, Jr., Eufaula; Hugh
Mallory, Selma; F. W. Lull, Wetumpka; Edgar Clarkson, Tuscaloosa; J. C.
Inser, Gadsen; Fred Wall, Athens; Crawford Johnson, Birmingham; John H.
Bankhead, Jr., Jasper.
J
ARIZONA
T. A. Riordan, Flagstaff; J. L. Irvin, Phoenix; J. S. Douglas, Douglas; J. J.
Hawkins, Prescott; George Michelson, Yuma; Chas. K. Scoley, Prescott; W. H.
Burbage, Winslow.
ARKANSAS
Harry Williams, Jonesboro; J. B. Baker, Melbourne; W. T. Gordon, Harrison;
Ira D. Ogleby, Sr., Fort Smith; W. E. Lenon, Little Rock; Capt. R. R. Roce,
Varner; R. K. Puryear, Eldorado; Moreland Wright, Little Rock; S. Turner,
Ozark; Gordon Frierson, Jonesboro; Simon Bloom, Pine Bluff; T. W. David,
Blitheville; Earl W. Harding, Fort Smith; A. L. Morgan, Camden; Amos Jarman,
Helena.
}
CALIFORNIA
Henry Clenischmidt, Redding; Emmett Sewell, Santa Rosa; Peter J. Shields,
Sacramento; Gavin McNab, San Francisco; Dr. C. A. Clinton, San Francisco;
R. L. Fitzgerald, Oakland; Russell Uhler, Fresno; Chas. F. Donlon, Oxnard;
Miss Mary E. Foy, Los Angeles; E. L. Doheny, Los Angeles; I. I. Irwin, San Diego.
Alvan Waldo Hyde.
COLORADO
Jos. A. Thatcher, Denver; Wm. Campbell, Grand Junction; John T. Barnett,
Denver; Gov. Elias M. Ammons, Denver; Gov. Alva Adams, Pueblo; Mayor
Pobt. W. Speer, Denver; Wellington H. Gates, Denver; Gerald Hughes, Denver;
H. H. Seldomridge, Colorado Springs; R. H. Malone, Denver; S. J. Burns,
Pueblo; John J. Tobin, Montrose; M. G. Sanders, Pueblo.
CONNECTICUT
John S. Russell, Wilmington.
DELAWARE
FLORIDA
L. W. Duval, Oscala; C. D. Leffler, Miami; T. A. Jennings, Pensacola; Col.
T. J. Watkins, Orlando; Geo. E. Leonard, Jacksonville; Martin Carraballo, Jr.,
Tampa; B. R. Colson, Gainesville; J. Will Yon, Tallahassee; J. N. Fogarty, Key
West.
IDAHO
K. I. Perky, Boise; George H. Fisher, Bancroft.
GEORGIA
J. K. Orr, Atlanta; James R. Gray, Atlanta; Edward T. Brown, Atlanta;
R. L. McKinney, Macon; Bowdre Phinizy, Augusta; Thomas W. Loyless,
Augusta; W. R. Vereen, Moultrie; H. M. McIntosh, Albany; Hugh Rowe, Athens;
Asa G. Candler, Atlanta; J. D. McCartney, Rome; Wm. W. Osborne, Savannah;
W. T. Anderson, Macon; R. W. Page, Columbus; H. N. Randolph, Atlanta.
INDIANA
Dr. D. S. Scales, Boonville; Jno. M. Lonty, Richmond; Elmer E. Goundy,
Churubusco; Sen. Geo. C. Wood, Windfall; Hon. Jno. O. Nelson, Logansport;
W. M. Alsop, Vincennes; Bowman Elder, Indianapolis; Alpheus Adair, Portland;
Thos. O'Connor, Monticello.
IOWA
George Stivers, Burlington; Ed. McManus, Jr., Keokuk; Nate Ely, Davenport;
W. J. McDonald, Iowa City; Thos. Duffy, Dubuque; A. M. Place, Waterloo;
Tim Donovan, New Hampton; J. M. Perry, McGregor; John Redmond, Cedar
Rapids; Robert Johnson, Marshalltown; S. F. McConnell, Bloomfield; D. W.
Bates, Albia; L. E. Stevens, Des Moines; Parley Sheldon, Ames; A. W. Murphy,
Shenandoah; R. G. Weisell, Corning; Wallace Benjamin, Council Bluffs;
E. A. Wickman, Council Bluffs; J. F. Dalton,] Nanson; G. L. Caswell, Denison;
T. E. Diamond, Sheldon.
KANSAS
L. M. Penwell, Topeka; Jos. Butler, Kansas City; Dennis J. Sheedy, Fredonia;
Thos. M. Grisham, Cottonwood Falls; Andrew J. Shearer, Frankfort; J. M.
Rodgers, Beloit; John A. Kelly, Hugoton; S. B. Amidon, Wichita.
468
KENTUCKY
}
1
J. S. Clement, Marion; Odie Duncan, Henderson; M. S. Harris, Franklin;
John Burton, Lebanon; Attia Cox, Louisville; Wm. Benton, Newport; John
Skain, Lexington; W. E. Dowling, Lawrenceburg; J. W. Kehoe, Marysville;
Henry Harkins, Prestonburg; A Gatliff, Williamsburg; G. L. Pickett, Shelbyville.
MASSACHUSETTS
Daniel F. Doherty, Springfield; Humphrey O'Sullivan, Lowell; Hon. Chas. S.
Ashley, New Bedford; John J. Prindervill, Framingham; Edmund D. Codman,
Boston; H. Oscar Rocheleau, Worcester; Wm. H. Powers, Brockton; John
Doherty, Fall River; Thos. C. Thatcher, Yarmouth; Thos. E. O'Donnell, Medway.
MICHIGAN
Wm. J. McAneeny, Detroit; M. J. Cavanaugh, Ann Harbor; Daniel M.
McAuliffe, Albion; Thos. J. Cavanaugh, Paw Paw; Dudley E. Waters, Grand
Rapids; Frank L. Dodge, Lansing; Frank Wittliff, Port Huron; Thad B. Preston,
Ionia; Herman O'Connor, Grand Rapids; John E. Kinnane, Bay City; W. L.
McManus, Petosky; John D. Cuddihy, Calumet; Wm. E. Thompson, Detroit.
MINNESOTA
Thos. Spillane, Rochester; H. A. Patterson, Mankato; H. C. Thiebold,
Faribault; Chas. A. Patterson, St. Paul; H. G. Allen, St. Paul; B. F. Nelson,
Minneapolis; F. E. Kenaston, Hopkins; J. J. Reichert, Long Prairie; M. J.
O'Brien, Graceville; Chas. D'Autremont, Duluth; M. Stanton, Thief River Falls;
J. F. Williamson, Minneapolis.
MISSISSIPPI
R. H. Henry, Jackson; Thad B. Lampton, Magnolia; J. L. Thomas, Grenada;
Edwin McMorries, Meridian; E. C. Hinds, Tupelo; H. V. Watkins, Jackson;
S. J. Taylor, Jackson; W. S. Mullins, Holly Springs; T. Brady, Jr., Brookhaven;
W. T. Denham, McComb City; M. S. Connors, Seminary; Jos. E. Norwood,
Magnolia; Fred Sullens, Jackson; Ed Fitzgerald, Vicksburg; Lee M. Russell,
Oxford; D. W. Houston, Aberdeen; C. Lee Crum, New Albany; Gerald Fitz-
gerald, Clarksdale; Isham Evans, West Point.
MISSOURI
Geo. A. Mahan, Hannibal; John H. Taylor, Chillicothe; R. L. Bates, Excelsior
Springs; R. E. Culver, St. Joseph; C. F. Enright, St. Joseph; W. T. Kemper,
Kansas City; Judge W. F. Bland, Kansas City; James A. Parks, Clinton; W.
H. Powell, Sedalia; Samuel B. Cook, Jefferson City; Col. Fred A. Morris,
Mexico; W. A. Difani, Perryville; Lee Shelton, Kennett; John L. McNatt,
Aurora; G. W. Shelton, Crocker; Perry Francis, St. Louis; Breckenridge Long
St. Louis; A. B. Lambert, St. Louis; W. L. McDonald, St. Louis; John C. Roberts,
St. Louis; Murray Carleton, St. Louis; R. S. Hawes, St. Louis; Samuel Lazarus,
St. Louis; J. T. M. Johnston, St. Louis.
MONTANA
J. Hiler, Kallispell; Fred Whiteside, Kallispell; David E. Brown, Fort Denten;
Tom McTague, Deer Lodge.
NEBRASKA
Harry Gering, Omaha; O. W. Palm, Lincoln; John A. Rine, Omaha; Harry
Phelps, Howells; E. E. Placek, Wahoo; John Teeling, Hastings; Frank J.
Taylor, St. Paul.
NEVADA
Charles Stout, Reno; Chas. B. Henderson, Elko; Thos, Frandon, Winnemucca;
James D. Finch, Reno; H. R. Cooke, Tonopah; D. C. McDonald, Ely.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Charles E. Tilton, Tilton; Robert Jackson, Concord.
NEW JERSEY
Col. D. Stewart Craven, Salem; Wm. A. Logue, Bridgeton; Hon. Thos. J.
Scully, South Amboy; Col. Wm. A. Libbey, Princeton; Hon. Percy M. Stewart,
Plainfield; Hon. Jas. A. C. Johnson, Englewood; Hon. Frank VanCleve, Paterson;
Hon. Mat C. Cronin, Bayonne; Edw. F. Anderson, Orange; Walter C. Ellie,
Newark; Patrick R. Griffen, Hoboken; Thos. J. Maloney, Jersey City.
*
469
NEW YORK
J. B. McCann, Manhattan; Howard Taylor, Manhattan; Louis Stern, Man-
hattan; Richard J. Fitzpatrick, Manhattan; John L. Walsh, Manhattan; Louis
Latour, Manhattan; Dr. J. J. Kuhn, Manhattan; J. Edward Jetter, Manhattan;
Morton Wiseman, Manhattan; H. Warren Hubbard, Manhattan; John A.
Galvin, Manhattan; Antonio Zucca, Manhattan; Chas. J. Carroll, Brooklyn;
Wm. Hawley, Brooklyn; Frank V. Kelly, Brooklyn; Chas. Harwood, Brooklyn;
Wm J. Mahon, Brooklyn; Micheal J. Daly, Brooklyn; Thomas Burke, Brooklyn;
Louis Levine, Brooklyn; Hon. John J. Murphy, Bronx; Dr. George Glucksman,
Bronx; Michael J. Weldon, Bronx; Fred H. Allen, Yonkers; Andrew Zabriskie,
Poughkeepsie; William C. De Witt, Kingston; W. A. Huppuch, Hudson Falls;
Daniel_Neylon, Schenectady; Thos. F. Conway, Plattsburg; G. H. P. Gould,
Lyons Falls; Jas. J. Byard, Cooperstown; Thos. W. Meacham, Onondaga Valley;
Henry R. Mix, Senaca Falls; Henry Erlich, Hornell; Milton Gibbs, Rochester;
Harold Blake, Albion; Dow Vroman, Tonawanda; W. Caryl Ely, Buffalo; A. J.
Elias, Buffalo; Wm. F. Stitt, Jamestown.
NEW MEXICO
James F. Hinkle, Roswell; A. B. McGaffey, Albuquerque; Dr. J. J. Shuler,
Raton.
NORTH CAROLINA
Hugh McRae, Wilmington; Lawrence McRae, Winston-Salem; Chase
Brenizer, Charlotte; Hayden Clement, Salisbury; M. F. Gouvernor, Wilmington.
NORTH DAKOTA
J. B. Eaton, Fargo; W. E. Byerly, Velva; H. L. Halvorson, Minot; I. T. Baker,
Bismark.
OHIO
John Weld Peck, Cincinnati; Chas E. Mason, Hamilton; E. R. Curtin, Lima;
T. T. Shaw, Denance; Harry E. Taylor, Portsmouth; W. S. Thomas, Springfield;
W. W. Durbin, Kenton; Chas H. Graves, Toledo; H. W. Elson, Athens; R. D.
Alexander, Chillicothe; Geo. J. Karb, Columbus; John J. Young, Norwalk;
John M. Harter, Akron; George White, Marietta; John J. Whitacre, Canton;
James Fitzgibbon, Newark; H. H. McFadden, Steubenville; Hugh J. Grant,
Youngstown; Robt. J. Bulkley, Cleveland.
OKLAHOMA
Hugh M. Johnson, Oklahoma City; W. M. Bonner, Oklahoma City; R. A.
Billups, Cordell; O. J. Fleming, Enid; John J. Gerlach, Woodward; John J.
Shea, Bartlesville; Samuel Apple, Hardmore; S. B. Lewis, Tulsa; Ben Lafayette,
Checotah; Geo. Short, Hugo; J. D. Lydick, Shawnee; Judge A. G. C. Bierer,
Guthrie; J. D. Carmichael, Chickasha; E. K. Thurmond, Sayre; J. V. Doolin,
Alva; C. Ö. Doss, McAllister; John F. Krotle, Yukon; C. T. Ames, Oklahoma
City; J. W. Zevely, Muskogee; Tom T. Lyon, Tulsa; D. M. Haley, McAllister.
OREGON
C. S. Jackson, Portland; J. H. Albert, Salem; Dr. C. J. Smith, Portland;
John Henry Smith, Astoria; J. S. Orth, Medford; R. W. Montague, Portland;
E. E. Bragg, La Grande; F. L. Touvelle, Jacksonville; F. C. Whitten, Portland.
Thos. P. Haven, Providence.
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
R. G. Rhott, Charleston; Richard S. Whaley, Charleston; J. F. Byrnes, Aiken;
Wyatt Aiken, Abbeville; S. J. Nicholls, Spartanburg; D. E. Finley, York; J. W.
Ragsdale, Florence; A. F. Lever, Lexington; W. W. Ball, Columbia; Robert
Latham, Charleston; Gen. Willie Jones, Columbia; E. W. Dabs, Maysville;
Leroy Springs, Lancaster; Henry W. Connor, Charleston.
SOUTH DAKOTA
Eugene Riley, Sioux Falls; John Heffron Deadwood; Louis W. Bicknell,
Webster; U. S. G. Cherry, Sioux Falls; JohnD. Hale, Sturgis; C. D. Tidrick,
Chamberlain; H. A. Rodee, Mitchell.
TENNESSEE
Thad. A. Cox, Johnson City; W. Y. Allen, Gallatin; A. L. Todd, Murfreesboro;
Hill McAlister, Nashville; John W. Fry, Columbia; Henry E. Graper, Lexington;
Mann Wills, Brownsville; C. P. J. Mooney, Memphis.
TEXAS
John H. Kirby, Houston; Frank C. Davis, San Antonio; John J. Simmonds,
Dallas; H. A. Wroe, Austin; Louis J. Wortham, Fort Worth; Allen D. Sanford,
Waco.
UTAH
C. C. Richards, Ogden; Jesse Knight, Provo.
VERMONT
H. C. Comings, Richford; Park H. Pollard, Proctorsville.
1
*
५
470
VIRGINIA
C
J
下
​Nelson Groome, Hampton; James Elliott Heath, Norfolk; R. T. Barham,
Petersburg; Eugene Withers, Danville; Col. Wm. S. Battle, Jr., Roanoke; Gov.
H. C. Stuart, Richmond; D. G. Graham, Harrisburg.
WASHINGTON
William Pigott, Seattle; D. M. Drumheller, Spokane; Geo. F. Christenson,
Stevenson; Chas. A. Cole, Everett; Richard A. Ô'Brien, North Yakima; C. L.
McKenzie, Colfax.
WEST VIRGINIA
C. L. Shaver, Fairmount; Joseph A Holly, Charleston; Lawrence E. Tierney,
Powhattan.
Advisory Council of the
Democratic National Publicity Committee
ALABAMA
Fred. I. Thompson, Mobile Register; Will Sheehan, Montgomery Advertiser
Frank P. Glass, Birmingham News; E. I. Barrett, Birmingham Age-Herald; ·
James J. Smith, Birmingham Ledger.
ARIZONA
J. H. Westover, Yuma Sun; C. H. Akers, Phoenix, Arizona Gazette; Craig
Pottinger, Flagstaff, Northern Arizona Leader; E. A. Rogers, Prescott Courier.
ARKANSAS
J. R. Cotham, Monticello, Monticellonian; S. A. Diehl, Eureka Springs Times
Echo; H. L. Williams, Jonesboro Tribune; W. F. Turner, Atkins Chronicle.
CALIFORNIA
Ernest Martin, Stockton Mail; Thomas M. Storke, Santa Barbara News;
Olin Kennedy, Sacramento Star; Robert W. Walker, Vallejo Times; Joseph
V. Snyder, Grass Valley Union.
COLORADO
F. G. Bonals, Denver Post; E. O. Hoag, Pueblo Star-Journal; Ed. Foster,
Greeley, Weld County News; Walter Walker, Grand Junction, The Sentinel;
V. I. Noxon, Boulder, County Minor
CONNECTICUT
Hon. W. O. Burr, Hartford Times; Hon. Lynn W. Wilson, Bridgeport Farmer;
Alex Troup, New Haven Union; Dr. Henry McManus, Hartford Post; John J.
Daly, New Britain Herald.
DELAWARE
L. K. Brown, Newark Ledger; Arley B. Magee, Dover; Albert F. Polk,
Georgetown; Edward M. Fowler, Laurel State Register; W. H. Stevens, Sea-
ford News.
FLORIDA
S. B. Dean, Miami Metropolis; W. R. Carter, Jacksonville, Evening Metro-
polis; T. J. Appleyard, Tallahassee, Florida Record; Percy S. Hayes, Pensecola
Evening News; W. F. Stovall, Tampa Tribune.
GEORGIA
T. W. Loyless, Augusta, The Chronicle; W. T. Anderson, Macon, The Tele--
graph; Frank G. Bell, Savannah News; J. R. Gray, Atlanta, The Journal;
J. L. Johnson, Rome Tribune-Herald.
IDAHO
Fred Flood, Boise New Freedom; Sam Dennis, Idaho Falls Times; L. A.
Wisener, Grangeville, Idaho County Free Press; Don C. D. Moore, Standpoint,
Northern Idaho News; Thomas Dovery, Twin Falls Chronicle,
ILLINOIS
E. M. Botsford, Quincy Herald; H. W. Clendenin, Springfield, State Register;
James O Donnell, Bloomington Bulletin; Harry M. Pindell, Peoria Journal;
C. C. Tilton, Danville Press.
INDIANA
L. G. Ellingham, Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette; D. J. Crittenberger, Anderson
Bulletin; J. H. Zeuver, South Bend News-Times; H. Roussey, Evansville
Courier; Wm. Cronia, Terre-Haute Tribune.
IOWA
John C. Kelly, Sioux City Tribune; Geo. Stivers, Burlington Gazette; P. J.
Quigley, Dubuque Telegraph-Herald; Geo. D. Throop, Davenport Democrat.
}
<
叁
​471
KANSAS
W. C. Lansdon, Salina Union; Benj. T. Baker, Smith Center, Smith County
Journal; Chas. R. Havens, Wellington People's Voice; Geo. W. Marble, Fort
Scott Tribune and Monitor; Harrison Parkman, Emporia Times.
KENTUCKY
Ryland C. Musick, Jackson Times; Desha Breckenridge, Lexington Herald;
Harry Sommers, Elizabethtown News; Urey Woodsen, Owensboro Messenger;
S. W. Hager, Owensboro Inquirer; N. A. Berry, Paducah News-Democrat.
LOUISIANA
Conrad Lecoq, Newroads, Pointe Coupee Banner; J. W. Smith, Monroe News-
Star; Chas. P. Manship, Baton Rouge, State Times; Wm. E. Krebs, Lake Charles
American Press; Rollo Jarreau, Alexandria Town Talk.
MAINE
C. C. Harvey, Fort Fairfield Review; J. H. Bass, Bangor Commercial; F. E.
Fassett, Waterville Sentinel; S. J. Richardson, Portland Argus.
MARYLAND
W. Mead Hollyday, Annapolis Advertiser-American; F. L. Carl, Cumberland
Times; C. H. Baughman, Frederick Citizen; Logie Bonnett, Towson Jef-
fersonian; M. V. Brewington, Salisbury News.
MASSACHUSETTS
James O Donnell, Holyoke Telegram; W. Frank Kennedy, Fall River Globe;
James F. Driscoll, Taunton Daily Globe.
MICHIGAN
Jas. Schermerhorn, Detroit Times; H. Kirk White, Owosso Press American;
W. B. Weston, Grand Rapids Chronicle; C. W. Hecox, St. Ignace Democrat;
E. J. Ottoway, St. Clair, Port Huron Times.
MINNESOTA
A. C. Weiss, Duluth Herald; Swan J. Turnblad, Minneapolis, Swenaka
Amerikanska Posten; L. V. Ashbaugh, St. Paul Daily News; C. F. MacDonald,
St. Cloud Times; J. C. Wise, Mankato Review.
MISSISSIPPI
W. F. Gray, Jackson Issue; Rice Gaither, Meridian Dispatch; Frank Birdsell,
Yazoo City Sentinel; A. C. Anderson, Ripley, Southern Sentinel; J. E. Norwood,
Magnolia Gazette.
MISSOURI
Paul W. Brown, St. Louis Republic; Geo. St. Johns, St. Louis Post Dispatch;
Edw. S. Lewis, St. Louis Star; H. S. Jewell, Springfield Leader; Col. R. M. White,
Mexico Ledger.
MONTANA
Larry Dobell, Butte Miner; W. W. Walsworth, Anaconda Standard; Wm.
Boles, Great Falls Tribune; Will Campbell, Helena Independent; Geo. M.
Houtz, Kalisell Journal.
NEBRASKA
H. E. Newbranch, Omaha World Herald; John W. Cutright, Lincoln Star;
Edgar Howard, Columbus Telegram; Earl Marvin, Beatrice Daily Sun; Horace
Davis, Ord Journal.
NEVADA
Boyd Moore, Reno News Letter & Advertiser; P. S. Triplett, Wells, Nevada
State Herald; Lee Windle, Winnemucca, Humboldt Star; J. Bingham, Fallon,
Churchill County Standard; T. D. Vandewort, Carson City Appeal.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
L. F. Rice, Groveton Advertiser; Charles Vaughn, Laconia Democrat; Edw.
J. Gallagher, Concord Patriot; True L. Morris, Portsmouth Times; H. H.
Sanborn, Sanbornville, County Pioneer.
NEW JERSEY
James Kerner, Trenton Times; Thos. F. Martin, North Hudson, Hudson
Dispatch; Chas. Pancoast, Salem Sunbeam; L. J. Kinmonth, Asbury Park
Press; B. B. Bobbitt, Long Branch Record.
NEW MEXICO
W. B. Walton, Silver City Independent; M. L. Fox, Albuquerque Journal;
Will Robinson, Rosewell News; E. C. DeBaca, E. Las Vegas, La Voz Del Pueblo;
J. H. Crist, Santa Fe Eagle.
NEW YORK
W. J. Connors, Buffalo Courier; Gerardus Smith, Schenectady Gazette;
James Glynn, Albany Times-Union; Chas. E. Rattigan, Auburn Citizen; Wm.
J. Curtiss, Rochester Union and Advertiser.
NORTH CAROLINA
Joseph Thompson, Wilmington Morning Star; Wade H. Harris, Charlotte
Observer; Edw. E. Britton, Raleigh News and Observer; Sanford Martin,
Winston-Salem Journal; James H. Caine, Asheville Citizen.
NORTH DAKOTA
F. A. Willson, Bathgate Pink Paper; J. H. Bloom, Devils Lake Journal;
F. L. Brandt, Bismark, Staats Anzeiger; E. S. Cameron, Wahpeton Times;
A. L. Koehmstedt, Langdon Courier Democrat
#
+
↓
1
Į
472
¡
1
OHIO
W. F. Maag, Youngstown Vindicator; Geo. Burba, Dayton News; Vallee
Harold, Portsmouth Times; D. L. Bowman, Lima Times-Democrat; A. V.
Abernathy, Defiance Crescent News.
OKLAHOMA
Roy E. Stafford, Oklahoma City Oklahoman; J. Roy Williams, McAlester
News-Capital; R. M. Elam, Enid News; Geo. H. Evans, Chickasha, Grady
County Express; J. C. Nance, Marlow Review.
OREGON
Geo. Putnam, Medford Mail-Tribune; B. F. Irvine, Portland, Oregon Journal;
E. B. Aldrich, Pendleton, East Oregonian; Chas. Fisher, Salem Capitol Journal;
Fred Nutting, Albany Democrat.
PENNSYLVANIA
E. J. Lynett, Scranton Times; John F. Short, Clearfield Republican; T. Hart
Given, Pittsburgh Post; John P. Dwyer, Philadelphia Record; John O'Donnell,
Uniontown News-Standard.
RHODE ISLAND
To be supplied.
SOUTH CAROLINA
Robert Latham, Charleston News and Courier; Chas. O Hearon, Spartanburg
Herald; James L. Mims, Edgefield Advertiser; W. W. Ball, Columbia, The State;
H. M. Ayer, Florence, The Commonwealth.
SOUTH DAKOTA
Edward McBride, Aberdeen, Dakota Democrat; W. S. Dolan, Millbank,
Grant County Review; C. R. Tinan, Kimball Graphic; M. M. Bennett, Yankton,
Dakota Herald.
TENNESSEE
C. P. J. Mooney, Memphis Commercial Appeal; E. B. Stahlman, Nashville
Banner; Luke Lea, Nashville Tennesseean; Laps Walker, Geo. F. Milton,
Chattanooga News; Curtis B. Johnson, Knoxville Sentinel.
TEXAS
R. M. Johnston, Houston Post; M. E. Foster, Houston Chronicle; F. G. Hunt-
ress, San Antonio Express; D. P. Tooney, Dallas News; H. Fitzgerald, Fort
Worth Record.
UTAH
I. H. Masters, Provo Herald; A. Gordon, Logan Journal.
VERMONT
Morris F. Atkins, Montpelier Argus and Patriot.
VIRGINIA
John S. Bryan, Richmond News-Leader; W. E. Addison, Lynchburg News;
Powell Chapman, Roanoke Times; R. D. Haislip, Staunton Leader; W. E.
Harris, Petersburg Index Appeal.
WASHINGTON
Herman W. Ross, Seattle, The Washington Voter; Wm. G. Pullman, Pullman
Herald; H. C. Pigott, Seattle Saturday Night; J. C. Harrigan, Colville Examiner;
Edwin Connor, Willapa Harbor Pilot.
WEST VIRGINIA
C. W. Marsh, Glenville Democrat; W. L. Brice, Wheeling Register; A. S.
Johnson, Union Watchman; O. J. Rife, Wayne News; J. B. Shaw, Moundsville
Echo.
WISCONSIN
R. L. Jones, Madison, Wisconsin State Journal; R. M. Crawford, Mineral
Point, Iowa County Democrat; M. M. Hoyt, Milwaukee Daily News; John
Kuypers, De Pere, Brown County Democrat; Thos. J. Cunningham, Chippewa
Falls, Chippewa Times.
WYOMING
H. J. Wendt, Lander, Wind River Mountaineer.
473
Democratic National Congressional
Committee
FRANK E. DOREMUS.. Michigan..
THOMAS J. SCULLY... New Jersey
SOUTH TRIMBLE.
J. HENRY GOEKE..
ARTHUR B. ROUSE.
Kentucky
.Ohio..
.Kentucky.
.. •
•
• •
1st Cyrus Cline, Indiana
2d Charles F. Johnson, Maine
3d Atlee Pomerene, Ohio
Daniel J. McGillicuddy, Maine
Cyrus Cline, Indiana
William A. Oldfield, Arkansas
•
• • ·
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Frank E. Doremus, Chairman
SENATE
• • • •
VICE-CHAIRMAN
4th William E. Chilton, W. Va.
5th John E. Raker, California
6th Edwin Y. Webb, N. Carolina
7th Harry L. Gandy, South Dakota
Arizona, Henry F. Ashurst
California, James D. Phelan
Delaware, Willard Saulsbury
Florida, Nathan P. Bryan
Indiana, John W. Kern
Maine, Charles F. Johnson
Maryland, Blair Lee
Mississippi, John Sharp Williams
Missouri, James A. Reed
Montana, Henry L. Myers
HOUSE
•
PUBLICITY COMMITTEE
Alabama, John L. Burnett
Arizona, Carl Hayden
Arkansas, William A. Oldfield
California, John E. Raker
Colorado, Edward T. Taylor
Connecticut, T. L. Reilly
Delaware, Franklin Brockson
Florida, Frank Clark
Georgia, C. G. Edwards
Illinois, A. J. Sabath
Indiana, Cyrus Cline
Iowa, Thomas J. Steele
Kansas, Guy T. Helvering
Kentucky, Arthur B. Rouse
Louisiana, J. T. Watkins
Maine, D. J. McGillicuddy
Maryland, J. Charles Linthicum
Massachusetts, James A. Gallivan
Michigan, Frank E. Doremus
Minnesota, Carl G. Van Dyke
Mississippi, E. S. Candler, Jr.
•
Guy T. Helvering, Kansas
Edwin Y. Webb, North Carolina
Chairman
. Secretary
Asst. Secretary
Treasurer
Director Speakers' Bureau
SERGEANT-AT-ARMS
Joseph J. Sinnott, Virginia
•
•
Joseph J. Russell, Missouri
Harry L. Gandy, South Dakota
MEMBERS
+
MEMBERS
Nebraska, Gilbert M. Hitchcock
Nevada, Key Pittman
New Jersey, James E. Martine.
New York, James A. O'Gorman
Ohio, Atlee Pomerene
Tennessee, John K. Shields
Texas, Charles A. Culberson
Virginia, Claude A. Swanson
West Virginia, William E. Chilton
Wisconsin, Paul O. Husting
Missouri, J. J. Russell
Montana, J. M. Evans
Nebraska, C. O. Lobeck
New Hamp., Raymond B. Stevens
New Jersey, Thomas J. Scully
New York, W. R. Oglesby
North Carolina, E. Y. Webb
North Dakota, J. B. Eaton
Ohio, Alfred G. Allen
Oklahoma, William W. Hastings
Pennsylvania, Michael Liebel, Jr.
Rhode Island, C. F. O'Shaunessy
South Carolina, D. E. Finley
South Dakota, Harry L. Gandy
Tennessee, W. C. Houston
Texas, Oscar Callaway
Utah, James H. Mays
Virginia, H. D. Flood
Washington, C. C. Dill
West Virginia, Adam B. Littlepage
Wisconsin, M. E. Burke
t
ར
J
!
474
>
1
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Agriculture, Department of.
Agriculture (Platform).
•
Agriculture, Wilson's Administration Service to
• • •
Agricultural Extension Act..
Agriculture, Challenge to Hughes.
Alaska.
• •
Alaskan R. R……….
Allies, Commercial Policy of.
Ambassadors, Our Efficient.
America First..
America Rejects Militarism
Americanism.
Americanism, Hughes' Inadequate.
Americanism, Wilson's Vigorous.
Americans, Rights of..
Anti Injunction Act...
Appropriations by Congress.
Armed Merchantmen Issue.
Army, Reorganization of..
Austria, Negotiations with.
Austrian Ambassador Recalled.
Boy-Ed, Captain.
British Blockade.
••
Corrupt Practices
Cost of Living..
Cotton Futures.
•
• •
•
•
·
Cerranza.
Carranza's Recognition.
Child Labor Law.
Carrizal Episode.
Census, Improved.
Children's Bureau.
Civil Service.
Claims Court, Record of.
Clark, Champ, Speech by.
Clark, Champ, Greatest Speaker.
Clemenceau Praises Wilson.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act.
Columbus, Attack On..
Coast Guard Act..
Bosses, Republican, in House and Senate
Boss Rule Broken by Democrats..
•
Ballinger-Pinchot Case.
Bank Clearances Show Prosperity.
•
Bank Deposit and Resources, Increase of, Under Wilson.
Black Horse Cavalry.
Conservation, Special Article
Conservation.
Conservation, Forests.
•
•
•
British Negotiations.
Bryan, William J., Peace Treaties.
Bryan, William J., on President Wilson.
Bryan, William J., on Direct Elections.
Bryan, William J., on Income Tax.
Budget System..
Building Operations.
Burleson, Postmaster-General, Effiiency of.
Business, Aids to..
Business, What Wilson Has Done for.
Business, Wilson on..
•
• ·
•
• •
•
▸ •
D
• •
·
Commerce, Department of.
Congress, Efficiency and Economy of.
Congress and Republican Old Guard.
Congress, Wilson's Challenge to.
Consent Decrees..
·
•
•
L
▸
•
•
•
•
•
• •
A
• •
B
•
•
•
Crop Moving, Reform in
Currency, Speech of Hon. Carter Glass.
Currency, Special Article.
Currency, Wilson on..
Cushing Case..
•
C
·
•
•
·
Ꭰ
Daniels, Hon. Josephus, Efficient Administration.
Danish West Indies, Purchase of..
Declaration of London.
•
• •
·
Pages
425
15
311-322
225, 235, 314, 317, 318
321
24
352, 354
121
393
81, 93, 438
444
.Inside cover
•
· •
*
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
⇓
•
•
243
241-243
308
80, 92, 117
❤
111
102, 106, 121
396
261
84
81
•
34
224
256
88
195, 213
122
123
371
179-182
152-158
227
374
66
69
287
71
421
431
20, 410
406
244, 248
350
123
225, 232, 359
70
235, 401
418
249-255
241
89
359
20
153, 156
407-409
143
160
435, 439
351-355
15, 39
355
384
173
16, 314
398
265-270
271
435
112
411
257
105
Læg + *
475
476
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
{
•
Democratic Appropriations.
Democratic Congress Necessary
Democratic Conservation.
Democratic Efficiency.
Democratic Pension Record
Democratic Preparedness.
Democrats Pass Tariff Commission Act.
Democrats, Real Progressives.
Democrats Redeem Labor Pledges.
Department of Agriculture, Efficiency in.
Department of Commerce, Efficiency in
Department of Justice, Efficiency in.
Department of Labor, Efficiency in.
Department of the Interior, Efficiency in
Department of the Navy, Efficiency in.
Department of the Treasury, Efficiency in
Department, Post Office, Efficiency in
Department, State, Efficiency in.
Department, War, Efficiency in.
Departments, Government, Efficiency in
Dernberg, Dr. Bernhard.
•
•
•
*
Diplomatic Service, Efficient.
Disarmament.
Diaz, Porfirio
·
•
Farm Loan Act...
Farm Loan, Board…….
Farm Women Alded
• •
Disloyalty (Inside Front Cover)
Disloyalty Repudiated.
Disloyalty, Wilson's Speeches on
Dolliver, Jonathan P., on Schedule K.
Dumping, by Foreign Manufacturers.
Du Pont, Senator..
•
.
• ↓ •
Economy.
Economy in Appropriations.
Education, Bureau of.
Eight-Hour Day....
Embargo on War Munitions.
Employees, Government.
Employment Exchanges Established
Enlisted Men, Navy.
Equal Suffrage...
Expenditures, Nation's
Exports, Increase of...
Exports to Pan-America.
Extravagance Charge Exploded.
Europe After the War.
Europe, Mail Service to..
Europe, Questions to Hughes.
Europe, Wilson's Policy.
Europe, Wilson to Make Peace in
· •
..
·
·
→
*
•
·
·
· •
Flood Control..
Foreign Loans
Foreign Policy.
Foreign Relations.
•
Foreign Trade, Special Article.
Foreign Trade, Drumming Up.
•
Farmer, Service to, Special Article.
Farming, Scientific.
Farmers' Prosperity.
Farmers' Savings.
·
Federal Reserve Act.
1
•
·
• • •
•
•
•
·
•
• ▸
•. ◄
• · •
•
· ·
Gallinger, Senator.
German Alliance Supports Hughes.
German "War Zone" Proclamation
F
Fairbanks Supports Wilson's Mexican Policy
Fairbanks A Reactionary.
•
• •
•
·
•
•
▸ .
•
E
·
• ·
•
Federal Reserve Act, Speech by Hon. Carter Glass.
Federal Reserve Act in Business Today.
Federal Trade Commission..
Ferris Water Power Bill.
Financial Freedom.
· •
G
•
·
•
•
•
•
Germany, Violated Right of Life. .
Glynn, Martin H., Keynote Speech..
Gold Stock of United States, Increase of..
Good Roads.
•
•
•
•
•
•
German-Born Congressman Supports Wilson
Germany, Sussex Case..
•
•
+
•
·
·
•
•
•
•
*
•
•
i
•
•
•
*
•
*
.
• •
•
·
·
•
→
•
•
·
•
•
•
•
•
*
•
•
· •
•
• • • •
.81, 83, 449-451
•
+
•
•
•
*
• •
•
•
•
•
•
77
193
.277,286, 317
283
•
319
15, 311
17
157, 175, 176
278
.223, 228, 231, 366
•
+
•
•
•
•
►
Pages
249, 256
•
221-227
351-355
391-431
452-456
194-227
•
289
437
305
425
•
418
404
429
421
411
397
407
392
414
391-431
124
392
198
60
8
79
20
249
424
224
91, 122
18
430
205, 206
336
249-256
154, 155
190
249-255
366, 367
410
102, 105
369
298, 460
241
100
443
265-270
271-276
343-346
351
265-276
23
363
34, 100
10
361-367
420
241
85
108
93
119
103
375
154
• •
17, 224, 236, 323-327
X
5
>
is
ļ
Gore-McLemore Fight..
Government Efficient.
Government Employees.
Grain Grades Act.
Gulf Light Case.
..
•
Harden, Maximilian..
History's Mexican Verdict..
Homesteads Enlarged..
1.
•
•
Koelble, Alphonse..
*
Honor of America.
Huerta.
Huerta Flees.
Huerta, The Unspeakable
Huerta's Removal Necessary
Hughes, A Blunder of...
Hughes, Special Article on.
Hughes and Income Tax.
Hughes' August Speaking Tour
Hughes' Candidacy Tainted.
Hughes' Extravagance.
Hughes, If Elected.
Hughes' Inadequate Americanism
Hughes, Questions to
Hughes' Six Years of Silence.
Hughes, Vetoes as Governor.
Husting, Senator, Exposes Lobbying.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
•
• •
• •
J
.
•
Income Tax, Special Article
Income Tax.
Indian Affairs
·
•
•
•
Land Frauds Prosecuted.
Lands Opened..
Latin American Affairs
#
- • •
Inheritance Tax...
Interest, On Government Deposits
Interests, Fights Against.
Internal Revenue, Tax Collections.
International Relations.
Interior Department.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lusitania, Germany Backs Down
Lusitania, Torpedoed
Lusitania, Praise for President.
Lusitania, Question to Hughes..
•
•
J
James, Hon. Ollie M., Speech at St. Louis..
Justice, Department of...
• ·
•
• ·
+
Labor.
·
Labor, Department of..
Labor, Emancipation of.
Labor Legislation, Special Article on
Labor, Shares Prosperity..
LaFollette Denounces Republican Platform
·
Latin American Concord, Special Article
Latin America and Mexican Policy
Lieb, Congressman, Speech.
Legislation, Democratic.
Lincoln, Abraham, Mexican Policy
Lobby, Driven Out.
Lodge, Senator.
•
•
Mexico, Article on Relations with
Mexican Border, Militia's Mission
▸
D O
⇓
•
-
-
H
Madero, Francisco
Markets, Office of.
•
Marshall, Thomas R., Achievements
Marshall, Thomas R., Eloquence of
McAdoo, W. G., Efficient Administration
Mayer, Gustav.
Merchant Marine.
·
I
•
· • •
•
K
L
•
• • •
M
•
•
·
· • • · •
. ·
་
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•
Pages
.88, 90, 117, 222, 229, 239
391, 431
•
·
·
·
•
·
•
•
•
•
·
·
4
477
83
52, 102, 105, 112, 330
144
137
91
•
·
18
16, 225
112
►
125
58
328-332
137, 142, 223, 374
423
459
400
33
402
10
421
421
25
56, 234
69.
36
66
391
131
330
88
80
138
135
387
404
85
4, 19
429
32
305-310
169, 172
27
405
422
12
183
57
93, 99
223
64, 388
303
89, 241
115
112
127, 390
112
62
17, 311
193
432
397
86
.14, 333, 337, 440
55-73
75
I
478
Mexican Critics, President's Challenges.
Mexican Policy, Supported by Fairbanks.
Mexican Question, Heritage from Taft.
Mexican Question, World Phases of.
Mexican Revolution, Cause of..
Mexico, A. B. C. Powers Mediate..
Mexico, Abraham Lincoln s Policy.
Mexico and Latin America.
Mexico, Our Mission in.
Mexico, Question of 36 Authors
Mexico, Taft's Policy...
Militarism, America Rejects
Militia, Mission on Border.
Militia, Regeneration of.
Mineral Leasing Bill….
Mines, Bureau of..
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Mobilization of Industry
Monroe Doctrine.
Mothers, Wilson Policy Satisfies
Munitions of War, Exports.
Munitions, Reserves or.
Munitions Tax..
•
Oil Land Cases.
Old Guard Repubicans.
·
•
• ..
Navy Appropriations, 1898–1916...
National Guard..
National Parks.
Naval, New Program.
• •
Navy, Administration of…….
Navy, Wine Mess Abolished.
Neutrality, Martin H. Glynn on.
Neutrality, President Proclaims.
.. •
•
Parcel Post, Growth of...
Payne-Aldrich Taiiff.
► •
•
•
Philippines.
Philippines, Freedom for..
•
Peace, How Wilson Kept.
Peace, Plan for Permanent.
Peace Treaties, Thirty
Penrose, Senator...
Pensions, Democratic Policy.
Pershing's Expedition..
Philippine Act.
• •
Pan America.
Pan American Concord, Article On
Pan America and Mexico.
• •
•
•
•
•
•
• ·
Panama Canal, Opened Under Wilson.
Panama, Tolls Repeal.
Prison Reform.
Public Health...
Pure Food Laws Enforced.
•
• · .
•
• •
U · •
•
• ·
Popular Election of Senators.
Postal Savings Banks.
Postal Surplus..
Post Office Department, Efficiency in
Preparedness.
Preparedness, Paying the Cost of..
Preparedness, Wilson's Speech On.
Progressives, Democrats the Real.
Progressives, 1912 Platform..
Progressives 1912-1916 Platform.
Progressives, Lest We Forget..
· • •
• •
• •
• • ·
•
• ❤
C
Platform, President Interprets St. Louis..
Platform, Republican Reactionary.
Platforms, Republican-Democratic.
•
•
•
•
·
•
•
• ·
•
•
·
•
Progressive, Policies Enacted by Democrats.
Progressive, Postal Policy.
Progressive, Revenue Policy.
Promises, Democrats Fulâli.
Prosperity, All Record Broken
Prosperity's Enemies.
Prosperity, Table of America's.
Protection of America.
• •
N
►
P
• ·
•
•
•
Q
Questions to Mr. Hughes and Republicans.
!
7.
•
1
A
•
·
·
1
•
·
+
·
• •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
152,1 5,168
.210, 211
459
•
↓
•
4
352
424
18, 194
• ►
12, 13, 188
28
།
1
417
233
12, 186, 401
183-191
57
259
296, 369
100
198
396
241
23, 452
•
70, 414, 416
226, 238
21
258
40
27
3-26
227
408
407:
407
•
437, 442
59
62, 70
444
75, 100
416
Pages
35
77
•
68, 74
74
61,234
68
64
57
9, 194-227
457-460
444-459
•
255
196, 215
423
196.
411
417
375, 383
104
·
•
..
406
241
437
140
131
292
139-144
409
458
30
151-182
368
162
22
23
19
405
52, 330
1
ļ
7
Railroads..
Raw Materials, Imports of
·
Reactionaries, Control Republican Party
Reactionaries, Should be Defeated.
Record of Achievement.
Rural Credits, Benefit of
Rural Free Delivery.
Rural Sanitation.
Record of Congress..
Republican Bosses House and Senate.
Republican Campaign Aide Exposed.
Republican Incompetence.
Republican Misrule.
Republican Naval Incompetence.
Republican Party, Questions to.
Republicans Vote for Democratic Appropriations.
Rural Credit Act, Special Article
Rural Credits..
·
•
• •
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
..
Republicans, Vote for Wilsons' Policies
Revenue, War Emergency Act.
Revenue Yield of Underwood Tariff.
Rivers and Harbors.
Roads, Good..
·
•
Safety at Sea.
Seamen's Law.
Sectionalism.
Senate Rules.
Senators, Popular Election of.
Sherman Act Enforced.
•
• •
L
Ship Purchase, Special Article
Ship Purchase Act.
•
Roosevelt's Ineffective Trust Policy
Roosevelt, On Navy.
Roosevelt, Telegram to Chicago Convention.
•
Roosevelt, Three Quotations.
•
•
Shipping.
Smoot, Senator.
Speaker Clark, Speech.
State Department, Efficiency in
Strict Accountability.
Submarines, American.
Submarine, Queation.
Suffrage.
Suffrage, Equal.
Sutherland, Senator
Sussex Torpedoed..
•
•
•
Ship Registery Act.
Ship Subsidies, Republican Cling to.
·
· • •
• # 4
O
• •
•
· •
•·
Tariff, Special Article on.
Tariff Commission, Special Article
Tariff Commission, Need of.
Tariff and Export Trade..
• •
Tariff, Roosevelt Dodged Issue
Tariff, Underwood..
Tariff, Wilson on..
Teachers, Equal Pay for.
Team-Work, Democratic.
Teutonic Sons of America
Textile Industry's Prosperity.
Trade Balance...
Trade Commission..
Taft, Ballinger-Pinchot Case
Taft, Betrayal by..
Taft, Mexican Policy.
Taft, Navy Lost Second Place Under
Taft's Ineffective Trust Policy.
Tampico Incident.
· ·
"
•
Vera Cruz, Seizure of...
Viereck, George Sylvester.
Vocational Diseases..
•
• •
•
•
Treasury Department, Efficiency in.
Treasury, Flourishing.
Treasury Prevents Panic.
Trust Laws Enforced.
•
+
Underwood, Tariff, Special Article.
Unemployment.
·
4
R
+
+
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D
•
S
•
T
•
U
►
V
4
·
·
Pages
26
362, 394
369
228
3, 31, 41-46
245-248
241-243
•
*
·
•
•
•
•
→
•
479
303
30, 371
369-373
201
84
385
277-286
16, 225, 228, 236, 317
· · •
280
403
403
208
52
337
224, 235, 337
332
30
.224, 227
257
333-337
•
249-255
230
457-460
301
253
225, 237
337, 340
333
•
14, 337, 366
241
245-248
392
109
202
95, 101, 108, 109
21
386
89
118
17,323
357-358
372
370
63
200
357-358
67
293-302
289
373
155
372
224, 231, 293
414
137
222
87
177
155, 363
224, 343, 346, 359, 436
397
168
348, 350
357, 404
293-302
430
86
403
480
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
I
Von Papen, Captain Franz.
Von Skal, George.
Votes on Appropriation Bills
•
• •
War, Emergency Measure.
War Department, Efficiency in.
War, Revenue Act.
War Risk Bureau.
Warehouse Law.
Warren, Senator.
Waterways.
•
•
••
-
··
·
.. .
• •
❤ ❤ .
Wilson, Woodrow, Speech of Acceptance.
Wilson, Woodrow, Sketch of……..
Wilson, Agricultural Achievements.
Wilson, Challenges Mexican Critics
Wilson, Consistent on Preparedness.
Wilson, Contrast with Hughes.
Wilson, Diplomatic_Victory
Wilson, Efficiency Under..
Wilson, European Policy.
Wilson Follows Lincoln..
Wilson, Labor Achievements.
Wilson, Lusitania Note.
Wilson, Mexico, On.
Wilson, Mexico Statement After Inauguration
Wilson, Mexican Poliey.
Wilson, Mexican Crítics...
Wilson, Militarism Impossible in America.
Wilson, Preparedness Achievements.
Wilson, Proclaims Neutrality
Wilson, Protection of Small Nations.
Wilson, "Put Up or Shut Up".
Wilson, Repudiates Disloyal Americans
Wilson, Ringing Americanism..
Wilson, Secured Child Labor Law.
Wilson, Secured Currency Law.
Wilson, Taft on...
Wilson, Tampico Incident.
Wilson, Tariff Commission.
Wilson, The Man…….
Wilson, To Mexican Critics
Wilson vs. Taft on Foreign Commerce
Wilson, Woodrow, Speeches of..
Wilson, On Mexico.
Woman Suffrage
World, N. Y., On Disloyalty.
D
Workmen's Compensation.
• •
•
+ •
·
• • D
• * ·
..
•
·
4
• ·
•
•
4
•
•
•
W
-
·
• • •
•
•
·
• ·
•
• ·
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
·
DEC 2 4 1917
•
•
•
་
·
•
·
+
Pages
80, 92, 117
87
250
232
414
225, 238
337-340
16, 225-317
241
23, 417
29
145
311, 320, 322
35
.
·
•
་
་
216
130
115
391-433
100, 129
388
305
113
61
65
55
59
418
194, 220
104
116
132
79
81
287
267, 271
319
67
373
382
59
360
433-451
61
386
87
225, 238-
1
1.
5
(
FIGURE IT YOURSELF-
How Much Do We Owe
Woodrow Wilson?
LAST JULY THE AMERICAN PEACE SO-
CIETY ESTIMATED THE TOTAL COST
OF THE WAR AT THE END OF TWO YEARS
AT MORE THAN $140,000,000,000, BASING ITS
ESTIMATES ON THE CONSERVATIVE FIG-
URES OF SOME OF THE FOREMOST EURO-
PEAN STATISTICIANS, SUCH AS EDGAR
CRAMMOND, OF ENGLAND; HENRI MASSON,
OF BELGIUM; YVES GUYOT, OF FRANCE;
MONSIEUR BARRIOL, OF RUSSIA; VON
RENAULT AND RIESSER, OF GERMANY, AND
THE AUSTRIAN MINISTER OF NATIONAL
DEFENSE.
THIS HUGE COST INCLUDED DIRECT EX-
PENDITURES AND INDIRECT COSTS DUE
TO LOSSES OF PROPERTY AND CAPITAL,
AND WAS DIVIDED THUS:
GERMANY
ENGLAND
FRANCE
AUSTRIA
RUSSIA
BELGIUM
ITALY
•
·
•
•
$47,805,000,000
27,350,000,000
22,025,000,000
23,790,000,000
18,770,000,000
5,540,000,000
11,000,000,000
MINISTER GUYOT, OF FRANCE, HAS DE-
CLARED THAT "THIS VAST DRAIN ON THE
WORLD'S FINANCES IS CALCULATED TO
PUT THREE-FOURTHS OF THE WORLD IN
PAWN, WERE IT TO CONTINUE FOUR
YEARS LONGER, LEAVING THE UNITED
STATES AS THE ONLY SOLVENT NATION
ON EARTH."
AND THIS REVEALS ONLY THE FINAN-
CIAL SIDE OF THE "HELL" FROM WHICH
WOODROW WILSON HAS SAVED THE
UNITED STATES.
-

Peace with Honor!
Preparedness!
Prosperity!
Democratic Text Book
1916
THE
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