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‘ WASHINGTON TERRITORI.
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INFORMATION OONOERNING ITS REsOUROEs,
POPULATION AND GENERAL sTATIsTIOs,
FOR THE UsE OE IMMIGRANTs.

GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION.
Washington Territory is bounded on the south by the mid-
dle channel of the Columbia River up as far as 46 deg. north
latitude; thence east along this parallel to its intersection with
Snake River; thence down Snake River and north to the west-
ern boundary line of Idaho Territory, being 117 deg. west lon-
gitude, to 49 deg. north latitude; thence west on the parallel
49 deg. north latitude, and down the middle channel of Canal
de Haro and Strait of Juan de F uca to the Pacific Ocean;
thence southerly along the east shore of the Pacific Ocean to
the mouth of the Columbia River, longitude 1% deg. west of
Greenwich, and containing an area of about 78,750 miles.
This Territory is divided into two divisions by the Cascade
Mountains (a continuation of the Sierra Nevada Range,) known
as Eastern and Western Washington.
CLIMATE OF WESTERN "WASHINGTON.
Washington Territory has two separate and distinct
climates, the western portion being mild and wonderlully uni-
form during the whole year. The average temperature during
the summer or dry season is about 65 deg.‘ and in winter 38
deg. The winter or rainy season commences about the middle
of October, often later, and continues until April. Snow falls
sometimes during the winter months, but soon disappears un-
der the influence of the moist atmosphere. For a few days in
summer the mercury sometimes reaches 90 degbetween 11 A
M. and 4: P. 11., but this is only of short duration, and is always
or
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succeeded by cool nights and refreshing sleep. Generally dur- '
ing the winter months grass remains green and continues to
grow, and often flowers are in bloom in the gardens all winter.
The average rainfall on Puget Sound is about 50 inches.
CLIMATE OF EASTERN WASHINGTON.
In this portion of the Territory greater extremes of heat
and cold are experienced, and yet, compared with the same lati-
tude east, the climate is exceedingly mild, corresponding with
that of Maryland. During July and August the mercury some-
times ascends to 95 deg. and 100 deg. in the shade, but seldom
drops to zero in the winter. During the four seasons of the
year the average temperature is, of 52 deg. in the spring, 7 3
deg. in summer, 53 deg. in autumn, and 34 deg. in winter, with
some snow, which lasts generally but a few weeks at most.
Stock is seldom fed or sheltered, living through the winter
on “bunch grass” and white sage. The annual rainfall south of
Snake River is about 18 inches, increasing gradually north of
that point. The summer is always dry from June to September
and often until October, insuring to the farmer a most reliable
harvest and threshing season for securing his grain.
EXTENT OF ARABLE AND TIMBER LANDS.
The different classes of land in Western Washington have
been estimated as follows: Timber, 20,000,000 acres; prairie
and gravelly plains, 10,000,000 acres; and rich alluvial bottoms
5,000,000 acres, or a total aggregate of 35,000,000 acres of land.
Almost every section of the best timbered land contains more
or less rich alluvial land along the streams, and many of the
highest hills produce, when cleared of the timber, from two to
four tons of hay per acre.
The unparalleled excellence of the Puget Sound timber for
ship-building and other purposes is now too well known through-
out the markets of the world to require more than a brief men-
tion. Timber can be obtained of almost any required dimen-
sions, either in length or diameter, from the red and yellow firs
of the Puget Sound basin and Lower Columbia or its tributaries.
These trees grow to an enormous 1 size and height, often 250 to
300 feet high and from 6 to 10 feet in diameter, and generally
as straight as an arrow. The varieties rank in the following
order, viz: Fir, cedar, hemlock, spruce, maple, alder, ash and
cottonwood, with many other varieties of smaller growth, too
numerous to mention.
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092,004 a? .S '
msmuerou TERRITORY. _ 3
EASTERN WASHINGTON—EXTENT OF ARABLE LANDS.
In the valley of the Columbia, exclusive of the present In-
dian Reservations and the Blue Mountain District, there are
.over 500 townships of land. Estimating each township at
22,500 acres, which is 540 acres less than a full township, and
the result is 11,250,000 acres. Allowing one-half of this area
to be more suitable for pastoral than agricultural purposes, on
account of inferior quality and objectionable surface formations,
and we have in round numbers 5,625,000 acres of arable land.
The timber in Eastern Washington, found along the slopes of
the mountains, is generally pine, of a scrubby growth, with
some belts of tamarack, fir, and cedar.
PRODUCTIONS, ETC.
All the cereals, vegetables, fruits and berries grown within
the temperate zone are raised in this Territory. The average
yield per acre of wheat, oats, barley, rye and vegetables cannot
be surpassed in any portion of the United States. The great
wheat region is in Eastern Washington. The area of wheat
land in the counties of Walla ‘Walla, Columbia, Whitman,
Stevens, Yakima and Klickitat is estimated to be 5,000,000
acres, with a productive capacity of one hundred million bushels
per annum. The average yield of wheat per acre is twenty-five
ushels. The present season it is thirty bushels per acre.
Many fields have produced more than fifty bushels per acre.
The yield of wheat this year will exceed 2,000,000 bushels,
most of which will be shipped to Portland, Oregon, and from
thence to foreign markets.
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Coal is- our present leading mineral production, and is only
found, at this time, in the Puget Sound Basin and on some of
the tributaries of the Lower Columbia. No doubt now exists
of the extent of the coal fields of Western Washington. The
streams show evidence of coal in almost every direction Often
cutting through seams of over twenty feet in thickness. The
area of this field is over 20,000 square miles.
. Limestone is also found extensively, and of excellent qual-
1ty, on San Juan and Crcas Islands, Puyallup, Touchet, and
Grand Ronde Rivers, Copper, lead, and iron ores are known to
exist in several localities.
Gold and_ silver also exist in the TQIITHQILV, although their
4 WASHINGTON 'rnnnrronr.
development thus far has been uite limited. Quartz mining
is carried on to some extent in astern Washington. The to-
tal production of gold during the present year is estimated to
be $300,000. .
Deposits of bog iron are found in Jefferson and other
counties of Puget Sound. It is claimed that the deposits are
quite extensive and that the value of the iron has been fully
proven by analysis. Smelting furnaces have been erected at
the new town of Irondale, in Jefferson county, and a thrifty
community is growing up there.
MANUFACTURING INTERESTS.
In the Pu et Sound basin this branch of industry is prin-
cipally confine to lumber. The twelve largest saw—mills have
a capacity of from 50,000 to 200,000 feet daily, and the annual
production of lumber is from 250,000,000 to 300,000,000 feet,
nearly all of whichis shipped to San Francisco, South America
and the Sandwich Islands.
The manufacture of staves and furniture is also receiving
ittention, for which there is abundant material and a good mar-
et,
EXPORTS.
In addition to the exports of wheat already referred to,
there have also been large exports of other cereals, wool, flour‘
and live stock from Eastern Washington. Large shipments of
flour have been made direct from Walla Walla to iverpool.
From the lower counties on the Columbia River there have also
been exportations of grain and canned salmon; of the latter,
160,000 cases of 48 cans each.
From Puget Sound the exports have been lumber, coal,
fish, grain, potatoes, wool, hops, hides, barrels, lime, etc. The
export of coal for the past year has been 200,000 tons.
The quantity of lumber exported the past year has been
about 200,000,000 feet. The mills are all running full time
and hardly keep up with the present demand.
INLAND NAVIGATION.
But few, if any, of the States or Territories in the United
States have better natural advantages for the transportation of
their productions to market than Washington Territory.
Within its limits at present there are over 1,000 miles 6f 1H-
wAsnINGToN TERRITORY. 5
land navigation, so equally distributed that but small portions
of the Territory are very remote from navigable waters.
RAILROADS.
There are now 440 miles of completed railroads in this
Territory—400 miles of the standard gauge and 40 miles of
three feet gauge—with a bright promise of an early completion
of the Northern Pacific Railroad from Spokane Falls to Lake
Pend d’Oreille, a distance of about 50 miles, through a naturally
rich and productive country.
POPU LATION.
The population of the Territory, at the time the U. S. cen-
sus was taken, was about 75,000. Immigration has been con-
stant and large since then and the estimated population at pres-
ent is 85,000.
VALUATION OF PROPERTY.
The estimated valuation this year is $80,000,000, which is
no doubt much below the real value.
ROUTES AND COST OF REACHING WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
Until the Northern Pacific Railroad is more nearly com-
pleted, persons from the East must reach Washington Territory
over the Union and Central Pacific Railroad, or, via Panama
by ocean steamers. By way of Panama the time from New
York to San Francisco is 25 days; fare, first class, $136; steer~
age, $65; all ordinary expenses being included in each case.
By railroad, 'vz'a Omaha, time from New York to San Francisco
is 7 days for first and second class passengers, and 10 days for
emigrants. Fare, $138 for first class, and $22 extra for sleeping
cars if used; second class, $105; and emigrants, $65.
Settlers going by rail can carry provisions with them, or
purchase from time to time at the stations on the way. The
trains all make ample stops, three times a day, at stations where
the traveler can at his option sit down to a regular meal, or
procure supplies for his lunch basket, at reasonable prices.
From San Francisco, north, there are several lines of ocean
steamships.
The Oregon Railway and Navigation Company and the
Pacific Coast Steampship Company, each dispatch one or more
steamers weekly for Portland, and the Pacific Coast Steamship
Company dispatches a steamer every ten days for Puget Sound,
touching at Port Townsend,- Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia.
6 wasmn‘cron 'mnmronr.
The passage from San Francisco to Portland occupies from
three to four days, and to Puget Sound, from four to six days.
The fare by these steamers, including berths and meals,
is $20 for first class, and $10 for second class.
If the traveler prefers going all the way by land and river,
he can leave the Central Pacific road at Kelton,‘ and go thence
by stage to Umatilla, and by Columbia River steamer to Port-
land. The fare by this route, from Omaha to Portland, is $136
first class, $119.50 second class, and $80 emigrant.
He may also go all the way by land, leaving the main line
of the Central Pacific road at Junction, about 20 miles east of
Sacramento, thence by rail to Bedding, thence by stao'e about
275 miles to Roseburg, thence by rail to Portland. The fare
by this route. from Omaha to Portland, is $143 first class, $118
second class, and $88 emigrant. From Portland to Puget
Sound the fare is $7.00 and 'to Eastern Washington about $10.
GOVERNMENT LAND.
It is not the hestpolicyfor the new comer to be in a hurry
to acquire land. All the public lands in Washington Territory
are open to entry as Free Homcsteads by actual settlers. A
comparatively small fraction of them has yet passed into priv-
ate hands, so that the opportunities for obtaining Homesteads
without cost, are at present abundant. The provisions of the
Homestead Act are briefly as follows: Any person 21 years of
age (or who, though under age, is the head of a family) who is
a citizen of the United States or has declared his intention to
become such, who has not borne arms against the Government or
given aid to its enemies—is entitled to enter without cost (ex-
cept the trifling U. S. Land Otfice fees) 160 acres of land. After
five years’ resi ence and improvement, the Government gives
full title to the settler. Unmarried women and widows are
entitled to the privileges and subject to the conditions of this
law.
Under the Pre-emption Law, persons entitled to the priv-
ileges of the Homestead Law may ac uire the right to purchase
160 acres of Government land, whet er within railroad limits
or not, by filing a declaration that he or she has settled upon
and claims the same. Within railroad limits, the government
price is $2.50 per acre; outside of such limits $1.25. Pre-empt-
ors are required to remain upon and improve the lands
for six months before final proof and payment for the land can
wasniuerou raimrronr. 7
be made. Takin lands under the Pre-em tion Law does not
prevent entry an or the Homestead Law a terward. The same
person may enjoy all the privileges of both laws. A ‘Home-
stead entry may be commuted and the land Paul for as 1n pre-
emption cases, after six months’ residence. Special laws are
provided for the disposal of the timber and coal lands.
U. 8. LAND OFFICES.
These are located as follows: At Olympia for public lands
on Puget Sound and as far south as Cowlitz county, W. T.; at
Vancouver for all land in the counties bordering the Columbia
from its mouth to a point above the Dalles; at Walla Walla,
Colfax and Yakima for the eastern part of the Territory.
HOMESTEAD AND PERSONAL PROPERTY EXEMPTIONS.
A liberal law exists in Washington Territory in relation to
homestead and personal property exempted from sale by execu-
tion. The provisions of the Act exempt a homestead worth
$1,000; all property acquired by married women; all wearing
apparel; family libraries; pictures and keepsakes; bedding for
every two persons; household utensils, furniture, etc., to the
extent of $150; two cows and calves; five swine, two stands of
bees, twenty-five fowls, and six months’ provision and fuel; to
a farmer one span of horses with harness, or two yoke of oxen,
with yokes, chains, and one wagon, and farming untensils worth
$200; tools of a mechanic and materials worth $500; profes-
sional libraries of $500, ofilce furniture, fuel, and stationery to
the extent of $200; to boatmen a large scow or other boat
worth $250; to teamsters a team with six weeks’ feed, etc.
HEALTH.
Washington must rank among the most healthful portions
of the continent. With local exceptions, there seem to be no
diseases peculiar to the region, and the appearance of the people,
no less than the vital statistics of the country, betokens a high
state of health. Rate of mortality, 1 in 228.
EDUCATION.
All the provisions of the General Government in behalf
of popular education are now enjoyed by Washin ton Territory.
In every township two sections of public land ( os. 16 and 36
are set aside for school purposes. There are good rade
schools in all the principal towns of the Territory, and 'strict
schools are sustained a portion of every year by the Territorial
vmmneron- 'mRRirbRr;
tax---their continuance during other. portions of the year dee- ' "
pending upon a ‘vote of each district . ‘as to impbsin Laglooal
assessment for the purpose.‘ There are churches of . Yld'enom-
iuations and well supported.
GENERAL REMARKS.
The time for laboring men to commence making them-.
‘selves homes is in the winter season, when business in the many
industries is partially suspended. At this time men some-
times find themselves out of employment, but if they are men
“who have husbanded their means through the summer, this
‘time may be employed in preparing for themselves homes on
the Government land, and it will count more to them if 'udici-
ously employed, than if given to another for ordinary hire.
Salaried men here, as elsewhere, do not always save their
earnings, and in many instances, the larger the salaries ob-
tained the smaller seems to be the gain, which is true the
‘world over. The opening of spring is‘ the time for the labor-
ing men to arrive here who desire immediate work. Any of
the towns require a quantity of trades work. Tradesmen get
from $2 to $3 a day, while the common laborer receives from
$30 to $60 per month and say, for a man who is not capable of
hard work, or a boy, $15 to $20 per month.
Over 500 species of flowering plants indigenous to Wash-
ington Territory. . Fish plentiful in its waters. It has the
finest harbors in the world. It is profusely Watered by rivers.
Twenty navigable rivers. Washington Territory wants indus-
trious men and women. No room for loafers.
Address for further information,
him. A. H. H. STUART,
President of Washington Territory Board of Immi ration,
Olympia, Thurston (30., Wgash. Terr’y.
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