am
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SCIENTIA
LIBRARY
VERITAS
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
SAL PLURIOUS UNE
TUEBOR
SI-QUERIS-PENINSULAM AMENAM
CIRCUMSPICE

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74
• Mochoros
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R.Senonia
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56
55
54

A
TRUE and PARTICULAR
RELATION
Of the DREADFUL
EARTHQUAKE
Which happen'd
At LIMA, the Capital of PERU, and the
neighbouring Port of CALLAO,
On the 28th of October, 1746.
With an ACCOUNT likewife of every Thing material
that paffed there afterwards to the End of Novem-
ber following.
Publiſhed at LIMA by Command of the VICEROY,
And tranflated from the Original Spanish,
By a Gentleman who refided many Years in thofe Countries.
To which is added,
A DESCRIPTION of CALLAO and LIMA before their De-
ftruction; and of the Kingdom of PERU in general, with
its Inhabitants; fetting forth their Manners, Cuftoms, Re-
ligion, Government, Commerce, &c. Interfperfed with
Paffages of Natural Hiftory and phyfiological Difquifitions;
particularly an Enquiry into the CAUSE of EARTH-
QUAKES.
The whole illuftrated with
A Map of the Country about LIMA, Plans of the Road and
Town of CALLAO, another of LIMA; and feveral Cuts
of the Natives, drawn on the Spot by the Tranflator.
The SECOND EDITION.
LONDON:
Printed for T. OSBORNE in Gray's Inn.
MDCCXLVIII,

WOITA
11 AUOUT 172
MOITION GEO 91 &
afyaxoda

(iii)
b
10-13-25
Lit.com.
Satheran
8-19-75
11949
THE
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
THE
HE Spanish Original, from whence
e the following Sheets are tranflated,
W was tranfmitted to a Gentleman of great
Confideration in this City, as well as to
the Tranflator, by a Perfon in high Poft
in the Weft Indies, about the End of De-
cember laft. The fame is an authentic Ac-
count published at Lima by Authority of
the Viceroy, of a Catastrophe, which hap-
pened the 28th of October, 1746, N. S.
one of the most dreadful, perhaps, that ever
befel this Earth fince the general Deluge. It
contains a Relation not only of the Mifchief
done at that Place, and its Port, by the
firft Shock of this horrible Earthquake: but
alfo of the difmal Scene which prefented it-
felf to View for feveral Weeks after; that
is, to the End of November' following.
A 2
It

iv
The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
It appears from the most ancient Re-
cords, as well as the Teftimony of later Years,
that thefe Countries have been always fubject
to fuch Calamities. The Truth of which Ob-
fervation has been experienced by the Tran-
flator of thefe Sheets himself, who refided
many Years in a Poft of fome Importance on
that Continent; during which Time a like
Accident befel the Kingdom of Chili, where
the City of St. Jago the Capital thereof was
almost totally deftroy'd: but none of the Earth-
quakes either of ancient or modern Date
have equalled in any Degree this laft at Lima
and Callao; either in the Suddenness of the
Attack, and Ruin of the Buildings, or in
the Number of Lives, and Value of the
Treasure loft.
Many are the Reafons affigned by Na-
tural Philofophers for thefe Phænomenas; let
fuch therefore who are beft fkill'd in this
Branch of human Literature account for
them: but it is most certain that the two
main Principles of thefe dreadful Mifchiefs
are Heat and Moisture; and why they should
happen more frequently in the Kingdoms of
Peru

The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
V
Peru and Chili than in any other Parts of
the known World, cannot be explained better,
perhaps, than has been done by Monfieur Fre-
zier*, late Engineer to Lewis the XIV th
of France, at whofe Command and Expence
he vifited and examined all thefe Countries.
This Hypothefis of Mr. Frezier may ferve
to account from Nature for thefe dreadful
Events. However, fuppofing fuch to be the
Cafe, it does not at all kinder but, that the
Almighty Power may employ thefe natural
Accidents as the Inftruments of Punishment
to a wicked People. And that there were
many of very profligate Lives among the
unhappy Inhabitants of that great City of
Lima and its Neighbour-Town Callao, may
be eafily collected, as well from their own
luxurious Manner of Life, as from the more
notorious Examples of the Clergy; who, in
thefe extenfive Empires of the New-World,
profefs no better Morals than many of their
Brethren in the Old. What thofe of Lima
were may in Part be feen by the Account
* See Frezier's Voyage to the South-fea in the Years
1712, 1713 and 1714, English Edition 4to, p. 212.
A 3
of

vi
The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
of the fame Author, who, as he was a Ro-
manift bimfelf, may be fuppofed in this Point
not to exaggerate *.
How far thefe Disorders might extend
may be judged by the vaft Number of Re-
ligious in that City; which, as the Tran-
flator has been well informed, what with
Priefts, Friars, Nuns, and their Lay-bre-
thren and Sifters, do, in the whole, amount to
upwards of 12,000 Perfons. Such an Ex-
ample therefore in the Priesthood, where
they are fo very numerous, and witbal fo
very powerful, must greatly communicate
itfelf among the Laity, their Followers; and,
in Confequence it may be affirm'd, that there
was not before the late great Calamity a
more licentious Spot upon the Earth. The
charming Serenity of the Climate and Fruit-
fulness of the Country, (as Frezier defcribes
it) the Plenty of all Things, and the fedate
Tranquillity which the Spaniards perpetually
enjoy'd, thefe, together with the extreme Beau-
ty of the Women, did not a little contribute
* His Words are recited hereafter in the Account
of Lima.
to

The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
vii
to an amorous Difpofition, which was the
prevailing Paffion of the Inhabitants.
As it never Rains at Lima, the Houfes
were only covered with a fingle Mat laid
flat; and the Thickness of a Finger of Afbes
on it to fuck-up the Moifture of the Dews.
To this and to the Precaution they us'd of
very rarely building any above one Story
from the Ground, was certainly owing the
fmall Number of Lives loft there in the late
Earthquake, which the Spanish Devotion at-
tributes to the miraculous Protection of the
bleffed Virgin, who indeed was the Goddes
worshiped there; and to fo great a Degree,
that it may with Truth be affirm'd, that their
exceffive Zeal for her Service made them ab-
folutely forget the Regard due to her Son.
The vaft Riches of the Spaniards here
may be judged-of by the Number of their
Equipages, the Coftliness of their Drefs, and
the magnificent Furniture of their Churches
and Houfes. In thefe laft, every the most
common Utenfil was of Silver; even the
Frames of their Glaffes, of their Tables,
their
A 4

viii
The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
their Chairs and Pictures, many of them
were of this precious Metal.
On particular Festivals it has been known
that their Horfes and Mules were fhod with
it. But the Riches of the Convents and
Churches were beyond every Thing; where the
very Friars, by Means of their begging Wal-
lets, (for thofe of St. Francis have no other
Subfiftence) get fufficient, not only to maintain
their Fraternity, but also to fupport the
Expences of meer Oftentation; which, on fome
Occafions, have amounted in the Convent of
St. Francis only to 50,000 Crowns.
The great Source of Wealth, with which
this Part of the Earth abounds, does not only
confift in the Mines, which the Indians from
the Time they were firfi conquered, have pur-
pofely concealed from the Spaniards, and are
well known to many of them by Tradition;
(and 'tis the common received Opinion that
thefe are fill richer than any yet difcovered)
but alfo in their Guaca's, (the Indian Word
for Sepulchre) where 'tis certain they always
buried great Quantities of Gold and Silver
with their Dead. Thefe ufually were Caves,
or

The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
ix
or Hollows dug-out in the Mountains. Many
of them by Accident, and fome few by Infor-
mation, have from Time to Time been difcovered.
But this laft happens very rarely: for the
Indians keep Secrets of that Kind with the
moft inviolable Fidelity: not only on Ac-
count of the Wealth there depofited, but also
of the dead Bodies of their Ancestors, which
they esteem with uncommon Reverence; info-
much that any of their own People making
fuch Difcovery would be looked-upon as igno-
minious, and might run the Rifque of lo-
fing their Lives to-boot. However, Difco-
veries fometimes have been made by Means
of Intrigues between the Men and Women of
both Nations; particularly one which hap-
pened during the Time of the Tranflator's
Refidence in thofe Countries: on which Oc-
cafion an Indian-Woman in a Fit of high
Affection reveal'd the Secret of a Guaca
known to her, to a Spanish Gentleman her
Gallant; and conducting him by-Night to the
Place, put him in Poffeffion of all that was
contained there. The Particulars of this
Wealth were never known, farther than that the
Gentleman

The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
Gentleman foon after paffed with it to Old
Spain; and to the Tranflator's Knowledge
(who knew the Perfon) carried with him
a hundred thousand Pieces of Eight regifter'd,
and perhaps as much more unregifter'd: like-
wife the Body of a very short Indian-Man
found perfectly intire in that Guaca, and
which he publickly fhew'd to his Acquaintance.
By an Amour alfo, 'tis faid the rich Mines of
Potofi (now almost exhaufted) came to be known.
In thefe Sepulchres too, there are always found
Plenty of earthen Jarrs of various Makes,
Jome like Birds and Beafts, or with Faces of
Men. Thefe were anciently used to drink Wa-
ter out of, and not unlike our red modern
China-ware; tho' fome refembled Fett: many
of thefe are in the Tranflator's Poffeffion.
The Countries of Peru and Chili are fo
extremely productive of Gold and Silver, that
Lumps of the former (call'd by the Spaniards
Pepita's) have been frequently found, fome on,
and others very near, the Surface of the Earth,
of an amazing Size; one of which, of fourteen
Pounds Weight, the Tranflator himself has
feen: and there was another found in his
Time

The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
xi
Time of above thirty Pound-weight, which
laft was fent as a Prefent from the then
Viceroy, with a Gold-chain thro' a Hole in
it, to the prefent Queen Dowager of Spain:
and thefe Lumps, both of them, were of the
pureft Gold unmix'd with any Dregs, as u-
fually thefe Pepita's are. As a Proof of
the quick Vegetation of Silver, it has been
known that on opening an ancient Mine,
which had formerly fallen-in upon certain
poor Wretches who were digging in it, the
Bones of thefe were found fome of them per-
forated with that Metal.
Whether the prefent difmal State of Things
at Callao and Lima may be a Means of
Encouragement for any foreign Nation to
attempt a Conqueft of thofe rich Kingdoms,
Time will how. It was always judged, even
in their most profperous Condition, that this
was practicable: For the Troops of thofe Coun-,
Perhaps this was the fame Pepita, or Lump of
Gold which Feuillée faw at Lima in the Cabinet of
Don Antonio Portocarrero, weighing 33 Pounds and
fome Ounces. A Pepita is a Piece of unrefined Gold
or Silver juft as it comes out of the Mine. See Feu-
illée Journ. des Obf. &c. Vol. I. p. 468.
I
tries

xii
The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
tries were never other than an undifciplin'd
Militia, without Order, and immers'd in
Luxury and Effeminacy. To thefe Confide-
rations, let us add the Number of Indians
yet remaining, born and bred in an utter
Abborrence of their Spanish Lords, and
gafping after Liberty and Relief; in Pof
Seffion too of immenfe Riches, banded down
to them by Tradition from their Forefathers;
and altho' concealed from Spanish Eyes ever
fince the Times of their firft Conqueft, might
poffibly be opened to their generous Deliver-
ers (for a Deliverance they with Anxiety ex-
pect, and ftill retain certain Prophecies thereof
in their old Songs and Sayings) all this toge
ther feems to promife Success to a potent In-
vader; and it is not impoffible but thefe
Countries, if the War continues, may happen
to change their Mafters. If fuch an Acqui-
fition be referved for Britain, or thefe Hints
fhould at all contribute to fuch an Enterprize,
our Wishes will be then compleat. Thus far
the Tranflator.
This Gentleman had inferted in his Pre-
face fome Account of the Caufes of Earth-
quakes,

The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
xiii
quakes, with a larger Defcription of Lima
and Callao, from Frezier's Voyage, as a pro-
per Introduction to the Hiftory of their Sub-
verfion: But the Matters he had extracted
from that Author having been deemed too
fcanty for the Occafion, the Bookfeller, by the
Advice of his Friends, hath gotten the De-
ficiency fupplied by another Hand, by giving
an exact Account of thofe Places, as they were
before that fatal Event.
This was judged
requifite, not only for better understanding the
Particulars contained in the Narrative of
the Earthquake, and eftimating the Damage
done thereby but also for preferving the Me-
mory of what they once were; and gratifying
the Curiofity of fuch as may be defrous to
compare their former State with their future
Condition, when they come to be rebuilt.
Thefe Explanations, which might have been
unneceffary, fuppofing the Relation was never
to have paffed beyond the Bounds of the Coun-
try where the Event, which is the Subject
of it, happened, are yet abfolutely effential to
it now, that it comes to be published in Eu-
rope, where thofe diftant Parts are very little
known.

XV
The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
known. And for the fame Reafon it feemed
equally neceffary to give the Reader fome In-
formation concerning the Country itself, of
which the Places in Question were the Ca-
pital, and its chief Port. With regard to
this Article, was nothing more required than
to throw Light on the Narrative, fome brief
and general Account of Peru might have
fufficed: But for as much as the Tranfla-
tor has fuggefted the Facility of conquering
that rich Kingdom, and feems to recommend
the Attempt to the English Nation, who
are at this Juncture in War with Spain;
to evince therefore the Practicableness of
fuch an Undertaking, it bath been thought
fit, befides a fuccinct Defcription of Peru, to
fubjoin alfo an Account of the Inhabitants,
both Indian and Spanish; fetting forth their
Animofities, mutual Averfion and different
Interefts, as well as their Manners and Cuf
toms, Religion and Government, Commerce
and other Particulars.
To illuftrate the whole, and afford the Rea-
der a more lively Idea of the Matters treat-
ed of, there is added an accurate Map of the
Country

The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
xiv
Country adjacent to Lima, a Chart or
Draught of the Road and Coaft about Cal-
lao, a Plan of that Town, and another of
Lima; with five Cuts of the Inhabitants.
But as Things of this Nature are valuable
only in Proportion to their Genuineness and
Accuracy, it may be expected of us, that we
Should inform our Readers whence we had
them, or upon what Authority they are
grounded.
With regard firft to the Map, it may be
proper to obferve that we had no tolerable one
of Peru before the Del Ifles began to publifh
their Set of Maps in 1700: But even thefe
were very defective. P. Feuillée, a Minim
Friar (Mathematician and Botanist to the
late King of France, and correfponding Mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, a
Perfon of great Industry, Knowledge and Ex-
perience) firft fettled the Pofition of the Coafts
of Chili and Peru, where he made feveral
very curious Obfervations, both phyfiological
and aftronomical, in the Year 1709.
Two or three Years after M. Frezier, one
of the King's Engineers, a Philofopher and
Man

xvi
The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
Man of Learning was fent into the fame
Parts by that Monarch, to difcover the Con-
dition of thofe Countries, and take the Plans
of the principal Places along the Coast..
This Commiffion he executed with great
Care and Judgment, adding Draughts of
whatever elfe he found remarkable. To
this Purpofe be carried with him M. Grave-
lot, well known here of late for his Skill in
defigning, Brother to M. d'Anville, Geogra-
pher to the King of France, a Perfon no lefs
eminent for bis Knowledge in that Science;
and who is at prefent engaged in publishing
a new Set of Maps, at the Expence of the
Duke of Orleans. An Example worthy the
Imitation of the Great every where, by
whofe Encouragement alone Arts and Sci-
ences can ever expect to be brought to
Perfection.
Since the Time of M. Frezier the Spa-
niards themfelves have begun to think of
procuring a Map of Peru. On this Occa-
fion we are informed by Feuillée, that Don
John Ramond, mentioned hereafter in the
Defcription of Lima, Mafter of the King's
Chapel

The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
xvii
Chapel in that City, and Royal Profeffor of
the Mathematics, bad, by Order of the King
of Spain, actually made the Map of divers
Provinces in feveral Journeys, which he
had performed: But that falling with the
reft of his Papers into the Hands of his Do-
meftics at his Death, which happened the 19th
of July, 1709. N.S. They were all either
wafted or burnt, as great Part of them cer-
tainly were, by a female Hand: who it feems
thought in fo doing fhe rendered the deceaf-
ed a fignal Service, faying, She committed
to the Flames Secrets which no Perfon
ought to read *. Thus in one Moment were
facrificed to Ignorance and Superftition,
Treafures whofe Lofs may not be retrieved
in Ages to come.
In 1735 three Members of the Royal
Academy of Sciences aforefaid were fent into
South-America to make Obfervations for de-
termining the Figure of the Earth. Thefe
Gentlemen intending to traverse the whole
Courfe of the River Maragnon, (called by Eu-
ropeans that of Amazones) from its Mouth
* Feuillée Obfervat. Phyf. Math. &c. Vol. I. p. 430.
& feq.
2
upwards,

xviii
The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
AefT
upwards, were brought at length, by follow-
ing its Channel, into Peru.
There is no-
thing yet publifhed of their Obfervations, ex-
cepting what relate to that prodigious Ri-
ver; a Draught of which, with an Account
of the Countries it paffes-through, has been
given by M. Condamine, one of the three
who made the Voyage.
From thefe and other Helps, there has
been lately published at Paris a Map of
Peru, fmall, but much more. diftinct and
accurate than any before extant. From
bence we have taken the Map of the Country
in the Neighbourhood of Lima, which is pre-
fixed to this Relation; having added to it, in
fome Places, and corrected it in others, from
the Voyages and Travels mentioned in the
fame. As for the Spanish Draughts of the
Coafls, publifhed in thofe Books, they feem to
be very faulty and imperfect.
P. Feuillée, among other Plans of Places
on the Coafts of Chili and Peru had taken
thofe of Callao and Lima. This latter he per-
formed at the Requeft of the Viceroy: but
was obliged to return on board bis Ship be-
2
fore

The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
xix
fore he could perfect his Work, leaving un-
finifh'd the Suburb of Malembo to the North
of the River. Frezier, who followed him
into thofe Parts, and took the Plans of the
fame Places, in the Preface to his Voyage,
finds feveral Faults with Feuillée's, which
Faults he has corrected: But altho', for this
Reafon, we have chofen to copy Frezier's
Draughts; yet Feuillée must not be denied
the Praife due to the Pains which he ap-
pears to have taken, in even the most incor-
rect of bis Performances.
Lastly, the Figures of the Criolians, or
American Spaniards and the Calafh, were
drawn on the Spot by the Gentleman, who
tranflated the Account of the Earthquake.
Thefe will, 'tis prefumed, be the more accep-
table, as Frezier has not given a Draught
of the Calafh; and the human Figures be-
ing larger, as well as more in Number
than his, reprefent the Objects not only more
diftinctly to view, but also in greater Va-
riety of Lights.
*The fame, p. 437 and 498.
22
As

XX
The AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
As the Relations of different Earthquakes
ferve to illuftrate one another, and that
which happen'd at Port-Royal in Jamaica,
in 1692, was in all its Circumstances lit-
tle inferior to that at Lima and Callao; it
has been thought not improper by Way of
Appendix to fubjoin an Account of it, writ-
ten by the Minifter of the Place to his Friend
in London, where it was printed towards
the End of the fame Year. This Piece
(which was communicated by the Gentleman
before-mentioned) is the more valuable, as
'tis only to be met-with in private Hands;
and, to make it more complete, we have add-
ed fome farther Particulars from the Me-
moirs communicated on that Occafion to the
Royal Society, by their Correfpondents in
Jamaica.
THE

( xxi )
THE
CONTENTS.
CHAP I.
A Defcription of Callao and Lima, as
they were before the late Earth-
quake: With an Enquiry into the Rea-
fon why it never rains there, and the
Caufe of Earthquakes.
2.
31.
Page 1.
SECT. I. Of the Town and Port of
Callao.
SECT. II. A Defcription of Lima the ca-
pital City of Peru.
SECT. III. An Enquiry into the Reafon
why it never rains at Lima or along the
Coaft of Peru.
SECT. IV. Earthquakes frequent at Lima
and throughout Peru; with the Caufe of
thofe natural Evils,
86.
102.
CHAP.

xxii
The CONTENTS.
CHA P. II.
A true and particular RELATION of the
dreadful Ruin in which Lima (other-
ways called La Ciudad de los Reyes)
Capital of the Kingdom of Peru, was in-
volved, by the horrible EARTHQUAKE
that happened there in the Night, the
28th of October, 1746: And of the
total Destruction of the Garrison and
Port of Callao from the violent Irrup-
tion of the Sea, occafioned by the Earth-
quake in that Harbour. Page 131.
SECT. I. The total Ruin of Lima by the
Earthquake.org ibid.
SECT. II. Callao and its Inhabitants de-
ftroyed by the Irruption of the Sea. 146.
SECT. III. The Viceroy's Zeal to remedy
Evils.
SECT. IV. His Excellency's Care to fecure
what remained.
155.
164.
SECT. V. New Confufion at Lima. 175.
SECT. VI. Orders for the Relief of Mona-
fteries, and rebuilding the City. 182.
SECT. VII. How far the Earthquake ex-
tended; with the Warnings and Pro-
phecy of it.
191.
CHAP

The CONTENTS.
xxiii
CHA P. III.
A Defcription of Peru and its Inhabitants,
with their different Interefts and mutual
Animofities.
Page 200.
SECT. I. A fuccinct Account of Peru, its
chief Towns, and natural Productions.
ibid.
SECT. II. Manners and Customs of the
Criolians, or Spaniards, born in Peru.
239.
SECT. III Of the Indians of Peru, and
their Oppreffions.
APPENDIX.
287.
A full Account of the late dreadful Earth-
quake at Port-Royal in Jamaica; in
two Letters written by the Minister of
that Place, from a-board the Granada
in Port-Royal Harbour.
326.
A

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T

Plate II.
PI
498990
Plan of the Road of
CALLAO
with y Illands Rocks & Sholes
therein
Part of Lima
Bocanegro
Callao
Point of
Callao
ch
View by n the Isle of S. Laurence may be known.
Point la Galer
Shole
Morro Jolor
Thole with
Breakers
I. of S.Laurence
Penna horadada
or the Pierced Rock
I of
Callao
Shelf
One Marine League
B. Cole Sculp

[1]
A
Particular RELATION of the late
EARTHQUAKE
A T
LIMA and CALLAO.
CHAP.
I.
ADefcription of Callao and Lima, as
they were before the late Earth-
quake: With an Enquiry into the
Reafon why it never rains there,
and the Caufe of Earthquakes.
N defcribing the two Places, which
were the Scenes of the dreadful Trage-
I
dy we are going to relate, we fhall be-
gin with Callao, as being the Port for Ship-
ping, and Landing place of Lima for all
thofe who go thither by Sea.
B
SECT.

2
A DESCRIPTION of
Its local
Situation;
its aftrono-
mical,
SECT. I.
Of the Town and Port of Callao.
HIS Town was built on a low flat
THIS
Point of Land, at the Edge of
the Sea; fo that its Level is not more than
nine or ten Feet above the High-water
Mark, which does not rife and fall over
four or five. However, it fometimes ex-
ceeds to fuch a Degree, that it floods
the Out-fkirts of the Town, as happen'd
in September 1713; from whence, fays
Frezier, it is to be fear'd, it may fome Time
or other deftroy the fame *: which Predic-
tion hath been lately too fatally verified.
As to the aftronomical Situation of this
Place, the fame Author puts it in 12 De-
grees 7 Minutes of fouth Latitude: hence,
as it ftands about two Leagues fouth-weft
of Lima, we may compute its Longitude
or Meridian Diſtance from Paris to be
*Frezier's Voyage to the South Sea, p. 199.
+ Funnel and Cook in 12 Degrees 20 Minutes, but
not fo accurately.
about

CALLAO and LIMA.
3
about 79 Degrees 24 Minutes * Weft, and
from London 76 Degrees 59 Minutes.
Callao was much longer than broad. The Its Extent,
Streets were all in a Line, but did not for
the general interfect each other at Right An-
gles, nor divide the Town into the ufual
Dimenfions, or common Square, obferved
in other Places. They were likewife fo
intollerably dufty that there was no walk-
ing in them with any Satisfaction. The
Houfes were for the moft part of but one
Story. By the Sea-fide ftood the Gover- Vice-
nor's Houſe, and Palace of the Vice-Roy. Roy's Pa
Feuillée fays this laft was a very magnificent
Structure, and that when any Ship arrived
in the Port, the Vice-Roy came from
Lima and lodged there . According to
Frezier thefe two Buildings took up two
Sides of a Square; the Parish-church mak-
* Confequently 59 Degrees 24 Minutes from the
Ifland of Ferro, which was found by Obfervation to be
20 Degrees Weft of Paris.
+ Feuillée fays they were broad and fpacious.
$ Frez. p. 200.
Feuillée Journ. des Obf. dans Ind. Occid. Vol. I.
P. 397-
lace.
B 2
ing

4
A DESCRIPTION of
ing the third, and a Battery of three Pies
ces of Cannon the fourth. He adds, that
the Corps de Garde, and the Hall for the
Arms, were alfo by the Vice-Roy's Lodgings;
and that in the fame Street, on the north
Warehou-Side, were the Warehouſes for the Com-
modities which the Spanish Ships brought
from Chili, Peru and Mexico. Befides
which, there is another for laying up of
the European Commodities, which they call
La Adminiftracion.
fes.
Churches
and Mo-
But befides thofe few public Structures,
nafteries. there were none of any Note, except the
Churches, which were built only with
Canes interwoven and cover'd with Clay
or Timber painted white: However they
were very neat. There were alſo five
Monafteries belonging to the Domini-
cans, Francifcans, Auguftins, Mercenarians,
and Jefuits; befides the Hofpital of St.
John of God.
Number
of Inhabi-
tants.
The Number of Inhabitants in 1714,
according to Frezier, did not exceed 400
* And facing the Sea.
Families,


Plate III
P 5
Plan
of the Town of Callao
as
it was before
Earthquake in
1746
before the
Profile of Curtains & Bastions
Fathams
123
Lima Road
THANKAR
River of Lima
New Petipiti
3
4
5
6
1
13
Watering place
www
8
Churches
A Parish Ch
BJ. Augustin
c The Jemnites
DJ Dominic
EJ Francis
FJJohn of God
6 The Meroy
Remarkable Places
Baftions of
1.Michael
Ignatius
3 The Holy Cross
4 St Catharine
5 S. James
6 John Baptist.
St. Dominic
7
8 J. Philip
J.
9 J. Lewis
The Government 10 Laurence
1 Corps du Guard 11 Francis
The Administration 12. Peter
Galenactyland
MGates nocty Jea
Breaches made
by the Sea.....
13. Anthony
11
10
The Port
12
The Moter
M
Scale of 300 Toises or Fathams
30
700
View of Callao
200
300
9
Old Petipiti
L
B. Cole Sculp

CALLAO and LIM A.
5
Families, tho' they reckoned 600 *: which
at eight to a Family falls but 200 short of
the Number affigned by the Narrative at
the Time of the Earthquake in 1746;
an Augmentation which might eafily, be
allowed to have accrued in the Space of
thirty two Years. Feuillée fays they were
almoſt all Seamen, and for the moft Part
without either Politenefs or Civility.
Without the Walls of Callao there are Suburbs.
two Indian Suburbs both call'd Pitipiti,
but diftinguiſhed by the Names of the Old
and New; the firft on the fouth, the other
on the north Side, through which runs the
River of Rimak, or of Lima t.
No Rain.
The Town would be agreeable enough
if the Heats, which continually rage there,
were but tempered now and then with
Rain, which never falls along this Coaft.
To the Eaft of this Place are nothing to Soil and
be feen but large Plains adorned with hand-
fome Country-houfes; to which belong fine
*Fuillée. Vol. I. p. 505.
+ Frez. p. 200. & feqq.
B 3
Orchards
Fruits.

6 A DESCRIPTION of
When
fortified.
Orchards watered by Canals cut from the
River. In thefe Orchards one meets with
feveral Kinds of Fruit-trees: the moft nu-
merous are thofe which bear Olives, vaftly
bigger than the European. Excepting thefe,
Orange and Citron Trees, the reft are pe-
culiar to the Country *.
Callao was fortify'd in the Reign of
King Philip IV. and the Viceroy fhip
of the Marquis de Mancera, with an En-
clofure flank'd by ten Baftions on the
Land-fide: and by fome Redans and plain
Baftions on the Edge of the Sea, where
there are four Batteries of Cannon to com-
mand the Port and Road.
This Part of the Wall was in a bad
Condition in the Year 1713; the Sea having
made five breaches in it fince the Stone-
key was built; for the Key by its ftop-
ping the fouth-weft Surf, occafioned a
Return of the Water, which fapped the
Foundation. And altho' the King allow-
ed 30,000 Pieces of Eight, affigned upon
the Excife on Fleſh, for repairing the Walls,
*Fuillée, p.503-
2
yet

CALLAO and LIMA.
7
yet they let near one half of them run to
Ruin on this Side.
tions.
The Rampart was of two different Fortifica
Breadths; the Curtains at the Top but
eight Feet thick, two and a half of
Earth, as much Banquette, and three of
Stone fet in Mortar. The Part underneath
confifted of unburnt Bricks, and a little
Stone-wall within: The Rampart of the
Baftions had five Fathoms of Earth, laid
with unequal Planks, to ferve as a Plat-
form for the Cannon; the whole unfolid,
becaufe ill-built.
The Baftions were vaulted, and had Artillery,
their Magazines of Powder, Balls, and
other Neceffaries, for the Service of the
Artillery mounted on each; confifting of
two, three, or four Pieces of Brafs Can-
non. The whole Number when Frezier
was there amounted to forty one; but
there were to be feventy of feveral Sizes,
from twelve to twenty four Pounders, Spa-
nish Weight. Among thofe Pieces were
ten Culverins from feventeen to eighteen
Feet long, and twenty four Pounders; where-
B 4
of

8
A DESCRIPTION of
Number
of Can-
non.
The Gar-
sifon.
of eight faced the Road, and were faid to
carry as far as the Point de la Galera, of
the Iland of St. Laurence, which is al-
moft two Leagues.
Befides the Artillery on the Rampart,
there were nine Field-pieces mounted, and
above 120 Brafs Guns of feveral Sizes, de-
figned for the King's Ships, call'd La Al-
miranta, La Capitana, and El Govierno;
which ferv'd when the Galleons arrived at
Porto Bello to convoy the Armadilla, or
little Fleet of Panama, and to tranfport to
Peru the Commodities that came from
Europe, the King's Allowance to Chili,
and the Recruits of Men they had occafion
for, before the Peace concluded with the
Indians. But in Frezier's Time thofe Ships
were fo much neglected, that they were
unfit to put to Sea without much refitting;
altho' the King ftill maintain'd the Marine
Troops *.
The Land-forces at Callao confifted of
feven Companies of Spanish Foot of 100
Men each. The Garrifon was compofed of
* Frez. p. 196.
fix

CALLAO and LIMA.
9
fix hundred Foot. But altho' the King
of Spain had fettled a Fund of 292,171
Pieces of Eight a Year, for maintaining of
this Garrifon, yet when Frezier was in
that Port, there were fcarce Soldiers enough
to mount the Guard at the Place of Arms.
The chief Officers were the Governor Officers of
the Forces.
General, who is commonly a confiderable
European, and relieved every five Years:
His annual Allowance is 7,000 Pieces of
Eight; the Colonel of the Place, 3,217
Pieces of Eight and four Rials yearly;
Town-Major 1,200 Pieces of Eight;
Town-Adjutant 600; Drum-Major 240.
Every Captain's Pay is 18,00 Pieces of
Eight a Year, and every Soldier's 20 per
Month. The three firft Officers were ap-
pointed by the King, the reft by the Vice-
Roy with the King's Confent. His Ca-
tholic Majefty alfo kept an Engineer there,
who ferved for all the Places in South
America, viz. Baldivia, Valparaizo, Callao,
Lima and Truxillo.
Officers of the Artillery were a Lieutenant of the
Artillery,
General 1,900 Pieces of Eight yearly;
29
Mafter-

10
A DESCRIPTION of
Marine
Troops.
Mafter-Gunner 486; Captain of the Ar-
tillery 606; ten Mafter-Gunners, each
400; two Aid-Majors, and feventy Gun-
ners, each 396.
Marine Troops. General of the Sea or
Admiral, who has the fame Honours and
Privileges as the General of the Galleons, his
Pay yearly 2,200 Pieces of Eight; two chief
Pilots, each 1,200; four Mafters of Ships,
each 540; four Mafters-Mates, each 396;
four Mafter-Gunners, each 444; five Chap-
lains, each 396; four Purfers, each 600;
Clerks, Stewards, Mafter-Carpenters, Ma-
fter-Caulkers and Divers, four of each, with
each yearly 396 Pieces of Eight; Major
of the Marine 600; two Aid-Majors or
Adjutants, each 396; twenty-four Quar-
ter-Mafters, each 240; forty Sailors, each
180; fixteen Grumetto's *, each 180.
Other Marines to ferve in two fmall Frigates.
The two Captains, each yearly 600 Pieces
of Eight; four Quarter-Mafters, each
244; eight Sailors, each 180. They have
all, befide their Pay, their Allowances ac-
cording to their Degree.
Marines.
* Grumetto's are black Slaves,
In

CALLAO and LIMA.
II
dian.
In the Town of Callao there are three Militia
Spanish
Companies which receive no Pay. The
firft is compofed of Seamen; the fecond
of the Inhabitants and Traders; the third
of the Mafter- Carpenters, Caulkers and other
Workmen belonging to thofe Trades; to
whom are added the Mulattoes and free
Blacks, who work in the King's Yards.
Befides theſe there are four Companies and In-
of Indians, with their Officers of the fame
Nation; one is compofed of thofe in the
Town, another of thofe in the Suburbs of
Pitipiti, and two of the Indians belonging
to Magdalen, Miraflores, Churillos, and other
neighbouring Farms. Thefe laft, which
are appointed for tranfporting of Ammuni-
tion and Provifions, are obliged to repair
to Callao upon the Signal of a Gun *.
As the future Strength of Callao will
in all Probability be nearly the fame with
its former, the foregoing Account will be
of Ufe to thofe who may have a Defign
to attack it when it comes to be rebuilt
and fortified, before they can get fufficient
Intelligence of its real Condition.
* Frez. p. 197, & feqq. & 202. The

12
A DESCRIPTION of
Trade-
Goods of
Chili,
of Peru,
of Mexico,
The Trade of Callao is very confidera-
ble, being carried on with Chili and Mexico,
as well as all Parts of Peru itſelf.
From Chili they bring Cordage, Leather,
Tallow, dry'd Fleſh and Corn; from Chiloe
Ifle, Cedar-Planks, a very light Wood, Wool-
len Manufactures, and particularly Carpets,
like thofe of Turkey, to spread on the Eftra-
does, or Places where the Women fit on
Cushions.
Peru furniſhes Sugars from Andaguay-
las, Guayaquil and other Places; Wines and
Brandy from Lanafco and Pifco: Mafts,
Cordage, and Timber for Shipping; alfo Ca-
cao, Tobacco, and fome little Honey of
Sugar from Guayaquil and the Country
about. The Cacao is afterwards tranfport-
ed to Mexico.
Mexico fends from Sonfonate, Realejo and
Guatemala, Pitch and Tar, which is only
fit for Wood, becauſe it burns the Cor-
dage: alfo Wood for dying, Sulphur, and
Balfam of Peru; but this laft in-reality
comes moft from Guatemala. There are
two forts of it, White and Brown; which
latter

CALLAO and LIMA.
13
latter is moft valued.
They put it into
Coco-fhells when it is of the Confiftence
of Tar: yet generally it comes in earthen
Pots liquid; but then it is liable to be fal-
fify'd and mix'd with Oil to increaſe the
Quantity. From the fame Places they
bring fine Works (which they call of Ca-
ray) and Commodities of China, by the
Way of Acapulco, tho' contraband.
To the Trade of thefe Countries we may of Europe.
add that of Europe, from whence Commo-
dities were brought both by the French and
Spaniards. The French Ships, which during
the laft War had Leave to trade to Callao,
have been obliged to put into the Warehouſe
all the Goods they had aboard. They exact
from the felling Price 13 per Cent. of fuch
as come with their whole Lading; and
fometimes even 16, of thofe, who have al-
ready fold much in other Ports along the
Coaft; befides three in the thouſand for other
Royal Duties and Confulfhip, without
reckoning the Prefents that are to be pri-
vately made to the Vice-Roy and the King's
Officers, But it is not to be wonder'd that
Men

14
A DESCRIPTION of
French
Trade.
Ill-mana-
naged.
Men fhould be corrupted, who buy their
Places only to enrich them felves.
The Stop put to the Trade of the Gal-
leons, by thofe Wars, having occafioned a
great Scarcity of Merchandizes in Peru,
Frezier thinks there was fome Reafon for
the Spaniards permitting the French to
trade thither. But the Permiffion he con-
feffes was granted with fo little Difcretion
that it became prejudicial to both; for
the French reforting thither without Re-
ftraint, foon overftocked the Country to
fuch a Degree that they were obliged to
fell them Goods at very low Rates, which
ruin'd the Spanish Merchants, and confe-
quently the French for feveral Years.
He adds, that three Ships with each of
them Commodities to the Value of a Mil-
lion of Pieces of Eight, would have been
fufficient for Peru yearly: becaufe as Chili
cannot take-off Goods above the Amount
of 400,000 Pieces of Eight, the Mer-
chants would have bought to a more
certain Advantage, and one French Ship
would

CALLAO and LIM A.
15
would have made more Profit than three
or four *
The Goods are carried from Callao to Land-car-
riage.
Lima on Mules, or Waggons drawn by
Oxen and conducted by Negroes; who
are fo little to be trufted, that to prevent
being defrauded, Fuillée fays the Dealer
ought to accompany the Waggon himfelf+.
Port and
Callao Port is about eight Leagues Callao
fouth-eastward of Chancay, and twenty- Bay.
one north north-weft of Caniate, two
other Ports mentioned in the following
Narrative of the Earthquake. It lies in
a kind of Bay formed by the Iſland of
St. Laurence and the Rocks de los Pifca-
dores, five Leagues diftant to the north
north-weft, about two from the Continent
and three South of Chancay.
The Illand of St. Laurence fhelters St. Lau
rence Ifle.
this Port both from the fouth and weft
Wind (which laft is the most dangerous
one that blows here) and breaks the Surges
that come from the South-weft.
*Frez. p. 200.
1 Feuill. p. 503.
+ Feuill. p. 504.
Frez. p. 124.
This

16
A DESCRIPTION of
Extent
and Site.
Its Condi-
tion.
This Ifland, according to Cook, (who
calls it Callao) is about two Leagues in
Compafs. It lies north-weft, and fouth-
eaft, tho' many coafting Pilots make it
ftand north and fouth. The Head-land
of the Ifle call'd la Vieja, or the old Wo-
man, is to the northward and bears from
the anchoring Place of the Port, which is
any where right before the Houfes, weft
by fouth *.
The Inland is defenceless: In the Year
1624, it was a Receptacle to James l' Her-
mite, who fortified himſelf there, in order
to take the Town of Callao; but being dif-
appointed therein, he burnt above thirty
Ships that were in the Road. It is alfo
a Place of Banifhment for the Blacks and
Mulattoes who are condemned for any
Crimes to dig Stone for the Public-ftruc-
tures, and indirectly for the private. This
Puniſhment being equivalent to that of
La Galera the Galleys in Spain, the Name of La
Gallera or the Galley, is given to the weft
Point of the Island. We have faid elfe-
Point.
*Cook's Voy. Vol. II. p. 192 194 & 200.
where,

CALLAO and LIMA
17
where, that Baldivia is inftead of the Gal-
leys for the Whites.
Ilands.
This Ifle, fays Cook, has at the End fe- Other
veral very fmall Iſlands and uncovered
Rocks; and beyond them is another little
Ifle, in Appearance high and perpendiculat
to the Sea: and no Ship can pafs between
them, becauſe the Diſtance is fmall, and
but little Water in the Channel *.
This ſeems to be the little Ifle in the That of
Callao
Chart call'd the little Island of Callao by
Frezier, who fays, that in the opening be-
tween them there are two fmall Ifles, or
rather Rocks: Alfo a third very low, half
a League out at Sea South-fouth-eaft, from
the North-weft Point of the Isle of St.
Laurence; from which Point at about two
Cables Diſtance are found fixty Fathom
Water on an owzy Bottom t.
Funnel's Account of the Ifles off this Port
is very erroneous, and therefore to be taken
notice of. He makes two which he calls
Callao and Lima. He fays the Iſland of
* Cook's Voy. Vol. II. p. 192 & feq.
+ Frez. p. 192.
C
Callao

18
A DESCRIPTION of
Errors
Strange Callao is very high and barren, having
neither Wood, Water, nor any green thing
upon it: That it is two Leagues long
That upon it ftands the great City of Li-
ma, the Capital of the Empire of Peru:
That it is joined to the main Land by a
Stone Bridge; and that almoft one half of
the City lies on that Side. Thus in de-
fcribing the Place, he fays 'tis the Seat of
an Archbishop; that it has twenty-five
Parish-churches well built and very rich;
of Funnel that it was well fortified, and had a Caftle
mounted with feventy Brafs Cannon, forty
eight Pounders; and that clofe under the
Caftle was the anchoring Place, where
Ships ride in fix Fathom Water, good
foft Ground. After this he tells you that
a little to the South of the anchoring Place,
and off the Point of Callao, there is a Shole
of Sand, which runs out far into the Sea
and that right-off the Shole is a rocky
Ifland called the Ifland of Lima .
* Others fay in Compafs only.
+ Funnel's Voy. p. 187 & feq.
4. D
It

CALLAO and LIMA.
19
this Port,
It is eafy to perceive that Funnel has touching
here committed two or three great Miftakes;
which are no Way to be accounted for but
by fuppofing that what he calls the Inland
of Callao is Part of the Continent, from
the Point of Callao on the South to the
River of Lima on the North: but still he
confounds the City of Lima with the Town
of Callao; for Ships do not anchor under
the Walls of Lima, which is two Leagues
from the Sea. In fhort the Illand which
he calls Lima feems to be that which the
Spaniards name St. Laurence, and Cook
Callao.
others.
The Author of a Book, intitled, AView millead
of the Coafts, Countries, and Ilands within
the Limits of the South-Sea Company, falls
into ſtill greater Abfurdities: for altho' he
takes his Account of this Coaft almoft
wholly from Funnel, yet he varies from
him in two material Points, feemingly
without any manner of Authority; thus
inftead of placing the City of Lima on the
Printed in 1711.
C 2
Ifland

20
A DESCRIPTION of
Great
Miftake.
Callao
Inland of Callao, he places it on the Island
Lima, and joins that Capital by a Bridge
to the Ifland of Callao inftead of the Con-
tinent: So that in effect he makes it con-
tiguous to both Iflands *.
The Author was perhaps led into theſe
Miftakes by endeavouring to correct thofe
of Funnel, or reconcile his Account to what
he apprehended was more likely to be the
Cafe. On which Occafion I muft obferve,
that the Defcriptions of the Coafts given
by Voyagers are often very faulty, defec-
tive and confufed, as well as different from
each other.
Road of The Road of Callao, which lies to the
Weft of the Town, is certainly, fays
Frezier, the largeft, fineft, and fafeft in all
the South-Sea. There is Anchorage every
where in as much Depth of Water as
any one likes, on an olive-colour'd Owze,
without Danger of any Rocks or Shoals;
excepting one, which is three Cables
Length from the Shore, about the middle
* View of the Coafts, &c. p. 91. & feq.
of

CALLAO and LIMA.
21
of the Ifland of St. Laurence, oppofite to
La Galera *
The Sea is there always fo ftill, that Ships not win-
careen at all Seafons, without fearing to be dy
furpriz'd by any fudden Gufts: However it
is open from the North to the North-north-
weft; but thofe Winds hardly ever blow
above a ſmall eafy Gale, which does not
cauſe the Sea to fwell to any Danger +.
This is confirmed by Feuillée, who obferves
that the Wind blows but feldom from that
Quarter in this Climate; and has but
* Duret in a Voyage to Lima in 1707, fays the
whole Ifland goes by the Name of La Galera, becaufe,
as he alledges, it is the Place where private People fend
their Slaves when they offend them: they are chained
two and two and fed with Bread and Water. He fays
this Ifle was inhabited formerly by People whofe Lord
was much feared and refpected by his Subjects: He
was fo jealous that all his Domeftics, as well as thofe who
guarded his Women, were Eunuchs; nay, thefe latter
had their Nofes cut-off, that their Concubines might
not take a liking to them. See Duret Voy. de Mar-
feille a Lima, &c. Paris 1720. 8vo. p. 236. But this
Author is not always to be depended on.
it.
+ Frez. p. 193 & feq.
Rather the North-north-weft, as Frezer has
C 3
little

22
A DESCRIPTION of
very fafe.
little Force, which alfo is diminished by
the Heats *.
All Authors agree in the Goodness of
this Port. Funnel and Cook affirm, that it
is fecure Riding all-over this Bay or Port,
and that you may ply up and down with-
out Danger: there being clear and good
faft Ground, growing fhallow gradually
from twelve to four Feet of Water; and
in it you are defended from the fouth-
erly Wind, which is the common Trade-
wind off this Coaft +.
Good An- The general anchoring Place in the Road
chorage. is Eaft and by North of the Point Galera,
two or three Cables Length from the Town,
Their Ships are alfo fhelter'd from the
South Wind by the Point of Callao. Fre-
zier's Ship anchored a League Weft of
Callao, at the Entrance of the Road in
fourteen Fathom Water, the Bottom an
olive-colour'd Owze; and ftay'd there 'till
he had Leave from the Viceroy to anchor
under the Cannon of the Town to ca-
*Feuill. p. 503.
+ Funnel, p. 189. Cook, p. 194.
2
reen

CALLAO and LIMA.
23
reen, which was granted without any Diffi-
culty*
The Point of Callao before-mentioned is The B.-
a low Slip of Land, a little to the South queron ar
or South-west of the Town; and be-
tween it and the Ifle of St. Laurence is
a narrow Gut or Paffage called the Boque-
ron, or Mouth; which lies North-weft and
South-eaft.
Gut.
for Barks.
Ships failing from Callao go-out to the
northward of the Ifle, as they generally go-
in, and do not país thro' the Boqueron, be-
cauſe the Wind will not ferve: But Ships
coming from Sea pafs thro': If fmall they Paffage
fail right before the Wind, having fourteen
Fathom Water in the fholeft Part, that
lies between the great Ifland and the Point
of Callao, which has a Bank round it.
To avoid this Bank Cook adviſes to keep
near the Ifle, where there is deeper Water;
and when you come as far as the Break
incline by Degrees towards Callao, ftill
keeping clear of the Point .
* Frez. p. 192, 194.
t Cook, p. 199.
C 4
The

24
A DESCRIPTION of
Rocks
about
Callao,
Directions
for failing
The Ifland of Callao has feveral Rocks
about it, the biggeft of which lies at the
South End, and is called Penna Oradada,
or the pierced Rock . This Rock is very
high, and Funnel obferves that no Ship can
pafs between theſe Rocks and the Iſland of
Lima (fo he calls that of Callao, as hath
been already noticed): but fuch as come
from the Southward, fteer in between
Pen Oradada and the Point of Callao 'till
they get to the Ifland of Lima, to avoid
the great Shole which runs off the Point
of Callao; and having paffed the Point
fteer directly to the anchoring Place with-
out Danger .
Cook fays this Penna Oradada, or Pierc-
ed Rock, is a little Ifle about a League
So Cook, But Funnel tranflates it the Golden
Rock, faying it was fo named from a rich Galleon
that was loft there. His bearing from the Ifle of
Callao must be wrong; fee Plate II.
This Account likewife feems to be wrong; for
altho' Cook is not exprefs enough, yet the Paffage in
all probability is between the Ifle of Callao and Penna
Oradada or Horadada, as 'tis nam'd by Frezier in
Plate II.
Funnel. p. 188, & feq
from

CALLAO and LIMA.
25
from the Continent, and that there is a
Crofs upon it. He obferves alfo that
there is another Crofs on a little Head-
land, without that call'd Morro Solor (which
is two Leagues South-Eaft of Morro Vieja*,
and on the Continent.) Now the beſt
Way of entering the Boqueron is to ftand
in from fomewhat to the Windward of
St. Laurence, and fo pafs on 'till the two
Croffes are brought together +.
Frezier fays Ships pafs thro' this Chan-thro' the
nel, tho' fomewhat dangerous. But Feu-Boqueron.
illée agrees better with Cook in affirming,
that only fmall Barks can pafs: Nor do
they often venture, adds this Author, on
account of the Currents which drive along
thefe Coafts almoft continually from North
to South, But being thro' you may proceed
boldly forward without Danger .
According to Funnel there is about thefe
Ilands, and among the Rocks, Store of
*This cannot be La Gallera, which is three Leagues
diftant from Morro Solor. Perhaps 'tis the Head-
lend neareft to the Point of Callao.
† Cook, p. 199.
+ Feuill. p. 503.
very

26
A DESCRIPTION of
very good Fish; and on moft of them are
Huts of Indians, who are conftantly em-
ployed in catching them, which they after-
wards carry to Lima.
In the Port of Callao are to be found all
Conveniences and Neceffaries for Naviga-
Watering tion.
Place.
The Watering is eafy at the little
River of Lima, which falls into the Sea
under the Walls of Callao. Wooding, how-
ever, cofts more Trouble, being half a
League to the Northward, at Bocanegra.
They cut the Wood half a League up the
Country, and pay the Jefuits twenty-five
or thirty Pieces of Eight for each Boat-
full. For the Conveniency of landing out
of the Boats, there are cloſe by the Walls
The Mole, three wooden Stairs and a Stone-Mole;
defigned for unlading of Cannon, Anchors,
and other things of Weight, which are
hoifted up with a fort of Crane *.
Cook in a Draught which he has given
of Callao and Lima, makes the watering
Place a Stream running on the North Side
of the Walls, different from that of Lima
*Frez. p. 194, & feq.
River,

CALLAO and LIMA.
27
River, which he places a good way beyond,
between the Town and the River Cara-
vaylla*.
This Port of Callao is never without Shipping
much Shipping. Befides the King of
Spain always kept three Veffels there, and
two or three Galliots, which in 1710, when
Feuillée was there, were in a very bad Con-
dition.
Fleet.
The Spaniards at Lima have Servants in Plate-
the Country, who are employed to trade
with the Indians for Gold; and here the
Plate-fleet, which carry the Treaſure both
of the King and Merchants has its ren-
dezvous before it fails for Panama, as it
always does, when the Spanish Armada
comes to Porto Bello. This Armada ar- Courfe of
rives firft at Cartagena, from whence an fure.
Expreſs is immediately fent over Land
to Lima, thro' the fouthern Continent, to
give Notice of its Arrival, and haften the
King's Treafure; upon which the Viceroy
immediately fends it away to Panama,
where it is landed, and lies ready to be
*Cook, p. 195.
fent
the Trea-

28
A DESCRIPTION of
and its
Value.
Affogue
Ship.
Sir Francis
fent by Land to Porto Bello on the firſt
News of the Armada's Arrival there, in
order to be carry'd to Europe.
It requires fome time for the Lima-
Fleet to unlade, becauſe the Ships ride
not at Panama, but at Perica; an Ile
two Leagues off. The King's Treaſure
is faid to amount commonly to about
twenty-four Millions of Pieces of Eight,
befides abundance of Merchants Money
and Goods; all which is carried on Mules.
From this Port there is fent every Year
a Veffel to Acapulco with Quick-filver,
Cacao and Pieces of Eight. She arrives
commonly a little before Christmas, and
ftays 'till the coming of the Manila Ship;
when ſhe takes-in Spices, Silks, and Callicoes,
Mullins, and other Eaft-India Commodi-
ties for the Ufe of Peru, and then returns
to Callao. She carries only twenty Guns ;
but her Lading is extremely rich both out-
ward and homeward-bound.
When Sir Francis Drake arrived here
Drake, the 15th of February, 1578, he found
thirty Ships in the Port. But altho' fe-
2
venteen

CALLAO and LIMA.
29
venteen of them were the beſt in the
South-Sea, and all ready provided, yet that
Hero had the Courage with only one Ship
and a Pinnace, to enter into the midft
of them and anchor all Night. Here if his Ex-
he had been revengeful, he had an Oppor- here;
ploit
tunity of gratifying his Paffion to the full;
and might have done the Spaniards more
Miſchief in a few Hours than they could
have recovered in many Years.
However,
if he fpared them one way by not making
Reprifals in Blood for their Cruelty to the
English, he took Satisfaction in fome mea-
fure at leaſt another way: For under-
ftanding that there was among them a
Ship belonging to one Michael Angelo,
wherein were 15,000 Bars of Silver, and
a Cheft-full of Rials of Plate, befides Silk
and Linen, he fingled her out and made
her his Prize.
This Ship alone was a fufficient Recom- takes the
Cacafogo,
pence for all their Labours: But it was no-
thing in Compariſon to the Reward which
Fortune had in Store for them: For fhe
is always lavish to her Favourites; and
Drake

30
A DESCRIPTION of
Ships.
Drake was one of the firft Rank with
her. Here he got Intelligence of the
Ship Cacafogo, the Glory of the South-Sea,
laden with Gold and Silver from Chili and
Peru, which had failed for Panama, where
that Treafure is landed in order to be
conveyed by way of Cartagena to Europe.
And altho' fhe had fet-out fourteen Days
and other before, yet the 16th early he put to Sea
again in Hopes of overtaking her. In the
Way he fnapped up a Veffel from Guai-
aquil, laden with eighty Pound-weight of
Gold; and on the first of March at Cape
San Francifco, one Degree to the North of
the Line, came up with this wealthy Prize.
They found in her a large Quantity of
Jewels and precious Stones, thirteen Chefts
of Ryals of Plate, four-fccre Pound-weight
of Gold, twenty-fix Tun of unrefined
Silver, two very large filver-gilt drinking
Bowls, and other Riches.
Attempts
of Bucca-
It has been already mentioned that in
niers 1624 l'Hermit burnt about thirty Ships in
this Port. In 1685 the Buccaniers (among
whom was Captain Dampier) lay in wait
to


false
Gate
14
Plan of the City of
LIMA
Capital of PERU
78
Malembo
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Grove
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Chappel
29 220
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Suburbs
163
The
River
k
i
Rimak
a.
Callao Gate
Remarkable
Places
Royal Square.
b. Vice Roys Palace.
c. Royal Court.
d. Arch Bishops Palace.
e.
Inquisition.
f.-its Square.
g. University.
h. Mint.
i. Flesh Market.
k. Small Wares Market.
1.Powder & Corn Mill.
m. Copper Mill.
n Del Prado
0. The Colledge
P. Colledge for Maidens.
9. House of Divorce.
false Gate
Gate of
John Simon
a z
100
Toises or Fathoms.
mst Christophers
Chappel
200 300 400
500
f
P
16
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Oc
49
StClares Gate
de
20
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WAX
PRE ROD
PP
Plate TV
false Gate
Cercado
Gate
口
​Bethlehem
-ites
24
23
20
22
2.2 22
22.
22 22
2?
Gate of
Matamonding a
St Catherines
Gate
29-00
Gate of
Pisco
Churches
11. for Incurables.
Monafteries.
12. Dominicans.
13. Franciscans.
14. Augustines.
15.Mercenarians.
16. Jesuits.
1. The Cathedral. 7.Benedictines.
2. S.Sebastian.
3. S. Marcellus.
4. St Ann's.
5. le Cercado.
6. S. Saviour.
7. S.Lazarus.
Hofpitals.
8. for Sailors.
9. for Priests.
10. for Blacks.
18. Minims.
19. Carmelites.
Nuuneries.
20. Augustines.
21.Barnardines.
22. Franciscans.
23.Dominicans.
24. Carmelites.
25. Trinitarians.
26. Capuchins.

CALLAO and LIMA,
31
to intercept this Fleet. But before it came-defeated.
up, fome of their Company were feparated
from the reft; and the Spaniards having
gotten the Weather-gage by a Stratagem,
the Free-booters ran for it. Their Enemies
did not think it worth their while to pur-
fue them; nor would the Rovers have
been much the better in cafe they had
taken the Fleet; for the Spaniards had pre-
cautiously landed their Treafure fhort of
their intended Port.
SECT. II.
A Defcription of Lima the capital City of
Peru.
LIMA, as hath been already noted, Its local
is only two Leagues diftant from its Situation
Port. The Road from Callao, which begins.
on the North Side from the new Suburb, is
good and pleafant along a fine Cham-
pain. Mid-way is a Chapel of St. John
of God called La Legua, or the League;
and three Quarters of a Mile beyond the
Road parts into two Branches: that on
the

32
A DESCRIPTION of
Charm-
ing Plain.
the left Hand leads to the Royal Gate of
Lima; the other to that called Juan Si-
mon, which anfwers to the middle of the
City, and is more frequented than the
former *.
This Plain is full of very neat Country-
houfes, and charming Gardens ftored with
Fruit-trees, both indiginous and foreign.
It is moftly taken-up with Alfarfars, that
is, Fields where they fow a Grain which
produces the Plant call'd Lufern or Medica
(becauſe the Seed came firft from Media.)
It bears liguminous Flowers whofe Stalk
is above two Feet long, and divided to-
wards the Top into feveral Branches, load-
ed with little blue Flowers, which when
blown give thofe Plains a moft beautiful
Afpect. As foon as thofe Plants (call'd
Alfarfar alfo Alfarfar) are cut, others ſhoot forth.
Every Morning one fees vaft Numbers
of Affes loaded with them enter Lima,
with each a Bone put in his Mouth to
prevent their eating them.
Plant.
* Frez. Voy. p. 202.
One

CALLAO and LIMA
33
One Day as our Author Feuillée took Ruins of
a Walk in this Plain (which is green the a City,
Year round) to fee the Ruins of an an-
cient City, built in the Time of the Inka's,
he obferved that the Streets were exceed-
ing narrow; and that in the Roads which
croffed the Fields, and had been bounded
with Walls then thrown down by the
Spaniards, fcarce two Men could go abreaft.
Having afked an Indian the Reafon of
it, he anſwered, that their People were
better Hufbands of the Ground than the
Spaniards, having been fo numerous that
they were obliged to cultivate every Scrap
of Land to procure Subfiftence. The Au-andinka's
thor faw among the Ruins a great Wall
with Battlements built of huge Bricks,
inclofing a large Palace, where they fay
the Inka refided when he came from Kufko
to vifit theſe Parts. The Form of the
Houſes, (moſt of whofe Walls ftill appear-
ed three Feet high) was a long Square,
and fome bigger than others, which fhew-
ed the different Quality of the Perfons who
inhabited them.
D
To
Palace.

34
A DESCRIPTION of
To the South of Lima is the Valley
Temple. of Pachakamak (the Name of the unknown
Grand
Latitude
and Lon-
gitude.
God whom the Indians adored in their
Hearts) where is ftill feen the Remains
of the fuperb Temple built in Honour of
that Divinity. Hiftorians report that Fer-
dinand Pizarro found there, over and above
the Pillage made by the Soldiers, 900,000
Ducats; which the Indians had not Time
to hide with the Gold and Silver which
they carry'd-off on the Approach of the
Spaniards*.
The Latitude and Longitude of this
Place have been obferved by feveral eminent
Aftronomers. In 1710 Louis Feuillée, a
Minim Friar, Mathematician, and Botanift
to the King of France, and correfpondent
Member of the Academy of Sciences at
Paris, found the Latitude refulting from
feveral Obfervations to be 12 Degrees, 57
Seconds, South +. Frezier, who was at
Lima three Years after, makes its Latitude
*Feuill. Journ, des Obfervat. &c. Vol. I. p. 497.
+See Feuill. p. 403 and 495.
12 De-

CALLAO and LIM A.
35
12 Degrees, 6 Minutes, 28 Seconds; and
in 1718 Don Juan Pedro de Paralta found
it to be 12 Degrees, 14 Minutes, 46 Se-
conds, by one Obfervation; and 12 Degrees,
14 Minutes, 52 Seconds by another *
So that as Frezier's exceeds Feuillée's by
5 Minutes, 31 Seconds, Peralta's exceeds
Frezier's by 8 Minutes, 24 Seconds.
Obfervers
The fame Mathematicians vary like- Variation
wife, with refpect to the Longitude. Feu- among
illée makes the Meridian diftant from Pa-
ris by the firft Satellite of Jupiter 5 Hours,
16 Minutes, 38 Seconds, or 79 Degrees,
9 Minutes, 30 Seconds. Frezier 79 De-
grees, 45 Minutes; and Peralta 5 Hours,
17 Minutes, 20 Seconds, or 79 Degrees,
20 Minutes: confequently 76 Degrees,
35 Minutes Weft of London, and 59 De-
grees, 20 Minutes, Weft of Ferro; which,
being the middle Difference, may take
Place, 'till the Obfervations made by the
Members of the faid Academy fent for
Frezier's Voy. p. 206.
* See Mem. de l'Acad. de Paris, for the Year 1729,
P. 527.
D 2
that

36
A DESCRIPTION of
to what
owing.
that Purpoſe to Peru in 1735, fhall be
published.
On Occafion of this Difference among
the Obfervations we muft acquaint the
Reader, that Feuillee* advifes the Aftrono-
mers to chufe fome other Place than Li-
ma to make their Obfervations at; for
that the Sun feems not to be made for the
Inhabitants, to whom it is vifible fcarce
three Months in the Year.
This City, according to Frezier (whom
for the general we follow) is built at the
Bottom of a Vale, formerly call'd Rimak,
from a noted Idol of the Indians, which
was famous for Oracles*: whence by
Corruption, and through the Difficulty
thofe People found in pronouncing the
Letter R as harfhly as the Spaniards, came
ItsNames. the Name of Lima; which is quite diffe-
*Feuill. p. 501.
+Feuillée tells us, that all the great Lords of Peru
ufed to fend Ambaffadors to confult this Idol on the
moft important Affairs of the Empire: and its Anfwers
got it the Name of Rimak, which fignifies, He who
Speaks. See Vol. I. p.494.
rent

CALLAO and LIM A.
37
rent from that given it by its firft Foun-
der Francis Pizarro, who call'd it, La
Ciudad de los Reyes, or the City of the
Kings; meaning the three wife Men who
came out of the Eaft to worship Chrift
new-born: perhaps becaufe the Spaniards
conquer'd that Vale on the Day of the
Epiphany, as many pretend.
Lima.
The Arms of the City have reference to Arms of
the Reigns in which it was founded. The
Efcutcheon is charged with three Crowns
Or, two and one, in a Field Azure, in
chief, a Star darting Beams. Some add in
the Efcutcheon, Hercules's Pillars: but in
feveral Places they only ftand without as
Supporters, with thefe two Words, Plus
ultra; and the two Letters I and K, to
denote the Names of Queen Joanna and
the Emperor Charles V her Son (being their
Initials) both of them reigning jointly at
that Time in Caftile.
built.
Feuillée, after Garcillaffo de la Vega, fays When
that Name was given to it on account of
its having been founded on the Day of
D 3
the

38
A DESCRIPTION of
On what
Occafion,
the Epiphany, in the Year 1534*: But
Frezier, from the Authority of Francifco
Antonio de Montalvo, affirms, that this hap-
pen'd on the 18th of January 1535, the Fef-
tival of St. Peter's Chair. This Circumftance
joined to that of the Names of the Com-
miflioners, appointed to choofe a Place for
the Situation of the City, and of the firft
Inhabitants, are ſtrong Prefumptions againſt
Garcillaffo. It is true, adds our Author,
that Herrera concurs with him as to the
Day of the Foundation; but he agrees
with Montalvo as to the Year 1535.
This Epocha is alfo determined by the
Reafons Pizarro had for building a City
in the Place where Lima now ftands: For
the fame Herrera tells us, that the Ade-
lantado, or Lord Lieutenant, Don Pedro
de Alvarado, advancing with an Army from
Guatemala to Peru, with a Defign to
make himſelf Mafter there; Pizarro came.
*Feuill. p. 495.
+ In his Life of the bleffed Toribio Bifhop of Li-
ma, printed by the Title of El Sol del Nuovo Mondo,
or, The Sun of the New World.
to
63

CALLAO and LIMA.
39
to make a Settlement in the Vale of Li-
ma, near the Port of Callao, which is the
beft on the Coaft, to obftruct his arriv-
ing by Sea, whilft Don Diego de Almagro
march'd by Land to oppofe him in the
Province of Quito.
The Spaniards, who are always attentive and how
to the exterior Duties of Religion, before peopled.
they erected any Structure, laid the Foun-
dations of the Church, much about the
midſt of the City. Pizarro laid-down the
Streets, and diftributed the Spaces for the
Houfes, by Quarters, of 150 Varas or Spa-
nish Yards, that is 64 Fathoms fquare *.
Afterwards twelve Spaniards, who were the
firft Citizens, began to build for themſelves
under his Direction. Thefe were joined
by thirty more from San Gallan, and fome
others who lived at Xauxa, amounting in
all to ſeventy Inhabitants; from which in-
confiderable Beginning it increafed to be
the largest City in all South America.
* A French Toife, or Fathom, is about five Inches
greater than the English.
D 4
The

40
A DESCRIPTION of
The Diftribution of the Plan is very
beautiful. The Streets are in a direct Line,
and of a convenient Breadth. In the
midft of the City (but near the River)
Great is the Placa Real, or Royal Square,
Square.
in which (before the late Earthquake)
were to be found together all Things for
the public Service. The Eaft Side was
taken up by the Cathedral, and the Arch-
bishop's Palace; the North Side by the
Viceroy's Palace; the Weft by the Coun-
cil-Houfe, the Court of Juſtice, the Prifon,
and the Guard-Chamber, with a Row of
uniform Portico's and Shops *.
The Ca-
thedral.
This Church Major, as Feuillée calls
the Cathedral, had three magnificent Naves,
and at each Angle of the Front a great
Tower, higher than the Roof of the Church,
which yet is very high. But they were
not quite finished, in 1710, when the Au-
thor was at Lima, who remarks, that thoſe
Towers would be two very bad Neigh-
bours in the Time of an Earthquake; and
Wee, fays he, be to those who fhall then be
near them.
* Frez. p. 206, & feq. Feuillée, p. 499.
+
In

CALLAO and LIMA.
41
In the midft of the Square was a Brafs Fountains.
Fountain, adorn'd with a Statue of Fame,
and eight Lions of the fame Metal, con-
trived to ſpout Water all-about. At the
Angles were four other little Bafons, very
rich in Metal.
Trenches,
One Quarter from the Royal Square, River and
on the North-fide, runs the River of Li-
ma, which is almoft always fordable, ex-
cept in Summer, when the Rains fall on
the Mountains, and the Snow thaws *.
There are Trenches drawn from it in feve-
ral Places to water the Fields, as well as the
Streets and Gardens within the City, whi-
ther it is conveyed in covered Paffages †.
A little to the North of the Viceroy's The
Palace this River is covered by a Stone. Bridge,
Bridge, compofed of five Arches well-
enough built, in the Viceroyfhip of the
Marquis of Montes Claros. This Bridge
communicates with a great Suburb, call'd
by the Indians Malambo, and by the Spa-
*Feuillée fays 'tis a fine River defcending from the
high Mountains.
+ Frez. p. 209.
2
niards

42
A DESCRIPTION of
Fine
Walk.
niards San Lazaro; which, fays Fuillée, is
a fine Town, whofe Streets run in ftrait
Lines like thofe of Lima. The principal
one, which lies Eaft and Weft, is near a
League in Length; and fo broad that eight.
Coaches may ride a-breaft without crowd-
ing. Large Canals, whofe Streams turn
feveral Corn and Powder-mills, pafs thro'
the whole Suburb, and water feveral Gar-
dens; whofe Fruit are excellent, especially
the Figs and Grapes. There is a hand-
fome Square where a Market is held twice
a Week, frequented by Crowds of Indians
who come to fell their Fowl and Cattle *
The aforefaid Street, according to Fre-
zier, leads directly to the Church of the
Suburb, and terminates near the Alameda.
This is a Walk of five Rows of Orange-
trees, about 200 Fathom long; the broad-
eft of the Walks between them being
adorn'd with three Stone-Bafons for Foun-
tains. The Beauty of thofe Trees always
green, the fweet Odor of the Flowers laft-
ing almoft the whole Year, and the Con-
*Feuill. p. 496.
courfe

CALLAO and LIMA.
43
courfe of Calafhes daily reforting thither
about Five in the Evening, the Time of
taking the Air, make that Walk a moft
delightful Place.
About the Middle of it is a Chapel, Confes
crated
call'd the Invocation of St. Liberata, built Hofts
in the Year 1711, in a Place where the ftolen.
Hofts of the holy Ciborium of the Ca-
thedral, which had been ftolen and bu-
ried under a Tree, were found. That
little Walk terminates at the Foot of
the Mountain, where is a Monaftery of
the Obfervants reform'd by St. Francis
Solano, a Native of Paraguay, contiguous
with that Mountain. Eaftward is ano-
ther call'd St. Chriftopher's, on which
is the Hermitage of that Saint; at the
Foot whereof runs a Branch of the River,
whofe Stream drives feveral Corn-mills,
and one Powder-mill, and is the common Powder-
bathing Place +.
*This is the Pix, Box, or Cup wherein the
Hofts, or confecrated Wafers, are kept in Popifh
Churches.
+ Frez. p. 410.
mill.
2
One

44
A DESCRIPTION of
Houfes
lic-build-
ings
One fees very few Houfes at Lima of
and Pub- two Stories, except thofe in the great Square;
the Earthquakes having taught the Inha-
bitants that thofe fumptuous Buildings, raif-
ed with ſo much Magnificence by the
firft Founders of that City, ferved only for
Sepulchres to their Anceſtors. The Spa-
niards were forewarned of this by the In-
dians, who made a Jeft of their great
Defigns*. However the Dread of Earth-
quakes had not hindered them from build-
ing many fine Churches, and high Stee-
ples at Lima. It is true, that most of
the Arches are only of Timber, or Cane
Work; but fo well order'd, that unleſs
told it, no Man can difcern it. The
Walls of the great Structures are of burnt,
and thofe of the leffer of unburnt, Bricks.
of one
Story
only;
The Houfes have only a Ground-floor,
tho' fometimes an upper Story made of
Canes, that it may be light; and are all
without Roofs, becauſe it never rains
there; being only covered with a fingle
Mat, and the thickness of a Finger of Aſhes
* Feuill. p. 499.
laid

CALLAO and LIM A.
45
laid on it, to fuck up the Moiſture of the
Fogs. The beautifulleft Houfes are built
only with unburnt Bricks, (made of Clay,
worked-up with a little Grafs) and dry'd
in the Sun; which nevertheleſs lafts for
Ages, becauſe there is no Rain to waſh
them away.
large;
Duret fays the Houfes are very magni- very
ficent and take up much Room, being
fourfcore Foot in Front, and twice as
much in Depth. One enters firft by a large
handſome Gate into a large Court, where
there are many Chambers and Apartments.
In the Middle of this Court is another Gate
thro' which one has a Profpect of the
Jets d'eau, and Fountains of the Garden.
The Walls of the Houfes are faced on how built,
both Sides with Brick, and the middle Space
filled with Earth five Feet in Thickness; in
order to raiſe the Chambers the higher, and
make the Windows a good Distance from
the Ground, to prevent thofe in the Street
* And alfo, as Feuillée obferves, to prevent being
cruſhed to Pieces, in cafe of Earthquakes, by the
Fall of the Roof.
from

46
A DESCRIPTION of
and co-
vered.
from looking-in. The Stairs are open to-
wards the Court, and lead to Galleries,
which ferve for Corridores or Walks to
go-into the Apartments. The Roofs are
made of rough Pieces of Timber hidden
from View on the infide by painted Mats,
or Cloths tacked to them; which has an
agreeable as well as furprizing Effect, on
thoſe who are not accustomed to fuch De-
corations.
Upon the Roof on the Outfide they
lay Branches of Trees with the Leaves on,
which they renew from time time. The
Apartments being thus fheltered from the
Sun are cool in the moft violent Heats. As
to the Rain, fays he, there is no manner of
Occafion to take any Precautions againſt
it, in regard none ever falls in thefe Coun-
tries. As this Author * differs fo much
*Duret has publiſhed a Voyage to Lima from the
Journal of one Bachelier, a Surgeon, in which, he fays,
he has made no Alterations, but in the Stile and by add-
ing Notes. But there is room to believe he has added
many things in the Text from other Authors good
or bad. Bachelier was at Lima in 1709, at the fame
Time when Feuillée was there, whom he mentions.
from

CALLAO and LIMA..
47
from others with regard to the Covering
of the Houfes, there is room to fufpect
what he fays in Relation to the Dimen-
fions, and Manner of Building *.
Walls.
The Walls of the City and their Baſtions, City-
which ought to be an everlafting Work,
are no otherwiſe built. They are between
eighteen and twenty-five Feet high, and
nine in Thickneſs at the Cordon : fo that
in all the Compafs of the Town, there is
no one Place broad enough to mount a
Cannon; which made Feuillée and Fre
zier believe, that they were built only to
oppofe any Attempts of the Indians. Ac-
cording to the laft Author, the Flanks of
the Baftions are about fifteen Fathoms The Baf-
perpendicular with the Curtin, and the
Faces about thirty; which makes the An-
*Duret Voy. de Lima, p. 247. & feq.
+ Feuillée fays the Bricks are a Foot and half long,
to half a Foot thick.
Nor were they intended for any, fince, as Feu-
illée obferves, the Ramparts had no Embrazures or
Port-holes.
tions
gle

48
A DESCRIPTION of
trived.
ill-con- gle of the Epaule* 130 Degrees. This oc-
cafions fuch a fichant Defence, that two
thirds of the Curtin are upon a fecond
Flank; and the flank'd Angles are often
too acute. Thofe Curtins being about
eighty Fathoms in Length, the great Line
of Defence is of about 110: Befides this,
there is neither Ditch nor Out-works.
Thefe Fortifications were raiſed about the
Year 1685, in the Viceroyfhip of the Duke
de la Palata, by a Flemish Prieft, whofe
Name was Don John Ramond +.
The Inha-
bitants.
The Spanish Families in Lima amount
to 8 or 9000 Whites; the reft are only
Meftizo's, Mulatto's, Blacks, and fome In-
dians. Thefe Inhabitants make in the whole,
25 or 30,000 Souls, including the Friars
and Nuns, who take up at leaft a Quarter
of the City.
* Or Saliant Angle formed by the two Faces.
+He died at Lima in July 1709, when Feuillée
was there.
The Mellizos are thofe born of Indians and
Whites. Mulattos the Off fpring of Whites and Blacks,
or Negroes.
Both


p.49
Plate V.
B. Coter Sculp
A Calath much used at Lima &all over Peru

CALLAO and LI MÀ.
49
rich.
Both Sexes are inclined to be coftly in Dress
their Drefs. The Women, not fatisfy'd with
the Expence of the richeft Silks, adorn them-
felves, after their Manner, with a prodigi-
ous Quantity of Lace; and are infatiable
as to Pearls and Jewels, for Bracelets, Pen-
dants and other Ornaments; the making
whereof ruins both the Hufbands and Gal-
lants. Frezier faw Ladies, who had about
them above the Value of 60,000 Pieces
of Eight in Jewels.
beautiful.
They are generally beautiful enough, of Ladies
a fprightly Mien, and more engaging
than in other Places: tho' perhaps their
Beauty is in Part owing to the hideous
Faces of the Mulatto's, Blacks, and Indians,
which ferve as Foils to them.
They reckon at Lima no fewer than Calaffes.
4000 Calafhes*, drawn by Mules, which
are the common Carriages for the Gentry (and
other People of any Condition) in that Coun-
* See the Figure, Plate V, given by the Tranflator
of the Lima Account of the Earthquake. He fays
there are 4000 Calafhes befides Coaches.
E
try.

50
A DESCRIPTION of
Immenfe
Wealth
before the
Fresh
try. By this one may judge of the Magni-
ficence of its Inhabitants, as we do in Eu-
ropean Cities by the Number of Coaches.
But to give fome Idea of the Wealth of
that City, it may fuffice to relate what
Treafure the Merchants there expofed
about the Year 1682, when the Duke de
la Plata made his Entry as Viceroy: They
cauſed the Streets called de la Merced *, and
de los Mecadores, extending thro' two of
the Quarters (along which he was to pafs
to the Royal Square, where the Palace is)
to be paved with Ingots of Silver, that had
paid the Fifth to the King: they generally
weigh about 200 Marks, of eight Ounces
each, are between twelve and fifteen Inches
long, four or five in Breadth, and two or
three in Thickness. The whole might
amount to the Sum of eighty Millions of
Crowns.
It is true that Lima is in fome fort
Trade. the Repofitory of the Treafures of Peru,
whofe Capital it is. It was computed fome
Years ago, that
* Or of Mercy.
above fix Millions of
Crowns
+ Or of the Merchants.

CALLAO and LIMA.
51
Crowns were expended there: But a large
Abatement must be made at prefent, fince
the French have carried thither the Com-
modities of Europe at an eafy Rate; and
the Trade they have driven at Arica, Hilo
and Pifco, has diverted the Plate that came
formerly to Lima: which is the Reafon
that the City is now poor to what it for-
merly was *.
Lima is the ufual Refidence of the
Viceroy of Peru, who is no lefs abfolute Viceroy s
than the King of Spain himself in the
Courts of that City, Chuquifaca, Quito,
Panama, Chili, and Tierra Firma, as being
Governor and Captain-General + of all
the Kingdoms and Provinces of that Part
of the New World, for fo it is exprefs'd in
his Titles. His Allowance is 40,000 Pieces
of Eight yearly, exclufive of his extraor
dinary Perquifites: thus when he goes a
* Frez. p. 213, & feqq.
+ Frezier (from whom chiefly we have taken our
Remarks) on this Occafion cenfures the Author of the
Hiftory of the Buccaniers, for giving theſe two Titles
to different Officers, in his Fictitious Manufcript, as
he terms it.
E 2
Progrefs

52
A DESCRIPTION of
his Jurif-
diction.
Spanish
Policy,
Progrefs into any Provinces, he is allowed
10,000 Pieces of Eight; and 3000 for go-
ing only to Callao, which is, but two
Leagues diftant. He has the Nomina-
tion of above a hundred Corregidores, or
fupreme Magiftrates of confiderable Places;
and, in fhort, the Difpofal of all Trien-
nial Employments, both Civil and Mi-
litary.
Neither Feuillée nor Frexier, I think,
give us the Name of this Viceroy: but
from Duret we learn that he was called
Don Francifco dos Rios. He had been Am-
baffador in France about twenty Years be-
fore, and when Philip V obtained the
Crown of Spain. His Authority extend-
ed over the Kingdoms of Peru and Chili
and the Audience of Buenos Ayres; in fhort
over all South America *.
It is to be obferved, that moft Employ-
ments are given or fold only for a li-
mited Time. Thofe of the Viceroys and
Prefidents are generally held feven Years;
fome Corregidores and Governors have
* Duret Voy. de Lima, p. 249.
theirs

CALLAO and LIMA.
53
theirs for five, and the greater Number but
for three. It is eafy to fee that this Re-
gulation was made, to prevent their having
Time to gain Creatures, and form Parties
against a King, who is fo very remote
from them, that it requires Years to receive
his Orders. But if this Policy prevents thofe
Inconveniences, it is attended with many
others; which, in Frezier's Opinion, are
the main Caufe of the ill Government of
the Colony, and of the little Profit it af-
fords His Catholic Majefty: for the Offi-
cers are fure to make the moft they can
of their Places in the fhort Time they are
to hold them.
ruption
Befides, as it is hard to refift the Temp- and Cor-
tation of conniving for Money at certain
Abuſes, which by long Ufe are become
Cuftoms, the honefteft Perfons follow the
Steps of their Predeceffors; and the rather
being poffeffed of the Opinion, that how-
foever well they may behave them felves,
they are ftill liable to be charged with
Mal-adminiftration; the only Means to
clear themfelves of which, is to appeafe
E 3
their

54
A DESCRIPTION of
Bribery
univerfal.
Public
Good fa-
their Judges with Prefents, giving them
Part of what they have robb'd the King
and his Subjects of,
Hence it is that fo many large Heaps
of Silver are carried from the Mines acrofs
fuch wide-extended Countries, and át
Length convey'd aboard the Ships trading
along the Coaft, without paying the
Fifth to the King, becauſe the Merchants
pay the Corregidor or Governor fo much
per Cent. The Corregidor pays the Juez
de Defcamino, that is Judge of Concealments
or Confifcations, and he perhaps the Vice-
roy's Officers.
For the fame Reafon fcarce any of them
crificed, has at Heart the public Welfare; for as
he is foon to be out of Place, he is con-
vinced it would not be in his Power to
continue good Regulations, fhould he fet
them on Foot; fince his Succeffor will
perhaps overthrow them as foon as he is in
the Poft. In fhort this is the Caufe why
the Orders from the Court of Spain are
either not at all, or very ill, put in Exe-
cution: They are fatisfied with only pub-
lishing

CALLAO and LIMA.
55
Guard
lifhing them out-of Formality *; not be-
ing with-held by the Fear of lofing their
Employments, which thofe Perfons are who
hold their Places for Life. Befides, they
come-off at an eafy Rate with the Vice-
roy, who reafons exactly as they do, tho'
he has a Sovereign Power in his Hands.
His ufual Guard is compofed of a Com- Viceroy's
pany of Halbardiers, a Troop of Horfe
and a Company of Foot, each confifting
of 100 Men. The two laft are paid by
the King, and the Halbardiers maintain'd
out of a Fund left by a very rich Lady
of Lima. There is another Company of
fifty felect Perfons, all Men of Distinction,
who walk by his Side when he makes his
Entry. There is a Royal Chapel in his Pa-
lace, ferv'd by fix Chaplains, a Sacriftian,
and a Choir of Mufick, paid by the King.
rifon.
The Garrison of Lima confifts only of The Gar-
the Militia who have no Pay from the
King, except the General-Officers, and the
*Se obedece la Ordez, y no fe cumple; that is, The
Order is obey'd, but not executed.
E 4
Ser-

56
A DESCRIPTION of
The In-
fantry.
The Ca-
valry.
Serjeants of the Foot Companies: in all 45,
viz.
Fourteen Companies of Spanish Infan-
try of the Inhabitants.
Seven Companies of the Corporation of
Commerce, who have a Major and two
Aids de Camp more than the former. Eight
Companies of Indians, Natives of Lima,
who, befides the ufual Officers, have a
Colonel, a Major, and an Adjutant.
Six Companies of Mulatto's and free
Blacks, who have a Major, two Adjutants,
and a Lieutenant-General.
Each of the above-mentioned Companies
confifts of 100 Men, and has no other Of
ficers, but a Captain, an Enfign, and a Ser-
jeant.botado
Ten Troops of Spanish Horfe, fix where-
of are of the City and four of the neigh
bouring Country - houfes, and adjacent
Farms.
YOU
Each Troop confifting of fifty Men
has a Captain, a Lieutenant, and a Cornet,
General

CALLAO and LIM A.
57
General Officers in the King's Pay, are
The Captain-General and Viceroy, who Military
has 40,000 Pieces of Eight per Annum.
Governor-General
7000.
Lieutenant-General of the Horfe 1500.
Commiffary-General of the Horſe 1500.
Lieutenant to the Lieutenant-
General
-}
1200.
Lieutenant to the Captain-General 1200.
Other Officers appointed by the Viceroy, are
The Captain of the Guard-Chamber,
whofe Pay is 1200 Pieces of Eight yearly.
A Lieutenant of the Artillery
TwoAdjutants of the Artillery, each 300.
Four Mafter-Gunners, each
A chief Armorer
Four Armorers, each
A Mafter-Carpenter.
1200.
540.
1500.
600.
1000.
Officers.
It is reported that in Cafe of Need, the Forces.
Viceroy can raife 100,000 Foot and 20,000
Horfe, throughout the whole Extent of
2
the

58
A DESCRIPTION of
Royal
Court;
the Kingdom: but it is certain, according
to Frezier, that he could not arm the fifth
Part of them; for fo he had been inform'd
by Perfons who travelled fome of the in-
land Parts of Peru*.
Under the Viceroy's Authority, the Go-
vernment of the Kingdom depends on that
of the Royal Court, where he prefides for
Matters of Moment. That Court, which
may in fome Meaſure be compared to a
French Parliament, is compofed of fixteen
Oidores, that is, Judges or Affeffors; four
Alcaldes de Corte, or Juftices of the King's
Houfbold; two Fifcales, or Attorneys Gene-
ral, an Alguazil Major, or Chief Serjeant,
and a General Protector of the Indians:
Each of thefe Perfons has 3000 Pieces of
Eight, and thirteen Royals Salary; but
the Oidores, or Judges, have moreover
other Allowances belonging to the peculiar
Courts where they are employed. That
Body has alfo titular Officers, as Advocates,
Solicitors, Notaries, Serjeants, &c.
Frez. p. 219.
The

CALLAO and LIM A.
59
vifions,
The Royal Court is fubdivided into a its Subdi-
Court of Juftice, a Criminal Court, a Court
of Accounts, and two Courts of the Treafury,
or Exchequer; one whereof is entrufted with
the Revenues which rich Indians have left
at their Death to relieve the Wants of the
Poor of their Nation. Laftly, it includes
the Chancery, which is compofed of only
one Oidor, and one Chancellor, who has
that Title given him with a very fmall Sa-
lary, becauſe the Great Chancellor is al-
ways in Spain.
Council.
The Cabildo, or Council of the City, City-
is next to the Royal Court. There are
more Regidores, or Aldermen, belonging
to it than in other Towns. There is
alfo an Alguazil-Mayor, or chief Ser-
jeant of the City, for military Affairs;
and a great Provoft, call'd Alcalde de la
Hermandad, who has Power of Life and
Death in the open Country.
The Court of the Royal Treafury is efta- Treafury,
bliſhed for the King's Revenues, fuch as
the Fifth of the Silver taken out of the
Mines; the Duty of Alcavala, being 4 per
2
Cent

60
A DESCRIPTION of
Mint.
Conful-
fhip.
Spiritual
Cent, on all. Sorts of Commodities and
Grain, befides other Impofitions, which
are but few in that Colony. It has Judges,
Tellers, Secretaries, &c.
There is alfo a Court of the Mint, which
has its Treaſurers, Comptrollers, Directors,
Keepers, Clerks, &c. alfo an Oidor, or
Judge, who has a Salary independent of
that of the Royal Court.
The Court of Commerce is the Con-
fulfhip, where a Prior and two Confuls
prefide: theſe are chofen from among the
Merchants, who beft underftand Trade.
Furthermore, that nothing may be want-
Courts. ing, which may contribute to preferve
good Order in this City, and make it flou-
rifh, feveral Courts of Ecclefiaftical Jurif-
diction have been erected in it.
The Arch
bishop's.
The In-
quifition.
The firft is the Archbishop's Court,
compofed of the Chapter of the Cathedral,
and the Officiality. Its Officers are, a Fif-
cal, or Attorney, a Sollicitor, a Serjeant, and
Notaries.
The fecond, and moft dreadful of all
Courts, is that of the Inquifition, whofe
Name

CALLAO and L IM A.
61
rany.
Name alone ftrikes a Terror every where;
becaufe, firft, The Informer is reckoned as Its Ty-
a Witnefs: Secondly, The Accufed are not
allowed to know their Accufers: Thirdly,
There is no confronting of Witneffes: fo that
innocent Perfons are daily taken up, whofe
only Crime is, that there are People, whofe
Intereft it is to ruin them. However they
fay at Lima, that there is no Caufe to
complain of the Inquifition: perhaps be-
cauſe the Viceroy and the Archbishop are
at the Head of that Body.
The Inquifition was fettled there in the
Year 1569, with all the Minifters, Coun-
fellors, Qualificators, Familiares, Secreta-
ries, and chief Serjeants, as it is in Spain.
It has three fuperior Judges, who have
each 3000 Pieces of Eight Salary: Their
Jurifdiction extends throughout all the
Spanish South-America.
The third Spiritual Court is that of the Croifade.
Croifade, which is in fome Manner a Part
of the Royal Court, becauſe there belongs
to it an Oidor, or Judge of the Court of
Juftice. It was eftablished at Lima in the
Year

62
A DESCRIPTION of
Court for
Wills.
Univer-
Sity.
Year 1603, under the Direction of a Com-
miffary-General, who keeps his Court in
his own Houfe; with the Affiftance of a
Judge-Confervator, a Secretary, a Comp-
troller, a Treaſurer and other Officers, re-
quifite for the Diftribution of Bulls, and
Examination of the Jubilee and Indulgen-
ces. His Salary is only 1000 Pieces of
Eight, which yet is too much in Frezier's
Opinion for fo ufelefs an Employment.
Laftly, There is a fourth Court for Laft-
Wills and Teftaments. Its Bufinefs is to call
Executors and Adminiftrators to account.
It takes-care likewife of Chappelanies and
their Foundations, for which Purpofes it
has feveral Officers *.
In order to furnish fo many Courts with
Perfons properly qualify'd, the Emperor
Charles V, in 1545, founded an Univerſity
at Lima, under the Title of St. Mark, and
granted it feveral Privileges; which were
confirm'd by Pope Paul III. And Pius V,
who to enlarge them in 1572 incorporated
it into that of Salamanca. It is governed
Frez. p. 222.
by

CALLAO and LIMA.
63
by a Rector, who is chofen yearly. They
reckon in it about 180 Doctors of Divi-
nity, Civil and Canon Law, Phyfic and
Philofophy, and generally near 2000 Scho-
lars. Some proceed from thence able enough,
fays our Author, in the fcholaftic and trick-
ing Part, but very few in the practic.
There are in the Univerfity three Royal Colleges.
Colleges, with twenty Profefforfhips, which
have good Revenues. The firft was found-
ed by Don Francifco de Toledo, Viceroy of
Peru, under the Invocation of St. Philip
and St. Mark. The fecond by the Viceroy
Don Martin Henriquez, for the Entertain-
ment of eighty Collegians, or Students in
Humanity, Civil Law and Divinity. The
Jefuits are Rectors and Profeffors in this;
and it is called St. Martin. The third
by the Archbishop Don Toribio Alphonfo Mon-
grovejo, under the Title of St. Toribio, Bi-
fhop, for the Maintenance of eighty Colle-
gians, who ferve in the Choir of the Ca-
thedral. Their Habit is grey, with a pur-
ple Welt, double behind. They ftudy ec-
clefiaftical Literature under a Prieft, who is
their

64
A DESCRIPTION of
Chapter.
Cathe-
dral.
their Rector. The College alfo maintains
fix Boys for the Choir, under the Direction
of the Mafter of the Chapel, and of the Vi-
car or Sub-deacon, who refides there. It
has a Revenue of above 14,000 Pieces of
Eight.
The Chapter of the Cathedral is com-
pofed of a Dean, an Archdeacon, a Chan-
ter, a School-mafter, a Treafurer and
ten Canons; one of which Number has
been retrench'd, to give his Revenue to
the Inquifition. Each of thofe Dignita-
ries has 7000, the Canons 5000, the fix
Racionero's or Prebendaries, 3000; and the
thirty Chaplains, each 600 Pieces of Eight
a Year, without reckoning the Muſicians
and finging Boys.
This Church, which was the firft Struc-
ture in Lima, was by Francis Pizarro put
under the Invocation of the Affumption:
but Pope Paul III, having made it a Ca-
thedral in the Year 1541, alter'd it to that
of St. John the Evangelift; to diftinguish it
from that of Kuzko, which had the Name
of the Invocation before. It was fuffragan
to

CALLAO and LIMA.
65
to Sevil 'till the Year 1546, when the faid
Pope made it a Metropolitan; and the
Suffragans to it are the Bishopricks of Pa-
nama, Quito, Truxillo, Guamanga, Arequi-
pa, Kufko, Sant Jago, and La Conception of
Chili.
The first Archbishop, named Don Fray Archbi-
fhops.
Jeronimo de Loayfa, a Dominican, affem-
bled two Provincial Synods; the first on
the 4th of October 1551, at which was pre-
fent not one of the Suffragans fent-for, and
only the Deputies of the Bishops of Pa-
nama, Quito, and Kufko: But at the fecond,
which was opened the 2d of March 1567,
there affifted the Bishops of La Plata,
Quito, and La Imperial, with the Deputies
of the other Chapters. He rebuilt the
Church then ruin'd, and cover'd it with
Mangrove-Timber.
The third Archbishop, Don Toribio, is
reckon❜d a Saint.
The ninth, Don Melchor de Linnan y
Cifneros, upon the Death of the Marquis
de Malagon, was appointed Viceroy, Go-
vernor, and Captain-General of the Pro-
F
vinces

66
A DESCRIPTION of
Eight
Parishes.
vinces of Peru. He was the firft in whom
thofe two Dignities were united; which in-
deed, fays Frezier, do not feem compati-
ble in the fame Perfon.
Lima contains eight Parifhes. The first
is the Cathedral, which has four Curates
and two Vicars. This is contrary to the
Canon-Law, which allows only one Cu-
rate to a Church, becaufe one Body is to
have but one Head. It has made a hand-
fome Appearance, before its Overthrow;
was well-built, and had three equal Ifles.
In it was preferv'd a Piece of the Crofs
of Chrift.
The fecond Church was that of St. Anne,
which had two Curates and one Vicar.
The third, called St. Sebaftian, had alfo
two Curates.
The fourth, St. Marcellus, one.
The fifth, St. Lazarus, one Curate-Vi-
car of the Cathedral.
The fixth, Our Lady of Atocha, annex'd
to, and dependent on, the Cathedral: they
call'd it Los Huerfanos, or the Orphans,
The

CALLAO and LIMA.
67
The feventh, El Cercado, or the Incloſure,
which was the Parish-church to an Indian
Suburb, that has been brought into the
City fince it was wall'd-in, the Jefuits
were its Curates.
The eighth had been added of late Years,
and was called San Salvador, or St. Saviour.
There were feveral Hofpitals for the Sick Twelve
Hofpitals,
and Poor of the City. The firſt call'd
St. Andrew, was a Royal Foundation for
the Spaniards, that is, the Whites: It was
ferv'd by the Merchants and four Priefts.
That of San Diego, or St. James, was
founded for thofe who were upon the Re-
covery, after having been in that of St. An-
drew. They were ferv'd by the Brothers
of St. John of God.
That of St. Peter was founded only for
Priefts by the Archbishop Toribio, above-
mentioned.
That of the Holy Ghoft, for fea-fearing
Men, was maintained by the Alms and
Contributions collected from the trading
Veffels.
J
F 2
That

68
A DESCRIPTION
Found-
lings
That of St. Bartholomew was founded
by the Blacks, by Father Bartholomew de
Vadillo.
In that of St. Lazarus they took Care
of Lepers, and fuch as had the venereal Dif-
temper. It was a Royal Foundation, and
ferved alfo for People afflicted with the
Falling-Sickness and for mad Folks.
There was a Houfe for Foundlings, ad-
Houfe. joining to Our Lady of Atocha, call'd Los
Huerfanos, or the Orphans.
The Hofpital of St. Cofmas and St. Da-
mianus was founded by the Inhabitants of
Lima for Spanish Women.
That of St. Anne by Don Jeronymo de
Loayfa, the first Archbishop, for the Indi-
ans; but mantained latterly by the King.
There was one for Incurables ferved by
the Bethlehemites.
Another for the convalefcent or reco-
vering Indians without the City, where
thofe who came from St. Anne's and other
Hofpitals were received.
There were Officers likewife appointed
to difpofe of the Foundations made by the
richeft

CALLAO and LIMA.
69
richeft Indians, for the Poor of their Na-
tion, as has been faid.
Laftly, There was one founded by a
Prieft, for convalefcent or recovering
Priefts.
Befides the Hofpitals for the Sick, there Charity-
was a Houſe of Charity in the Square of Houfes.
the Inquifition, for poor Women, where
young Maids were marry'd or made Nuns.
In the College of Santa Cruz de las Ni-
nas, or, the Holy Crofs of the Girls, they
brought-up a Number of Foundling-
Girls, to whom the Inquifitors gave Por-
tions when they married.
A Prieft has alfo left a Foundation of
above 600,000 Pieces of Eight, under the
Direction of the Dean of the Cathedral, and
the Prior of St. Dominick, to marry twenty
Maids, and give them 500 Pieces of Eight
each.
The Brotherhood of Conception marries
forty, after the Rate of 450 Pieces of
Eight each.
There was a Foundation likewife un-
der the Title of Our Lady of Cocharcas, for
F 3
the

70
A DESCRIPTION of
Monafte-
ries.
Domini-
cans.
Francif-
cans.
the poor Daughters of Kafiks, and a
College for breeding their Sons, where they
had all Sorts of Mafters *.
The monaftic State, which has over-
fpread all Europe, has alfo extended itſelf
beyond the fpacious Oceans into the re-
moteft Climates; where it fills the fartheft
Corners of the Earth inhabited by Chrif-
tians: but at Lima particularly there are
Legions of Friars, whofe Monafteries (be-
fore the Earthquake) took-up the fineſt
and largeft Part of the City.
The Dominicans had four Monafteries
there; that of the Rofary the chief; the
Refurrection of the Magdalen; St. Thomas of
Aquin, where their Schools are, and St.
Rofe of Lima.
The Francifcans had four, viz. that
of Jefus, or the great Monaftery, call'd
alfo St. Francis, it contain'd 700 Men, in-
cluding Servants, and took-up the Space of
four Quarters, being the finest in the City +.
* Frez. p. 225, & feqq.
+ Feuillée fays there was not a Monaftery in Eu-
rope to equal it for Magnificence and Bignefs, con-
aining 300 Religious.
The

CALLAO and LIMA.
71
The fecond was the Recollection of St. Ma-
ry of the Angels, or of Guadalupe; the
third the College of St. Bonaventure; and
the fourth, the Barefoot Friars of St.
James.
The Auguftins had alfo four, St. Au- Auguflins.
guftin, Our Lady of Capacavana, the Col-
lege of St. Ildefonso, and the Noviciate, or
the Reform of our Lady of Guidance, which
was without the City. There were above
500 Friars in them all.
The Order of the Merced, or Mercina- The Mer-
rians had three, viz. the Merced, the Re-ced.
collection of our Lady of Bethlehem; and
the College of St. Peter Nolafcus.
The Jefuits had five, viz. St. Paul, Jefuits.
St. Martin, the Noviciate, or St. Anthony;
the Cercado, or Inclofure, by the Name of
St. James, where they were Curates; and
Los Defamparados, that is, the Forfaken, or
our Lady of Sorrow, which was their pro-
fefs'd Houfe.
The Benedictines had that of Our Lady Benedic
tines.
of Monferrat.
The
F 4

72
A DESCRIPTION of
Minims.
The Minims had lately been in Poffeffion
of the Church of Our Lady of Succour,
which alfo bears the Name of St. Francis
of Paula; and a Chapel of Our Lady of
Victory, where the Monaftery was call'd
by the Name of their Patriarch.
St. John of The Brothers of St. John of God had the
God. Direction of the Hofpital of St. James.
Bethle-
bemites.
The Bethlehemites had two, that of the
Incurables, and Our Lady of Mount Car-
mel, which was without the City. Thefe
Friars came lately from the Town of Gua-
temala, in the Kingdom of Mexico; where
the venerable Brother Peter Jofeph de Be-
tancourt founded them to ferve the Poor,
*
Pope Innocent XI, approved of the Inftitu-
tion, in the Year 1697. They had alrea-
dy, when Frezier was there, nine Mona-
fteries in Peru. Thofe Friars, though to out-
* Perhaps he was a Defcendant of a French Gen-
tleman named Betancourt, who having ftolen a young
Woman, fled to the Inland of Madera, where he firft
planted a Chriftian Colony. F. du Tertre, p. 59. fays,
He in the Year 1642 faw a Francifcan in that Ifland,
who faid he was of that Family.
ward

CALLAO and LIMA.
73
liticians.
ward Appearance very fimple, are reckon'd
refin'd Politicians, as may be judg'd by the Friars Po-
Name of the Quinteffence of Carmelites and Je-
fuits, given them by the People. They choofe
for their Chaplain a fecular Prieft, whom
they keep in their Houfe at a certain Al-
lowance; but he has no Vote among
them. They are clad like the Capuchins,
excepting that under their Beard they have
a Bib a Quarter of a Yard long, ending in
a Point. Their Founder, as thofe good
Friars give out, had for eleven Years to-
gether, the Company of our Saviour vi-
fibly carrying his Crofs. The other Ap-
paritions and Revelations which they place
to his Account, and publifh both by word
of Mouth, and by Pictures, are of the fame
Reputation.
Nunne-
The Nuns are not quite fo numerous at Nuns and
Lima as the Friars; there were only twelve ries.
Monafteries of them. 1. That of the In-
carnation, belonging to the Regular Ca-
noneffes of St. Auguftin. 2. The Concep-
tion, of the fame Order. 3. The Trinity,
of the Order of St. Bernard.
4. St. Jo-
2
Leph

74
A DESCRIPTION of
Divorces
common.
Jeph of the Conception, more auftere than
the other, for the Barefoot Nuns of the
Order of St. Auguftin. 5. St. Clare, found-
ed by the Archbishop Toribio, whofe Heart
was there preferved, contained above 300
Francifcan Nuns. 6. St. Catherine of Si-
ena, of the Order of St. Dominick. 7. St.
Rofe of St. Mary, of the fame Order.
8. That they call del Prado, or, of the
Meadow, was for the Recolet Auguftins.
9. St. Terefa, of Carmelites. 10. St. Rofe
of Viterbo. 11. The Trinitarians. 12. The
Jefus Mary of Capuchins, erected in 1713,
by four Nuns who came from Spain, by
the way of Buenos Ayres. In fhort they
reckon in all above 4000 Nuns, among
whom there are four or five Monafteries of
very regular religious Women,
We might here add a Houfe founded
by the Archbishop Toribio for Women di-
vorced. It is incredible, fays Frezier, to
what an Excefs that Abufe has been car-
ry'd there are People daily unmarried,
with as much Eafe as if Matrimony was
nothing
2

CALLAO and LIMA.
75
nothing but a civil Contract*, upon bare
Complaints of fome Mifunderſtanding,
want of Health, or Content of Mind; and
what is ftill more amazing, they after-
wards marry others.
ifh Cuf-
This Abufe was brought them from A Moor-
Spain by thofe who fettled this Colony. tom.
Their long Intercourfe with the Moors had
made it fo common, that Cardinal Xi-
menes thought himfelf obliged to apply
fome Remedy to it; and becauſe the Pre-
tence of fpiritual Affinity very often au-
thorized Divorces, the Council of Toledo,
which he affembled in the Year 1497, or-
dain'd that at Chriftenings the Names of
the God-fathers and God-mothers fhould
be written-down, in order to difcover the
Truth on fuch Occafions.
The penitent Women had alfo a Place Penitent
of Retreat but Frezier did not think it
* The Tranflator of Frezier fays this is all a Mif-
take, affirming that Houfes of this fort in Spain and
the Indies, are only to feparate from Bed and Board,
fuch as cannot live together in Peace.
fufficiently
Women.

76
A DESCRIPTION of
oufnefs of
Friars
fufficiently filled withthem; which he im-
puted to the little Scruple they make in
that Country of Libertinifm and the little
Care that is taken to curb it. They call'd
them las Amparadas de la Conception, or the
protected of the Conception.
Licenti- By the great Number of Monafteries and
religious Houſes of both Sexes, one may
be apt to imagine Lima to be a Place
much addicted to Devotion; but that out-
fide, fays our Author, is far from being
made good by thofe who live in them:
for moft of the Friars are fo given to Li-
centioufnefs, that even the Superiors and
Provincials draw from the Monafteries con-
fiderable Sums of Money to defray the Ex-
pences of worldly Plea fures, and fometimes
of fuch open Lewdnefs, that they make no
Difficulty to own the Children they have
gotten, and to keep about them thofe un-
deniable Proofs of their diforderly Life;
to whom they often leave as an Inheri-
tance the Habit they are clad in, which
fometimes defcends beyond one Genera-
tion, as Frezier was told on the Spot.
The

CALLAO and LIMA..
77
The Nuns likewife, except thofe of three and Nuns.
or four Monafteries, have no more than an
Appearance of the Regularity, which they
only owe to the Inclofure: for inftead of
living in Community and Poverty accord-
ing to their Vow, they dwell apart at
their own Coft; with a great Retinue of
Black and Mulatta Women-flaves and Ser-
vants, whom they make fubfervient to the
Gallantries which they carry-on at the
Grates. In short the fame Author, tho'
a ftanch Romanist, fays he cannot fpeak of
the Lives of both Sexes without applying
to them the Words of St. Paul*, Shall I
then take the Members of Chrift, and make
them the Members of an Harlot?
lar,
To do the Jefuits Juftice, both Fre- The Je-
zier and Feuillée except them out of the fits regu
Number of irregular Regulars, declaring
that they live after a very exemplary Man-
ner: Yet for all they are fo much bet-
ter behaved than the reft of the Clergy,
they do not yield to any of the other Or-
ders in Point of Wealth.
* I Cor. vi, 15.
Accord-

78
A DESCRIPTION of
altho'
wealthy.
According to Duret it would require a
Volume to fet forth the Riches which they
poffefs in this Country. Their Difpenfatory
where Medicines are prepared, makes the
fineft Appearance of all belonging to them,
The Lay-brother who had the Direction
of it, told the Author that they had 200
Slaves at work in their Farms, which
brought them in 12,000 Crowns, over and
above what they had in other Parts *.
From the Conduct of the Ecclefiaftics,
who by their Example ought to edify the
Laity, it is eafy to guefs at the prevailing
Charming Paffion of that Country. Its Fertility,
Climate.
joined to the Plenty of all things, and the
fedate Tranquillity which the Inhabitants
perpetually enjoy, do not a little contri-
bute to the amorous Difpofition that
reigns there. They are never fenfible of
any Intemperature in the Air, which al-
ways preferves a juft mean, between the
Cold of the Night and Heat of the Day.
The Clouds there generally cover the
Sky to preferve that happy Climate from
*Duret, p. 250.
the

CALLAO and LIMA.
79
the burning Rays which the Sun would
otherwiſe dart perpendicularly down upon
them. And thofe Clouds never diffolve
into Rain to obftruct taking the Air, or
the Pleaſures of Life; they only fometimes
ftoop-down in Fogs to cool the Surface of
the Earth, fo that the Natives are always
fure what Weather it will be the next day.
To fum-up all, provided the Pleafure of
living continually in a Country where the
Air is fo uniform, was not interrupted by
the frequent Earthquakes, I do not think,
fays Frezier, that there is a fitter Place
to give us an Idea of the terreftrial Para-
dife *.
St. Fran-
It will not be unentertaining we prefume
to the Reader. if we give an Account of
the Feast of St. Francis of Afifium, which Feast of
is none of the leaft in the Year; and was cis.
celebrated at Lima the 4th of October
1713, two Days after Frezier's Arrival
there for the Spaniards being poffeffed
and infatuated by the Friars, efpecially the
Francifcans and the Dominicans, look-up-
Frez. p. 228, & feq.
on

80
A DESCRIPTION of
Arts of
Friars.
on the Founders of thofe two Orders as
the greateſt Saints in Heaven. The Ve
neration, they pay them extends even to the
Habits of their Orders, which they efteem
much beyond the other monaftical Habits.
They chiefly believe that they obtain
great Indulgences by kiffing the Habit of
St. Francis: The Francifcans, to keep-up
that Notion, fend fome of their Friars into
the most frequented Churches, to give their
Sleeves to kifs to thofe who are hearing
Mafs: Even the Quefting-brothers pre-
fume to interrupt People at their Prayers
to have that Honour done them. But to
heighten the general Refpect paid to their
Order, and render its Grandeur more con-
fpicuous to the Public, they on the Fefti-
val of their Founder make magnificent
Fire-works and Proceffions, and embelliſh
their Cloifters within and without with
the richest Things they can come at. Thus,
fays my Author, they caft Duft into the
Eyes of the carnal People, who are taken
with fine Appearances, and in fome measure
eafe them of the truly religious Life.
The

CALLAO and LIMA.
81
tween two
The Feſtival began at the Even-fong of Vifit be-
the Eve, by a Proceffion of the Domini- Images.
cans, in which ten Men carried the Fi-
gure of St. Dominick, going to vifit his
Friend St. Francis. He was clad in rich
gold Stuffs, and glittering with fmall Stars
of Silver, ftrew'd upon him, that he might
be ſeen at a Diſtance. St. Francis being in-
form'd of the Honour his Friend intended
him, came to meet him as far as the Square,
which is about half way: Being arrived
before the Palace-Gate, they compliment-
ed one another, by the Mouths of their
Children; for tho' they made Geftures,
they had not the Advantage of fpeaking.
The latter being more modeft than the
former, came in his Franciscan Friar's
Cloth: but amidst that Poverty, he was
encompaffed by an Arch of Silver Rays;
and had at his Feet fuch a Quantity of
Gold and Silver Veffels, that eighteen Men
bowed under the Load of them.
Proceffion.
The two Images were received at St. Grotefk
Francis's Church-door by four Giants of"
different Colours, white, black, mullatto,
G
and

82
A DESCRIPTION of
Fire-
works.
and Indian, which came to the Square to
dance before the Proceffion. They were
made of Bafket-work, covered with paint-
ed Paper: But in fact, to confider their
Figure, Maſks, Hats, and Perukes, were
mere Scare-crows. In the midst of the
Giants was the Tarafka, a chimerical Mon-
fter known in fome Provinces of France;
bearing on its Back a Bafket from which
iffued a Puppet, or Maulkin, that danced
and fkipped to divert the People. At length
they entered the Church amidst a great
Number of Tapers and little Angels, two or
three Feet high; fet on Tables, like Puppets,
among large Candlefticks each the height
of fix or feven Feet.
At the Clofe of the Evening there were
Fire-works in the Square before the Church,
confifting of three Caftles, each eight or
nine Feet wide, and fifteen or fixteen in
height. On the Foot of one of them was
a Bull, and on another a Lion. The Stee-
ples of the Church were adorn'd with En-
figns and Streamers of all Colours, and il-
luminated with Lanthorns. They began
the

CALLAO and L IM A.
83
the Entertainment by throwing up Sky-
rockets, ſmall and ill-made, Then they
played-off fome running Fires, one of which
feparated in three long Squibs, which reft-
ed on the Middle and two Ends of the
Line, leaving two little Globes of bright
Fire in the two intermediate Spaces*. This
was the only Fire-work that deferved to
be taken-notice of. At laft a Man on
Horfe-back defcended from a Steeple by a
Rope, and came to attack in the Air one
of thoſe Caſtles: then they fet Fire to it,
and fucceffively burnt the Giants, and the
Tarafka, or Monfter; and fo all was re-
duced to Ashes.
Next Day there was a long Sermon, Another
and Mufic, accompany'd with finging of Proceffion.
Spanish Motetts. The Monaftery was open'd
alfo to the Women; and at Night another
Proceffion carried St. Dominick home: On
which Occafion, altho' it was Day, there
was another Fire-work, where a Giant
* Frezier refers to his Treatife of artificial Fire-
works, to fhew the Manner, in which this is done.
G 2
Came

84
A DESCRIPTION of
ars cen-
came down by a Rope to attack a Caftle
and fight a Serpent with three Heads. But
in their Shews there is neither Fancy, De-
fign, nor Subject: Whence, fays Frezier,
it may be obſerved how little Tafte and
Genius there is among them.
This Solemnity, tho' very expenfive, was,
as they fay, much inferior to thofe exhi-
bited formerly; which were fometimes fo
very magnificent, that it was found necef-
fary to limit them. Hence may be in-
ferr'd in how great Efteem thofe Friars
are, fince, by means of their Wallets *
The Fri- they get enough not only to maintain above
1500 Perfons, as well Friars as Servants, in
four Monafteries, and to erect Structures
truly fumptuous for that Country, (the Mo-
naftery of St. Francis being the moſt fine
and large in all Lima) but have enough
left you fee for Expences of meer Oftenta-
tion; which have fometimes amounted to
50,000 Pieces of Eight, out of what is
properly the Right of the Poor, of whom
fured;
+ That is, by begging.
there

CALLAO and LIMA.
85
there is no want there, any more than elfe-
where. In fhort, fays our Author, if the
fuperfluous Store of the Laity belongs to
the indigent, with much more Reafon does
that which thofe Friars have to fpare; ef-
pecially as they themselves profefs fuch
rigorous Poverty, that they do not pretend
to have a Right to the very Bread they
eat: for fo we are inform'd by that pleaſant
Piece of Hiſtory made fo well known by
a Bull of Pope John XXII.
One need not be furprized at theſe Ex-Their vaft
pences, if we confider the exraordinary Gettings.
Product of the Queft, fince the great Mo-
naftery alone has twenty-four Queftors at
Lima; one of whom, who died in 1708, had
in twenty Years gathered 350,000 Pieces
of Eight: Befides it is very common among
the Spaniards to wrong their neareſt Re-
lations of confiderable Sums of Money,
and even of their lawful Inheritance, in
Favour of the Church and their Monafte-
ries, which they call, making their Soul
their Heir. *.
* Frez. p. 203, & feqq.
G 3
SECT.

86
Why it never rains
It never
rains here;
Zarate's
Reafon
why,
SECT. III.
An Enquiry into the Reafon why it ne-
ver rains at Lima or along the Coast
of Peru.
THE
HERE are two Things very fingu-
lar to be remarked concerning Li-
ma and the Coaft of Peru. Firft, That
it never rains there; altho' fifteen or twenty
Leagues from the Sea up the Country there
frequently fall heavy Showers. Secondly,
that the maritime Parts are fubject to
Earthquakes, and yet the more inland
Countries free from them.
From the firft Phænomenon, fo con-
trary to what is feen in thefe Climates,
arife two Queſtions: First, How it comes
to país that it never rains at Lima: Se-
condly, How the Earth can produce with-
out Rain. Frezier, who propofes thefe
Difficulties, undertakes to folve them.
With regard to the firft Queftion, he takes-
notice that Zarate, in his Conquef of Peru,
has endeavoured to give a Reafon for the
perpetual

on the Coaft of PERU.
87
perpetual Drought that is obferv'd on that
Coaft: " They, fays he, who have care-
fully examin'd the thing, pretend that
"the natural Caufe of that Effect is a
"South-weft Wind which prevails through-
CC
out the Year along the Coaft, and in the
"Plain; blowing fo violently, that it drives
away the Vapours which rife from the
t
Earth, or from the Sea, before they can
mount high enough in the Air to unite
"and form Drops of Water fufficiently
"heavy to fall-again in Rain. In fhort,
"adds he, it often happens, that look-
(C
CC
ing from the Tops of the high Moun-
tains, thefe Vapours are feen much be-
"low thofe which are on their Summits;
" and make the Air in the Plain look
"thick and cloudy, tho' it be very clear
" and ferene on the Hills."
But this way of reafoning, according to not con-
Frezier, is not at all likely; for firft it is clufive.
not true that the South-weft Winds ob-
ftruct the rifing of the Vapours, fince there
are Clouds agitated by that Wind feen at
a very great Height: And even fuppofing
G4
it

88
Why it never rains
The Earth
heated,
it fhould be granted, that thofe Winds did
obftruct the Vapours, yet they would not
hinder them from forming into Rain, fince
Experience fhews, in the Alps, that the low
Clouds afford Rain, as well as the higheſt ;
and that the Sky often appears ferene on
the Top of the Mountain, when it rains
moft violently at the Foot thereof: Which
indeed ought more naturally to be the
Cafe; the Clouds that are lower being
heavier, and confequently compofed of
more bulky Drops of Rain than the high-
eft Clouds,
Our Author fancies he difcerns a better
Reafon, grounded on the different Degrees
of Heat on the Coaft, and in the Inland.
It is known by Experience, fays he, that
the Heat which the Sun imparts to the
Earth, diffolves into Rain, and attracts the
Clouds the more, by how much the more
the Surface is violently heated. To explain
how that Attraction is made: It is obferv-
ed in France, that it rains as much, or,
which is the fame, there falls as much
Water, and even more, during the Months
of

on the Coaft of PERU.
89
of July and Auguft, as during the other
Months of the Year, though it rains but
very feldom, becauſe the Drops of Water
are then much larger than in Winter.
the Rain.
This Obfervation is fupported by the attracts
great Store of Rain that falls in the Tor-
rid Zone, during fome Months, after the
Earth has been heated by the lefs oblique
Rays. Now it is known that the inner
Part of Peru, which lies almoft entire-
within that Zone, is very hot in the
Valleys, which receive during the whole
Day almoft perpendicular Rays; whofe
Force is ftill increafed by the many dry
Rocks which encompaſs them, and reflect
thoſe Rays every way: And laftly, that
the faid Heat is not temper'd by the Winds.
It is farther known, that the high Moun-
tains, call'd La Cordillera and Los Andes,
which are almoft continually cover'd with
Snow, make the Country exceffively cold
in fome Places; fo that within a very ſmall
Diſtance the two contrary Extremes are to
be found.
The

90
Why it never rains
Weather
unequal
within
Land.
More re-
The Sun therefore by his Prefence, cau-
fes a violent Dilatation and fcorching Heat
in the Valleys, during the Day, that is one
half of the Time; and during the Night,
or the other half, the neighbouring Snows
fuddenly cool the Air, which condenfes
anew. To this Viciffitude of Condenfati-
on and Rarefaction is certainly to be afcrib-
ed the Inequality of Weather that is ob-
ferv'd at Kufko*, at Puna, La Paz, and
other Places, where they almoft daily are
fenfible of its Changeablenefs, by fair and
cloudy Fits; Thunder, Rain and Light-
ning; Heat and Cold: while in other Parts
it is hot for a long Time, without any
Interruption; and then the Rains take their
Turn. edad
But it is not fo along the Coaft, where
the Coafts. the South-Weft, and South-South-Weft
gular on
* The ancient Capital of Peru in about 13 De-
grees, 12 Minutes, Latitude; and 53 Degrees,
45 Minutes Longitude. See the Map.
+ Puna and La Paz lie to the South-east of Kuf-
ko, near the Lake Titicaca, in about the feventeenth
Degree of South Latitude.
Winds

on the Coaft of PERU:
91
Winds blow regularly; which coming from
the cold Climates of the South, continu-
ally refreſh the Air, and keep it almoft in Reafons
why.
the fame Degree of Condenfation. In a
ftill greater Degree must they needs bring
thither falt Particles, gathered from the Sea-
Fogs; wherewith the Air muſt be copioufly
fill'd and thicken'd, as we conceive Brine
is by the Salt it contains. Hence that Air
has the more Strengh to fupport the Clouds;
and is neither hot enough, nor fufficiently
in Motion to agitate the Particles, and con-
fequently to unite the little Drops of Wa-
ter, fo as to form fome greater than the
bulk of the Air to which they answer:
fo that although thofe Clouds draw very
near the Earth during the Seafon when
they are leaft attracted by the Sun, yet
they do not diffolve into Rain; thus at
Lima the Weather is almoft continually
clofe, and it never rains.
frozen,
If it was now requifite to fhew why Clouds if
the hotteſt Countries attract the Rain, our Vapours.
Author fays he might have recourfe to the
Conjectures
3

92
Why it never rains
Conjectures of fome modern Philofophers *,
who are of Opinion, that the Clouds are
The An- frozen Vapours, or a fort of very loofe Ice,
gative. like Snow. According to this Notion, it
fwer ne-
How
Heat at-
tracts
Rains.
is evident, fays he, that when the Sun fuffi-
ciently Heats the Air, to the Height of
the Clouds, the latter muft then thaw and
fall in Rain. But that way of reafoning,
which Frezier often thought very juft, he
had not always found to be fo: for-that he
had been upon high Mountains, where, at
the fame time that he faw Clouds flying
both above and below him, he was him-
felf encompaffed with others between them,
which he owns he thought very cold, but
in other Refpects to differ in nothing from
the Fogs which fweep along the Earth.
He therefore concludes that it is upon no
folid ground that they diftinguish thoſe
Clouds from the Fogs.
Be that as it will, continues Frezier,
Heat may alſo attract Rain, by giving the
Particles of the Air a fpiral Motion, which
may gather many little Drops of Water
* As Regis.
3
into

on the Coaft of PERU.
93
into one larger Drop. This Motion is ea-
fy to conceive, by that which is obferved
in the Current of Rivers, or in a mathe-
matical Spindle. Now if the Sun attracts
Vapours after that Manner, it is not to be
admired that the Earth heated ſhould at-
tract the Clouds.
Farther
The Author farther grounds this Attrac-
tion on Experience, which fhews, that Fire Proof.
to fubfift requires a Flux of Air. If a burn-
ing Coal be put into a Bottle, and the Mouth
clofe ftopp'd, it is immediately quench-
ed. Thus reafoning from the greater to
the leffer, a Body much heated may be
compared to a Coal: and it may be con-
cluded that its Heat cannot fubfift with-
out a Flux, or Paffage, of the Air about it,
which being more condenfed, puſhes on
and draws towards the Fire; as we fee the
outward Air enter through little Holes,
with more Rapidity into a Chamber when
*The Reafon is, becauſe the Chamber-air being
rarified by Fire, lofes the Equilibrium which it had
with the external Air, and makes Room for it to
enter.
it

94
Why it never rains
it is heated, than when there is no Fire
in it. After all, Frezier lays down no-
thing pofitively, but leaves it to Philofo-
phers to give more convincing Reafons for
that Drought, which occafioned the En-
quiry *.
In answer to the fecond Queſtion,
Fertility
without How the Earth can produce without Rain:
Rain.
Indian In-
dustry.
He firft obferves, that this Defect renders
almoſt all the Country fruitless in the High-
lands. There are only fome Vales, through
which Rivulets glide, coming down from
the Mountains where it rains and fnows,
which afford any Product, and are con-
fequently inhabitable: but then in thefe
Places the Earth is fo fruitful, and on the
other hand the Country fo thinly peopled,
that thofe Vales are fufficient to fupply
all things plentifully for the Subfiftence of
the Inhabitants.
The ancient Indians were extraordinary
induftrious in conveying the Water of the
Rivers to their Dwellings. There are ſtill
to be ſeen in many Places Aqueducts of
* See his Voyage, p. 214, & feq.
Earth,

on the Coaft of PERU.
95
Earth, and of dry Stones carry'd-on and
turn'd-off very ingenioufly along the Sides
of the Hills, with an infinite Number of
Windings; which fhews that thofe Peo-
ple, as unpolifhed as they were, very well
underſtood the Art of Levelling. As for
the Hills along the Coaft, there is Grafs
to be found on them in fome Places, which
are leaft expos'd to the Heat of the Sun:
becauſe the Clouds ftoop down to their
Tops in Winter, and fufficiently moiſten
them to furnish the neceffary Juice for
Plants *.
I wonder Frezier does not allow the Great
Dews
great Dews that fall in this Country a here,
Share in the Fertility of the Ground. But
they feem to be fo far out of the Cafe
with him, that he never mentions them
on this Occafion. However Feuillee, who
kept an exact Diary of the Weather dur-
ing his ftay at Lima, relates many Parti-
culars, very proper to be confidered in
folving this Problem; and as the Coaft of
*The fame, p. 213, & feq.
Peru

96
Why it never rains
ferve in-
ftead of
Rain,
Peru is perhaps the only Part of the World
where the Production of Vegetables is ef-
fected without Rain, we prefume our Rea-
der will be pleafed with the Account which
that Author gives of fo curious a Phæno-
menon.
Feuillée generally found the Air, from the
18th of May to the 20th of December, during
his Stay at Lima, fo thick and cloudy, that
he had not an Opportunity all the while
he was there to make exact Obfervations
of the Sun or Stars. This Dew did not
fall every Day, nor at the fame Hours; but
after the Air had been mifty, and the Sky
covered with Clouds for fome Days toge-
ther, thofe Fogs and Clouds would at length
diffolve into a fmall drizling Rain; which
moiſtened the Fields, cooled the Air, and
revived the Plants that had been fcorched
by the exceffive Heats. All the Rain
which falls at Lima, and for more than
along the 200 Leagues along the Coaft fouthward,
is of this kind of Drizz, which may
more properly be called Dew: But in the
Mountains, twenty-five or thirty Leagues
within
Coaft.

on the Coaft of PERU
97
within Land, the Rains are frequent and
fometimes incommodious: However one
has the Advantage of beholding the Sky of-
ten ferene, and the Stars exceeding bright;
whereas at Lima it was a very extraordi-
nary thing to fee the Sky, at Night efpecially,
during the Seafon when Feuillée was there*.
Neither does this Dew always fall equal- falls un-
ly heavy; for fometimes it will be fcarce equally
thick,
perceptible in the Streets: Yet at the
fame time it is fo beneficial to Plants,
that they thrive more in twenty-four
Hours there than in fix Days in Europe.
At other times it falls very thick and in
great Quantity, as it did the 16th of June
in the Night. It began at Eight in the
Evening before, and made its Way through
the Mats which covered the Houfe where
Feuillée lodged. The fame happened to
feveral other Houfes, which was looked on
as a thing extraordinary. So great a
Dew fell the Night before the Earthquake,
*Feuill. Obf. Math. &c. Vol. III. p. 405 & 466.
+ The fame, p. 425.
+ p. 420.
H
which

98
Why it never rains
and at dif-
ferent
Hours.
Air ex-
treme hot,
which happened the 21ft of October, that
the People who on that Occafion ran-out
of their Houfes into the Streets were all-
over wet *.
The Dew does not fall regularly at the
fame Hours. June the 3d it began to
defcend at Eight o' Clock in the Evening,
tho' for feveral Days before it fell at five,
and held 'till Seven or Eight next Morn-
ing. It continued thus 'till July, and then
began to drop at Eight in the Morning,
and held 'till Six or Seven in the Evening.
The 14th it changed its Time to Six in
the Morning, and continued the whole
Day, which made it very dark and me-
lancholly. The 28th it began to fall at
Five in the Morning and ended at Eight
o' Clock +.
Thefe Dews, jointly with the clouded
or mifty Skies, are the Caufe that the Wea-
ther is generally fo moderate at Lima, and
that the Sun fo rarely appears: However
fometimes he breaks out with exceffive
*
P. 444. † p. 416, & 425.
Force,

on the Coaft of PERU.
99
Force, as happened on the 29th of Sep-
tember, when he fhone very hot, and the
Sky was fo clear that Feuillée faw Jupiter
for the fecond Time. The 18th of Oc-
tober following it was exceffive hot from
Eight in the Morning 'till Five in the
Evening. The Author obferved that a
plentiful Fall of Dew and a South Wind
produced a clear Sky *.
times
cold.
It ſeems no ftrange Thing that the Heat fome-
fhould be intenfe under the Torrid Zone, intenfely
and within only 12 Degrees of the Line;
the Wonder is, that it fhould ever be cold
there: Yet we find not only this to be the
Cafe, but alſo that the Changes from one
Extreme to the other are often very fud-
den.
Accordingly our Author informs us,
that May the 18th it was extremely hot,
the Sun appearing for fix Hours together;
but next Day was fo cold that they were
forced to put-on their Winter Cloaths. This
Cold was occafioned by the Snow which
fell the Night before in the high Moun-
P. 420 & 441.
H 2
tains

100
Why it never rains
Even Fires
neceffary.
Rain at
Lima.
tains but eight or ten Leagues Eaft of
that City *.
The Alteration of the Air which hap-
pened the 16th of July was ftill more ex-
traordinary: The Winds fhifted from North-
eaft to South, when the Winds blowing
over the Mountains covered with Snow,
made the Air fo cold, that they were oblig-
ed not only to put-on their Winter-Cloaths,
but even to have Recourfe to the Fire to
keep them warm. November the 3d in the
Morning they had a very thick Dew; and
the Air which for feveral Days paft had
been exceffive hot, became fo cold that
they were forced to change their Cloaths
as before +.
Thus it appears that the exceffive Dews
in thefe Parts in great Meafure fupply the
Want of Rain: But indeed the Dews
are properly Rain, only in a lefs fenfible
Degree or Form. Nor is it ftrictly Fact
that it never rains at Lima; for the fame
Author informs us, that on the 7th of
September, at five in the Morning, there fell
p. 410. t p. 430 & 460.
abundance

on the Coaft of PERU.
ΙΟΣ
abundance of Rain. However he confeffes
that this Event furprized the whole Town;
the Inhabitants declaring that for more
than twenty Years before they had not feen
the like. There was not a Houfe in Lima
whofe Roof was able to refift it. Feuillée,
to fave his Papers from the Wet, was
forced to put them under his Bed *.
We fhall conclude this Article with the A Meteor
Account of a Meteor which happened the
14th of May, about Nine at Night. There
appeared to the Eaft of Lima a Globe of
Fire of an extraordinary Size: which hav-
ing for more than a Quarter of an Hour
enlightened the Plains like another Sun,
difperfed in an infinite Number of little
Sparks, which defcended, as it were, to
embrace the Earth, and prefently dif
appeared. Thefe People, fays our Au-
thor, being very fuperftitious, imagined
that this Phænomenon prefaged fome ter-
rible Earthquake, which in a few Days
was to happen and fwallow them all up +.
438 & 439.
H 3
† p. 409.
there.
But

102
ENQUIRY into
But the Shocks they had already felt jufti-
fied their Fears, tho' not their Folly; and
thofe which fucceeded fhewed that it was
a right Conclufion drawn from wrong
Principles, as may appear from the next
Section.
Earth-
quakes in
Peru.
SECT. IV.
Earthquakes frequent at Lima and through-
out Peru; with the Caufe of thofe na-
tural Evils.
THE
HERE is no Part of the World
perhaps fo fubject to Earthquakes
as Peru; nor any Part of Peru more li-
able to them than Lima and its Neigh-
bourhood.
*
Acofta fpeaks of a moft amazing
Earthquake which happened in the Year
1581, near Chuquiago or La Paz, in that
Kingdom; where the Borough called An-
goango, inhabited by Indians, on a fudden
* Lib. 3. cap. 27.
fell

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
103
fell to Ruin; and the Earth ran and ſpread
over the Country +.
Effect.
Like unto this, but ftill more unpa- Another.
rallell'd, was another, which in the Year
1692 furprized the Towns of Ambata,
Latacunga and Riobamba in the Province
of Quito. It fhook the Earth in fuch a Strange
Manner, that it tore-off great Pieces, which
were ſeen to run entire three or four
Leagues from the Place where they had
been before; and thus to remove whole
Fields, with the Trees and Houſes ftand-
ing. This Event occafioned the most extra-
ordinary Law-fuits that were ever heard
of, brought to Lima, to decide to whom
thofe Eftates belong'd: the Party on one
Side alledging, that they were within his
Jurifdiction or Lordship; and the other
pleading that he was upon his own Land.
However a much more aftonishing
Earthquake even than this laft happened
mn sd sdw
+ On this Occafion Frezier cites the Words of the
97th Pfalm, The Hills melted like Wax at the Pre-
Jence of the Lord.
H 4
in

104
ENQUIRY into
quakes at
Lima.
in Canada in 1663. It began the 5th of
February, and continued 'till July the fame
Year; occafioning incredible Alterations on
the Surface of the Land for above 400
Leagues through the Country *.
Earth- With regard to Lima in particular, thefe
Convulfions of the Earth have much da-
maged that City, and daily make the In-
habitants uneafy. There was one in the
Year 1678, on the 17th of June, which
bruin'd a great Part of it, and particularly
the Churches dedicated to the bleffed Vir-
300
gin. Montalvo, who has made this Re-
mark in the Life of St. Toribio, fays, It
was as if God the Son had rifen for his Mo-
ther: But that Shock which happened
in the Year 1682, was fo violent, that it
almoft entirely demolished the Place; in-
fomuch that it was debated, whether they
fhould not remove Lima to fome better
து * See the Life of the venerab'e Mother Mary of
the Incarnation, an Urfaline Nun in New France,
printed at Paris 1677.
13+ So the English Tranflation. But in all likeli-
hood it ought to be from, or rather against his Mother.
Situation.

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
105
Situation. The Memory of that dread-
ful Earthquake is yearly revived there, on
the 19th of October, by publick Prayers.
If we may believe the general Report, fays
our Author Frezier, this Calamity was
foretold by a religious Man of the Order
of La Merced *, who feveral Days before
ran along the Streets like another Jonas,
crying, Repent. In fhort, the Day came
when the Earth quaked in fo extraordi- Moft
dreadful
nary a Manner, that every half-quarter of one.
an Hour it gave moft horrible Shocks,
fo that they reckoned above 200 in lefs
than twenty-four Hours 1.
It must be to one of theſe two that
Batchelier, or his Editor Duret, refers,
when he fays but thirty Years before the
Year 1709 || (when the former was at Li-
ma) almoft the whole City, as he was
* Of Mercy, or the Mercinarians.
+ The like Prediction is reported in the following
Narrative of the late Earthquake.
See Frezier's Voy. p. 210, & feq.
This runs back to the Year 1679: but there
was no great Earthquake between 1678 and 1682, fo
that one of theſe muſt be meant.
24
told,

106
ENQUIRY into
Another
as terrible.
told, was overthrown by an Earthquake,
and above 60,000 People buried in the
Ruins, which, in all Probability, were
more than ever the City contained: for
he makes the Number when he was there
but 57,000; and the Author of the Nar-
rative only 60,000 in 1746, when the laft
Earthquake happened.
On Monday, October 20th, 1687, N. S.
at Four of the Clock in the Morning there
arrived a moft horrible Earthquake, which
threw down fome Houfes, and buried feve-
ral Perfons under their Ruins. An Hour
after there was another Shake accompa-
nied with the fame Noife; and at fix
o' Clock, when they thought they had
been all in Safety, came a third Shock;
with great Fury and a rufhing Noife. The
Sea with hideous roaring fwelled beyond
its Bounds; the Bells rang of themſelves,
and the Deftruction was fo great that no
Building was left ftanding. The Noife
was fo dreadful, fays P. Alvarez de Toledo,
(who fent the Account from thence) that
* Duret, Voy. de Lima, p. 449.
thofe

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
107
thofe in the Fields affure us, the Cattle
were in great Aftoniſhment: he adds, Cal-
lao, Canete, Pifco, Chancay, and Los Cho-
rillos, are all ruined: Above 5000 dead
Bodies are already found, and they find
more daily; fo that we know not their
Number +.
eð vino. INT
Did Earthquakes happen no oftener at Exceeding
frequent.
Lima than appears from the foregoing
Accounts, the Scene muft needs be fuffi-
ciently dreadful: But Authors have only
marked the moft confiderable Difafters of
that kind. Were we to judge by their Fre-
quency during the few Months Feuillée was
there in 1709, that City can fcarce ever be
free from them, nor the Inhabitants at any
Time fure that they fhall not be fwallowed-
up alive the next Moment. Between April
and January the fame Year, that Author
felt no fewer than fourteen Earthquakes;
in feveral of which the Shocks were re-
guibself rol asw griblizn
* Fourteen Leagues South-Eaft of Caniete, and
Forty South-Eaft of Callao.
+ Philof. Tranf. N°. 209, p. 8r. Lowth. Abridg.
Vol. II. p. 410.
peated

108
ENQUIRY into
Noife
preceding
them.
them.
peated three or four times, viz. April 15th,
May 20th, 23d and 26th; June 3d and
14th; July 9th and 10th; October 21ft
and 22d; December 20th, 23d, 24th, 30th
and 31ft. Thofe which happened on
April 15th, May 23d and 26th, and June
14th, were fmall ones; the reft were great.
All Earthquakes are preceded by a
Noife, which is more or lefs loud and ter-
rible, as the Convulfion is violent.
The
more violent alfo the Sound, the lefs Space
there is between it and the Shock; fo that
the Warning is often fo very fhort, that
People have ſcarce Time enough to get
into the Streets, where they are more fe-
cure than in their Houſes.
Several of The Earthquake of May 20th, was at
Two o' Clock in the Morning, when all
were faft-afleep in their Beds. The Noife.
preceding it roufed the moft profound
Sleepers; and all were feen inftantly to
rufh-out of their Houfes with the Goods
which came next to hand: So that 'tis
eafy to imagin, fays our Author, that one
beheld Sights in the Streets, which would
have

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
109
have made him laugh at another Time.
At Ten o' Clock a fecond Shock arrived.
The Church where Feuillée was then fay-
ing Mafs, tho' full of People, was empty
in an Inftant; nor would they venture
back to hear the Service out. His Pen-
dulum-Clock was ftopped by the Violence
of the Shake *. The like happened to
it in thofe on the 3d of June and 9th of
July.
This Day, (July 9th) being awakened in a fhort
at One in the Morning by a great Noife,
he got-up haftily, and was
when the Trembling began.
or four fuch violent Shocks
in the Street
He felt three
that he con-
cluded the Houfe where he lodged, and
thofe adjoining would have fallen.
At
Seven o' Clock there came another Earth-
quake, more violent than the former.
The 10th at Two in the Morning a
third arrived, like that the Day before.
Thefe repeated Accidents made Feuillée as
timorous as the Natives; and fearing that
*Feuillée Obf. Math. &c. Vol. I. p. 412, & feq.
at
Time.

110
ENQUIRY into
mic Scene.
at length a Shock might happen, which
would overthrow the Houſes and break
his Clock, he took it to Pieces and packed
up * wolle dow
it up
Tragi-co- October 21ft at Four in the Morning
they were driven-out of Bed by a fright-
ful Noife, followed very quickly by an
Earthquake. There appeared on a fudden
in the Streets fuch a grotefque Scene as was
ſeen on the 20th of May. The first Shock
was fo violent, that had the other two
which followed it been of the fame kind,
not a Houſe in Lima would have been left
ſtandingan
late
The 22d, half an Hour after One in
the Morning, they had another Earthquake,
which brought them out of their Houfes.
As foon as it was over they returned to
their Reft: but were fcarce laid down, be-
fore a fecond very violent Shock came,
which raiſed them once more; and fo ter-
rified them that they durft not go to bed
again, being afraid fomething worfe would
happen. However no Damage was done
* The fame, p. 426, & feq.
farther

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
III
farther, than that a few weak Houfes in
the Country were thrown down*.
thrown
down.
December 20th, at Three in the Morn- Houfes
ing, a frightful Noife was followed by a
violent Earthquake, which overthrew fe-
veral Houfes in the Country. The 23d,
another much-more violent happened at
Ten in the Morning. The 24th at
Five in the Morning they were furprized
by a Third. The 30th, at the fame Hour,
they were raiſed out of Bed by a Fourth;
and at Ten o' Clock they were ſcared by a
Fifth. Next Morning at Four they had
another Shock +; which was the laſt that
happened while Feuillée ftayed at Lima.
Duret fays two Earthquakes were felt
at his Arrival there in October 1709; the
firft at Nine in the Evening, the other
next Morning about Seven o' Clock. He
adds, that the Confternation was very great;
and that the Trembling diminiſhed in a
few Hours +.
But Feuillée mentions no
*The fame, p. 444, & feq.
+ The fame, p. 487 & 489.
+ Duret, as before, p. 245.
2
Earth-

112
ENQUIRY into
tuation.
Earthquake after the 23d of October, when
Duret arrived at Callao, 'till the 20th of
December following.
Lima's un- Lima being fubject, with very little In-
happy Si-
termiffion, to fuch dreadful Calamities, one
would imagin it was the Habitation only
of Criminals fent thither for Puniſhment,
or of People who were weary of Life, and
not of fuch as made it their Choice to
live there. But fo powerful are the Al-
lurements of Riches, fo bewitching the
Hopes of Gain, as to make Danger pre-
ferable to Safety; and the continual Fear
of Death reconcilable with the Defire of
living long, and out of Harm's Way.
TheCaufe
of Earth-
There is no reflecting upon fuch ex-
quakes, traordinary Phænomenons, fays Frezier,
without being led by natural Curiofity to
enquire into the Caufe of them. That
which Philofophers generally affign for
Earthquakes, does not always appear fa-
tisfactory. They are afcribed to fubter-
raneous Winds and Fires: but it is likely
they ought rather to be looked upon as
an Effect of the Waters, which upon dig-
ging

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
113
ing the Earth, appears every where to be
inwardly moistened with, as living Bo-
dies are by the Veins.
Waters,
Now the Waters may occafion Earth-afcribed to
quakes after feveral Manners: either by and
diffolving the Salts fcattered through the
Earth, or by penetrating through porous
Lands, mix'd with Stones, which they
infenfibly loofen; and the Fall or Remo-
val thereof muft caufe a Stroke or Shock,
fuch as it felt in Earthquakes. Laftly,
the Water penetrating fome fulphurous
Bodies muft there caufe a Fermentation;
and then the Heat produces Winds and
foul Exhalations, which infect the Air
when they open the Earth: whence it is,
that after great Earthquakes abundance of
People die.
The Facility of this Fermentation is fermenta
ing Mine-
proved by the Example of Lima, and by rals.
a curious Experiment of Monfieur Lemery,
particulariz'd in the Memoirs of the Aca-
demy of Sciences, for the Year 1700. If,
after having temper'd equal Parts of Fil-
ings of Iron, and of Sulphur to a certain
I
Quantity,

114
ENQUIRY into
Moft near
Quantity, as of thirty or forty Pounds, with
Water; that Amalgama, or Pafte, be bu-
ried in the Ground a Foot deep, it will
open and caft forth hot Vapours, and then
Flames.
Now in Peru and Chili the Earth is
the Coaft. all full of Mines of Salt, of Sulphur, and
of Metals; add to this, that there are
burning Mountains, which calcine the
Stones, and 'dilate the Sulphurs: Earth-
quakes must therefore be very frequent
in thofe Parts, and particularly along the
Sea-Coafts, which are more water'd than
towards the Top of the Ridge of Moun-
tains call'd, La Cordillera. This is befides
quite agreeable to Experience, for there are
fome Places where thofe Convulfions of
Nature are very rare, as at Kufko, Gua-
manga, and elsewhere; for the fame Rea-
in Land.
fon that they are more frequent in Italy
Few with- (towards the Sea) than about the Alps. In
fine, it cannot but be acknowledged that
the Water has great Share in Earthquakes,
when we fee Fields run like melted Wax;
and Lakes form'd on a fudden in Places
which

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
115
which fink: becauſe the Ground fubfiding
forces the Water to rife above it, if the Quan-
tity be confiderable; or elfe to glide like
Sand, when the Bafe is diffolved, and on
an inclining Plane *.
Altho' Frezier has afferted the Caufe of Fire, not
Water,
Earthquakes to be Water, he is obliged
to afcribe it to Fire at laft. For in his
laft Inftance they are not the immediate
Effect of Water, as in the two former
Cafes, but of Heat arifing from the Fer-
mentation produced by Water. His Re-
ceipt from Lemery is a farther Proof of
this; and all his Reafoning afterwards is
folely on that Hypothefis.
of Earth-
If Frezier had reflected how fmall a
Quantity of Water was neceffary to make
the Amalgama, he would fcarce have
afcribed the Caufe of Earthquakes to Wa-the Caufe
ter: For being of the Confiſtence of Pafte quakes.
and not reduced to a Fluid, the Quantity
of Water muſt be very trivial in respect to
the other Ingredients: agreeable to a Re-
ceipt of the fame Nature communicated
cich v * Frez. Voy. p. 212, & feq.
I 2
to

116
ENQUIRY into
to Dr. Wallis, and inferted hereafter; where-
by it appears that too much Water will
hinder the Operation and quench the Fire.
So that in Effect the Water is only the
Means or Inftrument of kindling the Ma-
terials; and confequently muft be fo far
from the Caufe of Earthquakes, that too
much of that Element will hinder the Ex-
plofion by which fuch Effects are pro-
duced.
Volcanos I am likewife of Opinion that Volca-
remedy
them. nos, or fiery Irruptions, muft help to pre-
Effects ac-
counted
for.
vent Earthquakes; as they ferve to diſcharge
the combustible Matters, and ventilate the
fulphurous Vapours, which occafion them:
So that were there a few Openings of that
Kind in certain Parts of Peru and Chili,
(upon the Suppofition that there is a Com-
munication among the fubterraneous Cavi-
ties) in all likelihood thefe Countries would
not be fo frequently, if at all, plagued with
fuch dreadful Calamities.
As to Fields being feen to run like Wax,
and Lakes formed on a fudden in Places
which fink: It does not neceffarily follow
from

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
117
from thence that the Water has a great
Share in Earthquakes; fince thofe Ef-
fects might have been produced by Wa-
ters lodged in the Earth, at a Diſtance
from the Place where the Explofion was
made, to which the Openings of the
Ground gave a Paffage.
However that be, the Hypothefis which winds
afcribes the Caufe of Earthquakes to Winds and Fire,
and Fire, feems much more probable than
that which imputes it to the Waters dif-
folving the fubterraneous Salts or loofening
the Stones: in which Cafes we fhould not
hear of thoſe dreadful Noifes and fulphu-
rious Vapours which always precede Earth-
quakes; and fhew that they are the Effects
of fome natural Explofion, not of a bare
falling or fubfiding of the Earth.
fides, the Earth does not always fubfide,
but is often only lifted-up perpendicularly,
or horizontally agitated, in fuch a Manner
as indicates an Impulfe from beneath. Let probably
us therefore hear the Sentiments of fome of the Caufe.
our English Philofophers on this important
Be-
Subject.
13
Dr.

118
ENQUIRY into
Cavities
of the
Earth,
Dr. Lifter afcribes Earthquakes to the
Pyrites, or Iron-Stone, lodged in the Cavi-
ties of the Earth, whofe fulphurious Va-
pours taking Fire, catch one another, as
in a Train, and produce thofe terrible Noi-
fes and Convulfions, with which Earth-
quakes are attended.
That the Earth is more or lefs hollow is
made probable by the natural Cavities or
Chambers which are found every-where in
the Mountains by digging, and which the
Miners of the North call Self-opens. Thefe
they meet with frequently, fome vaftly
great, running-away with fmall Sinus's.
Many are known to open to the Day, as
Pool's-Hole, Okey-Hole, &c. Befide, the
great and fmall Streams which arife from-
under the Mountains, do evince the Hol-
lowneſs of them. Add to thefe, that many
Cavities are made, and continued by the
Explofion and Rending of the firft Mat-
ter fired; which may, and do, very proba-
bly, cloſe again when the Force of that
Explofion is over, but are fufficiently open
to propagate the Earthquake.
The

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
119
The Damps in our Mines fufficiently full of
Vapours.
witneſs that thefe fubterraneous Cavities
are at certain Times and Seafons full of
inflammable Vapours, which being fired, do,
every thing as in an Earthquake, fave in
a leffer Degree.
Now that the Pyrites a-
lone, of all the known Minerals, yields this
inflammable Vapour, the Doctor thinks
to be highly probable for thefe Rea-
fons: Firft, Becauſe no Mineral or Ore
whatever is fulphurious, but as it is whol-
ly, or in Part a Pyrites. The Author had
carefully made the Experiment on very
many of the Foffels of England, and found
them all to contain Iron wherever there
was Brimftone.
Iron-
Secondly, Becauſe there is but one Spe- Pyrites, or
cies of Brimftone, which he knows of, at Stone,
leaft in England; and that fince the Py-
rites naturally and only yields Sulphur, it
is to be prefumed that Brimftone, where-
ever found, tho' in the Air, or under
Ground in Vapour, alfo proceeds from it.
As for the Sulphur-Vive or natural Brim-
ftone, which is found in great Quantities
14
in

120
ENQUIRY into
furniſhes
Brim-
tone;
in and about the burning Mountains, it is
certainly, according to the Doctor, the
Effects of Sublimation, caufed in length.
of Time by the Violence of thofe Fires.
Altho' the Pyrites yields fuch Store of
Brimftone, and naturally refolves itself into
Brimstone by a kind of Vegetation, yet
does it not follow that its Subftance, when
once fired, must be quickly confumed, and
its Stores exhaufted. Now to prove the
durable Burning of the Pyrites, the Doctor
produces Inftances from different Sorts of
Coal. Scotch-Coal, faith he, has lefs of the
Pyrites in it, being moftly made-up of
Coal-Bitumen, and therefore it burns fwift-
ly, leaving a white Cinder. Sea-Coal, or
that which comes from Newcastle by Sea,
confumes flowly; and Sunderland Sea-
Inftances Coal fo leifurely, that it is faid proverbially
from to make three Fires. This hath much
Coals,
Pyrites mixt with it, and burns to a hea-
vy reddish Cinder, which is Iron by the
Magnet *. But the Doctor had a Sam-
*For it attracts the Cinder in the fame Manner
that it does Iron.
ple

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
121
ple of Coal from Ireland*, which was faid
to be fo lafting, that it would continue
twenty-four Hours red-hot, without lo-
fing ſcarce any thing of its Figure. This
by its Weight and Colour feemed to be
in great Meaſure Pyrites.
bound-
In England the Pyrites is neither fo not a-
plenty, nor contains fo much Sulphur as ing here.
that in other Countries: for tho' there is
fome little in all Places, yet they are moft-
ly fcattered; and if by Chance in Beds,
thefe are comparatively thin to what they
are in the burning Mountains. This may
be one reafon why England is fo little
troubled with Earthquakes, and all the
Parts almoft round the Mediterranean Sea,
particularly Italy, fo much. There alſo the
Earthquakes are frequent, long and terri-
ble, with many Paroxiſms in one Day, and
that for many Days: Here very fhort, but
for a few Minutes, and fcarce perceptible +:
* The Pits belonged to Sir Chriftopher Wandsford.
† He obferves that there is the fame Difference with
regard to Thunder and Lightning in the fame Coun-
tries.
Add

122
ENQUIRY into
kindled
of itſelf;
Proved
from Vol-
canos,
Add to this, that the fubterraneous Cavities
in England are few and fmall, compared
to the vaft Vaults in thofe Parts of the
World; which is evident from the fudden
Diſappearance of whole Mountains and
Illands.
It may be objected, that no Body
is kindled by itself: But it feemed to Dr.
Lifter apparently otherwife; for that Ve-
getables will heat and take-fire of them-
felves, is feen in the frequent Inftance of
wet Hay. Animals are naturally on fire;
and Man demonftrates this when in a Fever.
Among Minerals the Pyrites, both in Grofs
and in Vapour, is actually of its own ac-
cord fired; of which Dr. Power in his
Micrographia produces a famous Inftance;
and the like not very rarely happens. In
fhort, that Damps naturally fire of themfelves,
we have the general Teftimony of Miners,
as well as Declaration of the fame Author,
Nay the Volcanos, all the World over,
argue as-much; for there is ftrong proba-
bility to believe, that they are Mountains
made-up in great part of Pyrites, by the
Quantities

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
123
Quantities of Sulphur thence fublimed, as
before mentioned, and the Application of
the Loadſtone to the ejected Cinder *.
Now that thefe Volcanos were natu-
rally kindled of themſelves, at or near the
Creation †, the Doctor holds probable; be-
cauſe there is but a certain Number of
them, which have all continued burning
beyond the Memories of any Hiftory. If
therefore thefe Volcanos did not kindle of
themſelves, he afks, What Caufe can be
imagin'd to have done it? If the Sun, he Reasons
anfwers, Hecla placed in fo extreme cold alledged.
a Climate (as Iceland) was kindled, for
ought he can fee, from Hiftory, as foon as
Etna or Fuogo: Not the Accidents hap-
pening from Men: Becauſe they ſeem to
have beeen fired before the World could be
all-over peopled; and being moftly on the
very Tops of vaft-high Mountains were unfit
* Which is a Sort of Iron.
+ And hence. he thinks 'tis as natural to have
actual Fire in the terreftrial World from the Crea-
tion, as to have Sea and Water.
+ A Mountain in the Ifland Fuogo, or St. John's,
one of the Cape Verd Iflands.
for

124
ENQUIRY into
Caufe of
Light-
ning.
for Habitation *. If faid to be effected by
Lightning and Thunder, or Earthquakes,
that is begging the Queſtion: for the Caufe
of one is the Caufe of the other; and
both are one and the fame Thing +.
Here is a new Propofition ftarted, which
having fo near a Relation to our Subject,
and ferving farther to explain it, deferves
to be confidered. There are two Sorts of
Inftances, frequently occurring in Hiftory,
which Dr. Lifter thinks very much favour
his Opinion, that Thunder and Lightning
(as well as Earthquakes) owe their Mat-
ter to the fole Breath (or Vapour) of
the Pyrites. Thofe of the first Kind
are fuch as relate, that in Italy it rained
Iron in fuch a Year: And that in Ger-
many a great Body of Iron-ftone (or Py-
rites) fell at fuch a Time. The like Avi-
cenna affirms. Julius Cæfar Scaliger fays,
Showers that he had by him a Piece of Iron
which was rained in Savoy, where that
of Iron.
None of thefe three Anſwers feem at all con-
clufive, and yet his Affertion is indifputably right,
from the Reaſons before alledged.
+ See Philof. Tranf. No. 157. p. 512. alfo Lowth.
Abridg. Vol. II. p. 420, & feqq.
Metal

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
125
Metal fell in divers Places. Cardan reports
1200 Stones to have fallen from Heaven,
one of them weighing 120 Pounds, fome
thirty, others forty, all very hard and of
the Colour of Iron.
Now what is very remarkable (fays Gil- and Cop-
bert, who has collected thefe Inftances) per,
and a very ftrong Argument of their
Truth, is, that neither Gold nor Silver
Ore, Tin nor Lead, hath ever been re-
corded to drop from the Clouds, altho
Copper hath. But whenever the Pyrites
is mentioned by the Ancients, it is always
to be understood of the Copper-Pyrites,
they fcarce having had any Knowledge
of the Iron-Pyrites; and therefore the
raining of Copper makes it ftill more but not
probable, becaufe of its great Affinity
Hence the Doctor concludes,
that this Ferrum or Es nubigenum, if
there ever was any fuch *, was con-
nected of the Breath of the Pyrites (or
Vapour of Sulphur proceeding from the
Pyrites.)
with Iron.
And in Reality it may well be queftioned.
Gold.
3
The

126
ENQUIRY into
Lightning
The other Kind of hiftorical Inftance is
magnetic. of Lightning being magnetic. This I am
fure of, fays Lifer, that I have a petrifi-
ed Piece of Afh, which is magnetic; that
is, the Pyrites in Succo; which makes it
probable that it may be magnetic alfo in
Vapour*.
Thus far Dr. Lifter; let us next fee
what Dr. Wallis, a great Mathematician
and Philofopher, fays upon the fame Occa-
fion. Thunder and Lightning, fays he,
are fo very like the Effects of Gun-pow-
der, that we may reaſonably judge them
to proceed from like Caufes. Now the
Natural principal Ingredients in Gun-powder are
der, Nitre, and Sulphur; the Admiffion of
Gun-pow-
Charcoal being chiefly to keep the Parts
feparate, for the better kindling of it. So
that if we fuppofe in the Air a convenient
Mixture of nitrous and fulphurious Va-
pours, and thofe by Accident to take fire,
the fame Kind of Explofion may well
* Phil. Tranf. No. 157. p. 517. Lowth. Abridg.
Vol. II. p. 182, & feq.
3
follow,

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
127
follow, with fuch Noife and Light, as in
the firing of Gun-powder. And being
once kindled, it will run from Place to
Place as the Vapour leads it, juft as in a
Train of Gun-powder, with like Effects.
the Air,
This Exploſion, if high in the Air and fired in
far from us, will do little or no Miſchief:
Like a Parcel of Gun-powder fired in the
open Field, where there is nothing near to
be hurt by it. But if near to us, or
among us, it may kill Men or Cattle, tear
Trees, fire inflammable and combuftible
Subſtances, break Houfes, or the like, as
Gun-powder would do in the like Circum-
ftances. The Diſtance of the Exploſion
may be eſtimated by the Time between
the Flaſh and the Noife. For altho' in produces
Thunder;
their Generation they are fimultaneous, yet,
Light moving fafter than found, they come
to us one before the other.
The Doctor has commonly obferved
that the Noife is perceived feven or eight
Seconds (or half a Quarter of a Minute)
later than the Flaſh: But fometimes much
fooner, as in a Second or two; nay,
quicker

128
ENQUIRY into
the Noife quicker, and almoft immediately upon the
preceding Lightning: At thefe Junctures the Light-
kindled
by Wa-
ter.
ning muſt needs be very near, or even
amongſt us; and in fuch Cafes, Dr. Wallis
had more than once foretold Mischief,
which happened accordingly.
Now that there is in Lightning a ful-
phurous Vapour, is manifeft from the
fulphurous Smell which attends, and a ful-
try Heat in the Air, which is commonly a
Fore-runner of more Lightning. That
there is likewife a nitrous Vapour with
the fulphurous, may be reafonably judg-
ed, becauſe we do not know of any Body
fo liable to a fudden and violent Ex-
ploſion *.
As to the kindling of thefe Materials,
in order to fuch Explofion, the Doctor
was told that a Mixture of Sulphur and
Filings of Steel, with the Admiffion of a
little Water, would not only caufe a great
Effervefcence, but of itſelf break forth into
actual Fire.
He fays a little Water, be-
* Phil. Tranf. N°.231. p. 655. Lowth. Abridg.
Vol. II. p. 183.
caufe

the Caufe of Earthquakes.
129
from Ni
caufe too-much will hinder the Opera-
tion, or quench the Fire; which he takes
to be the Cafe of the Bath-Waters, and
other hot Springs, where Steel and Sulphur
caufe a great Effervefcence, but no Flame.
So that there needs only fome Chalybeat Explosion
or vitriolic Vapour (or fomewhat equiva-tre;
lent) to produce the whole Effect, there
being no want of aqueous Matter in the
Clouds; and there is no doubt but that
amongst the various Effluvia from the
Earth there may be copious Supplies of
Ingredients for fuch Mixtions.
After the fame Manner we may account,
for the kindling of Etna and other burn-
ing Mountains, where the Mixture of
Steel and Sulphur may produce a Flame,
which is often attended with prodigious
Explofions, and Earthquakes, from great
Quantities of Nitre, as in fpringing a Mine.
tion of
The Doctor proceeds to fhew that Nitre, Genera-
which is the Caufe of thofe Explofions, is Hail,
alfo the chief Agent in the Generation of
Hail; and that as Hail is very often an
Attendant of Thunder and Lightning, fo
K
it

130
ENQUIRY into, &c.
it might be ſcattered by fuch Exploſions
like Small-fhot out of a Gun, and caufe
thofe Holes which are faid to be found in
the Cloaths and Flefh of Perfons, who
have been killed or hurt by Lightning *:
Of which many Inftances might be pro-
duced t. But it is time to quit this Sub-
ject; and, having, we prefume, fufficient-
ly informed the Reader concerning the
Caufe of Earthquakes, lay before him
an Account of that late dreadful one which
occafioned this Enquiry.
*See Phil. Tranf. No. 236. p. 5. Lowth. Abridg,
Vol. II. p. 177.
+ See Philof. Tranf. No. 231. p. 657 and 233
p. 729, & feq. Alfo Lowth. Abridg. Vol. II. p. 183,
& feq.
CHAP.

[131]
CHA P. II.
A true and particular RELATION of
the dreadful Ruin in which Lima
(otherways called La Ciudad de
los Reyes*) Capital of the King-
dom of Peru, was involved, by the
horrible EARTHQUAKE that hap-
pened there in the Night, the 28th
of October, 1746: And of the
total Deftruction of the Garrison
and Port of Callao from the vio-
lent Irruption of the Sea, occa-
fioned by the Earthquake in that
Harbour.
SECT. I.
The total Ruin of Lima by the Earthquake.
OF
F all the Judgments, proceeding Introduce
from natural Caufes, which the tion.
Deity often inflicts on Offenders, in order
to fatisfy Divine Juftice and manifeft his
*That is, the City of the Kings. See before, p. 37.
K 2
almighty

132
ACCOUNT of the
almighty Power, the unexpected Stroke of
fudden Earthquakes hath ever been the
moft tremendous; for as much as in one
and the fame Moment they become both
the Warnings and Executioners of its
Wrath. The total Defolation of Cities,
which have perifhed through their Vio-
lence, have been in all Ages the terrible
Witneffes of this Truth. Thefe King-
doms have fuffered greatly by them. But
of all which have happened fince their firft
Conqueft, fo far at leaft as hath come to
our Knowledge, we may with Truth af-
firm that none ever broke-out with fuch
aftoniſhing Violence, or hath been attend-
ed with fo vaft a Deftruction as that which
happened lately in this Capital; where
without doubt it had its Origin, and from
thence was propagated a hundred Leagues
Distance Northwards, and as many more
to the South all along the Sea-coaft. This
furprizing Convulfion of the Earth arrived
in the Night of the 28th of October,
1746: a Day dedicated to the two holy
Apoftles, St. Simon and St. Jude, who
merited

late EARTHQUAKE.
133
merited the bleffed Acquaintance of the
moft holy Virgin-Mother of our Re-
deemer, whofe glorious Memorial had been
celebrated on that Day for fome Years
before with moft remarkable and extraor-
dinary Devotion; and this perhaps be-
cauſe the Divine Providence had fo ordain-
ed, that through her powerful Interceffi-
on the Inhabitants of this City fhould ob-
tain the miraculous Prefervation of their
Lives: a thing which would be hardly
conceivable to thoſe who ſhould behold
the total Ruin of the Houfes and Buildings,
wherein they dwelt at the Time of the
Earthquake.
the Earth-
According to the beft regulated Clocks Time of
and Watches, this fatal Cataftrophe befel quake;
the Place thirty Minutes after Ten at Night;
when the Sun was in five Degrees ten
Minutes of Scorpio, and the Moon in not
much lefs of Taurus: fo that thofe Pla-
nets wanted very little of being in Oppo-
pofition, as they actually were in five
Hours and twenty-two Minutes afterwards,
viz. At three of the Clock, and fifty Mi-
K 3
nutes

134
ACCOUNT of the
nutes on the twenty-ninth in the Morn-
ing; an Afpect which by conftant Ob-
fervation hath proved unfortunate in this
Climate for under its Influence thefe
convulfive Kinds of Agitations in the Earth
do moft ufually happen; and though of-
tentimes they prove gentle enough, yet
every now and then they ftrike Terror in
the Natives with their violent Shocks. But
on this Occafion the Deftruction did not
fo much as give Time for Fright; for
at one and the fame Inftant almoft, the
Noife, the Shock, and the Ruin were per-
ceived together: fo that in the Space on-
its Dura- ly of four Minutes, during which the
greateſt Force of the Earthquake lafted,
fome found them felves buried under the
tion,
* As we find that the City of Lima maintains a
Perfon who profeffes both Aftrology and Aftronomy,
the Care which is taken here to fix the precife Time of
the Night, and give us the Places of the Sun and Moon,
when the Earthquake happened, affords fome room to
conjecture that he was the Author of the Narrative.
Whoever he was, 'tis plain from the many Flatteries
beflowed on the Viceroy, that he was either a Crea-
ture of his, or wanted to make his Court to him,
Ruins

late EARTHQUAKE.
135
fects.
Ruins of the falling Houfes; and others and Ef-
cruſhed to Death in the Streets by the
tumbling of the Walls, which, as they ran
here and there, fell upon them. However
the major Part of them happened to be
preferved either in the hollow Places which
the Ruins left, or on Top of the very Ruins
themfelves, without knowing how they
got-up thither; as if Divine Providence
had thus conducted them that they might
not perish: For no Perfon at fuch a Sea-
fon had Time for Deliberation; and even
fuppofing he had, there was no Place of
Retreat in which to truft. For the Parts
which feemed moft firm, fometimes pro-
ved the weakeft: on the contrary, the
weakest at Intervals made the greateſt Re-
fiftance; and the general Confternation was
fuch that no one thought himself fecure 'till
he had made his Efcape out of the City.
The Earth ftruck against the Edifices Great Ha-
with fuch violent Percuffions, that every
Shock beat down the greater Part of them;
and thefe tearing along with them vaft
Weights in their Fall (efpecially the
K 4
Churches
vock.

136
ACCOUNT of the
Numbers
that pe-
gifhed.
Churches and high Houfes) compleated
the Deftruction of every Thing they en-
countred-with, even of what the Earth-
quake had fpared. The Shocks, although
inftantaneous, were yet fucceffive; and at
Intervals Men were tranfported from one
Place to another, which was the Means
of Safety to fome, whilft the utter Im-
poffibility of moving, preferv'd others;
that hereby it might vifibly appear the
Divine Juftice fought nothing more from
them than Repentance and Amendment:
for it caus'd its Mercy to fhine forth in
fo refplendent a Degree, that to an extra-
ordinary Providence alone can be afcribed
the Prefervation of fo many Lives.
To elucidate this it must be obferved
that there are three thouſand Houfes which
make up the hundred and fifty Iſlands *
of Buildings contain'd within the Walls
of the City.
Thefe with the others near
* As the Streets of this City are all built in ftreight
Lines croffing each other, they form fo many diffe-
rent Squares of Buildings, which the Author calls
Iflands.
adjoining,

late EARTHQUAKE.
137
adjoining, and the Shops where Tradef-
men and poor People dwell; together with
thofe in the Suburbs or Borough of St.
Lazarus, on the other Side of the Ri-
ver (to which there is a Paffage and Com-
munication by the grand Bridge) amount-
ed in the whole to a Number fufficient
to contain fixty thouſand Perfons, for fo
many there are computed to be conftantly
refident in this City. Now altho' fcarce
twenty Houſes were left ftanding, yet by
the moſt exact and diligent Search that
could be made, it does not appear from
the Lifts taken of the Dead that the Num-
ber of them has amounted to much
more than eleven hundred and forty one
Perfons.
Lima,
Lima had arriv'd to as great a De-State of
gree of Perfection as a City fituate at fuch
a Diſtance from Europe, and difcouraged
by the continual Dread of fuch Calamities
was capable of. For altho' the Houfes
were but of moderate Height, being con-
fin'd to one Story only, yet the Streets
were laid-out with the exacteft Regulari-
ty,

138
ACCOUNT of the
ty, and adorned with all that Beauty
which a nice Simmetry could give: So
that they were equally agreeable to the
Sight as commodious to the Inhabitants;
and difplay'd as much Elegance as if all
the Ornaments of the beft Architecture
had been bestowed upon them. To this
may be added the delightful Appearance
of many handfome Fountains, for whofe
Supply the Water was conveyed through
Magnifi fubterraneous Aqueducts; the towering
Structures. Height of the Churches, and Structure of
cent
the religious Convents and Monafteries; in
which the Zeal for divine Worship in-
fpired fo devout a Confidence, as excluded
all Apprehenfions of the Danger which
fuch Sort of Buildings are liable to. It
may be affirmed, that the Magnificence
of thefe Edifices, if it did not exceed, at
leaft might rival that of the grandeſt Fa-
brics of this kind in the whole World:
for the Beauty of their Defign, their Pro-
files, their Cemeteries, the Largenefs of
their Naves, their Cloifters and Stair-cafes,
was fuch as they had no Caufe to envy
any for Size or Elegance.
There

late EARTHQUAKE.
139
Churches.
There were feventy-four Churches great Number of
and fmall, befide public Chappels, and
fourteen Monafteries; as many more Hof-
pitals and Infirmaries; in all which the
Richness of the Materials might vie with
the Perfection of the Work: whether we
confider the Paintings and Pictures, or
the Ornaments of Lamps, and Veffels of
Silver; the exquifite Works of Gold and
Pearls, with the precious Stones in the
Cuftodiums* of the Hoft; the Crowns +
and the Jewels. The Moveables and in-
fide Furniture of the principal Houfes,
in Pictures, Prints, Efcrutores, Looking-
glaffes, Hangings and other Curiofities with
which they abounded, together with the
vaft Services of wrought Plate, had made
it a Depofitary of the moft valuable
Things that could be procured from all
*Small Cabinets in which the confecrated Wafer
of the Sacrament is kept in the Romish Churches.
Thefe generally are very coftly, and thick-fet with
Jewels.
+ Thoſe which are placed on the Heads of the
Images of their Saints,
Parts:

140
ACCOUNT of the
Dreadful
Ruins.
Parts: for the Defire of Gain had brought
from the moſt remote Countries, every
thing that Luxury or Vanity could fancy,
for fake of exporting Part of its immenfe
Wealth in Exchange.
But all this beauteous Perfpective, which
with fo much Coft had been the Care of
many Years to bring to fuch Perfection,
being in an Inftant reduced to Duft, ma-
nifefted before its Time the natural Frail-
ty and Weakness of its Conftitution. No
Relation whatfoever is capable of con-
veying to the Mind an Idea of the Horror
with which the Sight of thefe Ruins ftrikes
the Beholders. The very Sufferers them-
felves are amazed at what they could not
comprehend; and therefore a particular
Recital of the Calamity is not only utter-
ly inexplicable by Words; but it is im-
poffible even to form any perfect Notion
of the horrible Deftruction which on all
Sides appeared to view. What Force of
Expreffion is capable of making the Rea-
der comprehend the dreadful Aftoniſhment
which

late EARTHQUAKE.
141
tains of
Rubbish.
which the Mountains of Ruins occafion
that hinder all Entrance to the holy ca-
thedral Church, whofe elegant Structure
was deftroyed by its own Greatnefs: for
the high Towers, with which its Sum-
mit was adorn'd, fplitting to Pieces and
tumbling on its Roof, utterly demolished
all the Arches and other Parts of the main
Body as far as they reached, befide thofe
which fell of themfelves; fo that not on-
ly the Rebuilding of it is rendered imprac- Moun.
ticable, but it will require an immenfe
Expence only to clear away the Rubbish.
In the fame lamentable Condition are the
other great Churches of the five religious
Orders, where the Parts left ftanding are
yet in fuch ruinous Circumftances, that it
would be better to pull them quite down
than to think of repairing them. What
Words can defcribe the mournful Meltings
of every Heart to fee almoft all the Mona-
fteries in Ruins, the religious Orders with-
out Support, the Revenues affigned for
that Purpofe (confifting principally of the
Quit-

142
ACCOUNT of the
Nuns kil-
led.
*
Quit-rents of the Houſes in the City) all
loft. So that now they are deftitute of
all other Maintenance than fuch as the
Affiftance of their Relations or the cha-
ritable Compaffion of pious People can ad-
minifter, without any the moft diftant
Profpect or Hopes of ever being reinftated
again in Convents.
To fpeak the Truth, human Under-
ftanding is utterly at a Lofs to penetrate
the infcrutable Judgments of God in thus
permitting the Deftruction of his Tem-
ples, the Affliction of his Spoufes †, and
fo vaft an ecclefiaftical Patrimony to be
loft. But it is ftill more difficult (confi-
dering all that Havock) to account how fo
* It is very cuftomary in all the Spanish Weft-
Indies, for the Proprietors of the Houſes to ſettle a
Tax on them, fometimes on one Floor thereof, fome-
times on two or more, for the Payment of certain
annual Sums to a favourite Prieft or Priefts, which
they call Capellaneas or Chaplefhips, by which it often
happens that the Tax of the Houfe is more than the
Rent of it; and altho' they fhould become untenant-
ed, yet the Priests enjoy their Quit-rent, and will oblige
the Proprietor to keep them in Repair.
+ The Nuns fo called.
2
many

late EARTHQUAKE.
143
*
Convents.
many Lives came to be preferved: efpecially in the
when in the little Monaftery of Car
men only, dedicated to Santa Terefa, out
of twenty one Nuns whereof that Houſe
confifted, twelve perished: Indeed this was
the largeſt Number of Nuns who fuffered
on this Occafion, for in the other great
Nunneries they did not amount to fo ma-
ny, although in fome of them the Num-
ber of Maid-fervants who perifhed were
And in the Hofpital of St. Anne,
which was a royal Foundation for the
for the
Relief of Indians of both Sexes, feventy of
the Patients loft their lives; having been
buried at the Beginning of the Earthquake
by the Roofs of the grand Halls of their
feveral Apartments, which fell upon them
as they lay in their Beds, no Perfons being
able to give them any Affiftance.
more.
Every other Part of this City, (without Bridge
extending our Confideration to the fatal deftroyed.
Confequences of what may yet be expect-
ed) moves the Beholder to the Height of
*It ſhould be Carmel, or Mount Carmel, and is a
Nunnery.
mournful

144
ACCOUNT of the
and
mournful Compaffion at Sight only of its
material Ruins; which are fuch that the
Place is rendered uninhabitable as much
Fine Arch, from Inconveniency as Horror. The Streets
all choak'd up with the fallen Fragments
of the Walls fcarce afford a Paffage for
Communication: and this is more fenfibly
perceived in thofe Parts where it was judg-
ed to be moft neceffary, which is at the
Foot of the Bridge; where the magnificent
Arch that flood at its entrance, and was
one very valuable Part of its moft regular
Architecture is fallen down. It was in
Attention to this that but a few Years be-
fore the most excellent the Lord Marquis
of Villa-Garcia, in order to add further to
Equeftri its Beauty had caufed to be erected upon
it a moft elegant and grand Statue of Philip
the Vth, our Lord and King, on Horfe-back,
in a military Habit, which appeared in ex-
quifite Proportion at that Height. It was
a moft refpectable Object; and fuch a one
as might have detained with Admiration
the greateft Connoiffeur in this fort of
Knowledge at his first coming into the
City.
an Statue.
In

late EARTHQUAKE.
145
lace and
In fine, one cannot ftir a Step without
encountring fome freſh Motive for the moſt
melting Compaflion. The Palace of our The Pa-
moft excellent Lord the Viceroy, in which
were contained the Courts of Judicature
of the Royal Audiencia, the Tribunal
of Accounts, the Treafury, and all the
other Offices for Affairs of the Govern-
ment, are rendered incapable of being in-
habited, as are every one of the Out-build-
ings of fubfifting any longer. The Tri-
bunal of the holy Office of Inquifition
is become utterly unable to proceed in the
Courfe of Bufinefs; the feveral Apartments public
of the Houfe being totally overthrown, as ruined.
well as that magnificent and beautiful pub-
lic Chapel which belonged to it. The
Royal Univerfity, the Colleges, and the
other Edifices of any Confideration now
only ferve, with the menacing Ruins that
are left of them, to revive the melancholy
Remembrance of what they were.
*The Court of Judges.
Structures
L
SECT.

146
AccoUNT of the
Callao de-
troyed,
SECT.
II.
Callao and its Inhabitants deftroyed by the
Irruption of the Sea.
BUT
UT how great or long foever the
Ruin of fo much Magnificence, and
the Burial of fo much Treaſure, may prove
to be the Occafion of Mourning in Li-
ma; yet at least the Remains of what it
was are ftill exifting. Not fo fares it
with the Garrifon and Port of Callao,
where the very Objects of the Misfortune.
are quite vanished out of Sight. This
doubles the Concern of Anguish in the
Mind, which fhudders at the Contempla-
tion of the dreadful Calamity. Not the
leaft Sign of its former Figure does now
appear: On the contrary, vaft Heaps of
Sand and Gravel occupying the Spot of its
former Situation, it is at prefent become a
fpacious Strand extending along that Coaft.
Some few Towers indeed, and the Strength
of its Walls, for a time endur'd the whole
Force of the Earthquake, and refifted the
Violence

late EARTHQUAKE.
147
overflow-
ing.
Violence of its Shocks: but fcarcely had
its poor Inhabitants begun to recover from by the Sea
the Horror of the firft Fright, which the;
dreadful Ruin and Devaftation had occa-
fioned there, (and how great that was is
not to be known) when fuddenly the
Sea began to fwell, (either through the
impulfive Force which the Earth by its
violent Agitation imprefs'd upon it, and
thereby keeping-up for a time, in one vaft
Body, Mountains of Water; or by what
other Means natural Philofophers may
pleaſe to affign, which, on thefe Occafions.
are the Caufes of its Elevation) and fwel-
ling rofe to fuch a prodigious Degree, and
with fo mighty a Compreffion, that on
falling from the Height it had attain'd,
(although Callao ftood above it on an Emi-
nence, which, however imperceivable, yet
continues ftill increafing all the Way to-
wards Lima) it rushed furioufly forward,
and overflowed with fo vaft a Deluge of
Water its ancient Bounds, that foundering
the greater Part of the Ships which were
Anchor in the Port, and elevating the
4
L 2
reft

148
ACCOUNT of the
with all
the In-
reft of them above the Height of the Walls
and Towers, drove them on, and left them
on dry Ground far beyond the Town: at
the fame time it tore-up from the Foun-
dations every thing that was in it of
Houfes, and Buildings, excepting only the
two grand Gates, and here and there fome
fmall Fragment of the Walls themſelves;
which as Regifters of the Calamity are ftill
to be ſeen among the Ruins and the Wa-
ters, a dreadful Monument of what they
were.
In this raging Flood were drowned
babitants, all the Inhabitants of the Place, who at
that Time might amount to near five
thouſand Perfons of all Ages, Sexes, and
Conditions, according to the most exact
Calculation that can be made. Such of them
as could lay-hold of any Pieces of Timber,
which the general Wreck afforded, float-
ed about for a confiderable Time, and kept
themfelves above the Waves: But thofe
Fragments, which offer'd them Affiftance
in their Diftrefs, proved by their Multitude
the greateft Occafion of their Deftruction:
In

late EARTHQUAKE.
149
In as much as, for want of Room to move
in, they were continually ftriking againſt
each other, thro the Agitation of the Wa-
ter; and thus beat-off thoſe who had
clung to them.
By fome of thoſe who were fo happy except two
as to fave them felves, amounting at most hundred.
to two hundred, we have been informed,
that the Waves in their Retreat encoun-
tring one another by Means of the Obfta-
cles which the Water met-with at its Re-
flux, furrounded thus the whole Town,
without leaving any Means for Preferva-
tion; and that in the Intervals, when the
Violence of the Inundation was a little
abated, by the retiring of the Sea, there were
heard the moſt mournful Cries, intermixed
with the warmest and moft earnest Exhor-
tations of the Ecclefiaftics, and other Re-
ligious, who were not forgetful of their Mi-
niftry even in Time of fo-great Diftrefs.
There happened luckily to be in Callao Friars
at that Juncture, fix reverend Fathers ofthere.
the Order of Preachers in this City, all of
them Men of moft remarkable Piety and
L3
Virtue;

150
ACCOUNT of the
Ships car-
ried over
it.
Virtue; who were then exercis'd in a fo-
lemn eight-Days Service to our Lord, ac-
cording to an Inftitution that had been
eftabliſhed fome Years before. Befide thefe
there were other diftinguished Perfons of
the Order of St. Francis, who had gone
thither to await the Arrival of the Com-
miffary-general of their Order, who was
foon expected at that Port. Thefe, in
Conjunction with other Religious of the
fame Order, the conftant Refidents of the
Place, and thofe of St. Auguftin, the Mer-
cenarians, the Society of Jefus, and St. John
of God, made-up in all a fufficient Body
of Ecclefiaftics for this occafion.
Witneffes likewiſe of this Account, and
the Shrieks that were heard, are thofe who,
being on-board the Ships at the Time when,
by the great Elevation of the Sea, they
were carried quite over the Town, as hath
been already obferved, had the Opportu-
nity of efcaping unhurt. It will not be
difficult to conceive the difmal Confufion,
and Streights, which thofe miferable Peo-
ple found themſelves in, when we con-
fider

late EARTHQUAKE.
151
fider that they only preferv'd their Lives
from each prefent impetuous Attack of
the Sea, in order to prolong the dreadful
Affliction, which the Apprehenfion of in-
evitably lofing them at the Return of the
next overwhelming Wave, muft infallibly
have occafioned.
ny wreck-
There were twenty-three Ships great How ma-
and ſmall at Anchor in the Port at the ed.
Time of the Earthquake; and of thefe,
as hath been mentioned before, fome were
ftranded, being four in Number, viz. the
San Fermin Man of War, which was
found in the low Grounds of the upper Cha-
cara, the Part oppofite to the Place where
the rode at Anchor; and near her the Sant
Antonio, belonging to Don Thomas Cofta,
which was a new Ship juft arrived from
Guiaquil, where fhe was built; the Vef-
fel of Don Adrian Corzi refted on the Spot
where before ftood the Hofpital of St. John
of God; and the Ship Succour, of Don
Juan Baptifta Baquixano, which had juft
* A Port 200 Leagues to the North, within three
Degrees of the Line:
L 4
arriv'd,

152
AccoUNT of the
zines de-
arriv'd, that very Evening, with a Cargo
from Chili, was thrown-up towards the
Cordon Mountains, both one and the other
*
of them at great Diftançes from the Sea,
and all the reft were foundered.
Maga- The great Vaults, where the Commodities
ftroyed. brought from other Parts (which fupplied
this City, and make-up a great Part of
our Commerce) us'd to be depofited, fuch
as Corn, Tallow, Jars of Wine, and Bran-
dies; Cables, Timber, Iron, Tin, Copper,
and the like Effects, were at this Time.
well-fill'd with them. The Wealth of the
Town itſelf was likewife very confiderable;
and no fmall Quantity of Money was
then circulating there. To thefe if we
add the Moveables, the Ornaments of the
Churches, which abounded in Curiofities
of Gold and Silver; (efpecially at that Con-
juncture, when on Account of the eight-
Days Service beforementioned many valu-
able Effects were carried thither from this
The fame with the Cordilera, or Audes Moun-
tains, or perhaps a Branch of them.
City)

late EARTHQUAKE.
153
City) laftly, The Apparatus of Provifions
and Munitions of War belonging to his
Majefty, which were kept in the Royal
Store-houſes and Magazines: All theſe Ar-
ticles put-together fwell greatly the Amount
of the actual Lofs; without reckoning the
Import of the Buildings and Value of the
Quit-rents.
In that difmal Night whilft all the In-Tidings
habitants of Callao perifh'd, thofe of Li- hereof,
ma were diftracted with the Apprehenfion
of their own Danger, and the Horror of
their Minds, occafioned by the frequent
Repetitions of the Earthquake, which con-
tinued without Intermiffion the whole
Night; and by this Means it happens that
the exact Time of its Duration is not de-
terminable. But this Horror was greatly
increaſed by the News of the dreadful
Tragedy then acting at Callao, which far
exceeded all the great Earthquakes that
had before happened there: for although
fometimes they were the Occafion of
Floods in that Garrifon, yet thofe Floods
did no real Damage to the Town or the
2
Inhabitants,

154
ACCOUNT of the
Lima.
Inhabitants, farther than putting them in a
Fright. The Truth of this difmal Story
was confirmed next Morning by the Sol-
diers, who, by Order of his Excellency
the Viceroy, had been there for Infor-
mation.
brought to By this Time alfo many were continu-
ally arriving of fuch as were fent thither
to make Enquiry how Things ftood, on
the Part of thoſe who had Dealings with
the People of that Place, or were concern-
ed in the Trade, and Cargoes of the Ships.
As thefe Perfons were not prefent them-
felves at that Scene of Woe and Deftruc-
tion, they only brought an Account of
what they could collect from thoſe who
had faved their Lives; and except fome
very few, were all Fishermen and Sailors.
Thefe, after having been driven about feve-
ral Times as far as the Island of St. Lau-
rence *, more than two Leagues diftant
from the Port, found Means to fave them-
*This Island is called by fome the Ifland of Cal-
lao, by others the Ifland of Lima, as hath been al-
ready obferved. See alfo the Plan, Plate 2.
felves

late EARTHQUAKE.
155
felves upon Planks; fome of them were
accidentally caft upon the Sea-fhore, others
upon that Ifland, and thus were preſerved.
The Reports made by thefe feveral Meffen-
gers fill'd every Inhabitant of Lima with
Aftoniſhment. But the exceffive Greatnefs
of the Calamity which had befallen Callao,
helped, in fome Meafure, to mitigate the
Grief occafioned by the deplorable Circum-
ftances to which they were reduced them-
felves. Every one returning Thanks to
God for the great Mercy fhewn to him
in his own particular Prefervation.
SECT.
III.
The Viceroy's Zeal to remedy Evils.
BRO
of Peru,
ROAD Day at length appear'd, and Viceroy
the Light, which was never long'd-
for with greater Anxiety, inftead of Con-
folation, was the Occafion of greater Gloom
to their Minds; difcovering at one View
diftinctly all that mighty Ruin, which the
Confufion of their Fright did not permit
them to frame any just Idea of: and there
would

156
ACCOUNT of the
his Care
and Pru-
dence.
would probably now have been a final
End to every thing (their Defpair finking
them more, if poffible, than the Shocks of
the Earthquake had done their City) if
Heaven had not provided another Light,
which might fhine on their Hearts; that
thus at leaſt they might recover fome Share
of Spirit, where any Acceffion of Joy was
utterly impoffible. badanobacio 10
And this was his Excellency the Vice-
roy, (the Marquis of Villa Garcia) who
appeared in Public on Horfeback in all
the Streets, without any Apprehenfion of
his own Danger, from the impending
Fragments of Walls that were yet ftand-
ing; and who, after having pafs'd the
Night without any Regard to the Safe-
ty of his own Perfon, which he freely ex-
pofed, wherever he judged his Affiftance
was neceffary in this Time of common
Diftrefs, was defirous of extending Confo-
lation to the most diftant Parts of the
City, and of encouraging every one with
furprifing Refolution, made it manifeft to
all, in that Seafon of Univerfal Defpair,
how-

late EARTHQUAKE.
157
how-much Vigour a generous Mind is ca-
pable of, who is actuated by a Zeal for the
Public Good, and Service of his Prince;
for to every one it feemed as if the Cala-
mity was diminiſhed by his Prefence. His
Excellency having taken a View of the
Ruins, and well confidered the whole, re-
turned to the great Square, with a Refolu-
tion to dedicate himself entirely to the la-
borious Tafk of immediately difpatching
all the provifionary Orders which the Na-
ture of the Cafe requir'd.
of
Let us paufe here a while to admire the Tyranny
wife Difpofitions of Divine Providence,
which ever attentive to our Good, propor-
tions the Remedy to the Quality of the
Miſchief, and in the midſt of Chaſtiſement
manifefts its Mercy. The great Calami-
ties which fo grievously afflicted this King-
dom in the preceding Government, were
Evils productive of immenfe Difficulties;
which yet a well-tim'd Prudence was able
to encounter. We were all Witneffes of
that brave Refolution with which his Excel-
lency the Marquis of Villa Garcia oppos'd
himfelf

158
ACCOUNT of the
himſelf to them, while the grand Author
of all our Miferies* diffembling his Un-
eafineſs under the Appearance of a ferene
Countenance, penetrated however the Pur-
pofes of the Marquis's well-laid Defign.
But theſe are Tafks of fo arduous a Nature,
that the whole Power of a Prince is not
equal to them, unlefs attended by an in-
defatigable Activity in his own Perfon:
And therefore we ought to magnify the
Mercies of our Lord, praifing at the fame
Time his boundleſs Goodness, for the Fa-
his Prede- your he did us in infpiring the Tyrant +
with a Refolution of immediately with-
ceffor.
* This, it may be prefum'd, was the preceding Vice-
roy. This whole Sentence in the Original is a little
obícure.
+ The Gentleman who tranflated this Piece ob-
ferves, that the Author in this Place feems to affect
being obfcure; which makes him fufpect that the Per-
fon here meant was the Archbishop of Lima, on
whom, in Cafe of a Viceroy's Death, the Govern-
ment devolves 'till the Arrival of his Succeffor. This
Conjecture feems to him the better grounded, as
the Circumftance mentioned hereafter, of the Arch-
biſhop not being then on the Spot, coincides with that
of the Tyrant's withdrawing, mentioned in this Place.
drawing

late EARTHQUAKE.
159
drawing himſelf, as well as for the fingular
and innumerable Benefits we have recei-
ved in the Protection of his glorious Suc-
ceffor. The ready Forefight, joined to the vi-
gorous Addrefs with which he applies him-
felf to our moſt minute Neceffities, not
only confirm the Experience we have of
his natural and beneficent Propenfity to the
Public Good; but would almoſt make us
imagine he had ftudied the Nature of
thefe calamitous Accidents, that he might
be able to apply the proper Remedies in
cafe an Occafion fhould happen, and that
the Difafter did not take him unprepar'd;
confidering that altho' it was not in his
Power to prevent the inevitable Force of
the Evil itfelf, yet he has had the Dexte-
rity, by dividing the laborious Tafk, to put
a ftop at least to the fatal Confequences.
fued,
As the first thing to be dreaded was the Orders if-
want of Corn, all that which lay depofited
in the Vaults of Callao having been de-
ftroy'd, the Ovens for baking Bread in this
City likewiſe all demolished, and the Con-
duits through which the Water was con-
vey'd

160
ACCOUNT of the
Provifions.
*
vey'd to the Mills all choak'd-up, ſo that
by theſe Means this neceffary Relief was
obftructed; immediately therefore his Ex-
cellency order'd three Soldiers of his Guards
to the adjacent Diftricts of Canta, Caniete,
and Jauja, to notify his Commands to the
Corrigidores of thofe Places, for them
to remit all the Corn which ſhould be
found in their reſpective Governments. He
gave Orders at the fame time for affem-
bling all the Bakers of the City together,
that he might know from them what Af-
fiftance they stood in need of, or was re-
quifite to enable them to repair their Ovens
and carry on their Trade.
relating to For accomplishing all this with greater
Expedition, he commanded the Water-
Bailiff and Superintendant of the Pipes, to
examin and repair all the Aqueducts, Con-
duits of the Mills, and Fountains of the
City, that the Courfe of the Water might
not be obftructed; he likewife caufed it
to be notify'd to the Perfons whofe
* Petty Governors of Provinces.
Bufinefs

late EARTHQUAKE.
161
Bufinefs it is to provide Fleſh-meat *, that
they ſhould continue to kill Animals in the
fame Manner as they always had ufed;
which Order they were ready enough to
comply-with, as it happen'd that at this
Time they were poffeffed of large Num-
bers of Cattle.
the Ma
He affign'd the punctual Execution of Care of
this Concern to the Care and Vigilance giftrates.
of the two Mayors in ordinary of the City,
Don Ferdinando Carillo de Cordova, and
Don Ventura Lobaton; who, by their rea-
dy Compliance with this Order, as well
as the other feafonable and frugal Mea-
fures which they purfued, joined to the
Zeal wherewith they dedicated themfelves
to the public Service, have confirmed the
Opinion before conceived of them, that
the Love of their Country infpires them
no lefs in the juft Execution of the Du-
ties of their Office, than their diftinguish'd
Nobility.
Theſe are not Butchers: for it is the Cuftom of
thofe Countries for the Gentry who have landed Eftates
to take their Turns to ferve the City with live Cattle
for the Slaughter.
M
His

162
ACCOUNT of the
The Road
cleared.
The Dif
treffed re-
lieved.
His Excellency likewife granted to the
Farmer of the Refervoirs of Ice as many
Horfe-foldiers as he requir'd to enable him
to procure fufficient Hands to clear the
Roads, by which that great Refreſhment
is brought to the City, and which had
been rendered quite impaffable by the
Earthquake: having alfo diſpatched Orders
to the Corregidor of Huarochiri, for him to
contribute all that lay in his Power toward
accomplishing this ufeful Defign, we have,
in Confequence of fo many good Regula-
tions, feen all this Bufinefs fo fpeedily exe-
cuted, that the Order and Difpofition for
the due Supply of the City with Provifions;
has not in the leaft been obftructed the
Abundance of every thing of that Kind
rendering even the Calamity itfelf lefs
fenfible.
;
Neither did it feem to his Excellency
a Matter of lefs Concern to attend to the
Relief of the imprefs'd Men, who were in
the Ifland of Callao *, condemned to the
* It lies about a Quarter of a Mile South-Eaft of the
Ifland of St. Laurence, before mentioned. See the Chart,
Plate zi
digging

late
x63
EARTHQUAKE.
digging of Stone in thofe Quarries for the
Works of the Garrifon; and therefore he
commanded that immediately they ſhould
get ready a Number of fmall Embarka-
tions in Order to tranfport them over to
the Continent, and to put them in a Place
of Safety: all which was effectually execut-
ed. This too was the Means of bringing
back many of thoſe who had fav'd them-
felves in this Ifland from the Difafter of
Callao, and by this Affiftance had an Op-
portunity of curing Bruifes and Hurts re-
ceived from the repeated Strokes of the
Waves, and the Blows of the ruin'd Pieces
of Wreck.
buried.
Having in this Manner piously provid- The Dead
ed for the Relief of the Living, his next
immediate Care was to beftow Burial on
the Bodies of thoſe who loft their Lives
among the Ruins of this City: for this
Purpofe caufing the Fraternity of the Or-
der of Charity to be fummoned together,
he gave Directions that, with the Affiftance
of the City Aldermen, they fhould uſe
their Endeavours to collect and convey the
Corps
M 2

164
ACCOUNT of the
Military
Stores
fecured.
Corps which could be found, to the feve-
ral Churches and Convents, with whofe
Principals he had already concerted their
Reception. He had likewife engaged thefe
latter to affift the Curates of the refpec-
tive Parishes: that thus this religious Work
might be facilitated, which had an equal
Regard to the fpiritual Benefit of the
Dead, and to free the City from any Con-
tagion which the Stench of fo many cor-
rupted Bodies might occafion.
SECT. IV.
His Excellency's Care to fecure what re-
mained.
TOR at the fame Time was the Vice-
NOR
roy's Concern lefs for what immedi-
ately related to his Majefty, endeavouring by
all Means poffible in his Power to prevent
the Lofs of the Royal Property. For this
Purpoſe he commanded the Captain of the
Arfenal of Arms of his Palace immediate-
ly to caufe the Ruins thereof to be clear'd
away; and taking-out the military Weapons
which

late EARTHQUAKE.
165
which were there kept, to convey them
to fome other Place of Security. He
likewiſe diſpatched Don Juan Bonet, Cap-
tain of the Frigate, to take a Survey of the
Ships that were fav'd, and bring back a par-
ticular Account of their Condition. This
Gentleman having punctually executed his
Commiffion, made a Report of thofe which,
as hath been already mentioned, were
ftranded, and of the Places where they
were to be feen: He alfo informed the
Viceroy how the Cargo of Corn and
Tallow on board the Succour was fav'd,
which might be a Help towards fupply-
ing the City.
the King'
His Excellency next gave Orders for Care of
the Lord Marquis of Obando, Commodore Ships.
of the Squadron in thefe South-Seas, to go-
take a View of the St. Fermin Man of
War, and fee if any thing could poffibly
be done with her in the Situation fhe
was in. Upon Examination it appeared
abfolutely neceffary to take her to Pieces,
for that other ways it was impracticable to
make any thing of her. He iffued out
M 3
alfo

166
ACCOUNT of the
Guard on
the Mint.
alfo a Proclamation, directing the Superin-
tendant of Callao, the Royal Officer in
waiting of that Garrifon, the Lieutenant-
General of the Artillery, and the Captain
of the Arfenal of Arms, to take a Survey
of all fuch Stores and Effects belonging to
their refpective Branches of Bufinefs as had
been faved, and that they fhould uſe pro-
per Means to collect and fecure the fame
as Part of the Royal Property; co-operat
ing in this with the Town-Major of the
Garrifon, who was to attend upon them
with Soldiers and Labourers hir'd for that
Purpofe.
He commanded alfo to place a Guard
on the Royal Mint, which was entirely
in Ruins; and where at that Time there
were very large Quantities of Gold and
Silver belonging to his Majefty*, and other
particular Perfons. This Wealth lying fo
* All Silver taken-out of the Mines pays one Fifth
of its Value to the King, and muft be carried to the
Mint for that Purpofe, where it is ftamp'd with the
King's Seal; and fuch as has not this Mark upon it
is forfeited.
much

late EARTHQUAKE.
167
much expofed, ran the Hazard of being
ftolen, as the Place was fituate at a Diſtance
from the Royal Treafury, which being near
the prefent Refidence of his Excellency, is
fecur'd from Danger. Every thing which
requir'd the moft immediate Dispatch in
a Seafon of great Calamity, being fet to
Rights that fame Day, he proceeded to
other neceflary Meafures, which took-up
his whole Attention: Not only fuch as
the preffing Exigencies of the Public re-
quir'd, but thofe alfo of every Individual.
Thefe laft, as they experience his Kindneſs
fo readily in affifting them, do not fail to
have Recourfe to it; comforting themfelves
at leaft with the Satisfaction of being
affur'd, that what his powerful Protection
cannot remedy, is abfolutely incapable of
any Redreſs.
fave
They fent Word from Callao and the Orders to
Villages along its Coaft that the dead Bo-
dies of fuch as had been drowned by the
Inundation were continually driving to
Land; and that the Sea had thrown-up a
great Quantity of the Goods and other
valuable
M 4

168
AccoUNT of the
valuable Effects which had been fet adrift
by the feveral Wrecks and Inundation of
of the City. They at the fame time gave
Notice, that the Shores were thronged with
a great Concourfe of People, whom the
Defire of profiting by the Plunder had
brought together. His Excellency there-
fore taking it into Confideration, that the
Town-Major of Callao would not, with
the utmoft Diligence he could ufe, be able
of himſelf to prevent the pilfering of fuch
Effects in fo extenfive a Diftrict as this
was, gave Orders to the Corregidor of
that Divifion to go with a great Number
of Soldiers and others hir'd for the Work,
to the Villages of Miraflores and Chorril
los, in the Jurifdiction of his Command.
There in the firft Place he was to caufe all
fuch dead Bodies as he fhould meet with
along that Coaft to be interr'd; and at the
fame time fecure all the Goods which the
Sea was continually cafting-up.
fhip- To the End that fo neceffary a Work
wreck'd
Goods, fhould have the readieft and moft effica-
cious Difpatch which the Nature of the
Bufinefs

late EARTHQUAKE.
169
Bufinefs requir'd, he iffued out a Decree
to the Tribunal of the Confulate of Mer-
chants, directing them without Lofs of
Time to take the propereft Meaſures to
prevent the Embezzlement of fuch Effects,
and collect together all that ſhould be found;
in order to reftore the fame to the Perfons
who ſhould afterwards appear to be the
Proprietors, according to the Rules of Juf-
tice and Laws of Commerce. They had
alfo Directions to act in Conjunction with from be-
the aforefaid Town-Major, Don Antonio de ing ftolen.
Navia Bolanio, to whom the proper Or-
ders for this Bufinefs were directed: like-
wife that all the Goods which the Corre-
gidor of the Diſtrict, Don Juan Cafimero
de Veytia, had been able to mufter together
in the Towns of his Jurifdiction, fhould be
added to what the reft had found; with
ftrict Command moreover to hinder all
Perfons, who were not known to the Offi-
cers, from prefuming to come where thefe
Effects fhould be. For this Purpofe a Procla-
mation was publiſhed, making it Death for
any Body to purloin the leaft Trifle belonging
to

170
ACCOUNT of the
And pre-
vent Dif-
to them.
Gibbets were immediately erected in this
City, and two others on the Strand of
Callao; that by the Sight of thefe Engines
of Puniſhment all evil-minded Perfons
might be deterred from fecreting, and not
difcovering, fuch Goods as they had pick-
ed-up. In Reality, all thofe who have
had any Regard to their own Honour,
and Obligation due to Governors, have
accordingly comply'd with the Intention
of this Ordonnance.
To inforce this Edict two
As his Excellency's Precaution thus
orders. multiply'd the feveral Branches of Bufinefs,
(for he was not barely content with finding-
out Expedients againft the prefent Evil, but
ftudied alfo how beft to avoid the Danger
of future Contingencies) he could fcarce.
find Hands enough for the Work; and
therefore it was abfolutely neceffary to aug-
ment the Number of Soldiers in the two
Companies of Horfe and Foot-Guards, and
pay them in Proportion: he likewife ap-
pointed three feveral Corps of thefe Soldiers,
with their Officers, continually to patrole
about

late EARTHQUAKE.
171
about the City, in order to prevent Mur-
ders, Robberies and other Miſchiefs, which
the defolate Condition of the Houſes might
facilitate, and which the neceffitous Cir-
cumftances of many might excite, efpeci-
ally among the incorrigible Mob and com-
mon People, on whom the moſt diſmal
Spectacle which they have of this Difafter
before their Eyes does not make any Man-
ner of Impreffion; and therefore it is fit
that their Infolence fhould be restrained by
the Fear of incurring a rigorous Punish-
ment.
Zeal
In this Manner his Excellency, if he The great
could not compleat the whole Extent of
his Defire, at leaft, in fome Meafure fa-
tisfied it; and whilft on one hand he us'd
Intreaties in the Caufe of the Common
Good, he was, at the fame Time, on the
other, the Perfon who gave Command in
it. Nor yet was the continual Courfe of
Bufinefs, in which he kept the feveral Mi-
nifters of his Jurifdiction conftantly in-
gaged, equal to his ardent Zeal. His Af-
feffor-general, Don Juan Gutierrez de Arce,
Solicitor-

172
ACCOUNT of the
nefs
Solicitor-general to the Royal Audiencia,
and readi- having had fufficient Occafion for the
whole Force of his mighty Genius and
Application, indefatigable in the Admini-
ftration of Juftice (which nothing could
equal excepting only the firm Solidity of
his Prudence and Conduct) to enable him
to bear-up under the Weight of fuch im-
menfe Difficulties. Nor was the Brigadier,
Don Diego de Helles, Secretary to the
Cabinet, leſs active, transferring the fpright-
ly Promptitude of his Genius to the active
Operations of his Body: For it ſeemed as
if either he miraculously duplicated his
own Prefence, or that he had the Power
of extending it like Thought; fince without
being wanting in the leaft to the Dif
patch of his own particular Branch, he
has appeared in Perfon every where for
the Confolation, the Reparation and Re-
medy of all the moft urgent Neceffities.
of other
Officers
At the fame Time the two Captains of
the Guards, Don Victoriano Montero de
Aguila, and Don Balthazar de Abarca,
were attentively watchful to prevent every
thing

late EARTHQUAKE.
173
thing that might occafion any Miſchief
or Diſorder; which was his Excellency's
principal Regard, and for which more than
human Force was neceffary. For this
Reafon, obferving the two Mayors in or-
dinary of the City to labour under very
great Inconveniencies (and indeed fo many
that it would be impoffible for them, military
without fome Reinforcecement, to conti- and civil,
nue in the Exercife of fo laborious a
Tafk) he caus'd their Jurifdiction to be
enlarged; and nominated one Mayor for
each Street, whofe Bufinefs it was to at-
tend to the Peace of the Inhabitants and
the Security of their Houfes: Withal to
ufe their utmoft Diligence to fearch for
fuch as might ftill remain under the Ruins,
in order to give them Interment; and to
caufe the dead Bodies of the Brute-beafts
to be thrown without the City, through
the Apprehenfion of their caufing an In-
fection. He at the fame time gave to
every one of thefe Mayors fufficient Au-
thority to apprehend all Delinquents; and
commanded them to tranfmit to him an
I
exact

174
AccoUNT of the
to remedy
the Evil.
exact Account of every Thing that ſhould
happen in their refpective Diſtricts.
This Commiffion, which was delivered
to every one of them in Writing, took-up
two whole Days to diſpatch, by Reaſon
of the vaft Number of fuch Nominations
within the Compafs of this great City:
And the aforefaid Mayors were in all Re-
fpects whatever, fo far as lay in their
Power, to act in Concert with the Alder-
men and other City-officers, in caufing
the Remains of the Houſes, Convents,
Churches and Hofpitals which threatned
Ruin, to be demolished; and to give their
utmoft Affiftance to the Bakers and Mills;
as alfo to take Care to prevent all Perfons
from going out-of the City to the adjacent
Roads, in order to buy Provifions which
were coming to the general Supply of the
City: That by this Means fuch Neceffa-
ries might be brought without Interruption
to the feveral Markets, where every one
would be at Liberty to furnish himſelf
with what he wanted. The better to en-
force this Regulation his Excellency iffued-
out

late EARTHQUAKE.
175
out a Proclamation, on Pain of two hun-
dred Laſhes to the Tranfgreffors, in Cafe
they ſhould be of the common Sort, and
of four Years Banifhment to all others :
By which Means no Scarcity of any Ne-
ceffaries has been perceived; nor has the
Indigence of the People been fo great as
to give Encouragement to that exorbitant
Spirit of Covetoufnefs amongft Dealers,
with whom it has been ufual in fuch-like
Cafes to encreaſe the Want, in order to
enhance the Price of the Commodity.
BY
SECT.
V.
New Confufion at Lima.
Panic oc-
Y fuch provident and well-regulated Strange
Difpofitions as thefe his Excellency cafioned
has removed great Part of the Force of the
Calamity, which in Cafes of this Nature
is ufually rather more encreas'd by the
Confufion than the Evil itfelf; and by the
fettled Compofure which all the while
appeared in his Countenance, he has made
it manifeft, that he was fuperior to the
Misfortune.

176
AccoUNT of the
Misfortune. By this Means he has been
better able to procure a ready Obedience
to his Commands; a Point which he has
carried fo high, that the exact Obfervance
of his Orders has correfponded like an
Eccho to his Voice. Nothing but this
could have preferved the Refpect and Au-
thority due to him, when engaged in
quelling that impetuous Tumult, where
with the City was diftracted by the falfe
Rumour which at one and the fame Time
was fpread through every Part of it; name-
ly, that the Sea was rifing and advancing
fwiftly towards it: Infomuch that the
f People ran in confus'd Multitudes, without
by a falfe
Alarm
any Order or Defign, towards the neigh-
bouring Mountains, there to feek a Place
of Safety.
The Hurry with which every one pufh'd-
forward was fo irrefiftible, that even thoſe,
who, from the Circumftances of the Re-
port which rendered it incredible, and the
Knowledge of much-fuch another Acci-
dent which happened in the Year 1686,
did not believe it, fuffered themſelves how-
ever

late EARTHQUAKE.
177
ever to be carried-on ; or rather were im-
pelled by the general Torrent, which form'd
a kind of Sea, while the People, who re-
fembled rolling-Waves, went-on almoſt
dead with Fright and Fatigue. In Rea-
lity fome of them actually died, not-
withſtanding the Day-light, which yet re-
mained, might have convinced them of
their Error, as it was yet but the Begin-
ning of the Evening; but the firſt Report
ftill prevailing confirm'd them in their Re-
folution to proceed: So that there was no
Poffibility of their ftopping to enquire in-
to the original Caufe of it; and many con-
cluding that fo great a Multitude could
not all be deceived, or the Panic prove
fo general without fome Foundation, be-
lieved it as firmly as the reft.
The Truth is, that the Confternation of the Sea
their Minds were in on Account of the rifing.
Difafter at Callao, made their Fright thus
get the better of their Reafon; and fo per-
plexed their Thoughts, that they could not
call to mind how high this City ftands in
refpect of the Sea: for in the great Square
N
the

178
ACCOUNT of the
The Vice-
Joy's Pre-
fence
the Ground is elevated 170 Yards * a-
bove the Surface of the Ocean, and ftill
continues rifing in the Parts that lie to-
wards the Eaft. Had this Reflection oc-
curred to them, they might eafily have
been convinced (notwithſtanding what
old Records mention relating to the Sea's
overflowing many Leagues within Land,
on Occafion of other great Earthquakes)
that the like could never have happen'd
in Parts where the Land lay fo high as
that of Lima.
Mean Time his Excellency, who by the
Elevation of his own Mind, enjoyed all
the Height which could be defir'd for the
general Safety, and had well-forecafted
every Thing that regarded their Secu-
rity, clearly perceived the Falfity of this
Report. He knew, if there had been any
Danger of the Kind, that he fhould have
had timely Notice of it from the Centi-
* Feuillée the 26th of October, 1709, found it by
the Barometer only 65 Toifes or 130 Yards. See
his Journal des Obf. Vol. I. p. 460.
nels

late EARTHQUAKE.
199
nels placed for that Purpofe along the Sea-
coaft, who would certainly have informed
him, if there had been any extraordinary
Agitation of the Sea. He therefore not
only began immediately to perfuade all thofe
who happened to be about his Perfon in
the great Square, where he then refided,
and had given Credit to the Rumour, that
it was all a Fiction, with the fame Calm-
nefs of Mind and Confidence he had all
along maintain'd; but alfo affur'd them of
their Safety, with the moft lively and
cogent Proteftations, infomuch that he had
the good Fortune to pacify and detain
them. He at the fame Time difpatched
Soldiers to all Parts in order to ftop, if
poffible, the innumerable Crowds of Peo-
ple who were pofting-away in fuch Con-
fufion: But thofe unhappy Mortals, whom
the Apprehenfion of their Danger had
made deaf to all Perfuafions, look'd-on
this compaffionate Defign of his to reſtrain
them, as an Act of Tyranny; and thought
the preventing of their Flight was no bet-
ter than taking-away their Lives. In fpight
therefore
N 2
on all Oc
cafions

180
AccoUNT of the
puts a Stop
therefore of all the Endeavours of the Sol-
diers, they continued in the tumultuous
Profecution of their Career; in which the
Confufion and Diſorder was fo great, as left
no Room for any Kind of Distinction
among the Fugitives.
Hereupon his Excellency well confider-
ing the great Importance of this new Mis-
chief which was thus beginning, and might
poffibly be increas'd with the Imagina-
tion of their fuppos'd Danger, mounting.
his Horfe took a Refolution to follow after,
and penetrate into the thickeft of that
confufed Multitude, who were as much
out of their Senfes as out of the City: but
oh, behold a Prodigy in the natural Fide-
lity of thefe Dominions! without any
thing elfe than the meer Prefence of their
Governor, a Tempeft was immediately
quell'd, which, by the united Shrieks and
Cries, was not only a real Storm at Land,
but even occafioned a fearful Confufion
in the Air itself; and, what neither the
ftrict Relation of conjugal Love, the inhe-
rent Tendernefs for their Children, nor
the

late EARTHQUAKE.
181
the Thoughts of abandoning their Eftates
could effect, the Word of Command of one
fingle Man immediately brought about. They
muft needs by this Action either think that
they made a Sacrifice of their Lives, as a Tef-
timony of their Loyalty, or have been firm-
ly perfuaded in the Belief that he who took
fo-much Pains thus to preferve them,
would not in fuch Manner have ventur'd
to compafs his Defign, without having had
the greateſt Affurance of their Safety.
Confu-
Every one halted on the Spot where this to the
adorable Confolation happened to overtake fion.
him; and beginning to perceive the whole
Delufion, which they were incapable of
obferving before through their Fright, it
was the moft moving Spectacle that could
be. In their Retreat back again, the Se-
paration of Perfons nearly related, and the
Mournings of Mothers for their Children,
occafioned another Scene of fresh Confu-
fion, which rendered them infenfible of
their Fatigue and Wearinefs. But all this
was over before Night; and with juft Rea-
fon his Excellency merited the Thanks of
N 3
an

182
ACCOUNT of the
Provifion
an univerfal Applaufe: For by this Con-
duct he delivered the whole People from
a Danger equally as fatal as would have
been that of a real Inundation.
SECT. VI.
Orders for the Relief of Monafteries, and
rebuilding the City.
As
made for S thefe public and univerfal Benefits
made it eafily comprehended, that
true Piety had as great a Share in the
Heart of his Excellency as the Obligation
of his Office; the neceffitous Circumftances
of the Nuns and other Religious, whofe
abandoned State has been fet forth in the
Account of the Ruin of their Monafteries,
made them hope to find fome Confolation
in their Turn. With this View fome of
thofe who enjoy'd and held Rents iffuing
to them out of the Royal Coffers, by Set-
tlement of fome principal Perfons, made
humble Repreſentation of their difmal Cir-
cumftances, which forced them (although
with the greateft Reluctance) thus to aug-
ment

late EARTHQUAKE.
183
ment his Cares, and to have Recourfe to
him for fome Relief.
Monafte-
Upon this his Excellency immediately Relief of
gave Orders that they fhould on their feveral ries.
Credits be fupply'd with Bread and Flefh-
meat; and that the Aldermen of the City
fhould divide among themſelves the Care
of all thofe Fraternities. It was commit-
ted to the fame Magiftrates to finish the
Demolition of fuch Parts of their Con-
vents as threatned Ruin, and to protect
them from all fuch Infults as they might
poffibly be fubject to from Thieves; mak-
ing their Eafe and Re-fettlement the par-
ticular Object of his Attention, in the feve-
ral Juntos which he has held, in order to
confer with the Lords of the Royal Au-
diencia, the Court of Aldermen, and the
feveral Corporations of the City about the
Exigencies of the State, and fuch Meafures
as might moft conduce to the Emolument
of the Royal Property, Re-eftabliſhment
of the City, and immediate Repair there-
of: for this the Rule of Government (at
prefent fufpended in the Republic) abfo-
N 4
lutely

184
ACCOUNT of the
Plan for
rebuilding
lutely requires, feeing its Neceffities demand
the moſt ſerious Confideration, not only
for the immediate Supply of what is at
prefent wanting, but alfo for the future
Security thereof.
vil o
With this Intent his Excellency de-
creed that Don Lewis Godin * of the
Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, and
Profeffor of Mathematics in the Uni-
verfity of this City, fhould project a Plan
and Deſign of the Proportions, Form, and
Rule to be obferv'd in the Building of the
Houfes, and other Edifices of the City,
in fuch a Manner as that the Inhabitants
might not for the future be in Danger
from fuch violent Earthquakes, which
ought always to be dreaded; or at leaft
that the Damage and Havock, occafioned
by thofe Convulfions of Nature, might not
be fo great as what they had lately expe-
rienced. This Charge Don Lewis punctu-
*This Gentleman was one of the three Members
of the Academy (the other two, Bouguer and Condamine)
who in 1735 were fent to Peru, to make Obfervations
for determining the Figure of the Earth.
ally

late EARTHQUAKE.
185
ally obferved, and is at this time actually
employ'd in removing the Difficulties,
which appear to the Court of Aldermen,
with Regard to putting his Scheme in
Execution. For this important Buſineſs
lies before them who are to take proper
Refolutions, and fix upon a convenient
Plan; which is highly requifite in a Matter
of fuch Weight, and of fo great Advan-
tage to the common Good.
The Multitude of Difficulties which Lima and
prefented themſelves, did not fo much fa-
tigue his Excellency from the Labour of
removing them, (for Experience made it
evident that the Succefs in fuch Refpect
was more owing to the Quickneſs of the
Diſpatch than could have been expected
from a more premeditated Precaution) but
he was uneafy, as the Attention to them fo
long diverted the ardent Zeal which he had
for reftoring Callao as foon as poffible. The
Moment therefore that he found he had the
leaft Leifure, he went thither in Perfon,
carrying with him the aforefaid Don Lewis
Godin to furvey all that Ground, and find
Callao.
2
out

186
ACCOUNT of the
Vaults
and Ma.
out a proper Situation whereon to erect a
competent Fortification, which might ferve
for a Defence of the Marine against any
Invafion which Pirates, or any other Ene-
my might attempt; likewife to chooſe
the Place where beft they might make
Vaults, and build Warehoufes for depofit-
ing Effects which might be imported from
abroad, that fo there might be no Stagna-
tion in the Trade.
In Reality Don Lewis having found
gazines. out a Situation commodious enough for
thefe Purpoſes, marked out a Spot, and
drew a Plan of the Works to be erected
thereon fuitable to the Conveniences which it
afforded, after confidering the Dimenfions,
Figure, and Qualities of the Ground. But
in Regard to the Diſtance at which thofe
Vaults would be removed from the Port,
his Excellency judged it proper that the
little River on the Side of Pitipiti* fhould
be made navigable for Canoes and Barks,
in order to facilitate bringing-up the Goods
from on board the Ships: For by Means
*This is the Name of the Suburbs. See the Plate.
of

late EARTHQUAKE.
187
of this River, which difcharges itfelf there-
abouts into the Sea, the Goods may be
conveyed pretty-near thofe Storehouſes.
His Excellency having fatisfied himfelf
with giving Directions in fo principal and
neceffary a Bufinefs as this, returned to the
City to concert the proper Meafures for
putting what he had refolved-upon into
Execution, in the moft expeditious Man-
And indeed without fo powerful
a Patronage all the Methods that could
poffibly be contrived for the Re-eftabliſh-
ment of this Capital would be to no Pur-
pofe.
ner:
paid to
Notwithſtanding all the vigilant Pre- Devotion
cautions, which his Excellency has in every"
thing obferved (infomuch that the public
Admiration, if poffible, has been more fa-
tigued in keeping an Account of their
Number, than the Conftancy of his Zeal
in the Execution of them for their Good)
yet as human Prudence has always Lef-
fons enough to ftudy with Refpect to the
future, he is ftill feeking to find-out more
Expedients, if poffible, to guard againſt
2
the

188
ACCOUNT of the
the Vir-
gin Mary,
the Accidents that may happen. Nor have
the Public lefs to admire in the Example
he fets, if Attention be given to the chrif-
tian-like Deportment which he has ſhown
by the greatest Refignation in Time of the
deepeſt Calamity; and by profeffing the moft
reverential Fear, at the fame Time he dif-
covered the higheft Courage, he has gi-
ven us to understand that the Precautions
he has us'd to refift the Misfortune pro-
ceed more from the Senfe of the Obliga-
tions he is under by his Office, than from
any Confidence he places in the Succefs
of them. For this Reafon his firft Re-
courfe was to Heaven; and it is obfer-
vable that in the Chapel, which at the
very Beginning of the Earthquake the
Devotion for the moft holy Virgin of the
Merced had caus'd to be run-up, in the
great Square, and whither her precious
Image was brought from the Convent, to
ferve for an univerfal Confolation in fuch
general Affliction, his Attendance has been
as conftant as his Prayers zealous, feeking
*Or Mercy, belonging to the Mercenarians.
by

late EARTHQUAKE.
189
by his great Humiliation for a happy Iffue
to what he commands.
*
Among the Commonality a remarkable
Edification is already begun in their Con-
trition and Repentance. It is inconceivable
what a Concourfe of People the Queen of or Queen
of Angels.
Angels brought together to the pious Act
of a nine-days Devotion, which was ce-
lebrated in the aforefaid little Chapel to
implore her accuftomed Mercy for this
City; which has always experienced her Fa-
vours in Times of fuch-like Difafters. De-
monftrations thefe of the Tenderneſs and
Compaffion wherewith the beholds it, and
which was never more refplendent than at
this Seafon; when, without reckoning the
manifeft Tokens of it, which the Public in
general cannot chooſe but be fenfible of, every
Perfon in particular, if he attentively con-
fiders it, has a vifible Miracle to remark
in his own Prefervation. The continual
Ufe of the Sacraments: the humble At-
tention to the Exhortations, with which
the Zeal of the Ecclefiaftics and other Re-
*The Virgin Mary fo ftiled by the Spaniards.
ligious

190
ACCOUNT of the
Public
Procef-
fions.
ligious has excited their Fervour and Pie-
ty; the public Proceffions of the Peni-
tents *, in which the rigorous Exceſs of
the outward Difcipline fufficiently mani-
fefted the interior Force of the Compunc-
tion; together with the circumfpect Gra-
vity and Order obferved in all this Affair,
joined to the modeft Silence of their fo-
lemn March, made the Sighs and Groans
of the Affiftants more fenfibly to be per-
ceived: all thefe together, (I fay) have
caus'd the Appearance of a quite new
City, transformed into Religion. May
the Divine Majefty grant that this Refor-
mation do continue and encreafe! that
thus its divine Wrath may be appeas'd,
which even ftill makes us hear the dread-
ful Voice of his Indignation, in the fre-
*Theſe are Perfons who, on fuch Occafions, go
with their Faces covered by a Linnen Vail, and their
Backs quite bare, with a Sort of Petticoat of white
Linnen. They carry Lafhes of Whip-cord in their
Hands, with which they flog themſelves very fmartly,
infomuch that their Backs and Linnen are all cover'd
with Blood.
quent

late EARTHQUAKE.
191
quent Convulfions, with which the Earth
is daily agitated.
SECT. VII.
How far the Earthquake extended; with the
Warnings and Prophecy of it.
HE Shocks which had been felt Earth-
THE
continues.
that fatal Night, in which they be-quake
gan without Intermiffion every Quarter of
an Hour, or oftener, have been repeat-
ed three or four Times at leaſt every Day
during this whole Month of November:
fome of them attended only with Noifes,
but others with exceffive Tremblings;
which is a fure Sign that there yet re-
mains Plenty of combuftible Matter pro-
ceeding from Minerals collected in the fub-
terranean Cavities that are in the Neigh-
bourhood of this City, and Port of Cal-
lao, where the greateft Havock has been
made: For it appears from the Accounts
which the Pofts have brought from the
Coafts

192
ACCOUNT of the
How far
propagat-
ed.
Coafts both to Windward and Leeward*,
that the farther the Parts were removed
from this Centre, the lefs the Earthquake
was perceived; and that not one fingle Per-
fon had been loft, either in the Towns
near the Sea, or within Land, except in
Guancavilica +, where exceffive Shocks
were felt and Noifes heard.
In Effect the Ruin of Buildings extend-
ed on one side no farther than to Caniete ‡,
and on the other to Chancay || and Guara*,
at which laft Place the vaſt ſtrong Bridge that
was built over the River fell to Pieces. But
as this was the neceffary Paffage of Com-
munication from all the Vallies below,
* That is the Coaft lying both to the North and
South of Callao.
+ This must have been at a great Diſtance in Cafe
it was the Town of that Name near the Mountains,
155 Miles South-Eaft of Lima, and 120 from the
Coaft.
Caniete is a maritime Town about eighty Miles
South-Eaft of Callao.
Chancay is a maritime Town about thirty Miles
North-Weft of Callao.
* Guara is a Port about twenty-four Leagues North
North-Weft of Callao.
and

late EARTHQUAKE.
193
Coalt.
his Excellency immediately difpatch'd an
Order to the Corregidor of that Jurif-
diction inftantly to proceed to the rebuild-
ing of it. Nor have we yet heard of any
Damage done by the Irruptions of the Sea
to any of the Towns through the utmoſt
Extent of either Coaft; excepting only the along the
unfortunate Wreck of the Ship Conception,
belonging to Don Thomas de Chavaque, which
in its Paffage from Panama, happening to
be at Anchor in the Port of Santa, was fo
fuddenly furprized, that he was founder'd
before the had any Time to help herſelf.
But the like Misfortune did not befal the
Soledad of Don Juan Lewis Comacho, which
was at that Time loaded with Wine and
Brandy in the Port of Nafca, on the
Coaft more beyond: for perceiving the Re-
treat the Sea was making from the Shoar,
he had Time to take the Precautions ne-
ceffary to preferve her from receiving any
Damage, and fhe is fince arriv'd with her
Cargo: As is alfo the Chrift belonging to
Don Marcos Sans, with a Loading of Wheat
and Tallow from Chili; which Ship, with
another
O

19+
ACCOUNT of the
flection
*
another Bark, difpatched from Caiete by
the Magiftrates of that Diftrict with Flower
and Grain, has help'd towards the Supply
of the City.
Moral Re- Such is the prefent miferable State of
Lima, the Skeleton now only of a City;
whofe Grandeur is vifible in the vaft Ex-
tent of its Defolation, which magnifies ſtill
more the Horror and Aftonishment of its
Ruins. The Relation of its Misfortune
ought to ferve as a Motive for our Amend-
ment rather than a Subject of our Curiofi-
ty, that for want of making a due Im-
preffion on us, our Hearts may not become
more obdurate than the Stones of its Re-
mains: Nor is it poffible for any one to
help trembling, who in thefe ruinous Heaps
of infenfible Matter beholds the dreadful
Marks of Divine Power, againft which
there is no Refiftance. The intire Mafs of
its Buildings being thus demolish'd, the
Circulation of that Spirit which animates
*A Miftake doubtlefs for Caniete; or Canete, as
"tis written in our Charts.
its

late EARTHQUAKE.
195
thor.
its expiring Subftance would ftagnate, if, of the Au-
with regard to the political Part, Divine
Providence had not provided for us, in
the renown'd Perfon of the Viceroy who
governs, all the Reparation which fuch a
Calamity ftood in need of: for it feems as
if the Vigour of his Mind, in the Streights
to which Neceffity has reduced him, (being
pent up in an incommodious Dwelling in
the great Square, where at prefent he re-
fides) gathers the greater Force to over-
come the innumerable Difficulties which
furround him, and are rendered the
more infurmountable by the Lofs there is
of knowing where to begin to encounter
them.
tion in
As to the fpiritual Part, the fagacious Regula
Prudence of the venerable Dean and Chap- Spirituals,
ter, (in whofe learned and refpectable Bo-
dy the whole Jurifdiction is lodged, du-
ring the prefent Vacancy of this archiepif-
copal See) has made the Want of the chief
Pontif lefs felt towards the well-ordering
and conducting the Operations neceffary
in this critical Juncture: A Truth which
02
has

196
ACCOUNT of the
Effects.
has been experienced in every Part of
that Trouble, which in this Calamity im-
mediately related to them. They have
likewife proceeded in their well-founded
and unanimous Refolutions, as well as in
the religious and ardent Zeal which they
exert, in order to forward, as much as
feems poffible for Men to do, the Build-
Its good ing of a Church, which to ferve the pre-
fent Occafion, they have made Difpofitions
to erect in the great Square; there to con-
tinue the Work of Divine Worfhip, and
whatever elfe concerns their facred Func-
tion. This fhining Example, the feveral
Parifh-priefts, with the reft of the pious
and devout Minifters, as well Friars as Cler-
gy, imitate with moft indefatigable Ear-
neftnefs; and laying hold of the good Dif-
pofition in which they find all Hearts at
prefent, do not neglect to fow without
ceafing the admirable Seed of efficacious
Doctrine, which makes us hope to fee a
moft plentiful Harveft of all Kind of
Virtues.
So

late EARTHQUAKE.
197
So happy an Event may reconcile us Warnings
with God, whofe divine Clemency, it is Evils.
certain, does not intend our utter Deftruc-
tion: For in Proportion to the Force of
the Evil, he has been graciously pleas'd to
provide us Remedies; and if our own
Hardnefs of Heart had not with-held
his Grace from us, we might perhaps have
avoided the Misfortune by our Amendment
of Life, and an humble Recourfe to his
Mercies: For the Deity afforded us all
proper Admonitions for that Purpoſe, one
While in the natural Way, by Means of
various fiery Exhalations, which in feve-
ral preceding Nights were obferved towards
Callao, and visible from the Ifland near
it, as we have fince been affured and
then again by other Methods, in which
the Merit of our Puniſhment is more ea-
fily difcernable.
;
of the
What I mean is, a Prediction of all this Foretold
lamentable Cataftrophe, (which remained by a Nun.
in the Hands of a very few Perfons, and
that too without being in the leaft re-
03
garded)

198
ACCOUNT of the
Whofe
Predicti-
on
*
garded) uttered, many Months before
it happened, by our Mother Terefa of Je-
fus, a Nun in the Monaftery of Barefoots+
of St. Jofeph in this City, with repeated and
moft efficacious Affeverations of what was
to come to pafs: to which fhe added, that
her Life would not laft long enough for
her to experience the fad Event; and in
Fact he died at the Age of above a hun-
dred Years, the 15th of the fame Month
of October, a Year before the Earthquake
happened. To demonftrate the Truth of
this, Informations are actually now mak-
ing, which will contain the whole Particu-
lars of the Cafe; although at that Time the
extreme Earneftnefs with which the deli-
ver'd her Prediction, was look'd upon as
a Mark of the Failure of her Underftand-
ing at that advanced Age: For it was the
Divine Will, that the very Lights by
*So the former great Earthquake is faid to have
been foretold. See before, p. 105.
+ Or Difcalciate Nuns, fo called from going bare-
foot like the Friars of the fame Order.
which

late EARTHQUAKE.
199
which human Wisdom (ever circumfpect was difre-
in Cafes of the like Nature) was us'd to garded.
govern itfelf, fhould be obfcur'd through
Want of fuch Notice *, in order thus to
carry the Blow into Execution; which
Proceeding we ought to believe is conve-
nient for us, without fearching farther in-
to the hidden Judgments of its high De-
figns.
*Rather through a Difregard of fuch Notice: for
if there was ſuch a Prophecy, as is pretended, Notice.
was given. But it looks very fufpicious that God
fhould reveal a Warning of his Judgments to no Ef-
fect: Were the Natives of Lima more unbelieving,
or leſs in the divine Favour, than the Inhabitants of
Nineveh, who repented on the Prophefying of Jonas
againſt that City? Or were they fo ripe for Vengeance
that the Deity hardened their Hearts, like that of Pha-
raoh, fo that they fhould not regard the Warning
which he had fent them of their Deftruction, by an
Evil which they were always in Fear of?
FINIS.
Printed at Lima, from the Original, by Com-
mand of the moft excellent Lord the Viceroy.
04
CHAP

200
Defcription of PERU,
CHAP. III.
A Defcription of Peru and its In-
habitants, with their different In-
terefts.
Peru in
general.
Its Site,
and Ex-
t
ent.
SECT. I.
A fuccinct Account of Peru, its chief Towns,
and natural Productions.
SINCE
INCE our Defign in this Place is
not to write the Geography of Pe-
ru, but only to give the Reader fuch a
general Notion of it, as may enable him to
judge of its Condition and Strength, I can-
not perhaps do better than tranfcribe what
is to be found relating to this Country, in
a Book of Geography lately publiſhed *,
being the most exact Account in Abſtract
to be met with any where.
According to this Author Peru + is fitu-
ated between 42 Degrees, 30 Minutes, and
* It is intitled, A short Way to know the World, or a
Compendium of Modern Geography, in 12mo. 1745-
Peru, is called by the Indians, Taguantin Suyu.
63

and its Productions.
201
63 Degrees, 15 Minutes of Weft Longitude
from Ferro; and between 1 Degree 20 Mi-
nutes, and 24 Degrees 30 Minutes of South
Latitude. It is bounded on the North by
Tierra Firma; on the Eaft by the Country
of the Amazons; on the South by Paraguay
and Chili; and on the Weft by the South Sea:
Being in Length (from North to South)
about 1680 Miles; and in Breadth (from
Eaft to Weft) where broadeft, not above
530 Miles.
and Soil.
It confifts of three Sorts of Country, Country
or narrow Tracts, which run parallel to
each other from North to South; the
Plains, the Sierra or Hills, and the Cordil-
lera de los Andes, a long Chain of high
Mountains. The Plains lie towards the Sea
about 10 Leagues broad, and are very fer-
tile in Pafture, Grain and Cattle, although
the Land is generally a deep Sand.
Sierra, confifting of Hills (covered with
Trees) and Valleys, lie in the middle and
take-up 20 Leagues in Breadth. The
Andes poffefs the fame Space and are quite
naked. It never rains, hails or fnows
along
2
The

202
Deſcription of PERU,
Moun-
tains.
Audience
along the Coaft, which is rendred tempe-
perate by the South or South-west Wind,
which is healthy and always blows gently
there. The Sierra is the hotteft Part, and
fubject to rain moft of the Year: the
Sheep here are large and carry Burthens of
one hundred Weight each.
The chief Mountains in Peru are, the
Sierra and Cordillera before mentioned.
The chief Rivers are, the Maragnan and
Defnequera, Principal Lakes, the Fintica
and Paria; the firft 150 Miles long, and
70 broad; the latter 60 long, and 24 broad.
Peru is divided into three Audiences,
Quito, Lima and Charcas. That of Quito
(which is the moft northern) is 600 Miles
long, and 520 broad, fubdivided into three
of Quito. Provinces: the firft, Quito properly called,
520 Miles long, and 300 broad: Second,
the Quixos, 330 long, and 190 broad: Third,
the Pacamores, called alfo Ygalfongo and Juan.
de Salinas, 240 Miles long, and 225 broad.
The chief Places in this Audience are, Quito
the Capital, Cuenza or Bamba, Laxa or Zar-
za, Zamora, St. Jago or Puerto Viejo, Guay-
2
aquil,

and its Productions.
203
aquil, St. Miguel de Callan, and Payta:
thefe are in Proper Quito. In los Quixos,
are Baeza the Metropolis, and Sevilla del
Oro. In los Pacamones, are Valadolid the
Capital, St. Francis de Borgia, and St. Ja-
go de las Montanas.
City.
Quito, or San Francifco de Quito, (the Quito
chief City of the whole Audience,) is a
fortified Place, ftanding in a Plain. The
Streets are wide and ftrait. It contains
four Squares and many good Buildings, be-
fides the Courts, Cathedrals and Churches.
Although it is within 30 Minutes (or geo-
graphical Miles) of the Equator, yet the
Air is clear, healthful, and rather cold than
hot; nay the Snow lies all the Year in
fome Places.
Ruins.
Twenty Leagues South-weft of Cuenza, Famous
are the Remains of the Inka's Palace of
Thome Bamba, and Temple of the Sun,
wonderful Structures. Near Laxa and
Zamora are exceeding rich Mines of Gold
and Silver. Guayaquil and Payta are
Or Guiaquil: it was taken by Captain Rogers in
1709:
noted

204
Deſcription of PERU,
Audience
of Lima.
Truxillo
noted Ports. The laft Town was taken
and burnt by the English in 1742 . Near
San Fago of the Mountains are rich Mines
of more than ordinary fine Gold.
The Audience of Lima, called alfo de
los Reyes, or of the Kings, and proper Peru,
(which lies in the middle) is 870 Miles
long, and 585 broad. The principal Places
belonging to it are, Zana or Miraflores,
Truxillo, Santa or Parilla, Moyo bamba or
Sant Jago de los Valles, Lima, Guamanga,
Yea or Valverde, Kufko, Vilca bamba, or
San Francifco de Victoria, Sant Juan del
Oro, San Miguel dela Ribera, Araquipa,
&c.
Truxillo, not far from the Coaft, is reck-
Town. oned one of the beft Towns in Peru,
being very large and well built. The Au-
thor next defcribes Lima and its Parts of
Callao; but having already fpoken at large
of thofe Places, we fhall omit his Ac-
count of them. He goes on: As Sant Juan
+ Under Commodore Anfon, now Admiral and Lord
Anfon.
del

and its Productions.
205
ty.
del Oro are rich gold Mines. Guamanga is
a handfome Town, with Stone-Houfes;
and near it are Mines of Gold, Silver, Cop-
per, Iron, Load-ftone and Quick-filver.
Kufko was the Metropolis of Peru un- Kuko Ci-
der the Inkas, the Ruins of whofe Caftle
(a wonderful Structure) is on a Hill that
hangs over the City. The Streets are long
but narrow: The Houfes of Stone. It
has 13,000 Inhabitants, whereof 3000 are
Spaniards. From this City runs a fine
broad Road Northward to Quito, and South-
ward to la Plata, made by the Inkas,
with Inns at every four, or fix League's
Diſtance; where the Indian Chiefs, ac-
cording to ancient Custom, entertain Tra-
vellers. It is faid that Pizarro, when he
took it, found many Houfes covered
without, and lined within, with Plate.
of Char-
The Audience de los Charcas, or la Pla- Audience
ta (which lies to the South) is about 660
Miles long and 640* broad. The chief
* A Miſtake for 460. This Audience includes alfo
Tucuman belonging to Paraguay: The Part there-
fore contained in Peru, is more properly called the
Province, than Audience of Charchas.
Places
cas

206
Defcription of PERU,
T
La Plata.
Places within its Jurifdiction are la Paz
or Choqueapo, Oropefa, Mifque, Santa Cruz
de la Sierra, Chaquifaca or la Plata, Potofi,
Atacama and Arica.
Chaquifaca, or la Plata, the Capital, is
very populous, and all the Country full of
Potofi Mines. Eighteen Leagues to the South-
weft is Potos, called by the Spaniards the
Imperial City. It contains 6000 Spaniards,
and many more Strangers, who refort thi-
ther for Trade. There are 30,000 Indians
in the Suburbs, who come to work in the
Mines, induced by the good Pay, but
none are forced. It is the largeft City in
Peru, being two Leagues in Compaſs:
but the Country about it is deftitute of all
Neceffaries, which are fupply'd from Oro-
peja, and other Towns. It ftands at the
Foot of the Mountain Potofi, which rifes
like a Sugar-loaf, and affords the richeſt
filver Mines in the World. Arica, 80
Leagues Diftant, is the Port, whither the
Treafure is conveyed to be fent to Lima.
it has been fortified againft the Pirates.
Silver
Mines.
Peru

and its Productions.
207
ment tem-
Peru is under the King of Spain, and Govern-
governed by a Viceroy, refiding at Lima Poral.
The Indians
in vaft Wealth and State.
before the Conqueft were governed by their
Inkas or Emperors; and now the feveral
Nations have their Kaficks (or Chiefs) but
pay Tribute to the Spaniards. However at
Lima is a Defcendant of the laft Inka, to
whom a new Viceroy pays a Kind of Ho-
mage.
There are in Peru 2 Archbishops. I. Li- Spiritual,
ma, under whom are the Bishops of Gua-
manga, Kufko, Arequipa, Truxillo and
Quito. 2. La plata, Suffragan to whom
are, la Paz de Chuquiaga, and Santa Cruz
de la Sierra.
tants.
The Inhabitants of Peru confift of In- Inhabi-
dians, Spaniards, Criolians and Meftizas,
as elſewhere. The Indians are of a good
Stature, ftrong, healthy and have a Ge-
nius for Arts: but are timorous and malici-
ous; addicted to ftrong Liquors and Wo-
men. They bear an implacable Hatred
to the Spaniards for their barbarous
* The Averfion of the Criolians to the Spaniards
is

208
Defcription of PERU,
Late Trea-
tife com.
Ufage, and moft of all to the Spanish Cler-
gy; who are cruel, ignorant, and lewd,
having often 2 or 3 Wives each, and em-
ploy all Sorts of Tricks to fqueeze Money
out of them.
Thus for the Author of the Compendi-
mended. um; who, from this concife, but pithy
Account, appears to have touched-on the
moft remarkable Things to be met-with
in the beft and lateft Travellers, concerning
Peru. The like he feems to have done
with refpect to the other Parts of the
World: For there we find on the Lift fe-
veral large Kingdoms, and numberlefs Ci-
ties not to be met with in the lateſt Geo-
graphies, great or fmall. There Countries
are divided and defcribed according to their
prefent State: In fhort, it is the only
uniform Syftem now extant in
any Lan-
guage, or fuch as will afford a Perfon any
tolerable Idea of modern Geography. Let
us now pass to the Voyages.
is mentioned by our Author in his Defcription of Mex-
ico.
It

and its Productions.
209
It has been already obférved, that the Fruits.
Soil about Lima (and indeed generally
through the Valleys of Peru) is fertile in
all Sorts of Fruits.Befides fuch as have
been tranfported hither from Europe, as
Pears, Apples, Figs, Grapes, Olives, &c.
There are thofe of the Caribbee Islands, as
Ananas, Guayavas, Patatas, Bananas, com-
mon and water Melons, befides others pe-
culiar to Peru. The moft valu'd of the
laft Sort are the Chirimayas, refembling in Chirima-
fmall the Ananas, and pine Apples; being
full of a white folid Subftance, mix'd with
Seeds as big as kidney-Beans: the Leaf is
fomewhat like the Mulberry; and the
Wood reſembles that of the Hazel.
yas.
las.
The Granadillas are a Sort of Pomegra- Granadil
nates, full of blackifh Kernels, fwim-
ming in a viſcous Subftance, in Colour
like the White of an Egg, very cooling
and of an agreeable Tafte. The Leaves
fomewhat refemble thofe of the Lime Tree;
and the Imagination of the Spaniards forms
in the Flowers all the Inftruments of the
Paffion. Feuillée, who has drawn this
P
Fruit,

210
Defcription of PERU
Higas de
Tuna.
Odd Sea-
fons,
Fruit, calls it Granadilla Pomifera Tilias
folio.
Thofe they call Higas de Tuna, or Tu-
na Figs, are the Fruit of the Raquette, or
Euphorbium, as big as a green Walnut,
cover'd with Points, almoft as fharp as
thofe of the outward Rind of the Chefnut:
they are good and wholfome. The Lu-
cumas, Pacayas, Pepinos, Ciruelas, Plums
like Jujubs, are there very plentiful.
they are
There is this Conveniency at Lima, (and
other Places along the Coaft) that there is
Fruit all the Year round: becauſe as foon
as they begin to fail in the Plain,
ripe on the neighbouring Hills. On the
other Hand it ſeems furprizing, that the
Seafons fhould be fo different in the fame
Climate, that thofe which agree to the
Southern Latitudes, fhould be found there
at the Time when thofe of the Northern
Latitudes ought to take place.
Frezier
has been often afked how that could come-
to-pafs; and why the torrid-Zone, which
ancient Philofophers, and Fathers, fuch
as S. Auguftin and S. Thomas, thought to
I
be

and its Productions.
211
be uninhabitable, by Reafon of the exceffive
Heat, fhould be uninhabitable in feveral
Places, thro' intolerable Cold, tho' directly
under the Sun.
Caufes
Father du Tertre, in his Hiftory of the
Caribbee Iflands, affigns three Reaſons for To what
the Temperature of that Zone; but there
are two of them, fays our Author, which
do not fuit it: for the regular or Trade-
winds do not prevail throughout all the
Zone; and the Inlands of South-America
are not cool'd by the Neighbourhood of
the Sea.
owing.
There is therefore, adds he, no general they are
Reafon for that Effect, but what is grounded
on the Equality of Time, the Prefence and
the Abfence of the Sun, and the Obliquity
of his Rays for fome Hours, at his rifing
and fetting. However this Reafon will not
hold for Lima, if one compares the little
Heat which is there, with that which is
felt at Babia de Todos los Santos, (in Brafil)
a Place almoft under the fame Parallel,
and on the Sea-fhore. In fhort, to folve
the Queſtion we muft take-in to the Ac-
P 2
count

212
Defcription of PERU,
count the Mountains called La Cordillera,
or the Andes, which crofs Peru, whofe
Neighbourhood contributes much towards
tempering the Air that is there breath'd.
Beafon of In caſe it be farther demanded how thofe
the Cold
Mountains come to be as cold as thofe in
our Climates? 'tis anfwered, that befides the
general Reaſons which may be affign'd,
the Situation of thofe Mountains is another
Caufe; for they generally run North and
South: whence it follows, that neither
Side of thofe which lie moft open to the
Sun does receive the Sun for above fix
Hours; and, if other Mountains happen to
ftand before them, they will receive less
than half the Rays the Plain receives, and
for about the fourth Part only of the na-
tural Day. Thus the Obliquity of the
Sun's Rays on the general Face, from Sun-
rifing 'till Nine o'Clock, and the Oppo-
fition of an Air condenfed by the Cold of
fifteen Hours Abfence, render his Action
but little-fenfible 'till he has gotten-up to
a certain Height. In fhort, when the Sun,
being
in the
Moun-
tains.
I

and its Productions.
213
being in the Zenith, violently heats the
Plain, it only half heats the Mountains *.
Since the Earthquake in 1678, the Corn.
Earth has not produced Corn as it did
before, for which Reafon they find it
cheaper to have it brought from Chili,
whence enough is every Year exported to
maintain fifty or fixty thouſand Men: The
Mountain and the reft of the Country is
fufficient to maintain the Inhabitants.
As for Garden-flowers, Frezier had not Flowers.
feen any peculiar to thofe Parts, except
the Niorbos; which fomewhat reſembles
the Orange Flower, and has a more plea-
fant but not fo ftrong a Scent. However,
from the Report of Perfons of Credit, he
gives an Account of fome Plants which he
thinks deferve Notice for the fingular Qua-
lities afcribed to them.
Plant.
There is an Herb call'd Carapullo, which Carapulla
grows like a Tuft of Grafs, and yields an
Ear; the Decoction of which makes fuch
* For the Author's Reafoning at large our Readers
are referred to the Voyage itſelf, p. 233, and thofe
following.
P 3
as

214
Defcription of PERU
Paradife
as drink it delirious for fome Days. The
Indians make use of it to difcover the na-
tural Difpofition of their Children, by plac-
ing before them the Tools belonging to
different Trades, as a Spindle, Wool, Scif-
fors, Cloth, Kitchen-furniture, &c. if a
Maiden; and Accoutrements for a Horfe,
Awls, Hammers, if a Lad, &c, and that
Tool they take moft fancy to in their De-
lirium, is a certain Indication of the Trade
they are fitteſt for: This the Author was
affured by a French Surgeon who was an
Eye-witnefs of this Rarity.
In the Plains of Truxillo there is a fort
Flower. of Tree, which bears twenty or thirty
Crofs-
Flowers.
Flowers, all of them different and of di-
vers Colours, hanging together like a Bunch
of Grapes; it is call'd Flor del Paraifo, or
the Flower of Paradife.
About Caxatambo and San Matheo, a
Village in the Territory of Lima, at the
Foot of the Mountains, there are certain
Shrubs bearing blue Bloffoms; each of
which, as it changes into Fruit, produces a
Crofs fo exactly form'd, that it could not
be better done by Art,
In

and its Productions.
215
Fruit.
In the Province de los Charcas, on the Heart-
Banks of the great River Mifque, there
grow large Trees, whofe Leaf is like that
of the Myrtle; and the Fruit is a Clufter
of green Hearts, fomewhat lefs than the
Palm of the Hand. This Fruit being open'd
there appear feveral little white Films, like
the Leaves of a Book; and on each Leaf
is a Heart, in the midft of which is a
Crofs, with three Nails at the Foot of it.
Frezier does not queftion, but that the Fi-
gures receive Part of their Exiftence from
the Imagination of the Spaniards.
Plant.
In the fame Province is the Plant call'd Pito real
Pito real, which being reduced to Powder,
diffolves Iron and Steel. It is fo named
from a Bird which is green and fmall like
a Parrot, excepting that it has a Copple-
crown and a long Beak: It ufes this Herb
as a Purge, and builds its Neft on Trees.
"Tis faid that in the Kingdom of Mexico,
to get fome of this Herb, they ftop the
Entrance into the Nefts with Iron-wire;
and that as the Bird breaks thro' by means
of the faid Herb, they find the Leaves
there.
P 4

216
Defcription of PERU,
The Ma-
guey.
Salfapa
rilla.
there. It is farther added, that Prifoners
have made their Efcape, getting-off their
Fetters with it. But this, fays the fame
Author, looks fomewhat fufpicious.
From another called Maguey, they get
Honey, Vinegar and Drink. The Stalks
and Leaves are good to eat. They may al-
fo be wrought like Hemp; and from
them they draw the Thread call'd Pita.
The Wood of it ferves to cover Houſes;
its Prickles, or Thorns, for Needles; and
the Indians ufe the Fruit inftead of Soap,
There is alfo the Salfaparilla, and Quin-
quina, whofe Tree is like the Almond.
Quefnoa or Quiuna, a little white Seed like
that of Muftard, but not fmooth; which
is good againft Falls, and a Diftemper they
call Pafmos, whofe Fits are Convulfions.
Dragons-Blood, fome Rhubarb, Tamarind,
Camina-oil, and Alamaaca, are alfo to be
Balfam of found in Peru. The Balfam, which bears
the Name, comes thither but in a ſmall
Quantity, and is brought from Mexico.
It remains to fay fomething of a very
troubleſome little Infect, call'd Pico, which
gets
Peru.
Pico In-
fect.

and its Productions.
217
gets infenfibly into the Feet, betwixt
the Fleſh and the Skin, where it feeds
and grows as big as a Pea, and then
gnaws the Part, if Care be not taken to
get it out; and being full of little Eggs,
like Nits, if it be broken in extracting it,
thofe Nits which fcatter about the Sore,
produce as many new Infects: but to kill
them they apply Tobacco, or Tallow*.
of Plants.
Thus far Frexier, with Refpect to the Collection
Natural Hiftory of Peru. But Feuillée
goes much farther, efpecially with Re-
gard to Plants, of which, in his fecond
Volume; he has given fifty Plates with
their Deſcription. He intended to conti-
nue the Account of Plants in another Vo-
lume; and likewife to publish a Hiſtory of
Animals, for which, he tells us +, he had
made great Preparations. We fhall here
only take Notice of fome of the moft re-
markable Particulars, which are found in-
terfperfed in his firft Volume of Obferva-
tions often before quoted.
*Frez. Voy. p. 236, & feqq.
+ See his Journ, des Obf. Vol. I. p. 467.
There

218
Defcription of PERU
Machas-
Root.
Bombon-
There is a Plant in Peru in vaft Efteem
among the Indians, who have given the
Name of Machas to its Roots. A Dutch
Phyfician, who had feen it in his Journey
thro' the Plains of Bombon, told the Au-
thor that the Stem or Stalk of this Plant
was not above a Foot high: that its
Leaves refemble our Nafturfum Hortenfe,
but its Seed was fomewhat different: That
its Root was an Onion, like thofe in
France, of an exquifite Tafte, and by Na-
ture hot. That the fecundifying Quality
afcribed to it, was not to be doubted of,
fince he had made the Experiment upon
great Numbers of barren Women; who
having been carried to Bombon, after feed-
ing for a few Days upon the Machas, be-
came prolific.
This Bombon is a Country within 10
Province. Degrees of the Line, whofe Land is the
moft elevated Part of all Peru; which ren-
ders its Plains extremely cold, and often
occafions the Fall of Hail. The River
Maragnon, or of Amazons, rifes in this Pro-
vince, from a great Lake called Laguna
de

and its Productions.
219
de Chinchakocha, in the Neighbourhood of
which, being about ten Leagues in Com-
pafs, the Natives make their Habitation.
As the Soil is fo affected by the Cold,
that even Maez, which ferves the Indians
to make Bread, will hardly grow there, if
it was not for the Machas the Country
would be abandoned.
lace and
This Province of Bombon depends on Inkas Pa-
the Jurifdiction of Guanuco, a City built Temple.
by the Spaniards on the Borders of it;
where, before their Conqueft of Peru, was
feen a famous Palace built by the Inkas or
Ingas, with fo much Art, that one could
not perceive the joining of the Stones,
which were of a moft extraordinary Size.
Near the fame Place there was alfo to
be feen a Temple dedicated to the Sun,
with its Veftals; who lived in perpetual Veftal-
Virginity, Death being the Portion of Virgins,
thoſe who ſurrendered it. To avoid the
Puniſhment, in cafe any of them proved
with-child, they pretended to have been en-
joyed by the Sun; in which, however, they
were not believed without taking a folemn
Oath

220
Deſcription of PERU,
Kolibri
fmall Bird,
Oath by the Sun and the Earth in Prefence
of the facrificing Prieft and all the People,
who looked on the Sun as their Father,
and the Earth as their Mother. Their
fole Employment was to fpin Cotton and
Wool, for making Stuffs: Alfo to gather
the Bones of white Sheep, and joining
them to their Stuffs fet Fire to them; whoſe
Afhes, when burnt, they threw into the
Air, looking towards the Eaft. Befides
thefe Veftals there were thirty thouſand
Indians for the Service of the Temple *.
Among the remarkable Birds of Peru
are the Kolibri and the Tokan. The firft
is less than a Wren; and thofe of Peru
fmaller than what the Author had feen
in the American Ifles. The Bill is ex-
tremely fharp, thin and black. The Fea-
thers of the Head begin about the Middle
of the Bill, ranged (as it were) in Scales;
encreafing in Size to the Top of the Head
with furprizing Regularity. In that Place
they form a little Tuft or Creft beautiful
* Feuillée Journ. des Obf. Math. Phyf. &c. Vol. I.
P. 422, & feqq.
beyond

and its Productions.
221
beyond Compare, on Account of the
charming Colour, which is that of Gold,
and varies according to the different Pofi-
tion of the Eye; fometimes appearing black
like the fineſt Velvet, and at other Times
green, blue and orange.
tiful,
All their Mantle is of a dark green, but very beau-
gilded: The large Feathers of the Wings
a deep Violet; and the Tail, compofed of
nine little Feathers as long as the whole
Body, is black mixed with green. Their
Breaft is a deep Grey; and their Belly to
the Tail inclines to black, mixed with
violet, green and orange: The whole and
every Part affording a furprizing Variety
from the different Situation of the Object.
black Nail.
Their Eyes, which are quick and fhining, their
are black as jet; their Legs fhort, and Make.
Feet very fmall, armed with a very fharp
Thefe Birds always fly ex-
ceeding fwiftly. They feed on the Juice of
Flowers, which they lick-up with their
Tongue, an Inch and half long: it is of
a grifly Kind, and from the Middle to the
End indented like a Saw. Their Note is
fhrill,

222
Deſcription of PERU
The To
kan.
fhrill, but not mufical or lafting. They
commonly lay but two Eggs, no bigger than
Peas; and their Nefts, which are made
with Cotton of an admirable Texture, are
the Size of Egg-Shells. They are ufually
feen hanging among the Herbs, or Branch-
es of fmall Shrubs
The Tokan is as big as a Pigeon, and has
gotten a Place among the Southern Con-
ftellations, for its extraordinary Bill, which
at its Birth is two Inches and half thick
and fix long. Feuillée imagined at first, that
its Weight must have been very troublefom
to the Bird; but on examining it found
it to be hollow and very light. The upper
Part, which rounded at Top, was in Form
of a Scythe, blunted at the Point; and
the two Edges indented like a Saw, very
Monftrous fharp. From the End of the Bill a Stripe
Bill,
of Yellow about 4 Lines broad extended the
whole Length of it; and half an Inch be-
yond, towards the Edges was a ſmall blue
Stripe, a Line and half in Breadth, which
had a furprizing Effect. All the rest of
*The fame, p. 413, & feqq.
this

and its Productions.
223
this upper Part was a Mixture of black
and red, fometimes diftinét, fometimes ob-
fcure.
The lower Part of the Beak, which
was a little crooked, had toward the Head
a blue Lift 8 Lines in Length: the reft
was a Mixture like that of the upper Part;
and its Edges fcolloped or wavy, different
from the other. The Tongue, almoſt as Tongue
and Eyes.
long as the Bill, confifted of a whitish
Membrane, very thin; cut deeply on each
Side, and with fo much Delicacy, that it
refembled a Feather. Its Eyes, placed on
two bare Cheeks covered with a bluish Skin,
were large, round, of a lively black, and
fparkling.
lours,
Its Crown, its Wings, and all the up-Its Co
per Part of the Body was black; excepting
a great yellow Stripe that ended at the
Tail, which was alfo black, 4 Inches long
and rounded at the End. The Neck be-
fore was a fine Milk-white, which con-
tinued to the Breaft; where a yellow Lift,
two Lines broad, divided the white from a
red Colour about 4 Lines in Breadth. Af-
ter

224
Defcription of PERU,
Legs and
Feet.
Worm
Cholic.
ter this followed another black Colour,
which ended at the Belly; where a clear
Red began and continued to the Rump.
The Legs were two Inches long, bluish,
and covered with great Scales. Each Foot had
two Claws before and two behind, the former
one Inch and half long, the latter one Inch;
all with black and blunt Nails, three Lines
in Length.The Noftrils were hidden between
the Head and Root of the Bill, that the
Author had much ado to find them. The
Tokan is eafily made tame as Fowl, com-
ing to you when called; and is not diffi-
cult to rear, for it eats whatever is given
for it ea
to it *.
Of the Diſeaſes peculiar to Peru, Feu-
illée mentions two very remarkable: the
firft is that of an extraordinary Kind of
Cholic. An Indian about 36 Years old,
having for a long Time been troubled with
a grievous Pain in his Belly, apply'd to a
Phyfician, of the Author's Acquaintance;
who firſt preſcribed the Semen contra, to fee
if the Caufe was not owing to Worms,
*Feuill. p. 428, & feqq.
u
which

and its Productions.
225
The
which thefe People are fubject to, by
eating great Quantities of Sugar.
Gripes abated foon after the Patient had
taken the Medicine, when going to the
Stool he voided a Worm above 76 Inches
long, and four Lines thick. As it was dead
the Author judges it might have been
much longer when alive. It was round,
and of a pale Yellow. The Head was
hard, and from thence to the Tail he
reckoned 117 cartilaginous Rings, all in-
tire. The Patient after this recovered his
Colour immediately, and felt no more Pain*.
ma dread-
The fecond Difeafe is the Pafmat, as The Paf-
it is called at Lima, which is fo fatal, that ful.
thoſe who are attacked with it feldom re-
cover. It is a Contraction of the Nerves,
which deprives all Parts of the Body of
Motion; and as no Remedy has yet been
found for it, the Patient is under a Ne-
ceffity of yielding to the Violence of the
Diftemper, which must take its Courfe.
This Contraction, (or Cramp) is occafion-
*The fame, p. 421.
+ The fame which Frezier calls Pafmos, See before
P. 216.
e
ed

226
Defcription of PERU,
tatal,
ed by the Deftruction of the animal Spi-
rits, which are the firft Principles of Sen-
fation, and give Motion to the Nerves: So
that when thofe Spirits depart from them,
Motion muft of Courfe depart.
Sweating The Kafik of Pifco* coming to Lima to
demand fome Goods which were detained
from him by the King's Officers, was feiz-
ed with this cruel Malady. It began with
Sweats, which increafing continually drain-
ed the Nerves of all the fubtil Spirits, which
were in them; and having at Length left
them without Motion, they grew ftiff
to fuch a Degree, that in 36 Hour's Time
the Patient, though a very robuft Man,
exhaufts was not able to move any Part of his Body,
the Spirits,
except his Eyes; which became very
Sparkling, as if all the animal Spirits had
retired thither. The fecond Day of the
Diftemper his Mouth clofed-up, and from
that Inftant all Signs of Motion ceafed.
locks the
Jaws
The Phyfician, to make a Paffage for
Liquids, ordered one or two of his Teeth
to be pulled-out. But the Surgeon found
*A Sea Port about 40 Legaues to the South of Callaos
the

and its Productions.
227
the Lower-Jaw fo ftrongly fixed to the
upper, that he could not by any Means
feparate them to perform the Operation:
fo that the unhappy Kafik not being able to
receive any Nourishment, and fweating
continually, expired as foon as all the fub-
til Particles which animated the vital Parts, againſt
and fupported his Mufcles, were exhauft- nourish-
ed. This Death, which must have been
attended with moft violent Pains, the Pa-
tient fuffered with abundance of Refolu-
tion.
ment.
catched
The Caufe of this Diftemper may be how
eafily prevented. One is commonly at-
tacked with it, if rifing-out of Bed, when
very warm, he expofes his Body immedi-
ately to the open Air. The Kafik was
feized in that Manner: for one Morning as
foon as he got-up he went to walk in the
Garden, with his Feet bare; imagining
that the Air of Lima was of the fame
Temper with that of Kufko. To avoid and pre-
this Malady therefore, one fhould not put
his naked Feet to the Ground when he
rifes in a Morning; and it is to prevent
Q 2
thefe
vented.

228
Defcription of PERU,
Rattle-
fnake Bite
prefent
thefe Accidents, that you fee in all the
Houfes at Lima, large Carpets laid along
the Beds. It is proper alfo for a Perſon to
continue in his Chamber a Quarter of an
Hour before he ventures into the Air *.
This uncommon Property in the Air of
Lima is no-lefs furprizing, than the Ef
fects proceeding from the Bite of the Rattle-
fnake, of which our Author relates a re-
markable Inftance, communicated to him
at Lima by a Dutch Phyfician, who was
a Witneſs of it.
An Indian Woman, about 18 Years of
Age, going for Water to a Spring within
50 Paces of her Houfe, was bitten by
one of thofe Animals, which lay concealed
in the Grafs that grew-about the Place. As
ſhe was not ignorant of the Danger fhe was
Death. in from that Accident, he cried out for
Help. The Phyfician, who happened to
be in a neighbouring Wood, looking for
Plants, hearing the Cry, ran to her Affift-
ance; and knowing by Experience the
Virulence of the Poifon, fent a Friend who
*Feuill. p. 474, & feqq.
was

and its Productions.
229
was with him to the Parish-Prieft: but be-
fore he could arrive to confefs her, fhe
died.
Effect.
What is very furprizing in this Cafe is, Strange
that when they came to lift-up her Body,
the Flesh fell-off as if it had been already
rotten; fo that they were obliged to put
the Corps into a Cloth to convey it to the
Church. This fudden Diffolution is a
Proof with how great Violence the Poifon
had acted on that Body, having in fo ſhort
a Space deftroyed the Texture of the Parts
which compofed it; and fhews how much
thofe fnakes are to be dreaded *.
Pigeon.
Among other extraordinary Events, Feu- Prolific
illée tells us of a Pigeon he faw at a
Friend's Houfe, which had laid feven Eggs in
feven Days; and that having fat upon them,
they produced a like Number of young
ones, which the nourished +. What he
relates concerning two child-bearing Wo-
men is much more remarkable.
One of them, a Lady who had a Swel- Child's
ling or Impoftume on the right-Side of her tracted.
Bones ex-
*The fame, p. 417.
+ The fame, p. 439.
Q3
Belly,

230
Defcription of PERU,
from a
'Timor.
Woman
Belly, fent for a French Phyfician, whofe
Advice was to open it. As the Humour
was very painful to her, and daily encreaf-
ed, the at length confented to it. Ac-
cordingly the Phyfician made an Incifion,
and having put-in his Probe, he found it
touched not a Liquid, but folid Subftance.
On this he enlarged the Orifice, and ex-
tracted the Scull of an Infant. But the
Lady fainting, he dreffed the Wound and
left her to repofe. Next Morning he found
her afflicted with very acute Pains; and
continuing the Operation for feveral Days,
drew-out many Bones more. When he
found they were all come forth he healed
up the Part; and having afked her how
long fince he had been with Child? fhe an-
fwered, two Years; adding, that he had
felt no Pains till twelve Months after her
Pregnancy.
Soon after a Criole Negro-Woman hap-
pregnant pening to put her right-Arm out-of-Joint,
they fent for the fame Phyfician, who had
gotten much Reputation by his former
Cure,
Before he went about the Opera-
tion,

and its Productions.
231
Months
tion, he aſked her if fhe was with Child?
to which the anſwered, that he was 16
Months gone. The Phyfician furprized,
demanded whether fhe had any Children
before? the reply'd, fhe had brought forth
two: that fhe had gone 11 Months with
the first, who was then 6 Years old, very
ftrong and healthy; and 18 Months with eighteen
the fecond, who, at feven Months End,
died of the Palma (a dangerous Diftemper
before defcribed) it not being poffible to get
open the Infant's Mouth to feed him. Feu-
illée had the Curiofity to go along with the
Phyfician (to whom he taught Aftronomy)
and had a Confirmation of the whole from
the Woman's own Mouth *.
without
Nature fometimes varies in her Producti- Child
ons, as well as other Operations. The either
fame Author gives an Account of two
monftrous Births of the human Kind,
which he has illuftrated with Figures. The
first had a very large Head, from the Top
whereof hung a flat Piece of Flesh the Co-
lour of Liver; which paffing down between
*Feuill. p. 491, & feq.
Q4
its

232
Defcription of PERU,
Legs.
its Eyes to the Under-Lip, covered the
Mouth, fo that the Nurfe was obliged to
lift-up this fleshy Excrefcence, when the
went to feed it. It had no Nofe, the
Mouth was exceeding large, its Eyes the
fame, and the Cheeks fwelled-out. It
Arms or had fcarce any Neck; and the Head, placed
directly on its Shoulders, was fupported by
two huge Breafts. On the Side of the left
Breaft (towards the Shoulder) there ap-
peared three Fingers, fticking only half out
of the Flesh; and on the Side of the right
Breaft four Fingers. There was no Propor-
tion in the Body: the Thighs were un-
Thapely, and had Toes coming out where
the Knees fhould be; for it had neither
Legs nor Arms. It lived but three Days,
and was born of Indian Parents.
Another the fecond Inftance, which the Au-
with
Their
thor fagrat Lima, confifted of two Children
joined together toward the Breaft.
Heads were well proportioned; their
Necks fhort and thick. One of the In-
fants embraced the other with his left
At which being faftened to the Shoul-
2
ders,

and its Productions,
233
Heads,
ders, nothing was at Liberty but the
Hand, which appeared under his right
Arm. The other had the right Arm
faſtened and extended over his Brother's two
Shoulders towards the Neck; where only
four Fingers appeared, the fifth being
Each had one
hidden in the Fleſh.
Arm at Liberty, without Defect. From
the lower Part of the Breafts, the two
Bodies united in one. The Navel, Anus
and Penis were common to both of them;
nor had they betwixt them more than
two Legs, which were fuitable to one
of the Bodies.
She
the Seat
A
Thefe Children being carried to Church The Brain
to be chriſtened, the Prieft was much per-
plexed how to proceed. He afked the
Nurfe if fhe had not perceived two diffe-
rent Wills or Inclinations in them.
anfwered in the affirmative, declaring, that
when he gave Suck to one, the other
wanted the fame Thing *: That when
one cried, the other would be very merry;
*This fhews a fimilar Inclination, if it be not a
Miflake, for the other refufed it.
and

234
Defcription of PERU,
of the
Soul;
to what
owing.
and that while one was awake, the other
flept very found.traino er
The Prieft upon this fent-back the
Child, and applied to the Grand-Vicar
(the Archbishop being dead) who not
venturing to decide in the Cafe himself,
ordered the Univerfity to affemble. The
whole Body of Phyficians attending up
on this Occafion, after the Matter had
been debated, one of them was deput
ed to examine if what the Nurfe re-
ported was true; and he confirming what
fhe had declared, an Order was fent to
the Prieft to baptife the Heads feparately;
upon a Perfuafion that each had a diffe-
rent Soul, as each had a diftinct Brain,
which is commonly fuppofed to be the
Seat of the Soul †.
Ariftotle afcribes the Formation of Mon-
fters to the Defect, others to the Sport-
And this Inftance, if Fact, demonftrates it to be
fo: for if they had two diftinét Wills, they must have
had two distinct Souls; which could not have fubfifted
but in different Parts, yet fimilar Organs, of the fame
Body, as the two Brains were.
+ Feuill, p. 485, & feqq.
ing

and its Productions.
235
ing of Nature.
But in our Opinion they
happen only in Confequence of that Law
of Nature, by which the fame Species, as
well as different Genus's of Beings, are va-
ried almoft ad infinitum. Without fuch
a Law of Variation there could not be
that infinite Difference, which we find in
the Features, Stature, Shape and Colours of
Animals: for were fecond Caufes, with
Regard to natural Productions, to produce
their Effects uniformly and without any De-
viation, all Mankind, and the Individuals
of every Species of Animals, would be ex-
actly alike; as they would neceffarily re-
femble their firft Parents in the above-
mentioned Refpects. This Variety is oc-
cafioned by different Caufes, (which often
muft concur to produce the fame Effect,)
interfering with, or obftructing, one ano-
ther's Operations; and when the Obftruc-
tion, either among all, or only fome of
thofe Caufes, comes to exceed a certain De-
gree, then, Nature being forced more or
lefs out of its proper Courfe or Bounds,
Monſters and other extraordinary Phæno-
mena are produced.
Among

236
Defcription of PERU,
Petrifying Among fuch Phænomena may be reck-
Water,
built
with it.
oned the petrifying Water, which Feuillée
fays is to be feen at Guankabalika *, a City
of Peru, feventy Leagues diftant from
Lima. At this Place there is a Spring
which iffues from a Bafon about ten Fa-
thom fquare; whofe Waters are exceed-
ing hot, and petrify in the Plains, where
they fpread themfelves not far from their
Source.
The Colour of thefe Petrifica-
tions is white, inclining to yellow, and
Con their Surface like thofe of Plate-glafs, po-
Houfes lifhed to render it tranfparent. Moft Part
of the Houſes in that Town are built
with thefe Stones, which do not require
cutting: This Labour is faved by only
making Moulds, made of the Shape they
would have the Stones, and filling them
with this Water; and in a few Days the
Workmen find them ready formed to their
Hand, without ufing either Rule or Chizel.
Statues
made of
it.
In like Manner the Statuaries are deli-
vered from the tedious Labour which is
required in hewing-out the Drapery and
* Or Guankavelika.
Features

and its Productions.
237
Features of their Images: for when their
Moulds are finiſhed, they have nothing to
do but to fill them with the fame Water;
and when it is petrified to take-off the Cafes
and give them a fine Poliſh to make them
tranfparent *. Our Author had feen an
infinite Number of fuch Statues; and all
the holy Water-pots in moſt of the Churches
at Lima were of the fame Matter, and
fo very beautiful, that no Perfon would
ever imagine them to be petrified Water.
Near the fame Town of Guankabalika Quick-fil-
is the great Mine where the Mercury is ver Mine.
found, which ferves in all the Mines of stud
South-America to purify the Silver. It is
dug out of a huge Mountain, which
threatned Ruin in 1709; the Timber which
ſupported it in feveral Places being half
rotten. The Expence only for Wood to
that Time amounted to three Millions and
two hundred thoufand Livres t. There
*The Author had done-well to have informed us
whether the Water is more compreffed, or reduced
into lefs Room by Petrifaction.
+ Or 266,666 Pounds Sterling, at twelve Pence
the Livre.
are

238
Deſcription of PERU,
Street
Ground.
Rainbow
are in that Mine Squares, Streets and a
under Chapel, where Mafs is faid on Feftival-
days. They keep burning continually a
great Number of Candles. The Effluvia
of the Mercury renders the Air very bad
and dangerous to breath in, fo that the
Indians who work there are very ſhort-
liv'd; and many lofing the Ufe of their
Limbs are obliged to be taken-out, after
they have been there but a few Weeks*.
Lunar I fhall conclude thefe Remarks of Na-
tural Hiftory, with the fame Author's Ac-
count of a lunar Rain-bow; which happen-
ed at Lima the 17th of December, 1709,
thirty Minutes after Eight in the Evening.
This Bow was very perfect. The Light of
the Moon was reflected by a flender Cloud,
which covered the Pleiadas, and the Star
of the firft Magnitude in the Shoulder
of Orfon. This Light exhibited wan
Colours, which yet were easily diftin
guiſhed one from the other upon the Cloud,
fo long as the Bow lafted. What was
moft remarkable in this Phænomenon is,
very re-
markable.
*Feuill. p. 433, & Jegg:
2
that

and its Productions.
239
that there was not a Cloud in the Sky, ex-
cept that which formed it; and that the
Stars could be feen confufedly thro' the
Cloud, which was a Mark of its thinnefs.
The Bow continued intire for four or five
Minutes, altho' driven by a fmall Breeze
of Wind, which divided the Cloud into
Parts, and fhortly after it difappeared *.*
SECT.
II.
Manners and Cuftoms of the Spaniards
SINCE
of Peru.
Wed
tants of
Peru,
INCE the Conqueft of the Spa- Inhabi-
niards the Inhabitants of Peru, who
were all Indians before, may now be diftin-
guifhed into three Claffes, Indians, Spa-
niards, or Caftilians, called alfo Whites, and
Negroes or Blacks, with their Mixtures.
The Spaniards are of two Kinds: First,
By Birth, being Europeans, Natives of
New-Spain: Secondly, By Blood, or thoſe
born in America of white Parents, who
*The fame, P. 483.
aldearen
are

240
Criolians or Spaniards
feveral
are called Crioli✶ or Criolians. Thirdly,
Mulattos, who are fprung from Whites and
Blacks: And fourthly, Meftizos, iffued
from Whites and Indians.
From the Commerce of the three ori
Kinds; ginal Claffes with the mixed Breed arife
endlefs other Denominations, but chiefly
Five, which Betagh mentions in his Voy-
age round the World. 1. Quatron Negroes,
born of Whites and Mulattos. 2. Quatron
Indians, born of Whites and Meftizos. 3.
Sambo de Mulatto, fprung from Negroes and
Mulattos. 4. Sambo de Indian, fprung
from Negroes and Indians. 5. Giveros, the
Off-fpring of Sambo Mulattos and Sambo
Indians. Thefe laft, according to the
fame Author, are looked upon to have
* Criollos fignifies one born in the Country; a
Word made by the Negroes, who give it to their own
Children born in thofe Parts. Garcillaffa Comment.
of Peru, Book 9. ch. 31. Gage fays Criolio fignifies
Natives of the Country. Survey of the West-Indies.
ch. 4. Hence Negroes call'd Crioles before, p. 230.
+ Garcillaffo obferves that the Children of Mefli.
20s are called Quatraluos, that is, three Parts White
and one Indian; thofe of Mestizos and Indians, Tre-
falvos or three Parts White.
the

Born in PERU.
241
the worst Inclinations and Principles, and
if the Cafe is known they are baniſhed the
Kingdom. He adds, that to mend the
Breed, by afcending or growing whiter, is
accounted creditable; but a Defcent, or
Caft the other Way, called Saltatras, or
leaping backwards, is looked on as bafe-
born and ignominious.
tual Ha-
Altho' the Criolians are true Spaniards, their mu-
yet they differ from them in many Points tred.
relating to their Manners and Customs;
and befides, bear a rooted Hatred to them
on a political or intereſted Account. On
the other hand the Indians entertain an
implacable Hatred to both for the fame
Reafons. Thefe Animofities dividing the
Natives of Peru, of all Denominations, in-
to fo many different Parties, weakens the
Spanish Intereft in that Country, and in-
deed all other Parts of America to fuch a
Degree, as renders the Conqueft of the
whole very eafy to a powerful Invader.
This will be feen in the Account we are
going to give of the Criolians and Indians.
R
If

242
Criolians or Spaniards
Criolians
Vanity,
If we examine the Character, and Inclina
tions of the fecular Criolians, we fhall find a-
mong them, fays Frezier, as among other Na-
tions, a Mixture of Good and Evil. It is faid
that the Inhabitants of la Puna, that is the
Mountain-Country of Peru, are well enough
to deal with; and that there are very wor-
thy People among them, generous and
ready to do a good Turn: efpecially if
likely to feed their Vanity, and difplay the
Greatness of their Souls, called Punto, that
is, Point of Honour; which most of them
value themſelves upon, as a Qualification
that raiſes them above other Nations. In
fhort it is confidered as a Proof of the
Purity of the Spanish Blood, and of the
Nobility all the Whites boast of
The moſt beggarly Europeans become
Gentlemen as foon as they find themſelves
tranfplanted among the Indians, Blacks, Mu-
lattoes, Meftizo's, and others of mix: Blood.
hate the That imaginary Nobility however has its
French,
Ufe, as it is the Caufe to which most of the
good Actions they perform is owing. Fre-
zier found that in Chili they practifed much
Hofpi-

Born in PERU.
243
Hofpitality, especially abroad in the Coun-
try; where they entertain Strangers very
generouſly, and keep them long enough in
their Houſes without any Views of Inte-
reft. Thus the little Merchants of Bifcay,
and other European Spaniards, travel much,
with fmall Expence. But in the great
Towns, and along the Coaft, the Criolians
are fallen-off from thofe good Qualities,
which the French at first found among them,
and which all Men applauded: perhaps,
fays Frezier, the natural Antipathy they
have for our Nation, is increas'd by the
ill Succefs of the Trade they have driven
with us. He adds, this Antipathy ex-
tends fo far as to leffen the Affection they
ought to have for their King, becauſe he
is a Frenchman.
Lima was at firft divided into two Par-eafily go-
verned,
ties; fo were thofe on the Mountains; and
the Clergy, fays our Author, impudently
prayed for his Competitor: but the Bifcainers
fcatter'd about the Country, and moft of the
European Spaniards, being inform'd of the
Valour and Virtue of Philip V, always
exerted
R 2

244
Criolians or Spaniards
and Ge-
exerted their Fidelity to him; fo that the
Criolians being convinced of their ill-ground-
ed Prejudice, began to have an Affection for
the Holy King, for fo they call him. They
are timorous and eafy to be governed, tho'
difperfed and remote from their Superiors,
having a thou fand Retreats of Deferts
and Plains to efcape Punishment: befides,
there is no Country where Juftice is lefs
fevere; for fcarce any Body is puniſhed
with Death. Nevertheless they stand in
Awe of the King's Officers; four Troop-
ers, who are no better than Meffengers,
coming from the Viceroy, make all Men
quake at the Diſtance of 400 Leagues from
him.
Temper The Criolians are generally outwardly
nius, compofed, and do not depart from the
Gravity which is natural to them. They
are temperate as to the Ufe of Wine, but
indulge themfelves in eating. Thofe of Li-
ma do not want Genius; they have a Vi-
vacity and Difpofition to the Sciences;
thofe of the Mountains fomewhat lefs:
but both Sorts fancy they much excel the
European

Born in PERU.
245
European Spaniards, whom among them-
felves they call Cavallos, that is, Horfes,
or Brutes; tho' perhaps this is an Effect
of the Antipathy there is between them, oc-
cafioned chiefly by always feeing thofe Stran-
gers in Poffeffion of the prime Places in the
State, and driving the beft of their Trade;
which is the only Employment of the Whites,
who fcorn to apply themfelves to Arts.
tially in-
On the other Hand, they are little ad- not marti-
dicted to War; the eafy Tranquillity they clined,
live in, makes them averfe to diſturbing
it.
However they undergo the Fatigue
of long Journeys by Land, with much
Satisfaction. Travelling four or five hun-
dred Leagues through Deferts, and over
uncouth Mountains, does not deter them,
any more than the ill Fare they meet with
by the Way.
In Relation to Commerce, they are as accute in
fharp and understanding as the Europeans; Trade,
but dainty, and not vouchfafing to deal
without there be confiderable Profit. The
Bifcainers, and other European Spaniards,
who are more laborious, grow rich fooner.
R 3
The

462
Criolians or Spaniards
but floth-
ful;
The very Handicrafts and other Work-
men are fo indulgent to them felves, as not
to fpare taking the Siefta, that is, a Nap,
after Dinner; fo that lofing the beſt Part
of the Day, they do not half the Work
they might, and by that Means all Labour
is become exceffively dear.
Delicacy and Slothfulness feem to be pe-
culiar to the Country; for it is obferved,
that thoſe who have been bred to labour
in Spain, grow idle there in a fhort Time,
like the Crielians. The Truth is, Men
are more robuft and laborious in a poor
Country than in a fruitful: For this Rea-
fon Cyrus would never fuffer the Perfians
to quit the uncouth Mountains and barren
Country they inhabited, to feek a better;
alledging, that the Manners of Men are re-
laxed and corrupted by the Goodness of
the Place they live in. In fhort, one's
Strength is kept-up by Exercife of the Bo-
dy; whereas Eafe foftens the Conftitution
through too-much Want of Action, and
enervates it with Pleaſures *
*Frez. Voy. p. 248, & feqq.
In

Born in PERU.
247
to Wo-
In Matters of Love the Spaniards yield addicted
to no Nation: They freely facrifice moft men.
of what they have to that Paffion; and
though covetous enough upon all other
Occafions, they are generous beyond Mea-
fure to Women. They feldom marry in
the Face of the Church; but, to use their
own Way of Expreffion, they all gene-
rally marry behind the Church; that is, are
engaged in a decent Sort of Concubinage; Keeping
which among them is fo far from being Miftreffes
fcandalous, that it is a Difgrace for a Man
not to keep a Miftrefs, upon Condition
fhe proves true to him; but they are as apt
to obferve that Fidelity, as Wives to their
Hufbands in Europe. It is even frequent
enough to fee married Men forfake their
Wives to take-up with Mulattas and Blacks,
which often occafions Diforders in Fami-
lies. Thus the two ancient Ways of mar-
rying ftill fubfift in this Country; that of
keeping a Miftrefs is very anfwerable to
that which was call'd by Ufe; and there
is fome Remainder of the other in the Ce-
remony of Marriage. For the Bridegroom
R
4
puts

248
Criolians or Spaniards
practifed
by the
puts into the Bride's Hand thirteen Pieces
of Money, which the then drops into the
Curate's Hand: fo in the Marriage per
Coemptionem, the Bride and Bridegroom
gave one another a Piece of Money, which
was call'd Convenire in manum.
The Priefts and Friars, as hath been faid
Clergy, before, make no Scruple of it; and the
Public is no farther fcandalized than as
Jealoufy concurs: becauſe they often keep
their Miftreffes finer than others, by
which the Mulatta Women are often
known to be fuch. Several Bishops, to
put a Stop to that Abufe, every Year, at
Eafter, excommunicate all who are en-
gaged to Concubines: but as the Evil is
univerfal, and the Confeffors are Parties
concern'd, they are not fevere in that
Particular; whence it appears, that theſe
People, who are otherwife eafily frighted
by the Church Thunder-bolts, do not
much fear them on this Occafion. The
Friars evade thofe Strokes, by alledging
that, not being free, they cannot be con-
fidered as Concubinaries in the strictest
Senfe;

Born in PERU.
249
Defence.
Senſe; and withal, that they have not the Their fly
Intention to be fo. A pleafant Solution,
the Invention whereof, fays Frezier, muft
doubtlefs be affigned to fome cunning Ca-
fuift, grounded on Juftinian's Code, which
declares Conventions invalid that are made
among Perfons who are not free; and
on the wife Maxim expounded by thofe
Cafuifts fo much cry'd-down in France,
That the Intention regulates the Quality of
the Action. In fine, adds he, this Cuf-
tom is fo fettled, fo commodious, and fo
generally received, that I queftion whether
it can be ever abolish'd. The Laws of
the Kingdom feem to authorize it: for
Baftards inherit almoft like the lawfully- Baftards
begotten, when they are own'd by the
Father; and no Difgrace attends that Sort
of Birth, as is in France, where the Crime
is wrongfully imputed to the innocent
Perfon: In which Refpect, fays the Au-
thor, we fhould perhaps be more favour-
able, if every Man was well acquainted
with his own Original.
inherit.
Whether

250
Criolians or Spaniards
Men ex-
Whether the Ruin of the Men by the
travagant. Women be a Puniſhment for their De-
Women
their
bauchery, or for their unjuft Ufurpations
from the Indians, their Eftates are ſcarce
ever feen to defcend to the third Genera-
tion. What the Father rakes together
with much Trouble, and often with much
Injustice in the Adminiftration of Govern-
ments, the Sons do not fail to fquander;
fo that the Grandfons of the greateſt Men
are often the pooreft. They are themſelves
fo far convinced of this Truth, that it is be-
come a Proverb in Spain, where they fay,
No fe logra mas que hazienda de las Indias:
that is, It thrives no better than an Indian
Eftate*.
Thofe agreeable Accomplishments, which
Perfons, Spanish Women have from their Educa-
tion, are more moving, becauſe they are
generally attended with a graceful Air:
They are for the moft Part fprightly e-
nough. Their Complexion is good, but
not lafting, by Reafon of their ufing fo
* Frez. p. 253. & feqq.
much

Born in PERU.
251
much Sublimate; which is contrary to what
Oexmelian affirms in his Hiftory of the
Buccaniers, where he fays, Sublimate is
form'd, or metamorphos'd, tho' not ufed
in America, becauſe the Women there do
not paint. They have fparkling Eyes,
their Difcourfe pleafant, approving of a
free Gallantry, to which they anfwer wit-
tily, and often with fuch a Turn as would
be reckoned Libertinifm in Europe. Thofe
Propofals, which a Lover could not make
in France, without incurring the Indigna-
tion of a modeft Woman, are fo far from
giving the Criolian Ladies Offence, as dif-
covering an ill-Opinion of their Virtue, racter.
that they are pleafed with them, tho'
at the fame Time, far from confenting,
and return Thanks as for an Honour done
them; reckoning fuch Speeches as the
greateſt Token of Love that can be fhewn
them.
and Cha
But the other Sex fhould avoid being ruin the
taken in the Snares of the Coquets of that Men.
Country; for their obliging Behaviour is
generally the Effect of their Avarice, ra-
ther

252
Criolians or Spaniards
ther than Inclination.
nereal Di-
feafe
They are perfectly
fkill'd in the Art of impofing on the Frail-
ty a Man fhews for them, and engaging
him in continual Expences. They feem to
take a Pride in ruining many Lovers, as a
Warrior does in having vanquifh'd many
The ve- Enemies. Befides their Fortune, they oft-
en loſe their Health, which they feldom
recover, not only becauſe in thoſe tempe-
rate Climates little Account is made of the
venereal Difeafes, notwithstanding which
they attain to the longeft old Age; but al-
ſo becauſe the Scarcity of Phyficians, who
are only to be found in three or four great
Cities, does not afford them the Oppor-
tunity of being cured. Some Women
only patch-up their Diftempers with Sar-
zaparilla, Ptifans of Mallows, and other
Herbs of the Country. They above all
efteem the Ufe of Cauteries. Thefe Things
are looked upon as Specificks, whereof both
Sexes alike make Provifion; and the Wo-
men fo little endeavour to conceal this
Diſorder, that in their ferious Vifits, they
feldom
cured.
en-

Born in PER U.
253
enquire after their Iffues, and drefs them
for one another *.
Though the Women are not fhut up Their
Way of
like the Spanish Women in Europe, yet it
is not ufual for them to go abroad by Day;
but about Night-Fall they have Liberty to
make their Vifits, for the moft Part where
it is not expected; for the modefteft in
open Day are the boldeft at Nights. Their
Faces being then covered with their Veils,
fo that they cannot be known, they
perform the Part which the Men do in
France. The Method they ufe at Home,
is to fit on Cuſhions along the Wall, with
their Legs acrofs on an Estrado, fpread
with a Carpet, after the Turkish Faſhion.
They spend almoſt whole Days in this
Manner, without altering their Pofture fitting at
even to eat : For they are ferved apart, Home,
on little Chefts, which they always have
before them to put-up the Work they do.
This makes them have a heavy Gate,
without the Grace of French Women.
* The fame, p. 257, & feqq.
Bob
bsto
I
That

254
Criolians or Spaniards
Receiving
Vifits,
That which they call Eftrado, is, as
ufed in Spain, all one End or Side of a
ad vifiting-Room raifed fix or feven Inches
above the Floor, and five or fix Feet
broad. The Men, on the contrary, fit
on Chairs, and only fome very great Fa-
miliarity admits them to the Eftrado. In
other Refpects, the Women of Peru have
as much Liberty at Home as in France.
They there receive Company with a very
good Grace, and take Pleafure to enter-
tain their Guefts with playing on the Harp,
or the Guitar, to which they fing; and
if they are defired to dance they do it with
much Complaifance and Politenefs.
and Danc-
ing,
Their Manner of Dancing is almoft
quite different from the French, who va-
lue the Motion of the Arms, and fome-
times that of the Head. In most of their
Dances, their Arms hang-down, or elfe
are wrapped-up in a Mantle they wear;
fo that nothing is feen but the bending of
the Body and Activity of the Feet. They
have many Figure Dances, in which they
lay-

Born in PERU.
255
lay-by their Mantles; but the Graces they
add are rather Actions than Geſtures.
fic,
The Men dance almoft after the fame Their Mu
Manner, without laying-afide their long
Swords, the Point whereof they keep be-
fore them, that it may not hinder them in
rifing or coupeeing; which is fometimes
to fuch a Degree, that it looks like kneel-
ing. Frezier wishes he had been ſkilled
in Choregraphy, to reprefent fome of their
Dances: However he has inferted the
Tune of one that is common with them,
as the Minuet in France; they call it Zo-
pateo, becaufe, in Dancing, they alterna-
tively ſtrike with the Heel and the Toes,
taking fome Steps, and coupeeing, with-
out moving far from one Place. This Piece and Inftru-
of Mufick fhews what a barren Tafte they ments.
have in touching the Harp, the Guitar,
and the Bandola, which are almoſt the
only Inftruments used in that Country.
The two laft are of the Species of Guitars,
but the Bandola has a much fharper and
louder Sound. It is to be obferved, that
the

256
Criolians or Spaniards
Their
Drefs.
the Baſs is made in France, to the Hu-
mour of the Harp
*
Vanity and Senfuality render them in-
fatiable as to Ornaments and good Feed-
ing. Though the Make of their Habit
be of itſelf plain enough, and not very
fufceptible of Changes in Faſhions, they
love to be richly dreffed whatfoever it cofts;
even in the moſt private Places, their very
Smocks, and fuftian Waiſtcoats they wear
over them, are full of Lace; and their
Prodigality extends to put it upon Socks
Petticoats, and Sheets. The upper Petticoat they
commonly wear, called Faldellin, is open
before, and has three Rows of Lace; the
Middlemoft of Gold and Silver, extraor-
dinary wide, fewed on filk Galoons which
terminate at the Edges. The Women,
in the Days of King Henry IV. alſo wore
open Petticoats in France, which lapped
over before.
Waiſtcoat,
Their upper Waiſtcoat, which they call
Jubon, is either of rich Cloth of Gold;
or, in hot Weather, of fine Linen, co-
* Frez. 254, & feqq.
vered

Plate VL.
1.256
B. Cote beutp
A Creole-Lady in her Drefs within Doors


Born in PER U.
257
vered with Abundance of Lace, confufedly
put-on, The Sleeves are large, and have a
Pouch hanging-down to the Knees, like
thofe of the Minims; they are fometimes
open like long Engageants, worn alfo in the
Days of King Henry IV. But in Chili they
begin to put-down the Pouch, and cut
them more even, after the Manner of
Boots. If they have a little Apron, it is
made of two or three Stripes of Silk flow-
ered with Gold or Silver, fewed together
with Laces.
In the cold Countries they are always Mantles
wrapped up in a Mantle, being no other
than a miſhapen Piece of Bays, one
third longer than broad, one Point where-
of hangs over their Heels. The best
are of rich Stuffs, covered with four
or five Rows of broad Lace,
and extra-
ordinary fine. In other Refpects, their
formal Drefs is the fame as that of the
Spanish Women in Europe, viz. the black
taffety Veil, which covers them from Head
to Foot.
S
They

258
Criolians or Spaniards
The Man-
tilla.
Head-at-
tire.
They ufe the Mantilla for an Undrefs,
to appear the more modeft; it is a fort of
Cloak, or Mantle, round at the Bottom,
of a dark Colour, edged with black Taf-
fety. Their Drefs is the black Taffety
Veil, a wide upper Petticoat, of a Mufk
colour, with little Flowers, under which is
another clofe Coat of colour'd Silk, call'd
Pollera. In this Attire they go to the
Churches, walking gravely, their Faces fo
veil'd, that generally only one Eye is to
be feen. By this Outfide a Man would
take them for Veftal-Virgins, but would
be commonly very much deceived.
They have no Ornaments on the Head,
their Hair hangs behind in Treffes. Some-
times they tie Ribbons about their Head
with Gold or Silver, which in Peru they
call Valaca, in Chili Haghe; when the Rib-
bon is broad, adorn'd with Lace, and goes
twice about the Forehead, it is call'd Vin-
cha. The Breafts and Shoulders are half
naked, unless they wear a large Handker-
chief, which hangs down behind to the
*See Plate 9, Fig. 2.
Mid-

Plate VII.
p. 258
B. Cole Sculp
A Creole-Lady veiled going to Church


Born in PERU.
259
Mid-Leg, and in Peru ferves inftead of
a little Cloak, or Mantle call'd Gregorillo.
They commit not any Offence againft
Modefty, when they fhew their Breafts,
which the Spaniards look upon with In-
difference; yet they take great Notice of
little Feet, which they are ridiculously in
Love with. For this Reafon Women are
exceeding careful to hide them; fo that it
is a Favour to fhew them, which they do
with Dexterity.
As to extraordinary Ornaments of Pearls Jewels
and Jewels, there must be many Pendants,
Bracelets, Necklaces and Rings, to reach
the Height of the Fashion, which is
much the fame as the ancient Mode of
France.
bit.
The Men are now clad after the French Men's Has
Faſhion, but for the moft Part in Silk
Cloaths with an extravagant Mixture of
light Colours. Out of a Sort of Vanity
peculiar to their Nation, they will not
own that they have borrowed that Mode
from their Neighbours; altho' it has been
ufed among them only fince the Reign of
Philip
S2

260
Criolians or Spaniards
Explana-
tion
Philip V. They rather choofe to call it
a warlike Habit.
The Gown-men wear the Golilla, being
a little Band not hanging, but fticking out
forward under the Chin, and a Sword as
they do in Spain, excepting the Judges and
Prefidents.
The Travelling Habit in Peru is a Coat
flafh'd on both Sides under the Arms,
and the Sleeves open above and below,
with Button-holes; it is called Capotillo de
dos Faldas *
Here follows an Explanation of the Fi-
gures of the Criolians, communicated by
the Gentlemen who tranflated the Nar-
rative of the Earthquake. Plate VI, re-
prefents a Lady in the Drefs fhe wears with-
in-doors, being nothing but a Shift and
two flight Petticoats, the under one of
Thread-lace hanging in this Manner be-
low the upper. The Bofoms and Sleeves of
their Shifts are all lac'd, embroider'd with
Gold-thread, and thick interwoven with
Pearls: Some of thofe at Lima have coft
*Frez. p. 258, & feqq.
Fifteen


Plate VIIL.
p.261
B. Cole Sculp
Mulatta-Woman in her Drefs by day.


Plate IX
B. Cole sculp
223
p.261
A Creole Don & Donna in their Drefs. when abroad at Night.

Born in PERU.
261
fifteen hundred or two thouſand Pieces of
Eight a Piece.
Plate VII, a Lady veil'd, going into
Church attended by her female Slaves, one
of whom carries a Carpet upon her Arm
for her to kneel upon.
Plate VIII, reprefents a Mulatta Wo- of the Fi-
man in her Drefs by Day.
Plate IX, exhibits a Gentleman and La-
dy in their Undrefs, or Habit when they
go-out at Night. The firft wrapped-up
in his Cloak, with his Efpada by his Side
and Hat on. The Lady has a white
Handkerchief on her Head, a Mantle of
English Bays over her Shoulders, and a
pink'd or flash'd brown Silk-Petticoat. Their
Shift Sleeves are ufually of this Length:
their Shoes all without Heels and cut at
the Toes, that thefe by being bent might
make their Feet look little.
gures.
The Spaniards of Peru eat greedily, Manner
and after an indecent Manner; fometimes of eating.
all in the fame Difh, commonly a Por-
tion like the Friers. At any confiderable
Entertainment, they fet before the Guests
S3
feveral

262
Criolians in Spaniards
Ufe no
Forks,
feveral Plates of different Sorts of Food
fucceffively; thefe, when done with, they
give to their Servants, and thofe who ftand
by, that all, fay they, may partake of the
good Chear. When the Criolians came to
eat aboard the French Ships, where they
were ferv'd in great Diſhes, placed accord-
ing to Rule, they boldly took them off
to give to their Slaves, fometimes before
they had been touched: But when the
Captains durft not make them fenfible of
that Indecency, the Cooks, concerned for
the Honour of their Art, did not fpare to
let them underſtand that they difcompof-
ed the Beauty of the Entertainment.
Not having the Ufe of Forks, they are oblig-
ed to wash after eating, which they all
do in the fame Bafon; and with that dif-
agreeable Water do not ftick to wash their
Lips. The Meat they eat is feafoned with
Axi, or Pimiento, a Sort of Pepper which
is fo hot, that Strangers cannot poffibly
endure it; but what makes it ftill worſe,
is a greafy Tafte the Lard gives to all their
Cookery. Befides, they have not the Art
Za
of

Born in PERU.
263
of roafting great Joints, which they ad-
mired the moft of all the French Difhes:
For they do not turn their Meat conti-
nually. They make two Meals, one at
Ten in the Morning, the other at Four
Afternoon, which is inftead of a Dinner
at Lima, and have a Collation at Mid-
night. In other Places they eat like the
People in France.
During the Day, they make ufe of the Herb of
Paraguay,
Herb of Paraguay, which fome call St.
Bartholomew's Herb, who they pretend came
into thofe Provinces; where, finding it to
be venomous, he made it wholfome and
beneficial: As this Leaf is only brought
dry, and almoft in Powder, the Author
could not defcribe it. Inftead of drink-
ing the Tincture, or Infufion, apart, as we
drink Tea, they put the Herb into a Cup, how ufed;
or Bowl made of a Calabafh, or Gourd,
tipp'd with Silver, which they call Mate;
they add Sugar, and pour on it the hot
Water, which they drink immediately,
without giving it Time to infufe, becaufe
it turns as black as Ink. To avoid drink-
S4
ing

264
Criolians or Spaniards
better
than Tea.
ing the Herb which fwims at the Top,
they make Ufe of a Silver Pipe, at the
End whereof is a Bowl, full of little
Holes. The Reluctancy which the French
fhew'd to drink after all Sorts of People,
in a Country where many were pox'd, oc-
cafioned the inventing of little Glafs-pipes,
which they begin to ufe at Lima. The
Liquor, in Frezier's Opinion, is better
than Tea; and has a Flavour of the
Herb, which is agreeable enough; the Peo-
ple of the Country are fo accuftomed to
it, that even the pooreft ufe it every Morn-
ing when they rife.
The Trade for the Herb of Para-
guay is carried on at Santa Fe *, whither
it is brought-up the River de la Plata or of
Two forts. Plate, and in Carts. There are two Sorts
of it; the one call'd Yerba de Palos, the
other, which is finer, and of more Virtue,
Yerba de Camini: This laft is brought
from the Lands belonging to the Jefuits.
The great Confumption of it is between
La Paz and Kufko, where it is worth half
A City in Paraguay.
as

Born in PERU.
265
as much more as the other, which is fpent
from Poto to La Paz.
There comes
yearly from Paraguay into Peru above
50,000 Arrovas, being twelve thouſand *
Weight of both Sorts; whereof, at leaft,
one third is of the Camini, without reckon- Quantity
ing 25,000 Arrovas, of that of Palos for brought
Chili. They pay for each Parcel, contain-
ing fix or feven Arrovas, four Rials for the
Duty call'd Alcavala, being a Rate upon
all Goods fold; this, with the Charge of
Carriage, being above 600 Leagues, doubles
the first Price, which is about two Pieces
of Eight; fo that at Potofi it comes to
about five Pieces of Eight the Arrova.
The Carriage is commonly by Carts, which
hold 150 Arrovas (each) from Santa Fe
to Jujuy, the laft Town of the Province
of Tukuman; and from thence to Potofi, from
which is a hundred Leagues farther, it is Paraguay.
conveyed on Mules.
It has been elſewhere obferved, that this
Sort of Tea is neceffary where there are
Mines; and on the Mountains of Peru,
* In the tranflating 'tis 12,000 hundred.
where

266
Criolians or Spaniards
Peru.
where the Whites think the Ufe of Wine
pernicious, they rather chufe to drink
Brandy, and leave the Wine to the Indians
and Blacks, who like it very well *.
Houfes of The Dwellings of the Spaniards in Pe-
ru are no way anfwerable to the Magni-
ficence of their Garb. Without Lima, in
which Place the Buildings are handſome
enough, nothing is poorer than their Hou-
fes; confifting of only a Ground-floor,
fourteen or fifteen Feet high. The Con-
trivance for Statelinefs, is to have a Court
at the Entrance, adorn'd with Portico's of
Timber-work, the Length of the Build-
ing; which is always fingle in Chili, becaufe
otherwife it would require the Top to be
large. On the Coaft of Peru they make
them as deep as they pleafe, that when they
cannot have Lights from the Walls, they may
make them in the Roof, there being no
them.
Form of Rain to apprehend. The firſt Room is a
large Hall, about nineteen Feet broad, and
between thirty and forty in Length, which
leads into two other Chambers one within
* Frez. p. 251, & feqq.
the

Born in PERU.
267
the other. In the first is the Eftrado to
receive Company; and the Bed which lies
in a Nook in the Nature of an Alcove,
fpacious within, and whofe chief Conve-
niency is, a falfe Door to receive or dif
mifs Company, without being perceived
coming in, tho' upon Surprize. There are
few of thofe Beds in the Houfes, becauſe
the Servants lie on Sheep-fkins upon the
Ground.
The Height and Largenefs of the Rooms Furniture.
would nevertheleſs give them fome Air of
Grandeur, did they know how to difpofe
their Lights regularly: but they make fo
few Windows, that they have always a
dufky melancholy Air; and having no Ufe
of Glafs, thofe Windows are latticed with
Grates of turn'd Wood, which ftill leffens
the Light. The Furniture does not make
Amends for the ill Contrivance of the
Building, only the Eftrado is cover'd with
Carpets, and Velvet-Cushions for the Wo
men to fit on. The Chairs for the Men
are covered with Leather, printed in half
Relief. There are no Hangings but A-
bundance

268
Criolians or Spaniards
Materials
for Build-
ing.
bundance of fcurvy Pictures made by the
Indians of Kufko. In fine, there are nei-
ther boarded nor Stone-floors, which makes
the Houfes damp; efpecially in Chili, where
it rains much in Winter.
The common Materials for private build-
ing are thofe they call Adobes, that is, large
Bricks, about two Feet long, one in Breadth,
and four Inches thick in Chili, and ſome-
what fmaller in Peru, becauſe it never
rains there; or elfe the Walls are of Clay
ramm'd between two Planks, which they
call Tapias. That Manner of Building,
which was ufed among the Romans, as
may be feen in Vitruvius, is not expen-
five, becauſe the Soil is every-where fit for
making of thofe Bricks, and yet it lafts
Ages; as appears by the Remains of Struc-
tures and Forts, built by the Indians, which
have ftood at leaft 200 Years. It is true,
that this would not be fo in cafe it rained;
for in Chili, to preferve their Houfes, they
are obliged to cover them in Winter on
the North-fide with Thatch, or Planks.
The

Born in PERU.
269
The Public Structures are, for the moft Kinds of
Part, made of burnt Bricks, and Stone. Stone.
At La Conception they have a greenish Sort
of a foft Nature: at Santiago they have a
Stone of a good Grain, dug half a League
North-weft from the City: at Coquimbo
they have a white Stone as light as Pu-
mice; at Callao and Lima they have a good
grained Sort brought twelve Leagues by
Land, full of Salt-petre, which makes it
moulder, tho' otherwife very hard; the
Mole of the Port, made in 1694, is built
with it. There are in the Mountains Quar-
ries of the fine Lime-ftone, whereof Plaif-
ter of Paris is made; they only uſe it to
make Soap, and to ftop earthen Veffels.
All their Lime is of Shells, whence it is
only fit to whiten Walls.
chitecture.
As for their Tafte in Architecture, it Criole Ar-
must be own'd that the Churches in Lima
are well-built, and proportioned, lined with
Pilafters, adorn'd with Mouldings, and
without carved Capitals; over which are
beautiful Cornifhes, and fine Arches full-
center'd and contracted: But in the De-
coration

270
Criolians or Spaniards
Their Re-
ligion;
coration of the Altars all are confufed,
crowded and bad; fo that a Man cannot
but lament the immenfe Sums they ſpend
on thofe gilt Diſorders *.
Having confidered our Criolians in a
temporal, let us next view them in a
religious Light; and fhew, from the fame
Author, to what a wretched State of Su-
perftition and Beggary they are reduced by
the Tricks of their debauched Clergy; a
Specimen of which has been given alrea-
dy in our Account of Lima.
The Criolian Spaniards, like the Eu-
ropeans, value themfelves upon being the
beft Chriftians of all Nations: they e-
pretend to ven pretend to diftinguish between them-
much,
felves and the French by that Qualifica-
tion; it being very ufual among them to
fay, a Chriftian and a Frenchman, to fignify
a Spaniard and a Frenchman: But, with-
out diving into the interior of either, they
have nothing of the outward Practice of
the Church-difcipline, to intitle them to
that Pre-eminence. The Abftinence from
*Frez. p. 261. & feqq.
Flesh

Born in PERU.
271
little.
Flesh is among them much changed by practife
the Ufe of what they call Groffura, that
is Offal-meat: This confifts, in Heads,
Tongues, Entrails, Feet, and the extreme
Parts of Beafts, which they eat on Fiſh-
days; not to mention the Ufe of what they
call Manteca, being Hogs-lard and Beef-
fuet, which they ufe inftead of Butter *.
'Tis not uſual to affift at any other Di-
vine Service, except the Mafs; and even
from that Obligation, thofe who are a-
bove three Leagues from the Pariſh-church, Neglect
and the Chriftian Indians, who are but a
League diftant, are exempted. At Lima
they diſpenſe with them felves from going
to the Pariſh-church, becauſe moft good
Houſes have Oratories or Chapels for Con--
veniency of the Family, which cherishes
their Sloth, and keeps them from the Pa-
rith-duty.
Church.
In short, their Devotion feems to be whol- RofaryDe-
ly reduced to that of the Rofary. It is faid votion.
*The Tranflator of Frezier obferves that thefe
Things are only permitted on Saturdays; but not in
Lent, or on Fridays and other fafting Days.
in

272
Criolians or Spaniards
in all Towns and Villages twice or thrice a
moft in Week, at the Proceffions which are made
Vogue.
in the Night, in private Families, or elfe
by every Perfon apart, at leaſt every
Evening, at the Fall of Night. Reli-
gious Men wear their Beads about their
Necks, and the Laity under their Cloaths.
The Confidence they repofe in that pious
Invention of St. Dominick Guzman, which
they believe was brought down from Hea-
ven, is fo great, that they ground their
Salvation upon it, and expect nothing lefs.
than Miracles from it; being amufed with
the fabulous Accounts daily given them;
and by the Notion of the good Succefs
which every one who applies to that De-
votion has in the Courfe of his Affairs.
But, what will hardly be believed, fays
Frezier, I have often obferved, that they
alfo depend upon it for Succefs in their
amorous Intrigues.
Mount
Carmel,
Next to the Rofary follows the Devo-
tion of Mount Carmel, which is no lefs
beneficial to the Mercenarians, than the
former is to the Dominicans.
2
That

Born in PERU.
273
That of the immaculate Conception is and the
next: the Francifcans and Jefuits have Conceptions
gain'd it fuch Reputation, that the Laity
mention it before they undertake any Ac-
tion, even the moft indifferent. When a
Sermon begins, at Grace, and at Candle-
lighting, in every Houfe, they fay, Praifed
be the most holy Sacrament of the Altar,
and the Virgin-Mary, our Lady, conceiv'd
without Blemish or original Sin, from the
firft Inftant of her natural Being. They
add to the Litanies, Abfque labe concepta,
Thou who art conceiv'd without Blemish. In Abufes
fhort, this Sentence is foifted-in at all Times,
when it can neither ferve for the Inftructi-
on, nor the Edification of the Faithful;
and the Expreffions in the Hymns they
fing in Honour of that Opinion, are fo
fingular, that Frezier has inferted one of
them to fhew the Spanish Tafte; which
is only fond of Metaphors and extrava-
gant Compariſons, taken from the Sun,
the Moon and the Stars, or from precious
Stones: this often carries them into a Sort
T
of
therein.

274
Criolians or Spaniards
Spanish
Poetry.
of Ridicule, and an out-of-the-way Flight,
which they take for Sublime.
Thus in the Hymn before-mentioned,
the Poet affigns the Virgin the Moon for
her Foot-ftool, and the Stars for the Em-
broidery of her Veil, at the fame Time
that he places her Houfe in the Sun; which,
of Confequence, muft include them all.
This fhews he wanted Judgment in his
poetical Enthufiafm. He is much mif-
taken alſo when he fays, that the Devil is
bursting with Rage to fee the Devotion
of the Virgin in Repute in Peru: For
that Devotion is certainly too much in-
termixed with Vice and Senfuality, to
make us believe it can be very meritori-
ous to them.
Their Hy-
pocrify
I know, proceeds the Author, that they
are very careful to fay the Rofary often
daily but it may be faid they are there-
in true Pharifees, and think that Prayer
confifts in much Speaking, tho' merely
with the Lips; and with fo little Attenti-
on, that they often mutter over their Beads,
whilft
2

Born in PERU.
275
whilft they are talking of Things that
are no Way compatible with pious Ex-
ercifes.
Befides, they all live in a State of Pre- and Pre-
fumption.
fumption of their Salvation, grounded on
the Protection of the Virgin and the
Saints *; which they believe they merit
by fome brotherhood Exercifes, wherein
the Friars have affociated them, without
feeming to be fenfible that the prime De-
votion confifts in the Reformation of Heart,
and Practice of good Morals.
It rather looks as if, by Means of Re- Exceffive
velations, and the ill-grounded Miracles Credulity,
which the Ecclefiaftics affect continually
to tell them from the Pulpit, that their
Drift is to impofe on the People, by tak-
ing Advantage of the amazing Facility with
which they believe Things moft ridiculous,
and contrary to Morality; which Method
is certainly moft pernicious to the Purity
of Religion, and ftrictly prohibited by a
* One would almoft think, by his Reflections here and
elſewhere, that the Author was of Proteftant Prin
ciples.
T 2
Con-

276
Criolians or Spaniards
Charms in
Ufe
Conftitution of Pope Leo X, dated 1516.
I could quote fome Inftances, fays Frezier,
if the Grofsnefs of thofe Fictions would
not render my Credit fufpected. Hence
it proceeds, continues he, that thofe Peo-
ple fcarce know what it is to pray to God;
for they only addrefs themſelves to the
Virgin and the Saints. Thus the Acceffo-
ry of Religion almoft extinguishes the Prin-
cipal.
Thofe People are not only credulous
to Excefs, but alfo fuperftitious. They
add to the Beads they wear about their
Necks fome Habillas, being a kind of Sea-
chefnuts, and another like Sort of Fruit,
call'd Chonta, refembling a Pear, with Nut-
megs and fuch Things, to preferve them-
felves against Witchcraft and infectious
againft Air. They likewife wear Amulets about
their Necks, being Medals without any
Impreffion, and a little Hand, a Quarter
of an Inch long, made of Jet, or elfe of
Fig-tree Wood, and call'd Higa, the Fin-
gers clofed, but the Thumb ftanding out.
The Notion they have of thofe Counter-
charms,
Witch-
craft.

Born in PERU.
277
charms, is to preferve them from the Harm
that might be done by fuch as admire
their Beauty, which they call an evil Eye.
Thefe Prefervatives are made larger for
Children.
This Superftition is common among Dying ina
the Ladies and meaner People: but there
is another which is almoft general, and of
great Moment for avoiding the Pains of
the other World, namely, to take-care in
this to provide a religious Habit, which
they buy, to die and be buried in; being
perfuaded, by the Friars, that when clad
in a Livery fo much refpected here-below,
they fhall, without any Difficulty, be ad-
mitted into Heaven, and cannot be driven
into utter Darkneſs.
Habit;
This is not to be wonder'd at: For religious
it is well known that this Devotion, which
began in France in the twelfth Century,
being advantageous to the Communities,
made the Francifcans advance, That St.
Francis once a Year regularly defcended
into Purgatory, and took-out all thofe who
had died in the holy Habit of his Order;
adding
T 3

278
Criolians or Spaniards
Arts of
adding thereto fome other Follies, which
were condemned by the Council of Bafil
in the fifteenth Century, whofe Authority,
however, thefe Friars in Peru have little
regarded. The like Frezier had obferved
in the Portugueze Colonies: for their
Churches are ftill full of Pictures, repre-
fenting this yearly Defcent of St. Francis
into Purgatory. The other Orders fay no
lefs of their refpective Patriarchs.
To draw to themfelves from the Rich
Friars ; fome Part of their Wealth, they have in-
vented another Scheme, pretending that the
nearer the Altar they are buried, the more
they partake of the Prayers of the Faith-
ful; and there are fome Cullies fooliſh e-
nough to believe them, and tacitly to flatter
themfelves, that God will make Exceptions
of Perfons *. Of this Sort were two Cre-
oles, who, fome days before the Author
came away from Lima, had given each
6000 Pieces of Eight, to be buried in the
Charnel-houfe of the Auguftins +.
* Non enim eft acceptatio perfonarum apud Deum.
Rom. ii.
* Frez. p. 239, & Jegg.
Thefe

Born in PERU.
279
the Rich.
Thefe Honours and Advantages for all the to fleece
great Sums they coft, being at an End with
the Solemnity of the Funeral; in order to
extend them beyond the Grave, Recourfe
is had to pious Legacies, under the De-
nomination of Foundations for Maffes or
other Prayers: the Neceffity of which, for
avoiding the Pains of the other Life, is in-
culcated to all dying-Perfons; and the Me-
rit of thofe Donations is fo highly extoll'd,
that all Men are drawn-in to make them
without Regard either to Relations, Cre-
ditors, or the Poor, through whofe Hands,
according to the Scripture-rule, we are to
redeem our Sins.
tendency.
In a Word, whether it be through the their evil-
Fear of eternal Pains, which touches us
moft to the Quick, or elfe for the Love
of God, and one's felf, the Cuftom is
become fo univerfal, and has fo much en-
rich'd the Monafteries of Lima, and of
fome other Cities within a hundred Years,
that the Laity have fcarce any real Eſtates
left. Their Wealth is reduced to Move-
ables; and there are but few who do not
T 4
pay

280
Criolians or Spaniards
a Remedy
wanted.
Honour to
pay Rent to the Church, either for their
Houfes or Farms.
It would be for the Good of thofe Co-
lonies, to make fuch a Regulation as the
Venetians made in the Year 1605, which
prohibits the Alienation of real Eſtates in
Favour of the Church, or in Mortmain,
without the Confent of the Republic; in
Imitation of the Emperors Valentinian,
Charlemagne, and Charles V, and of feveral
Kings of France from St. Lewis down to
Henry III. But the Court of Rome taking
the Alarm, caus'd that Decree to be for
fome-time fufpended, in a Country where
it has lefs Power than in Spain. Thus this
Abufe, in all Likelihood, will continue in
Peru; and in a fhort-time the Laity will
find themfelves under a greater Dependen-
cy on religious Communities for Tempo-
rals, than they are for Spirituals.
Frezier forbears fpeaking of the Ho-
Images nour they pay to Images: but confider-
ing the Care they take to adorn them
in their Houfes, and to burn Frankin-
cenfe before them, fays, he knows not
whether

Born in PERU.
281
ing Idola-
whether they might not be fufpected of approach-
carrying the Worship very near to Ido-try,
latry. The Queftors, a Sort of Men who
never fail to make their Advantage of the
Prepoffeffion of the People in order to
draw Alms from them, carry Pictures along
the Streets, both on Foot and Horfeback,
in great Frames, and with Glaffes over
them, which they give to be kifs'd for
what they receive. It is true, adds the
Author, that we fee the beft things fre-
quently mifufed in Europe, as well as in
America; which obliged the Bishops of
France to defire of the Council of Trent
fome Reformation as to that Article.
ed.
Either through Intereft or Ignorance, and Saints
the Clergy and Friars take little Care to propagat
teach the Laity to adore God in Spirit and
Truth, to fear his Judgments, and not lay
too much Strefs on the Protection of the
Virgin and Saints: On the contrary, when
they make their Panegyrics they extol
them without Difcretion, never intermix-
ing Points of Morality; fo that thofe Ser-
mons, which are the moft frequent
through
I

282
Criolians or Spaniards
Example
throughout the Year, become of no Ufe
to the People, and feed them in their ufual
Prefumptions.
To conclude, fhould fuch Perfons preach
ftronger up Chriftian-Virtues, what Fruit could
their Words produce, whilft they give fuch
ill-Example? Suppofe the Sermons were
upon Modeſty and Meeknefs. What then?
fince the Preachers are impudent in the
higheft Degree. May I prefume to fay it,
moſt of them are arm'd with a Dagger: it
is not to be thought that this is to murder,
but it is at leaſt to oppofe any who ſhould
obftruct their Pleafures, or offend them.
Should the Subject be Poverty, and the
Contempt of Riches? The moft regular
of them trade, and have their Slaves of
both Sexes; and feveral Church-men ap-
pear in colour'd Cloaths adorn'd with
Gold, under their ufual Habit. Should it
be Humility? They are infufferably proud,
a true Copy of the Pharifees, who would
take the upper-hand every-where, and be
faluted in publick Places.
than
Preach-
ing.
In

Born in PERU.
283
In fhort, not fatisfied with the low
Bows made them, they offer their Sleeves
to be kifs'd in the open Streets and in the
Churches; whither they go on-Purpofe to
difturb the Faithful, as hath been obferved
before, in order to have Homage done to
their pretended Dignity.
Monks
In this they differ very much from the Modern
Sentiments of the firft of the Weftern differ
Monks, St. Benedict, who chofe for his re-
ligious Men the Habit of the Poor in his
Time; and St. Francis, a ridiculous Habit,
to render himſelf contemptible in the Eyes
of Men.
It is well known that to prevent their
meddling with worldly Affairs, the King
of Spain has been formerly obliged to make
ufe of his Authority; and yet he has not
prevail'd. Herrera, on the Year 1553,
writes thus: "The King charg'd Don
"Lewis de Velafco, the Viceroy, to take-
care that the Prelates and religious Men
"Thould keep within the Bounds of their from the
แ own Employments, and not interfere Primitive.
"with thofe of others, as they had fome-
<< times

284
Criolians or Spaniards
Their
Fornica-
tion.
times done, becauſe that belonged to
"the King and his Lieutenants."
To conclude, ſhall they preach-up Con-
tinence? When the contrary Vice is be-
come general, without fcarce any Excep-
tion among thoſe whom Age has not dif-
abled. Neither are they referved as to
this Point, but excufe themſelves with the
Neceffity of having a She-friend to take-
care of them, becauſe the Monafteries al-
low them nothing but Diet: fo that they
are obliged to intrigue in their own De-
fence, dealing in Merchandize, and fome-
times in Slight of Hand; the frequent
Practice of which has warn'd the French
trading along the Coaft to miftruft them
Addicted as Sharpers. The Captain of the Mary-
Anne, in which Frezier went thither, had
fevere Experience of this; one of them tak-
ing a Bag of 800 Pieces of Eght out of
his Round-houſe.
to Theft.
Very ig-
xorant.
It is owing to thefe Difpofitions alfo that
they apply themſelves fo-little to Study.
Out of the great Towns there are fome,
who can fcarce read Latin, to fay Mafs:
Naya

Born in PERU.
285
Nay, the Author knew a Profeffor of
Divinity in a Monaftery, who performed
it very imperfectly. In fhort, it is ma-
nifeft, that most of them only make them-
felves Friars in order to lead a more eafy
and honourable Life. It is faid, that the
King of Spain is fenfible of this Evil, and
intends to regulate the Number of Com-
munities.
Frezier, however, takes-care to inform Exception
his Readers that thefe Remarks do not
to Jefuits.
concern the Jefuits, who, he fays, ftudy,
preach, and cathechize, even in public
Places, with much Zeal: nay he believes,
were it not for them, that the People
would fcarce be inftructed in the principal
Articles of Faith. He takes Occafion
here alfo to honour the Probity and good
Behaviour of the Bishops, who are not The Bi-
altogether to be charged with the Difor-hops
ders of their Flock: efpecially the Friars,
in regard they are Mafters, and own no
other ecclefiaftical Jurifdiction, but that of
their Superiors; pretending they only de-
pend on them, and on the Pope, as Su-
preme.

286
Criolians or Spaniards, &c.
and fome
others.
preme. A monftrous Independence, according
to the ingenious Remark of St. Bernard, as
if a Finger was taken from the Hand, to
fix it directly to the Head.
The Author likewife excludes from his
Charge the worthy and learned People of
Peru and Chili; he knows there are fuch
among all Conditions, and that fome have
been eminent for Piety. But he differs
much from the Author of the Life of the
holy Toribio, who fays, that in all Like-
libood Peru will afford Heaven more Saints
than it has given Silver to the Earth. Vir-
tue feemed to Frezier to be more com-
mon among the Laity, than the Friars
and Clergy. I make no Scruple, adds he,
to fay fo: it would be a falfe Nicety to
fpare Men who dishonour their Profeffion
without Controul, under Pretence that they
are confecrated to God by folemn Vows *.
*Frez. p. 224, & feqq.
SECT.

(287)
SECT.
III.
Of the Indians of Peru.
HE Indians of Peru have this in Their
THE
common with thofe of Chili, that Qualities.
they are no lefs Drunkards and addicted
to Women, and that they are as little
covetous of Wealth: but they are quite
different from them in Relation to Bra-
very and Refolution; for they are fearful,
and in other Refpects malicious, Diffem-
blers and Defigning. They have a Genius
for Arts, and are good at imitating what
they fee, but very poor at Invention *.
bit.
The Natives of Peru drefs like thofe of Their Ha-
Chili, bating that the Women wear a Piece
extraordinary of the Country-cloth of feveral
lively Colours, which they fometimes fold
on their Heads, and fometimes on their
Shoulders, like an Amice; but along the
Coaft generally on their Arms, as the Ca-
nons carry their Aumuffes. The Men in-
ftead of the Poncho have a Surtout made
* Frezier's Voy. p. 263.
like

288
Indians of PERU,
Indian-
Houfes.
like a Sack, the Sleeves whereof come not
down to the Elbow: Theſe have been
added but of late. Formerly there were
only Holes to put the Arms through, as
appears from the Habit of the ancient Ingas,
as painted by the Indians of Kufko*.
The Manner of the Indian Dwellings
in the Mountains is fingular. They build
their Houfes round, like a Cone, or rather
like our Glafs-houfes; with fuch a low
Door, that there is no going-in at it,
without bowing quite down. For the more
Warmth, Wood being very fcarce there,
they burn nothing but the Dung of Mules,
Guanacos and Llamas +, when their Flocks
are fufficient to furnish them: It is eafily
gathered, becauſe thofe Creatures, by natural
Instinct, go all to empty themſelves in one
Place, near that where they graze.
For
want of this Dung, they burn Icho, above-
fpoken of: but that Plant not being laft-
ing, they have earthen Furnaces call'd Bi-
charras, fo contrived (with three or more
*The fame, p. 263.
+ A kind of Sheep peculiar to Peru.
Holes

and their Oppreffions.
289
at Top) that putting in fome Handfuls
now and then, they make fo many Pots
boil at once. When they would drefs Vic-
tuals only in the third, the first and fe-
cond must be filled with Water, to the
End that the Flame, finding the neareſt
Holes ftopp'd, may be forced to extend to
the third Pot.
Utenfils,
They generally ufe earthen Ware, ac- Earthen
cording to their ancient Cuftom, as ap-
pears by that which is found in the Tombs
of the Ancients. Frezier lighted on fe-
veral of their Veffels +; and Monfieur de la
Falaife, Chaplain of St. Malo, has gather-
ed all the earthen and filver Veffels, In-
dian Pictures, and other Curiofities he could
meet-with of that Country, where he had
been. Among them there is a Veffel which
confifts of two Bottles join'd-together, each
about fix Inches high, having a Hole of
Communication at the Bottom: One of
them is open, and the other has on its
Orifice a little Animal, like a Monkey,
+ The Figures of which he has inferted. Plate 31.
U
eating

290
Indians of PERU,
Mufical.
Inftru-
ment.
The Herb
Koka;
eating a Cod of fome Sort: under it is a
Hole, which makes a Whiſtling when Wa-
ter is pour'd out at the Mouth of the other
Bottle, or when that within is but ſhaken;
becauſe the Air, being prefs'd along the
Surface of both Bottles, is forced-out at
that little Hole in a violent Manner.
Hence the Author concluded, that this
might be one of their mufical Inftruments,
fince the Smalnefs and Shape of that Vef-
fel did not make it commodious, or large
enough to contain Liquors to drink. That
Animal may be a Sort of Monkey they
call Korachupa, whofe Tail is naked, and
Teeth all of a Piece, without any Divifion.
It has two Skins covering its Stomach and
Belly, like a Veft, into which the Females put
their Young when they run-away. There
are none of them at the Coaft:
they are common along the River Miffiffipi,
where they are call'd wild Rats *.
But
The Indians are much more robuft, and
able to undergo Fatigue than the Spa-
niards.
It is pretended, that the Ufe of
* Frez. p. 273, &feqq.
the

and their Oppreffions.
291
the Koka (that Herb fo famous in the Hi-
ftories of Peru) adds much to their Strength.
Others affirm, that they ufe it by way of
Charm, to get-out the Ore; as that when
it is too hard, they throw upon it a Hand-
ful of the Herb chew'd, and immediately
it comes-out both with more Eafe, and
in greater Quantity. Fishermen alfo put
fome chew'd Koka to their Hook when
they can take no Fifh, and are faid to
have better Succefs thereupon. In short, its trange
the Indians apply it to fo many Ufes, moft Effects.
of them bad, that the Spaniards generally
believe they have procured it thofe Vir-
tues by Compact with the Devil. For this
Reaſon, the Ufe of it is prohibited in the
northern Part of Peru; and in the South
it is allowed only in regard to thoſe who
work in the Mines, and cannot fubfift
without it, the Inquifition puniſhing thoſe
who tranfgrefs against that Order.
defcribed;
The Leaf is a little fmoother, and lefs The Leaf
nervous, than that of the Pear-tree; but in
other Refpects very like it. Others com-
pare it to that of the Strawberry, but 'tis
much
U 2

292
Indians of PERU,
much thinner.
The Shrub that bears it
does not rife above four or five Feet
high. The greateft Quantity of it grows
thirty Leagues from Cicacica, among the
Yunnas, on the Frontiers of the Yungbos.
The Tafte of it is fo harfh, that it fleas
the Tongues of fuch as are not uſed to it,
occafions the Spitting of a loathfome
Froth, and makes the Indians, who chew
it continually, ftink abominably. It is
faid to fupply the Want of Food; and
that by the Help of it a Man may live
feveral Days without eating, and not be
ufed as To- fenfibly weakened. Nevertheless, they are
flothful and lazy at their Work: perhaps,
becauſe that Herb taking-away their Sto-
mach they do not receive other Nouriſh-
ment fufficient. It is thought to faften
the Teeth, and to eafe their Diftempers.
Others fay it is good for Sores. Be that
as it will, it ferves the Indians no otherwife
than Tobacco does fuch as are uſed to chew
it without fwallowing *.
bacco.
*The fame, p. 269, & feq.
The

and their Oppreffions.
293
Revenue
The King of Spain's Revenues arife here The
to immenfe Sums by feveral Impofts; but King's
efpecially the Fifths of the Product of all
Silver and Gold, Copper, Iron, Lead, and
other Mines. This Duty is free from all
Charges; and on thefe Terms he grants the
Mines to particular Perfons, who are at
the Charge of working them.
from the
The Quick-filver Mines, being necef-
fary for detecting the others, the King of
Spain referves them to himfelf; but grants
thirty Years Leafes to the firſt Diſcoverers.
When a Mine is found-out, the King arifing
has fixty Perch in Circumference of it; if Mines.
Silver or any other Metal, except Gold, of
which he has fifty Perch. He has the
Fifth of all Pearls and Diamonds; the
the Half of all Huaca's *, (which are
the hidden Treaſures of Indians) when dif-
covered; alfo the Coinage. Befides the Fifth,
there is paid one and a half per Cent. on all
Exports of Silver and Gold in Bar.
thefe Revenues amount to fo many Mil-
lions, that it is almoft incredible; fome ex-
*Or Guacas, that is, Graves.
U 3
All
tending

294
Indians of PERU,
Treafures
tending them to fix Millions Sterling year-
ly, out of Peru and Mexico *.
Mines and The Indians have among themfelves the
Knowledge of many hidden Treafures and
rich Mines, which they conceal from the
Spaniards on Account of their barbarous
Behaviour to them. The Spaniards fancy
they enchant them, and tell feveral Tales of
furprizing Deaths befallen thofe who have
attempted their Diſcovery; as, that they had
concealed been on a fudden found dead and ftrang-
by Indians.
led; to have been loft in Fogs, and taken
away in Thunder and Lightning: But no
great Regard is to be had to the Wonders
they relate; for in Point of Credulity they
are mere Children.
Remark-
able In-
ftance,
It is certain that the Indians know fe-
veral rich Mines which they will not dif-
cover for Fear of being made to work in
them; or that the Spaniards fhould reap
any Advantage from them.
This has appeared to be the Cafe from
feveral Inftances, but more particularly in
the famous Mine of Don Salcedo, a Quar-
*View of the Coafts, &c. p. 95.
ter

and their Oppreffions.
295
ter of a League from Puno, on the Moun-
tain of Hijacota, where they cut the maf-
fy Silver in a Body with Chifels: for it was
diſcovered to him by an Indian Miftrefs,
who was defperately in Love with him.
Salcedo afterwards loft his Head thro' the in Salce-
do's Cafe,
Malice and Avarice of the Spaniards, who"
accufed him of a Deſign to revolt, becauſe
he grew too-great. His Death, which
happened 85 Years ago, occafioned ci-
vil Wars, about inheriting his immenfe
Treafures: but during thofe Debates, the
Mine was fo fill'd with Water, that it
could never fince be drained; which the
Spaniards look upon as a Judgment from
Heaven. The King of Spain having been
convinced of Salcedo's Innocence reſtored
the Mine to his Son, with fome Em-
ployments.
It is no wonder that the Indians fhould with good
be fo impenetrably fecret, in concealing
their Mines, fince they are at the Trouble
of fetching out the Ore, and have no Ad-
vantage by it. It muſt be confeffed, that
* About the Year 1663.
U 4
they

296
Indians of PERU,
Inkas of
Peru,
they alone are fit for that Work, where
the Blacks cannot be employed, becaufe
they all die. Theſe are robuft and infi-
nitely more hardy than the Spaniards, who
look upon bodily Labour as fcandalous
to a white Man. Yet at the fame Time
think it no Difgrace to be Pedlars, and car-
ry Packs in the Streets*.
The Indians preferve the Memory of
the Inkas or Emperors from Manko Ka-
pak, who reduced into one Kingdom all
Taguantin Suyu (fo Peru was call'd before
the Conqueft by the Spaniards) and gave
them Laws, eftabliſhing among them the
Adoration of the Sun, whom he made his
Father. Frezier faw the Pictures of them
painted by the Indians of Kufko, in their
proper Habits, as big as the Life. On
which Occafion he obferves, that there is
a great Difference between the Indian and
Spanish Tradition: for whereas Garcilaffo
de la Vega and Montalvo in their Hiftories,
reckon but eight Inkas, from Manko Ka-
pak, according to the Pictures there were
*Frez, p. 269.
twelve,

and their Oppreffions.
297
twelve, whofe Names follow, with thofe
of their Wives.
The Inkas.
Their Wives.
1. Manko Kapak.
Mama Oella Vako. after the
Indians;
2. Sinchi Roka.
3. Llogue Yupangui.
Kora.
Anavarqui.
4. Maita Kapak.
Yachi.
5. Kapac Yupangui.
Klava.
6. Inga Roka.
Mikay.
7. Yavarvak.
Chifia.
8. Virakocha.
Runtu.
9. Pachachuti.
10. Inga Yupangui.
Anavarqui.
Chinipa Oello.
11. Tupak IngaYupangui. Mama Oello.
12. Guayna Kapak.
Koia Piliko Vako.
The Ingas according to the Spanish Hiftorians.
1. Mango Kapak.
2. Inga Roka *.
3. Yaguarguaque.
4. Vira Kocha.
6. Topa Inga Yupan- after the
gui.
Spaniards.
7. Guayna Kapak.
8. Guafkar and Atabu-
5.Pachachuti Inga Yu- alpa +.
pangui.
*This is the fifth in the Indian Lift, fo that four are
omited by the Spaniards.
+ Not reckoned by the Indians.
2
The

298
Indians of PERU,
Enfign of
The Enfign of Royalty was a Toffel,
Royalty. or Piece of Fringe, of red Wool, hanging
Race of
Inkas
on the Middle of their Forehead. On
the Day of putting that on, there was
great Rejoicing among them, as it is with
us in Europe at the Coronation of Kings;
and many Sacrifices were offered, an infi-
nite Number of Veffels of Gold and Silver
being then expofed to public View, with
little Figures of Flowers, and feveral Crea-
tures, eſpecially Sheep of the Country.
There are ftill fome found in the Huakas
or Tombs, which now and then are acci-
dentally difcovered.
Notwithſtanding the Wars and the De-
ftruction of the Indians, there is ftill a Fa-
mily of the Race of the Inkas living at Li-
ma, whofe Chief, call'd Ampuero, is ac-
knowledged by the King of Spain as a
Defcendent of the Emperors of Peru: As
fuch, his Catholic Majefty gives him the
Title of Coufin; and orders the Viceroy, at
his entering into Lima, to pay him a Sort
of public Homage. Ampuero fits in a Bal-
cony, under a Canopy, with his Wife; and the
Viceroy,

and their Oppreffions.
299
Viceroy, mounted on a Horfe managed for
that Ceremony, caufes him to bow his Knees
three Times, as paying him Obeifance fo ftill fub-
fifting.
often. Thus, at every Change of a Vice-
roy, they ftill, in Show, honour the Sove-
reignty of that Emperor, whom they have
unjustly deprived of his Dominions; and
the Memory of Atahualpa's Death, whom
Francis Pizarro caufed to be cruelly mur-
dered. The Indians have not forgotten
him *: The Love they bore their native
Kings make them ftill figh for thoſe
Times.
In most of the great Towns up the Festival in
Country, they revive the Memory of that
Death by a Sort of Tragedy, which they
act in the Streets on the Day of the Na-
tivity of the Virgin. They cloath them-
felves after the ancient Manner, and wear
the Images of the Sun and Moon, with
other Symbols of their Idolatry; as Caps
ſhaped like the Heads of Eagles, or Birds
they call Kondors, and Garments of Fea-
*Yet he is not in their Lift: Perhaps becauſe
reckoned a Tyrant and Ufurper.
thers

300
Indians of PERU,
thers with Wings, fo well fitted that at a
of Atabu Distance they look like Birds.
alpa.
Indians,
their
On thofe
Days they drink much, and having in a
Manner all Sorts of Liberty, do great Mif-
chief with Stones, which they are very
dextrous at throwing, either with their
Hands or Slings. The Spaniards fo much
dreaded among them are not then fafe:
The difcreeter Sort fhut themfelves up in
their Houſes, becauſe the Conclufion of
thofe Feſtivals is always fatal to fome of
them. Endeavours are continually ufed to
fupprefs thofe Solemnities; and they have
of late Years debar'd them the Ufe of the
Stage, on which they reprefented the Death
of the Inka.
The Number of the Inhabitants of that
Number great Empire of Peru, which Hiftorians
reprefent by Millions, is confiderably dimi-
nifhed fince the Conqueft by the Spa-
niards*: The Work at the Mines has
contributed much towards it; efpecially
* Bartholomew de las Cafas, Bishop of Chiapa in
New Spain, writes that in the Space of fifty Years they
deftroyed fixty Millions of Indians.
thofe

and their Oppreffions.
301
reduced;
thofe of Guancavelica, becaufe when they much
have been there a while, the Quick-filver
does fo penetrate into their Bodies, that
moft of them have a trembling and die
ftupid. The Cruelties of the Corregidores
and Curates have alfo obliged many to
go and join the neighbouring Indian Na-
tions that are not conquered, not being
any longer able to endure the tyrannical
Dominion of the Spaniards*. Let us there-
fore in the laft Place enquire into the Na-
ture of thoſe Hardſhips which they fuffer;
and what Encouragement a foreign Power
may receive from thence in an Attempt
to conquer a Part or the Whole of the
Spanish Dominions.
but re-
The Romish Religion, which they have docible;
been compelled to embrace, has not yet strained
taken deep Root in the Hearts of moft of
them, for they retain a great Inclination
towards their ancient Idolatry; fome are
often difcovered, who ftill adore the Sun,
their ancient Deity. However they are
naturally docible, and capable of receiving
* Frez.- p. 271, & feqq.
right

302
Indians of PERU,
right Impreffions as to Manners and Doc-
trine, if they had good Examples before their
Eyes: but being ill-inftructed, and what
is worſe, obferving that thofe, who teach
by bad them, do by their Actions give the Lie to
Example. what their Mouths utter, they know not
The Ro-
mish Cler-
gy
what to believe. In fhort, when they are
forbidden having-to-do with Women, and
fee the Curate keep two or three, they muft
deduce this natural Confequence; that ei-
ther he does not believe what he fays,
or that it is a Matter of fmall Confequence
to tranfgrefs the Law.
Befides, the Curate is to them, not a
Paftor to take Care of, and endeavour to
eaſe them; but a Tyrant who goes hand-
in-hand with the Spanish Governors, to
fqueeze and draw from them all he is a-
ble; who makes them work for him,
without any Reward for their Pains; but
inftead of it, upon the leaft Difguft cudg-
els them ſeverely. There are certain Days
in the Week, on which the Indians, pur-
fuant to an Ordinance of the King of
over them, Spain, are obliged to come to be cate-
Tyrants
chized.

and their Oppreffions.
303
chized. If they happen to arrive fomewhat
late, the Curate's brotherly Correction is a
good thrashing beftowed without Ceremo-
ny, even in the Church: fo that to gain
the Curate's Favour, every one of them
brings his Prefent, either of Maiz, that is,
Indian-Wheat, for his Mules; or of Fruit,
Grain, or Wood, for his Houſe.
Means
If they are to bury the Dead, or ad- and com-
minifter the Sacraments, they have feveral pulfive
Methods to enhance their Dues, as mak-
ing of Stations, or performing certain Ce-
remonies, to which they affix a Price. They
have even preferv'd the Remains of the an-
cient Idolatry: fuch is their Cuſtom of
carrying Meat and Drink to the Graves
of the Dead; fo that the Indian Superfti-
tion has only changed its Afpect, by be-
coming a Ceremony advantageous to the
Curates. If the Friars go into the Coun- to fleece
try, a queſting for their Monaftery, they
do it like the Strollers of an Army: they
firft take Poffeffion of what is for their
and if the Indian Owner will not
freely part with fuch extorted Alms, they
Turn;
change
them..

304
Indians of PERU,
Jefuits
rule them
change their Intreaty into Reproaches, at-
tended with Blows, in order to compel
him.
The Jefuits in their Miffions behave
themſelves with more Difcretion and Dex-
terity. By their obliging Behaviour, they
have gained the Afcendant over the Indians
fo intirely, that they do what they will
with them; befides, as they give a good
Example, thofe People are fond of the
Yoak, and many of them become
Converts. Thofe Miffioners would be
really praife-worthy, were they not accuf-
ed of labouring only for their own Advan-
tage, as they have done near La Paz,
by fubtil among the Yongos, and the Moxos: among
whom they convert fome to the Faith,
and make many Subjects to the Society;
fo that they permit no other Spaniards to
be among them, as they have done in Pa-
raguay: but their Reaſons as follow may
be feen in the Lettres Edifiantes & Cu-
rieufes*.
Arts.
* Tome 8.
« As

and their Oppreffions.
305
"As it has been found by long Expe- exclude all
"rience, that the Indians have received Spaniards
"6
great Injury from the Intercourfe of the
Spaniards, who either treat them very
feverely, putting them to hard Labour,
or fcandalize them by their licentious
"and diforderly Life; a Decree has been
"obtain'd from his Catholic Majefty, for-
bidding all the Spaniards to enter the
"Miffion of the Moxos *, or to have any from the
"Communication with the Indians it Moxos,
39
" is compofed of: fo that if, either
through Neceffity or by Accident, any
CC
CC
Spaniard enters within its Borders, the
"Father-Miffioners, after having chari-
tably received him, and exercifed the
Rights of Chriftian Hofpitality, fend
" him back into the Countries belonging
"to their Nation."
Dominion
This is a fpecious Pretence; but the found a
Example of Paraguay feems to diſcover
another End: for it is known that the
*A very great Nation of Indians in the Country of
the Amazons, and bordering on Peru, in the Parallel
of Lima.
X
Society

306
Indians of PER U,
Society have made themfelves Mafters of
towards a great Kingdom*, lying between Brazil
Paraguay and the River of Plate; where they have
fettled fo good a Government, that the
Spaniards have never been able to pene-
trate into it; tho' the Governors of Buenos
Ayres have made feveral Attempts by Or-
der of the Court of Spain. In ſhort, be-
fides their good Difcipline, they have got-
ten among them Europeans fkilful in mak-
ing Arms, and in all other Trades necef-
fary in a Common-wealth, who have taught
them to the Natives. They breed-up the
Youth as is done in Europe, teaching them
Latin, Mufic, Dancing, and other proper
This Frezier had from good
Indians ill
treated,
Exercifes.
Hands.
The Curates are but one Half of the
Misfortune of the Indians of Peru: the Cor-
rigidores or Governors treat them in the
harfheft Manner, as they have always done,
notwithstanding the Prohibitions of the
*There is an Account of this Settlement ad-
ded to the English Tranflation of Frezier's Voyage,
P. 323.
King

and their Oppreffions.
307
King of Spain. Herrera, at the Year 1551,
fays, the King commanded, that no Viceroy,
or other Minifter, fhould make Ufe of the Ser-
vice of Indians, without paying them Wa-
ges. And in another Place *, that no
Man paffing through Indian Dwellings, or
Towns, fhould receive Provifions from them
unless freely given, or paying the Value there-
of.
Nevertheleſs they oblige the Indians and pil-
to work for, and ferve, them in the Trade laged by
they drive, without giving them any thing,
not even a Subfiftence: thus they cauſe
prodigious Numbers of Mules to be brought
from Tukuman and Chili, which they fell at
an exceffive Rate to the Indians of their re-
fpective Precincts, whom they force to buy
their own Labour, nor dare they procure
them another Way.
vernors
The Authority which the King allows the Go
them of felling fuch European Commodi-and
ties as the Indians have Occafion for, with-
in their own Jurifdiction, fupplies them
with another Means of being vexatious:
thus, when they have not ready Money,
* Decad 4. lib. 4.
X 2
they

308
Indians of PERU,
all other
Spaniards
they take-up Goods on Truft of their
Friends, who fell them at three Times their
Value; becauſe, in Cafe of Death, they
run a Hazard of lofing the Debt, as hap-
pens almoft daily in that Country. It is
eafy to judge how much they afterwards
raife the Price upon the Indians; and be-
cauſe they are difpofed by way of Lots, or
Species, the poor Indian muft by fair or
foul Means buy a Piece of Cloth, or fuch
other Commodity as is allotted him, whe-
ther he has Occafion for it or not.
The Governors are not the only Perfons
who prefume to pillage the Indians: the
Merchants and other Spaniards* who tra-
vel, boldly take from them what they
pleafe; and generally without paying for
it, unleſs in Blows, if the Owners dare
to ſpeak one Word. This is an ancient
Cuftom, which is not uſed the lefs for
having been prohibited; fo that in many
Places, thofe People, worn-out with Vex-
ations, keep nothing in their Houſes, not
even to eat. They fow no more Maiz, or
*Criolians without Doubt as well as others.
Indian

and their Oppreffions.
309
Indian Corn, than is requifite for the Fami-
ly, hiding in fome Caves the Quanti-
ty they know by Experience they will have
Occafion for throughout the Year; and the
Father and Mother, who alone are in the
Secret, go every Week to bring-out a
Week's Allowance.
The
by
Befides, the Spanish Party is fomewhat infulted
reinforced by the great Number of Black-
Slaves brought from Guinea and Angola,
by way of Portobello and Panama, where
are the Factories of the Contractors.
Reafon is, that not being permitted to
keep the Indians as Slaves, they have lefs
Regard for them than the Blacks; who
coft them large Sums, and in whofe Num-
ber confifts the greater Part of their Wealth
and Grandeur. Thofe Blacks being fenfi- the Ne-
ble of the Affection of their Mafters, imi-res
tate their Behaviour, in refpect of the In-
dians, and take upon them an Afcendant
over them *; which occafions an impla-
* They alfo in fome Parts are a Terror to their
Mafters, particularly at Guatemala, which City hath
often been in Fear of them. See Gage's Survey of
the West Indies, Octavo, ch. 18. p. 288.
X 3
cable

310
Indians of PERU,
who hate cable Hatred betwixt the two Nations. The
them,
driven to
Defpair;
Laws of the Kingdom have alfo provided,
that there fhould be no Alliances, or any
carnal Communication between them;
under Penalty to the Male Negroes of
having their Genitals cut-off, and to the
Females of being feverely baftinado'd :
Thus the Black-Slaves, who in other Co-
lonies are Enemies to the Whites, here
take-part with their Maſters. However
they are not permitted to wear any Wea-
pons; left they fhould make an ill Uſe of
them, as has been fometimes feen.
There is no Doubt but thefe People,
being driven to Defpair by the Severity of
the Spanish Yoke, only with for an
Op-
portunity to shake it off. Do you imagine,
faid the Scythians to Alexander the Great,
that thofe you conquer can love you. There is
never any Affection between the Mafter and
the Slave; the Right of making War ever
with for a continues in the midst of Peace. Nay, from
Change;
Time to Time they make Attempts at
Kufko, where they are the main-part of
the City: but it being exprefsly forbidden
the

and their Oppreffions.
311
1
to rife;
the greatest of them to carry Arms, that yet afraid
is Sword and Dagger, without a particular
Licence; and being befides nothing cou-
rageous, the Spaniards know how to ap-
peaſe them with Treats, and to amufe
them with fair Promifes. Herrera* fays,
this Ordinance was made in Favour of
the Indians, who often killed and wounded
one another in their drunken Fits, to which
they are much addicted +.
like
Gage, who refided twelve Years in New
Spain, and difcharged the Function of a
Prieft in feveral Parts of that extenfive Coun-
try, had a better Opportunity than moſt
Europeans of knowing the Oppreffions
which the Indians fuffer from the Spa-
niards: Although, fays this Author, the treated
Kings of Spain have never yielded that Slaves;
the Indians fhould be Slaves, as fome would
advife; yet their Lives are as full of Bitter-
nefs as is the Condition of Slaves: For fre-
quently after toiling for the Spaniards they
for their Pains receive many Blows, fome
Wounds, and little or no Wages. Gage
+ Frez. p. 263, & feqq.
*At the Year 1551.
X 4
knew

312
Indians of PERU,
forced to
ferve;
punished if
abfent.
knew feveral, who impatient of fuch U-
fage, have fullenly lain-down upon their
Beds, and refufed to take any Sort of
Nouriſhment, refolving to ftarve them-
felves to Death; as fome of them did, not-
withftanding all his Perfuafions, which
had Effect on others.
As there are not Spaniards enough to
do the Work relating to their Trade and
Farms, in fo large a Country, and all are not
able to buy Slaves, they fay they are conftrain-
ed to make Ufe of Indians, whom they pay
for their Labour. Accordingly a Partition
of Indian Labourers is made every Monday,
or Sunday in the Afternoon, to the Spaniards,
according to their feveral Farms, Employ-
ments, or other Occupations.
Altho' this Partition is made without
Confent of the Indians; yet if any of them
runs from his Mafter, before the Week is
out, he is, on Complaint, tied by the Hands
to a Poft in the Market-place, and there
whipt upon his bare Back. But if the poor
Indian complains that the Spaniard cheat-
ed him of his Shovel, Ax, Bill, Mantle or
Wages,

and their Oppreffions
313
Wages, he fhall find no Redrefs; altho' Cruel
Ufage,
the Order runs equally in Favour of both
Indian and Spaniard. Thus the poor In-
dians are fold for Three-pence a Piece *,
to undergo a whole Week's Slavery, that
is whatever their Mafters fhall command;
and not permitted to return at Nights to
their Wives, although their Work fhould
lie not above a Mile from the Town
where they live: Nay, fome are carried
ten or twelve Miles from their Home,
and must not return 'till Saturday-Night
late. The Wages appointed them for fix
Days is five Rials, or Half a Crown, which
will fcarce find them in Meat and Drink.
It would grieve one's Heart to fee how, Great In-
in that Week's Service, thofe poor Wretches juftice,
are often wronged and abufed, by the cruel
Spaniards. Some vifiting their Wives at
Home, whilft their poor Hafbands are
digging Abroad; others whipping them
for their flow working. Some wounding
them with their Swords, or breaking their
*So much the Officer has from the Perfon who:
makes Ufe of them.
Heads

314
Indians of PERU,
and Op- o
Heads for making a proper Anſwer in
their own Behalf; others ftealing from
them their Tools: fome cheating them of
half, others of all their Wages; alledging,
that their Service coft them half a Rial,
and yet their Work is not well-performed.
Gage knew fome who made a common
preffion. Practice of this. Although their Wheat was
fown, and they had very little Work to
do, yet they would have Home with
them their Compliment of Indians, whom
they preyed upon in this Manner. On
Monday and Tuefday they would make
them cut and bring on their Backs, as
much Wood as would ferve them all that
Week. Then on Wedneſday at Noon
(knowing the great Defire of the Indians
to go Home to their Wives) would afk,
what they would give for Liberty to go
and do their own Work? The Indians
would joyfully give fome one Rial, others
two: And thus the tricking Spaniard, be-
fides having his Work done, and his Houfe
fupplied with Firing, would get out of
them Money enough to buy Meat, and
Chocolate for two Weeks.
Some

and their Oppreffions.
315
Inftances
Some who have no Work themſelves, Farther
will fell them for that Week to fuch as
have, at a Rial each; which he who buys
them, will be fure to ftop out of their
Wages. They are in the like flavish man-
ner obliged in all Towns to attend Paffen-
gers and Travellers to the next Stage; whe-
ther to conduct their Mules, or carry on
their Backs fome heavy Burthen, for their
Employers; who at the Journey's End will
pick fome Quarrel with them, and fo fend
them back with Blows and Stripes instead
of Pay. They will make thofe Wretches of their
Mifery.
carry a Petaca, or leathern Trunk, and
Cheft of above a hundred Weight, on
their Backs a whole Day; nay fome two
or three Days together. They tie the
Cheft on each Side with Ropes, having a
broad Leather in the middle, which they
crofs over the Fore-part of their Head:
fo that the Weight lying thus on their
Head and Brows, caufes the Blood to fet-
tle in the Foreheads of fome, and fleas-
off the Skin; while the leather Girt wears-
off the Hair on the Top of their Heads.
Theſe

316
Indians of PERU,
Driven to
thefe People are known by their Baldness,
from whence they are called Tamemez.
Under thefe Hardfhips they are ftill
Extremes. crying-out to God for Juftice, and Li-
Calmed
by the Fri-
crs.
berty. Their only Comfort is in their
Priests and Friers, who for their own Ends
frequently quiet them, when ready to mu-
tiny; perfuading them by artful Infinuati-
ons, to bear for God's Sake, and the Good
of the Commonwealth, the heavy Bur-
thens which are laid on them *.
It was thus that in the Year 1632,
they appeafed the Indians, who in many
Parts of Jukatan were on the Point of
rebelling against the Governor; becauſe he
forced them to bring in their Fowls and
Turkeys, Honey and Wax, at his own
Price, that he might fell them again at a
higher Rate. Upon this they betook them-
felves to the Woods and Mountains; where
they continued fome Months in a Kind of
Rebellion; till the Francifcan Friers, who
have there great Power over them, prevail-
* See Gage's Survey of the West Indies, p. 312, &
Seq.
2
NAV
ed

and their Oppreffions.
317
ed on them to return, on the Governor's
Promife of a general Pardon, and better
Ufage for the future *.
and cheat-
Many Spaniards make-ufe of Craft to Robbed
plunder them; and knowing they are im-ed
moderately fond of Wine, go about the
Country felling a fophifticated Sort, though
contrary to Law. When they perceive
them fuddled and able to drink no more, they
will make them pay double the Price, and
cauſe them to lie down and fleep, during
which Time they pick their Pockets. Thus
they are ferved at Guatemala +, by thofe
who keep the Bodegones, (a Sort of Ta-
verns, which are no better than a Chand-
ler's-fhop; for befides Wine, they fell Can-
dles, Fish, Salt, Cheefe and Bacon) and by the
Spaniards.
if they do not take it all patiently, are
turned-out of Doors with Blows and
Stripes. While Gage was there, one of
thofe Fellows, named Juan Ramos, was
reported to have gotten 20,000 Duckets in
that manner, and gave 8000 with a
Daughter at her Marriage. Yet to make
*The fame Ch. 13. p. 162. † City in New-Spain.
drunk,

318
Indians of PERU,
Cauſe of
Oppref-
fion,
arifing
from Fear.
drunk, rob, and occafion the Death of the
poor Indians, adds our Author, are but
Peccadillos among thofe Spaniards, who
value the Death of one of them no more
than they do that of a Sheep or Bul-
lock *.
The great Oppreffion of the Spaniards o-
ver the Indians, according to Gage, is owing
to the Fear of their Numbers, they being at
leaft a Thouſand to one Spaniard, and daily
increaſe, as well in Children as Wealth. The
Spaniards are fufpicious, left growing too
mighty, they fhould either rife-up of them-
felves, or join fome Enemy againſt them :
And therefore they are not allowed the
Uſe of even Bows and Arrows. But the
fame Policy of difarming them, which
fecures the Spaniards, will fecure any In-
vader againſt them; and fo what they
propofe as their Safety, may prove their
Ruin, by rendring fuch Multitudes of In-
dians of no ufe to them on fuch an Oc-
cafion.
* The fame Ch. 19. p. 324. & feq.
موع
As

and their Oppreffions.
319
Power
As for the Spaniards them felves, (who Spani
out of their few Towns and Cities are fmall.
but thinly ſcattered over thofe fpacious
Countries) they would make but a Hand-
ful of an Army; then of that Handful
very few would be found able or fitting
Men; nor could thofe able Men do much
without the Help of Guns and Ordnance:
but fhould their own oppreffed People fide
against them, foon would they be fwal-
lowed-up both from within and without.
eafier
now,
By this, faith Gage, it may eafily appear Conqueft
how groundleſs is the Affertion of thofe, now,
who fay it is more difficult to conquer
America now, than it was in the Time of
Cortez: becauſe then there were none but
bare and naked Indians to fight-againft;
whereas at prefent there are both Spaniards
and Indians to encounter-with. But this,
continues the Author, is a falfe Argument:
For then the Indians were trained up in
War, which they waged among them-
felves; and knew well how to uſe their
Bows and Arrows, Darts and other Wea-
pons: they were likewife defperate in their
Fights
2

320
Indians of PERU,
merly.
Fights and fingle Combats, as may appear
from the Hiftories of thofe Times: but
now they are unarmed, oppreffed, and cow-
ardifed, being frighted with the Noife of
a Mufquet, nay with a four Look from a
Spaniard. From them therefore there is no-
than for- thing to fear: neither is any Thing to be
apprehended from the Spaniards, who from
all the vaft Dominions of Guatemala *,
are not able to raiſe five Thoufand fighting
Men, or to defend the many Paffages into
that Country; which might be over-run by
an Enemy entring in many Places at once,
while the Spaniards could oppoſe them
but in one. On fuch an Occafion their
own Slaves, the Blacks, would without
doubt readily turn-againft them, in order
to obtain their Liberty. Laftly, the Cri-
olians would rejoice in fuch a Day, as they
would chooſe to live in Freedom under a
foreign People, rather than to be longer
oppreffed by thofe of their own Blood +.
* In New Spain.
+ Gage as before, Ch. 19. p. 310, & feq.
With

and their Oppreffionis.
321
Hatred.
With Regard to the Criolians (or Crio- Criolios
lios, as that Author calls them,) he af-
firms their Hatred to the Spaniards to be
fo great, that nothing could be of more
Ufe to any other Nation, which ſhould
attempt to conquer America.
ferred in
The Caufe of this deadly Hatred is
owing to a Jealoufy, which the Spaniards
have ever had of the Criolios Inclination
to withdraw themfelves, firft from the
Commerce with Spain, and then throw-off
the Government in which they find they
are never to fhare. For although many of Never pres
them are of the chiefeft Houfes of Spain,
yet none are ever preferred to any Dig-
nity. Nor are they only thus kept out of
Offices, but daily affronted by the Spani-
ards, as Perfons incapable of managing Af-
fairs of Government *, and termed half
Indians by them.
Church
This general Contempt hath alfo fpread State or
itſelf in the Church, where no Criolio
Prieft is fcarce ever preferred to be a Bi-
* Are they to be pitied, who themſelves treat the
Indians fo barbarously?
Y
ſhop,

322
Indians of PERU,
till of
late.
With for
new Ma-
fters.
ſhop, or even Canon in a Cathedral.
So likewife in the religious Orders, they
have for many Years paft endeavoured to
keep the Natives from becoming the Ma-
jority in their Convents, by making their
Admiffion difficult. And although they
had been forced to receive fome of them,
yet ftill the Provincials, the Priors, and all
the Superiors, to a Man, were born in
Old Spain; till now lately, that certain
Provinces, having gotten the upper Hand
and filled their Cloifters with Criolios, ut-
terly refufe to admit the Supplies of Spa-
nish Miffions, which formerly were fent
unto them, and are ftill fent to others.
This partial Treatment from the Spa-
niards, the Criolians look on as a Kind of
Slavery; which fo exafperates them, that
they would readily join with any foreign
Power to fhake-off their Subjection. Gage
had often heard them fay, they would ra-
ther be fubject to any other Prince, nay
to the Hollanders, than to the Spaniards,
if they thought they might enjoy their
Religion: others wifhed, that the Dutch,
2
when

and their Oppreffions.
323
when they took Truxillo in Honduras, had
continued there and entred farther into the
Land; faying, they fhould have been wel-
come to them; and that the Religion,
which they enjoyed with fo much Slavery,
had no Sweetneſs in it.
This mortal Hatred betwixt thefe two Rebellion
in Mexico.
Sorts of Spaniards, made the Criolios fo
ready to join in 1634, against the Marquis
of Gelves, Viceroy of Mexico, in the Tu-
mult of that City, wherein they cleaving
to Don Alonfo de Zerna the Archbiſhop,
caufed the Viceroy to fly for his Life; and
would then have utterly rooted-out the
Spanish Government, had not fome Priests
diffuaded them from it. In fhort, the chief
Actors were the Criolios, who are and will
be always watching any Opportunity to
free themſelves from the Spanish Yoke *.
of Ame-
From thefe Notices which we find in-Conqueft
terfperfed through Gage's Survey, that Au- rica
thor, who wrote in Cromwell's Time, took
Occafion to incite his Countrymen to at-
*
Gage, Ch. 4, p. 20. & feq. Alfo Ch. 12. p.
136, 141, and 145.
Y 2
tempt

324
Indians of PERU,
tempt a Conqueft of the Spanish Domi-
nions in America. In his Preface, after
cenfuring the Overfight of our Henry VII,
who, though in Peace, and abounding
with Riches, rejected the Offer of Columbus
to diſcover that Continent *, while Fer-
dinando of Arragon embraced it, at a Time
when he was wholly taken-up with his
Wars against the Moors, and fo needy, that
he was forced to borrow a few Crowns of
a very mean Perfon, towards forwarding
exceeding that Expedition; after this, I fay, he gives
them to underftand, that the Thing may
ftill be effected, provided they lay-hold of
proper Opportunities: That their Poffeffion
of Barbadoes and other Caribbe-Iſlands,
have not only advanced their Journey the
better Part of the Way; but also fitted
their People for the Undertaking, by inur-
ing them to the Climate.
eafy
to the En-
glish.
"Neither is the Difficulty fo great, con-
"tinues he, as fome may imagine; for I
"dare be bold to affirm it knowingly, that
"with the fame Pains and Charge which
* This is a common Miftake; the Offer came too-late:
"they

and their Oppreffions.
325
CC
they have been at, in planting one of
"thofe petty Iflands, they might have
sc
conquered fo many great Cities and
large Territories on the main Conti-
nent, as might very well merit the
"Title of a Kingdom *."
"C
ed with
In another Place he obferves, that he Reproach-
had often heard the Spaniards exprefs their Sloth.
Wonder, that the English (fettled on the
Coaft of North America) did penetrate no
further into the main Land; adding this
Reflection: Surely either they fear the Indi-
ans, or elfe are content, out of a little paultry
Tobacco, to get as much as will maintain them
in Laziness +.
Intereft,
After all it remains a Queftion, whether it If their
would be the Intereft of any other European
Nation, to be in Poffeffion of the Spanish
Dominions in America; or of the Europe-
an Powers in general, to fuffer them to be
in any other Hands. For 'tis thought on
one Side, that the Acquifition of fo much
Wealth to any other Nation but the Spa-
niards, (who are obliged to expend moft or if prac-
*Préface to Gage's Survey. † Gage, Ch. 13. p. 161.
ticable.
Y 3
of

326
Indians of PERU, &c.
of it in procuring thofe Neceffaries, which
their Pride and Lazinefs make them ftand
in need of) would enable them to conquer
the rest of Europe: On the other 'tis pre-
fumed, that the fame Caufe would produce
the fame Effect; and that fuch Nation,
by becoming Mafters of the Spanish Wealth,
would with it inherit their Contempt of
Industry.
APPEN-

APPENDIX.
A full Account of the late dreadful
Earthquake at Port-Royal in Ja-
maica; in two Letters written *
by the Minifter of that Place,
from a-board the Granada in
Port Royal Harbour.
I
The firft Letter dated June 22, 1692.
Dear Friend,
Jamaica
Doubt not but you will both from Gazetts, Havock
and Letters, hear of the great Calamity through
that hath befallen this Inland by a terrible Earth-
quake, on the 7th Inftant, which hath thrown
down almoſt all the Houfes, Churches, Sugar-
Works, Mills, and Bridges through the whole
Country. It tore the Rocks and Mountains,
deftroyed fome whole Plantations, and threw
them into the Sea. But Port-Royal had much
the greateſt Share in this terrible Judgment of
God: I will therefore be more particular in
*Thefe were licenfed the 9th of Sept. the fame
Year, and printed at London on a half Sheet of Paper,
for Jacob Tonfon.
Y 4
giving

328
APPENDIX
Moft at
Port-Roy-
al.
Earth-
quake be-
gins.
giving you an Account of its Proceedings in
this Place, that you may know what my Dan-
ger was, and how unexpected my Preferva-
tion.
On Wednesday the 7th of June I had been at
Church reading Prayers, which I did every Day
fince I was Rector of Port-Royal, to keep-up
fome Shew of Religion among a moft ungodly
debauched People; and was gone to a Place.
hard by the Church, where the Merchants uſed
to meet, and where the Prefident of the Coun-
cil was, who acts now in Chief till we have a
new Governor. This Gentleman came into my
Company, and engaged me to take a Glafs of
Wormwood Wine with him, as a Whet before
Dinner.
He being my very great Friend, I ftaid with
him. Hereupon he lighted a Pipe of Tobacco,
which he was pretty long a taking; and not be-
ing willing to leave him before it was out, this de-
tained me from going to Dinner to one Captain
Ruden's, where I was to dine; whofe Houfe up-
on the firſt Concuffion funk into the Earth, and
then into the Sea, with his Wife and Family,
and fome who were come to dine with him.
Had I been there I had been loft. But to return
to the Prefident, and his Pipe of Tobacco.
Before that was out, I found the Ground rowl-
ing and moving under my Feet, upon which I
faid, Lord, Sir, what's this? He replied very
compofedly, being a very grave Man, it is an
Earthquake, be not afraid, it will foon be over:
Church but it encreafed, and we heard the Church and
The
falls.
Tower

APPENDIX.
329
Tower fall; upon which, we ran to fave our-
felves. I quickly loft him, and made towards
Morgan's Fort, which being a wide open
Place, I thought to be there fecureft from the
falling Houfes: But as I made toward it, I faw
the Earth open and fwallow-up a Multitude of
People, and the Sea mounting-in upon us over
the Fortifications.
thor's Re
folution.
I then laid afide all Thoughts of efcaping, The Au-
and refolved to make toward my own Lodging,
there to meet Death in as good a Pofture as I
could: From the Place where I was, I was forc-
ed to croſs and run-through two or three very
narrow Streets. The Houfes and Walls fell on
each Side of me. Some Bricks came rowling
over my Shoes, but none hurt me. When I
came to my Lodging, I found there all Things
in the fame Order I left them; not a Picture,
of which there were feveral fair ones in my
Chamber, being out of its place. I went to
my Balcony to view the Street in which our
Houſe ſtood, and faw never a Houſe down
there, nor the Ground fo much as crack'd.
The People feeing me, cry'd out to me to come
and pray with them. When I came into the Prays in
Street every one laid-hold on my Cloaths and the Streets.
embraced me, that with their Fear and Kind-
nefs I was almoft ftifled. I perfuaded them at
laft to kneel down and make a large Ring,
which they did. I prayed with them near an
Hour, when I was almoft fpent with the Heat
of the Sun,and the Exercife. They then brought
me a Chair; the Earth working all the while
3
with

330
APPENDIX.
The
Wharf
funk.
Goes a-
board a
Ship.
The Peo-
ple's
Wicked-
nefs.
with new Motions, and Tremblings, like the
Rowlings of the Sea; infomuch that fometimes
when I was at Prayer I could hardly keep my-
felf upon my Knees.
By that Time I had been half an Hour longer
with them, in fetting before them their Sins and
heinous Provocations, and ferioufly exhorting
them to Repentance, there came fome Mer-
chants of the Place; who defired me to go
aboard fome Ship in the Harbour, and refreſh
myfelf, telling me that they had gotten a Boat
to carry me off. I found the Sea had entirely
fwallowed-up the Wharf, with all the goodly
Brick-houſes upon it, moft of them as fine as
thofe in Cheapfide, and two intire Streets beyond
that. From the Tops of fome Houſes which lay
levelled with the Surface of the Water, I got
first into a Canoe, and then into a Long-boat,
which put me aboard a Ship called the Siam-
Merchant. There I found the Preſident ſafe,
who was overjoyed to fee me; and continued
that Night, but could not fleep for the Returns
of the Earthquake almoft every Hour, which
made all the Guns in the Ship to jar and rattle.
The next Day I went from Ship to Ship to
vifit thoſe who were bruifed, and dying; like-
wife to do the laft Office at the finking of feve-
ral Corps which came floating from the Point.
This indeed hath been my forrowful Employ-
ment ever fince I came aboard this Ship with De-
fign to come for England, we having had nothing
but Shakings of the Earth, with Thunder and
Lightning, and foul Weather ever fince. Be-
fides

APPENDIX
33L
Rob and
fides the People being fo defperately wicked, it
makes me afraid to ftay in the Place: for that
very Day this terrible Earthquake happened,
as foon as Night came-on, a Company of lewd
Rogues, whom they call Privateers, fell to
breaking-open Ware-houfes, and Houfes defert-plunder.
ed, to rob and rifle their Neighbours whilst the
Earth trembled under them, and the Houſes
fell on fome of them in the Act: and thofe au-
dacious Whores who remain ftill upon the Place,
are as impudent and drunken as ever.
I have been twice on Shoar to pray with the Author's
bruifed and dying People, and to chriften Diligence
Children, where I met too many drunk and
fwearing. I did not fpare them, nor the Ma-
giftrates neither, who have fuffered Wicked-
nefs to grow to fo great a Height. I have,
I bleſs God, to the beft of my Skill and Power,
difcharged my Duty in this Place, which you
will hear from moft Perfons, who come from
hence, I have preached fo feaſonably to them, to reclaim
and fo plain. In the laft Sermon I delivered in them.
the Church, I fet before them what would be
the Iffue of their Impenitence and Wickedness
fo clearly, that they have fince acknowledged it
was more like a Prophefy than a Sermon. I
had, I confefs, an Impulfe on me to do it;
and many Times I have preached in this pulpit,
Things, which I never premeditated at Home,
and could not, methought, do otherwife.
drowned.
The Day when all this befel us was very clear, The Town
and afforded not the Sufpicion of the leaft Evil;
but in the Space of three Minutes, about half
an

332
APPENDIX
an Hour after eleven in the Morning, Port
Royal, the faireft Town of all the English Plan-
tations, the beſt Emporium and Mart of this
Part of the World, exceeding in its Riches,
plentiful of all good Things, was fhaken and
hattered to Pieces, funk-into and covered, for
the greater Part, by the Sea, and will in a fhort
Time be wholly eaten-up by it: for few of
thofe Houſes that yet ftand, are left whole, and
every Day we hear them fall, and the Sea daily
encroaches upon it. We guess that by the falling
of the Houſes, opening of the Earth, and Inun-
Numbers dation of the Waters, there are loft fifteen-hun-
destroyed. dred Perfons, and many of good Note; of
whom my good friend Attorney-General Muf-
grove is one, Provoft-Marfhal Reves another,
my Lord Secretary Reves another. Will. Tur-
ner, Thomas Turner's Brother, is loft: Mr. Swy-
mer efcaped, but his Houfe-mate, Mr. Watts,
perished.
State of
Jamaica.
I came, as I told you, on Board this Ship in
Order to return Home: but the People are fo
importunate with me to ftay, that I know not
what to fay to them. I muft undergo great
Hardſhips if I continue here, the Country be-
ing broken all to pieces and diffettled. I muft
live now in a Hut, eat Yams and Plantans for
Bread, which I could never endure; drink Rum-
punch and Water, which were never pleafing
to me. I have written to fend a younger Per-
fon, who may better endure the Fatigue of it
than I can: but if I fhould leave them now, it
would look very unnatural to do it in their
Diftrefs;

APPENDIX
333
Diftrefs; and therefore whatever I fuffer I
would not have fuch a Blame lie at my Door;
fo that I am refolved to continue with them a
Year longer. They are going all in hafte to
build a new Town near the Rock in Linnavea,
*
the Guardian of this Ifland. The French from French In-
Pituguaveis did attack this Inland on the North vaders de
Side; but were all defeated and deftroyed, it
being about the Time of the Earthquake.
Second Letter, June 28, 1692.
ftroyed.
nues.
Ever fince that fatal Day, the moft terrible The quak-
that ever I faw in my Life, I have liv'd on ing conti
Board a Ship; for the Shakings of the Earth re-
turn every now and then. Yefterday we had a
very great one, but it ſeems lefs terrible on Ship-
Board than on Shoar; yet I have ventured to
Port-Royal no lefs than three Times fince its
Defolation, among the fhattered Houfes,to bu-
ry the dead, pray with the fick, and chriften
the Children. Sunday laft I preached among Moft pro-
them in a Tent, the Houfes which remain be- fligate
ing fo fhattered, that I durft not venture in People.
them. The People are overjoyed to fee me
among them, and wept bitterly when I preach-
ed: I hope by this terrible Judgment, God will
make them reform their Lives, for there was not
a more ungodly People on the Face of the Earth.
It is a fad Sight to fee all this Harbour, one
of the fairest and goodlieft I ever faw, covered Floating
with the dead Bodies of People of all Conditi-
* Or Petit goavias, in Hifpaniola.
Carcaffes.
ons,

334
APPENDIX.
ons, floating up and down without Burial: for
our great and famous Burial-place, called the
Palifadoes, was deftroyed by the Earthquake;
which dafhing to Pieces the Tombs, whereof
there were hundreds in that Place, the Sea waſh-
ed the Carcaffes of thofe, who had been buried,
Rich ruin- out of their Graves. Multitudes of rich Men
ed, poor are utterly ruined, whilft many, who were poor,
by watching Opportunities, and fearching the
wracked and funk Houfes, (even almoft while
the Earthquake lafted, and Terror was upon all
the confiderable People) have gotten great Riches.
enriched.
Whole
Streets
fwallow-
ed.
People bu-
ry'd alive.
feared.
We have had Accounts from feveral Parts of
thefe Iſlands, of the Miſchiefs done by the Earth-
quake. From St. Anns we hear of above 1000
Acres of Woodland changed into the Sea, and
carrying with it whole Plantations. But no Place
fuffered like Port-Royal; where whole Streets
(with Inhabitants) were fwallowed-up by the
opening Earth, which then fhutting upon
them, fqueezed the People to Death. And in
that Manner feveral are left buried with their
Heads above Ground; only fome Heads the
Dogs have eaten: others are covered with Duft
and Earth, by the People who yet remain in
the Place, to avoid the Stench.
Thus I have told you a long and a fad Story;
and God knows what worfe may happen yet.
Fiery Ir-
ruptions The People tell me, that they hear great Bellow-
ings and Noifes in the Mountains; which makes
fome very apprehenfive of an Eruption of Fire:
if fo, it will, I fear, be more deftructive than
the Earthquake. I am afraid to ſtay, and yet
I know

APPENDIX.
335
I know not how, in Point of Confcience, at fuch
a Juncture as this, to quit my Station.
Thus far the Minifter's Letters: of whom, Jews in
among the Accounts of this Earthquake fent Danger.
from Port-Royal to the Royal Society at London,
I find mention to the following Effect. As
foon as the violent Shake was over, the Mini-
fter defired all People to join with him in Pray-
er; and amongſt them were feveral Jews who
kneeled and anſwered as the reft did: nay, the
Author was told that they were heard to call up-
on Jefus Chrift; a Thing (fays he) worth Ob- Call on
fervation *!
It may not be amifs from the fame Fund to
add a few Particulars, in order to give the Rea-
der a more complete Idea of that dreadful Ca-
taftrophe, and illuftrate the Nature of fuch
furprizing Phænomena.
One of the Corre-
fpondents writes thus:
Chrift.
A great Part of Port-Royal is funk : that Port Royal
where the Wharfs § were, is now fome Fathoms funk.
deep under Water. All the Street where the
Church flood is overflowed; fo that the Water
is arifen as high as the upper Rooms of thoſe
Houfes which are ftanding.
*Philof. Tranf. N° 209. p. 85. Lowth. Abridg. Vol.
II. p. 412.
Another fays nine Parts in ten of the Town was fhook
down, and drowned in two Minutes Time.
§ The Account from whence the former Note was tak-
en, fays, the Wharf-Side was fwallowed in less than one
Minute, and that very few efcaped there.
The

336
APPENDIX
The Earth, when it opened, fwallowed-up
People, and they rofe in other Streets; fome in
the Middle of the Harbour, and yet were fav-
ed: Although at the fame Time, I believe there
People were loft above two thoufand Whites and
fwallowed Blacks. In the North, above one thouſand Acres
ap.
of Land funk, and thirteen People with it.
All our Houfes were thrown down all-over
the Iſland, that we were forced to live in Huts*
Hills fall The two great Mountains, at the Entrance
and meet. into 16 Mile-walk, fell, and meeting, ftopt
the River: fo that it was dry from that Place
to the Ferry for a whole Day; and vast quan-
tities of Fiſh were taken-up, greatly to the Re-
lief of the diftreffed (and terrified inhabitants.)
At Yellows, a great Mountain fplit, and fall-
ing into the level Land, covered feveral Settle-
ments, and deftroyed nineteen white People..
Farms re- One of the Perfons, whofe Name was Hopkins,
moved.
Others
fink.
had his Plantation removed half a Mile from the
Place where it formerly ftood, and now good
Provifions grow upon it †.
The furprizing Accidents mentioned in the
above Paragraph are confirmed by the Accounts
of others. Dr. Morley writes, that in feveral
Places of the Country the Earth gaped prodigi-
oufly. He adds, that on the North Side the
Planters Houfes, with the greater Part of their
Plantations, (and the Planters Houſes are not
very near to one another) were fwallowed
* Doubtlefs thofe of the Negroes which ftood the Shock.
+ Phil. Tranf. as before p. 88. Abridg. p. 411.
Houfes,

APPENDIX
337
Houfes, People, Trees, all up in one Gape;
inſtead of which appeared for fome Time a
great Pool or Lake of Water, covering above
1000 Acres *: but that this Lake is fince dried Lake
up, and nothing is now feen but a loofe Sand or pears.
Gravel, without any the leaft Mark, or Sign
left whereby one may judge that either a Tree,
Houfe, or any Thing elfe had ever ſtood
there t.
ap-
Another Account takes Notice that the Road Hills
from Spanish Town to 16 Mile Walk lies along meet and
the River; and that the two Mountains about
Midway which were almoft perpendicular, efpe-
cially on the other Side the Stream, were by the
violent Shake of the Earthquake joined-together,
which ftopt the Paffage of the River, and forc-
ed it to feek another Channel, a great Way in-
and-out amongſt the Woods and Savana's. The
fame Writer adds, that the Mountains at Yel-flop a Ris
lows fared no better than thofe of 16 Miles ver.
walk: that a great Part of one of them falling
down, drove all the Trees before it: that at the
Foot of the Mountain, a Plantation was wholly
overthrown and buried in it; and that the
Mountains in Leguania fell in feveral Places,
and in fome very steep §.
The finking of Lands and falling of Hills is Further
a common Effect of Earthquakes. In thofe Inftances
two dreadful ones which happened in Sicily on
*Doubtlefs the 1000 Acres abovementioned.
+ Phil. Tranf. p. 89. Abridg. p. 416.
Phil. Tranf. p. 88. Abridg. p. 413.
Z
the

338
APPENDIX.
of the
Kind.
Walls leap
forward
the 9th and 11th of January 1693, a Piece of
Ground half a Mile long funk near nine Inches,
and ended in a very deep circular Gulph or
Swallow *, like the Lake before-mentioned.
A River likewife which ran through a long Val-
ley was flopped-up like that near Port-Royal by
the Fall of two very great Rocks, which met
fo exactly as to cloſe up the Valley, and ſtop
the Current of the River; which not finding
any Paffage, filled-up the Valley to the Top of
the Rocks that were thrown-down, and now runs
over them, forming a Lake three Miles round
of a confiderable Depth.
I cannot forbear citing one more furprizing
Effect, mentioned in the Account of that Earth-
quake, communicated to the Royal-Society by
Vincentius Bonajutus, a Nobleman of Sicily,
which looks ftill more like the Sports of Nature.
He tells us that in many Plains and level Places,
very high Walls leaped from their Foundations
above two Paces; leaving the whole Space per-
fectly clear and free from Rubbiſh, as if they
had been lift-up at once, and carried thither.
And that in Syracufe, two fide-Walls of a ſmall
and ftand Houfe, jumped-afunder; the one upright and
upright. ftood upon its Bottom, at a great Diſtance
from its former Place: and the other flew-away
fo as to make an Angle with its Companion, to
the Wonder of the Beholders of fo extravagant
an Accident +.
*Phil. Tranf. N° 207, p. 2. Abridg. p. 408.
The fame Abridg. p. 407.
But

APPENDIX.
339
But let us return to the Earthquake in Ja-
maica.
The following Relation will give the Rea- Houfes
der an Idea of the terrible and fudden Manner and Peo-
ple
in which Houfes and People were fwallowed-up.
The Writer was a Sufferer himfelf. He loft all
his People and Goods, his Wife and two Men:
only one white Maid efcaped; who informed
him that her Miftrefs was in her Clofet, two
Pair of Stairs high: that being fent into the Gar-
ret, where was Mrs B. and her Daughter, fhe
there felt the Earthquake: that upon this, fhe
bid her (Mrs B.) take-up her Child, and run how-fwal-
down; but turning-about, met the Water at lowed-up.
the Top of the Garret-Stairs: for the Houfe,
adds he, funk downright, and is now near 30
Foot under Water *. This Gentleman and his
Son went that Morning to Liguania; by which
Means they were faved. However the Earth-
quake took them about Mid-way, when they
were near being overwhelmed by a fwift-rolling
Sea fix Foot above the Surface, without any
Wind, which forced them back to Liguania.
There he found all the Houfes even with the
Ground, except thofe of the Negroes +.
According to Dr. Morley it was thought that
there were loft in all Parts of the Inland 2000
People; and that had the Shake happened in the
Night, very few would have efcaped alive §.
*** He fhould have told us how the Maid efcaped.
+ Phil. Tranf. N° 209. p. 83, Abridg. p. 411.
§ Abridg, p. 417.
Z 2
But

340
APPENDIX
General
Sicknefs
But the Mortality which enfued the great
Earthquake (for they had little ones daily,)
made greater Havock than the Earthquake it-
felf. By an Account dated the 23d of Sept.
following, almoſt half the People, who escaped
at Port-Royal, were fince dead of a malignant
Fever, from Change of Air, want of dry Houſes,
warm Lodging, proper Medicines, and other
and Mor- Conveniences *. Dr. Morley obferves that this
tality. Sickneſs (fuppofed to proceed from the hurtful
Vapours belched from the many Openings of
the Earth) fpread all-over Jamaica, and be-
came fo general, that few efcaped it.. 'Tis
thought it fwept-away in many Parts of the
Inland 3000 Souls; moft of them from Kingf
town only t.
Noife and
Smell de-
fcribed.
The fame Gentleman takes-notice, that he
had felt feveral leffer Shakes, and heard the
Noife often; which is very loud, and, by thofe
not uſed to hear it, may be eafily taken for a
ruffling Wind, or hollow rumbling Thunder:
but he fays it hath fome puffing Blafts peculiar
to itſelf, moſt like thofe of a Brimftone Match,
when lighted; but in a much greater Degree,
and fuch as a large Magazine of Brimstone may
be ſuppoſed to make, when on-Fire. He adds,
that in Port-Royal, and many Places all-over
Sulphure- the Ifland, much fulphureous combuftible Mat-
ter had been found, fuppofed to have been
thrown out, upon the Opening of the Earth;
ous Mat-
ter
thrown
up
*The fame, p. 411.
The fame, p. 419.
which

APPENDIX.00
341
which upon the firft Touch of Fire, would
flame and burn like a Candle*
We fhall conclude the whole with Remarks State of
on the Weather, both before and after the Earth- the Wea-
ther
quake. Dr. Morley obferves, that the Year
1692 began in Jamaica with very dry and hot
Weather, which continued till May, when there
was very blowing Weather, and much Rain till
the End of the Month. From that Time till
the Earthquake happened, it was exceffive
hot, calm, and dry. We learn from another before and
Hand, that the Weather was much hotter after after.
the Earthquake than before; and that there ap-
peared fuch an innumerable Quantity of Muf-
quetoes, as had never been feen in the Inland
till then †.
*The fame. p. 418.
+ The fame, p. 413.
FINI S.

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