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'3'?‘ Eli - ,. m; t A’ .‘ f 19*“ “q 7% - “" “d .r . ., 3 ‘ j’qis " I‘ I \ ‘A "E W - §§§35 3:; mm F1; 1:1 THE‘ GO VERNOR? .\ PREPARED BY, AN APPENDIX THE f - ‘a; v " 1' \I . .1 r‘, - _‘ . \ ‘z 4 y \. _ \ _\ . t -\ I. ‘ z - ~ ‘ ' K, “ 1 a,’ i \ ‘ii I ‘ I. l‘ \ ‘lienibersxnf _ ARD TD THE GOV BOARD .OF aGRIQUI/l‘U’RB- \ Enrica-Q ~ , U’! EA AND ROGUE RIVER vALILErs-. )esc‘ription of " ‘ \ 1 ‘Elm OREGON—— Description 0t‘ . "FERN OREGON BY COUNTIES— , . ~ Clatsop.- (Bythe Astoria Journal of Commerce);-_._._____._..— "<55 1 r I‘ . (r. ‘I la‘ ‘ “ :V ~ J‘ .g - ~ - - \ _ .- ~ ‘ .. »r‘"'f..'.‘ 12,-) x ~. ~ .r- r 1 W ‘a y‘ .‘ " I" 1' 1_~_ (* Mr 1 I ,r - 1 r _ ~ _ . ,. , \ x,“ ‘_-. ‘ y .r V __ _ “a n a.‘ - ‘lg )M M . . _ . w .‘H‘ .._ ' ,' “ _ ‘ 'C, j": 3;. _:__ . p‘. X __ ' r 4...; _ 1%ui3awét \‘4‘ . , , q . a ‘P’ _,, - . ~ 1 ' , , \.' _. -__ l. , , '! v—l‘ '4 i‘ ‘ ‘x ‘ -_ "1+ ‘ I, , _ . _ - ,, _ . Ir \ . u <<\- , r“ ' w ; Eynion; ‘Err;tremor;oarejarpaaaaaair‘arena '“ some), “ . AnallysiaoftheQregeiiSfit‘tlll ‘t3 _, . , , . 1 .:_.~ -‘ ~ _' Statistical SnminmfES fQr'fi‘fie-3i651'518561'i57' '- £1“ - -. '1 1 1 "Mrsooiiaricorrelations "~ ' L ‘s ‘aft ‘ Private Schools,‘ Academies, . . . _ \. _ Gollege's'ancl Uniyezsltlesgwurtfrrugwo.I :COmPEIlI-lllh'eStatistics" " T- -” ‘ THE EOEEsr 'rEEEs‘Or O'Ereone;T j_ ‘j LI; 1:, _. ~ 3.; . “ ByProi‘, 71‘1105. Condom), State _§leologist.' Sift-"g1: . The Pines—the Sprnccs '_ __ r , '1 , , , _ The ‘Firs—the"Cedars-inc orator root—nae Oregon»; llama-jean, ' - ,. _ fiOregon‘ Oaks—t he ~ Qregon" BrO'adJeayecl» Mapleélltheytaregol \ Ash -'-.-the.‘ ‘Oregon Alder-f tl'ie'gDrégonqBlyrtle/r;thcffiregot _\____ 7 . ' ‘Laurel—the Dogwood-fine:Cottol‘ivvoOil7the ‘illamook. (By Hon. 0. Leinenweber.) , 1 ‘ ‘Li—FINES AND BIINING" . w' ‘I - 1?; a1? f ‘r ‘N " ‘ j‘ ‘ 9 By Herbert Lang, "Esq; ,‘ I“ . f’ ‘ p _- r '1 -_ .1‘ no, ___________ ________:’ ________ __ . 1Q ~ Mines of Senthorn‘OregonuMiningGeology l" ‘ t “if "' , 11 SteamboatCreek"; _ _ " ‘ r; _: 1 " ; g 't ____ __ 12 . 'l‘he'tti'cen 1\Iine"s-.l-thcYank Ledge" ' " I " f‘ 12 , {Pocket Mines of Jackson County ' j-- I “up J I '6‘ fine. (Henry L, Benson in the West Shore) __________________ __ ‘13 Mules. ill GUI‘I‘YBWTCO'OS Cou*lltis$%si'xes giver ' ‘~ I‘ '4 _ ‘ ' ‘ 14- The Gold-bearing Bcachfiantls, " ‘ y r "if? '- 15 Milling Operations in Southern Oregon \ ' 16 Mines of Western Oregon % ‘ l‘ I; " ; i . 1 F _ 18 Blue River Mining District ‘ " ‘t , "j'r L a c \ _ 19 \ The Santiam Mines ' , _ “ 1- _ *1 ‘I - I -7( H M 0k’ (33.1mm board of immigration) 20 Clackainas and 'ltiolalla Lodes—tlie Tillainoolr' Minesé-llviines off)?‘ Clacksmmq “ 22 Eastern 0regQ11----—----_-_--_1-4~---~-~~ "fin—.1)":—--~-"1-:-7;“—''2-~-"'1P' '7 Muunomitlh 23 Placers in Baker Connty~~Willo\tr CreekJriines—ililuniboldt Basin‘ ~ 001mm,, 25 Chicken Creel; Dlstrict-T-lyiines Of‘JOhn DaylVfalley—NGranite . EASTERN OREGON BY COUBTIFS- - Cmek Disujiet ‘ . ' ~ 1 " 3 ~ 5 T‘ " 7i “ _ ‘ " Dixie Creek—Quartz Miningr-ConnorlCreek Minee-the‘Gold Ridge‘i wasco' ‘By Col‘ T‘ H‘ Lang» »' ' 27 Mine-‘the Virtue .Mine—t-he'ltye‘Valley ‘Silvenlviines-s-tlie Gilliam ~93 v ' . . . - ‘ * ~. p j, _ » “ Mammoth Mine—the l\e_sb1_t- and Bonanza—ethe-Cabell l\11ne_._- 15 gong: r’. B I ‘ 28 I ‘ Quartzburg District—The Keystone Gold Minefthe Monumental. W123 01W: ( yHon. J. P. Wager) v Silver Mmcmiunlr. _- , ~ _ _, H it?‘ , a - °2 Mines'of Pine Creeké—The"Whitman ‘ _ ‘ r s, Umnn I 33f 'l‘he'ContactSilverMine V ‘ , 7" ~» _ h 1' 'r - ,~ 8; Bakpr. \ 33 The Union and Companion MlllBSl'—Pilie Greek Metallnrgicalworks S. ,Mt‘lrhv'é‘“ _ 3* Sparta, Eagle and Hog 'Em Districts—the Wailo'wa Mines-Tllin‘e'ral' ' ‘ Gm‘nt': 3‘ Resources by Con'ntiesy ‘ , ‘E - ‘ ‘ “L, I‘ . : 01.0"‘? / r 34 . List of Mineral Localities > , » L ' Lake‘ (By Hon‘ Bobert McLean) 35 SHEEP l-IUSBANDRY IN O-E'EeON; _ " Kmmfl'th 35 By Hon. John Minto.‘ a‘ ‘ METEOROLOGICAL REVIEW— _ OUR DAIRY 1N'rEEEsTs-_ , g - j “ Collated by B. S. Pagne, observer signal service, U. S. A. By Hon. Thoinas Panlsen. “'1 Introductory letter to the Secretary of the Board 36 FRUIT‘ CULTURE— “ . * ' , r Climate of Oregon. (By B. S. Pague.) 4 _ ‘ 3'7__ , By F. L. Whitman’,- Esq. I 3 " ‘ I j ’' Prophylaxis of the Climate or Oregon. (By 0. H. Hall; 1).)____- 37‘ SALMON INDUSTRY-e _ v a ' _ r - " ‘j Comparative Data. (By B. S. Pague.) . _ 39 Report of the Oregon [Fish Commission _;_ 0 Temperature and Precipitation Averages, etc. (By B. S. Paglia)--- 39 COMMERCIAL INTERESTS-7- * , ' _ \‘J F Monthly Rainfall Averages, etc. (By B. S. Pague)... _____________ __ 40 Astoria—Climate of, etc. (By J. N. Griflin, Observer signal service;)__ 40 Portland—Climate of, etc. (By E. J. Glass, observer signal service)__ 41 East Portland—Climate of, etc. (By Geo. Wigg, M. D.) __________ __»_ 43 Bola—Climate of, etc; (By Th'os. Pearce, voluntary observer.).._._' 4}; Newport—Climate of, etc." (By Dr. J. ‘G. Jessup, D; D. 8., signal serv.) 46' Albany—Climate of, etc. (By John Briggs, Esq.) Roseburg-Climate of, etc. (By B. S. Pague.)_____‘_____‘. ________ _....7 48” Effects of the Climate of Roseburg on the Human System. (By E. G._ \. "~ Oehme, M. D.) 49 Brandon—Climate of, etc. (By Geo. Bennett, voluntary Observer.)i_ 5i " Ashland—Climate of, etc. (By F. Newman, sergeant signal corps.) {>3 Lakeview-Climate of, etc. (By E. 0. Thompson, Observer.) ______ __ 54 Linkville—Climate of, etc. (By 0.. Butler, Observer.):__~___,. .... -_ 55 Fort Klamath—Cllmate of, etc. (By G. H. Wi-llsori, Serg’t Sig. corps.) 56- La Grande—Climate of, etc. (By J. K. Bomig. voluntary observer.) 57 Hnntington~Climate of, etc. (J. B. HuntingtonrElsq.) _________ ___, 57 Prmeville—Climate of, etc. (By J. A. Douthit, Esq.)_-_________‘_;__r_-’ 5S The Dalles~0limate of, etc. (By S. L. Brooks, voluntary observer.) 5x8‘ 47_ ~~__JQ-—-_--—_*L- 9* . ‘v , Taken from the Daily Orcgoniampf oPortland}; RAILWAYS'A'ND TRaNsPoE'rA'qoN— I" ~ f . ',\. > \ 1 ' '“\ ‘i ‘ r , ~ < . , I < ‘v . ~ I . \ stock per (28113118188515; “9% 'TABLE NO..1-- , . N umber ofinhabitantsyamount or wool and TABEENO. ‘2;- . .‘ ., .._, r, .- Amount of land, and produce by- conn-ti‘eaiper censns,_1&85;_,..__'._-_'_ *J . TABLE 'NO. .3- ~‘ , .Qnantity of fruit, TABLE. NO. \ fish, minerals. and lumber produced,“ censii'slélsa'g'fislfi " ~ ~ -~ -‘ 1 ‘~_ ~,_»'/. : a ‘I ~. ..r(‘ at k Valuation of property'in. each county teryear ~1‘885l961;,_¢_:‘_I;.;;.l_'__- TAB-LE No.54 . . . ~. 7.. , Stilfistiwcqmpiled ‘from the~assessrnént~mng~ . ‘11:1 , r99: 1-1 '_. . , i” i Jam TABLE 'NOI q-j . ' g3 _ _ d , _ h __ J 'List Oroflicialsin each’connty—in Oregon ‘ THE-OREGON s'rA'rE Fame. j ‘ , ~ l-Iistory‘m ‘ ° I. ~ ‘ REPOET‘OE-EOAEDTTO THE. G'OtfiERNohfts'zl Conclusionmr ' I K ‘ 1 . ‘- » " .‘ ' ‘M “- r L r. r , J / ' i ‘ 7 p . Q a“ . x - 4‘- 1 ,> r ' ~_~_ INFORMA TION TREATING UPON OREGON A811 Y 00 UNTIES; IT ' BEING AN APPENDIX TO THE REGON. z-‘fBZAQKERl, "STATE, PRINTER. OREGON STATE PREbIDENT—J. T. APPERSCN, VIcE—PREsIDENT—M. WILKINS, SECRETARY—J. T. GREGG, _ TREASURER—A. BUSH, _ CHIEF MARsHAL—J. Q. WILSON, BOARD OF AGRICULTURE: OFFICERS. SUPERINTENDENT PAVILION—K. L. HIBBARD, _ J. T. APPPERSON, _ D. S. K. BUICK, _ R. E. BYBEE, _ _ C. M. CARTWRIGHT, V. B. DELASHMUTT, _ WM. CA LLCWAY, _ _ J. B. KEENEY, _ _ D. H. LOONEY, _ _ T. C. RICHMOND, _ J. Q. WILSON, _ _ J. G. WRIGHT, - M. WILKINS, _ _ MEMBERS. -u->»}@lj@(<~n- OREGON CITY, CLAOKAMAR COUNTY _. CORERO, LANE‘ COUNTY T _ SALEM, MARION COUNTY _ SALEM, MARION COUNTY 1 _ ISALEM, MARION COUNTY SILVERTON, MARION COUNTY OREGON CITY, CLAOKAMAS OOUNfl‘Y _ ROSERURG, LANE COUNTY, PORTLAND, MULTNOMAH COUNTY HAY CREEK, CROOK COUNTY PORTLAND, MULTNOMAH COUNT?“ MOMINNVILLE, YAMHILL COUNTY _ PENDLETON, UMATILLA COUNTY JEFFERSON, MARION COUNTY _ QALLAs, POLK COUNTY ‘ _ SALEM, MARION COUNTY W’ m— - OOBERG, LANE COUNTY ¢ ,¢ _ SALEM, MARION COUNTY i M’ ‘ = '33; r -_ ‘ . l . 1 > v“ r’ i x \ < _ :' ,,_ P‘ a K , “‘ ‘ 3* .3 p ~, ' ‘ A < “I J a if???‘ \- REPORT TO THE GOVERNOR. \ T 0 1His Excellency, Hon. Sylvester Pennoyer, Governor of Oregon .- v 4 Section 6, of an Act approved February 20, 1885, provides as follows: ‘a - "a . Oregon ought hasten-through her members of Congress (since Sparks is the f0!‘ wBillililfilrwrit of Salmon and Siletz' rivers, both Indian - ‘ 15%WWIAiit'lII-‘i-~-without"Indiana-3.at ‘ ' it couldnot exist. j A person can establish himself comfortably in this county on a farm of say 100 acres, partly under cultivation, for $1500. If he takes government land, for much less. In 1886 there were put up in this county 3000 cases and 1000 barrels of salmon. Improved lands are for sale at from filo-to $10 per acre, while some can’t be purchased short of $20 to $40 per acre. All kinds of small fruit and berries flourish. The principal business of the agricultural portion of the people is butter-making. T here is yet a large amount of vacant school land, besides vacant Government land, a larger portion of which is adapted to grazing and agriculture. BENTON COUNTY. This county is situated in nearly the center of Western Oregon: and ex- tends from the Pacific to the Willamette. It is about equally divided by the Coast range, the eastern portion covering about one-half its area. This part was the first settled and is at present the wealthiest.v Corvallis is the county seat and is situated on the west bank of the Wil- lamette. River steamers ply between this point and Portland, and other points on the Willamette and Columbia rivers, at all seasons of the year, with the exception of about two months during the drycst part. It contains a population of 1600, and is increasing in wealth and commercial import- ance. The Oregon State Agricultural College located here. There are two public schools, and another in course of construction, which esti- mated to cost in the neighborhood of $25,000. In addition to these are pri~~ vate schools. There are as yet no manufactures or other works of mag nitude, although it would seem that no better field is ofl‘ered. The city is well supplied with flour, lumber and planing mills, foundry and other industries usually found in a thriving place that is the center of supply for an industrious and extensive farming community. The Alsea valley is on the coast side of the range, and is supplied with _ two flouring mills and anumber of lumber and shingle mills. This valley is about 15 miles long and about 4 miles wide, and is peculiarly adapted to agriculture, fruit growing, dairy and stock raising. It is drained by the Alsea river, the mouth of which is large enough and the water on the bar of sufiicient depth to admit small coasting vessels to enter and take away the produce of the valley. At present on Alsea bay are two canncrics, which this year have put up a large amount of salmon. There is yet ample opening for persons to secure Government land in and about this valley that will make good farms. Nine miles below Yaquina, along a delightful driving beach. is the Seal Rock summer resort. This place is remarkable for its magnificent marine scenery. The rocks tower to a great height in the face of the ocean, and in the summer the place is beautiful. Between the different ledges are stretches of beach, smooth as a floor and solid as a marble slab, which are shielded from the winds, afi‘ording one of the most superb places for scu- bathing to be found on the north Pacific coast. A company has been incon porated to construct a railroad from Yaquina to this point. and to improve the property there. West of the summit of the Coast range there are several valleys, which from the mild climate and abundant vegetation are certain to form the dairy farms of the near future. Such are the valleys of the Yaquina, the Alsea and their tributaries. The Winters are never severe, snow rarely lies for a week at a time or exceeds one inch in depth. The cattle thrive well and care for themselves the year round. Tame grasses and clover arc sown by all enterprising farmers and take firm not especially when sown in the early fall on a “burn,” according to the invariable custom in the district. The larger part of the Coast range country has been burned over in the for est fires, but there are several large tracts of green timber—pine, spruce, fir and cedar in Benton county, on the head waters of Depot slough, along the Alsea, on the slopes of Mary’s peak, and in the head waters of Mary's river and the Lu'ckiamute. There is plenty of good oak timber and some very valuable tracts of white ash and maple, both of which are largely used in the manufacture of furniture. On the Yaquina is a salmon canning estab- lishment which this year has put up a very large amount of fish. Bees do well in all parts of the county, but best in the Alsca and Yaquina valleys, in which honey is produced in large quantities, and of a quality that can- not be excelled anywhere in the world. Benton county possesses excellent advantages in the matter of transporta- tion. The west side division of the 0. & C. R. R. connects Corvallis and Portland. The Willamette river, navigable, runs along the entire length of the eastern side. The Oregon Pacific. Railway Company passes cast and west through the county from Yaquina bay, touching at Corvallis, and *See tables Nos. 1 and 5 for value of property in 1886-7 and for census report of 1885. 10 crossing the river at Albany on its way over the Cascades to a junction with the Union Pacific on Snake river. This road is now in active operation to and east of Albany, running a distance of 72 miles through Benton county. Yaquina bay is a port of entry, the entrance to which the Government pro- poses to expend about $430,000, of which sum over $110,000 has already been applied with great success. There is a line of ocean steamers plying be- tween this point and San Francisco at regular intervals, carrying passengers and freight. Newport, at the mouth of the bay, is a thriving town, and is the resort of numerous pleasure seekers during every summer. The cast half of the county lies within the Willamette valley, and embraces about 384,000 acres, nearly all of which is in a high state of cultivation. Wheat is the staple product, though barley, oats, grasses, fruits and berries are produced in large quantities. Wheat averages between 25 and 30 bushels per acre, and oats from 40 to 70 bushels. Timothy yield from 1% to 2% tons per acre. Orchard grass, mesquite, alsike, alfalfa, and red and white clover do well. Stock raising is profitably conducted throughout the county. King's valley, in the northern part of the eastern half of the county, is rich in farming interests, and contains some of the finest land in the State. Good improved farm lands in the eastern half of the county can be procured for from $25 to $50 per acre, according to the advantages and the improvements. In the foot hills, at from 3121/2 to $25 per acre. In the hill districts, and in the western half of the county, at from 84% to 012% per acre. In 1886, the assessed value of improved farm lands was $1,991,355, and of stock (cattle, sheep and horses), $530,251. The gross assessed value of all kinds of property was $4,198,531. For values of 1887, see table No. 5. LANE COUNTY. This is the fourth county on the coast south from the Columbia, and has an ocean frontage of about 20 miles. It extends across the coast range with about the same width into the Willamette valley, where it spreads out over a large area of territory on both sides of the river. It gradually widens to the summit of the Cascades where it attains its greatest width. The Wil- lamette rises in the Cascades on the southeastern boundary of this county, and one of its most important tributaries, the McKenzie, finds its source in the northeastern corner, flows west and empties into the Willamette a short distance north of Eugene, about midway, north and south, of the county. The Coast Fork of the Willamette rises in the extreme southeastern corner, in the Calapooia and Cascade mountains, flows northwesterly and joins the main river a few miles east of Eugene. The Siuslaw rises in the Calapooias, the southern boundary of the county, flows west, forming a portion of the boundary line between Lane and Douglas, and empties into the Pacific ocean. Along all these streams are many beautiful valleys rich in agricul- tural and grazing industries. Of the agricultural counties of Western Oregon, Lane is one of the most fortunate in situation, quality of soil, variety of products, value of natural resources and salubrity of climate. Situated at the head of the Willamette lying on both sides of the river, its large area of fertile soil adjacent to fine water-power, and on the line of the Oregon & California railroad, makes access to every part an easy matter. The Willamette river is navigable through this county during a portion of the winter season, and with a small outlay it could be made fit for the passage of river steamers during a large part of each year. The U. S. Government could not invest money that would more greatly benefit a rich and promising country than in this improvement. In area Lane county is among the largest of its section, containing over 3,700,000 acres of land, the largest part of which is susceptible of cultivation. Not half of the available part is under any kind of culture, and that which is occupied is, in the main, in too large bodies to admit of the best results. Many of these large tracts are being subdivided every year, and are being sold at low prices considering their location, improvement and many advantages by which they are surrounded. In fruits Lane county produces as fine specimens as any other part of the coast. Apples, pears, plums, prunes, cherries and all small fruits are especially fine. Wherever attention has been given to proper culture the results have been entirely satisfactory. Vegetable products here cannot be excelled in any part of the Union, either in quality or quantity per acre. Indian corn is not raised to any considerable extent, but wheat, oats, rye and barley yield as bountiful crops with as little expense of labor as in' the most favored countries. Hop growing has received considerable attention, and the quality produced ranks high. There are about 400 acres in the county, the average yield being about 1000 pounds to the acre. There are yet thousands of acres suitable for hop culture. Large bodies of fine pasture lands lie along the foot hills on each side of the valley, considerable portions of which are yet unoccupied. Siusl aw bay in this county is so accurately described and otherwise treated by Hon. R. A. Bensell, of Newport, Yaquina bay, in an article to the Ore- co UNTIES OF WEsrEglv OREG cit-LANE .r ‘A “a” Y ,, r r gomnn, that I deem it important to give it place in this‘ It follows: ‘ . Taking advantage of the kind invitation of oapt. :I. J. wiring, or “the steamer Mischief, I made a pleasant voyage to Siuslaw bay. Thsday was fine and the sea as smooth as glass. We crossed Yaquina bar at dead. low water, having sixteen feet under the keel. Standing down the coast close: to land I was able to see the changes of some ten years, at which time the coast was bleak and inhospitable to the traveller who occasionally made a forced trip along the beach. Wherever a stream emptied its volume of pure water into the ocean, settlers’ houses, with barns, fences, gardens and stock, suggested homes and home comforts. We arrived ofi‘ Siuslaw bar at low water, but the bar was like the sea, hardly a swell to break the monotony between the boundless waste of water to the westward and the shore line. The first omcer climbed into the rigging and said: “Keep Cox's house in range.” And so, keeping a settler’s house in range, we crossed the bar, having only one cast of nine feet, the balance being ten, eleven and twelve. This would give a mean depth at high water of eighteen feet. I was much surprised at the size of the river. It is both wide and deep, from the mouth to Florence, five miles. The bank on the south side is a continuation of low sandhills, the sand drifting and shifting with every wind storm. At Florence (the site of the old Indian village) the hills are low and covered with green timber. Lots are selling at $25, $50 and $100 per lot, the choice of location being equally divided between the two places. There are two hotels, fairly patronized. Of course the canneries furnish most of the people employment, and the distribution of money from this source largely assists in developing the bay. The Florence canning com- pany has a cannery 6811220 feet, and employs 80 men, with 40 boats, besides 45 Chinese. It can handle and prepare for market 600 cases of fish daily. The Lone Star Packing Company employs 32 men and 16 boats, and 85 Chinese, and can put up 500 cases daily. The Elmore Packing Company has 80 men with 40 boats, and 65 Chinese, and will turn off 600 cases per day. If the fish run this year as they did last the output from these canneries will be large, and the profit reminds us of the early figures on the Columbia. But this bright picture has an unpleasant background. Here we have 96 boats regularly sweeping the river with miles of seines, it is plain to be seen, the same careless management of the salmon business in the small streams north and south of the Columbia will result as it is doing here, in destruc- tion of the industry, and that in a very few years. Siuslaw river has rich bottom land, producing fine hay, vegetables and fruit. The climate, like all the coast of Oregon, is healthful, and the water the purest. This locality is rapidly settling, and there are plenty of desirable locations unoccupied, waiting the advent of men with muscle and energy. The upper river and its many tributaries abound in forests of the finest fir, spruce and cedar. Logs are very cheap, because there is comparatively so little expense to put them in the river and float them to the mill. Mr. Sau- bert, of Acme, four miles above Florence, has a steam sawmill of 10,000 feet capacity, but he is unable to supply the local demand. This accessible region with its (I was going to say inexhaustible, but that word will not do in this age; it was used in Maine, and later in Wisconsin and Minnesota, places that are to-day looking to this coast for lumber) millions of feet of timber, will not wait long for the woodman’s ax to lay low every tree that offers a small return for the labor of felling. Siuslaw invites the emigrant with or without means, and can come as near giving satisfaction to those who want healthy locations, with prospective advantages, as any place in the State. Schools are plenty and fully up to the common school standard. Florence has a tri-weekly mail via Gardner City. There is a semi-weekly mail from Eugene City to Florence, the stage connecting with the steamer Mary Hall at the head of tide. The mail is carried down the bay to Florence, and in this way the people are well sup- plied with mail facilities. The fare by stage and boat from Florence to Eugene is $4.80. The road is said to be first-class and the trip made in day- light, afi‘ording a delightful ride through a country full of natural scenic interest. The present population of Lane county is a little more than 12,000, and the tillable land in the county would give that many families 100 acres each, besides those engaged in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits. The re- sources of this county would easily support a population of 100,000 people,‘ and then not be so crowded as the average county of New York or Penn- sylvania. EugenesCity is the county seat, and has a population of about 2500. The State university is located here and the city is well equipped with an excel- lent systcm of graded public schools. It is the most important commercial point in the southern part of the valley, having tributary to its trade without material competition an area of country, extending in all directions a dis- tance of30 miles, and in some directions a greater distance. Nearly all of this area is fine farming country under cultivation, producing excellent crops of grain, fruits and grasses. Some idea of the stock interests of this “'1 , >179"? ‘7 g. r‘, smaennm shareware 1am humus ‘ meanness» We: and inner shy system of water works. hiringtcresswefiand We drove are flourishing towns @"milwas and is also a town. Fm lands'ean, be houghiapgrgfiefito £00 per acre according to location, ia‘xid‘mnonilti and quality stimulants. There is yet a great deal of rail- i‘.lsiadaald Govennmt M, :hefhad, but very few, if any, choice pieces hearts towns or A‘ J " . raises arriving in the counti with from “015%,”? $3000 can desirable homes near town; and the families who will workand‘srenlllmgto goback 15 or 20 miles can as easily find a .spot whereon they can build a home and soon win independence. At this time there is a, nest of land enbracing 1000 acres, within three miles of X Eugene, which can be purchased for $10 per acre. In 1086, the assessed value of improved farm land was 32, 628,009; of cattle, 6223,0541, and of all the property in the county, 85,889,384. For values of 1887 a i, ~ 1 _ DOUGLAS COUNTY. J This is the fifth county on the coast south of the Columbia. river, and has an ocean front of about 25 miles. The Coast range comes well down to the beach, hence there is no country of extent in this county between the sea- shore and the summit of the Coast range. The mountains here are densely timbered, consisting of spruce, fir, cedar and other valuable trees. About midway of the coast line of this county the Umpqua river pierces the moun- tains. The mouth of this stream affords an excellent harbor, considered one of the best on the coast between the Columbia and the Golden Gate. Ten miles above the mouth is Gardiner, a flourishing and beautiful little town. Salmon packing and lumbering are the principal lines of business. It also furnishes a point of supply for settlements along the Umpqua at and above here, and for the settlements on Smith river which empties into the Umpqua a short distance below Gardiner. The bottom lands of both the Umpqua and Smith river are very fertile, and upon them are now valuable farms, both of agriculture and stock. These improved lands can be bought at from $10 to $25 per acre. There are also Government and school lands which may yet be entered. The county widens gradually across the Coast range into Umpqua valley, and on west to the top of the Cascade mountains, and is a portion of the State usually spoken of as Southern Oregon. It lies between the fourth and seventh standard parallels south. The contiguous counties are Lane on the north, Klamath and Jackson on the east, Jackson, Josephine and Curry on the south, and on the west, for about two-thirds of its coast line, the adjacent county is Coos, while the remaining third, about twenty-five miles, lies directly on the Pacific ocean. On the north, the Siuslaw river and the Gala- pooia mountains divide the county from Lane. On the east, the Cascade range divides it from Klamath and Jackson counties, and a spur of the Gas- cades, together with a short range known as the Rogue river mountains, shuts it in from its southern neighbors. The western part lies somewhat open. This county might very properly be termed the valleys of the Ump- qua river, as this river with its two large forks, the North and South Umpqua rivers, and its innumerable small tributaries, drain the length and breadth of the land. Besides the Umpqua river, the Smith river, navigable for about 25 miles from its mouth, flows through the northwest portion of the county. Both these rivers with their tributaries ail‘ord an unlimited supply of water power for manufacturing purposes, in whatever part of the county they may be located. The area of the county is something over 4500 square miles, or nearly 3,000,000 acres of land. Here then is a single county four times as large as the State of Rhode Island, nearly three times the size of Delaware, nearly if not quite as large as Connecticut. While a very large part of the county is mountainous, there are many hundreds of thousands of acres of fine agricultural land. Small valleys with streams of running waters are so numerous that almost every farmer may have a valley to himself. The valleys are very free from timber, which is a special advantage to the farmer who comes into the county with little money, for he may at once begin to plant his seed, without the laborious and time-losing work of clear- ing the land. The low hills are covered with oak, madrone and other trees which furnish inexhaustible supplies of fuel, and there are fir and pine enough scattered here and there along the banks of streams and upon the hill-sides to supply any quantity of building and fencing material, while ‘the mountains are covered from base to peak with tall firs and pines. In the mountains lying in the western part of the county, the fir and pines ' grow to very large proportions, and together with immense myrtle trees are ‘ ‘ofinestimable value for the manufacturing purposes of the near future. if“ :lI‘h‘e population of the county is between 13,000 and 14,000, made up from savory State in the Union, but very largely from the farming States of . _ H, _. .,_ grew "FF-V, ega 753$’ ' r _ a , r, . _ v. . , . i . .. a - .a mist splay“ - J E ‘ :. . .4 -" ' "a. .- a 3'- 7:11;. ,‘I ' r 5.0.5 ‘for: a‘? , ,f' I ‘ _ III—- ‘ . xylwiis" I, “gm/t , It ‘$5,’; ’ l w’ . r a l i . . . _ - - I'WW w ,- ’ A? a h I new the ersafilll'and cm “ ‘i ‘I! at the terminus °f the “my, 11 “Illinois, Iowa and Ohio, and a great number have come from California, milling the evenness of the climate here to the climate of California. (In. both winter and summer there is less rain than in the Willamette valley, and more than in the Rogue River valley. Owing to the open- ing in the Coast range of mountains, through which the Umpqua river flows to the ocean, the temperature of this portion of the State is lower in the summer and higher in the winter than those portions north and south. Snow rarely falls, and when it does it stays on the ground but one or two days at a time. A phenomenal fall of snow came in February last, which lay upon the ground from the 1st to the 27th of the month. Frost seldom does any damage to growing crops in this county. Such a thing as a vio- lent wind storm has never been known here, and equally true is it of thunder storms. The latter do occur, but are noticeable only to the expe- rienced ear of the observer. The greatest fault one can find with this country is that during the latter part of the summer the air is very smoky at times, owing to the burning down of the forests and generally clearing up of the land ; but this will be found in every new country where much clearing has to be done. With a favorable climate, and with a soil varying from a rich sandy loam on the river bottoms to a dark rich loam, slightly mixed with sand on the high land, and a light, easily-worked clay on the higher hillsides, this county will produce almost everything that grows from the ground. It is true that comparatively little of the vast area of tillable land is under cul- tivation. At the present time about 400,000 acres of land is improved and under cultivation, and this land is divided into some 1200 farms. The esti- mated value of this land is nearly $4,000,000, and the estimated yearly value of the productions from these farms is a trifle over $1,000,000. The live- stock on these farms is estimated to be worth above $800,000. Cattle. hogs, horses and sheep-raising and wool-growing are among the chief occupations of the country. Grasses, both native and the cultivated in great variety, do well here : but wheat-raising is commanding a great deal of attention, as this grain seems to do admirably well in this county. The yield of wheat to the acre on the bottom lands will average between 30 and 40 bushels, while on the higher land a fair average is about 20 bushels to the acre. Hops, corn and all kinds of green crops do well. In considering the productiveness of this land, it must be remembered that scarcely any iertilizing material has ever been used. For 25 or 30 years this land has been yielding crops unaided by fer- tilization. Fruit of all kinds do well in this county, ‘especially prunes, apples, pears, plums, grapes and berries. A very important consideration to a farming community is the question of transportation. How are pro- ductions of the farm to be gotten to the market for sale '2 The Oregon d; California railroad runs through the center of the county, afiording pro- ducers ample opportunities of shipping their products to market, and not only does Portland afford a market, but also San Francisco. In the matter of Mt, both San Francisco and Portland are open markets after the Cali- fornia fruits have ceased to come in. It is also very probable that other railroad facilities will be offered to the dwellers in this county at a very early date. The fact that the Umpqua river has one of the safest bars along the coast, from the Golden Gate to the Columbia, and that the mouth of the river offers very good harbor accommodations, will not fail to engage the attention of persons interested in railroad building. Roseburg, the county seat, is situated on the bank of the Umpqua river in about the center of the county. It is a thriving town, the point of supply of a large and wealthy farming and grazing country. There is located here a United States land ofiice and an oiiice of an observer in the signal service of the United States army. The Oregon & California railroad touches the town onits way through the county. The population is about 1200. A good graded public school is maintained 10 months in the year, besides private schools. The stream flowing past the town furnishes ample water power for manufacturing purposes. About six miles west of Roseburg the North Umpqua joins the south branch, and here too are offered excellent opportunities for manufactory purposes. The people of this section are enterprising enough to desire im- provements of this kind in their midst, and are generous enough to oil‘er special inducements to capitalists of the manufacturing class. Besides Roseburg there are several other towns north and south on the line of the railroad having populations of from 300 to 600 people, and all of these towns have good schools. Gardiner and Scottsburg are very pretty towns on the Umpqua river, sit- nated 10 miles and 30 miles from its mouth ; have great lumbering resources. Among the natural resources of Douglas county may be classed an abund- ance of pure water everywhere, and wood for fuel. Timber of every variety common to Oregon in almost inexhaustible quantities. Coal in many places, but undeveloped. Iron, gold, silver, quicksilver, nickle mines, limestone and cement of the best quality have been found, and some of them have been worked. Large bodies of the public land are subject 12 x .d: 1;“; ‘n to arms or‘ “assists timestamps ' "W .'-P ‘N; v ~. .. _, , tends, , ~ - a.,..- - ._ i 5 r. ‘ \ " . 1 ’ (1» ~ ' ‘ __ - . ~ ‘ r \ "gr???" ‘a gag: ‘ '- n‘ 9* ,3 gags‘ g- ‘ = to entry, but mostly back from present settlements, or requires cleafii Banded is!» flourishing with near it ‘wilt - I " ing to fit it for agricultural purposes. Improved lands in private hands can be purchased at prices ranging from $5 to $25 per acre, according to quality and location. The assessed value of cattle in 1886 was $214,741, and of sheep, $109,589. The assessed value of improved land was $1,788,594, and of all property, $4,372,230. For assessed values of 1887, see table No. 5. COOS OOUl‘TTY. This is the sixth county on the coast south from the Columbia river. It borders on the ocean about 48 miles, and extends eastwardly to the tops of the Coast range with an average width of probably 30 miles. Coos bay, the best and most important harbor on the Pacific coast between the Columbia and Humboldt bay is in the center of the county, and the lumbering, farm- ing, coal and fishing interests in and about the bay furnish steady employ- ployment for a regular line of steamers and sailing vessels in carrying freight and passengers to San Francisco and other points. About 90 per cent. of the land is timbered; about 5 per cent. open, with but little timber; 10 per cent. level ; and a large part of the county is rolling; and 90 per cent. of all the land is fertile. It contains immense tracts of tide lands that may be made very valuable by dyking. In 1880 this county produced about 25,000 bushels of wheat, 22,000 bushels of oats, 7000 bushels of barley, 60,000 bushels of potatoes, 11,000 tons of hay, great quantities of vegetables and berries, 1000 barrels, and 12,000 cases of salmon, 15,000 tons of coal, 30,000,000 feet of lumber shipped away, about 50,000 bushels of apples were raised, about 6000 bushels of prunes and plums, about 0000 bushels of pears, 190,000 pounds of butter, and 55,000 pounds of wool. There were about 900 ounces of gold taken from the beach and other gold mines of the county during the same year. (See the chapter on mines and mining for further particulars with reference to the deposits of precious metals in this county). The river and creek bottoms are best adapted to agricultural pursuits, although the acreage of the uplands exceeds that of the bottom lands. The uplands are devoted to grazing. Government and school land may yet be had in this county. The climate is peculiarly adapted to sheep culture, the quality of u 001 being of an even, uniform texture. Dairying occupies con- siderable attention as the climate and grass of the coast are extremely favor- able to the production of an excellent quality of butter and cheese. Fruit- growing is receiving attention, and in that line as well as in the dairy and sheep business, abound fine opportunities for investment and home-making. All through and over the county are almost inexhaustible quantities of the very finest timber. It consists of yellow and red fir, white cedar, maple, ash, myrtle and mountain mahogany. For veneering there is no better wood than myrtle. It is capable of a very high polish and is firm, and un- excclled as a wood to be used in the manufacture of fine furniture. It grows in abundance, and we are informed the citizens are burning it for firewood and destroying it almost wantonly. This should be stopped, for certainly erc man y years these groves of myrtle will prove to be among the richest of Oregon's productions. The white cedar of this county and of the one adjoin- ing county is of great value as a finishing lumber, and the greatest care should be taken of it. The principal market for the products of this and Curry county aside from the home consumption is in San Francisco, California. There is greatly needed good wagon roads into this section from the Umpqua valley. One already exists, from Roscburg to Coos City, but is so rough and the grades are so steep that it is out of the question to expect any commercial inter- course between the coast and the Umpqua valley by this means. It is a matter of the greatest concern to the people of all Western Oregon, that a railroad be Constructed from the Oregon and California railroad line across the Coast range to Coos and Curry counties. Any up-the-valley town or any town in Douglas, Jackson or Josephine county could not help but be pro- fittcd by the additional trade it would receive. At present, all the people of Coos and Curry counties purchase their supplies in and ship their pro- duce to San Francisco. The Coquille river is navigable about 40 miles, most of that distance how- ever must be by small vessels, but a small outlay would render it navigable that distance for vessels capable of navigating the ocean. The mouth of the Coquille affords admittance to fair sized coasters. The valley of the Coquille is extremely fertile, and is quite thickly settled. Empire City is the county seat. It is situated near the entrance to Coos bay, and is the site of great saw milling enterprises. Marshfield is the metropolis of the county, situated on the bay four miles above Empire City. It is a flourishing town, the principal point of ship- ment in the county, and contains several saw-mills, barrel-mills, box fac- tories, and near by extensive and profitably worked coal mines. Coquille City is also a flourishing town on the river of the same name. Along this river are the salmon fisheries before alluded to. ‘siringto settle in this part of the State. It? , .. as, ‘ 1 About 20pm‘ cent. of the improved lead“, ‘ a . acre. Upland, improved, may be had for aha: F < son to situate himself on‘ say, 100 acres of good leatddii'ifiisj . e1, .: “ ' ‘ g. .1 z r 1. to have from $2000 to $4000. lie of course canlget f 3%", , ,,'=.\ v 0. providing he buys on time, pays part down and ance. In fact this propositioti'ds true in any county in the J j The following is from the Bandon Recorder of Deeeinberwls issigmgigfitgi’“ enceto the present and prospective coal interests of Coos county : a i .4 It is a well known fact throughout Coos county that mallaqinuanyeai '\ district is one vast coal bed, and that the best qualities of bituminhus and“ other good varieties of this mineraiiare abundant. Owing to the compare ‘ ative isolation of this region, however, a knowledge of the abundance or“ black diamonds on the banks of the navigable waters of the Coguille is‘iiot‘ general in other counties of this State; and for the information of spee- ‘ ulators in coal mines and consumers of coal in other portions of the coast, we would place before them the following truths: 1st. Croppings of bi~ , turninous coal are found in all directions, and chunks broken off from these. croppings are plentifully distributed. 2d. Even those surface croppinge are of extra fine quality in many instances; being rich in bitumen, glossy, and burning with a bright flame without much residue. 3d. The coal found in this region is in many localities without sulphur, and experts . ~ claim that much of it is channel coal of the richest kind. 4th. In some places the anthacite variety is also found. 5th. Good coal from these crop- pings is being retailed for $3 per ton in Coquille City, a fact which abund- antly testifies to the prospective value and possibilities of this region as a coal producing country. 6th. These coal fields are within easy reach of the navigable waters of the Coquille river; and the output could be shipped from Bandon to San Francisco and other ports cheaper than coal from Puget ' Sound or other distant regions from whence coal is obtained. At present these rich coal areas in the Coquille country can be purchased very cheaply; and the present opportunity would be very tempting to coal mine spec- . ulators and capitalists were they aware of the facts. These extensive coal - measures are generally free from sulphur; and mining on alarge scale would doubtless bring to the surface coal of the very best quality, and the supply would be found almost inexhaustible. In the near future coal mining will become one of the largest industries of the Coquille valley; and the importance of improving the navigation of the river, and rendering the harbor of Bandon more easily accessible by means of suitable breakwaters, is apparent in this connection. Bandon harbor could be easily made avail- able for vessels of 300 tons burthen ‘in all weathers; but more liberal ap- propriations are required for this purpose than the Government seems inclined to make at present. We would, however, point out to the powers that be, the desirability of making improvements to the entrance of this naturally good harbor ; and that the prospective value of increased taxation from coal and other other local industries, would far more than counter- balance any present outlay for the necessary breakwaters and other aids to safe and extensive navigation to and from this port. Good coal in abund~ ant supply and convenient for shipment is not a common thing on this coast ; and the central and near position of Bandon to the marts of com- merce on this coast, where coal is most in demand, render these matters worthy of serious and immediate attention_by the General Government and Oregon legislature. Between Humboldt bay and Coos bay there is no port worthy of the name except Bandon ;; and present appropriations for the improvement of its harbor would return a hundred fold- in a very few years from the completion of the works. The coal and the timber, the fisheries and other natural resources of the district, amply warrant a large outlay of money in their development, and the sooner that these harbor works are finished the better for the State, the locality, the whole coast, and all con- - corned. The total assessed value of property in Coos county for 1886, was $1,847,607. For values of 1887, see table No. 5. CURRY COUNTY. This is the most southern coast county and is situated entirely on the western side of the Coast range. It borders on the ocean a distance of about 65 miles and extends back with an average width of 20 miles. The surface of the county is hilly, and along the Coast range mountainous. There are large quantities of valuable timber, consisting of white cedar, fir and myrtle, all fit for lumber. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and large quantitiescf potatoes, oats, barley and hay are produced, while a limited amount 95‘ ~ wheat and corn is also raised. They are not grown because the climate 01‘ . soil is unfriendly to their growth, but because there is no demand for them’, and other pursuits are more profitable. .. - I; , ‘ Government and school lands for grazing and farming purposes may-yet 1 be had, although at present much of it is unsurveyed, Improved farming. 3‘ ~ - a a i r it ~ t any q -.._ 1 .4. s, , ‘ and,_ cold are comparatively unknown.’ _' There are no ' tornadoes, no cyclones. What winds there are come during ‘home consumption, and here the r, ,, shiptheirrsurplus. ‘VT éflf-BZQQPt peaches, and these do well when they All the farmers have flourishing be a ‘valuable branch of industry before many has a. team, maycomfortably situate himself upon a , .. 3198 capital of 81500. If he goes into the stock busi- money-enough to keep him a year and enable himself " .T. Heine-improvements on his land. of‘ Ellensburg, under date of June 7, 1887, writes as The'dairymen "in this county milk about 700 cows, each cow producing on ianiawerage of'150 pounds of butter annually, which is sold in San Francisco 25 cents per pound. ‘Theyraise about one-half of the calves. Com- arenas‘ about April 1st,, and continue for about seven months. The ‘(subsist upon grass. exclusively. Dairy cows are worth on an average of toothed. i - . ‘ - ~: The great drawback to this county is the absence of roads; there being no wagon between Port Orford and Chetco, a distance of 60 miles. With a wflgbriroad immigrants could go through the county and see for th emselves. alarge area of good mountain grazing, and some good farming 'landiuusurveyed. We are in great need of surveys, and hope to be favored with some the present summer. - was said on the subject of roads to Coos county is applicable as well ‘to Curry. There is ‘a large extent of the finest kind of country which can scarcely‘ be. reached at all from the counties east of the Coast range. The ,State should at least assist in building wagon roads through the mountains to these counties and. also through the counties. Port Orford is the point {Selected by the United States engineers for the Harbor of Refuge on the coast. ' Cape- .Blanco in this county is the most westerly point on the 5‘Pacific coast, , _ ."Peoal underlies nearly the whole of this county, undeveloped for the lack j_,0if-capitaland advantageous means of transportation. Copper has been dis- .léoyered of ‘fine quality, and only ,a short time is necessary to bring this _-d§liscoveryto a profitable ‘business. Gold is mined on Rogue river and at {other points, besides in the beach sands. The grazing lands of this county are not timbercd. There are stretches of Ltimber which break away and open up large areas without a tree. These gjti'aetsar-e‘ usually on south side hills, peculiarly situated for early grass and {luxuriant growth. The same 1am can, and will some day, be cultixated ;,arid made to. yield an abundance of fruits and grains. ?_',.4§According to the census of 1885, this county produced 54,900 pounds of but- pagans in 1886»? according to reliable information there were produced 1 pounds of butter. In 1885 there were produced 2000 pounds of tobacco bushels'of potatoes. The same year 127,820 pounds of wool was and_25,826sheep was owned. There were 4.335 cattle. 1107 hogs and jdi'fii'liorses. In‘. 1886 the assessed. value of all property was $577,794. For 1887, see table No. 5. '51. j.» JOSEPHINE ‘COUNTY’. the pen of Henry L. Benson, in the West Shore for 1887,;zlsv succinct and reliable and is herewith submitted as de- ‘f'ziscriptive of county abovenamed: ‘ _ In: the ,daysrwhe'rrthé coachesof the Oregon and California stage company " the only Pliblic ‘ conveyance by land from San Francisco to Portland, ,er'ewasa Stage-Station at ‘a point in the Rogue River valley where the theifo'ot'of the hills on one side of the valley. It was called ti's pass, for thereason that; there is a pass of that name in the moun- . :few miles beyond. When the Oregon and California railroad was from‘ Roseburg vto 'Ashlandjthis intervening stage station was, of ‘ ‘fbandoned andin the center of a beautiful and picturesque valley araillroad stationwas located, and the town which suddenly retainedfbycommon consent, the old name, although asgltoithejnature of the surrounding country. ' new seat oflJosephine county, possesses 'gqoaqaauuesamna, equable, healthful climate. inonths'of July and August, but are never severe enough to be , uncomfortable. The rainfall is never excessive, yet droughts are unknown. Four years v‘ago when the town was first laid out there was not a house of any kind in sight. It now has about 1000 inhabitants, a fine court house, a ; large two-story public- school building, in which more than 250 pupils are in daily attendance, under the tuition of four com petcnt teachers. The course of study in this school includes the academic branch cs, which prepare pupils for admission to colleges. Nearly all of the churches are well represented in membership. The town has eight large stores, well stocked with gro- ceries and general merchandise, four excellent hotels, two large furniture stores, an extensive hardware store, two well-stocked livery stables, atin shop, blacksmith, wagon and cabinet shops, and all the trades ordinarily represented in towns of equal size. _ Among the industries demanding especial notice is the Sugar Pine Door and Lumber company, with its extensive sawmill and large sash and door factory. This enterprise was originated in 1855 by the organization of a joint stock company with a paid up capital of $50,000. The output of lumber from the mill for the year ending December 31, 1880, was 3,000,000 feet. The fac- tory products for the same time aggregated $10,000. The output of lumber for this year will be about 4,000,000 feet, while the business of the factory will be increased one-half. They employ in the neighborhood of 100 men. The lumber consists almost exclusively of sugar pine and yellow pine, the latter receiving special attention on account of its beauty offinish. It is the firmest and hardest of soft ‘woods, and is very similar but superior to the southern pine so popular for finish in the natural wood in the eastern cities. The architects of Portland are using it in large quantities for that purpose. Another prominent feature of this industry is the manufacture of boxes. This is the first year in which they have turned their attention to this work, yet they have already sold 70,000 boxes, which have been used chiefly for the packing and shipping of Rogue river fruit. The permanent prosperity of the mill and factory is assured, by the fact that there are vast areas in J osephine county of sugar and yellow pine forests, while oak and laurel are also abundant. As this is the only body of sugar pine or manufacturing pine in this State near enough to transportation to market available, there is no limit to the possible growth of this splendid industry. The machine shops and round house of the Oregon and (l‘alifornia railroad are located here, and give employment to a large number of men, who are among our best citizens. The location of G-rant‘s Pass, at the foot of the heavy grades (of the Grave creek and Cow creek hills) makes it a permanent point for important railroad operations. The center of the current of Rogue river one of the corporate :limits of the town, and the stream is a factor of no small importance in estimating her future prosperity. Rogue river is a pure, clear stream, which at low water stage has an average width of 200 feet and an average depth of about six feet. The citizens are agitating the question of digging a large ditch for irrigating and manufacturing purposes. The preliminary surveys thus far made, with this object in View, indicate a fall of ten feet to the mile, and that a ‘IQ-mile ditch with a fall of six feet to the mile will put water over the entire town for the purpose of irrigation and will furnish a fall of 80 feet for water power. Those who have any knowledge oi the almost magical increase in the values of land in portions of California, résultin g from irrifl gating canals, can form some idea of the value of irrigation. In this case it could be used over 50,000 acres of land 110w idle, and would, judging by results elsewhere, become marvelously productive. It would also furnish cheap power to many new manufactories which would undoubtedly be promptly established. Afirst-class grist mill, with approved appliances and machinery, would be an excellent investment hero. The writer is informed by a prominent merchant that the amount of flour handled in Grant's Pass for home con- sumption, and tributary points, amounts to two car loads per week, and yet we have no grist mill. It is true there is not a very large amount of wheat raised in the county, but the reason is manifest to all who know the situa- tion. Were there a demand for a larger supply, such as would be created by a good mill, the production could and would be increased three or four times. Aside from the large amount of flour handled here, it is worthy of note that the price of mill feed is higher here than almost anywhere else, consumed by those engaged in lumbering and breaking ucw land. There is an ‘extensive yard in the town where an excellent quality of brick is made. The frame buildings originally erected are gradually giving way to more imposing‘brick structures, which are a strong indication of the faith the business men have in the permanent prosperity of the ('Qmmunity_ The woods of the Josephine coimty forests are peculiarly favorable for the manufacture of almost every variety of wooden ware. Factories should be established here for the manufacture of tubs, brackets, fanning mills, threshing machines, bee hives, agricultural implements, and many other 14' OUN : , things of a similar character. Broom corn is successfillly in wIllflfllyf68315111513-55that, averages 5119 places in the county, and brooms are already placed on the marketin-small quanties; they are of excellent quality, and there is a fine opening in this county for a large broom factory. ' - , - - For many years those who settled in Southern Oregon imagined‘ that the tention exclusively to the low lands along the river and smaller streams. California, that the red land of the foot hills is of the very best that can be found for fruit raising. Owing to this blunder, orcharding has not until re- cently received the attention which it merits. A large portion of the county, and especially the foot hill region, has proved to be the natural home of the apple, pear, peach, prune, plum, apricot, and in fact all—the fruits that can be grown in a temperate climate. Apple trees begin to bear in from four to six years. The peach will in the second year after trans- planting yield suflicient fruit to pay the purchase price of the trees and the cost of cultivation. Fruits on hill land are grown without irrigation, and in point of size and flavor, are equal, if not superior to the same class of fruits grown in California. A. H. Carson, of the “Red Land Fruit Farm,” in this county, has practically demonstrated the truth of the foregoing. He took up 160 acres of red land in the foot hills, cleared it and planted it out in fruit trees. His is now one of the best paying properties in the county, supplying from his nursery department acclimated vigorous young trees of the best varieties to those who are planting new orchards. Mr. Carson in- forms the writer that grapes of all varieties, both native and foreign, do well on the red soil of the foot hills. He has grown successfully, in the past three years, that excellent raisin grape, the white Muscat of Alexandria, and will this year plant ten acres in that variety. The writer is informed that there are still open to homstead and pre-emption large areas of red hill land, lightly covered with timber and brush, that can be easily cleared. It must of course be remembered that to clear land, plant an orchard and wait for returns, necessitates the possession of some resources for self support during the time; but then energetic men with a small amount of money can thus acquire a permanent and prosperous home. Hops are grown successfully, and of the very best quality, along-‘the river bottom lands. This is a new industry in this county, but growing rapidly, and this year there will be a handsome yield of fine hops. There is no bet- ter place in the State for corn, hence hogs are raised in abundance, and are very profitable. Timothy, red clover and alfalfa grow luxuriantly without irrigation on the bottom lands, but require water when grown on the uplands. Grain of all kinds does well throughout the county. Cattle find a good range the whole year, and need no shelter in the winter. Good lands may be bought here cheaply now. Any amount of it, at present covered with brush, will soon be worth a hundred dollars an acre. For the mining interests of Josephine county the reader is referred to the chapter on Mines and Mining. In 1885, there were 13,413 acres in cultivation, and there were produced 20,686 bushes of wheat, 18,929 bushels of oats, 8060 bushels of barley and rye, 4546 tons of hay, 17,965 bushels of corn, 27,675 pounds of butter and cheese, 215 pounds of tobacco, 4070 pounds of hops, 23,925 bushels of potatoes, 323$?) bushels of apples, 2322 bushels of plums and prunes, 3620 ounces of gold dust, and 3,595,000 feet of lumber. That year there were in this county 3067 sheep, and there were produced 11,220 pounds of wool. The county owned 3440 hogs, 1169 horses, and 3520 cattle. Everyitem above mentioned has been increased since those figures were made. That was at the census of 1885, and in the last two years there has been a large increase in values all over the State. In 1886, the whole taxable property of the county, according to the county assessment roll was 889,606 dollars. For the values of 1887, see table No. 5. ' A person can comfortably situate himself on *a farm, improved, of say, 100 acres for from $1500 to $3000. The hill lands are valued at from $5 to $15 per acre. The bottom land is valued at from $15 to $40 per acre. Of course the land yet open for settlement will cost simply the Government price. Waldo and Kerby are flourishing towns in this county, surrounded by val- uable mining, as well as farming lands. JACKSON COUNTY. Southern Oregon comprises Douglas, Coos, Curry, Josephine and Jackson counties. The counties lie between the Calapooia mountains on the north, _ the Cascades on the east, the Siskiyous on the south and the Pacific ocean on the west. Of this territory, Jackson county occupies the most south- eastern corn or. It is bounded on the south by the Siskiyou mountains and Siskiyou county, California; on the east by the Cascade mountains and Klamath county; on the north by the Rogue River mountains, and west by the 4th standard parallel west and Josephine coimty. It is eight townships . and one-third timber .The'arable hill land was valueless, and acting upon this supposition, devoted‘ their at~v ' ' ' " ' ' . hills too steep, for general cultivation, which By so doing, they failed to discover what has been so effectually learned in ' i area contains 1,558,380 saws bf which 2118.... this amount enlarged "to a 0}_.~ai_:riesh¥ the'total' acreage-into three-parts, one-tbiriiifl mlins‘hili lands Y [The grazing land cbmpri‘séaiihsiiw I with'ti'mber; ‘The, timberi’lands are on the slopesofarie rugged hills‘and canyons ad ‘some lands along‘ the I Rogue river rises inthe Cascades in the northeast .cornefirfof theceiin flows southwesterly diagonally across four ahalf townshipagthen little more southward runs through two and a half townshipsitheacayresti into the Pacific.’ The principal streams emptying into on south side are the South fork of‘Itogue' river, Big Butte, creek and Applegate, while on the north ‘side, Button, Elk, Stéarnsslfiaihfs, Trail and Evans? creeks.‘ Each one of these water courses and is the nucleus of a series of valleys and table lands separated from itsneig'lh-l boring valleys by a range of hills. Properly speaking, the basin of‘ river is not ‘a valley but a series of valleys, table lands and hills. Many have thus been mistaken by supposing that a certain range of hills was the ' limit of the valley land. . -. . T ‘ _ f _' The great diversity of soils and the admixture of the elements composing one.class of soil with those of another grade, renders its exceeding diflicult to describe it so that one not acquainted with its peculiarities and the 011+ matic influences can form a rational conclusion concerning, its merits. There is no frost to loosen or pulverize the mineral elements, but this work = is done by chemical action caused by the admixture found in nearly every‘ grade of soil. To classify as nearly as possible consistent with brevity, there _ are bottom, prairie, adobe, granite and a sand and clay soils. The bottom land is found along the rivers and creeks; the prairie soil on the prairie- or table lands; the adobe on the plains, table lands and hills; the sand and clay loam in all parts of the valley. “These soils are all good'for special crops adapted to the nature of the soil. Besides these, along the hillsides there is a marl of a reddish cast, in which decomposed granite, feldspar, mica, chloride of iron, clay and vegetable mold have been ground-together by continual washing down the hillsides. This soil appears to be especially adapted to grapes and peaches, but will also produce all other fruits or grains desired. a , Wheat, rye, oats and barley grow well on all soils and yield fine crops. The straw is generally bright and clean, vfree from rust or mildew and the grain full, plump and well matured. The best lands will average 3.0 to 35 bushels of wheat and from 40 to 50 bushels of cats per acre. Common grade land will average 20 to 25 bushels of wheat and 35 to 40 bushels of cats per acre. Fields under good cultivation often produce from 50 to 60 bushels of wheat per acre and a corresponding amount of oats. As in other sections,‘ much depends upon the manner of cultivation. Corn grows well on all good soils and yields on an average from 40 to 60 bushels to the acre. The summers being dry, less labor is required to keep the land free of weeds than‘ in other sections. Hitherto but little attention has been given to {this product, but now that the market of the whole Pacific coast has been opened. by rail there is a stimulus to produce beyond the requirements of home woduction. ‘ . i '7 Farm grasses, such as timothy, clover, blue grass, alfalfa, etc., are not a success on common uplands; but on bottom lands where the .soil'is more damp or where the land can be irrigated, all farm grasses growin abundance. The poorest, sandy, gravelly soil, favored by irrigation, will producetwo or three crops of alfalfa each season. > ' - ' Farmers owning land not suited to the culture of grass sow wheat, oats or barley, and cut it at the proper time for hay; many allow a portion of their wheat land to volunteer, cutting it for hay the second season after sowing. Wild oats, a native product of the county, is extensivelyused for hay. When seeded down as common meadow, it produces good crops for four‘ or five years. _ . . l 1 The mildness of the climate and the absence of any prevailing disease among stock makes this an inviting field for the stock-grower. ‘Very few persons furnish shelter for the stoek'in the winter season, nor isit necessary. Stock, ranging in the interior foothills, seldom require feedingin the‘ winter. In the valley, where it is more densely settled and the nativev grasSmoré exhausted, more hay for winter feeding or more tame pasturage is required. The above will apply to nearly every county of Western Oregon. , _ __ 3 Fruit culture is now attracting the attention of the citizens'o'f'; county. Judging by what has been done in a small way, there arein. near future great possibilities in this line. Hitherto fruit " cultiire '‘ ‘has received but little attention, a limited home consumptionbein'g’ market offered; but the advent of the railroad giving shipping the outside world, has caused this industry‘ to take - a, roremost pastries; During the past two years there has been a large .,..s_ v.‘ > J.‘ a, 2' R grips-s . l'Js i. e apps Eld'TEfiN‘ OREGON-411W "I "'1 n l . r" . 15 u‘, ‘a w k #2.; V m , gslarsscarce, while nearly W, t , yet vtntldultnre as a muted. J. n. T. Miller, near Jack- filipjtlille, has a vineyard" 01215 produced about 50 tons of grapes flilsy‘ean: weirdly-five ‘i were shipped to points between The haillildakfid'lfacksonyilleglfgépoflgifim gallons of wine was made, and the fifths crop meantime local trade. Raphael Morat has 10 acres Miller. unborn; half of his crop was sent to Portland, and the balance made into Amille Barbra has 6 acres also adjoining Miller. aHit-l? crop was principally made into wine. Peter Butt has5 acres a mile anda half west from iiicksonville which yielded about 2500 gallons of wine. dranyil Sears, about 3 miles from Jacksonville, has 4 acres, the crop of which he sold to the local trade. Conrad Sever, 1 mile further north, has 4 acres; yield sold to the local trade. Dr. Geo. DeBar, near Central Point, has 8 acres of young vines. Dr. Geary, of Medford, has 8 acres on Griffin 'creekrwhich yielded about 10 tons this season. At Ashland there are a num- ber. of small vineyards, but the principal ones in the county have been named. The majority of the vineyards are in acre and half-acre tracts. The Sweetwater is a favorite early grape ; the blue grape, (variety unknown) is principally raised, and is unsurpassed in flavor and keeping qualities. Nearly all varieties are grown and do well. As yet the only disease of the vines is mildew, occurring but rarely. Red clay land is found to be the best for grapes. The immediate vicinity of Jacksonville seems to be the best part of the county for grape culture. A vast acreage will be added to grape culture this next season. For an account of the precious metals and other ores in this county, the reader is referred to the chapter on Mines and Mining. Along the head waters of the Rogue river and its tributaries, are forests of fine quality of timber, consisting of yellow pine, sugar pine, white and ‘red fir, and various other woods useful in mechanical and manufacturing pursuits. This timber may easily be floated down the streams to the val- leys where it may be manufactured, and placed upon the cars at the mill door and shipped to any part of the United States. Jacksonville is the county seat. It is pleasantly located at the foothills, five miles west of the line of the Oregon and California railroad. Its pop- ulation is about 1000. A court house was recently constructed, which is a beautiful building, and complete in all its appointments. It contains a graded public school in operation ten months in the year. Ashland, with a population of 1400, is situated in Bear Creek valley against the foothills of the Siskiyou mountains, 340 miles south of Portland. It has a woolen factory, fiouring mills, planing mills, and other manufac- turing industries. It has a fine system of public schools, which are open nine months in the year, a normal school, and a college, all doing good work. Medford is a flourishing town on the Oregon and California railroad, 5 miles east of Jacksonville, has a population of 700, and is gaining rapidly. It is in the center of the valley, surrounded with the finest kind of agricul- tural land. It has a good public school. There are many villages in the county, all flourishing. There are thousands of acres of land in this county, school, Government, and railroad, which may yet be taken up or purchased from first hands. Rolling hill, and narrow valley land, situated along the headwaters of the various tributaries of Rogue river, may be found whereon a person could cultivate all the way from 10 to 60 acres on a quarter section. Improved farms on or near the line of railroad range from $20 per acre for common, to $40 per acre for the best, varying from these figures accord- ing to the character of the land and improvements. Five to ten miles away improved lands sell for $8 per acre for common, and $20 per acre for best, subject to modifications on account of improvements, quality of land, etc. Unimproved lands, located in the interior, are selling for 82.50 per acre for the poorest, and $10 per acre for the best: In 1885, this county owned 24,971 sheep, and produced 122,791 pounds of wool. There were 11,468 hogs, 4297 horses, and 9420 cattle. There were raised 258,118 bushels of wheat, 91,302 bushels of oats, 15,838 tons of hay, 90,- 450 bushels of corn, 118,140 pounds of cheese, 1000 pounds of hops, 100 pounds bf tobacco, 37,071 bushels of potatoes, 96,496 bushels of barley and rye, 117,730 ‘bushels of apples, 14,875 bushels of prunes and plums, and 1,297,500 feet of lfirnber was produced. In 1886, the total assessed value of all property was 83,162,900. For value of 1887, see table No. 5. LINN COUNTY. 2,, The shape of the county is nearly that of a rectangle, though wider nine, west end than at the east end. The width of the county is about 2 '3 M s'n j‘! miles, the about 70 miles, and contains 2400 square miles or about one and a half million acres. The Willamette river forms the western boundary, the Santiam and its north fork forms its northern boundary, the summit of the Cascades its eastern boundary and a surveyed line its southern boundary. The western part of the county for a distance of 12 to 20 miles east from the Willamette river is level prairie country, having but little timber except along the various streams that rise in the central and eastern part of the county. Lying east and adjacent to this prairie land, there are tracts of land level in part and sometimes rolling, which vary from five to 15 miles wide, and further east commence the foot- hills of the Cascade mountains. The foothills at first are low and gently rolling, but on nearing the Cascades become larger and more precipitous. The eastern part of the county is the western slope of the Cascades, and besides much fine grazing country, furnishes vast quantities of timber valuable for lumber. The timber is composed of white, yellow and red fir, cedar, pine, alder, etc. The central part of the county is generally of a rolling and hilly char- acter, covered with brush and timber, interspersed with little skirts of prairie bottoms along the creeks and rivers which empty into the Willamette. The South Santiam river rises in the Cascade mountains and flows westerly and northwesterly uniting with the north fork about 10 miles above its con- fidence with the Willamette. It divides the county in two nearly equal parts—the south and north half. The north half between the north and south Santiam rivers, a large part of which is rolling brush land, although there is considerable bottom, prairie and table land on the hills and low er mountains. The brush lands in this section are excellent for grain, fruits and vegetables. It requires labor to clear them, but after they are put in a state of cultivation they are very productive and will abundantly repay the labor bestowed upon them. Scarcely onehalf of this northern division is yet surveyed—the eastern part of which is almost entirely unsettled. Much of it is unfit for agricultural purposes, being mountainous and covered with extensive forests. The soil in the settled part of this division is principally sandstone and basaltic, and is productive of good results in vegetable and grain raising. The whole of this section is well watered and drained by numerous small streams. It is especially well fitted for stock raising and dairy purposes. Much of the land along the foothills is not enclosed and stock is free to run at will. The south half of the county includes all that part of it lying south of 1116 South Santiam river. The eastern portion of this part of the county is very much like the eastern portion of the northern half. The western portion contains at least four-fifths of the population of the entire county, and about eleven-twelfths of all the taxable property. This belt from the Willamette to the foothills varies from 12 to 25 miles wide, is an open prairie country and very productive. The land is all taken up, but farms may be purchased at figures ranging from $12 to $50 per acre, according to location and quality and extent of the improvements. All kinds of grain and fruits and vegeta- bles grow well and are cultivated extensively. Corn does not do very w oil in any of the Willamette valley counties. Wheat is the staple production of this, as it is of all the Willamette valley counties. Along the borders of the Willamette and Santiam rivers is a strip half a mile or so wide of rich bottom land covered with brush and timber. At present only a small portion of it is cultivated, although for fruit and garden purposes no better land can be found. The county is well provided with transportation facilities. The Oregon & California. railroad crosses it near the river from north to south; the Oregon Pacific crosses it from west to east and on thc eastern side; there is a narrow guage owned by the Oregonian Railway company (limited) crossing the county from north to south, while on the cxtrcme western border is the Willamette river, which is navigable for river steamers at almost all seasons of the year. There is a branch of the Oregon dz California railroad from Albany to Lebanon. The yield of wheat ranges from 15 to 45 bushels to the acre. The grain is large and plump, and is deemed very ordinary in qualityif a measured bushel does not weigh at least 60 pounds. The average wheat when ground will yield from 42 to 44 pounds of flour. Oats often yield from 60 to 70 bushels to the acre, and a measured bushel will weigh 39 to 42 pounds. Tame gl‘zlSSGs grow prolifically, timothy being the principal grass used for hay. Flax is grown in various parts of the county with success. ‘It is more profitable at present than wheat growing. Albany is the county seat, and has a population of about 8000. It is on the bank of the Willamette, on the western edge of the county, and is sur- rounded by a beautiful stretch of prairie country in a high state of cultiva- tion. Here the Oregon Pacific crosses the Oregon 8.: California railroad, and the Lebanon branch of the Oregon & California railroad switches off. Steamers ply between here and Portland all the year, except perhaps a couple of months—August and September. It is a thriving place. There are large milling establishments, foundries, etc. The water power used for .11“, . ,, ; . . bar). as“, a I a “ ‘1' propelling milling machinery, I ~‘ months of the year. it is also the-site or the lubaiiyccnegisremsntmaan institution under the management of the Presbyterian‘ church. .Ehepublie- buildings, both county and city, are elegant, commodi'ous structures. r ; foothills, is a flourishing town of about 650 inhabitants. No lovelier site for a town can easily be found. As early as 1853 a woolen mill was built ‘here. “ It was burned down but was immediately rebuilt, and is now a profitable business. The narrow guage road passes through the town,w and the sur- rounding country wealthy in agricultural pursuits. The place is well supplied with a good public school, and mercantile and manufacturing es- tablishments, aside from the woolen mill, necessary in the locality. Lebanon is near the edge of the foothills, about 14 miles east of Albany. The population at this time is about 700. The surrounding country is a fine grain growing section. It has good public schools, and ~supports the Santiam academy, an excellent school under the auspices of the M. E. church. Lebanon is connected with Albany by a branch of the Oregon & Ca1- l‘ornia railroad, and the narrow guage road passes within three miles. Fine and extensive liouring mills are located here, grinding upwards of 50,000 bushels of wheat yearly. The water power is obtained from the South San- tiam by means of a canal, which proceeds to Albany, furnishing water power for the mills there. Lebanon is a flourishing town. Harrislmrg situated in the extreme southwestern part of the county, 30 miles south of Albany on the Willamette river, and also on the line of the Oregon & Calii'cn'nia railroad. It is in the heart of a rich agricultural re- gion which reaches out in an open stretch of beautiful and extremely fertile prairie on each side of the river to the distance of 12 to 20 miles. The river at this point is navigable only in the winter season. The locality is quite healthful, which is true of nearly every other locality in the State of Oregon. The population numbers about 600. There are flourishing public schools, and the business interests are milling, manufacturing and mer- cantile. ' Scio is situated in the northeastern part of the county in the midst-oi a fine agricultural and grazing section. it has good public schools, and mill- ing and mercantile enterprise. ' (l‘rawt'ordsville, six miles east of Brownsville, on Calapooia creek, is also a sprightly town. It has good public schools, and is carrying on a milling and mercantile business. Sweet Home, about :30 miles southeast of Albany, on the South Santiam river, a. thriving little town. It is surrounded by an excellent farming country. There are good public schools, milling and merchandising. Shedd. Tangent and Halsey are thriving towns on the line of the Oregon it; (l‘alifornia railroad. They are well supplied with good schools. The people in these towns are largely engaged in storing grain for shipment by rail. Merchandising carried on successfully in each. The surrounding country is rich in agriculture. Peora is a small village on the bank of the Willamette about 15 miles southeast of Albany. A rich farming country surrounds this place, and many of the people thereabout are engaged in raising fine sheep. In 1R5), Linn county owned 40,213 sheep, and produced 220,047 pounds of wool. There were least‘: hogs, 8444 horses and 14,670 cattle. There were 134,310 acres in cultivation and 1,131,873 bushels of wheat were produced, hill-{beds bushels of oats, 50,321 bushels of barley and rye, 10,930 tons of hay, 300,073 pounds of lmtter and cheese, 12,278 bushels of flax seed, 657 pounds of tobacco, 154,011 pounds of hops, 168,500 bushels of potatoes, ‘256,076 bushels of apples, 1M0‘) bushels of plums and prunes, and 4,550,000 feet of lumber. In 1880, the total assessed value of all property was $7,377,071. For assessed value of 1S8? see table No. 5. improved farmlands in the prairie range at from $20 to $50 per acre; on the foothills and brushy tracts, at from $10 to $25. Back in the immediate foothills some Government and school land may yet be obtained. A person can comfortably situate himself on a farm of, say, 100 acres with from $2000 to 555000. Railroad lands may yet be purchased in this county. amnion COUNTY. Illurion county is bounded on the north by the Willamette river and Butte creek, which separates it from Clackamas county; on the east by Clackamas county and the Cascade mountains, which separates it from Wasco county ; on the south by the Santiam river and the north fork of the Santiani, sermrating it from Linn county; and on the west by the Wil- lamette river. This county lies on the eastern bank of the Willamette river, and extends eastward to the summit of the Cascade mountains. The figure of the county is about an L in shape, having the southern and western lines nearly , , , _ _ , resent‘ ‘i in a commodious canal fourteen miles from ‘the’Sout'h g4; The town is supplied with a good system of-gradedsehools, ‘in ,eperajtionitep: ., . , . . _, '-,.»1,,ers, preirieanemeantam, @migigmutgmm Brownsville, situated in the southern part of the county, about 20 miles‘: S " " ‘ from Albany on the Calapooia creek, where it enters the valley from the. (,1 ... . .ptuhisndststajibnfnr. was. The-re. “it? {moi-“mail? _. 4% extends them: e telshefflbiibfiifie the... distance of about 15 part ' the, tendv to the‘ mountains; ~3Hf¥$¢¥§i¢ks the him? 15%;» parallel to the .mountainyrangeiora distance of about} _, " ‘ place whereitfiows forth , The mountainous portion contains: 14' .townsh ips’ '1 veyed land, lying in ajstrip' 12 miles northandsouth by west, and comprises all classes of v'1‘_a'.nd, from Trio-h. narrow valfiiysi} " timber-ed, and in the near future will be valuableibif ‘its lumbe ' or early spring, and the seeding done before- the levellandsaizé f ,i *- " Oregon. ' ‘ the boundary, the stream flowing to the cast for 12 miles, when it leaves-they. out into a low level prairie, known as French prairie, which is, some 115 of the northeast corner of this county, the Willamette makes a right angle - The first 15 miles of this distance the river bottom, banks and timber skirting are similar to the 12 miles on the northern line. Pudding river andvButte creek form the eastern boundary of the section above named, and timberland above the bed of the river. The river forks (Pudding) some .10miles abovev curving toward the west. The land lying between the two streams ‘for the". first five miles is mostly timber. Thus it will be observed that the firstil5f mile section of the county on thev north is surrounded by water onthree sides—the Willamette on the west and north, and the Pudding river on the: east.‘ The timber bordering on these streams afi‘ordsan ample supply of f fuel and lumber for all purposes, and that at a reasonable cost. ' The soil on French prairie is a black loam and very productive. The brush-and timber lands surrounding it are a clay loam, and wherever cleared and cropped]. in consequence rather wet, but the watercourses onthree sides furnish ever the enterprise of the husbandman sees proper’ to enter upon the work» of draining the land. ’ ,_ -' _ The next section of the county extends ten' miles further up the south “to, ' the city of Salem, and is about eight miles east and west. This portion 1 level and agreeably diversfied with timber and prairie, ‘in aboutfthe portion of one to three. There are two or three small streams emptying Q, into the Willamette from this section, and about four milesea'st of thé‘riveifF is located a large swamp called Lake LaBish, containing some 5,001,)"atiirlifia‘_-’f;~ The water is but a few feet . deep, and already a’ systematic effort. made to drain and reel-aim it. The soil in this seetionisnot so good as in the French prairie, there being some black {a-l-luvinm, vilfsen‘ljje and a small amountof gravelly land. , '- ' ' The portion of the county lying immediately,“ east of. described is about six miles on the north, 172 on 1 ‘ north to south. ‘It is cut by _,_I_>udd-ing,river neariqte {was ~ order Abiqua,|Si1ver,v Drift, and ‘several other seems; rir‘ ' passes, up through all the masts-ironing, and -broken,jvto;;tlfrdtiifiik rock-bound canyons and inaccessible 'eraggylpgaks. It is generally The western portion of the county is comparatively level, and ass-Iraq? classed as good farmingland, with few exceptions, andfeontains appronffi imately about 450,000 acres. This-tract embraces a, ‘great. diyersityfin. character of the soil‘. For the mosti'part'itfisiproductive.'l This rariety at? soil may be considered a desirable featurepasj-it. diversify his crop, and lengthens the period or seedingsiia has ‘ than would be practicable under ordinary conditions oftof ,. Thus, the hilly and rolling lands can be plowed almost any-day‘in' _ 1 gestures ; to plow; then, later in the season the rich bottom lands are seeded, thus giving ample time for getting the ‘crop in, and extendiiirgiifhii‘fli‘ harvest time from July to October. This immense ‘advantage being secured to the farmer by the variable soil and equable climate-of Western~w_ Commencing at the north side of the county, we‘ find the Willamette river; county. Bordering the river is a low, rich bottom land, varying from a half mile to a mile in width, made up of black alluvi'um. and dividedffbetween ‘ timber and prairie. Beyond the bottom the land rises in some ,"places; gradually, in others abruptly, some fifty‘feet, and extends-fora distance of l5 I miles to the south in a level plain. There is generally a skirting-of timber .‘ land on the edge of the plain from one to two miles in width; then itopens? .- miles north and south, by-seven or eight east and west. Twelve miles west I _ ‘and bears in almost a due course south for 25 miles, to the "city of Salem; being about a mile wide, the greater portion of the timber on" the highland f: the mouth; Butte creek bearing slightly to the east and Pudding river 1 have proven excellent wheat and fruit lands. The prairieis very flat, and ‘ ready outlets for a complete system of ' drainage to the whole region when. . w arsenals 0m OIL-MARION 17 p W , 5 x‘ W Qgmm‘madounofgently ' prairip'and mores @ = . erase nopedtnfiafiifiivnnbe found a: and hemlock, - ’ I. .. "'1 “ss‘iifidewwh a! new we die ted alluvigqmzauaffiqdremely productive. , , ' .iilngsouthofflalemisdivided mm ‘two parts by Milliereek, l ' southern portion of the county, “the base of the‘dascadewzhiid flows diagonally across this section emptying into tag wiiimfinatsaiem. The valley of mu creek varies in widthrfiw half titties, and the greater portion of it is prairie Ian-,4, part of ‘proper is quite gravelly, though generally pro Qiiuctivefwhile ratios lands adjacent are very rich and among the most valuable in the country To the east of Mill creek valley is a rolling igountry, known as the Waldo hills, extending all the way to the mountains. These hills are gently sloping and dotted here and there with small groves of oak trees, Something more than halfof this region is prairie land, but scattering ‘oaks arefound all over the country. This division wmprises about three and a haiftewhships and is bountifully supplied with water. The remainingsection, lying between Mill creek and the Willamette and Ban‘lzlmn rivers, is about evenly divided between rolling hills and level land. The level portions have black soil and the hilly part a clay formation. Numerous creeks and overflowing springs afi‘ord pure water in abundance fonall purposes. White oak groves are common, and fir andrcedar plentiful. Two-thirds of the land is first rate and the balance divided between second and third rate. A small portion of theriver bottom is gravelly and a few of the higher ridges too dry and the soil too thin for productiveness. One peculiar feature of the topography of the county is the range of hills commencing a few rods west of the village of Marion, and extending in a westerly course 'for seven or eight miles, where it unites and blends with the Salem hills. This range is from three to five hundred feet high, and varies in width from half a mile to two miles. The land is a red alluvium, well suited to wheat growing and fruit raising. On the north is a level prairie country, bordering Mill creek; and on the south a level region, par- tially open land and the remainder timbered with oak and fir. The greater part of the ridge is what Oregonians call “oak openings,” scattering oak trees. with an undergrowth of grass and an occasional thicket of small oak grubs. In some places small groves of evergreen trees are interspersed with the oaks, making the landscape 9. very pleasing one. The land is generalls strong and productive, and every year is growing in the estimation of farmers. The Willamette river flowing on the west affords the means of cheap trans- portation at all stages of water. It has a width of about 200 yards, and although there‘are numerous bars and rapids, it has been so improved that light draft steamers can now run at all stages of water. The Santiam river, on the south, is navigable for a distance of ten miles from the Willamette river, up as far as the town of J eii‘erson. It is about 350 feet wide as far up as the north fork. The latter stream is about 200 feet in width, and its course oiibrs unequal facilities for water power. Pudding river, on the north, rises in the foot hills near the center of the county, and follows a northly course to the Willamette river. It is from 80 to 100 feet wide, and is a sluggish and exceedingly crooked stream. Butte creek is a beautiful mountain tributary of Pudding river, and fully compensates in its bounding, sparkling activity for the sluggishness of the parent stream. It takes its rise in the Cascade mountains, well up towards the summit, and in its course passes through scenes of rare grandeur and picturesque beauty. In its practical utility, too, it is hardly surpamed, as it affords abundant water power and is well stored with the speckled beauty pf our mountain streams. The principal remaining tributaries of Pudding river are Abiqua creek, Silver creek and Drift creek, and some few streams from the westward, unimportant, save as affording drainage and water for stock. Mill creek takes its rise in the hills near the southern boundary of the county, and flowing in a general northwesterly course empties into the Willamette-river at Salem. The stream affords abundance of water power and is a valuable aid to industrial resources of Marion county. Spring creek takes its rise near the station of Marion, flowing westerly for about five miles and empties itself into the Santiam. The southwestern portion of the county is well watered by numerous brooks and springs, hardly a sectiomof land being without the valuable adjunct of running water. Lake LaBish is a long irregularly shaped lagoon, two-thirds swamp. It extends ironic. point about 12 miles northeasterly from Salem, in a south- westerly direction for about seven miles, thence westerly about three miles. its tbrmationlis due to numerous springs which bubble up in various places. Thwwatersflow in two directions from a slight elevation near the center, \‘x a thegrincipal springs are located, one side’empties into Pudding river 1-0-4 bnthonorth andthe other side empties into the Willamette river on the southwest. French prairie, in the northern portion of the county, so calledon account “of its settlement by a number of Canadian ex-voyagers and employee of the Hudson's Bay company, is a level prairie about 15 miles north and south, by seven or eight east and west, and is sufilciently timbered and well watered. The prairie soil is a rich black loam and exceedingly productive. The timber lands consist of a clayey loam and proving, when cleared, to be excellent fruit and wheatvsoil. The land lies level and is, in consequence, rather wet. There appears to be ample facilities for drainage afforded by the various watercourses on three sides of this fine stretch of land, should it be deemed desirable. Howell prairie has become somewhat noted in the county as one of the best farming communities in the State. This beautiful prairie lies six miles northeast of Salem, and is seven miles long by say three and a half miles wide, its general course being nortfieast and southwest. The land is gently rolling; soft, black alluvium. Large crops are the rule, and the lands com- mand a ready sale at 830 an acre. Santiam prairie, in the southwestern part of the county, sometimes called the Santiam bottoms, contain several thousand acres of rich bottom lands, and is the seat of a thriving and industrious population. Salem prairie, North and South prairies, Crooked Finger, and many other openings dignified by local names, both in the valley and among the foot- hills, make up a sum total of several thousand acres of rich prairie lands, capable of producing cereals, vegetables and fruits. The productiveness of the soil is marvelous to those who are accustomed to the small crops of the East. With good cultivation 40 bushels of wheat to the acre can be readily secured. The average, however, is about 20 bushels. Wheat is a great staple with the Oregon farmer, and its extra fine character has built up a splendid reputation for it wherever known. A large percent- age of that grown is white wheat, and the berry is large and plump, often weighing 64 pounds to the measured bushel. Our average wheat will make 44 pounds of extra No. 1 flour for a bushel of good wheat. Oats, barley, rye and the small grains do well, while vegetables are grown in great abundance. The nights in summer are too cold for corn, yet it is raised in small quantities in every neighborhood. Fruits of all kinds that grow in the temperate zones are at home here, except the peach, and in some localities there is no trouble in raising them. The German pmne does extremely well, and the small fruits and berries are generally abundant. As a stock country, Marion county is good. Horses, cattle, sheep and swine are almost free from disease, and the mildness of the climate and productiveness of the soil renders their raising a matter of comparatively little expense. Some attention has been given to the matter of improved breeds and a few persons have introduced pure bloods, and the fine stock interests will in future be more carefully guarded. In the matter of sheep, we have some as fine pure bloods and grades as can be found anywhere, if practical tests are taken as the rule of judgment. French and Spanish Merinos have been largely introduced, and the Cotswold, Leicester, New Oxfordshire and Shropshire breeds are found all over the county. Many of the breeders have crossed their flocks of Merinos with the long wools, and they get a yearly clip of from seven to nine pounds of long staple, long enough for combing purposes, as the average of their flocks. Among the fine blooded cattle of the county are Shorthorns, Jerseys, Polled Angus, Guernseys, and Holsteins. These different breeds of sheep and cattle are to be found in nearly every county of the State. Indeed the question of fine breeding in all kinds of stock is receiving the attention of stock-raisers, and each year importations are made for the purpose of im- provement. There are a great many Angora goats in this county. They do well, and are profitable. So far as that is concerned, these Angoras will do well in any part of Western or Eastern Oregon, and if adopted by breeders and stock-raisers, they would prove a profitable business. Very little atten- tion has been given to breeding and raising hogs in this county, and for that matter, in the whole State. Dairying and cheese-making is pursued by a few on quite a large scale, and is successful. There are at present a few creameries in the southeastern part of the county. More of them should be established, as the grass is bountiful and nutritious, and the climate does not require shelter and extended feeding in the winter season. The following communication from a prominent citizen of this county, who is engaged in buying hops, is self explanatory on that subject: SALEM, Oregon, October 26, 1887. Hon. J. 1'! Gregg, Secretary 0. S. B. A., Salem: Dean Sin z—Yours of yesterday's date, asking information as to the num- ber of acres in hop culture in Marion county, is at hand. I have not the proper data at hand to give the exact number of acres; but as near as I can approximate there is about 220 acres in this county. The yield will be about 1200 pounds to the acre, which gives us 264,000 pounds of hops produced in 18 1 Marion county. The average selling price at ‘this time is about 12 cents per: pound, which will net the growers in this county the snug little‘ sumo!’ 831,680. Respectfully yours, w‘ J. HERE“. The Oregon & California railroad enters this county on the south at Jefferson and runs north across it through the most breadthy portion. The Narrow Gauge enters the county at Ray's landing in the, northwestern cor- ner, and runs easterly through a rich country, then turns southerly and leaves the county in the southeastern part. These roads are in operation, and belong to different companies. Land in the slope of the Cascades, in the eastern part of the county, is rich in timber forests, and are contiguous to the Santiam river. The logs may be floated down the river to mills in the valley; but that is not nec- essary for the reason that the Oregon Pacific railroad is passing through this timber region, and will place the timber which may be manufactured there within reach of a good market. These forests reach to the very top of the Cascades, and comprise red and yellow fir, cedar, pine, maple, ash and other woods. The rolling lands, improved, may be bought at from 810 to 825 per acre; the brush lands, where some improvement has been made, may be bought at from 86 to 820 an acre; brush and timber lands, unimproved, may be had at from 84 to 815 per acre, according to its contiguity to railroad or river, and to the amount of timber on the land. The prairie or Waldo hill land sells variously at from 815 to 8100 an acre, according to the quality and amount of improvement. Persons with comparatively small means can do well in Marion county. In the foothills, immediately adjacent to the Cascades, is yet some land that may be had by taking up, at Government, school land, or railroad land prices. These lands require work to put them in shape to be profitable, but once the brush is slashed and burned the next spring the pasture is good, and in many places level land can be found to afford the farmer fields. Salem, the capital of the State, is also the county seat of Marion county. This city is located on the east bank of the Willamette river, in a beautiful prairie sloping toward the river. Its population is between 6000 and 7000. Its streets are wide and the city is well provided with public parks. It con- tains a great many beautiful residences, and is essentially a city of homes. There are mercantile and manufacturing establishments and other sorts of business that appertain to and are demanded by a rich agricultural section. The state house is a commodious and substantial building, not all of which is yet completed. The principal offices are furnishedsand occupied. The senate chamber and the hall of the house compare favorably with such rooms anywhere in the United States. The State penitentiary is a substan- tial edifice, so constructed that additions may be made when needed. The Oregon State insane asylum is a very excellent building, modern in its con- struction and equipment. It is under the management of the State. There is an orphanage, a school for the blind and one for the deaf and dumb- These receive State aid. The Willamette university, a school under the auspices of the M. E. church, is located here. It is the oldest in the State and is in a flourishing condition. The city is supplied with a good system of graded schools, which are free to the resident citizens and are open ten months in the year. The Sisters of Mercy have an academy for girls; it is well patronized, and a good school. It is proper to say, that in Salem there are 12 different church buildings, and that it is known in Oregon as the "city of schools and churches.” The city is supplied with an excellent system of water works, electric lights, and an efficient fire department. There is free delivery post office system. A fine public wagon bridge spans the river at this place connecting Marion and Polk counties. It was built in 1886 by the citizens of Salem and Marion and Polk counties at a cost of about 850,000. Within two miles of the city is the State fair grounds, upon which fairs have been held annually for more than 20 years. In the vicinity of the city are many garden and berry farms in the highest possible state of cultivation, and prove to their owners exceedingly remunerative. Gervais is a town on the Oregon & California railroad, 12 miles north of Salem. It is in the midst of French prairie, and does a good business among the farmers of that section. Woodburn, on the same road, is a sprightly town, at the northern end of the same prairie. Here the narrow guage crosses the Oregon & California railroad. Warehouses for the storage of grain for shipment by rail do a good business. One of the finest nurseries in Oregon is located at Woodburn. Hubbard and Aurora are also on the Oregon & California railroad line, both thriving villages. At Aurora is a flouring mill and a saw-mill. Butteville, Champoeg and St. Paul are small towns west from the line of the Oregon 6: California railroad line, and near the narrow guage. At the latter place is a good school for girls under the auspices of the Catholic chm-ch. Following the narrow guage from Woodburn easterly are Mt. Angel and Silverton. At the former place is located the school of the Ben- ed-ictine Fathers. It is a large institution in a flourishing condition. Sil- ,, g.‘ 1's at}; u 3211 -".l a good public school in operatiof ten months in??? i be said of allr the towns heretofore mentioged; e _ . . Turner, on the Oregon 6: California railroad m of Salem; ing town, the site of a good flourlng mill and grain warehouses’; 3; " ~ "1 r Marion and Jefferson are towns on the railroad still i'urthei; south. We are in the midst of fine agricultural lands. Aumsvill‘e is fourmiles suitor . ' Turner on the narrow guage, the site of a good fiourlng mill; and four miles further east on the Santiam is the thriving little town of siaytcn. Here is also a large ilouring mill, besides a saw~mi1l and sash and door fac- tories. 10 miles east of Stayton is the village of Mehama. This is on the Santiam river near the foot of the Cascades. It is a picturesque locality, and a resort for people seeking cool waters and friendly shade in the sum- \ mer. A splendid wagon bridge was built this summer across the Santiarq“ at this point, connecting Marion and Linn counties, and was paid for by the counties jointly. In 1885, Marion county owned 81,072 sheep, and produced 171,339 pounds of wool; there were 10,245 hogs, 4725 horses, and 10,702 cattle. There were 130,849 acres of plowed land, and there was produced 1,299,196 bushels of wheat, 958,803 bushels of cats, 16,698 bushels of barley and rye, 14,002 tons of hay, 16,863 bushels of corn, 256,113 pounds of butter and cheese, 250 bushels of flax seed, 450,244 pounds of hops, 886,038 bushels of .potatoes, 244,214 bushels of apples, 18,798 bushels of plums and prunes, and 9,852,500 feet of lumber. The assessed value of property for 1886, was 89,245,984. For values of 1887, see table No. 6. POLK COUNTY. This county is situated in the Willamette valley, the fourth south of the Columbia of the west Willamette counties. It is bounded on the north by Yamhill county; on the east by the Willamette river; on the west by the Coast range, and on the south by the northeastern part of Benton county. The soil of the hills is usually of a reddish color, and is said to be the best of wheat land; the wheat grown in this soil pronounced to be the richest in flour. The soil of the prairie is a rich, dark loam; is very productive in all the cereals. The soil in the hill lands is fertile. Decayed vegetable matter in proper condition is, as everybody knows, a most valuable fertilizer. In the foot hills or slopes of the mountains of Polk county the decomposition of mineral and vegetable substances goes on with equal steps. From this source a large part of the soil is derived. Formerly it was thought—a com- mon error—that the bottom lands of streams must be more fertile than the uplands to whose loss the former are indebted for their fertility. That this supposition is untrue it is only necessary to examine the relative productive- ness of the Eola hills with low or prairie lands. The latter gain in com- parison only as regards ease of tillage and immediate adaptability to a crop. In fertility, endurance and certainty of a crop, the hill soils, in selected localities, are found to be superior to most bottom lands. All the bottom lands are made up of the washings from the hills added to the clays and loams from other sources. A farm of red hill land near Eola, in this county, was tilled for 15 and even 19 years, and raised crops usually exceeding 30 bushels of wheat per acre without the addition of any fertilizer, and without the least impairment of the soil. The soil in the foothills, we may conclude from circumstances, is inexhaustible in fertility. In the hills back of Dallas, farms have been cleared and show this unfailing productiveness. Tli’e fore- going remarks will apply to all the hill lands’ in the Willamette valley. The land west of eight or 10 miles from Dallas and backto the Coast range is all either railroad or Government, open to settlement on easy terms. These hills are rapidly being cleared off and made into productive farms. While it is true that a great portion of the prairie has been settled for years, yet the intending purchaser can buy a well improved home at prices ranging from 815 to 885 per acre, and unimproved lands from $1.50 to 810 per acre, and there is but little doubt that when improved some of the wild land W111 make the best homes, for here, as in all new countries, the first settlers usually made the poorest selections. A small farm well tilled will *1 afford a living at once, obviating the loss or time and the hardships in)‘ cident to a new settlement. Polk county has an area of some 800 square miles; 100 square miles “of which are Government and railroad lands, and to parties who desire this class of land, the fact is of great importance that the mild climate greatly mitigates the discomforts of the first few years, and that the legitimate re wards of the husbandman's toil are nowhere more certain to be repaid. Along the Luckiamute, LaCreole and Mill creek are numerous water powers which can be obtained at a nominal sum: Through the town of Dallas a fine race runs, fed from above the town by the LaCreole, emptying“ below the town into’the same swift stream. ' " Vast quantities of spruce,“ hemlock, fir andieedar newness nmw w 1 . v" a‘ v P I,‘ or?" J ' 1' a .- ». as ‘ - WWW ash and‘ use. . . ‘respite: eateries along the manna. ' 1 sarcasm Xamhiusn the north to King’! "Heaths tenth. These. f“ in fioatsdown anyoi'the ’ "stsvamaeaeawgmggangsr drift-in factthe Big Luck- lw! weadubeen of feet of sawlegs are an- pr .1 $ is {My taken dcwnirto distributed to mills along that yitrsam. ' The Medic sawméhlfiear Dallas brings its legs down several \19 5 a miles. . _ - '; product of the entire county. The berry 18 full and heayy, . s g by five to nine pounds, the standard rweight oi'a ~11. The yield per acre runs from 15 to 45 bushels, accqr’dingteconditl of soil. "'" Oats yield heavily and are” exported largely. The standard weight of a bushel of mats ' it 86 pounds, but the weight of 40 to 45 pounds per bushel is netcini'reqnent. Oats yield from 40 to 70 bushels to the acre. Bar- .lsyis profitably cultivated. Hops are an important product. They are grown on the river bottom lands. The crop runs from 1000 to 2000 pounds per acre. In this county there is suitable soil, abundant poles and fuel for drying. Vegetables of every variety and of fine quality are produced. Potatoes, gnlons, cabbage, turnips, cucumbers, and all staple garden products are grown in great abundance and of excellent quality. Fruitsof all kinds are raised throughout the county in abundance, es- pecially in the hill lands, which are said to be better adapted to fruit grow- ing than the valley. Mr. C. C. Walker, of Lincoln, Polk county, shipped 8000 pounds of dried fruit last year (1886) to Eastern Oregon and realized a fair profit on the transaction, and this is but one instance of many similar. All the small finite—raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, whortleberries, yield prolifically. The Coast range, which bounds Polk county on the west, demands atten_ tion for the fruitfulness of its soil, and is peculiarly adapted to stock-raising. Here, nutritious grasses grow luxuriantly and cattle fatten thereon through- out the whole year. Many of the farmers, for winter Lrange, drive their stock to the mountains, where they thrive without care. Sheep husbandry is one of the greatest and most productive industries, being carried on under the most favorable conditions of climate. Sheep farmers prefer the ranges close to the mountains, where they say the greatest variety of grasses grow upon which she’ep thrive best. One of the finest bands of blooded sheep in the State is on the hill range south and west of Dallas. The wool is all shipped to Portland while it could be, just as well, used at Dallas in the manufacture of woolen goods, as that of Linn county in the Brownsville woolen mills, on the end of the east side extension of the Narrow Gauge railroad. Nearly every farmer has a few hogs, which can always be dis- posed of at a profit. Flour of the finest grade is manufactured largely in this county and destined to be doubly so. Dallas, surrounded by a magnificent wheat country, is the best point in the county for the establishment of a good mill. The water power is ready for immediate use. , Numerous saw-mills in various parts of the county keep the local demand tfilerably well supplied, but the business is not overdone. Butter and cheese-making are followed to an extent sufficient to supply local demand, but the processes are often exceedingly crude and the product usually unsatisfactory. The dairying interests, like that of fruit growing, are capable of indefinite extension. The stranger in his first view of the county, is apt to conclude that the facilities for dairying are excellent, even unsurpassed, by reason of the almost perpetually green grass, the pure water, the abundant shelter; and, to a close observer, it seems extraordinary that the ample opportunities for that industry are not taken advantage of. The Oregon cow equals the eastern animal in quality and flow of milk and requires far less care and attention. Dairying is destined to be one of the most remunerative of all agricultural pursuits in Polk county. The Syracuse creamery, situated five miles west of Dallas, has a capacity of taking the cream fi'om 200 cows. Enough cream can be guaranteed to supply the de- mands of a similar sized creamery at Dallas. The Narrow Guage railroad, whose temporary terminus is at Airlie, in Polk county, traverses the entire county, except a few miles south. This Narrow Gauge road connects on the north with the Oregon 8: California railroad, the Willamette river and the Narrow Gauge of the east side at Fulquartz, and is continued on to Portland. The Oregon & California standard gauge, run- ning from Portland to Corvallis, cuts the full length of Polk county north and south. River steamers ply the Willamette, touching at Buena Vista, Independence, Eola and Lincefii, all in Polk county. 'Buena Vista is in the southeastern part of the county and has a popula- grtlon oi‘abbut BBOWHere we find a saw-mill, grain warehouses, six or eight themrks at the Qreseybettew company- .» 'q__ 9. :T 101?)“; ' ‘~ 1 - 3,, , .. W." "1* .. .Efiff’ 03mg N..__y4 Mg"; L k "l" I?" f“ o .7 ~ , q. a; u}; I a’, I’ 1 a a Y 19 Dallas. the county seat, is a thriving town of about 1000 inhabitants, and her schools and churches especially recommend her to parties seeking 8 homefor their families. She has a fine weekly newspaper with M86101’ printing oiilce attached. Dixie is a lively little town on the banks of the LaCreole and within half a mile of the Oregon 6: California railroad, all trains of which stop at the station, Derry. Here is a fine roller process flour mill with a capacity of 75 barrels a day. Independence is on the banks of the Willamette, in the southeastern part of the county. It has a population estimated between 700 and 800. Several nice stores, churches and other improvements make it a desirable spot. It has a weekly paper, the West Side, and flourishing public schools. Monmouth is a lively town of 400 inhabitants and at the head of a fine agricultural country. The narrow gauge railroad runs through the town. The large warehouse this year (1886) received 100,000 bushels of wheat. It is destined to become one of the best business points in the county. Monmouth has a steam printing press that turns out a weekly and monthly paper, and is the site of the Christain college and State normal school, a flourishing and valuable institution of learning. Airlie, Ballston, Eola, Lewisville, Lincoln, McCoy, Perrydale, Suver, all good trading points, go to make up the balance of Polk county’s rising young towns. Success can be promised to energetic farmers. However modest their beginning, they may be sure of finding themselves in possession of a com~ petency after a few laborious years. No one should think of emigrating without suificient means for self—support for at least a short time after reach- ing his destination. Suitable employment immediately after arrival cannot always be relied upon, and there is nothing more discouraging to the new- comer than to become a subject of public or private charity. Generally speaking, persons accustomed to ordinary and mechanical labor, and who unite frugal habits with persevering industry, will nm the least risk in emigrating; but individuals unwilling to work, or accustomed to live by their wits are not wanted. Idlers will only go from bad to worse and adventurers will not prosper. These suggestions apply with equal force to all parts of Oregon. It is a country which will amply reward industry and frugality, but frowns upon idleness and extravagance. In 1885, there were 90,489 acres of improved land, and there were produced 1,042,910 bushels of wheat, 492,750 bushels of oats, 34,308 bushels of barley and rye, 11,245 tons of hay, 2902 bushels of corn, 152,065 pounds of butter and cheese, 505 pounds of tobacco, 80,225 bushels of potatoes, 182,655 bushels of apples, 11,475 bushels of plums and prunes, and 1,850,000 feet of lumber. There were 20,339 sheep and there was produced 117,524 pounds of wool; there were 14,354 hogs, 4763 horses and 8283 cattle. In 1356, the gross value of all property was asssessed at $4,231,054. For values of 1887, see table No. 5. YAMHILL COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north by Washington county; on the east by Marion and Clackamas; on the south by Polk, and on the west by Tilla- mook. It contains an area of 720 miles and has a population of about 11,000. Yamhill is supposed to derive its name from “chem-ill," which means, in Indian dialect, bare hills. It is one of the oldest settled regions in Oregon, as it is also one of the best. The soil is fertile and produces large crops of grains, grasses and vegetables. The greater portion of the county is prairie, and the foothills that for years were supposed to be only good pasture lands, are now being largely farmed, and produce the finest quality of grain. It is estimated that about one-half the soil is under cultivation, which is devoted principally to wheat. as this product has always been in active demand. Several varieties of timber are distributed over the entire area, and from the fir that grows so abundantly in the mountains bordering on the valley, a large amount of the best of lumber is manufactured by the various mills throughout the county. The timber is fir, oak, ash, and maple. Grasses of all kinds, especially timothy, grow to great perfection, hence this county is one of the best stock raising and dairy sections in Western Oregon. The Cascade mountains in the extreme western part of the county furnish the very best spring, summer and fall range. In the foothills, close to the mountains, can be found fine dairy and stock farms at prices ranging from $5 to $15 per acre. Further back good places may be had from the Government, and it is filling up very fast. Improved farm lands may be purchased at from $25 to $60 per acre. The soil, as a genegl thing, is as rich on the mountains and hills as in the valleys. Vegetables grow to perfection, and a failure in gardens is never known. No trouble is felt from insects in the garden. Hops are a prolific crop, and quite extensively grown. Berries of all kinds grow with but little cultiva- tion and bear every year. Fruits of all kinds do well except peaches. Ap- ples grow to perfection and the trees bear very young. Trees well cared for 20 will hear one bushel each at four years old, pear trees will hear at threei years old, and there is no place in the world, it is behaved, where they will do any better. Plums and prunes are the admiration of all beholders. The trees are healthy, the fruit large, clean and free from allworms. They com- mence bearing at two and three years old. Fruit and berries seem to do equally as well on the high lands as in the valleys. Bee culture has been tried in the foothills and mountains, and pronounced by men in thatbus- iness as equal to the celebrated bee pastures in the mountains of California. The western part of Yamhill valley, including portions of Yamhill and Polk counties will be the better understood by first giving a general de- scription of the valley, then resorting to particulars. Few persons have an idea of the size of this valley. It is not meant, of course, the narrow strip of low lands immediately adjacent to the Yamhill river, but including the valleys of the creeks flowing into the river and the farming lands between them, west of a line drawn north and south through Bellevue, in Yamhill county. From Bellevue south to the upper Salt creek is 15 miles; and north to the upper settlement on Deer creek is 12 miles; from Bellevue west to Grand Rondo is 15 miles. Then commences the Grand Ronde Indian agency, which continues eight miles, and here begins the settlements of Salmon and Nestucca rivers. This makes an area of country without in- cluding the agency, Salmon and Nestucca river countries, 27 by 15 miles, that for salubrious climate, rich, fertile soils, timber for all purposes, water for use in house, on farm and turning machinery, stone for building pur- poses, including the famous mammoth rock quarry, and romantic and sub- lime scenery, is not excelled if equalled on the northwest coast. There are nine creeks, large enough to propel any machinery, meandering through the valley, well supplied with trout; and the hills and mountains from which these creeks take their rise, are well supplied with deer, elk, bear, and other wild game. There are many branches and smaller creeks that flow from the table lands on either side of those creeks making this a well watered section. The Yamhill river is the largest stream, and is navigable at all seasons of the year to Dayton, several miles from the mouth, and during the winter season boats ascend to McMinnville. The facilities for shipping products from this county to the seaboard are excellent, the Westside railroad passing through it very centrally from north to south, and at White’s station, three and one half miles south of McMinnville the Narrow Gauge branches oh‘ and accommodates the people of the upper Yamhill valley. Boats plying on the Yamhill river do a large business from Lafayette and Dayton down. The Narrow Gauge railway is constructed to Dundee, and this county is now connected by that road with Portland. Each town in the county has its schools and churches, education receiv- ing especial attention. Land is worth, throughout the county, from 82.50 to 850 per acre, according to the situation. No county in the State has better roads than are to be found in Yamhill, and the streams are spanned by sub stantial bridges, that during the past four years have cost the county many thousands of dollars. Fences as a general thing are new and in good shape, while the houses, barns, and outbuildings will compare favorably with those of other counties and States. McMinnville, the county seat, is situated on the Yamhill river on the Oregon & California westside division, 50 miles from Portland. The town has a population of about 1600. It contains a good public school ten months in the year, the Baptist college, a fine flouring and other mills and shops, and does a flourishing mercantile trade. Lafayette is a town of about 600 population. It is situated one and a half miles from St. Joseph, a station on the Oregon & California railroad, is beautifully located, the site being high and rolling. It also has a flouring mill and mercantile establishments. and is provided with good public schools. Amity is situated seven miles south of McMinnville, on the Oregon & Cal- ifornia railroad, and is surrounded by a fine farming country. Its popula- tion numbers about 500, and has good public schools, a steam fiouring mill, mercantile houses, and is a thriving town. Sheridan is a neat village, 15 miles southwest of McMinnville, on the Yamhill river, and the present terminus of the Narrow Gauge, upon which trains arrive and depart daily. Its population is about 400; has a good school, and does a good business in merchandising. Dayton, on the Narrow Gauge line, seven miles northeast of McMinnville, is a flourishing wn of about 500 people at the head of navigation on the Yamhill river. t is provided with a good public school, and besides its mercantile houses, has several warehouses in which grain is stored for shipment. North Yamhill is a prosperous town on the Oregon dz California railroad, with a population of about 300. It is surrounded by a very rich farming may, and is provided with a good graded public school, and business 00 UNTIES ori ,WESQWN basses-e hemel to meet the demand of a brisk trade. s1» IV >_w»;r'——v m‘rv '- Newherg isin the lower part of the a mama simmer ruhuwhwtaa .Q'difil steam saw-mill. It is one mile from the armaments: ping point. There are business houses doing * T g: -‘ Bellevue issituated 11 miles southwest of licfiinnriile. public schoohandgeneral merchandise stores. * 1;. ' , . i f, r’ . ‘ Carlton n a small village about six miles north or it ‘ : fliiasrgths Oregon a California railroad. n has a good public school aha several“ places of business. It is in the heart of a wealthy agricultural section, and » large quantities of grain are shipped from this point. ,J. Wheatland is a village ‘on the Willamette‘ K 'ver from whence a large amount is annually shipped. There is a good ' blic school, andtseveral business houses. ~ West Chehalem is a small place in the northern part of the county, ~con- taining a store and a fine public school. It is surrounded by a fine ibrxmimg country. “' Willamina, the uppermost town of the county, is five miles west of She):— idan, on the Willamina, one of the most romantic streams in Western Oregon. The site is lovely, the fall of the stream affording magnificent water power. It has a good public school and business houses, and grist and saw mills. ' Grand Honda is situated seven miles southwest from Willamina, on the grounds where old Fort Yamhill used to stand, and where Generals Sher- ‘ idan and Russell were stationed when the civil war commenced. It has a good public school and business houses, and a saw and grist mill. In 1885, there were 16,358 sheep, and there was produced 67,989 pounds of wool. There were 17,064 hogs, 5352 horses, and 10,233 cattle. There were 91,040 acres of land farmed, and there were produced 1,044,395 bushels of wheat, 580,754 bushels of oats, 42,113 bushels of barley and rye, 17,038 tons of hay, 4888 bushels of corn, 131,455 pounds of butter and cheese, 24 bushels of flax seed, 740,685 pounds of hops, 174,442 bushels of potatoes, 192,147 bushels of apples, 12,208 bushels of plums and prunes, and 4,607,000 feet of lumber. In 1886, the total assessed value of all property was 86,039,484. For values of 1887, see table No.5. is‘ ~= r a“ ""2, ‘3-1 (M1 (-4 6 a‘ aaflfint; , a ‘ir- WASHINGTON COUNTY. The following description of this county has been furnished by its loss board of immigration: For convenience sake we shall consider our subject under two heads- First. Its Natural Conditions. Second. Its Artificial Improvements. Under the head of natural conditions, we shall consider the topics of location, soil, timber, surface and natural products. We may preface this account by saying, that in large measure the natural conditions of Wash- ington county are those of the Willamette valley in general. Where there is a difference we shall endeavor to call especial attention to it. Washington county is bounded on the north by a range of hills called the “Scappoose hills." This range, reaching an elevation of possibly one thousand feet, separates the west side of the Willamette valley from the Columbia river. Continuing eastward, with diminished height, these same hills border the western side of the Willamette river, and forming the eastern boundary of Washington county, separates it from Multnomah county. On the south Washington county is bounded by Yamhill county. On the west it rises to the crests of the Coast range, the summit of which forms the boundary line between Washington and Tillamook counties. 0 It is pretty nearly square in form, and contains something over 300,000 acres. As already noted, it is the most northerly and nearest the seaboard of all the agricultural counties of the State. " The soil of Washington county demands our next notice. It varies, of course, according to local conditions, but may be described in general, as a strong clay subsoil, with a covering of from a few inches to several feet of the richest loam, and can be plowed without injury to soil almost every month in the year. The upland, or bill land, is very pliable and can be plowed at any season of the year. The soil of this county is of great fer: tility, and so durable is it, that on the Tualatin bottoms the thirteenthsuo- cessive crop of wheat has yielded forty bushels to the acre; and' the dur- ability of the soil in other locations indicates that nature has endowed it with almost inexhaustible fertility. Farmed, as the lands of the Genessee valley, or of northern Illinois, are farmed, there is hardly a reasonable _ limit to the capacity of our soil. The level portion of this county—about four-fifths of its surface—~45 about“ two-thirds natural prairie, and one-third brush and timber land. The 11111 ‘ is practically all brush and timber, though occasional patches arebare by‘ nature. \” _ This timber, which in the past has seemed an impediment to settlers-I \ ¢ r’flgi if?’ a. a. use a“ ‘ea-‘"35 ‘w’ w " NRF. a: 1x1“, .. I . ‘bk greatest sources of . 1- of, the central "part of ' , ‘ .W'far’hence, either-when these as.’ 931mm has‘ “ ‘ county will add vastlyto one F. ~. are many varieties of .c' .- ‘ The most valuable for milling pur- E‘ewé are the common ‘fir meditate; 'ghere is a large quantity of white flr, ccmumn'orpltchwpinmfihishti the mountainous west border of the county is astrlp of new v’flfifia‘white pine. With these varieties are min- glad hemlock and: of these of gigantic size, in many cases three hundred Besides these several varieties of tim- heafisiom which the training and fencing lumber is sewn, large quantities = 0i which are shipped to thecountiee of the valley further south, there is an almost inexhaustible supply of the finest white oak. No one has fully realized the met, which a few more years will make plain, that this oak timber will be the source of numerous manufactories of all kinds of wooden implements. We lumber in great quantity and of good quality is furnished in the beautiful maple, ash and elder. As already noticed, about four-fifths of the area is level; the remaining , fifth lsawcirclet of low hills and mountains, almost completely enclosing ‘the plains. For some distance up into these hills extend fertile valleys, 'dbwri which pour clear and cold mountain streams, that furnish an almost unlimited water-power, waiting for development by the enterprising cap- italist. These unite in five principal branches, whose names, beginning on the cast are Rook creek, Dairy creek, Gales’, Scoggins', and Patton’s creeks. These branches unite near the center of the county and form the Tualatin river. This stream, jmptying into the Willamette near Oregon City, is of navigable si from Cornelius, for about 40 miles, to a point at the head of the rapids near the mouth of the river. A steamboat of 120 tons measure- ment did in fact, before the railroad was built, make regular trips to Cor’ nelius, Hillsboro, and other points on the river, connecting with the Wil- lamette at Oregon City as well as Oswego, by a portage of between two and three miles. The Oswego Iron Company, whose works are located at Oswego, in Clack- mas county, on the Willamette river, at a point six miles above Portland, are engaged in opening a canal from Tualatin river, connecting it with the Wil- lamette at that point, the completion of which will open up a trade by \ water carriage, which will be of the greatest benefit to Washington county, and especially to that portion lying near the main Tualatin river. 1 Washington county presents a most pleasing as well as most convenient alternation of hill, plain, valley, prairie and timber. Little, even of the hill region, is so steep as to forbid cultivation, and none of the surface of the country is so flat as to forbid good drainage. The soil on the highest hill is of good quality, and in many places very easily brought into cultivation. The running streams of this county furnish an abundance of pure water for stock, and never~failing springs of pure water abound. There is no difliculty in getting plenty of well water at a depth of 15 or 20 feet. No part of‘ the Willamette valley is superior to Washington county in natural adaptability to fruit culture, and no part of Oregon can excel it in the quality of its fruit productions, except possibly grapes and peaches. ‘ Among its wild fruits are strawberries, blackberries, huckleberries, and raspberries. Many other kinds are found in the mountains, all of them of excellent flavor and quality. As might be inferred from the quality of its wild berries, its cultivated fruits are of good size and flavor. This is especially true of the foot hills and the timber and brush lands bor- dering the various streams that meander through the county. The loose soil, the warm nights of spring, and the greater degree of dryness of autumn make the rolling timber and brush lands, especially the foot hills, the ‘natural resort of the nurseryman and fruit culturist. Every kind offruit native to a temperate zone, except perhaps the peach and grape, acquires excellent flavor. Peaches fairly good can be raised in abund~ ~auec. Cherries, prunes, plums, pears, quinces and apples, as well as all the common small fruits, and in some spots grapes, reward the light labor of the farmer and fruit—raiser. The great staple product of this county, as of the west of Oregon, is wheat. The usual yield of wheat is from 18 to 40 bushels to the acre, the difference . myieald depending on manner of cultivation more than difference in quality of soil. This yield might be increased by more careful farming. Equalling 'Eflfitern Oregon in amount of yield, this region perhaps surpasses it in fine- ~ ness of product. Oats yield with good cultivation an average of 40 to 50 ~ bushels to the acrerfrequently yielding on the bottom and beaverdam land 100 tomb bushels to the acre. _ I million is now beginning to be greater diversity in the products oi our farms hlianformerly. The experience of the past year with wheat at 70 cents, and Initial; film 25 to 35 cents, has convinced our farmers that they will do well .Nlvantaxe of their great natural facilities for dairy products, for sup- .1 {case 0N--- WASHINGTON 21 plying meat markets, and for raising vegetables. Washington county is probably surpassed by no county in Oregon in its natural capacity 1'01’ all these products. W The soil of our lands develops clover of a rankness and richness such as few other regions in Oregon or elsewhere can show. Besides clover, this county is unsurpassed in its capacity for producing all kinds of root crops, such as carrots, parsnips, turnips, beets, rutabagas, etc., the value of which in the work of the dairy is well known to all practical dairymen. In addition to clover and root crops, timothy, redtop, orchard grass, rye grass, and all other tame and cultivated grasses are grown. With reason- able care the farmers’ stock can be abundantly supplied with green grass during the whole of the year. The beaverdam lands and the swale lands, which thread the forests of the several parts of the county, produce enor- mous crops of the several varieties of the cultivated grasses—three and four tons to the acre of redtop and timothy being no unusual crop. We have considered the natural conditions of Washington county. It re- mainsto describe the artificial—the works of man in the use of these boun- teous provisions of nature. We will, if you please, take a car-ride from Portland to Gaston, 30 miles distant, on the line of the Oregon & California Railroad. We shall, per- haps, find that a thorough examination will compel us to journey buggy-wise at intervals. Since we said railroad, we may as well remark that this most important public improvement, extending from Portland to Corvallis, 96 miles distant, passes directly through Washington county, and is of course the main re- source of the people in transportation. Proximity to Portland, however, makes it convenient for the farmers in a large part of the county to haul the products of their farms, in their wagons, directly to that point. Entering the cars of the Westside railroad at Portland, four miles brings us to Summit, the first station, and markingfithezdividing line between Mult- nomah and Washington counties. We see scattered farms and orchards here and there among the predom- inating timber for several miles beyond Summit. Small farms and thrifty farmers are the rule, and the work that has been done in opening the dense forests that originally covered this part of the county shows how marvellously increased efi’ort would reward its putter forth. Proceeding onward through a country with a surface gently undulating, in four miles we arrive at Beaverton. Timber and brush lands still pre- dominate, but much of it however is easily cleared, and when the timber and brush regions are cleared they surpass all others in productiveness. Especially is this true for clover, vegetables and fruits. Beaverton is especially prominent by reason of the large tract of beaver- dam land lying in its vicinity. This, as the name indicates, is formed by the choking or damming (supposed by beavers) of streams, and the conse- quent accumulation of leaves and all manner of rotten debris. The soil is of great depth, mellowness and fertility. Enormous crops of hay, beets, cabbages, carrots, onions, and in fact all other root crops are produced abundantly; 600 bushels of onions and 30 to 40 tons of carrots or beets to the acre being no unusual crop. The onions raised on this beaver-dam land are exceptionally fine; and years of cultivation of this crop on the same ground improves the quality as Well as quantity. Beaver-dam lands, however, are not confined to the vicinity of Beaverton; many fine tracts of it are found in other parts of the county. That lying~ along the Tualatin river and its principal branches being extremely fertile. This portion of Washington county has a nearer and better and more con- venient market than any other part of the State, except a small part of Mult tnomah and Clackamas counties. Passing on from Beaverton, we reach Reedville, about 14 miles from Port- land. Here we see fine farms and pleasant homes. We touch the south edge of the largest plain at Ilillsboro, the county seat, 20 miles from Portland. This beautiful plain stretches northward eight miles to the foot hills. Here we must pause a moment to observe the large flouring mills and warehouse near the depot. One of these mills is noted for the large quan- tity and quality of oat meal manufactured, which is shipped to all points on the coast. The manufacture of this article furnishes a convenient mar- ket for large quantities of the superior oats raised in Washington county. Hillsboro is a thriving, pleasantly situated, incorporated town of about 800 inhabitants, with a large public school house, neat church buildings and public balls. The large amount of business being done by the various firms engaged in mercantile, mechanical and professional opera- tions is an indication of the energy of its citizens and of the prosperity of the surrounding country. The amount and nature of the improvements done in years past under the discouragements arising from a scanty popula- tion give an earnest of what will be done in the more stimulating times coming. 22 UO'UNQEES busy town with an active, energetic class of business men engaged in mer- cantile and mechanical pursuits. A large, substantially built and well tur- nished public school house, and the neatest church in the county, are among the public buildings. Two hotels, and two livery stables, furnish suiiicient accommodations to visitors and travellers. The farmers are fur- nished abundant storage for the surplus grain raised on their farms, at the largest warehouse on the road, and at reasonable rates. ' Three miles from Cornelius we come to Forest Grove station, about one mile south of the town of that name. This is an incorporated town—a beautiful, cozy place of about 1000 inhabitants. We see here well-furnished stores, a large furniture factory, a fine town hall, two well-furnished hotels and livery stables, and three neat churches. Here, also, is located Pacific university, a well and most favorably known collegiate and aca- demic institution. It is amply endowed, well provided with library, and splendidly furnished. Besides this, there is an excellent public school, running nine months in the year. Cornelius and Forest Grove belong essentially to the same region. They are in the southern part of a fertile plain extending, with few interrup- tions, about ten miles northward, and having numerous arms which ramify among the mountain barriers. Six miles from Forest Grove is Gaston, and here the railroad enters Yam- hill county. So pausing here only long enough to see that the same fertile, though not very highly cultivated, land continues, expanding on the south into that extensive body of land, mostly beaver-dam, knownas Wahpatoo Lake, we retrace our steps in order to notice, a little more in detail, some of the towns through which we have come. At Dilly, between Gaston and Forest Grove, and in the midst of asec- tion of country noted, even in Washington county, for its large yield of wheat and other grains, we find a large flouring mill. At the Forest Grove depot, another flouring mill. Six miles north of Forest Grove is Greenville, a small town located in the midst of a superb farming region. All through this portion of the county we see farms of magnificent possibilities, some finely improved, more giving no adequate presentation of what is in them. We have now taken a general view of the natural resources of this county. We have also seen its more general features of improvement in its towns and transportation facilities. The intending settler will wish, also, some more specific information on the following points—cost of build- ing and living, educational and religious status, prices of land and cost of transportation. Let us glance briefly at these points: The cost of building is, by reason of proximity to fine timber and numer- ous sawmills, much less in this than in the more open countries to the south. Mechanical labor is about the same. Cost of living does not differ materially from that in other parts of Oregon. Washington county is inferior to no part of Oregon in its educational facilities. Besides the university at Forest Grove, our common schools, though not all that we may hope the future to make them, are fully equal to those of other parts of the State. The county is divided into forty-four districts. These districts have good school houses, many of them furnished with all the necessary modern improvements for the comfort of scholars. Public schools are kept in each district from three to nine months in the year, free to all children from six to twenty-one years of age, residing therein. We next speak of the prices of land. On this subject immigrants can be assured that the lands of Washington county, that are for sale, are cheaper, in proportion to quality and location, and the other advantages before referred to, than any others in the Willamette valley. They vary, of course, all the way from 84 or $5 to $60 per acre; the former being the cost of fertile unimproved timber and brush land, and the latter that of the best and most highly cultivated land in the immediate vicinity of the larger towns. We may say, however, that fine farms, reasonably well improved and well located, can be purchased on easy terms at from 815 to $40 per acre. To the settlers desiring to take up Government land we would say. that in the circlet of hills which transform Tualatin plains into a vast amphi- theatre, there is yet open for settlement a large quantity of fertile, though brnshy and somewhat broken, land. Twenty years from now will see these surrounding hills transformed into orchards and gardens, and smiling fields and grain and luxuriant pastures. Land can be purchased of the railroad at reasonable prices and on reason- able terms. Heretofore there has been a decided disposition on the part of owners of large tracts of land to hold on to the same; but a more liberal spirit is now prevailing, and many of them are now selling and offering to sell in small tracts, 100 acres or less. From 40 to 100 acres, near to market, makes a farm or‘ wasraaw ‘oaaotolwotaca'amg The next point beyond Hillsboro, on the railroad, isCornelius, a thriving nfliniontly large when well improved to supportany ordinary sized family, 1. e1“ I“ ’ ‘ T ‘ ’*‘1i.ZI -; - - houses, divided into classes as follows: Twenty-one aicapital of from $1,000,000 upwards; three houses with a capital to $1,000,000; six houses with a capital of from $500,000 to $750,000; eighthou'ses with a capital of from $400,000 to $500,000; 19 houses a'capital-of from $200,000 to $400,000; 43 houses with a capital of from $200,000; 11. houses with a capital of from $75,000 to $100,000; 35 houses with a capital of from $50,000 to 875,000; 46 houses with a capital of com $25,000 to $50,000; 87 houses with a capital of from $1000 to $25,000. . The wholesale trade of Portland has increased about 25 per cent. during the last year; The'trade area now covered by Portland embraces the entire State ofQregon, WashingtonTerri-tory, and that portion of Idaho and Hon- tanawes'tofithe Rocky mountains. Portland also practically controls the trade Alaska, and that with British Columbia is steadily on the in- .pcre‘ase'g" v‘The trade with China in flour and other articles is increasing with each year. The shorter route from Portland to China is making itself felt .inthe. competition with San Francisco, and there is every indication of the China trade growing into vast proportions in the near future. The wholesale and jobbing trade of Portland cannot be accurately stated, many of . the larger houses refuse to give information, but it is between $50,000,000 and $60,000,000 annually. It is capable of unlimited expansion, and;._thele is a fineopening for capital and enterprise in all branches. . " A‘ noticeable feature of the trade-of Portland, is the annual export or food supplies to the Puget Sound country by rail. ‘This mounted in value to $483,957 for the year ending July 31, 1885; to $846,893 for the year ending July 31,1886, and to $585,790 for the year ending July 31, 1887. The wholesale and jobbing trade of Portland covers a large area, the ex- ‘port from which is the product of mines or stock, sent east direct by rail and not coming to Portland. The exports of Portland east by rail amount to between four and five millions in value annually, and consist mostly of wool, hops, lumber and green and dried fruit. .- Portlandhas machine shops, foundries, carriage works, lime kilns, furni- i‘aetories, fruit canneries, cigar factories, manufactolies of oil clothing, douringmills, sawmills, breweries, stove and tinware factories, sash and door factories and many others. , Many of the mills have refused information, and it is impossible to give accurate returns. The employee of those who have given returns number .1703‘; they work up raw material of the value of $3,605,994. The wages paid aniolmt to $1,241,549, and the gross product foots up to $6,851,037. Esti- lnlating the establishments not reporting at their due proportion makes the total manufactured product near $10,000,000. The railroad shops are not in- cluded. ' f i 7 There is a demand for manufacturing establishments of all kinds, and an abnndanceof raw material, cheap fuel, and practically unlimited water- power easy reach. There is a great need of iron furnaces and rolling The best and richest beds of iron ore on the Pacific coast are at "Portland, and the demand for railroad and other iron for the entire coast to the Rockyrmountains should be supplied from here. Portland has at ,prgsenta smelting works now in operation, but there is need for others and works should be added. This is the natural center of, and the best :i'orsmelting and "refining. the ores of the richest gold and silver min- the United States, now being rapidly developed. Portland is the natural center of the lumber trade. There are several now, but there is a‘great need of a number of large mills with to handle the immense trade which offers with the tree ,gnsofthe interior. Thelumber industry has shown a remarkable the years‘, Every mill in Oregon and Washington Territory " ' i 7“ ‘ v capacity; many of. them are in operation night and day. new markets, and its, merits are becoming more and I a, 7-, whichwiflwO-Mf i‘ull block, and costing‘ 25 more appreciated. The local demand is large, and increasing as the coun- try fillsup, and still larger quantities go to California. Much is shipped to South‘ America, Australia, the Sandwich islands and China. The Union Pacific railroad continues to use large quantities of lumber. An immense trade is growing up with Denvgr and other points in the Western States. Portland is the actual terminus of the Northern, Union, and Southern Pacific railroads. The Northern Pacific now runs three through trains from the East to Portland and from Portland to the East, daily. Firsts—Two trains by way of connection with the Oregon Railway do Navigation company’s line; second—A train via Tacoma (fifteen minutes stop at Tacoma.) The Union Pacific runs one through train daily from the East to Portland and Portland. to the East, by way of its Oregon Railway & Navigation and Oregon Short Line divisions. The Southern Pacific makes daily through connection both ways, by way of its Oregon & California division, with California, and the East via California. In addition to its through train, three other passenger trains arrive and depart daily from Portland on its lines on the east and west sides of the Willamette river. It is also now building a narrow gauge line by which connection will be made with both sides of the Willamette valley, and which will be completed by the first of January, 1888. The Oregon Railway & Navigation company division of the Union Pacific, by its system of branches in Eastern Oregon, makes direct daily connection with all parts of Eastern Oregon. At the June meeting of the stockholders of the Oregon Railway & Naviga- tion company, authority was given for the building of the following pro» posed lines of railroad: LINES or" RAILROAD. MILES. Pendleton to Arlington, via Hep net‘ 100 Center-ville to Cold spring, Umali a county 35 Umutilla to Prinevillo m5 Mouth of Pine creek to John Day, Wdsco county _____________ ___ loo Prineville to mouth of Deschutes river 12;, Wallula, Washington Terr’y, to Butte City, Montana, via Lewiston 4:30 Lewiston to mouth of Little Salmon river 100 Prescott to Grange City v 40 Point 20 miles above mouth of Snake river to Grange City___.______ 40 La Grande to Wullowa valley 70 Mouth of Wallowa river to Lcwislou 65 Walla Walla to \ 'aitsburg, via Dixie 22 Total 1307 There are fourteen separate lines of river steamers centering at Portland. Two separate lines down the Columbia to Astoria and way points. One daily and one making three round trips per week. Three separate lines up the Columbia. One daily for east of the Cascade mountains; one daily for Washougal and way points, and one daily for Vancouver and way points. The Clatskanie River line, making three round trips a week. The Cowlitz River line, making five round trips 8. week. The Lewis River line, making three round trips 0. week. Six separate lines for up the Willamette river. Two separate lines for the Yamhill river and way points, each making three round trips a week on difi‘erent days, making daily communication; one line for Corvallis and way points, making two round trips a week; one line for Oregon City and way points, making two round trips daily; one for Sellwood and way points, making four round trips daily, and one for Elk Rock, making one round trip daily.‘ In addition to the steamers employed on the regular routes, there are 24 skxamers employed for excursions and in irregular trade and for towing. \ In addition to sailing vessels and irregular steamers in the foreign export trade, there is a regular steamship line between Portland and San Francisco; first-class iron steamers leaving each city every four days. A steamship line to Alaska monthly, and sundry sailing vessels in the China and coast- ing trade. Business property sells for from $200 to 31000 the front foot, with value of building added. Residence lots sell for from $4000 per lot of 50 by 100 feel; for extra choice, $2000 to $3000 for choice, down to $1000 for city lots, and $200 to $1000 for suburban. The usual terms of sale are one‘third to one-half cash, balance on time at ruling rates of interest. Money is to be readily had on real estate security at from five to eight per cent, owing to amount Qt loan and class of security. COLUMBIA COUNTY. Columbia county is bounded north and east by the Columbia river, south by Multnomah and Washington counties and west by Clatsop county, and has an area of 723 square miles, 462,720 acres. After passing the county boundary the Columbia commences its great and last westward bend toward the Pacific, and washes the shores of the county for sixty miles, and, together with its many sloughs and inlets, ofi-brds the ...~ 26 county transportation facilities that are unrivaled. Numerous steamboats ply the waters of the river and tributaries, and touch almost anywhere along the bank when hailed. The county is divided by the Columbia river range of hills into two sec tions: That drained by the Columbia. and tributaries and the Nehalem valley, comprising land in the basin of the latter stream. The summit of this range is about ten miles back from the Columbia at the southeast boundary of the county, but approaches to within two miles of the river at the west boundary. The land immediately bordering the Columbia is generally alluvial, built up by the sediment left by the annual June overflow of the river, which covers the lower portions almost every year and all the river bottoms ocea- sionally. While this is a serious drawback to farming, the deposit of sedi- ment noted is a perpetual guarantee against “wearing out,” and good crops of grass, potatoes and roots are raised after the overflow, and, most years, anything may be raised on the higher lands. Back in the “ bottoms ” and extending to the summit before mentioned, is the timber belt tributary to the Columbia. This section is generally hilly, interspersed with valleys, some of the former rising to the magnitude of mountains, the highest elevation noted being 1400 feet; the latter are of unsurpassed richness. The resources of this section constitute a source of incalculable wealth. It is covered with a dense growth of vellow fir (Oregon pine), of which it is not unusual to cut from 80,000 to 100,000 feet of sawlogs from one acre, and from 6,000,000 to 12,000,000 feet from a quarter section. This timber is wasted in a manner painful to the eye of an eastern lumberman. The trees are generally felled from a "spring board,” and from six to twelve feet from the ground, and the tops from the diameter of two and often three feet left on the ground, as “ not paying to haul." The standing timber is generally sold to the logger at from 50 cents to 81.25 per thousand feet of logs hauled and put in the booms, the price vary- ing with the facilities for getting the logs to the water and mills. The im- mense size of the logs, sometimes six feet in diameter, and, if of less diam~ eter, often from fifty to sixty feet long, the long distance hauled, with oxen, from one to two miles, and the magnitude of the operations giving employ- ment to hundreds of men in building and keeping in repair the fine roads necessary, in preparing and hauling the logs, in rafting, floating or towing to the mill booms, and in sawing the same into lumber, render the markets of this county among the best in the world for farm produce of all kinds. The deposits of iron ore in this section are large and of excellent quality. The following quoted from the Morning Oregonian of March 8, 1888, will give the result of the investigations in that line: “A tract of land, not over two miles from the river, that is a veritable mountain of iron. They had the advice of an expert from the Pennsylvania iron region. Our in- formant accompanied the party when this gentleman examined the ore deposit. He made the remark that there was ‘ore enough in sight to supply the United States for the next 50 years.’ There is iron ore within one mile of the Columbia and it has been traced back in the mountains for 20 miles. Prof. Hillgard was also present. He said that region was a great basin of coal and iron. He considered it identical with the ore deposit then worked at Oswego. The supposition is that the same ore bed extends through the hill country back of Portland from Oswego to where iron is found on the Columbia. If so, there will be an abundant supply of ore to last many gen- erations of workers. It is not only true, but the probability is that this iron ore underlies a much greater area of Oregon and Washington than there is any knowledge of. Prof. Hillgard remarked that it was ‘an immense de- posit,’ and went on to show the existence there of natural rcsourses neces- sary for the successful manufacture of iron. There exists through this sec- tion of country not only great quantities of float iron ore, but a solid deposit, or ore bed, underlies the whole region, eight or nine feet in thickness, and is enclosed between sandstone cap and bottom rocks. A similar bed of ma- rine deposits, or shell-lime, four feet thick, underlies the iron ore, and about 100 feet below the ore bed there is a vein of coal, also eight or nine feet thick. Thus, within 100 feet from the surface there exists iron, lime and coal, which are constituents of incalculable value in the manufacture of iron. “ Coal will be necessary to smelt the ores; lime-stone is the best material to flux the iron, and the existence of these three ingredients in such har- monious connection, is a coincidence of great importance to the future of 1mm industries in this country. The finest iron and steel are made by the use of charcoal. Columbia possesses fine forests of fir that can make the quality of coal needed for such manufacture. " To sum up the varied resources of this 20 miles square of country, that at first look seems to be only an inaccessible forest, it has standing forests that must realize immense returns. “ Coal of fair quality can be mined near Columbia City, and as the moun- min rises behind the town, the deposit can be followed in and mined on a co UN'HES OF WESTERN OREG 0N-- 00L UMwBIA.“ level, instead of sinking shafts. The coal improves its the bed is developed, growing thicker and of better quality. “ The soil is excellent, though the surfaced: hilly. It wabundantly pro- duces clover and grasses, and must be valuable in time from its nearness to market and capacity to produce." The indications point out that this region is equally favored with coal de- posits. The sulphurous ooze flowing from under every mountain, the cut- crop found in many canyons, the wash of all the streams as well as the “prospecting” done near Columbia City and the upper Nehalem, show that the entire country is underlaid with a vast bed of coal. At the former place a drift has been run in about 100 feet, through coal all the way, with a vein nine feet thick at its terminus. The latter directly opposite the former, but on the west side of the range of mountains and 16 miles away, has an outcrop of nine feet of coal, and the vein has been traced the entire distance between these points. The soil of the region is clayey loam, well adapted to the growth of the clovers and grasses, and when cleared of timber makes the best of pasture when properly sown to grass. The land, too, is not more diiiicult to clear for cultivation than was the greater portion of the New England and Mid- dle States, and we believe the next generation will see such portion as is of suitable service “under the plow.” We next turn to the Nehalem basin. The portion included in Columbia county has an area of about 250 square miles, or about one-third the area of the county. The elevation of the river and its distance from the summit of the divide being greater than that of the Columbia, the surface is not gen- erally as abrupt as on the Columbia slope, the hills falling rather in benches, some of them of considerable extent. Bordering the river and tributaries the land, like that along the Columbia, is of alluvial formation and unsurpassed richness. In putting in a dam one of the settlers found the soil of the same quality for twenty-five feet in depth. Having been made by the deposit of the river these “bottoms ” are of course subjectto overflow, but, with the exception of the lowest spots, only at intervals of several years, and then only for a few hours. There is deposit enough left to keep up the land, and, occurring in the winter, gen- erally during the first part of January, no damage is done to growing crops. The soil of these “ bottoms ” contains more clay than that of those on the Columbia, and, with proper treatment, is more productive. They are limited, however, to a strip from one hundred yards to half a mile wide along the river and its numerous tributaries, and upon this class of land and the swails scattered through the hills the present settlers are located; but few, as yet, being located on the fir lands. All these “bottoms” were originally covered with a dense growth of yellow, red and white fir, cedar, maple, alder, ash and balm trees, with a thick undergrowth of vine maple, hazel, salmon berry and crab apple. This thicket must be cleared off, which is generally done by cutting in June, running the fire through in August, burning the larger pieces in piles and sowing to grain with grass in the ashes. The wheat crop will yield from twenty to thirty bushels and the grass is pastured until the small stumps rot out. The larger ones are not generally thick enough upon the “bottoms " to materially interfere with their use for meadows after the stumps of the undergrowth are removed, and the fields are often plowed with only that amount of improvement. This class of land can be slashed for from 85 to 810 per acre, and cleared for from $10 to $25 by contract with white labor. The hill lands of this section are of much better quality of soil than those on the Columbia, and their slope being southerly still further enhances their value. The timber is generally fir, as on the Columbia, with this dif- fcrence, the trees are smaller and taller and the timber harder. This tim- ber, although not possessing the finishing qualities of its Columbia river _ rival, is fast coming into demand for export to the eastern market, for rail- road ties, bridge timbers and ship building. It is both stronger and more durable. This forest is practically untouched by the logger, although the has made some serious inroads. ‘The timber of other kinds is scarcely worth mentioning, as the cedar is nearly all burned, the maple and ash will soon be all dgstroyed by the settler in his clearing operations, and the hemlock is valueless at the present time. No iron deposits have been found upon this side of the divide, ‘although indications have been noticed. The coal bed, however, underlies the en- tire valley; indications are found in almost every stream and canyon, and the vein before mentioned has an exposed face of nine feet in height. Various settlements in the county deserve especial mention. The Soap- poose in the northeastern part of the county is of gr eat fertility and possesses a large timber wealth, which together with the beautiful and valuable Scappoose falls and a noted mineral spring, make it a good place for in- vestment. ‘ Sauvies Island is the champion dairy section of the State. and dalrymen will find fine inducements both there and in surrounding lands, and on Deer island a few miles below. In,“ 4.‘; 11. ' n,» ~ ' 101i? sacrum cane ON— WASCG. .gw‘ 14.‘, been.‘ , ' i- i, and a country exceedingly ; ‘and valuable umsegustsiae latter having fine water was “development, and the,’ be carried to the bank of the gqhnictu to mugs a power capable oi'drlving an extensive manufacturing ' in s Beaver ereektalring its short distance from the Columbia and "running nearly parallelto ‘thatérlver for several miles, drains a valley that "0581* particularly strong. inducements to the settler. Its soil is not inferior to that of any-other ‘mentioned. Its timber is of a very superior iii-‘twist’. itswaterpnweris more valuable than that of any other stream j- in-the county, while its an accessibility from the Columbia at various points renders theeinhabitant of this section particularly favored in market- productst Thiewas formerly the center of the cedar lumber mills, but ' the‘larger bodiesof that valuable timber having been cut, the mills have been removed. A renewal of that industry will take place in the near future and the woodsman’s axe will again ring in the valley. The largest tributary of the Columbia in this county and the one draining the largest and richest scope of country on this slope is the Clatskanie. It rises aboutsix miles from the eastern boundary, runs in a general north‘ ~ westerly course, and empties into the Columbia about six miles from the northwest corner of the county. A strip of land along the lower part of its (‘course and extending along the bank of a slough to the west county boun- duty is believed by men, representatives of all nations, who have had a knowledge of it, to be one of the richest tracts in the world. Itjis, indeed, of phenominal richness. A man of undoubted veracity has stated that he has cut, cured, baled and weighed six tons and three hundred pounds of timothy hay from one measured core at one cutting. Six hundred bushels of potatoes have been dug from one acre. All the land of this valley is rich and the timber resources are enormous. The chief industries of the county are saw-milling, logging, stock-raising, dairying and fishing. Saw-mills are located at St. Helens, Rainier, Westport (just over the west boundary in Clatsop county), and several small mills on the Clatskanie. They vary in capacity fgom 10,000 to 50,000 feet per day. Dairying is confined chiefly to Sauvies island and the Columbia river bot- tom, a limited amount being done on the Nehalem. Logging camps are everywhere on the Columbia slope. The stock-raiser follows the logger, sowing grass seed in the old loggeries after the fire has swept over them. This industry is the principal one in the Nehalem section. Fishing is fol- lowed by many living along the Columbia; some having traps erected opposite their own shores and others using the gill net. The fish caught, salmon and sturgeon, are sent to Portland or to the canneries below. The following extract from a pamphlet by E. H. Flagg, editor of the ore gon Mist, gives the general opinion regarding fruit raising: “One of the future great industries of this country is fruit-raising. Ap- pies, prunes, pears, plums and all the small fruits grow here in a profusion that is' seldom seen elsewhere, and the quality cannot be surpassed. Prune raising in particularis to receive especial attention, as this is one of the ‘ few portions of the world where the Italian prune can be grown to perfec- tion; and the profits on prune-raising, as compared with wheat-raising or general farming, are simply enormous. The demand for young prune trees this year has been so great that the nurseries have been unable to supply them. This will never be a wheat-raising county, and we are glad of it; for land that can be made to pay from 8100 to $1000 per acre in fruit or veg- etables should never be sbwn to the mortgage-producing wheat crop. Lum- baring is an industry that consumes itself, and in time will pass away; but dalrying, fruit-raising and market-gardening will grow from year to year for centuries to come, and therefore they are the most important.” Mill men pay from $2 per day for unskilled to $4 for experienced Sawyers; loggers from $30 per month for skid-greasers to $100 for experienced drivers; farm hands $20 to $30 per month. The following quotation is from the same source as that above, comparing the Oregon and California climates: “ For, while it may be a trifle colder in the winter, the summer heat is not hear so oppressive. There the very ground is baked and the small streams dried up by the semi—tropical‘ sun. Here the grass is green through- _ out the year and severe drouth is not known. At the present time—the 151', day of January—a severe snow storm is sweeping over the State of Cal- ifornla. Here, in the valley of the lower Columbia there is no snow; water ‘stands in pools, without even so much as a coating of ice, and cattle pick ups. living on the range without being sheltered or fed. It is estimated that'a ton of hay will keep a cow or young steer in fair condition through ‘ the .winter. At present the thermometer stands about 35 degrees above ‘zero. The coldest recorded is five degrees above zero. There is no country in the world, in the same latitude, where men can work out doors so many 1 days in the year.” i‘ , The Northern Pacific railroad runs across the eastern part of the county fiunter’a Point, and will probably eventually be extended to Astoria. A branch of the Southern Pacific is projected through the Nehalem valley to connect with the same city. 01’ the total area before mentioned, 462,720 acres, the amessment of 1887 shows but 152,952 acres owned. The remainder, over 300,000 acres, are either Government or State lands, principally the former. These are sub- ject to filings under the homestead, pre-emption and timber acts. While much of this land is unsuited for cultivation when cleared, nearly all of it is covered with valuable timber, and upon much of it can be made healthy, happy and valuable homes. ' The value of property in the county for the year 1887 was $1,006,941. The principal towns in the county are St. Helens, the county seat, Colum- bia City, Rainier and Clatskanie. ' The Oregon Hist, a weekly newspaper, is published in the former town. OF EASTERN OREGON. —_ WASCO COUNTY. [BY COL. 'r. H. LANG.] This land of grass, as its name implies, when first organized, was an em- pire of itself, embracing allot‘ that portion of the great Columbia basin which lies south of the Columbia river, between the summit line of the Cascade mountain range on the west to the 42° of latitude, which is the present division line between Oregon and California. Its area has been reduced to about 60 miles square, containing about 3600 square miles, which is considered to comprise within its limits a large portion of the richest of the great sedimentary deposits, held in suspension by the subsiding floods which at one time covered this whole region, desig- nated as the Columbia basin, of which there are the amplest superficial evidences in all directions. The DesChutes and John Day rivers run northerly across this county and empty into the Columbia, leaving a belt of the most fruitful soil, of varying depth from two to twenty feet to the subsoil, which is of a gravelly and volcanic character, lying upon a basalt base. The character of the surface soil and its varying depth shows conclu- sively the action of water during that period of upheaval and disturbance which lowered the channel of the Columbia and its tributaries into the great basaltic mass where their courses are now confined. The west line of Wasco county, commencing at Cascade locks, on the south side of the Columbia, runs southerly, in the black timber, along the summit of this green mountain range, passing to the west of the snowy cap of Mount Hood, and terminates forty-eight miles south of the base line upon the range line, between townships 8 and 9 south. The soil covering the western portion of Wasc - Junty, even upon the high ranges of the mountains, from 3000 to 4000 feet above the sea, is of great depth and capable of great vegetable production, as evidenced by the extraordinary size and height of the timber, which composes its vigorous and very valuable forests of pine, fir, cedar, larch, tumurack and hemlock. All this western portion of the county is furnished with abundant streams of water, which rise high up in the black forest, and in one case in a lake over 4000 feet high, of considerable magnitude, out of which runs a beauti- ful stream of water. White river runs its ashy current directly out from under an iceberg upon the south side of Mount Hood. The water of this river holds subterranean ashes and earths enough in solution to deposit quite a sediment in the hun- ter's pail who attempts to use it. ' All of the creeks and rivers which drain this eastern slope of the Cascade mountains, after leaving the timber, on their course eastward, fall into the Des Chutes, adding materially to its deep, rapid current, which is affected but little by the spring and fall rains, and which rarely freezes across its main channel. This river afl‘ords water power of the most valuable char- acter near its mouth and at Shcarcr’s bridge. The John Day river skirts the eastern boundary of the present county of Wasco. This river runs through a more open country and docs not main- tain its volume of water during the hot weather of summer so well as the Des Chutes. It is estimated that from 70 to 80 per cent. of the surface of Wasco county is arable land, well suited to agriculture, which, under a. reasonable system of cultivation, produces bountifully. There are owned within the county limits 238,903 sheep, although not all grazed some portions of the year within the county limits; 14,446 head of horses, and 13,878 head of cattle. The receipts for wool the past your (1887) has not been far from $134,124.94. That for mutton will reach $30,000. Dalles‘ City is the county seat, situated upon the bank of the Columbia river, 206miles from its mouth, contains 4500 inhabitants; has four large COUNTIES 27 28 co UNTIE'S OF EASTERN OREGONe— GILLIAM‘ AND hotels, three banks, two flouting mills, one brewery, an independent academy, and one Catholic academy, both in a thriving condition, a public water works, and a canal is in construction out 18 miles into the timber to the steam mills of , who purpose to transfer lumber and wood from their mills to the city. . There is also a new improved flour mill running at the enterprising town of Dufur, and one at Shearer’: Bridge and Boyd. The track of the Oregon Railway a Navigation company's railroad runs across the country upon the bank of the Columbia, passing through Front street of Dalles City. The receiving and shipping warehouses of this road are located in the eastern part of the city and the repair shops of the company in the western portion, where they employ about 200 hands and dispense a monthly pay roll of about 820,000. A United States land oflice is located in the city, and the distributing post ofiice for all the region south, southeast and north is also here, which sup- plies most of the following oiiices within the county, 29 in number, viz.: Antelope, Bake Oven, Biggs, Boyd, De Moss Springs, Cascade Locks, Cross Hollows, Dufur, Earskinvillc, Grant, Grass Valley, Hood River, Ringsley, Kent, Monkland, Moro, Mosier, Nansene, Rufus, Rutledge, Shearer’s Bridge, Sinemosho, The Dalles, Tygh Valley, Warnic, Wapinitia, Wasco. Opportunities for available water power are frequent, and some of them of a very valuable character, viz.: At the mouth of the Des Chutes, Shearers, Hood river, upon White river and Fifteen Mile. The people of Hood River have advantages for manufacturing of an excel- lent character. The best water power associated with contiguous timber, an excellent soil, and delightful climate ofi‘ering homes for varied industries. The situation of this town, upon the railroad and upon the Columbia river, and its peculiar climate suited to fruit growing, makes it a location of much value. Among established industries the catching of salmon above the city of The Dalles, but all in sight, is one of the most important, extending up the south bank of the Columbia 12 miles. To the foregoing may be added that in 1885 there were in this county 167,807 sheep, and there were produced 1,095,691 pounds of wool. There were 5244 hogs, 11,398 horses and 8004 cattle. There were 51,428 acres plowed, and there were produced 143,723 bushels of wheat, 53,280 bushels of cats, 64,322 bushels of barley and rye, 9082 tons of hay, 8067 bushels of corn, 40,455 pounds of butter and cheese, 77,030 bushels of potatoes, 23,751 bushels of apples, 3274 bushels of plums and prunes, 142 barrels of salmon, and 2,009,000 feet of lumber. In 1886, the total assessed value of all property was $3,605,916. For values of 1887, see table No. 5. GILLIAM COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north by the Columbia, on the east by Morrow county, on the south by the western spur of the Blue mountains and on the west by the John Day river. It fronts on the Columbia about thirty miles, which is its average width throughout its length, a distance of probably seventy-five miles. The surface is rolling, with but little timber. Several streams flow through it along which are excellent bottom lands under cultivation. The uplands are fine grazing pastures, and the princi- pal business of the people residing there is stock raising. The soil of these uplands is fertile and produces all the cereals, fruits and vegetables that may be grown in a temperate region. There is a large amount of vacant land in the county, a portion of which lies within the grant of the Northern Pacific railroad company. Along the foothills of the Blue mountains are many small prairies, containing from twenty to eighty acres each, which contain the richest of soil and are sur- rounded with ample timber for fencing and building. There is plenty of water and an abundance of pasture lands. " Schuttler Flat” is a fine body of land, all settled up and yielding its thousands of bushels of grain annually. Water here is a scarce commodity, and has to be hauled from the draws and depressions of the surrounding country. Ascending the hill, alarge table land country is reached, and as faras the eye can see, to every point of the compass, field after field is seen, all contributing to the wealth of the country. Yet extensive as is the area settled, it is but a tithe to what remains vacant. For miles at a stretch as good land as is already located is lying vacant, and ready for the plow of the first settler. Cattle and sheep roam in almost countless bands, and the present struggle between these rival industries must soon give way to the settler, who will fence in the now wild land. Hundreds of as good loca- tions as have been taken exist everywhere from the points mentioned. Already little towns have been started along the line of the county road. The country improves, ii anything, as we journey south, but the settle- ments are further between and the vacant land more plentiful. More moisture falls in this country the higher you get. r ' ‘ w .1 . “3%.? i k rgdfitaglggafi Assn instance of the excellence of as as the Inland Empire. every timber culture eminent hm tion whatever has thrived and is doing well. tiger-ism are taken up by the thriftless or for speculative purposes tli‘atm‘ =; r . , , The town of Fossil is the largest in this section‘ or ports every creditable newpaper. The formation of the jigggmdi passed through is the same, generally speaking, of so Eastern Oregon, being basalt, in which it is a natural impossibility eover any mineral. But here, a complete change takes place, and instead- of lava we find sandstone, conglomerates, shales and every other demotion‘, ~ belonging to the carboniferous era. A few miles from the town immense beds of coal have already been discovered; it is an mil-‘(18 that will be of immense advantage to the country, and these immense treeless plains, to‘ say nothing of all the industries that follow in the wake of great coal (iii- . coveries. The coal is a splendid gas and coke producer, and the beds bid ~ fair to be second to none on the Pacific coast. Over a dozen veins have been located and prospected with favorable results in every instance, and great developments may be looked for as soon as capital takes hold of them. Not only coal, but iron and coal oil are known to exist in this immediate section. With a capital of $2000 an industrious man can situate himself so that he can in a few years acquire a handsome competency. Grain, sheep, horse and cattle business prevails about Fossil. Immigrants are rapidly settling up the county, and it will not be many years until there will be but very little vacant land. The Oregon Railway & Navigation company's railroad crosses the northern end of the county, and the principal town, Arlington, is situated on the line on the Columbia river. It is the county seat, and does a heavy business in shipping wool and grain. There is probably no more prosperous‘ town in Oregon. In 1885, there were 116,884 sheep, and there were produced 607,258 pounds of wool. There were 1698 hogs, 9044 horses and 9280 cattle. There were 14,277 acres plowed, and there were produced 22,410 bushels of wheat, 11,199 bushels of cats, 23,892 buslels of barley and rye, 5118 tons of hay, 6580 bushels of corn, 21,450 pounds butter and cheese, 200 pounds tobacco, 20,510 bushels of potatoes, 2120 bushels of apples and 2,100,000 feet of lumber. In 1886 there were 135,696 sheep in the county and the assessed value of the cattle was $139,224. The value of the horses was $266,298. The total “ assessed value of property in 1886, was 81,592,452. For values of 1887, see table No. 5. ' MORROW COUNTY. This county also fronts on the Columbia river, and is also crossed in the northern part by the Oregon Railway & Navigation railroad. It is about 35 miles wide on the river and extends to the south with about the same aver- age width a distance of about 75 miles. It is bounded on the north by the Columbia, on the south by Grant county, on the east by Umatilla, and on the west by Gilliam. Heppner is the county seat, and the towns of Stokes, Coyote and Castle Rock are depot and telegraph stations on the Oregon Railway & Navigation. southward from Castle Rock is a streak of sand and sage brush rimningparallel with the river, and varying in width from four to eight miles. It presents a desolate appearance, but yet stock seem to thrive on it, picking up a living by browsing on the sage and nibbling on the sparse grass tufts. southward still the gently undulating surface of the county is covered with a rank growth of beautiful bunch grass. The soil looks light, and the considerable patches of it being put under cultivation seem to give general satisfaction to the toilers who are reclaiming it from its wild state. Although there is room for many more, quite a few farmers have cast their lots on these Morrow county plains, and in wheat raising the average result is about 17 bushels per acre from sod ground. As you recede from the river, the soil darkens and becomes firmer, and its products surprise the old settlers who thought it would produce nothing but grass. Along Butter creek and the eastern line of the county, the general surface of the county is rough and broken. The bottoms along the creek and canyons furnish a limited number of good ranches, where the soil is rich and deep ; and the ranches shown along Butter creek are mostly owned by old settlers, who are engaged in raising horses, cattle and sheep. The high hills surrounding these ranches are rough and broken, and unfit for farm- ing, but furnish excellent bunch grass pasturage. Further south you pen- etrate the tall timber of the western span of the Blue mountains. This southern end of the county is rich in timber resources, and no doubt also in undiscovered minerals. ' Along about township four, south of range 25 east, you strike the Rawdog or Yallerdog regions. This vicinity, sometimes called the Dairy Ridge country, embraces a large body of farming land, the soil being rich and black, and excellent crops being raised. Many farms have been opened up and improved hereduring the past few years. The Allen road runs across . ‘m " . ‘-_- ....»...,--\__ AV . ,_. F ' 7'3." .=-""v‘. ‘’ -"_ ‘<'" 55;) | ' "t ' v a i‘ . n?‘ - , .. I 1- . . are. seamen ‘once 0N- mm mm. 29 .J_l_ ’ .s a a ‘ r I L 4a) 4': '- 7 v I A ‘3.7" a a. -» l ' "r - a 7 v x} "v '. F" "I, 52» E2 1 i1 3,. _'.r “ “ x ’ __¢ ~ g, __,. ‘ -¢ 4 I gmWgdmtdeal ottravelpssses " s!’ " 'e ‘ ‘o q l a s ‘,f ,_ it ‘ * a. ~ ~.. ~ I“‘l".*"“"'i‘i‘i‘;§‘i?’§,t-s: .. ‘a , is out in two by the in- w M i 1 canflillf D1‘! Forkjfmfigiumconnty, the eastern portion beinz Whiter Eight Mile. The s ft = country may justly claim to have {lament the best farming although there a but merely a local home markfei for of the products of the soil. On these, and other Rhea and Willow creeks, and between Willow and Buttesnreohwgisgthacream of the county's farming land, and the presempfibqv timber culture claims of the new settlers. ugpueevsi‘ thrush-“Mummers the hills until within the last few years, because there was plentypt rich bottom soil lying out doors. Settlers who have eommencedgiarmipg are men, who, starting with small capital, are gradually buildirfigrup and making their farms more valuable. They have agood climate and many other features to favor them, and with industry and persewerameeyare bound to come out all right in the end. The cream of thaland. is taken, but many places where good homes may be made may be open for. the coming settler. Mnorrqigcounty is tolerably well watered by creeks and spring branches. Much of the best farming lands are without running water, and in some looplities wells have been sunk to considerable depths, while perhaps on the next section, on a more favorable slope, water is struck within fifteen feet of the surface. Every creek has along its banks a rank growth of balm, birch, willow and hawthorne, but the bulk of the wood has to be hauled 10 miles from the forests of the Blue mountains. Many timber cul- ture claims are being cultivated, and in the future it may be that the bald hills and plateaus will furnish timber enough for all. There is still a large area of land in Morrow county open to Government entry, at $1.25 an acre, outside of railroad limits, which at present extends south from the Columbia forty miles, in which strips the odd sections are reserved to the Northern Pacific railroad company, and the even sections cost $2.50 an acre. Many good claims may be bought at reasonable figures, and deeded and improved ranches may be bought all the way from 83 to $10 per‘acrc, according to location and amount of improvements. Real estate of all kinds is gradually and naturally increasing in value throughout the county. In 1885 there were 187,636 sheep, and there were produced 1,312,265 lbs of wool. There were 1292 hogs, 5192 horses and 3949 cattle. There were 14,298 acres plowed, and there were produced 37,203 bushels of wheat, 4065 bushels of oats, 32,166 bushels of barley and rye, 5314 tons of hay, 180 bushels of corn, 10,335 lbs of butter and cheese, 14,123 bushels of potatoes, 2756 bushels of apples, 134 bushels of plums and prunes, and 2,601,000 feet of lumber. In 1886 the total assessed value of property was $1,394,486. For values of 1887 see Table'No. 5. \\ UMATILLA COUNTY. The following was prepared for the Umatilla county board of immigration by Hon. J. P. Wager: Umatilla county is situated in the northeastern portion of the State of Oregon, between 45 and 46 north latitude and 41 and 42% west longitude from Washington. But one county—Union—lies between it and the eastern boundary of the State, and its northern boundary is the northern boundary of ‘the State, being surrounded on the north by the Columbia river and Washington Territory. on the east by Union county, on the south by Grant county, and on the west by Morrow county. _ Umatilla county may be briefly described in general as an elevated, roll- ing plain. or plateau. To this, however, some explanation must be added. The surface in some parts is quite level, and in others considerably broken. There are wide expanses of “rolling” lands, upon which headers can be run with case; there are also townships and sections broken by canyons and gullies of more or less depth; there are also in other portions mountainous heights, deep chasms, rocky ridges, barren blufl‘s, and precipitous hillsides. A man can find within our borders extremely fertile farming land, grazing land, mountain solltudes, and patches and stretches that are good for nothing. There is along the Columbia river a belt of sand, in appearance, a desert. This is but a few miles in width, and along portions of the northern border it almost entirely disappears. Then the county is far from being treeless. Sweeping around its eastern and southern borders, and comprising several townships within the limits of the county, are the Blue mountains, a circular range of high, wooded hills, containing a practically inexhausti- ble supply of timber, consisting of pine, fir and tamarack. The streams are , also bordered with more or less timber, sufficient in most cases for the resi- dents upon them. The principal of these streams are the Walla Walla river in the'northeastern portion, and the Umatilla, flowing from the southeastern ,through centrally to the Columbia and its branches. The main branches of Wanna are Wild Horse, McKay, Birch and Butter creeks, all originat- a '~,\ , ingin the mountains, and traversing canyons in some places of considerable depth below the adjacent upland prairies. During the present year, 1885, nearly one-half of the territory of what was formerly Umatilla county, was taken ofl‘to form a new county ; but the old county still contains by far the larger portion of good agricultural lands, and other advantages, including transportation facilities. Umatilla at present contains about 75 townships, or 1,728,000 acres, an area considerably larger than the State of Delaware, including the District of Columbia. One of the first considerations with many immigrants is climate. Accus- tomed, perhaps, to the savage extremes, and to the merciless cyclones of States east of the Rocky mountains, they are slow to believe the reports they have heard of the salubrity and equability of the region we are describing. Some have, no doubt, heard exaggerations, but the unmasked truth is sui’fl- cicnt to recommend this section to all who desire to escape the evils alluded to. The severest portions of winter generally occur between December 20th and January 20th, though there have been exceptional seasons in WhlCh the extreme of cold came in February. Different altitudes in the county vary greatly in temperature. At some points in the mountains spirit thermom- eters have recorded as low as 40° or 45° below zero for a night or two. These nights in the settled portions of the county would bring the mercury down to 25° or 30°. We have seen it even below that, but these are rare cases. But few days in each winter show a zero record; and owing to the unusual dryness of the atmosphere, cold is not felt here as in damper localities. Practically, winter generally lasts no longer than five or six weeks, and ofien not longer than three or four. Our February is not infrequently sim~ ilar to April in New York or Illinois, while March is like their May. The same may be said of the summers as of the winters. We have some hot weather, equal to that in the States mentioned, but scarcely ever more than a few days at a time; and even then, nights are always cooler in compar- ison, affording ample opportunity for comfortable sleep. As to salubriety, there is probably not a place in the United States where general healthful- ness is more prevalent. Chronic diseases and epidemics are unknown, save a few cases of ague along small portions of our one or two streams. Strong winds are not uncommon in the spring and summer months, but never in winter, and anything approaching cyclones are entirely unknown here. The causes of so mild and equable a climate in a region so far north have been told so often that a mere mention of the chief one is unnecessary. This is the influence of the Japan current, an immense Pacific ocean “gulf stream,” which sweeps toward the North Pacific coast, and exerts the some influence here, for hundreds of miles inland, that the gulf stream does upon the British islands. The potency of this current may be imagined better when we reflect upon the demonstrated fact that the southeastern portions of even Polar Alaska are milder in temperature than Pennsylvania and Northern Ohio. This oceanic current is also supposed to be the source of the famous “chinook” winds, which in winter frequently sweep gently fi‘om the southwest, across the mountains and plains of Oregon, even to Idaho, melting the snow in afew hours, and enabling the herds of cattle and horses to enjoy the herbage which is green and growing under the snow. Winds of summer, though never sufliciently fierce to do damage, are not so pleasant, as they raise clouds of dust—the soil being very light and dry. During the summer months no rain falls, and the face of the ground as‘ sumes a barren appearance; but farmers are thus enabled to secure the great crops which they could not save in the showery harvest time of eastern States. Of course seasons vary greatly in regard to the amount of moisture. Ordinarily, more or less rain falls—in occasional showers up to May—some- times as late as June; and begins again in September or October. Between October and May there are frequent and often copious percipitations, enough to insure, every year so far, bountiful crops. It is universally re- marked by old settlcrs that much more moisture has fallen during late than during former years; caused, as is supposed, by the largely increased area of cultivated land. Judging the future by the past, and realizing that the cultivated area will greatly increase in the next few years, it may be safely predicted that no region in the country is less liable to drouth than this. The soil of a large portion of Umatilla. county is a wonder to all strangers. The appearance of much of it, especially during the dry season, indicates to eastern visitors that it must be almost worthless; but when the skeptics have lived through a season and seen the crops of grain and vegetables that mature, after weeks of dry weather, they are ready to acknowledge that up‘ pearances are indeed deceitful. The soil varies greatly from the mountains on the south to the river on the north. Nearest the mountains it is a dark, heavy loam, and much of the northern and eastern portions of the county is of this character, very easily cultivated and of fertility scarcely excelled anywhere in the United States. Farther north and west the soil is lighter and dryer, and is more or less impregnated with alkali. It is scarcely less fertile than the darker land, and only needs a reasonable amount of winter and spring moisture to insure bountiful crops. This moisture seem; to b. 30‘ held in the firmer subsoil, and fed out during the dry season to the growing crops. Excellent crops of grain have been harvested on land which had received no rain for three months. We have seen large and most excellent potatoes, melons, and other vegetables which had grown and matured on soil that had never been wet from the time of planting. All this land is easily cultivated, four horses drawing a gang plow cutting 24 or 26 inches, and easily turning over three or three and a half acres a day. The only obstruction is sage-brush, and there is but little of this, of a. small growth, except well toward the Columbia river, where, as already mentioned, the land is more sandy, and the sage-brush grows to a large size. Most of the farming lands of the county are devoid of running water, and in some in- stances water is not easily obtained by digging; but ordinarly, good well water is found at a reasonable depth~varying from six to 60 feet. Until recent years, stock and minerals were the only products of the county, and there was probably no more favored stock region " out 0’ doors.” Cattle, horses ami sheep multiplied in great numbers, being kept the year through without feed, except such as they found on the range. There are still large numbers of stock, but they are already diminishing be- fore the advance of the plow, the header and the thresher. The last three years have witnessed a great increase in agricultural production, the great staple being wheat. Prior to 1883 no wheat for export was produced, but from May, 1883, to May, 1884, 44,723 tons of wheat were shipped from the county. Nora—The following is clipped from the Centervillian of 1887. The amounts given below do not include, of course, the wheat held in the hands of the producers: "Hollis dz Cleve report that up to date they have purchased 110,000 sacks of wheat. They have shipped from Centerville and Adams 42,000 sacks, and about 48,000 are now on storage at Centerville, and 30,000 sacks at Adams. Miller &Robley of Centerville have shipped wheat so far this season from the various stations, as follows: Rourkeville, 1000 sacks; Eastland, 13,500; Adams, 11,000; Centerville, 43,000; Blue Mountain, 10,000; Downing, 10,700; Milton, 1300; Cold Spring, 534; Touchet, 553; total shipped by this firm, 103,297 sacks. They also have on storage awaiting shipment as fol- lows: Rourkeville, 5000 sacks; Eastland, 30,000; Adams, 10,000; Centerville, 80,000; Blue Mountain, 20,000; Downing, 10,000; Milton, 2500. Total stored, 147,500 sacks, making a grand total handled by this firm of 254,786 sacks. Pres Worthington has shipped from Weston 30,000 sacks, and from Down- ing 20,000; total, 50,000. He has stored at Weston 100,000, and at Downing, 35,000; total, 135,000. Grand total, 185,000 sacks. Beagle & Raley have shipped from Pendleton 35,000 sacks, and have 35,000 stored there. They have also shipped from Nelin and Echo 12,000 sacks, and have 24,000 stored. or a total from this firm of 146,000 sacks. T. F. Rourke & Co. have stored at Pendleton 100,000 sacks; at Rourke Sta- tion they have 125,000; at Eastland, 15,000; at Adams, 5000, and at Center- ville, 5000. They have shipped from Pendleton, 55,000; from Rourke Station, 61,000; Eastland, 5000; Cold Spring, 10,000; Juniper, 5000; Nolin, 15,000, and Yoakum, 15,000. Total, 416,000 sacks." The average yield is placed at 26 bushels per acre, which includes spring sown and volunteer crops, as well as those imperfectly planted or harvested. Forty to 45 bushels to the acre are frequently obtained, while 30 to 35 bush- els may be considered an average crop, on land well cultivated and sown early in the fall with an average good season. Barley and oats are successfully raised, yielding proportionately large crops. Corn cannot be so successfully grown as in Nebraska, Illinois and other Western States in that region, but a fair yield is obtained. Apples, pears, plums, prunes, and berries grow in profusion, and of excel- lent quality, in most portions of the county, though but little effort has yet been put forth to produce them. Grapes and peaches are not well adapted to most of the county, but in some localities they do fairly well. Potatoes, beets, radishes, melons, and in fact all kinds of vegetables common to the climate and latitude, thrive and grow to perfection with but little care. We have strawberries, green peas, lettuce and tomatoes several weeks earlier than in Michigan or New York. Wool is one of the great staple products of the county, there being large tracts of land unsuited for grain raising, but well adapted to grazing. The average yield of wool (unwashed) is about nine pounds for each sheep. No extensive or developed mines at present exist in the county. China- men still make wages along the banks of the Columbia, in washing for gold, and there are indications of gold miles yet undeveloped in portions of the Blue mountains. There are coal beds that will be of great value when the need for that substance has become greater and capital is willing to invest in bringing it to light and market. Besides sheep, already spoken of, horses, cattle and hogs are still raised in no insignificant numbers. The ofiicial figures for 1885 are: Horses, 22,984; cattle, 20,805; mules, 406; bags, 14,288. But for the turning of the bunch co UNTIES or EASTERN Akgene 0N-~ neuritis; ‘ "or “i”. ' ' ~ '‘ , a grass lands into wheat fields, these agureiwould as meninges courses; but there are still localities where stock-raising, ,toa limited egtcnt, engaged in successfully; especially along theflelulnbia are. and in the southwestern portion of the county. As yet. no disease has developed among other stock than sheep, except an occasionalpcsse a. horse with “mountain fever.” ‘ ‘ I q A A The Oregon Railway a Navigation company's road skirts the south bank of the Columbia from the northwestern corner of the county eastwardly across nearly two-thirds the length of the county, eouneetingjust across the line at Wallula with the great transcontinental route, the Northern Pacific. At Umatilla, about half way across the northern border, the “Baker City branch” extends southeasterly through the central portion of the county, connecting at Huntington, in Southern Idaho, with the “Short Line," which in turn connects with the Union Pacific at Granger, in Wyoming. These roads furnish easy and rapid ingress and egress from and to eastern points. Forty-four miles from Umatilla, at Pendleton, a branch road runs up Wild Horse creek, by way of Adams, Centerville, Weston, Blue Mountain station and Milton—all the way through a magnificent wheat country—to Walla Walla. There is a gap in the center of this road of about eight miles —between Centerville and Blue Mountain—not yet completed. For a dis- tance of 18 miles from Pendleton, it passes along the edge of the Umatilla reservation. These roads are a great advantage to producers in affording facilities for carrying produce to market, though high rates of freight are maintained. This disadvantage will be regulated and the people given lower rates as the country develops. Railroad fare throughout the State is fixed at four cents a mile by statute. The Umatilla Indian reservation, lying wholly within the borders of the county, containing about 400,000 acres of land, is one of the most fertile, beautiful and valuable tracts of land lying between the two oceans. The soil is rich, easily cultivated, well watered, and adjacent to unlimited sup- plies of timber. It is at present held by about 400 Indians, who have con- siderable stock, principally horses, upon it. A bill was passed by the last congress for giving lands to the Indians in severalty, and opening the reser- vation to settlement. The Ind.ans will probably agree to this bill, or if they do not they will be obliged to take land in severalty, under a treaty made by them in 1879. In either case, what lands they are not entitled to take will be sold to purchasers who agree to become actual residents. When this is done, it will afford an opportunity to many to buy a fine, fertile piece of land on reasonable terms. The county is supplied (as well as all the other counties in the State) with good common schools and with churches of nearly all denominations. Two sections of land in each township, or one-eighteenth of the land in the State is set apart by law for the benefit of com mon schools. This fund with some others provided by law and a little local taxation, enables every neighbor- hood to have a school six or nine months of each year. Persons settling in regions not much inhabited will, of course, be obliged to forego these advan- tages for awhile, but as population increases educational and social advan- tages will also increase. Although considerable Government land is still open for entry, immi- grants with a little means will often prefer to buy land already owned or claimed by prior settlers, and by waiting and watching a little, advanta- geous opportunities to do this will always occur. Those who are willing or obliged to select Government land will have to go quite a distance, perhaps from 15 to 40 miles, away from the larger settlements and from the railroad. Government land can be obtained under any one of the three acts, namely: the homestead, the pre-emption, ‘find the timber culture laws. Under any of these three acts a settler can take but 160 acres. A great many of these timber culture claims have been taken in the county. The northeastern portion has been settled for many years and is a wealthy populous locality. Lying adjacent to Eastern Washington Territory, whose principal town is Walla Walla, this portion of Umatilla county has for years contributed to the fame of the Walla Walla valley for both wheat and fruits. The Blue Mountain range bounds it on the east, from which numerous streams course northwesterly, all falling eventually into the Columbia river. Among these are Pine, Dry, and Yellow Hawk creeks and the Walla Walla river. These streams trend across broad prairies, their sides being bord cred with trees of various species. Near the mountains the land is broken but fertile in the highest degree. Rolling westward 30 or 40 miles, now gently undulating, is a magnificent stretch of country—im- mense plateaus reaching to the Columbia, separated from each other by lengthy and deep canyons with long sloping tributary gulches at intervals. The chief of these “canyons” are Cold Spring, Juniper, and Vansycle, each averaging about 20 miles in length, and bestowing their names on the ad- jacent country. The soil throughout this whole section of country is of ex— ceeding fertility. There are yet a few thousand acres to be taken on the liberal terms offered by the Government. Oats and barley do well. Corn ~\ cc his "Eastman OREG’ ozv- UMA TILLA. 31 M 5):”.— f > ‘ "bee necessity raised, be excelled for all kinds 1 E The greatest lack is which must in some cases ‘2° A 'rniles, The country neefi manufactures and capital to de- M p resources. The water pf the northeastern portion of the senate is chiefly in the Walla Wafl'a river, which is only utilized for saw and flour mills. * ~ ‘Situated on this river is Milton, a pretty and picturesquely-located village irith a line public school building and all the advantages possessed by slmilartownsln the eastern’ states. The surrounding country is devoted largelyto fi'uit raising. Milton is a station on the Pendleton and Walla Walla} railroad. Weston, nine miles south or Milton, the largest and most solidly estab- lishedtown of eastern Ulndtilla, is situated on Pine creek, and is surrounded for many miles on every side with land of great productiveness. It has a population of about 700, is built largely of brick, contains a large public school building, city hall, and several churches. Weston is noted for the great interest its citizens manifest in educational and social advancement. A weekly paper; the Weston Leader, is published here. Three miles west of Weston is Centerville, a village of some 400 people, pleasantly Situated on Wild Horse creek. It has three churches, a public school building that cost $7000, and is a progressive, thriving place. It is situated near the border of the Indian reservation, and so has but little more than half the adjacent country to depend on, but a prettier or more Valuable region of farming land can scarcely be found. Just across the creek from Centerville, on the reservation, a few white farmers have in one way or another got a foothold on the Indians’ domains. A weekly paper, the Center/(zillion, has just been started at this town. Five miles west of Centerville. also on Wild Horse creek and near the edge of the reserve, is Adams, laid out only two years ago; has made the most rapid growth of any town in the county, containing many enterprising and substantial business men. A weekly paper has started here. The land throughout all this region varies in price. But little is to be had except by purchase from private individuals. It ranges in price from 85 to 850 an acre. The Umatilla river, rising in or near the southeastern border of the county, flows northwesterly to the northern line, falling into the Columbia. The upper half of its course is through the Indian reservation, which, in the near future will, it is hoped, be settled with industrious farmers. Soil and climate are all that can well be desired, and that so broad, beautiful and fertile a tract shall be permitted to lie unused and desolate much longer, is improbable. Immediately upon crossing the reservation line, going down the Umatilla, we come to Pendleton. Pendleton is the coufity seat, and the largest town of the county. It con- tains a population of 2500, having increased from 700 in 1880. In 1883 it suc~ ceeded in acquiring 640 acres of the adjacent reservation, which tract was laid off in blocks and lots, giving the town plenty of room to grow. Pcndle~ ton has six church organizations. It has a new public school bullding, costing $20,000, and has an independent academy in successful operation. A Catholic organization has erected valuable buildings for a school and hospital. The town is supplied with two banks, roller flouring mills with a capacity of 500 barrels a day, using water power, an extensive sash and door factory, and an agricultural implement manufactory. An agricultural society has fine grounds near town, with an excellent race course. There are two newspapers, the East Oregonian, semi~weekly, and the Tribune, weekly. The town is surrounded by an excellent agricultural and grazing country, and is destined to become the leading city of Eastern Oregon. Down the Umatilla from Pendleton there are high bluffs on either side, but the gdjacent uplands are of excellent quality. Here also the country on both sides is a vast extent of rolling prairie, the soil being rather lighter and finer that further south and east. People who had succeeded in the Milton, Weston, Cold Spring, Vansycle, Juniper and Greasewood regions were still slow to believe that this land further toward the Columbia was equally good, but settlers have kept trying and testing until the whole vast extent for many miles on either side of the Umatilla, down to within a few miles of its mouth, has been proven to be exceedingly fertile. Crops to succeed best should be drilled in the dust early in September, and unless in aseason of unusual dryness they will yield abundantly. The first town on the river and railroad after leaving Pendleton is Echo, which is situated 21 miles below, and 15 miles from the Columbia. This village has been built entirely since 1881, and commands the trade of an immense scope of country, not yet one-half settled. It has a large public school building and mercantile and other business industries. , Foster has three miles below Echo, also on the river and railroad; has a larganew public school building and mercantile houses. It is surrounded y‘byua broad scope of splendid country, but yet sparsely settled. From here skfli‘tlie mouth of the Umatilla the land becomes of a more sandy nature, segregates to the last few miles of the stream is practically uninhabited 6 51;} .. it. I It is thought by many that this strip or sandy soil is well adapted to the raising of fruit, especially grapes, though as yet no test has been made of it. Just above the mouth of the Umatilla 1s Umatilla Junction, the oldest town in the county, and once, in the palmy days of mining excitement, a place 'of great prosperity. It still commands considerable trade, and is the terminus of the branch railroad running from the Union Pacific across Idaho and Oregon. Though a portion of the country bordering on the Columbia is not suited to agriculture, it is by no means valueless. Upon these sandy plains a fine nutritious grass springs up early in the spring and affords pasturage for thousands of stock. Stoclnnen living upon some creek farther back have here arange which has made numbers of them financially independent. It is Uncle Sam’s ground, and he doesn’t charge a cent for pasturagc. Following the Umatilla back about seven or eight miles, we come to the mouth of Butter creek, the lower dozen miles or so of which are in Umatilla county. For miles on either side the country is but sparsely settled as yet. though much of it, especially to the left going up is good farming land. It is only within the last two years that the lower Butter creek uplands have been tried, and there, as in locations apparently more favored, settlement and agricultural productions will doubtless greatly increase during the next few years. Just above Echo a dry gulch puts in from the south, called Alkali Canyon. the broad and fertile prairies adjacent to which, for 15 or 20 miles back from the river, being known generally as the Alkali country. The land is uniformly fertile, and it will support a population of ten times that which now inhabits it. Coming up again to a point about five miles below Pcndleton, we reach the mouth of Birch creek. As with the other streams, the appearances in its immediate vicinity do not give much indication of the broad and valu- able tracts of agricultural and grazing lands that stretch beyond the visible bluffs. They are not all adapted to grain raising, the soil is some portions through this section lying too thinly upon the bed of rock, yet much that is or will be valuable is still untouched. Fifteen miles up Birch creek is Pilot Rock, containing about 150 inhabi~ tants, a good school house, a new church building, three mercantile stores, etc. Although considerable grain is raised in this vicinity, the principal businem of the inhabitants along the creek here, and so on up to the moun~ tains, is stock raising, for which the country is admirably adapted. Following Birch creek up fairly into the mountains and for a few miles through the timber, the traveler comes to a succession of small mountain valleys, well watered, of rich soil, and covered with luxuriant native grasses. The general name applied to these is Camus Prairie, which may be further described as about six by twelve miles in extent and forty miles distant from the nearest railroad station. There is a postoflice, a general merchandise store, and a first-class sawmill in this locality. The principal products of this lovely mountain valley are butter, cheese and live stock. No better region for dairying purposes can be found on the Pacific Coast. There are probably a hundred families, all told, through the valley, and room for more. Beyond Camas Prairie, and in the southwestern extremity of the county, is what is known as the John Day country, a river of that name flowing through the corner of the county. This is a mountain region, very rough, and of course unfit for agriculture, but it is well adapted to the raising of horses and cattle, and those who are willing to lead a secluded life can here make money faster and easier that by wheat raising. Indeed the Blue mountains are a source of wealth to the county. In many portions of them great numbers of horses, cattle and sheep are kept throughout the summer months. From the mountains are also obtained immense quantities of timber for fuel, posts, rails and lumber. A word of explanation remains to be said about the creek ranches. Along the streams mentioned in the foregoing description all the old sct~ tlers originally located, and wherever the bottoms are of suihcient breadth, they or their successors have made many valuable and beautiful farms, with all the comforts and elcgancics of modern civilization. Many such places are to be found along the Walla Walla river, Wild Horse creek, Uma- tilla river, and Birch and Butter creeks. In 1885 there were 253,717 sheep, and there were produced 1,688,656 lbs of wool. There were 14,288 hogs, 22,984 horses, 406 mules, and 20,805 cattle. There were 208,217 acres cultivated, and there were produced 1,401,420 bushels of wheat, 85,486 bushels of oats, 299,413 bushels of barley, 23,014 tons of hay, 60,177 bushels of corn, 184,875 lbs of butter and cheese, 050 lbs of hops, 136,699 bushels of potatoes, 20,125 bushels of apples, 125 bushels of plums and prunes, and 4,125,000 feet of lumber. The total assessed value of all property in 1886 was $6,670,821. For values of 1887 see Table No. 5. 32 WALLOWA COUNTY. This county was created in 1887 from a portion of Union. It is in the ex: treme northeastern portion of the State and is bounded as follows: Com- meneing at the northeast corner of the State of Oregon on Snake river; thence west on the State line to where it intersects Grande Rondo river; thence in a southwesterly direction up the center of said river to the mouth of the Wallowa river; thence in a southwesterly direction up the center of the said Wallowa river to the mouth of the Minum river; thence in a south- erly and easterly direction up the center of said Minum river to its source on the summit of the Powder River mountains; thence following said sum- mit or divide of the Powder River mountains in an easterly direction to a point about 20 miles due west from Snake river; thence due east to what is known as Limestone Point on the east line of the State of Oregon; thence north following said east line of the State of Oregon to the place of begin— ning. The width of the county is about 65 miles and its extreme length is about 70 miles. There are three valleys in the county, besides smaller ones, and these three are known as the Lower, Middle and Upper Wallowa valleys. The Lower Wallowa valley is about five miles long and three miles wide. The soil is of excellent quality, and produces the cereals and large quantities of hay. The Wallowa river passes through this valley and there is an abundance of timber along the stream and slopes of the hills adjoining, consisting of pine, cottonwood and alder. Bear creek empties into the Wallowa within the valley, which stream is also supplied with timber. All around the valley is a rolling, hill country timbered somewhat, but without under-brush, so that a wagon can be driven over them in any direction. The soil is good, and here is some of the finest pasturage in the State. The land will, and does, produce the grains richly. These hills continue topography about the same, east to Snake river. The whole of it is supplied with ample timber for fuel, fencing and building purposes. Snow falls in this county from three to four feet in depth, but with its timber and richest of grass lands there is no diiiiculty to prepare for the snows of winter. Wild berries of all kinds grow luxuriantly. Fruits do well in this valley, and even peaches have been raised of excellent size and finish, and possessing a delicious flavor. The Middle Wallowa valley is situated between the Lower and Upper valleys. It is about nine miles long and seven miles wide. The surface is not absolutely level, nor is the‘ valley one open sweep. . The land is some— what rolling, and over a set of low hills is another valley, and around an- other elevation is still another valley, and so on. On the southwest of this valley the mountains are covered with good timber of fir, pine and tamw rack. The valley proper, which is comparatively level, contains good soil, and anything suited to a temperate zone can be grown. The hills surround- ing contain good grain lands in places, and afford splendid grazing fields. The Wallowa and the south fork of the Wallowa river flow through this valley, hence the water supply is good. Fish are plentiful, as they are in all of Oregon’s streams, and in these runs of salmon are frequently known. The winters here are somewhat shorter than in the lower valley, but in that, they do not continue on an average of more than two months. This valleyhas been settled and the land cultivated for about six years. Previous to that time it was used principally by herders running vast bands of cattle and horses over them. The six years’ work have demonstrated that the soil will yield all the grains and corn bountifully, and that the fruits do well. Some portions of this valley and the one heretofore mentioned need irrigating, and fortunately the water courses are of sufficient height above these portions thatwater can easily be spread upon them. It is proper to say, that even now the principal interest of the people in this entire county is stock-raising, but agriculture is yearly receiving more attention. The Upper Wallowa valley is separated from the middle valley by a range of hills. The valley is level, and is about 15 miles long and six miles wide. It is well supplied with timber, and has an abundance of water. In this valley are many beautiful farms, which fully speaks for the quality of the soil. The hill lands surrounding this valley are excellent for grazing pur- poses, besides containing a large amount of good agricultural land. The northern portion of this county is drained by the Grande Ronde river and Joseph creek. On the mountains bordering the Grande Ronde is fine timber, sufficient for fuel, fencing, building and manufacturing purposes. There is an abundance of grazing country in this part of the county, and also considerable agricultural land. The soil is deep and productive. With reference to this part of the county, the following from a reliable source written last spring is submitted: “We have passed safely through an ex- tremely rough winter, but not cold, except the first three days of February. A good deal of snow and rain, with an occasional Grande Rondo breeze. Snow on our stock range fell from four to eight inches deep, and laid on 26 days. Horses came through the winter without a bite of hay, and my cattle on one-halt" a ton of hay to the head. We have a fine country here —-wood, 00 arms or EASTERN OREGON—WALLOWA. , Baum 1'1 .43’ ‘- ‘r-P‘I" ' water m grass‘without end. what we needfherarare white mam-men with "git up” in them. ates aevernmsatgisae use; object, and I suppose there are a great many immigrants east. Send them here and I can show them as big quarterseetic‘nsiwith big cold springs on them as ever laid out of doors. Threamago Gee. Allen and son were the only‘ inhabitants here. In Augustgmfi, when came in there were 16; now there are over 100, and room tcruuncr‘esspt families more." ~ w, f The Imnaha country takes its name from the principal stream which flows through it. It is a vastgorge through the mountains its entire length, a distance of about 75 miles. The mountains range from 2000 to 3000'feet high and are generally bars of timber. They are covered with bunch‘grass and afford splendid stock range. Other streams flow through this county and empty into the Imnaha. It is a fine section for grains, fruits and vega tables, although it is principally devoted to stock. There is plenty of good public land open for settlement, and that which is somewhat improved might perhaps be purchased for from $6 to 815 per acre. Joseph is the principal town in the county, and is the county seat. It is located in the southern part of the Upper valley. The population is prob- ably 300, and contains schools and churches, fiouring mills, saw mills and mercantile houses, all doing a good business. Alder in the same valley is a. flourishing little town. Wallowa City is also building up rapidly. Lostine is in the Middle valley, and is a thriving town. The following with reference to the climate of Wallowa county taken from the Wallowa Chieftain, a paper published at Joseph, is submitted: “The climate of Wallowa county is peculiar, and when the latitude of the country and its altitude are consldered, it may be looked upon as a little out of the usual line. The elevation of the Upper Wallowa valley above .the sea is estimated at about 4000 fee t, yet the climate is mild as compared with the northern States east of the Rocky mountains. The winter of 1885-86 was very mild in this valley. Snow remained upon the ground for about four weeks, the greatest depth not exceeding ten inches. After the 22d of \' Va 4 January, '86, there was very little snow, and the thermometer registered ' below zero but three or four days during the winter. The past winter was more severe, and was termed unusually ‘hard ’ by the old residents. There was very little snow until the last of December, but on Christmas day about 12 inches fell, and for over two months the ground was not entirely bare. The lowest register of the thermometer during the winter lwas six degrees below zero, and the greater portion of the time the lowest marked was 10 degrees above zero. Such have been the observations of the writer for two winters, and they were probably ‘average seasons.’ It may be said in addi- tion that after a short residence here one feels the cold much less than he would the same temperature in other cold climates. “ The spring weather generally is as pleasant as could be expected in this latitude. Instead of the spring rains, we have to a great extent what are called ‘skifts of snow’ that usually remain upon the ground only a few hours. These are somewhat disagreeable, but they serve the purpose of furnishing moisture to the growing vegetation and crops. “ The summers, so far as our experience goes, are models of perfection. Extreme and sultry heat is unknown. The warmest day in summer one may sit in the shade in usual clothing and feel not the slightest degree of discomfort. The summer weather frequently extends way into autumn, and in the writer’s experience September and October have been as pleasant as could he wished for. “ Such is a general outline of the climate in the Upper valley. In the hills and as you approach the mountainous country the climate changes natur- ally, while with the decreasing altitudes of the Middle and Lower valleys it grows milder and the seasons difi‘er accordingly. - “ One of the peculiar and important features of our winter climate is what is termed the ‘ Chinook wind.’ We shall not attempt any scientific explana. tion of this peculiar zephyr here, as its effects are sufficient. This wind is usually well defined, and its presence immediately felt; but even in its absence the wind is still a moderate southwestern, which has been warmed by the Japan current and serves to keep the temperature at a very comforta- ble height. Snow melts with wonderful rapidity under its influence, and its coming is always hailed with expressions of delight by those who know its effects. Without the ‘ Chinook wind,’ or what is probably the same, the warm winds from the Pacific Ocean currents, we would have a much differ ent story to tell of our winter climate.” During 1886 there were produced in this county not less than 150,000 pounds of wool, 50,000 pounds of bacon, 10,000 pounds of butter and cheese, 1000 head each of horses and cattle, 250,000 bushels of threshed grain, and a large amount of hay. ' For the mineral interests of the county see Mines and Mining. For values of 1887 see table No. 5. ' 5 , . _ , .9 east along the northern V1 , A _.'.Q.‘.ji'side reaches the western bound- I , ffldahns corner of this county, the " , Z_',_“}.;_"Wbllowa county. - Thus Union is ".ibouaded‘ontnejoastbi " someone the Territory of Idaho. " -, "if l T‘flit?!igation Company’s road, which,with the i“ ._ ., makes ‘the great route from Kan- _, . ,_ J passes in a northwesterly. direction lihl'bllghthe com: .7.‘ is the end of a division and the principal 3- nnsnrveyed portion is mostly mountains, valuable @g6-,"_8,Il(_l in many places rich in minerals. The largest, land is the Grande Rondo valley, which contains 300,- land. The Grande Rondo river flows the southwest to the northeast. Numerous small " I, tartfi'om overflowing springs in the hills which surround the. val- show» into the Grande Bonds. The soil is adapted to the culture of hops, fruit and vegetables. All these are shipped, besides flour, wool,- hides, horses, cattle, sheep and lumber. For the mines of this ‘i the chapter on Mines and Mining. Pine, Eagle, Powder river, :Cloyer creek, Starkey prairie, and Indian valleys, each contains a consid- erabl'e. body of agricultural land, and‘ have the same general character as ‘the. Grande Rondo valley. The ’ hills and mountains bordering the valleys are'covered witha fine growth of timber and grass. Lumber at no point manymiles distant from the agricultural lands. Many small valleys are'toib'e found in these ' localities. Rainfall is suflicient to mature crops; ,fsuchathingasafailure has never been known. On the other hand there are nii'lon'grainy seasons. The climate as a. whole has many advantages. There, are no long cold winters, nor excessive heat, or long rainy seasons. nights are delightfully cool'and pleasant. The mountains protect col, “northers,” which would sweep over an open country. - 6‘ Ff‘T'he son is generally‘ alluvial and sandy loam, from three to twenty feet ‘in depth, subsoil usually gravel. The soil is rich and produces everything abundantly that is raised in a temperate climate, except it may be peaches’ and these'do well in some localities. Large quantities of hay are shipped counties" fartherv west. From 20 to 60 bushels of wheat, 40 to 80 of oats and‘ 40 to 90 bushels of barley are raised per acre. interests occupy the attention of a considerable number, and continue to do ‘so. The mild winters, extensive ranges, productive 'grain and hay lands, absence of contagious diseases, pure water everywhere’ ‘this-now, as it always will be, a choice location for stock. Fattening f cattle. for shipment is a growing business. f interests are assuming importance m the county‘ The advantage' of businem are unexcelled. 7The mountainstreams in this county, and in nearly every other for that atter, are stocked with fish. The most common here are salmon, red fish dtroutt For game there are deer, antelope, mountain sheep and bears Grouse,- prairie chickens, pheasants, ducks and geese are plentiful. The land in Grand Ronda valley was principally State land and has all been sold. Although these lands have been sold, the proportion under v‘c.uhtivation not'exceed one-half. Considerable is owned in tracts of $1000 acres, and nearly every business man in the town owns a 320 acre tract; . Many tracts owned by people living in town are improved and {can {be purchased at reasonable rates. Those living on farms are, as a rule, Y Little land is ofi‘ered for sale by this last class, except in cases a'whereltheyhfl-Ye more land than they can conveniently handle. Prices ,férjimprovedivalleylands will range from 810 to 825 per acre. Unimproved Ilhnds iromfii to 815 periacre, averaging from $15 to $18.50 per acre. Unim- proved lands fro'mtfito $15 per acre. These prices are for land in Grand Ronde deflded and with perfect title. Land in the foot hills and small is selling fol‘ Vfi‘Om 86' to $12 per acre for improved, and $3 to 87 per _ >_ s interests; of Union county see the chapter on Mines and 8051111168 from-Portland,- is the end of a division of the O. R. It is. the‘shipping point for a greater portion of Union forthe county of wallow»... It is located at the foot of the mountains. ‘It is provided with areliable bank, good schools and "iiirnercantil'e establishments. ‘Stage lines carry passengers, mail 7, w _ parts .ot‘th'e county and‘ to Wallowa. The United States geijis'iooatod here; Theltowll has a-population of about 1200. The ‘:1: AND BAKER‘ seat, 16 miles southeast; flove, 16 miles east; Cornucopia, 70 miles - the northern ‘p v Widening g5 11-, fio‘nowa contains 1,955,400 acres, of which 1,497,500 ' 33 4f . 44", east; Island City, four miles northeast; Summerville, 17 miles north, and 'mgin, '24 miles northeast. _ ' In 1885 there were 76,230 sheep, and there were produced 484,922 lbs of wool. There were 21,929 bogs, 22,680 horses, and 42,419 cattle. There were 93,328 acres under cultivation, and there were produced 446,226 bushels of wheat, 484,239 bushels of oats, 223,923 bushels of barley, 58,568 tons of hay, 4165 bushels of corn, 328,490 lbs of butter and cheese, 105 lbs of tobacco, 27,000 lbs of hops, 114,270 bushels of potatoes, 11,187 bushels of apples, 3-266 bushels of plums and prunes, 1926 ounces of gold dust, and 4,196,400 feet of lumber. In 1886 the gross values, as assessed, of all property, were $4,537,176. For values of 1887 see Table No. 5. BAKER COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north by Union, on the south by Malheur, on the east by Idaho, and on the west by Grant. It is about 70 miles from east to west, and 50 north and south. Its principal streams are Powder river and Burnt river. It is crossed diagonally from its northwest corner to its southeast corner by the Oregon Railway 6; Navigation railroad, connecting with the Oregon Short Line and the Union Pacific. The elevation of this county is probably the highest in the State. The central part of it is known as the Powder River valley, which is mainly dc- voted to farming and stock-raising. The elevation being about 3000 feet above sea level somewhat retards agriculture, and yet there is an abundance of wheat and other ‘grains produced, and the soil yields well. Vegetables of all kinds are grown satisfactorily, but fruit does not flourish cxccptin protected spots, and there will be found orchards yielding excellent fruit and in quantity averaging with hearing trees in any other portion of Eastern Oregon. Along Snake river, especially, where the low land there is pro- tected by high mountains, the orcharding interests are quite extensive, and of course, profitable. Agricultural pursuits are growing rapidly as the county becomes settled, and the demand being for the means of livelihood on small tracts. Stock-raising naturally claims large areas, where cattle and horses can range at will for the year, and at a certain season the owners may drive them together, what they call “rounding up,” and brand and mark their increase, and then let» them run again. Increase of population interferes with this. The husbandman takes up his piece of Government land, builds him a home, starts his plow, sows his seed, and then the drover and cow boy must mount their horses and push their herds further to the frontier. This process is going on in most parts of Eastern Oregon, and especially in Baker county, so that now it may be deemed pretty nearly as much an agricultural as a stock county. Notwithstanding the altitude of most of Baker county the seasons are not severe. The summers are pleasant, and as for the winters, “cattle have grazed in some of the valleys .for 15 years without other food than that obtained by them on the ranges and have never sull’ered serious loss. Gen- erally they are in good condition in the spring: but occasionally ' they suil‘cr some deterioration. As on all ranges, a small percentage die every winter from various causes. Running water is abundant in the streams fed con- stantly by living springs and melting snow of the mountains, and stock does not suil‘er for lack of water during the dryest season.” The wool inter- ests of this county are important, as well as the raising of cattle and horses. There is Government land yet- to be had in this county, and much of it is good for agricultural purposes. Any man, industrious, enterprising and economical, with some means, say $1000 or $1500, can do well in Baker county, and in a few years be comfortable and independent. This is peculiarly a mining county, and for full information in reference. to that branch of its material resources, the reader is referred to the chap- ter on Mines on Mining. Baker City is the county seat, and has a population of about 3500, and is located in the center of the Powder river valley. It is a thriving and thoroughly business town, surrounded by a wealthy gold mining district. By the latest advices it is ascertained that the town property here has more than doubled in the last year; and that in the vicinity of the city more than 100 quartz mines have been, or are being placed on a good paying basis, Buildings have been constructed in Baker City during the past year at a cost of $110,450, which is itself a conclusive index of the business prosperity. The court house was destroyed by fire in 1880, before the census returns of that ~ county were forwarded to the Secretary of State, so it is not possible to give the figures as returned by the census marshal for 1885. The taxable property for 1886, as shown by the assessor’s books, was Powdqly 20‘ miles. south of, La Grande; Union, the $3,208,665. For the values of 1887, see table No. 5. 34 MALHEUR COUNTY. This county was created in 1887. by cutting of!‘ the southern portion of what was then Baker. It is bounded on the north by Baker, on the south by Nevada, on the east by Idaho, and on the west by Grant county. It is about 60 miles wide, and 120 miles long. Its principal streams are the Owyhee and Malheur rivers. They are both large streams, the Malheur rising in the eastern portion of Grant county, while the Owyhee rises in Idaho, and swings round through Malheur county, and empties into Snake river on the eastern border of the county. The surface is high, and the soil is generally dry. It is new, the settlements yet being sparse. There is an abundance of land yet open for settlement, but only a small portion fit for agriculture. There are reported in that county for 1886 and '1887, 10,625 horses, 28,397 cattle, and 54,287 sheep, which indicate that there is quite a~ flourishing business in stock. The lands along the streams are fertile and frequently spreads into grassy valleys of considerable width. The stock ranges on the Malheur and Owyhee are the best in the county, and rank well up with the best in Eastern Oregon. But little rain falls in summer, and a small amount of snow in winter. Stock can live out the year round, except once in a great while. Time is required to develop the possibilities of this county. Much of the land is so dry that it must have irrigation to determine whether it will yield anything or not. However, it has been already demonstrated that water poured on to what had been blank desert, made it produce good hay and grain. Fortunately the streams are at a sufficient elevation, that when desired, the water can be conveyed to almost any of the dry lands in the county. Burns is the county seat. There are no other towns in the county of any marked importance. For taxable property of 1887, see table N o. 5. GRANT COUNTY. "The largest, and agriculturally, the least developed county in the State is Grant, lying just east of the Cascade mountains, and extending from Umatilla county to the Nevadaline. It is nearly a rectangle in shape, about 200 miles long from north to south, and 90 miles from east to west. It stands at the head of the stock industry in Oregon. The reason why it has not been settled more by an agricultural population is its isolation from naviga- ble rivers or railroads and a misapprehension by the people of the quantity and quality of its arable land. The construction of the Oregon Railway & Navigation company’s road through Baker county has greatly reduced the distance from the center of population in Grant county to a railroad outlet, and it will doubtless not be long before the Oregon Pacific will have its line completed through the county east and west. This road will cross the county about midway between its northern and southern boundary. For this reason, and because it contains a large portion of desirable vacant land unencumbered by railroad grants, the county ofl‘ers inducements which should receive the careful consideration of immigrants. There is little land, except on the lower John Day and its tributaries, that is less than 3000 feet above the sea level. Considering the altitude and elevation one might ex- pect a climate of great severity, but such is not the case. The mercury falls sometimes quite low, but these cold snaps are infrequent and of short dura- tion. Among the mountains, of course, the climate is subject to sudden changes. Snow seldom falls to any great depth, except in the mountains, and seldom remains on the ground more than a few days below the timber line. Rain seldom falls from June to September, except in sudden thunder showers that sometimes occur with great fury. Although the summers are warm, the heat is not uncomfortable, owing to the dryness and purity of the atmosphere. The nights are always or nearly always cool. The agricultural possibilities of this region have never been fully recog- nized. Thefarming lands consist chiefly of narrow valleys and adjacent foothills. The small farm producing diversified crops of grain, hay and vegetables, and in giving support to a limited number of cattle, sheep, horses and swine, can be made to yield a splendid living for thousands of energetic families. The soil and climate of Grant county are adapted to the raising of all the hardier grains, fruits and vegetables. Wheat, oats, barley and hay are the leading crops. The nights are too cool for corn to do well, though corn is raised in the warmer valleys. Apples, pears, plums, cherries and berries of all kinds thrive, but peaches cannot be depended upon, yet good peaches are raised in certain portions of the county, where the topography favors them and gives them shelter from extreme cold. Except in the southern portion, the county is well watered by numerous large and small streams and springs of pure water. The northern portion is well timbered, while the southern is nearly barren of trees. The leading varieties of timber are pine, fir and tamarack.‘ A dozen sawmills are at work cutting lumber for the home market, which has to .be hauled long distances, in many cases, before reaching the point where used. Increase of settlements will lead to an increase in the number of mills and thecon- ’ co UNTIES 0F EASTERN "cane ON~M§EHE vhf‘ seam .rn system? _. see» - Jet‘: 22% ‘i, sequent facility 1hr procuring cheap lumber. Ntitliinéliritp tion of the county by its natural subdivisions can‘ sivhfai). adcmintgidea'cf -its agricultural possibilities. In proportion to its tofifarsa thaenfeuntet arable land is small, but ,when the numerous valleys cflfifidfigrsfiltyh themselves and their areas added together, the result “eateries far. up into the millions of acres. Put together in one body ‘it wculdutillikdigs compact arable tract equal in size to some of the best counties in thgtfilam”; The most important stream is the John Day, rising in four great streams ~ in the Blue mountains, and after uniting, flowing easterly and northerly to the Columbia. Along this stream, its various forks and tributaries, are thousands of acres of fine arable land, much of which is still open to settle- ment. The main stream rises in the mountains to the northeast of Straw- berry peak and flows directly east till it is joined by the south fork. Along it lies what is known as the John Day valley-a tract of fertile bottom land 70 miles long, and varying from one to six miles iu'ividth. The’general altitude of the valley is 3600 feet. Along the South Fork, above its junction with the main stream, is a valley 15 miles in length and from one to two in‘, width. There are a large number of fine valleys further north, along the middle fork of the aohn Day and its numerous tributaries. Fox valley lies about fifteen miles north of Canyon City, and is a fertile tract about eight miles square. Long Creek valley is about six by seven miles in area. Along the Middle Fork are several small valleys from three to five miles square, and separated from each other by narrow canyons. Whilst these are partially settled, there is plenty of room for new-comers. There is in this region a section about 40 miles square, which is the warmest in the county. Haystack and Corncob valleys, as well ‘as numerous smaller ones, are situated in this warm tract, where many excellent locations may yet be found upon Government land. Melons, strawberries and fruits of all kinds grow here to perfection. Another large stream flowing into Harney valley is Silver creek, west of Silvie’s creek. The valley along this stream is 25 miles long and ten wide, and is occupied mostly by stock firms. The same is the case with Warm Spring valley, a tract of eight by eighteen miles, lying just below Silver valley. Grant county is rich in minerals. It was the discovery of gold on the John Day that first led to its occupation. The mining interests of Grant county are extensive, for full information concerning which the reader is referred to the chapter on Mines and Min- ing. Canyon City is the county seat, and has a population of about 500. It has good schools, and is supplied with business houses, doing a brisk trade. In 1885 there were 224,451 sheep, and there were produced 1,203,423 lbs of wool. There were 4232 hogs, 19,473 horses, S33 mules, and 91,996 cattle. There were 19.183 acres cultivated, and there were produced 51,447 bushels of wheat, 37,012 bushels of cats, 63,516 bushels of barley, 35,919 tons of hay, 351 bushels of corn, 72,304 lbs of butter and cheese, 24,891 bushels of pota- toes, 12,827 bushels of apples, 488 bushels of plums and prunes, 8606 ounces of gold dust, 100 ihs of saver, and 2,100,000 feet of lumber. The total assessed value of property for 1886 was $3,277,500. For values of 1887, see Table No. 5. CROOK COUNTY. “ Crook is a new county cut off from the southern end of Wasco in 1882. It lies on the eastern slope of the Cascades, in the very heart of Oregon. Its many mountain valleys and long ranges of rolling hills are covered with grass, and for years this has been a vast grazing ground for immense bands of cattle. The country is well watered by the tributaries of the Des Chutes. There are many thousands of acres of valuable agricultural land along the streams and in the numerous valleys yet open to settlement. These lands are of undoubted fertility. They are also the vast stretches of bunch grass lands, which have been generally considered of no value without irriga- tion. This opinion is being somewhat modified under the experiments that have been made the last few years, and many now believe that any soil rich and moist enough to support a luxuriant growth of bunch grass will produce good crops of grain when properly cultivated. “ As the principal industry is stockraising, and as stockmen generally pay no attention to cultivation of the soil, those engaged in farming find a ready market at home for all they can produce, and prices that rule as high, or higher, than those of any other locality in the State. Only a small per- centage are engaged in agriculture, hence the demand for grain and veg- etables is equal to the supply of those articles. “ Prinevillc, the county seat, is the trade center and supply point for this industry, and is a thriving town, situated on Ochoco river, near its junction with Crooked river, a branch of the Des Chutes.” The Oregon Pacific railroad, on its way cast, will cross the center of the county, and this willgive the people of Greek county a meansbf transpob , I thermos produced 52.034'bush'e1s .of'barley, tons of hay, editors-ad cheese, 19.955 bushels of po- _.i I ‘V 'v I I‘ 7 country. ‘Earnest. aoa'r M’LEANL] , ‘antigens southern tier of counties, and lies east of the and Grant. It embraces a territory of fully and contains some'of the best farm and grazing lands to .- thestate. The soil is principally a rich sandy loam, easily gfi-Jandwhen properly cultivated, retains moisture to such a degree as ,omake irrigation rarely necessary. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, theetspand-all kinds of hardy vegetables, such as are usually raised in that “latitude, are produced in great abundance, the production being limited" 5911i‘? by thedemand. Sage brush land that was once thought useless with ‘out irrigation, under thorough cultivation has been found wonderfully pro- if'ldilctive. Tame grasses of all varieties, adapted to the climate of our north- ern States, have ‘been successfully grown here. Large crops of alfalfa can also be producedi'f care is taken to protect it from the gophers. , Lakeview, the county seat, a thriving town of about 800 inhabitants, is situated about four or five miles from the head of Goose Lake. It contains ‘ anumber ofsubstantial business houses, a brick bank building, a court fliousdfa $12,000fschool building, and two neat church edifices. The town f’lhas'xl-‘had no boom. but a steady healthy growth, the improvements for the "r-yearj 1887 amounting to over $60,000. 15 mails per week are received, six ~fiom' the south, sir. from the west, two from the north, and one from the northeast. " l The immense body of fine agricultural land, known as the Goose Lake vValley, now being rapidly settled up and put under cultivation, the numer- "ous smallcr valleys whose inhabitants bring their trade to Lakeview, to get‘her with the fact that the United States Land office for southeastern Ore- gon is located here, insure the future growth and prosperity of the town. _ The Lakeview. Ecuminer, under themanagement of the Beach Bros, is one of the most wide awake and thoroughly enterprising journals in the State. ‘Paisley,’ the second town of ‘importance in the county, is situated in the j' Chewaucan valley, 40miles north of Lakeview. It is surrounded by a rich agricultural and grazing country, and having an abundance of good wood and water bids fair to have a prosperous future. There has recently been erected at this place a new flooring mill at a cost of $20,000. There are also two other’f'louring mills in operation in the county. '_ While Lake county cannot hope to compete with the Rogue River valley and some parts of Northern California in the production of such fruits as * grapes and peaches, yet for the hardier kinds, such as apples, pears, plums, cherries, raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries and currants, it will fall but little short of those localities. The fruit-growing interests have been neg- ..lccted heretofore, owing in part to the fact that there was no demand be- yond what was actually needed for home consumption. The abundance of wild fruits growing upon the hillsides would indicate that the soil and cli- jmate are adapted to the cultivation of the fruits above named. The lands may be divided into three classes, to-wit: Swamp, wagon road, and Government lands. There are large bodies of swamp land, the title to ,which hasnot yet been confirmed, hence the claimants can do little or ‘nothing towards utilizing them. It is unfortunate that this question has . been so little understood by our lawmakers, and that nothing has been doneto settle these questions that have vexed both State and individuals for the past, 17 years. The failure of the State to have these lands examined and approved has‘made other reclamations by the claimants an impossi- billty heretofore; hence it is quite certain that but little of that which is actually swamp land will be forfeited. Large tracts, however, that. have been heretofore held illegally as swamp land are being restored to the .Gov'ernment'and opened ‘for settlement. The wagon road grants are still ‘unsettled, thoughit is thought that they will eventually be thrown open to settlement underthe homestead and pre-emption laws of the United States. .i'ilh-ere are stillsome very fine‘ bodies of agricultural lands open to entry the laws. and any one seeking a place to make a home will find little jT—‘fsimsuny in satisfying himself. _' I: ihercisa'n [abundance of fine’ timber in the mountains, and for the most In Gomllfiiiei pine, fir, cedar, juniper and mahogany. fines-amt smart-tease their full capacity, yet unable to meet orgasms as pruneaand mom _.__..~ H, presences upon them. __ g . _ _, _~ _ v, a g , _ _ v, 7v 7 range in thiscounty is exceptionally fine. Gattle and horses 54 lwaerwmulemss . . ' . Until within a few years stock raising was almost the only business, them" require but little feed curing the winter, and many winters none at all. being little or no demand for agricultural products. Nowthe county has [fully entered uponft'hat era of prosperity where the different elements of prosperity are an being utilized. During the past few years the wool indus». try hasbeen coming to the front, until now it may be considered the great industry of the county. There is no business that brings so quick, so large, or such sure returns. The spring wool clip, it is estimated, will amount to at least 1,500.000 lbs, and unless the tariff is taken off from wool by the present Congress, this will bring from 15 to 20 cents per lb. If any young man has a few dollars to invest, and is willing to forego for a few years the delights of society, there is no more certain method of making a stake than by investing in sheep in this county, and staying with it. There are at the present time (January) at least 100,000 sheep feeding on the desert, in the northern part of the county, and these animals will not get a particle of hay during the winter. The ability to maintain these herds without feeding reduces the expense to the minimum. The climate during the summer is unsurpassed. The winters are quite severe, but not long. The snowfall is never excessive, and rarely remains long on the ground. Owing to the altitude, chills and fever are almost unknown. Persons suffering from pulmonary and throat difiiculties are almost invariably benefited and frequently restored to complete health by a year’s residence in this climate. There are two salt marshes, one on Silver lake and one on Warner lake, that produce an abundance of salt of excellent quality, that gathered in its natural state being almost equal in strength and purity to the Onondaga solar salt. These two marshes will doubtless, in the near future, produce all the salt necessary for Southern Oregon and Northern California. For the farmer, the stock man, the mechanic and the invalid, Lake county is unsurpassed by any in the State. Its fine agricultural lands, its beauti- ful and fertile valleys, its almost limitless stock range, pure water, abun- ance of timber and invigorating climate, all combine to make it attractive to the homesceker. A man of limited capital and unlimited push and energy will have no occasion to regret his choice if he decides to cast his lot with the settlers of the lake country. KL All IATH C 0U).T TY. This county is in latitude between 42° and 43° north and is situated 130 miles east of the Pacific ocean. The county is bounded on the south by the south boundary of the State, on the cast by Lake county, on the north by Crook county and on the west by Jackson county. The distinguishing features of the county are its high mountains, lakes, rivers, valleys, prairie and timber lands and springs, hot and cold. Its principal lakes are the Upper and Lower Klamath, Crater Lake, Tull lake, and Lake of the Woods. The agricultural districts are Klamath basin, the valleys of Lost river, Tull lake, Sprague river, Poe valley and Langell valley. A notable feature ofthe county is the large bodies of swamp and marsh lands that it contains. Game is abundant, and the lakes and streams are well stocked with fish. Upper Klamalh is 30 miles long, has an average width of eight miles and from 12 to 40 feet deep. One steamer is now plying on the lake, another one is in course of construction, and the present indications are that the business wants of the county will soon demand three steamers. The coun- try surrounding the lake is principally timber land of excellent our lily. Fort Klamath and the Klamath Indian agency are situated on the west bank and near the northern extremity of the. lake. Large bodies of marsh or swamp land skirt along its margin in many places, which can be easily and cheaply drained, and when drained will add very materially to the agri- cultural wealth and resources of the county. Lower Klamatli lake lies partly in Oregon and partly in California, the principal part. being in the latter State. It is navigable for vessels of light draft from Linkville to the southern extremity, a distance of :30 miles. This lake also has marsh or swamp lands skirting its shores which can be drained and made fit for cultivation. The same gcneral remarks in icibrcnco to the fertility of the swamp lands ofthis lake will apply to those of the first men- tioned. The country surrounding the lake consists 1-1'incipalkvofrolling prairie or sage brush land and embraces a large area of arable and grazing land. _ Link river forms the connecting link between the lakes just named. This stream is 1}; miles long and has a fall of (ii feet. The average width is 310 feet, with an average depth of three feet, and is, in fact, a succession of rapids which forms an excellent water power. Only one sawsmill and 36 one flouring mill have as yet been erected on this river, the balance of the stream being as yet unutilized. ‘ There are about 345,000 acres of arable land, 511,000 acres of grazing land and about 1,250,000 acres of timber land. The timber consists of yellow pine, sugar pine, red, yellow and white fir and juniper. The principal bodies of timber are on the eastern slopes of the Cascade mountains and border on the upper Klamath lake and Klamath marsh. About 180,000 acres of the arable land have already been entered, leaving about 165,000 yet to be taken. Of the grazing land, about 75,000 acres have been taken and the remainder is yet unappropriated. Only about 10,000 acres of the timber land have been purchased. The public land of the county consists of United States Government land and land belonging to the State of Oregon. The Government land can be taken as homestead, pre-emption, timber culture, and desert lands. The timber lands can be had of the Government for $2.50 an acre. That belonging to the State are school and State lands sold at $1.25 and $2 per acre, and Agricultural College lands are sold at $2.50 an acre. Crops of wheat, rye, oats and barley yield abundantly. Wheat and rye volunteer, and volunteer crops of wheat have yielded 35 bushels to the acre. Corn does not do well, still green corn for table use is grown plentifully. The native grasses, of which the bunch grass is the principal, are nutri- tious and have long been a source of wealth to the stockmen. An excellent quality of beef is produced in this county. Of the tame grasses, only those of timothy, red top and alfalfa have as yet been cultivated to any extent, and they do well. The native wild plums of the county, of which there are an abundance, indicate its adaptability to fruit. This is a new country, and therefore the orchards are few. Apples and plums have been raised here for a number of years and have yielded well. Pears have been grown with success. Peaches are not supposed to be adapted to the country. Cherries, black- berries, raspberries, gooseberrics, currents and strawberries yield abund— antly. Experiments have shown that cranberries can be successfully culti- vated. Vegetables of all kinds are grown. On the bottom lands no irriga~ tion is necessary, but on the uplands it is beneficial, if not actually nec— essary. This county is peculiarly adapted to raising horses. It is excellent for the growth of cattle and for dairy purposes. Hogs do well. It is not claimed to be a first-class sheep country, although they are profitably raised for wool and for mutton. Thus far the most profitable industry has been the raising of beef cattle, but the business of raising horses, mules and hogs will here- after prove equally remunerative. The fact is, Klamath county is essen- tially a stock growing county. The market is good, buyers visiting the county periodically, taking away the surplus of these animals. A good plan for the farmer is to convert the products of his fields largely into stock, and sell it for cash. The hot springs and the “ solfatara,” or hot earth of this county are noted for their medicinal virtues. Crater lake is one of the natural wonders of the world. It lies on the top of an extinct volcano 6300 feet above sea level. The distance from the edge of the rim of the crater down to the water varies from 1200 to 2000 feet. The lake is about eight miles long and six miles wide. A sounding at the wes- tern extremity gave a depth of 675 feet. The water is wonderfully clear and pure. From this lake snow capped mountains of fine proportions are‘ visible in every direction. The county is favorably adapted to the construction of irrigating ditches- Big Klamath ditch, now in process of construction, starts from the east side of Link river near its head, and proceeding southeasterly into Lost river valley, will traverse a distance of 40 miles and is intended to carry 8. vol- ume of water suilicient to irrigate 20,000 acres of land. The Van Bremer ditch, now completed, takes water out of Klamath lake, carries it 12 miles, with a volume sufficient to irrigate 10,000 acres. In only exceptional years will irrigation be necessary for raising crops of grain. But for timothy, red top, alfalfa and other grasses, and for vegetables and stock water in a majority of locations will be agreat convenience, if not a necessity. For household purposes excellent water can be obtained by digging to the depth of 15 to 25 feet. The climate of this county is similar in all the valleys, so the following will apply to the Klamath basin: This section is 4200 feet above sea level, and like all points on the Pacific slope enjoys the influence of the warm coast currents. The mercury seldom falls below zero, and then only re- mains at that temperature for a few days, perhaps three or four, and then rises. Snow seldom falls to a depth of more than three or four inches, although occasionally snow has been known to fall to a greater depth, and once during the past eleven years, fell to a depth of two feet and lay on 12 weeks. During the most severe winters horses running at large, unpro- tected and unfed, except what they procured cm the range survived and did well- It is zenerally better for cattle, and especially for cows, to feed assessors or sandbags-amass, ~ . r; Jan—:1‘ .fl .. - w is"; “t '- “if thfim awhile during the winter, and ~ shelter. By reference to the chapter on c _ his H q} perature and rainfall of this county will be ‘ ‘3 ~ i141‘ * Ti” 1, Linkville ls-the county seat, a flourishing $93511. ldéeldfllghfidfih Link river, and distant from Ashland, on the creme 61 miles. It has a population of about 450, anddskris yet, thegmit’ in the county. It contains a sash and door factory, and stgilfi; Shops, livery stables, a newspaper and a flourishing publlasehiié‘lfixiljthefi vicinity of the town are a sawmill, a flouring mill, a. nursery. houses supplied with hot and cold water from living springs, one fine rage“ track, one lime kiln, with plenty of limestone, and an abundance of sand, rock for building purposes. Following is a list of the postofices in the county: Llnkv'llle, Bonanza, I t v‘ Topsy, Tule Lake. Langell Valley, Dairy, Bly, Plevna, Fort Klamath - Agency, Naylox and Olene. There is a line of telegraph from Ashland to ‘_ Linkville, and extending thence to Fort Klamath and to Lakeview. ‘ For statistics see tables. (DETEORODOGIGAD Review. SIGNAL SERVICE UNITED STATES ARMY, OFFICE or run Onsanvnn, Roseanne, Oregon, Dec. 15, 1887. Hon. J. T. Gregg, Secretary 0. S. B. A., Salem, Oregon: Sm :-I have the honor to submit the following meteorological review of Oregon. This is the first extensive collation of meteorological reports of Oregon, hence of necessity it is meagre; however, all has been collated that could be obtained. ' The salient features of the climate have been given, and it has been at- tempted to put them in such shape that they be readily understood and easily used for reference. All the reports are from United States signal ser- vice officers, or from gentlemen who are thoroughly reliable, and hence may be said to be absolutely correct. An interesting feature of this report is the paper of Dr. C. H. Hall, M. D., of Portland, on the prophylaxis of the Oregon climate, and also the paper of Dr. F. G. Oehme, of Roseburg, on the efl‘ects of the climate of the Ump- qua valley upon the human system. For comparison, tables are included giving the average annual, average winter and summer temperature, the average annual rainfall, and the num- ber of days on which rain fell, of the year 1884, of 20 odd prominent places in the United States, Sitka, Alaska, London, Paris and Rome are also included. These tables will be found very valuable for comparing the Oregon cli- mate with that of other places. A table giving the average monthly rainfall at places in Oregon, arranged according to their geographical divisions, will be found to be very interest~ ing and easy of reference. Another very valuable table for reference and comparison is the one giving the elevation of the stations, the mean an- nual temperature and precipitation, and the mean temperature and precip- itation by seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter. The climatic reports are somewhat extensive and are as full as could be obtained and have been prepared for two purposes: First—To give to any one inquiring about the climate of Oregon the principal features they de- sire to know, namely, the temperature and rainfall; and, Second—For reference and information to give to the citizens of Oregon and others a tabular statement of the ranges of temperature and amount of rainfall. In all these tables the temperature is expressed in degrees and tenths, Fahrenheit’s scale; and the rainfall in inches and hundredths. The terms rainfall and precipitation include rain, melted snow, bail and sleet. Each report has a brief introduction, and all the tables will be found to be self- explanatory. _ This State is now on the high road to a rapid increase in the population by a general “ boom ” at all points. I would suggest that a “ State Weather Service,” would be the very thing to help along the “boom,” because it would give reliable data on the climate of all portions of the State. . A State weather service is sadly needed now, especially as various sec- tions are working hard to boom their individual portions of the State. The whole State would be benefited by such a service. ' The object of a State weather service should be to‘ observe and utilize every feature that effects the prosperity of the inhabitants of the State as to crops, health, life, etc. The State service is, therefore, essentially a plan for gathering and utilizing local data, and eventually it will define precisely the localities most favorable to special crops, diseases, etc. The idea is certainly a noble one. The plan of the State service is to have a central otlice and a State director, and at least from one to four voluntary observers in each county, who will keep a record of temperature and rainfall, and " Willis illumination. r‘ en; ‘s,’ i X ' 1‘ m o r... i ‘ <1 T -1‘! n\\ 1' er; are’ 'J’l'bél ~' 1 "7 ,-.. e w ’ e .e "I ‘:9 14;}! ' sugars esjitigumneeny and monthly. a‘; z ‘ ,J‘ ' w thefollcwingefi‘wwof a State weather service: k. "I, be the means # predictions oi’ weather a i ramwhm _ _ 1.; _-ith¢-np1u snag the ieesentsesmgmnei service of the United States county at Oregon, pneumatic’ in the State local organization, use will be widely penetrating interests. f” Thirds-sit will give to every the Government standards for temper’ xattire,rainihllrwind, velow'eg’humidity, etc, which are sources or useful ’\ e- ores“ A A- »_~ {by are, _/,_ a?‘ "a ‘3?: . “ w. rename-n will put the reach of local agricultural societies means " simulate observations, which in course of years must be valuable to any lbcdlitynin the study andidaptation of cereals. ~ Fifth—It will bring me science and methods of the signal service within the reach of the high schools of the State, ofi‘erlng teachers and pupils alike excellent opportunityeto study the wide range of the application of science to foster and protect agricultural industry. snr‘thénwil lead tothe collection of rainfall statistics to enable engi- users to better estimate the supply of canals; also, the sudden downpour; to guard against in laying out sewers in cities. It will lead to a correct knowledgeof rainfall over difl‘erent watersheds of the State, for the pur- of ‘giving data for supplying the water-works of cities, towns and villages. " Seventh—It will lead to the forming of reliable meteorological records for use in legal cases. Eighth—It will lead to a better practice of medicine, when physicians throughout the State can study diseases with reliable and accurate meteor- ological factsby their side; and for sanitary purposes correct meteorological statistics are invaluable to the practitioner in applying preventive remedies for the public good. . For about $13.50 the instruments for temperature and rainfall can be secured, via: External therim _‘ " s 2 75 Maximum thermometer, self-registering a 4 50 Minimum thermometer, self-registering 3 75 Rain guage, galvanized iron, with overflow and measuring stick ____ .. 2 50 Tntnl $13 50 ' To take observations require but little time daily, and the exercise is gspecially agreeable to those who are interested in natural science. Twenty or more States have already entered on the work with gratifying results. The complete success which is anticipated will only come when each State does its part, and it should not be said that Oregon has neglected a matter of such importance to the entire community, especially to the farmers. All trades and professions are more or less affected by changes in thc weather, and the study of the phenomena is becoming more and more inter- esting to every man and woman in the country. I hope that the next legislature will favorably consider the organization of such a valuable adjunct to the growth and well being of this State. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, B. S. PAGUE, Observer Signal Service, U. S. A. CLIMATE OF OREGON. [BY 3. s. PAGUE, onsnnvnn SIGNAL snnvicn, u. s. ml Oregon lies principally between the 42d and 46th parallels north latitude. If it were not for local causes its climate would be as rigorous as that of Nebraska, Minnesota, Michigan, New York and the New England States. The mild temperature of this region, so northerly situated, is due first to the Japan. gulf current which flows down our coast. This current having itssource in the Indian ocean, flows northerly along the coast of Asia, and oil‘ Kamtschatka divides; one branch flowing north into the Arctic ocean; the other flowing westward until it reaches Alaska, when it is deflected south closely following the coastline. This current starts with a temperature of 90°, and as it flows northward its temperature decreases ; oil‘ the coast of Oregon it is from 49° to 54°. The westerly winds blowing over this ocean current bear with th cm a uniformity of temperature, thus making the temperature cooler in summer and warmer in winter than it otherwise would be. Another cause of the mild and uniform temperature of this region is the ikockv and Cascade mountains, standing as a barrier, warding oii‘ the cold eArctic winds. Were it not for these mountains which break the force of the cold northerly winds from the Polar regions, Oregon would undoubtedly be ~eovea‘whelmed with those terrible blizzards, so common in the western and noirthwestern portions of the United States. So the causes of the mild tem- >méii§3ture of Oregon may be thus briefly stated, the Japan current, and the *‘Eobky mountains acting as a barrier to the Polar winds. I" .‘~ G‘cfieralgtipeaking, the range of temperature from summer to winter is can us? “once olvi-- CLIMA TE. 37 email. The isotherm of 50° which passes through New York, latitude 40° north, passes also through Vancouver island, latitude 49° north. “Isothermal lines which normally run east and west are, as they near the Pacific deflected north and south, and define three distinct climatic belts. These may be named, coast, valley and mountain, and while they resemble each other in having only two seasons, they are dissimilar in other respects; each presenting peculiar attractions for different classes of invalids. These differences depend upon the topography of the country, and are of degree rather than of kind, altitude, distance from the ocean, and situation with reference to mountain chains, giving to each region its characteristic climate.” Generally speaking, Oregon has six distinct climates: First—The imm e- diate coast climate; a mild temperature which varies little summer or win- ter, sea breeze during the day, fog in summer and excessive rains in winter. Second—The Willamette valley foggy in the mornings of spring and fall, warm and smoky in summer and with very heavy rains in winter. Third— The Umpqua valley, noted for its delightful climate, occasional fogs in the mornings of spring and fall, mild summer and winter temperature, occa- sional showers in summer, rains and occasional snows in winter, very light winds the whole year. Fourth—The Rogue River valley being also noted for its climate, similar as to fogs to the Umpqua, with warmer weather in summer and colder in winter; dry in summer with rain and snow in winter. About onehalf as much rain falls at Ashland annually as at Portland. Fifth—That of the lake region in the southeastern part ofithe State, situated among mountains, very cold in winter, light rain fall, considerable snow and pleasant summer temperature. Sixth, and last—That of Eastern Ore- gon, a plateau, warm in summer, cold in winter, light rainfall and consid- erable snow. The general characteristics of the Oregon climate are thus briefly outlined: The rainy season begins about October 15th and ends about May 1st. During December, January, February and March the rains are generally copiouspat the beginning and towards the clo=c of the rainy season, the rain falls rather in showers than continuously, with many intervals of warm, pleasant weather lasting for days together. In the southern part of the state, i. e., in the Umpqua and Rogue River valleys, the rains occur more in showers during the wet season than continuously. During the dry season occasional showers, fogs and dew tend to keep the earth fresh. The frosts of spring and autumn are generally iollowcd by dense fogs, so that the humidity of these dissolve the frost before the heat of the sun can strike the vegetation. Within the area of these fogs the late frosts do no harm to vegetation. Snow rarely falls in the interior valleys or along the coast, and when it locs it is never in quantities and remains but a short time. Severe thunder ~torms and other violent atmospheric disturbances are never experienced. in occasional thunder storm in summer but never violcnt. The winds are never strong; along the immediate coast brisk winds occur during the ~ummcr months from noon to sundown. A sea breeze is ielt in the interior valleys in the summer but severe galcs are unknown. The Cascade mountains. dividing Oregon, give to that portion to the east of them a climate very diil‘ercnt from that to the west. Of the latter briefly, the temperature is much higher in summer and lower in winter. The win- ters are usually short and sometimes severe. Snow will remain on the ground, at times, for from four to six weeks. The summers are absolutely dry. The annual rainfall is about 15 inches. The climate of Oregon is understood by few outside of its prccincts, and ‘11 thus briefly giving the prevailing characteristics of its climate it is hoped that it will not continue to be known as “ the land of the dripping ruin." PROPHYLAXIS OF THE CLIMATE OF OREGON. [BY 0. H. HALL, M. 1)., Pnornsson or PATHOLOGY AND PRACTICE or MED- ICINE IN MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF WILLAMETTE cxn'nnsirix] The earth‘s surface is divided into zones, the latitudinal limits of which are determined by the inclination of the plane of the earth's surface to the plane of its orbit. These conditions determine the climate of the several zones, influenced by local and general causes. The pecufiar features of the Oregon climate finds its explanation partly in the peculiar chorogmphy of the country, and partly from the effects of the great Japan current of hot water, the “lure siwo," which results from two currents of heated water from the Indian ocean; one passing through the straits of Malacca and the China sea, and the other skirting the eastern coast of the Phillipine islands, at the northern extremity of which they unite, opposite the J upuu islands; this united current again divides, its main brunch tending east northeast strikes our Oregon coast oil‘ the mouth of the Columbia river. The waters of this current near its southern edge are 4.30 hotter than those just outside the current. This vast amount of heat is expendcd on the coast line between Port Orford and Sitka. Within a variable distance of a few miles from the sea our coast range of mountains with a trend parallel to the coast line reaches from the Golden Gate to Vancouver’s island; while to the east of 88 Resources or- (inhabits-‘cum . g - this range of mountains and parallel with it runs the Cascade range at a variable distance of 60 to 120 miles; while between these mountain ranges are the mild and fertile valleys of Rogue river, Umpqua and Willamette. Still further to the cast are the high table lands bordering on the Columbia, John Day and Snake rivers, whose streams water and drain this immense inland empire, while these mountain ranges give direction to the winds and furnish barriers to their force. In this vast country there is a variety of climate, modified by various degrees of altitude, ranging from the sea level at Astoria and south to Crescent City to an elevation of 4258 feet at Little Meadows on the DesChutes, and in all this variety of position the mean annual temperature of the northern part of Oregon is 52° 4‘; mean annual temperature of the southern part is 52° 2'; mean annual tempera- ture of Eastern Oregon is 48 °; mean annual temperature of Western or Coast Oregon is 49 °. At Portland, in latitude 45° 30', the mean summer temperature is 618°, although there are occasional days when the thermometer registers 100° in the shade for a few hours in the afternoon, but falling rapidly at the ap- proach of night. The winters in the interior have a great variety of tem- perature. It is very rarely that the ground is frozen or that snow lies on the ground for any length of time, and yet the thermometer has been known to stand at -15° in the Willamette valley, with amean elevation of 382 feet above the sea, and 3.3° in the Umpqua, with an altitude of 458 feet. This variety of altitude gives great variety of climate in different localities, but a very stable climate in the same places. Mean summer temperature at Roseburg, 64° 2'; mean summer tempera- ture of State, 64° 3’; extreme summer heat at Roseburg, 102°; extreme sum- mer heat of Oregon, 105°; mean winter temperature at RoseburgAl ° 6’; mean winter temperature of Oregon, 40 °; extreme winter temperature at Roseburg, —-3° 3'. During the summer months the prevailing winds are from the north dur- ing the morning hours, but almost every afternoon astrong breeze sets in from the west directly from the sea until nightfall, when the breeze turns back from the east, and thus three times in every 24 hours the winds have disturbed the malarial and septic influences or disease germs and so diluted them with atmospheric currents that their influence is almost nothing. It seems to be a fact that the western coast of all continents have a milder climate than the corresponding eastern exposure; in fact, latitude has but little to do with local temperature in Oregon. Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia has a mean annual temperature of 54 °, while a degree further north on Puget sound has a temperature of 58° 5' . Frost seldom penetrates the ground and it never snows at Astoria, though snow sometimes falls in the Willamette valley, but rarely in the Umpqua or Rogue river. The win- ters in the region of the “table lands ” of the eastern part of the State vary in degrees of cold. The climate is dry and when snow does fall it is blown about by the warm Chinook winds coming over the hot springs of the in- terior, so that it soon disappears and scarcely arrests the progress of the green growing grass of the elevated plains. At "Dalles City” on the Columbia, and almost ()0 miles east from Portland, the climate is influenced by the winds sweeping north from the great burning plains of Lower California and Mexico. The range of mountains which stretch along to the east of the Sacramento and also to the east of the Willamette, intercept the moisture from the sea and precipitates it in rain in the western part of the State, while the eastern part during the winter months is “high and dry” and warmed by the winds which sweep up from the south, and meet the colder currents from the Rockies and send their perpetual winter rains to the region of Puget sound and the straits of Juan de Fuca. Under these influ- ences while Western Oregon has a very moist climate with at least three changes of winds in every 24 hours, except during the prevalence of a southern gale which brings our usual warm winter rains. And yet under all the genial influences of this most delightful climate, it is possible to find within the range of a few miles every modification of temperature. At Fort Klamath in the extreme southeastern part of the State the thermom- eter has recorded -31° in winter at an altitude of 4108 feet above the sea, while in the valley of the Rogue river, 100 miles west, the fields at the same time would be green with “growing grass.” The isochimenal line from St. Joseph, Missouri, to the Pacific traced by Capt. Mullen of the United States Army, is somewhat wonderful in its de- flections. "This line which leaves St. Joseph, in latitude 40°, follows the general course of the Platt to Fort Laramie, whence it tends northwest- wardly crossing the Rocky mountains at 47 °, still further westward it goes up to 48th parallel and spreads out over the plains of the Columbia, 8° north of its initial point.” Capt. Mullen further says. “It would seem natural that the large volume of air in motion between the Wind river chain, and the Black Hills must receive a certain amount of heat as it passes over the line of hot, boiling springs here found, which, add ed to the great heat evolved from the larger volumes of water here existing, which is constantly cumu- nm ‘: .f'isrsr __ r. “3.1 , lativc, must all tend to modify its tenipegggm re ( _ ggtgnt mometer indicates." ‘I‘ ’ - \ .t " __ w-hf’r“ ;'l- 7 g The prevalent direction of the winds, thelphysical facccfiiliéceltgl w altitude and the large volume of water; in the Pacific warmed current from India, all doubtless en ter to create thistnndificatipni ever produces it, it exists as a fact that must for all nineehteragan worthy of every attention, that this is one of the mimestand climates under the sun. t" f a. » I ~ 13; The in fiuence of the Japan current (the kuro siwo) upen cur west-ism wait?" is more feeble on account of the greater mass of intervening caeanuwater than the influence of the gulf stream in the Atlantic upon the European coast, and therefore less potential in directly elevating temperature. Then the narrowness of the strait through which the Arctic ocean discharges fill; ice flees into the Pacific is so marked when compared to the vast open Bela: sea on the Atlantic side, that the heat of the Japan current is much less affected by the limited number of ice peaks than the gulf stream on the western coast of the eastern continent. There are ver marked variation: from the coast climates of Europe and our Pacific climate. Then, again, the projecting peninsula of Alaskaswith its outlying islands deflects fart? the westward the reactionary Arctic currents, and protects our western cli- mates from their depressing influence. The southeast winds laden with moisture from the tropics prevail along our coast during the winter time and modify our climate, while during the summer months we have a pre vailing north wind to modify the heat of summer. Then, again, the hur~ ricans generated in that mighty cauldron of atmospheric forces, the “gulf stream,” are hurled across the narrow volumepf the Atlantic with a force sufficient to be severely felt upon the coast of Europe. Storms entirely anal- agous and accompanied by electric changes equally marked prevail upon the Asiatic coast, and have been traced some distance along the “kuro siwo;" but the mighty mass of the Pacific waters calmly absorbs their fury and prevents their disturbing force from reaching our shores. The atmospheric- changes of the Pacific coast are consequently more uniform and of~ minor range. Comparing the averages of winter and summer temperature along the isothermal'line of 50° the variations on the Atlantic side are found to be double those of the Pacific. The mean range of winter from the mean of July on the Pacific coast is only 8.3 °, while the variation at Washington, D. C., is 44.3 °, or more than five times as great on the Atlantic as it is on the Pacific. This absence of disturbing meteorological forces as indicated by this narrow range of barometric and thermometric oscillation is sufficient to account for our freedom from epidemics caused by atmospheric influences, and especially the absence of those atmospheric conditions favorable to the development of bacteria and all cryptoganic and sporadic germs. On ac‘ count of the divers currents of air mingling with the breezes from the mild Pacific contagious and epidemic diseases are easily controlled, while such diseases as typhus and cholera‘ are entirely un known, and even typhoid“ forms of malaria are quite easily controlled, when compared with the same class of diseases in the climate of the Atlantic seaboard. "5* The climate of Oregon west of the Cascades is too damp for consumptives, but on the plauteaus east of this range is the best climate for them in the world. Atmospherical causes of disease reside chiefly in the varieties of atmospheric changes of moisture and temperature. Sudden varieties or temperature, excessive moisture or dryness, different electric conditions or a deficiency of light. The atmosphere may be a source of disease in conse- quence of its being loaded with impurities. Malaria, contagious of various kinds, and noxious gases in general, and an endless variety of septic genus. ‘The range of atmospheric temperature compatible with human life is very considerable. Its limits are probably just those extremes of heat and cold that belong to the lower strata of the air in different parts of the planet on which man is destined to exist. Under the burning sun of the tropics, and amid the profound frost of the polar regions we alike find human dwellers. These different degrees of external temperature impress indeed peculiar physical characters upon those who are subjected to them, but they do not of necessity extinguish or even cause disease. It requires more care. however, to preserve life under intense cold than under intense heat. In India the temperature ranges for a long time from 80° to 120°. We can form some estimate of this heat by remembering the oppressive effects of 80° or 90° of heat in our climate for a few hours in a single afternoon. Then the night brings a comfortabledecline of heat, and refreshing breezes from the neighboring sea mingle with the dry air from the arid plains of the adjacent‘ coast and destroy the germs of disease, or destroy their septic power by at- mospheric changes. The mingling of the Arctic and tropical atmospheres here combine to produce an anomalous climate singularly free from the severer forms of diseases found in either of these zones. ' The gradual effects of great heat upon the human body operates distinctly as an exciting cause of disease and gives rise to sudden attacks of illness. Persons who are ex; posed to the direct beams of a hot sun, especially during any laber or aetivd, exercise, are apt to be affected by what is called lmnstroke or coup dc -. i I .. . . V’ temperature upon, organic life. 511 at QiQQQfhi'ttIGIgreateI than that at the equator or a poles, it seems probable that men gobnfpgpicighaile a striking in stance of the adap- fiqfi _ a climate free from those extremes 'ghthe 'efl’ects of temperature upon the health is the seasons of the year. It is open to the commonest the;v general health of the community fluctuates with the Catarrhs and coughs and pectoral complaints of all kinds , commence or grow worse in the winter or spring months, complaints are more numerous and distressing in the summer The mucous membranes of the air passages sympathize with the gelatin-under the agency of extreme cold; those of the stomach and intestines of’continued heat. _ V i.>_j"-'1?;l:1je-*thoracic disorders are more serious and fatal than the abdominal. prevails where the temperature stands at a high grade for a consid- 514.015 length of time andprov'es fatal where cholera. germs luxuriate in a unchanging-atmosphere. The climate of Oregon is entirely free this‘ disease for-the simple reason that the germs of this particular form disease’ cannot flourish in this mild antiseptic climate, with its ever- ‘currents of air drawn freshly from the mild Pacific sea and mixed three-‘times a day’ with the gentle breezes from the table lands of the adja- icentquest. After an experience of 20 years with the diseases peculiar to this-climate, I have never seen or heard of a case of sunstroke, so common *infeastfern climates, especially bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and the ',_.;£Ltlantiesea coast. ‘Yellow fever is also unknown in this climate, for the ‘same reason; that is, our mild, warm days are always followed by refresh‘ infgly cool nights, which makes the climate destructive to the germs which in"_continuously hot localities develop this remarkably fatal malady. And so it seemsquite conclusive that the thereputic of the climate of Oregon is remarkable in its effects, both as to its prophylactic agencies and its curative eil‘leets onalldiseases peculiar to our race. ' COMPARATIVE DATA. ‘.i The; following tablegives a comparison between Roseburg and 20 points, v‘stelexacted at. random, though all are prominent places in the United ‘States. Itwiii be observed that the average annual temperature of Roseburg is higher than other places in the same latitude, and that its winters are-‘not so cold or summers so warm. Its average annual rainfall, though Snficilent for all practical purposes, is not as much as generally falls through— out-the. entire eastern country. Although here we have a rainy season, yet 51116566075511, ai‘ewer number of days than at the majority of the eastern 1N0 ‘comparative wind data were given, on account, as has been Qmfljlfhe deficiency of‘ human food is “ ;; we and wins ‘a we velocity at Rome the“ M 8”’ .othafobgéwed place in the’ United states, save Lewiston. Idaho Territory. 119-530-1111.. England, Panafrancg, andltome, Italy, are added to this table for iig'eneral information : ; '4" c l s s d :73 . A :5 ‘=1 n g F, g m ‘1: r3 - *’ Q *1 fit: so 2. s 5 s s s i’ s e <= '7 annexe. g 41 *5 Q g 0 E'E, "3 “ ‘g V g at .... Q‘ 5 Q‘ c-s vi‘ 5 - <3, a a U) 5 <1 #7 0'" *- 5 7:3 - >13 #53 6'25 3.’ <1 <1 <1 Z Rosebur , Oregon ....... -....... 52.4 41.6 64.2 35.05 122 Peril-an , Oregon __________ -.. 52.4 40.6 64.4 55.04 166 San Francisco, California .... __ 55.7 51.3 58.5 24.8 83 Los Ang‘es, Californian..-" 60.5 53.6 67.8 18.25 71 Boston, Massachusetts--__-_-._ 48.7 28.2 69.0 48.28 158 New York City-._-_-____-_--..--_ 51.3 31.5 71.5 43.58 130 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania..- 53.2 33.4 73.7 41.07 133 Baltimore, Maryland._-_-.._._.._ 55.6 36.3 75.9 42.26 142 Washington, D. C--_-__-_._.._.- 55.0 35.0 75.4 43.37 130 Atlanta, Georgia _____________ -_ 61.7 46.1 76.5 56.23 134 New Orleans, Louisiana _-_-_-.. 69.4 56.0 81.0 64.36 131 Nashville, Tennessee _______ .. 50.8 41.2 78.5 53.66 13. Columbus, Ohio _____________ -_ 52.7 31.0 73.0 42.236 140 Cleveland. Ohio- ___________ __ 40.0 28.2 69.0 38.03 158 Chicago, Illinois-_..----_____-..- 40.0 27.6 60.8 37.34 130 Duluth Minnesota___-_---...___ 30.8 14.9 63.5 34.01 177 Omaha, Nebraska .......... __ 49.7 24.2 74.1 36.05 127 Denver, Colorado ___________ __.. 40.3 20.0 60.8 14.09 1% Boise City. Idaho".- _________ .... 50.2 31.3 70.3 14.59 109 Spokane Fails, W. T ....... __- 46.2 66.3 21.231 128 Silks, Alaska _______________ __ 43.9 31.0 53.6 105.18 100 London, England ___________ __ 50.4 30.1 62.3 ______________ __ Paris, France _--____.._______-__ 51.4 38.4 64.5 _____________ _..- Rome, Italy.._.._._.__........_. 60.7 48.9 74.2 ....... __ -......_ TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION AVER- AGES FOR STATIONS IN OREGON. The following table gives the elevation of the stations, their mean annual temperature, their average temperature by seasons, also the average annual precipitation and the average precipitation by seasons: ‘5' MEAN TEMPERATURE. PRECIPITATION AVERAGE. ‘53 . c _. . ‘ i . I . l STATIONS. ,9 E: _ 6 :1 L: E: l ‘ 55 g‘ H. ‘g :1 2° 11 E g r: g’ s j E; l s c) g 7; E a E. E 7: E : .33 r" 1- £3 "’ > -"‘ Q ‘.3 "' > i=1 <2‘ m m i <1 $ <1 U) a) I <1 7> Astor-inn...“ 52 -_-_ ____ _-__ __-_ __-- 59.04 15.10 3.78!16.0$ 32.10 Portland __-_ as 52.5 51.9 64.8 52.8 40.8 521:3 12.17 1001130012184 Eola _______ __ 500 50.0 50.2 02.9 50.5 38.5 41.47 9.57 203.10.5611741 Newport.--" 10 52.4 513.8 61.8 52.4 42.4 ________ __ ____l ________ __ Albany .... __ 157 51.9 54 0.1.1 '19 40.7 42.04 19.07 2.43 0.7"» 22.76 Roseburg____ 522?. 52.41 61.2 51.9 41.6 53.05 0.22 1.70 8 17.58 Bamion 1---- 55 50.4 49.1 50.4 51.8 45.1 72.31 14.57 2.0:s|12.s2 31.78 Ashla11d-__-- 1040 54.4 53 0&5‘ 52.8 40.0 21.01 4.79 1.01 4110,1103 Lakeview ___ 4s50 47.1 45.2 04.6 47 13.95‘ 4.32 3.0% 3.101 0.79 Linkville____ 4250 48.5 4s 63.3 47.4 35.3 17.85 4.50 1.7s 2.49‘ 7.77 Ft. Klamath- 4200 43.2 43.6 57.2 42.3 30.0 21.00 4.73 1.90 3.72 LaGraude- __ 2784 ______ __ -___ __-- ____ 24.55 4.10 2.26 2.38 15.81 a 40 sleet) and the annual average for each station : 99.6559 flier ‘ 55.955151511141115. MONTHLY RAINFALL AVERAGES AT 55.111595 m o The followin table, gives a list of all the obtain able stations in Oregon, having rainfall data, arranged 5555111125 the station, the e ovation of each, number of year'from which the average are deduced, the avemge monthly rainf . w a :_\‘‘< m, 611851 . J 1 . '“ . - t , ‘- ‘E’ ,.,\ eagfl§r ‘011$ "6,52%; . ‘- p y. * ~ \ . , . ,4. 1,. 1 a v,’ . . ‘ .5; " '71., ~\ 1 We". “.12. ‘ I’ 3:“ E». K , .0 M _~ M ‘ "‘ 4‘ v $635124 ' S. 1153-; w 1 1 g . '3' 7:‘ UK,’ ~ _ ' I .~ , I. \ _. i 1. 1.111611661166315 ,—\ 1' ‘ " ‘ ‘is- ' . k k : \: 5.;851ff‘" L _!J I. h.‘ I 5| '3 *1 1 i. , . H‘ ‘ ‘ r'f'ia "a ,\-'\~. N ,.’£>‘ v - r 1‘*~ - 1. ."-,_ '17., '_ 1 1 6..‘ i, it‘ It 1 he; “:9 . 8F. » 2, . r 115 ’; til-.1; ‘ .jli‘f'i; .2 a a ' E‘ 0 a If: ‘is! I 72:32‘: s'ra'rrons. +5.23, .8 g '5 >2 6 a; b.‘ 3 ’ ' . ._ 53,5 0' g '8 8 g d g '3 - ‘D4 ' '. ‘ y. 3 E z *1 In 2 <4 5 - H *5 <4 :3 .i Coast. A _ 6 ' ' J, Astoria, Clatsop county 52 23 12.21 9.18 9.68 4.90 3.48 2.87 1.20 1.48 9.59 5.27 10.18 76146 Fort Stevens, Clatsop county _____________ -- ______ 6 11.48 10.66 9.32 5.41 2.94 8.83 2.03 2.02 2.89 4.68 11-14 12157 ‘78.57 *Umpqua, Douglas county ________________ ..- 8 6 10.28 9.91 9.74 4.01 3.09 2.18 .30 .38 2.27 3.66 9.71 11.89 67.41 Empire City, Lfoos county ________________ __ 10 6 6.31 7.41 3.11 2.94 1.60 1.28 .42 .24 1.24 3.00 4.02 725 331182‘ 11.155011. c005 county 43 10 11.53 9.54 6.49 4.88 3.19 1.38 .75 .49 2.11 4.41 5.83 11.11 62,911 Port Orford, Curry county _________________ -_ 50 3 9.08 5.79 6.17 7.53 4.56 1.33 .56 1.22 2.34 7.31 10.27 18.43, 70.59 Willamette Valley. ' ' ' .‘ Portland, Multnomah county _____________ __ 80 16 7.25 7.33 6.47 8.84 2.59 1.70 .44 .67 1.89 4.33 6.98 8.38 52.23 Fort Yamhill, Yamhill county __________________ __ 9 9.51 7.31 7.66 3.03 2.41 1.61 .36 .42 2.69 2.96 7.55 10.08 _ 55659 Oregon City, Clackamas county __________ __ 200 3 7.93 5.17 7.15 1.92 3.37 1.41 .15 .94 2,24 8.46 5.12 8.75 47.61 110121, Pollr county, (near Salem) __________ _._ 500 14 6.00 5.83 5.10 2.79 1.90 1.07 .40 .47 1.97 3.33 5.12 6.29 44070 Fort lloskins, Polk county ______________________ __ 7 12.73 10.02 9.07 2.86 2.76 1.92 .37 .36 8.18 3.36 8.84 11.73 66.70 Albany, Llllll county 600 9 7.80 6.54 8.88 3.61 2.73 1.28 .66 .49 2.00 3.39 4.29 8.44 .64 Umpqua. Valley. Roseburg, Douglas county _______________ .. 523 10 6.45 4.70 3.34 8.10 1.79 .96 .56 .29 .82 2.68 8.79 ~ 6.43’ 85.05 Rogue River Valley. . _ Ashland, Jackson county _________________ __ 1940 4 3.35 2.41 .94 2.15 1.66 1.02 .58 .01 1.03 1.35 2.53 4.65 21.91 Miscellaneous. Linkville. Klamath county--.~ ____________ .._ 4250 4 2.56 1.79 1.44 2.09 1.32 1.10 .58 .10 .16 1.02 1.32 2.86‘ 17.85 Fort Klnnmlh, Klamath county _________ _- 4200 4 4.49 3.73 1.74 1.86 1.07 1.21 .55 .18 .51 .88 2.48 5.54 21. Lakeviow. Lake county 5060 4 2.59 2.14 1.58 1.60 1.14 2.23 .32 .54 .51 .78 1.89 2.19' 18.98 Camp Warner, Lake county ____________________ __ 5 1.61 1.97 1.21 1.21 1.89 .68 .28 .19 .60 .28 1.70 2.89 14.41 Comp Watson, Grunt county ____________________ _- l 1.72 .86 1.78 1.39 1.21 1.05 .11 .00 .62 .28 .78 3.11 13.81. Camp llarncy, Grant county ____________________ __ 6 1.76 .88 .91 .59 .79 .64 .36 .09 .16 .18 1.15 .15 8.76 The llallcs. \Yasco county ________________ __ 350 13 4.36 2.39 _ 2.‘ “ .74 .94 .53 .36 .27 1.46 .97 8.35 8.46 21.06 Umntilla, Umatillc county _______________ __ 350 5 1.40 1.14 .89 .82 .64 .36 .82 .34 .78 .88 .93 1.31 9.81 LaGrande, Union county _________________ __ 2784 11/2 5.19 6.97 2.25 1.29 .56 ‘1'71 .25 .30 .48 .76 1.32 3.65 24.55 *At the mouth of the Umpqua river the place is now non est. ASTORIA, OLATSOP OOUN TY, OREGON. TABLE or PRECIPITATION. [BY JOHN N. GRIFFIN, onsnnvnn SIGNAL SERVICE, U. s. 11.] Kind of Rain-gauge used, Signal Service Standard. Astoria, the county seat of Clatsop county, is situated near the mouth of the Columbia river, in latitude 46° 57’, longitude 124° 0', elevation 52 feet. YEAR u; The climate is even and extremes of heat and cold are unknown; the tem- _ g _ . . o . . . MONTHS. m H perature rarely rising above 80 in summer and seldom falling below 20 1n 5 Q , . . . ,. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. P winter. A cool westerly breeze invariably springs up 1n the arternoon dur- ~ m < ing the summer. Very little snow falls during the Winter, and when it does, . - - d, 1 1 , . . January 6.75 6.78 13.24 18.24 45.01 11.25 only remains for ashort perio _ Green grass can be seen tie yeauround February 713 10.59 5.69 8.51 31.92 “)8 The summer weather 1s beaut1fu1 and W111 compare 1avorably with any March 255 151 723 1611 2741 588 . . '1 , ' ' . T ' t 1 \ '1d d - April 4.59 1.03 4.99 6.83 17.44 4.38 State or county 1 1 the bmon ‘he W111 ers ale m1 an stock find good May L36 3.43 3.65 7.33 15.77 3.94 pasture on the low lands and tide lands the year round. The soil on the June 2,04 2,73 _ 205 53 152 L38 1 . - . - . .- - or . Jul 1.29 .04. 2.58 .72 4.62 1.16 plains is of ll‘I‘lLh sand _, loam, producing bood grass, oats and vegetables of August 1.83 '02 .56 .48 2'90 :72 all kinds. rlhe creek bottoms and tide lands are composed of the richest {geptimber - .11f @- uk'dfcrtble 1--_r. ctoer . . . . . . 5011 and capable 0 pro ucmg a in s o vebe a s ant gizun l‘uo crops November 263 1245 434 8.11 2833 731 of clover and timothy have been grown and harvested on these lands d'ur- Dpgpynhpr 6,55 9_g5 1636 ____ __ - 36 11.09 ing the your. Tlmber land 1s plentiful and as soon as cleared W111 also add Total anmm] 4938* 56.16 71.59 ______ 17713 5%“ largely to the already fertile tracts of the county. Clatsop county 15 essen- tially a grass growing county, the soil particularly adapted to raising vege- tables, hence is peculiarly fitted for supplying the requisites for supporting PRECIPITATION BY SEASONS. dairies. Rain is abundant in winter (the rainy season beginning about October and ending in April,) and occasional in summer. The average yearly temperature being about 50 degrees. TEMPERATURE. The following table gives the maximum and minimum temperature at Astoria; also the mean monthly temperature irom March to November, in- clusive, of 1887: 1885 1886 1887 KONTHS. d ‘ _ . d . 5 5 6 8 8 .El 2 :a s E a s a Janna 58 27 55 20 _..___.. 55 33 Februgyry -.._.-_.. ----_.-_..__ 66 64 62 35 ____ __ 55 15 March 67 36 56 30 45.3 65.5 30.1 Apr“ 71 35 65 34 47.1 61 34.6 May 75 42 72 85 53.5 86 89 Jun e 71 43 69 47 56 84 45.5 Ju 1y 82 51 84 47 58.5 75.4 44.5 Aug“ at. 74 51 80 51 59.2 77 -1 7.5 September _________________ .._. 72 49 84 47 56.9 80 417.2 October 75 42 67 40 53.1 71 41. 6 November _________________ __ 52 35 51 66 45.6 66 60.1 Igor-pm her 55 30 59 39 _,____ The following table gives the total annual precipitation, the total by sea- sons; also the average annual and average seasonal precipitation: Tom. srame. SUMMER. AUTUMN. wm'rna. Ymns. . ANNUAL. Man-May. JuneJmg. Sept—Nov. Dee—Feb. 1884 .... -- 49.38 8.51 5.16 15.28 1884-85 23.92 1885 ____ __ 56.16 5.97 2.84 20.18 .1885-86 28.78 1886 ____ _. 71.59 15.87 5.19 14.74 1886-87 ‘ 48.61 1887_____" __________ _. .27 1.84 16.59 ________ ....._ __.__,__ Sums -_._ 117.13 60.62 15.08 55.74 ‘ 95.51 Averages 59.04 15.16 8.78 16.68 _....'.._..._...... 82.10 SNOW-FALL, UN‘MEL'IA‘ED. _ 1884, December 16611,}6111011; December 1791, 2% inches; D6091'nb61‘2186, 1885, None. 1% inches; December 22, 3 inches. 1886, January 19th, 4 inches; January 20th, 2 inches. 1887, February let, 5% in'ches; February 2d, 2% inches; "February inches; February 7th, }4 inch; February 22, 1 inch; February 24th, 8% inches. 1 a1, 1% February _1%.inéll°§__ ' ‘ ' .0 "PORTLAND, MULTNOMAH COUNTY. j .. v t 7 _ [BY 2- .1. GLASS, onsznvnn srexu. snnvicn, n. l. 11.] V f} _ _' 'w ' I Portlandie situated in latitude-45° 30', longitude 122° 27130", elevations!) ' Y _ ' " feet. It is the principal city of'Oregon. It is in the extreme northern part _4 _ f" ~' ‘ " 3;? of the Willamette valley, on the west bank of the Willamette river, and near I 53 33H. 2 . 5 g to' where the Willamette empties into the Columbia. river. It is favored 'j " e with a mild‘ and equable climate, temperature seldom rising above 90°, and ‘£05? I ‘ . - _ asrarely falls below 20°. It has a. higher mean annual temperature than .773.‘ _, 1" I a? ' g 25 any other place in the State, save in the Rogue River valley. The summer 3%. av" 3%. I are-3 temperature averages 013°; the winter 408°. The highest observed temper- ' ~ *7 ' attire in 16 years is 00°; the lowest, 3°. The rains are excessive during the Ga 2 winter and moderate during the other seasons. The rainy season lasts from Nov‘ 6 “W733” about October 15th to April 15th. Xov 1 38 ' . . _-..-_._ _____ _.._ Nov. 16 36.4 The following tables give in detail the general climatic characteristics of 7 Portland, taken irom the records of the United States signal service: ANNUAL WEATHER REVIEW OF PORTLAND. p i g i l ' I _ l 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877 1878. 1879. 1880. 1 1881 1 1882. 1883. l 1881. 1 188,3. ‘ 12186. i 1887.1‘ _ I I 1 I l l" > I i V ' . V I ‘,kfAvemge ‘ban “of, ‘ _ 30 30 29.97 30.01 ‘29.08 20.97 20.96 ‘20.9% 30.01 3 30.02 30.01 30.04 20.94 g 20.06 29.98 .“jj'Highestban-ometer.-1..___-_-..----_....__ 30.61 30.48 30.47 30.40 30.51 30.41 01.54 30.73 710.75 30.33 30.51 30.05 30.55 30.52 l 30.17 -Lowest berometer=___.>..-__-____ .... _.__- 29.07 20.113 250.07 20.0.! 20.31 20.41 2.1.21; 20.24 ‘21.57 . 20.20 1 20.20 20.27 20.18 20.11 1 20.20 1 20.110 '=j,Range.of barometer ..,_'.._-..o.._______;_ 1.54 1.10 1.00 1.38 1.20 1 1.23 1 1.10 2.10 i 1.21 l 1;: 1.210 1.217 1.41 l 1.03 l 1.07 -:Averagetemperaturmmnh ......... ..- '52 52.8 i 53.3 53.3 53.1 54 511.7 ‘ 52.1 50.1 5 ‘2.0 1 51.1 51.0 51.1 5-1.5 7 52.0 1 52.8 Higheet-texnuerature -____ ......... _I.__-‘ .......... -_ 83.5 05.5 99 91 07 91.7 02 I 00.5 0.3.1 01 00 00 ' 0.5 99 Loxyest'temperature ......_..___--..___---__ _..._--- _.._-- 27 30.5 20 25 18 :1 10 21 I 10 7 7.2 17 15 l 9.1 ; of temperature -__~..--s ........ .. '._.._. _____ _- 61.5 56 79 06 7:) 505.7 71) 00.5 77.4 87 82.8 82 80 “11.0 teet monthly range of temperature _._____. ____-_ 46 55 51 40 5:) 5'3 4-3.5 4&6 53 57.5 1 53.7 , 52.8 01.5 felleirstrrnqnthly range of temperature“ ......... -_ 26 2 16 30 " 30.3 1." '5 27 27.2 20.5 20.2 27.7 I 112.2 J..‘Averahrremnximurn temperature ____ _- __..___ ________________ _- ______ ____________________________ __. _________ __ 00.5 00 62.15 02.3 _ ‘Average minimum temperature _________________________________________________________________ -_[ __________ __ 43.0 45.2 44.7 44.2 “,WAYBr'age'h-nmidi‘ty ' 72.7 68.6 68.1 71.3 7 .2 74.3 12 73.0 73.3 723.3 1 7l 73.0 74.2 74.1 70.5 73.7 *nverrwe dew point _ _ _________________________________________ __ ...-____ ____ _______ -_-____ 42.2 1.3..’ 4-1.1 43.1 -‘Prevni mg direction of_ the winds“-.. NW, NW. 8. S. 1\'\ ’. S. NW. S. NW. S. S. S. NW. NW. NW. 1110101 velocity of_the wind, 7111105--.-“ 32,231 30,413 35,075 37,150 35,003 31,019 41,004 40,105 10,003 17,100 10,203 42,308 40,010I 32,001 10,051 40,701 .,._'.;I_M_eximum velocity of the wind, miles .; .per hour _ ‘ »~ 7 . 18 24 ea 3 30 2s 30 30 53 3 31 31 21 31 25 ",Total precipitation ...... -_- _______ _- 46.50 50.52 50.17 01.00 55.04 58.30 7.70 02.2‘: 51.07 58.05 07.21 51.15 38.211 40.17 38.70 42.11.21 T tel number of clear days __________ __ 71 ‘ ‘ 75 101 00 7 $7 70 e1 00 00 1:14 100 1:5 117 100 "'>_._-'Fote.l n'umberotfalr days __________ _.‘_ 121 89 S4 7- 102 90 01 10s 10:) 10;» 120 114 133 i 115 113 120 . Totalnumber of cloudy days.__ ______ _. 173 188 200 100 2'11 101 107 .170 105 177 111 115 14:; 125 11-10 114 ; ‘ Total No. of days on which rain fell“ 139 151 113i 152 109 100 110 170 100 1S1 108 135 106 140 140 136 ,j-TotalNo. of thunder storms _________________________________________________________________________________ _- 3 1 2 ____ __ No.,.loi‘dnys nigtxtemnwas above 00°- -_..--- _.___- ____ __ 6 4 1 2 2 2 1 7 '2 3 9 0 14 I '._No'.§e£.days.~m1n. temp. was below 32°- ______ .... -- 7 20 20 10 23 30 32 7s 23 30 53 22 29 35 v‘ If‘ "1*"Up‘to‘ December 1‘, 1887. ' .1- Barometer corrected only for instrumental error and temperature; to reduce the headings to sea level add .09 of an inch. TEMPERATURE AT PORTLAND, OREGON. _ Qfl‘he'i'ollowing table gives the monthly mean temperature, the maximum and minimum monthly temperature for the year and months named, also 1 the average monthly‘temperature in the extreme rrght hand column, and the average yearly temperature in the foot column, with the nveruge yearly gtemperature, 52°.5, in the extreme right hand loot column. . ~ ‘ i ' J‘ 1872. 1373. 1874. 1370 1070 ‘ 1077. i 1878. I 1070. l 1030. non-‘ms. - - - ' - I - * ' ‘ ~ - - , . :1 £2 2‘- - . Fl - . $2 1 " ' G - '7 - "‘ r . _ -' a e: N . c: M .- a 3 v: ‘ 7. ' ‘ '" 1' H ' ' .2ieséeeééllgfiiieéilgéfigéégé a 7e:mmrr75mmm1¢7¢q¢777<7704003m 277600324028 I u u n u o o u I - n 0 94 1.909 11208004 ,DGMWHIOuOOMQvHINIG-o _-.._ -_-- 651.5 ---e .‘w- .385 333333335333 %%%Mwwm%%m%m 612.7 51.1 L; 1883. :55 0002000-06052 \ I u n u a n u o a u u 60 83 700 \ 338 600200000204. .Q...Ziui.ua —___ ~__- .832 504244980n8-08 .308.862L06. W354W666654 51.7 .52 00004000005100 n u I o a 8 n n l a I 0 6891.87 1781 2123%44M$323 .882 2Ru000 + as 53 as 574 .1;$g_~3__. , 574;. 9575 . 5.3.5, .815 54520 .'...-'.‘..- 51 Oct. 25 32 Oct. % 32 1875» '1”- ‘7: 1- 28V ' 28 -........_-- ______ ..- Nov. 25 30 ‘1.8765.¥.;...2~j17 > Nov 2 36 Dec. 5 32 1377...‘... .4 91 45 Oct. 30 31 Oct. so 31 ' 1.3782,.4-71581’371-172- . 34 ‘ 34 Oct. 26' 35 ct. 27 33 / v 379 .~...'.'...- 1151.13 36.5- - 35.5 Nov. 1 32.2 Nov..17 33.7 seq-F‘ v31‘. 21' 32.5 38.5 Oct. 30 36.5 Nov. 23 30.5 ~ 18.81; -l...-._&.§ ar._.14 31 40 Oct. 13 32.5 Oct. 14 32 . .1... May 19 37.5 37.5 Oct. 20 42.6 Nov. 7 37.5 a 4.... Feb. 25 as . 37.3 Oct. 31 .7 Nov. 3 33.5 .....,_ Mar. 27 34 Mar. 31 37 Nov. 30 34.5 Dec. 6 _ 32.5 _-_- Mar. .3 29 A r1115 35 Oct. 20 35 Nov. 11 34 . _.---. Mar. 18 32 ar. 5 32 Nov. 2 29.9 Nov. 2 29.9 1887 _'._...April 3 31.2 May 12 34.2 Nov. 24 34 Nov. 24 34 EAST PORTLAND, MULTNOMAH COUNTY. , - . [ BY 5551155 WIGG, 11. 1).] ‘ .. East Portland issituated on the banks of the Willamette river in latitude ’ 45° 30' north; longitude 122° 27' 30" west from Greenwich. It is divided from "Portland by the river; but connected by a bridge, with another in course of , construction. This bridge when finished will form a connection of railroad between East and South Portland. There are several ferry-boats crossing . v the river every ten minutes. Fine docks and wharves are being erected ‘ ‘ along the river front and men of means are directing their attention towards ‘this-city as one with a bright future. Our climate is very mild. Mean annual temperature, 52.7. Mean annual rain fall, 56.30. Temperature ranges in winter 28° to 60°, and in summer 50° to 97°. The maximum is reached in May. The rainy season begins in November and continues till frost, which is mostly not hard enough to freeze " up the ground. ‘Snow is generally very light, and soon melts away. What we do have comes with the east or northeast winds. Our rains between the 1- autumnal and vernal equinox‘ come from the south or southeast, and are unaccompanied, by electric developments. Thunder and lightning are scarcely ever known, and eastern storms of wind, hail and lightning are - strangers here. But little rain i-ialls during the months of June, July, August 5' ‘ .11 .i" BEGUM-7" OLIMA and 3551515551. sometimes not at all. We have heavy fogs spring and fell, ‘ and although’ we have no hard‘ irosts, yet the atmosphere'is very chilly 'Iowi'ng to its humidity. Fires are in demand night and morning the Yea!’ round- 7 43 Our soil is clayey, yet blue grass grows wild all over this section and is green all winter, hence this is a good place to winter small herds of stock. Most fruits and vegetables grow well, excepting corn and grapes. ' Winds followed by rain, south and southeast; by clear or fair weather, north and northwest. Those with a. tendency toward consumption should never come to this place thinking ‘to make it their home. If they come to visit. it should be between June and August. _ EOLA, POLK COUNTY. ' '[BY rnoszas reason, 1550., VOLUNTARY onsssvnn u. s. srensr. snnvrcn] Eola is situated in latitude 44°57’, longitude 123° 5’, about 3% miles west from the city of Salem. Estimated elevation of 500 feet. The character- istics- of the climate of Eola, generally speaking, are those of the Willam~ ette valley, Eola being near to the center of the valley. From 1870 to 1874 inclusive, the rainfall, including melted snow, were respectvely 37.31 inches, 37.90 inches, 36.49 inches, 30.71 inches, or an annual average of 36.65 inches. Beginning with January, 1875, the observations were extended, and the fob lowing data is deduced from the records for that time : TEMPERATURE. TOTAL ANNUAL YEAR‘ PRECIPITATION. Max. Min. 1875 41.28 inches. 90 2* 1876 44.37 inches. 91 19 1877 50.14 inches. 89 24 1873 40.58 inches. 94 17 1879 50.46 inches. 90 8* 1880 37.90 inches. 94 17 1881 44.17 inches. 90 22 1882 44.37 inches. 93 9 1.983 36.11 inches. 99 3 1884 37.43 inches. 92 3 1395 36.65 inches. 98 21 1886 34.92 inches. 92 14 l"Below zero. Making for the 12 years an average rainfall of 40.70 inches, and for the 17 years from 1870 to 1886, inclusive, an average of 40.30 inches. It will be ob served that the thermometer only fell below zero twice in the 17 years, viz: on January 17, 1875, when it reached 2° below zero, and on December 23, 1879, when it went to 8° below zero. The following tables are very full and in themselves explanatory. TEMPERATURE AT EOLA, POLK COUNTY. The following table gives the mean monthly temperature, its annual means at the bottom of the columns and the average monthly means in the - extreme right hand column; also the m onthly maximum and minimum temperature. ' 1877. 1373. 1379. 1880. 1351. ‘ m2. MONTHS. ' " ' ' , ’ . ' . ' . ' 5 5 .5; 5 5 .d 5 5 .5‘ 5 5 .5 5 5 .4 5 .5 ~ 2 s a s a 5 a a s a a s a s s s a a January; ______________ __ 39.3 50 24 40.7 53 17 35.1 53 14 39.5 55 19 39.2 54 24 I 35 .13 9 February-_.'-___;.___....___- 44.3 54 25 44.5 59 34 42.1 55 25 35.3 55 27 44.5 50 24 37 43 3 .Marnh 49.2, 53 33 51.3 70 33 41.3 75 32 33.5 59 22 47.0 75 23 i 40.9 .- 27 ' Anril 50.7 77 34 49.9 74 34 51.4 73 32 43.1 31 35 53.3 90 43 45.5 75 my 59.1 73 42 54.0 79 35 52.0 52 40 45.2 70 40 53.0 50 44 1 5:14 34 42 June 59.3 33 49 52.2 94 50 53.2 73 43 57.3 95 45 31 51 1 51.5 93 49 July .................... -_ 03.4 34 53 53.5 95 3 33.0 90 52 55.4 94 52 51.4 90 52 33.9 30 54 August _________ -_.. ..... -- 55.0 99 54 55.4 90 54 50.2 59 54 02.9 39 31.2 35 53 33.2 35 50 L1. September _____________ __ 58.1 88 43 58.6 87 47 61.5 86 44 59.7 83 44 51.2 84 , 42 59.2 81 .14 0515551 ................ .. 52.9 75 31 49.3 72 90 49.7 09 40 51.3 71 32 47.4 33 30 49.5 50 1505.31.11.51- 457 57 32 45.3 51 23 40.4 53 23 40.5 02 17 40.5 53 22 41.5 53 27 7 , vj[)1'>,c311_1b91'‘ .............. __ 40.7 00 23 37.1 02 20 ____ __ 50 +9 31.2 00 13 42.2 57 25 43.2 51 13775151.. ___________ "7-...-. 623.5 ------ -_-_._ 922.7 .... _. ._____5551.5 .......... _- 575.3 .......... _- 000.5 L __________ __ 594.3 __________ __ ‘74111117151 averages-“mus 52' 51.9 .......... -_ 951 _________ __ 4s ...................... -_ 49.0 _________ __ O r .. and mean temperature for 11 months. 1 Below zero. 44' " = ‘ ‘T ' TEMPERATURE- 1'11. 21101119595521.9992 " 1 Y . mourns. - 1 . I ' i . A . >= ' 1 Y i V .1 ~ :1 ~ .6 c: . ‘5:: l , . -. “no _ _. r ;. v .. ,1 ~ g 9 9 9 9 . 9 39'» 5- .9; _5., 5 1.9 ~ 8 =<~ m 73 2 .2 E E _2 “ it .5 ' f _ - *3 ~2- January ________________ -_ 36 57 5 36.9 57 16 36.1 62 21 96.6" ‘"55 ' ‘14:- 41' 54 g 32.8 "M16181 February _-__ --___-____-_ 33.1 59 3 34.3 60 3 46.5,. '68’ 32 43.6 v60 >30 31 ~ 56 v6 , 436.19- I 3.189 March _________________ -_ 49.7 71 31 54.2 '62 25 52.4 - 72 34 42.8 64 2.8, 46.2' 67 82- l ‘ 7115-13-8 Aprll 47.5 69 65 51.5 75 38 52.3 74 38 48.9 69 .35. 47.4 66 2s ' 547.4» @9918 .. May 55.6 77 40 57.9 66 43 56.6 . 79 45 ' 56.1 ‘79. 41 55.5 96 62 . 5943.4: » >1 June 62.3 60 '50 60.3 62 52' 59.3 76 50 61.5 .83 “ 50 58.1. 92 49 ‘659.5 169.9 1 July 66.6 89 52 61.6 80 54 66.9’ 93 58 67.4 v92 53‘ (68.6‘ 1 88 .. 51‘ ~ 797.2 g August _________________ __- 66.6 55 55 67.2 92 58 66.2 90 50 65.7 __ 87 5 52 62.9 89% 50 -7091? -' ,_ ‘.645 September ______________ _- 61.6 88 46 52.3 68 45 61 80 51 62.2 __ 91 47. 58.3‘ '86 ‘ 39 648.7‘ “58-15;; October ________________ __ 49.7 61 37 59.4 , 68 40 55.6 77 39 .50 74 ‘ 34 52.9 70 .32 558.1 50.7,, November ______________ __ 45.9 5s 32 44.7 59 30 45.8 57 . 35 41.1 51 26 43.2 59 22 476.0 = 43.8 December ______________ -_ 40.3 51 24 90.7 49 14 46.9 53 27 47 59 37 ..-_.f._ _-___- ,.---.-._ 849.3 ___83:§, Total _______________ -_ 612.5 __________ __ 602 __________ __ 642.6 __________ _- 622.9 1 ________ __--_ ______ .. _...../__ -,_....._ _-.._-_-_- 5699.1 Annual averages _____ __ 51 _________ -_ 50.2 _,___..__ ____ -_ 63.6 __________ -_ 51.9 __-_.,._ ,.......__; ...._____, ......Y..I_.;1.-__-. r_-_..,.r..._._,.... 7_ 503.8 NUMBER OF DAYS CLEAR, FAIR OR CLOUDY, AND DAYS ON WHICH RAIN FELL AT EOLA. fell. The following table gives the number of days monthly, and total at foot of column of clear, fair, cloudy, and days on which rain (including snow) From 1877 to 1884, only a reeorcl of the clear. cloudy, and days on which rain (including snow) fell was kept. A clear day was oueon winch the sky was less than .5 covered with clouds, eloudy when or more of clouds were‘ observed. From 1884 to date, the days were divided into clear, fair or clougly. 7'. (4., clear when or less clouds were observed, fair from .3 to .7. cloudy from .7_ to .10. Ram may 1911 on elther a. clan the lollowing table 1f rum iell on any eertaln day, it; was not then cons1dered whether rt was clear, fun‘, or cloudy: r, fun, or cloudy day. In 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. _ Number of days Number of days Number of days Number of days Number of days Number of days mourn. " ' . 69 . 59 59 . 69 59" . 59 >= 3 5..’ >4 '5 3’. >1 '5 5?. _ 1». '5 cl 1;. ‘g- c.’ >6 ‘,3 d 5: 'U > H t-J "0 > g k’ "U > g H ‘3 > ;3 54' ‘U > g ' '5, > g a: I! m: c: D P... a. :1 e." c: :1 -'._. a :1 I’ :3 =17 r’... ,2 .53 r: =1 2 2 1: F’ .9. 2. n =1 2 ,2 c151 ‘9 ,9. c113 ,2 2 ‘ 1:: “3' . 0 O o 7 o o o 7 o o o “ o o o “‘ '6 o 0 *‘ o o 0 "1 January_ 8 16 I 1 4 11 16 6 14 11 ‘ 1 11 ’ 19 5 15 11 6 12‘ '13 ' _ February 11 7 10 0 7 2l 4 10 14 5 16 8 0 7 21 8 12 I 13 March 3 10 18 1 14 16 4 7 20 10 9 '- 12 __________ _. 12 - 8 10 13 April 15 8 7 8 14 8 0 13 17 9 7 14 9 10 _ 11 10 8 12 . May- 13 12 6 9 18 4 3 10 18 9 9 13 17 8 1 6 14 10 7 June 14 8 8 20 20 0 14 14 2 10 ,14 6 8 11 ll 17 9 4. ‘ J My 22 8 1 28 5 3 18 11 2 18 11 2 20 6 5 22' 5 4 " A ngu st 23 4 4 24 4 3 21 4 6 22 5 4 17 1 1 8 27 2 2 September 13 4 13 7 17 6 I7 8 5 20 7 3 ' 14- 10 6 26 ' 3 2 October- 10 11 10 1.1 11. - 9 7 16 8 17 6 8 '6 7 18 4‘" 11 16 November 4 6 2O 3 16 11 12 5 13 14 9 A 7 5 14 11 9 9 12 December. 9 12 10 15 9 7 2 7 22 1 12 18 2 11 ,_ 18 5 6 20 Totals: 135 106 114 125 136 104 108 119 138 136 116 114 103 110 133 150 97 118 NUMBER OF DAYS CLEAR, FAIR OR CLOUDY, AND DAYS ON WHICH RAIN FELL AT EOLAv-CONTINUED. 1883. 1664. 4 1885. 1886. 1887. Number of days Number of days Number of days Number of days Number-of days uom'n. .. _. __ . ' .ch-J. $1.; .61.: .11.: ,q; ' 0-1 0 -4 , 0- ' . 0 ~‘ 2 CJ-q . 5 29 . 6 29 . 5 99 . ~6 99, . 5 69 3 '3 ~75 S a 3 7.9. ‘5 1.: '5 5.2 :1 u '3 $5 5 "'3 5,5 ' .93 ,9. c: o: 2 '3 2 c d .93 '5 2 :1 =3 .‘1.’ "3 ° .1: '1 ... ‘a Q r: as o o o 7 o 51 o o H o :9 o o “ 0 Fe '6 o “ o 51 8 o "' Janna _ 3 11 17 11 5 5 10 1 7 11 12 3 5 6 14 r 2 ‘ 6 7 4 ‘ ‘159. Februgy 13 9 5 11 4 5 9 r 3 1 0 14 3 8 9 8 6 4 , 6 12 March 20 3 8 5 3 12 ~ 11 16 8 4 3 8 4 6 .13 4 7 (j _ .1'4-~ April 4 7 19 4 6 6 14 17 - 3 5 5 5 8 6 11 3 - ,7 7 " 13- may 9 17 5 12 9 s 2 A 9 6 5 11 9 9 2 11 s. 19 - 0 >10 - Tune 23 6 1 2 10 10 8 4 10 8 ‘8 6 16 5 3 121 Y 7 r 5 6 . . 51' July_ 29a 2 0 9 7 7 8 16 11 4 0 26 6 1 4 22d 6 4 8 0 August 29b 2 0 20 5 5 1 280 3 . 0 0 lb 11 4 0 296: 2 ' . ,0 I I , '9 September 14 19 3 6 s - 5 11 ................ -- 9 15 6 2 7 r 5 19 A 0, '6. October- 6 14 11 3 10 9 9 14 4 6 7 7. 5 5 14 12' . 12 . ; 4v 9. > November 3 14 13 2 3 17 9 0 2 7 21 6 5 7 11 "8 9 _8 3f 10“ December 6 15 10 5 5 10 11 2 2 10 17 0 4 2 25 _ '4 ‘ <~ uni-.35’; 'I‘Qmla - 159 113 92 90 75 99 9 103 120 "5 67 60 107 96 67 59' 11s; ' n25 days smoky. 1129 days smoky. e17 days smoky. (16 days smoky. 628 days smoky. {2 days ‘foggy. i 01.1111 * ¢ 45 _ p I _ PRECIPITATION BY SEASONSi AT EOLA. ‘a 12*‘ _‘ _ W5] ‘ ' ‘ ‘ - . , ' The followingtable gives the total'annnal prccipitation,' the total by sea- ‘mddthe temp?” sons; also the average annual and seasonal precipitation: 000,112.; 05115011106037.2705 average. seasonal temper- ..ihe-ibewfithfl " ' ' ' ‘ . .- " TOTAL SPRING. suzsnuzn. AUTUMN. WINTER. : , _ 7 YEARS. , _ i " ' ' ' ANNUAL. Mara-hwy. June-Aug. Sept-Nov. Dec.-Feb’y. 1071111111. wzsrnn. > ' 1 _ i'eeewng- sen-3°“ Dec-‘Fen - 1371......l 30.71 6.98 .97 7.00 17171-1375 0.73 _ , " r , i 1375...--- 41.23 11.00 1.73 14.312 1x75- 271‘. 20.23 .- ' . . 1100---..- 44.37 12.08 2.30 10.21 111711.107 0.12 ...._...-..~,~w 1752.0;- 1 6217 52.0 1377-1378. 42.0 1377 .... -- 50.14 12.00 3.2-; 10.11 1377~1s73 10.31 *;:I..5..7.Bié-;-,K~- . 61.9 :~ 63.7 51.2 1873-1379 3s.1 1x73 .... __ 40.33 3.00 .72 12.0.3 1s7s-1s70 10.02 - .5100.‘ ~62] 50.5 , 1879-11710, 37.7 1879 ____ __ 50.40 10.16 3.30 7 .30 11070-1970 13.31 .' 92min] . 48.0“ 61.9 50.6 1880-1001 30.3 180.0 .... .. 37.90 7.78 2.81 3.13:3 177504.051 30.11 f__,1881__'.....__.. 5070. -603 46.5 1881-1882 30.4 1881 ____ -_ 41.17 6.89 4.30 10.91 1211-1072 10.11 18325222.... . 62.9 49.7 1' Q2-1803 37.1 L.“ :2 .... -- 44.1" 6.80 1.135 11.55 15172-171143 18.01 .j1883...__.;_-'.‘y , , @5140" 64.3 52.4 10321-11184‘ 37.2 1883-"--- 30.11 12.07 .03 0.18 181214011 14.02 18.811.10.151“, .00.;2. _ 03.0 40.1 1334-1810) 37.3 1.1134 ____ -- 37.3 0.00 4.13 12.22 ism-1.323 1:517 f ‘ _ .5335 ‘64.1 54.1 1885-1006 41.4 133552."... 36.05 5.17 1.40 11.13 1.\f~\if1-i.\'.\0 101.51 .118801;-..15.11.351; 9- 64.9 51.1 1830-1337 30.7 less ____ __ 31.0’ 7.07 .02 3.0.1 1330-1ss7 23.1‘; 1' ‘f9. > 61.5 51.5 ................ __ 1337 ______________ -- "3.70 .so 3.315 ________________ __ jjaj'ij 551.8 002.0 330.3 _..-.....-_-- 387.7 Total.. 320.00 133.13 29.30 11w; ________ __ 220.31 11171011121211,‘ 00.9 50.2 02.0 50.8 ....... ._- 38.8 ‘Averages 40.70 9.37 2.03 10.30 ________ __ 17.11 TABLE ‘OF PRECIPITATION AT EOLA, POLK COUNTY. Kind of rain-gauge used, Smithsonian Institute Standard. 115 ._ >- .. inns go “- xovms. . ‘ C53.) 1874. 1875 1876. } 1877. ’ 1878. 1570 I 18.30 I 1851 1552. I! 1833. 1834. 1885. 1886. I 1887 52 7311111121177] 8.29 2.53 4.14 3.28 0.28 3.72 7.02 7.70 5.05 7.37 4.16 9.40 986 84.00 6.00 February ' .25 .93 6.77 5.30 10.2.! 10.211 4.211 10...“) 0.00 1.31 5.54 7.00 1.111 4.130 81.114 5.81?» 'Mmfch 2.06 8.40 5.77 10.130 10.130 3.1111 3.20 ‘2.72 . 3.111 2.41) .53 3.137 0.11 71.4“ 5.10 ; ~ __________ __ .00 .02 .53 .112 1.37 61 ____ __ 2.20 ____ __ .21 ____ __ 01.12 ,49 August ' .05 .30 .27 .19 1.97 1:10 1.24 :1 ____ __ .17 ________________ __ 13,51 ,47 September 1.57 .13 1.27 , 3.03 3.50 1.54 .74 1.13:‘. .35 .751 0,50 3,07 1.0\? 1.07 27,55 107 ‘October .30 6.70 8.01 ‘2.47 3.210 1.70 135 5.02 7.11 3.11 2.80 1.4;’ 11.13 .53 41111.3 3.;3 ,November 6.03 7.00 6.00 13.01 5.25 4.00 1.01 3.10 3.10 5.251 23:; 7.30 1.15 3.10 71.11:; 5.12 ‘December 3.32 9.32 .34 0.21 2.01 6.03 11.50 3.40 9.70 5.0:; 0.00 7.11 00* _____ _- srso 0.20 ‘v "11010.1 auumfl ' 30.71 41.20 44.37 50.14 40.33 00.10 37.00 41.17 11.37 30.11 37.13 30.03 3.1.0’ _--__- 520.00 ‘10.70 ‘ I The above'amo‘unts include rain and melted snow. m SNOW-FALL AT EOLA. nnrrn UNMELTED. 1874, January, 101/; inches; February, 1% inches; March, 3% inches; De- cember, unappreciable. ‘ ‘ 1875, January, 12 inches; November, 4 inches; December, 4 inches, re’ 1vretained on ground a. few days. ' 1,_.I'1876_, January, 7.3 inches from 22d to 27th, left on 291h; February, light snow on three’ days, melting as it fell; March, rain and snow on 8th and .1001, melting as it fell. “1877',- January, very light on 14th, disappeared during the day. ~-_<".1$_78,,Jenuary, sleet on 2d and 7th; December, 1}; inches, on ‘291b, left 11m- 3001. , ' 7 _ 1 1379, .Jeflimryfv‘ery light on 3d; February, one inch on 7th, left same day; March, inches on 8111, left next day; December, 13% inches from 19th to 220,7 left on the ‘2301'. ¢ _ p _ ‘1330, January, 3% inches on the 8th, 100: on 1110 1101; 1112 inches from #251111 to 27th, left by29th; ‘February, five inches on 15th and 101b, left next L‘t‘ilagfilltfareh, 4%iriches on 2d, 3d, and 4th, melted on 5th ; 51/2 inches on 28th left'by end of month; December, eight inches on 20. and 3d, left 5005501 ‘ ‘* ‘ . 1., January, 5 inches. on 25th; February one inch on 12th, three inches i§71i=1§111r;~-1111'r011, 1% inches on‘ 12111. , 15331231,.10111101‘3', 10 inches; February, eightinches; March, 10% inches. January, 4% inches; February, 4% inches; November, two inches. vwlie-b111111131, 32 inches from 9th to 18th, left by 22d; March, 2}; inches. V'lgfififijNo‘snow. _' I ' >8§01>=Jiengsm 21 inches from 10th to 21st, disappeared by 24th. inches’ during the month, left by close of month; March, q Quite a large proportion of the snow here mentioned was very light and often disappeared within a few days. Rain and snow occasionally fell to- gether, melting as it reached the ground. > MOST DATA. Date of last light and killing frost of spring. and date of first light and killing frost of hill at 13010.: b0 ,5!" +2 ‘ ' *--> 4-: ' 7-‘ a ‘ 1* :1 . <>~ .20 W m..- c»: -~_. 11:1 .3 _ ; O . _,_. E a d '- Q ".74 c a 0-4 '4 7-7 a‘: a H 3 .Qgk" C ,‘4 —4 >_. ‘k; ‘1" o , .0 037* O :r. ~ 0 1’ . a: c) r 1;: +31; :3 ~25 ,1-‘3 Hz; :72 -=§ YEARS. 5;?‘ 5:: ‘731 5'58 if 255 :3 55s *4 k H "Q L4 1— ' ,__ he 32;” “60 53"“ c0 71175‘: ‘~95 “7:” °Q C : Q n“@ a :~n c 2:: on "7?-’-~ e1")? ‘:9’: 0217 "-1); Q3‘; ~31: pg 5:: *c-gg _»—::0 230 Its]; ~19 :‘——< ~~ 1.113;: ,z- 37"‘ 37*‘ "‘—‘—~ an. ---:‘7‘ Q“ m H7 A77 a“ 277 a“ 274 1875 ____ April 9 47 ______ __ _._._____ Nov 21 33 ____________ _____ 1.370 _..- Man‘. U 30 Apr ‘21 39 Nov ‘.30 21) ______ __ ___________ 1077 ..-__ Oct. 20 1 1.878 ___- ______________ _- A Dr. 30 44 Oct. 1.‘ 40 Nov. 10 28 1310 -___ Apr. ll 3'3 May 10 4-1 (lot. 13 40 _\'n\'. 17 31 1850 _-_- M111‘ 21) 31 Apr 1 35 (let. 9 411 001.. 20 32 1831 ____ Mar 17 31 _____________ -_ (let. 21 33 Oct. 12 30 1882 __-- Apr 20 28 A pr. 3 30 (>01. 31 33 Nov 7 102873 _-.._ M111‘ 4 Bl Apr 12 37 Oct. 15 45 Nov. 3 32 133-1 _..__ Mar ‘20 31 Apt‘ 15‘ 41 ______ __ _..--___._ Nov. '18 “g 11 \‘5 -_.__ M211‘ 3 34 Apr 19 38 001.. 10 ‘15 D00 11 27 11136 _.__- M111‘ 2) 31 Apr ‘27 41 ___..__..- ______.__ Nov. 1 31 1887 -...... Mai‘ 20 32 Apr 18 31 -....__..... ._.__._._ Oct. 23 32 .46 NEWPORT, YAQUINA- BAY, I BENTON COUNTY.‘- ' [BY on. J. c. manor, 1). n. 8., u. s. 414811. snnvrcnJ 4 Latitude 44° 42', longitude 124° 2'. The climate of this point differs but’ little, if any, from the coast generally, save the simple exception of fogs; days of this character are few in summer, and rarely so dense as the black fogs peculiar to some localities on the Oregon coast. Fruit does well near the coast line, and this is evidence of a warmer temperature than is usually found along the sea-board. Blackberries, of the evergreen variety, can be seen ripe at this time, December 3, 1887, within one mile of the breakers. The experiment of‘ cultivating the best varieties of prunes has proved quite successful. Apple trees are singularly free from the mossy growth so often observed in the Willamette valley. Near Elk City a small orchard planted 19 years ago shows an annual growth to the tree and the bark presents a live, clear, healthy appearance as of trees two or three years old. The soil. even to the mountain tops. is very productive. Almost every kind of vegetable thrives, and grasses continue green and to grow the year around. The purity of the atmosphere gives perfect freedom from malaria and of late years many people suffering from malarial attacks have been cured without resort to the common and unpleasant treatment of either the old or new school of medicine. For all pulmonary diseases, especially of long standing, the atmosphere is probably too heavy. As a pleasure -resort Yaquina bay has no equal. Scientific research will be amply rewarded by the examination and study of several remarkable deposits in the north head, covering two or more geological periods. The curious rock oyster or clam has attracted attention and has been the object of careful investigation by the California academy of science, while the water agate, found along the beach and bay are always interesting prizes and valuable specimens of nature’s laboratory. The following general summary of the weather will be found to be very interesting: January, 1886, mean temperature 44°.8; highest, 60°; lowest, 20°. Weather clear and frosty in fore part of month, stormy with rain toward the latter part. There were six clear days, one fair day and four foggy days, two of which a dense fog prevailed all day. Heavy frost and ground frozen on 16th; light fall of snow commencing at 4 P. M. of 18th, snowed all night; six inches on the level at 8 A. M. of the 19th, but melted away by a heavy rain of the 20th. A strong southeast gale started at 1 A. M. of the 24th and lasted all night. February, 1886, mean temperature 53°.4; highest, 59°; lowest, 36°. There were 11 clear days, five foggy, four cloudy and eight days on which rain fell, Light frosts on 14th, 15th and 24th. A pleasant month. March, 1886, mean temperature, 47°; highest, 58°; lowest, 36°. Clear days, nine; fair days, four- cloudy days, six; days on which rain fell, 12. Frost on eight days. 011 t e 0th a heavy southwest gale. Stormy on the 12th and 16th. Gale on 24th. April, 1886, mean temperature, 51°.8; highest, 62°; lowest, 42°. Clear days, four; fair, nine; cloudy, eight; on which rain fell, nine. Severe southwest wind from the night of the 14th until 18th. Light snow and rain showers on the 20th and 30th. May, 1886, mean temperature, 57°.4; highest, 70°; lowest, 46°. Clear days, RESO lOF OREGQAHFQLIMA five; ‘£66,718; 611861411 as‘. an, . m°mmg°mh‘“*m“* 3P.M.of27th. , ‘ _ V - I June.r'_1886, mean tempera ~ I 'e, 63°.9; ‘ highest; fqg._.l;;.1bwglsfiz 16; f°ggy and 010067.811; 011 which rain raggrgng, ~¢ , Severe southwest 3mm if; .7 11'}; vin showers, except on the night of the ‘16th when . July, 1886, mean temperature, 63°.2; highest, 74°; lowest; nine; fair, 15;:cloudy, three; on which rain felhfour. I, windy this month; very disagreeable. Southwest galefon. . _ August, 1886, mean temperature, 62°.8; highest, 70°; lowest, 52°. to 12th,. inclusive, it was windy and’ foggy; northwest wind in the foref'idon and fair in afternoon. Rain fell on three days. ' .Cold,-.foggy_and 170% month; very disagreeable.‘ _ ~ - ' g. ' ' 4' f, -. September, 1886, mean temperature, 59°‘.8; ' highest, 78°; lowest, 52°. days, eight; fair, 14'; cloudy or foggy, four: light rain fellon four days.“ No heavy winds. -- i . , ' " ' " October, 1886, mean temperature; 57°.5; highest, 65°; lowest,- 409. can‘ days, nine; fair,'five; cloudy, six; on which, rain fell, 11; four days of 664w rain and strong winds. 6 ' ' z a " November, 1886, mean temperature, 48°.2; highest, 60°; lowest,37°. 6146.: days, nine; fair, five; cloudy, eight; on which rain fell, eight. ‘On the 20th." several hail (sleet) showers. Gale on 24th. 7 . ' ' - I’ December, 1886, mean tcmperature,52°.4; highest, 62°; lowest, 89°.5. , Rain fell on 23 days, nearly all stormy; month cold and disagreeable. ‘Prevailing- wind, southwest. . " ' ' ‘v '4 January, 1887, mean temperature, 47°.2; highest, 56°.5; lowest, 36°. ‘Clear days, one; fair, five; cloudy, four; rain fell on 21 days. Several ‘gal'es. Severe winds in latter part of month. Prevailing winds, southerly. } February, 1887, mean temperature, 37°.6; highest, 53°; lowest, 14°. ‘Clear days, three; fair, two; cloudy days, 15; rain fell on 11 days; snow fell on seven_ days. On 13th sleet fell to a depth of 1% inch. Severe sleet showers during month and winds southerly. " .. __ " 4 March, 1887, mean temperature, 50°.2; highest, 70°; lowest, 86°. Fair days, 10; cloudy, four; rain fell on 17 days. Several very heavy rains, especially on the 17th; five days of heavy winds with rain from southwest. April, 1887, mean temperature, 5w2°.7; highest, 63°; lowest, 45°. 3Clear days, two; fair, 10; cloudy, three; on which rain fell, 15. Cold, wet and disagree- able month. Prevailing winds, northwest. , r V “ ‘ May, 1887, mean temperature, 58°; highest, 84°; lowest,’ 40°. Severe gale on 7th. Clear days, .four; fair, five; cloudy, 13; on which rain fell, nine; very warm on 29th. Prevailing wind, northwest. g‘ '. ' __ June, 1887, mean temperature, 59°.7; highest, 68°; lowest, 54°. Clear days,- 10; fair, 10; on which rain fell, 10. Prevailing winds, northwest.- This month has been very pleasant; no hea winds. , ~ - ' July, 1887, mean temperature, 59°.0; highest, 65°; lowest, 50°. Days clear, one; fair, 14; cloudy, smoky and foggy,l16. Prevailing wind, northwest. Rain fell night of 281b, very heavy fog latter art of month. Gale on 31st. August, 1887, mean temperature, 61°.2; hig est, 68°; lowest. 52°. No clear days except in the afternoon of five days; No rain fell. Mornings “were generally foggy. Smoky during month from forest fires. No heavy winds. .The following tabular statement will give the data in a more condensed .-“~; form and will be found to be interesting for reference and comparison: TEMPERATURE, ETC., AT NEWPORT. The following table gives themean monthly temperature, the monthly maximum and minimum temperature, number of clear, fair and cloudy days and number of days on WhlCh rain fell; also the totals and averages at the bottom of the columns. ' g 1886. ‘ 1887. Temperature. Number of days Temperature. Number of days d’ ‘ MONTHS. ' . a p ' 8:; gel ..8 - . >3 1549 - . >2 342. ,8 5 a s 6 ,4 '8 as 5 a - s 7-? 8 1 as- '6, Q) 63 "-1 2 d o g Q Q, C6 .5 o ‘a Q . 2 2 2 so in E3 0H 2 E 6 a, '5 QH . 45.,’ January 44.8 60.0 20.0 6 1 10 14 47.2 56.5- 86.0 1 5 , 4 21 _____ February 68.4 59.0 86.0 11 ____ __ 9 8 87.6 68.0 14.0 ____ __ 2 15 11‘ _____ _ Mart-h 47.0 58.0 86.0 0 4 6 12 60.2 70.0 36.0 ____ -_ 10 > 4. 17- ..__.‘-.'_ April 61.8 62.0 42.0 4 9 8 9 62.7 63.0 46.0 2 10 > 8 .16 14...... MZLV 67.4 70.0 46.0 6 18 ____ -_ 8 58.0 84.0 40.0 4 6. 18 .0 ‘1.--..- June 68.0 74.0 50.0 16 ____ __ 6 8 59.7 68.0 54.0 10 .10 ____ _- 10* _.__.__ Julv 63.2 74.0 64.0 9 l5 8 4 59.9 65.0 60.0 1 14 . '15 1 ______ _. August 62.8 70.0 52.0 8 14 6 3 61.2 68.0 52.0 5 V 2 24, .._.._V__- 1...._,_-__ September 598 78.0 52.0 8 14 4 4 51.3 85.2 40.0 10 "5 v8 ~ 7, 2‘_-57. October 67.6 66.0 40.0 0 5 6 11 61.7 81.6 86.0 11 - 2» 12, ~6. 2.26“ November ‘ 48.2 60.0 37.0 9 5 8 8 45.9 68.7 32.0 B ' 5 3 7-14., 6.96:1: December 52.4 62.0 39.5 ____ __ 2 6 23 ______________ _;_ ______ __ _' I ‘_ _»_,i_.___ “a; Total 656.2 .......... -- 04 87 72 112 676.4 ______ ___..__ _ 47‘ 70> 106, " Average! 54.7 ................ .. .__.._.. ____ .. 4...... 52.13 _..-_.__ __._'_‘;___ ‘ ’ F * - 529.81" 6:19-58’ .. .W'ti- 229.4 4120.4. 7?[ O'Bsnava'rrons {BY BRIGGS, use, on ALBANY, 'rocnrnnn wrrn . A. BRIEFOUTLINE 0F son. arm CLIMATE or run CENTRAL VALLEY. " f 'LATITUDE'LIKP 3a,’;- LQNGITUDE 123° 18! ; ELEVATION 157 Fawn] ‘ >_ In describing;.__the climate of the central valley you mirror the climatic characteristics 'of'ithe‘ whole of Western Oregon. 7 No sudden variations of temperature take place; no extreme or'lon-g consents heated terms are known; the cold of winter is less severe than: most favored localities in the eastern States or in European trade winds of the Pacific temper the heat and cold, and togethe with the Japan ocean current, serve as a regulator of atmospheric con- ditions- ' ~ v The thermometer rarely rises above Qddegrees in summer, in the hottest ‘day's, and scarcely ever sinks below 20 degrees in winter. So active ‘out- vdoor labor may be performed throughout the year. J The rainy season generally beginsin September or October. The rain then falls with succeeding frequency, reaching its maximum in some one ofthe-winter'months, then diminishing in quantity till the latter part of April, and showers occasionally fall through the summer exerting no ill .effect,"'unless that the'grain crop may be far enough advanced, and showers become too, frequent, which is rarely ever seen. The rainfall during a sum- mer month" may be two inches or it may be nothing. ' Only twice in 40 years have the ‘grain crops been injured by untimely rains, for the season of harvesting is pro-eminently the dry time. ' Western Oregon is exempt from hurricanes, cyclones, and strong winds of whatever nature. Hail and thunder storms of great severity are wholly un- known. Earthquakes are never felt with any degree of violence. The oc- icurance of “cold snaps” of considerable severity, at intervals of 10 or 20 years constitute an evil which is slight in comparimn with the extremes of other climates; yet they are sufficiently remarkable to be taken into ac- count when summing up the pleasant and unpleasant antecedents of a ' 'i the of ‘wind that come from the Pacific ocean. ,. ‘fall of They are in fact “blizzards” tempered by p , ' The soils-of Western Oregon are remarkable. for their variety and fertility. Their origin and component parts are easily determined by the student of nature. - ‘Vast quantities of fine soil are replaced in the course of time by fresh decompositions. In a wet climate like that of Western Oregon such . decompositions take place muchmore rapidly than in a dryer one, and the abundance of our rains is an advantage and a very decided one. The trans, porting power of water is suflicient to bring the finer particles of soil from a long distance. Formerly it was thought that the bottom lands of streams must be far more fertile than the uplands. That'this supposition is untrue, - . it is only necessary to examine the relative productiveness of the ranges of hills that shirt the low or bottom lands of the valley. The latter gain in comparison only as regards ease of tillage and immediate adaptability to a crop. In fertility and endurance, and certainty of a crop, the hill lands in certain localities are found to be superior to most bottom lands. Basaltic soils are confined to the tops of hills where they are generated. All bottom lands possess an alluvial soil made up from the det-rius from the hills added to the clays and learns from other sources. ‘ The soil of the level portions of the valley is entirely alluvial, that is, was brought to its present position entirely by water agencies. It varies greatly in depths from a few inches to many feet, and varies somewhat in quality, which is mainly, however, excellent. In composition it is made up from the washings of the hills aided by organic matter. The bill washings are of two kinds, the basaltic and the sandstone particles; the latter of which are mainly derived from the streams of the Coast range. The derivation soils are usually described as loam, which is a term of indefinite significance. The varieties of loam are designated by their colors and are almost endless. Loamin general is amixture of sand (silica) with clay, and commonly ' contains carbonate of lime, iron oxides, the oxides of other metals, and other organic matter. The ‘color is owing to the preponderance of the oxide of iron and organic matter. Loam particularly rich in organic matter is usually dark brown or black. The presence of iron oxides is known by a reddish or brownish color. Loam is derived from a mixture of disintegrated soils brought down by water. The portion furnished by the destruction of the basaltic rocks would be the clay (silicate of aluinnia) produced by decomposing granite, gneiss or sandstone furnishing the sand. These substances mingled with organic matter, and other matters, form loam. These loams are found extensively in the ‘valley, mostly near its center, and are spoken of under the names of black loam, sandy loam, clay loam, brown loam, etc. In the short space alloted us nothing elaborate or systematic could be effected relating to soil or climate; and we close with the truthful state ment that Oregon has a fertile soil and mild climate, second to no country country. They are characterized by long continued north or east winds, of its extent on the habitable globe. ANNUAL WEATHER REVIEW FOR ALBANY. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. Ave _ . “romp,” 29.67 29.96 29.75 29.81 29.75 29.77 29.71 29.81 __.___ Highl’agestebammeter 30.4(1 30.66 30.37 30.22 1 90.37 90.90 30.30 30.43 ______ Lowest barcmetor 29.13 28.77 29.06 29.10 29.09 28.99 29.05 29.04 ____ __ ‘Range of bammpm 1.93 1.89 1.01 1.12 1.2‘ ‘ 1.22 1.25 1.29 ____ __ Average temperatmp 54.3 49.4 51.6 50.7 54.5 50.1 55.0 52.4 ____ __ , Highestvtempemmrp 94 92 so 96 90 96 98 98 .... -_ ‘Lowest temperature 6 18 22 16 ll 6 24 18 .._____ 7 ~ 6 88 ____ ..._ ‘Gxeatest monthly mm, 51 50 41 52 45 58 as 50 ____ -- Least monthly‘range (temperature 30 26 2s 29 25 so 29 25 ____ __ Average mgmmum tempemturp 65.3 73.0 71.6 76.2 71.9 74.8 77.8 77.5 __-_ _ New ‘.8 mmmmp te , emu“. 36.2 24.0 37.0 33.9 99.0 99.5 39.2 ' “new, ing‘ Queqtmn of, e‘wmds s. an s. a N. s. a N. s. a N. s. a N. 19. s. o N. s. .9 N. :1“ TOW prempflnnrm 41.57 52.54 45.96 29.3 45.22 97.43 ____ " Total number C1,,” days 54 116 92 101 91 109 140 115 _ I“ .Tetal number mu days p 53 58 116 118 80 62 61 69 -11-: ‘ ____ ._._. Tetal number roggy daysv 39 63 57 77 47 do 66 54 ____ __ Total number days snow storm 1 6 3 5 1 11 . 1 2 — "- Total number days thunder storm 5 2 2 3 4 14 7 5 In“— .TQW number days hgm final. 10 23 29 47 ~ 46 67 54 59 m“ ..Total number days killing frmit. - 1 36 2s . s5 21 48 12 6 ''' '- lNiimherl days maximum temperature was above 90 degrees 3 2 ______ __ 5 l 2 7 13 ____ u days minimum temperature was below 327 degrees 8 49 23 33 17 48 13 16 ____ u I 9‘ a" .. 48 . . ' TEMPERATURE 11'1" -' " ' The following table gives the meim monthly temperature. its annual mean at 11111465116115.6116‘;6616166: and the event i extreme nght hand column; else the monthly maximum and minimum temperature. tempera-111781070 1880. ' 1881. 1882. 11853. _ P 1884. " I—r ‘ 11886. MONTHS. _ i . _ , ~~ -_ I. _ I _ d - . d - . :3 ~ 1 . ‘:1 - . :5 '- 1: ~, .. d - J . r1. -. e >4 .4 c4 14 c, d 14 g 03 ~. N .1: =8 K d :18 ,H‘ 1:: use 14 u ‘ -' . 1 ca 63 .2, :0 :6 .-< o 60 ..-. m as M 4 o 66, H - "on - c: _ . o 6: .H q; 2 >1 2 2 s :4 2 a .2 is 2 n- s s‘. :a n .z- :75‘ n; :5. =4 5,, 1 Janna _____ -_ 41.3 57 26 40.5 56 26 44.1 50 26 84.0 56 11 39.9 50 v24 30.4 .64 24‘ 88.8; 57 18 43.8 "56' r February ____ -_ 36.6 54 28 46.5 62 26 41.7 55 24 ____ -- --_.. _..v.- 37.0‘ 66: 8 47.0 .462 46,7 65 32 317 _56-_w»;§.j. g March _______ _- ‘10.4 60 20 48.8 78 32 50.0 00 37 50.0 '70 34 40.0 '06 31 53.1 75, 32 46.1‘ 72 '39 49.7 7211/81; 5 April --------- __ 49.5 82 32 54.6 78 ~12 50.6 86 48.9 74 38 52.1 8.6 40 51.9- 80-37 54.3 73 )39 5L0 75 :1 M111’ __________ -_ 52.4 79 40 30.1 80 46 61.7 96 44 57.4 80 44 59.7 88 46 60.3 87 47. 53,3. 34 ‘446 53,7 93.- 4g it \_ ; June _________ _- 09.1 86 48 09.6 '78 50 61.0 91 52 01.0 86 54 61.0 88_ 52* 60.9v 32 ‘50 v63,5 '01 '54 61,6 93 59v 1-._ July __________ _- 66.0 92 52 68.2 86 54 013.2 02 49 66.6 89 54 63.3 80 54 68.4 08 56 63,9 93 7 66,9, 92 54,. y #1173; A11‘; 1.41 _______ __ 023.2 86 50 , 62.5 86 50 56.6 88 42 63.8 82 48 68.2 96 .52 ‘67.0, 02 .50 68.5 05 v50 65.0 04 50 ~ Septe111bcr___-- 50.0 82 4:; 58.4 so 30 48.4 80 30' 60.4 00 46 5:11;; 74 44' 628 '88 44 63.8 98- 48 60.2 80- 40 466.3; .68.; October ______ _- 50.5 71 3 40.0 04 30 43.7 70 28 49.8 65 29 52.0 :2 34 56.31 84 36 61.3 :77“, :36. 52.8 78 '28 402.9[—. 5.80:1 November _____ 40.7 61 16 41.5 56 2 87.5 40 16 46.4 61 36 47.4 66 39 47.862 34 43,0 62 43,6; v6.4. v22 34m- December ____ __ 41.5 64. 22 42.4 56 22 47 18 88.0 32 26 31.0 58 6 .6 60 40.5 64" ‘39.~;>.‘;__.. -111 _..__ 273.2 80.8 Averages“--- 48.4 _--_ -_-_ 51.6 ____ ____ 50.7 _-_- __._ 54.5 ---- ---- 50.1 -__.. _.__ 55,0 ____7_ ____ 524 _____‘ ____‘ ______ _;__ _______ _\ 51,9 AVERAGE ANNUAL AND LsBEiks‘ONAL TEMPERATURE AT A 1- 1' ". The following table gives the average temperature for each year; also the mean spring, summer, autumn and wlnter temperature: . TOTAL srmso. SUMMER. AUTUMN. WINTER. YEARS. - ANNUAL. Man-May. June-Aug. Sept—Nov. Dee-Feb. 1879----" , 53.0 1879-1880 38.9 1680 .... -_ 40.4 47.1 63.8 50.2 1660-1681 42.8’ 1881------ 51.6 61.7 62.4 42.8 1681-1892 42.7 1892 ____ -- 60,7 68.1 61.6 44.7 1852-1803 81.6 1883 .... -_ 54.5 52.1 041.7 {12.2 1888-1881 38.3 1881 ____ __ 60.1 52.4 64.3 51.0 158¢1~1RN> 89.1 180.1 ____ -_ 55.0 55.1 65.4 56.4 1865-1886 40.0 1890 ____ __ 02.4 52.7 _ 07.0 50.1 1880-1887 4' 1857---"- ________ __ 52.8 01.5 52.2 ________________ __ Averages 51.0 54.0 64.1 50.0 _________ _-’ 40.7 TABLE OF PRECIPITATION AT ALBANY. Kind of Rain-gauge used, Standard Signal Service. YEAR. 3 :30 110111118. 6 1879. ‘1880. 1881. 1882. ‘1883. 1884. 1885. 1886 1887. 53 January __,__.___ _--__ 11.10 11.71 2.22 7.47 3.91 4.20 9.22 12.00 7.80 Fcbri nary ________ _, 5.31 13.08 10.07 1.30 8.90 5.82 3.34 4.00 6.54 March _. __________ __ 3.01 3.53 3.45 4.31 3.12 0.31 3.19 3.88 April _______ .__ 2.70 v2.0‘). 3.13 4.32 0.518 4.30 1.38 2.95 4.03 3.01 M11)’ .._-__ -_..__ 5.7 3.21 1.64 1.27 3.05 0.89 3.93 1.79 ‘2.91 2.73 June ........ __ 0.227 1.18 2.58 0.41 0.22 3.33 1.90 0.30 1.21 1.28 J ulv ________ __ 0.75 .005 1.39 0.91 _____ 1.87 .._-.._ 0.99 ___-_ 0.60 110136.61 ______ __ 1.52 0.63 1.62 0.04 0.08 0.43 ________ __ 0.09 0.40 Serilembcrnu 2.02 1.11 2.21 0.41 1.01 5.61 2.15 1.20 1.67 2.00 October _____ __ ‘2.46 1.12 7.00 7.07 4.00 1.75 0.97 3.39 November ____ 5.80 1.70 4.09 4.15 4.50 2.13 8.40 1.70 5.92 4.29 December ____ 7.10 0.87 6.78 11.64 6.72 7.83 7.04 10.31 ___-_ 8.44 Total annual _..-_- 11.57 "2.54 45.96 39.39 ‘15.22 37.613 133.38 ___.._ PRECIPITATION BY SEASONS. ‘The following table gives the total annual preeipitationnthe total by sea.- sons; also the average annual and average seasonal precipitation: TOTAL SPRING. SUMMER. AUTUMN. WINTER. runs. > T 1 7 ANNUAL. Man—May. June-Aug. Sept-Lev. Dec—I'eb y. 1670 ____ __ 2.54 10.88 1879-1880 28.60 1860 .... _- 41.57 0.44 1.86 3.00 1880-1881 34.00 18.61 ____ __ 52.54 8.50 5.50 10.88 1881-1862 10.07 18.2 ____ __ 45 96 11.04 1.66 11.63 18.02-18.80 20.4 1.1.4.100” 30.39 10.01 0.30 0.60 1883-1884 10.58 1834 ____ __ 41.-22 7.18 5.03 10.64 1884-1095 17.85 1045 .... -- 07.10 6.12 115 12.60 1865-1806 10.60 1881') .... __ 35.08 7.93 1.85 6.23 1850-1887 27.31 1337 ‘ 16.47 1.30 ‘ 8.56 ________________ __ Averages 42.04 10.07 2.43 9.75 _______ ..-.._'- 22.76 ' Winter of 1881-1662 lay of 11110110500 acres, nearly surrounded by ridgesIof1n011111181116.,jQ'IfiiiéSé.1:2 SNOW-FALL AT ALBANY, TOTAL ‘AMOUNT Winter Of 1879-1880 ' ' ~ -- ' ' ' 31102111912568!‘ Winter of 1660-1681 , 24 6011161106 ' - £16150 ~ 11,.0011701'13'66 292511101105 Winter of 1882-1883 Winter of 18834884 Winter of 1881-1885 ’ 36.001'116110851 Winter of 18823-1886 75011101165 Winter of 1886-1887 _ ' 20.00 inches; 7* FROST DATA. " Date of last light and killing frost ot-spring, and date of first‘ light killing frost 611611 8.1; Albany: -' ' - I‘ y - . 1_ 1+: ‘IQ-3 ’ V‘ 8’ as E. 67 B :20 is“. :1 Q):—s_ b0 Qr—t bf) - _ (1.1%‘ ~ :L'IHW ' . - 5 sh ‘1'3 F: eb 9'75 5% Cf“ . r::'-~ . Q80: - 0': 8:4?‘ {4'8 88 _- 60 83.1 ed 18981» mass. #55; 5.5.: ~31 5.5%’ mfg 5.5.5 . E5 . .185 :4; 50 ‘~85 5.5.5; ‘~85 ‘5.5.2:: ".H‘H 3:356." Op £61.53 0“ Est“ 0 Ed“ h 700 wags’; es ‘s 85 .08 ‘.826. s? ‘a 2'7. s8. - #685?‘ 564 5:532 54‘: 5:53;: 5% 36-1 1' 1879 ____ . Oct. 16 '88 Oct. ‘31 80 1880 _....._ Apml 4 32 M 8.1‘. 12 43 Sept. 19 ' Oct. 30 ’ 80 1881 ___- Mar. 11 34 ‘May 11 46 Sept. 28 3 Oct. 12 30 18$‘). ..__- April 20 36 M ay 19 44 Sept. 16 43 NOV » 4 ‘ . 36“ ' 1883 __-_ Mar. 7 34 May 14 46 Oct. 15 38 ‘Oct. 23' , 120 ' ~-__ Mar. 29 36 Apr1130 44 Oct. 1 42 Oct. 3. .34 1 1885 ____ Mar 7 34 April 7 40 Oct.‘ 7 30 Nov 21 '. 84., . 1886 ____ Mar 18 84 May 1 40 Oct. 2 46 Oct. 24 . 36 1887 __.__ Mar 12 34 May 11 38 ‘ Sept. 21 42 1001;. 20 ~. 33' ROSEBURG, DOUGLAS COUNTY.’ The Climate and Geographical Features of Roseburg, Douglas Countytthe '7 Unipqua Valley), Oregon. Latitude 43° 13’ north; longitude ‘west-of?- Greenwich 123° 20'; ‘altitude above sea level 523 feet. .1 * a I [BY 13. s. moun, onsnnvnn SIGNAL SERVICE, U. s. 11.1 . Douglas county, of which Roseburg is the county seat, is a- part of 8611111.; ern Oregon, including all the territory drained by the Umpqua river. Itsi extreme length from north to south is 90 miles, from east to west 661165,] and it contains 2,560,000 acres. _} It has a natural boundary of moui1tains,;th"ei"_ Calapooia being on the north, the Cascades on the east, thecmlyogyjagjail Rogue river on the south, and the Coast range on the west... Q'lfhis" Umpqua valley, though by no means level. Two rivers 017111110 draining it. _“ ' ‘ -- Roseburg is situated on the e ast bank of‘ the South Ump'qua 1669f; being from 100 to 200 feet above the valley. Opening fromthiis vnfleyfmrm - west is a larger valley extending to the Coast range mountain ranges and smallerrvalleys. " " ‘if. f Its proximity to the ocean, and its natural-barrierséfi'oniftt" 4 have given to region ahelimate ‘ growj jm-“reirrderfli - ‘ " years.'is.529.4. . The 545' a theannual it is shown that with the may be explained ‘by ‘he ppm-52m- ‘gt a distance of from 40 11050 ' ‘a all. severe storms. country , pleasant, the. nighlfi- 0001,11). faetno ' " as on the bed are requiredewery _. . . notthrivevery ' well here, except on 5th.;mttcm lands-7 9969 nights. '. . a ‘ ‘ smoke generally obscures the sky. due the and fa 1 months fog envelopes ' A. ., w an it is ‘ monthszofl . , ' 1:011 _ dissipated and the sun _ _. it; ~ clue is, a natural covering to all growing vege- 71097510111511.1141 prevents» their) from doing that damage that it otherwise ' "" ' begins about October 15th, and the dry about .2 are of occasional occurrence; visible lightning etrarelyeae . Damage is never done. “The-fallen; 9‘ Width their head notes are explanatory and will give , and practical information. I- '1 ' It be herestated__;that the peculiar disease as “ hay-fever” is ‘ haslesswindthaneny ' unknown here‘, as it isalso unknown in other parts of the State. 7 EFFECTS OF THE CLIMATE OF ROSEBURG ON THE HUMAN SYSTEM. [BY on. r. a. 011mm, M. 1).] Notwithstanding. the lack of good drainage, Roseburg can boast of being a very healthful city. Typhoid fevers are of rare occurrence and most dis- eases‘are of amild character. Young children seem to be healthier here than in most eastern cities. The sickliest time is caused by a. prolonged dry season in the latter part of the summer, but even then there is not as much sickness as in eastern cities under the same conditions. We have no inter- mittent fever or malarial diseases, but imported intermittent fever does not recover through the influence of the climate. Asthma, although not pre- vailing to a great extent, is yet more frequently met with than in the East. There is a moderate percentage of consumption, which by better care and earlier attention could be greatly reduced. Poisoning from poison oak (Rhus Californ) is frequently met. This shrub resembles scrub oak very much in general shape and exists in the greatest abundance, but as it is very common on the whole Pacific coast, other settle- vments sufl'er accordingly. The efi'ects from it are much the some as from the poison ivy (Rh-1.43 Aoxicodendron) in the East. The eruption and swell- ing, though frequently severe and exceedingly troublesome, are never dangerous. ‘I . .- p _ GENERAL WEATHER REVIEW OF ROSEBURG. 3 r 7 This-"city is‘ geographically situated in latitude, n'brth, 43° 13’- lon 'tude, west from Greenwich, 123° 20’. Elevation of the zero point of the barometeil' a. ~¢eistfiern above sea level, 523 feet,._ Instruments above the groun , 54 act. Servrceofllce, by the present observer in charge, B. S. Pague, Signal corps. All of the data of this place are compiled from the records of the U. S. Sign The following tabulated matter embraces all of the general climatic charace a vteristics, and each heading is‘ self-explanatory; 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. *1884. 1885. 1886. 1 . . .l g, ' Average barometer . ‘ 29.472 29.506 29.532 29.520 29.523 29.539 ______ _- 29.483 29.511 l-i' Highest barometer 29.991 30.167 30.195 30.014 29.937 30.052 ______ __ 029 30.102 Lowest barometer 28.627 28.850 28. 615 23. 939 28.848 28.839 ______ __ 28. 566 , Bangeofberometer, _ 1.364 1.317 1.530 1.075 1.039 1.213 ______ -_ 1.463 1.549 ‘Avemeetemperatura 53.1 52.2 50.6 52.2 51.5 51.3 ______ __ 54.7 Highest temperature 96.5 96.0 97.0 90.7 96.0 93.0 ______ __ 100.8 100.0 Lowest temperature ., 17.0 7.0 17.5 22.5 15.7 9.4 __--_-__ 27.3 22.3 Ranged-temperature 79.5 89.0 79.5 68.2 8-0. 3 83.6 _..._._._ 73.5 7 7 .7 Greatest monthly range , _ - 53.5 56.0 55.0 54.4 54.0 59.3 __--_-__ 57.4 60. 2 f“Lewh'monthlyrange-tempemhlre 31.5 36.0 31.0 27.7 26.9 28.8 _ ____ _- 28.5 34.4 Average maximum temperature 61.9 62.4 _____ __ 67.3 64.3 - v'rlllvei'age.minimpm temperamm 42.0 42.3 _____ __ 44.7 43.2 Average humidity . ’ 74.8 75 4 73.4 74.7 71.0 70.1 __.._-___ 74.0 73.6 Avera e dew-point - _ ______________ -_ 41.2 41.1 ______ __ 45.3 43.2 . ‘"Prevai . sydirec» on of the winds - N. NW. . NW. NW. NW. ______ __ N. NW. ' Tetehveloci '.of_ the wind,-wmiles 29029 26617 26200 26569 27018 26236 ______ __ 18324 21192 T0582. preeip tatlon, inches _, I; . 36.92 45.03 31.44 43.68 34.77 22.48 ______ _. 30.91 35.17 Max; mum velocity of wind, miles per hl'mr 4s 36 23 24 27 24 ______ __ 24 2 , Tote . number clear days v 72 96 121 50 107 153 ________ 125 124 Total number £8.11‘ days . 133 100 121 2 123 108 ______ .._ 126 138 Total numbereloudy days 160 169 124 143 133 104 _____ __ 101 103 Total number. foggy days _ 4 » Total num ber-alleys rain. fell 139 143 95 141 140 107 _____ __ 112 130 v"Total number days earthquakes ______ _- 1 Total number days snowstorm 1 9 _____________ __ 3 Total nnm, berdays thunderstorm 2 ______________ __ 4 7 Total. number days E5111; frost ' 3 34 ________ 20 23 Total 11' her days ling frost 10 15 ______ _- 7 15 Number days maximum temperature was above 90 hegrees. ___________ __ 1 7 3 1 10 5 ______ _-, 9 11 V ‘N umber days minimum temperature was below 82 degrees--..--....- ...... 26 40 58 15 47 49 ...... __ 10 34 7 ‘Record incomplete. TEMPERATURE AT ROSEBURG. I the The following table gives the mean monthlyv temperature, its. annual means at the bottom of the columns, and the average of the monthly means in treme right hand column; also the monthly maximum and minimum temperature. This table covers a period of ten years, lacking the last two , ‘mon-ha of 1887. It will beobserved by reference to the table, that the lowest minimum temperature 1330.3, in February, 1854; the highest maximum, - 102°.0; in May, 1887; These are very unusual extremes. It will further be observed the few times the minimum is below 32°, freezing point, and the few rtnnesjthe maximum is above 90°. Thelowest mean monthly temperature is 33°.6, in February, 1887; the highest, 690.6, in August, 1534. 1878. 1379. 1880. I 1881. I 1332. ' norrrns. a d d d I . - . - . - . - . u - , 3 9 .9 3 5‘ .2 3 9 .E 3 5 .6 3 9 s t. :5‘ H E E 2 2 2.‘ E 2 2 2 S S 2 Z 1 ‘ . 7| 44.0 65.0 28.0 37.6 56.5 18.0 41.3 56.0 25.0 42.6 57.0 27.0 33.6 53.1 26.2 47.8 65.0 33.5 44.6 66.0 21.5 37.4 51.5 20.0 47.4 63.0 31.0 39.1 57.9 15.7 51.4 71.0 33.5’ 49.8 75.0 32.5 40.1 62.5 19.0 43.5 30.0 23.0 43.9 75.0 27.0 51.1 76.5 29.0 51.4 75.0 32.5 43.7 34.5 29.5 55.1 78.0 34.0 48.6 30.4 31.0 56.1 84.5 35.5 53.1 82.5 34.0 52.6 81.5 33.0 56.3 34.5 36.0 55.5 36.5 34.0 63.5 96.5 43.0 60.2 34.0 41.0 59.3 91.0 37.5 59.3 83.1 41.0 63.0 91.6 43.6 64.3 84.5 48.0 65.9 96.0 40.0 67.0 97.0 45.0 62.7 90.7 41.5 67.5 96.0 42.0 66.3 . 88.0 44.5 67.3 92.0 45.0 64.4 39.5 43.0 62.5 37.6 43.0 64.9 94.5 40.5 58.7 88.5 37.5 63.2 90.0 39.0 60.9 87.5 37.0 53.3 89.0 34.6 59.7 37.0 35.2 49.5 73.5 26.5 52.0 72.0 35.0 51.3 76.0 29.0 47.7 62.8 22.5 50.6 67.4 36.5 46.1 66.0 27.5 421 60.0 no 38.7 65.0 17.5 42.6 57.8 30.1 42.4 61.3 22.3 I 88.1 62.5 17.0 39.1 56.0 7.0 45.5 65.0 29.0 42.5 62.8 27.2 44.6 62.5 19.7 636.9 ____ _- _-_.--~626.8 _________ __ 606.9 __________ -_ 626.0 -_.___ .... -- 613.4 _________ __ I w - 53.1 r 52.2 50.6 52.2 _ 51.5 mm _____ -- 49 AVERAGE ANNUAL AND SEASONAL TEMPERATURE. The following table ives the average temperature for each year since this station was opened; a so the mean s ring, summer, autumn and winter temperature. The coldest year, inferring from the average temperature was that 01’1880, 50°.6; the warmest, 1885, 54°.7; showing the coldest to have been 1°11 below the mean average and the warmest 2°.5 above. By a careful study of the table there will be noticed but a slight diil‘erence between the . January 97.5 58.8 12.0 ' 39.1 7 58.8 ' 25.0 48.4‘ 65.0’ ; j 273 ‘41.2 . 62.2 22.7: g 48.4? February 37.2 68.7 9.4 -' 38.4 ‘ ‘68.0 3.3 48.0 67.4 29.4 . [-145.41 72.1‘ . 30.9‘ 3.3.6" March 1 51.3 80.0‘ 31.7 45.7 67.3 _ 28.2 ‘50.8, 74.9 29 3 ‘ ' 4511*; ' 78.8 28.8 4916' . April " 48.8 70.7 34.0 51.4 78.0 35.2 53.0 81.9 " 31.4 . 4.9.5“ 7 73.5 ' 32.8 50.3 -:- May 56.8 83.6 ' 36.9 - 58.6 88.2 85.0 58.1 88.7 g 39.0 [56.7 ,1- ‘89.2 30.5‘ 57821‘ June 63.9 86.8 42.5‘ 61.0 84.3 42.7 59.2. 84.7 88.9 61.5 386.8 44.3 ~ 60.2 ‘ July 67.0 93.0 46.4 63.4 86.5 43.3 67.31 100.8. 46.8 .- 67.4 ;,1001.0, 44.5- 66.1. August 63.3 86.4 45.2 69.6 97.2 46.0 65.6'_ 9116 T461 6672 _~ “93.8 46.1 64.7. September 60.3 86.2 39.4 * *V * 62.8. 89.9 "37.8 > .. 61.4 95.5 1 35.33 61.5 , October 49.9 65.2 32.0 51.2 ‘75.7 33.9 56.3 90.97 33.5 ‘$50.7 82.0‘ 182.7 -53.7 November 45.4 58.8 27.4 47.4 69.7 ' 29.8 48.0 67.8 r 82.5 . 40.9. 63.0... 22.3 ____ .._. December 40.0 57.3 28.5 37.4 61.7 19.2 44.7 61.0 ' 325947.10“ 65:8 31.5 .._..-“ sums 621.4 .... __ .... __ 563.2 _..__- ____ __ 656.9 -. ...... -._. 688.0. " ' 4 " Means - 51.8 ___ ________ .._ 51.2 .......... -. 5427 ._..'._-.. --_.-- 52.7 _ * No record, oifice destroyed by fire. 17!, PRECIPITATION BY SEASONS‘, AT " Roseanne, L: , w The following 191116 gives the 55151 1111111151 1.166111119116711, 11.696141111519695?) sons, spring, summer, autumn and winter; also the average 11111111111911.6875‘ erage seasonal precipitation. It will be observed‘ that slightly 1569616619; one-half of the annual precipitation occurs in the winter months; thatthej coldest and vg‘armest year. We milglit, therefore, safely' say (that th§2a>vergge spring and autumn have nearly the same average, and that quite-a temperature or any year is not 1i ‘6 y to vary more t an 3 rom eit er - , . ' way, between the hottest and coldest year. amount occurs m Summer’ ' ‘ ,, MEAN AN- SPRING. SUMMER. AUTUMN. WINTER. TOTAL srnrNe. v SUMMER. - ‘ AUTUMN. WINTER, YEAR. NUAL TEM- YEARS. " , , a ' ~ 7, _ . PERATURE Man-May. J une-Aug. Sop-Nov. Dee-Feb. ANNUAL Man-May. June-Aug. Sept.-Nov. Dea-Eeb’y.) , 1877 .... __ 54.1 1877-1878 44.8 1877 .... __ , 12.92 1 . 877-1878? 4 20.96‘? 1878 ____ .._ 53.1 52.9 64.7 51.4 1878-1879 40.1 1878 ____ _- 36.92 8.77 ' 2.03 7.39 " 878-1879 11.68 1879 ____ -_ 52.2 51.4 64.5 52.4 1879-1880 39.2 1879---..- 45.03 16.90 2.18 9.14 18794-1880 19.72: 1880 ____ __ 50.6 47.1 63.6 50.3 1880-1881 _ 45.2 1880 .... __ 31.44 8.18 1.10 a 72.01 18110-1881. 28.08 1881 ____ __ 52.2 53.3 61 5 49.7 1881-1882 40.1 1881 ____ _- 43.68 3.75 4.17 10.-83 1881-1832 188‘ .... _- 51.5 49.3 65.1 50.9 1882-1883 39.8 1882 ____ .._. 34.77 ' 8.82 1.46 7.53 ‘1882-1883 10.69. 1883 ____ .._ 51.8 52.3 64.7 51.9 1883-1884 39.2 1883 .... ._ 22.48‘ 6.89 .05 5.66 1888-1884. . 13.150 1884 .............. _- 51.9 64.7 9 1884-1885 42.9 1884 _ 7.70 1.98 __.___1______ 19844885 ~ 517.47- 1885 ____ .. 54.7 54.0 64.0 55.5 1885-1886 43.8 1885 .... .._ 30.91 4.40 1.60 _ 10.12 1885-1886 16.55 1886 ____ __ 52.7 50.4 65.0 51.0 1886-1887 41.3 1886 ____ .._ 35.17 9.12 2.33 6.39 1886-1887" 22.18 1887 ............ __ 524 63.7 ____ __ 1887------ ________ _- 7.70 1.04 7 ~ 7 V _ . Totals _-- 418.9 515.0 641.5 467.2 __________ _- 416.4 T6161 __ 280.40 82.23 17.94 71.99 __ 175,99 Averages 52.4 51.5 64.2 51.9 _________ _- 41.6 Averages 35.05 8.22 1.79 8.00 , ' * Record incomplete. . The following table gives the total monthly rain-fall (including melted snow) from July, 1877, to November, 1887, ex ressed in inches‘ and 11115416611159 . also the total by six months, total annual and average monthly rain-fall. In August rain fall. August has the lowest average monthly rain-fall and January the highest. TABLE OF PRECIPITATION AT ROSEBURG. Standard signal service rain-gauge in use, height above ground 54 feet. 3 1885 and 1886, no rain fell, otherw se every month had at least 9096.6. The average annual rain-fall is 84.33 inches. , - I ~ ' ~ MONTHS. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. > I 3' > January A... 8.70 4.74 9.37 11.60 4.21 2.98 3.66, 2.99 7.59 8.64 64.48-18.15 February 7.30 4.21 2.49 8.19. 6.21 1.17 8.71 5.28 2.44. 5,24 347_24,;4;72. March - * ____ __ 6.37 8.60 2.81 1.95 2.83 1.73 3.37 .28 8.08 2.38 ‘73494;; A r11 .79 3.67 3.98 1.07 5.14 2.87, 3.48 1.21 4.98 » 9.79 .80>.9,8;~8;15=; 97 ____ __ 1.62 4.63 1.39 .73 .85, 2.29 .85. 2.91 1.11 1.56v v‘17.91 179* June .... __ .39 .56 .68 2.92 ,,.61 r .01 1.90, 1.53 .19 1,89 9,99, Total six months ____ _- 25.17 26.41 20.72 26.46 19.85 11.05 16.97 14.20 19.281 28.47 I July .75 1.18 .15 .01 .79 ' .85 .01 .05 " .07 2.20, .615; " 633.51, _\ August .25 .46 1.47 .41 .46 ---- -._ .03 .03 _ ______ ' .._-'22.... . .08, If. September 1.40 1.29 1.15 ..47 .72 L36 .62 .... __ .36‘ --,33 .51. 9.73.21‘. OCLObGI‘ 2.76 2.55 2.20 .77 5.96 5.02 2.84 1.15. "1.166 9.48 ,118 -4291._47, November 8.76 9.55 5.79 .77 4.15 1.15 2.20 .79 8.10 2.68 -.1--- 387.89 .7 December 4.96 2.73 7.86, 8.29 5.14.v - 6.54 5.73 6.52. . 7.80 T°ta1 six “maths --------------- ------------------------- _- 18.88 11.76 18.62 7710.72. 17.22 14.92.1143 1122 Total annual - .... -_ 86.96 45.08 31.44 ' V 43.68,; 34.77 22.48 28.19 ‘ 7 L7 - ' ' ' 33335413 33303494753 tenths is from O'to 81 ‘inclusive; 3. fair day, one in which the sum is from 9 to 22, inclusive ".4 '-.'5 . '44’ >411. ‘ §~ :7»; 5- ,. 1.} .., 1r 11,. ?323714022154721 51 a GLOlIDZL'j 3 ‘fair. . . Zeb entire number 01’ tenths of clouds observed at 7 A. 33631.63 RAIN FELL .41‘ 3033311113. onwhich' rain fell. The rule of the signal service for determin- M., 3 P. M. and 10 P. LL, Washington j ,inclusiv 7.”, A 637611 whichminfalisincludes melted snow, hall or sleet, to the amount of .01 o lglrogcloudy day. > - .7. V > ‘ "f1.- '-V 1&0.‘ __ 5 I Number of'days _ ' _ Numberof days Number of days Number of days ..d-L' -' 1' 11:5 n..- n... 31.. v . ,> 051 : . O . Q": ' :4 _ Ov-q ¢~3" 33 . 3 38- - 3 Ed - 3 is v s 5* :1 *a ' :4 i3 23 ' :1 5.9. $3 ’ :1 PE‘. 8 4: :: $.53 - ° ‘ :1 "' F. i 3 a 2 '5 ° 4: 3 ,2 73 2 c: =1 .2 '8 2 :1 =1 v 0“ o o o‘” 0. i=1 5 ‘o o fie o o" 0 {=4 0 0" . ~ 24 1' 21 2 12 “17 17 2 13 16 19 -...-_ 10 21 14 1 11 13 13 ‘ 25 25 3 7 13 16 1 12 16 11 6 19 21 3 3 17 15 1 23 22 --_-... 10 21 19 ' 11 11 9 13 7 15 9 13 3 9 14 16 16 13 3 11 16 15 ' 3 10 12 12 5 14 11 10 4 10 16 17 11 13 1 3 - 22 20 10 3 13 11 14 11 6 3 9 9 13 11 '7 , 7 2 14 3 3 4 13 7 10 3 9 3 13 11 9 14 7 7 ,. ,_ _ _ > v12 6 5 15 13 3 3 22 7 2 1 11 14 6 3 22 6 2 2 42-31-st-3.,51..4..4._-1.1.-_-' 16 12 3 2 23 >2 6 2 13 11 2 3 16 11 4 5 22 9 ____-_ --___ 't-S ‘ einh ,r.i_,.‘_.;_-._--_.;..__- 12 7 13 5 3 17 4 9 4 20 3 2 3 12 10 3 4 20 6 4 5 ‘:1 <.~2.........._ ..... _- 7 13 6 9 13 6 12 12 12 14 5 6 2 17 12 13 1 15 15 20 1 ,; 15 15 19 5 9 16 13 4 15 11 5 11 19 11 4 15 11 13 _ v p , 12 19 9 ___..--_ 10 21 13 -__.--- 5 26 20 1 15 15 13 4 11 16 16 251314___-.....-.*..... ‘ 72. 133 169 139 96 100 169 143 121 121 124 95 30 142 143 14,1 107 123 133 140 - ._ v_ ER OF DAYS CLEAR, FAIR, CLOUDY, AND ON WHICH RAIN FELL AT ROSEBURQ—Conrmuxn. “1333. 1334 1335. 1886. 1337. . ,\ ' ' Number of days Number of days Number of days Number of days Number of days mourn. ' __ “f 33 3? . 59 . dd fie . . g} 3'3 . ,5;- Ee’ . .5- T53 . .51 3193 . :5? 23 ‘ 0 ‘ "4 6 ‘i I 6 DP 55553555213595233352525553 E5 in o o “ 6 54 o o “ o e. 5 o "‘ o e‘ o o ‘* o e, o o '7 5331111317 ;‘."..."..~...._....._ 6 I 9 16 19 9 10 12 10 3 12 16 16 4 12 15 20 2 9 20 25 1::n¢bmary-___._______.._. 12 9 7 7 7 12 10 13 2 3 13 21 5 12' 11 12 1 13 9 19 ., ,8-11'8 -..-_-...-------..--- 13 5 8, 7 3 15 13 16 12 16 3 4 10 9 12 13 5 12 14 12 3931-1 2 12 16 » 14 4 3 13 17 13 13 4 7 9 12 9 13 3 16 11 14 > p - ~ 9 15 7 9 10 16 5 6 11 3 12 12 10 11 10 5 3 15 3 13 ‘June m... _____ _-_.._____. 19 3 1 3 11 16 16 3 13 14 7 14 12 4 2 14 10 6 . 7 1.111113; _Y__'.~__‘_...'__._-_..__ 29 2 1 3 14 9 2 13 12 1 1 12 13 6 5 25 6 _____ __ 1 4311' ; t _-_.~.---...___;___. 23 3 1 21 10 ,,_.--___ 1 26 4 1 .... __ 20 10 1 _-_--- 23 3 ____ _- 2 asap-13121092, _..-..-........-_ 21 7 2 4 7 14 9 3 16 11 3 6 20 9 1 3 13 7 5 6 camber.- "__..._-_....---..- 5 9 17 17 9 17 5 9 14 12 5 5 7 13 11 19 17 11 3 5 ‘.Ncvémber __1_____~.____ 2 13 15 15 11 15 3 10 3 7 10 14 9 12 9 14 6 14 10 9 quest-1313,51.- _.___.. ____ _____'_ 7 11 13 12 2 11 1» 13 19 4 11 14 19 4 13 14 24 _____________________ __ Totals_.__.._..;;-...._--‘ 153 . 103 104 107 94 153 113 122 125 126 101 112 124 133 103 130 ________________ __ _____ mos'r DATA. __ BAN DON, COOS COUNTY. 3311331 ‘3434 and killing 363301 spring, and date of first light and "a ._ ‘ - 31031511311 at Roseburg: = . ' ; r35, 1 +7 +1 *3 e 333 99 .543 s»: it is 3..- 34 35 :. _~3§~1 34 .43- 93 49 53 33 3°4 3 ..»g.. ,9 ,n 3 . Em 3 3 P9 8”“ ‘H; . a: 8-90 7:: 84-5" .4 ,3» . 93 so 533 ~30 339 1193 @8§,.6§ 333 9% see 9% 325 5. 8° “"522 ‘5'54: .~~==°° 13° -~ :39 3144 -~ :1“ 1 ' a , Sept. 22 35 Oct. 29 30 31.5, May 17- 37 00:. 16 35 Oct. 24 29 32v "May ,3, 34 Oct. 16 35 Nov. 17 29 May 39.- 33- Sept 13 33.5 Oct. 15 29 vApr1127 86 Sept. 30 84.8 Oct. 13 25 May 19 NOV. 4 34 Nov. 11 25.5 May 14 .9 Oct. 15 35 Oct. 20 32 May. 4 35, Oct. 14 35.4 Nov 30 29.3 A r1119.‘ 33.4 Oct. 11 33.5 Nov. 11 4 32,5 ay v31 44 Sept. 27 35.3 Nov.v 2 30.4 May 10 33.4 Sept. 19 36.3 Oct. 23 27.4 ..y 10,.‘11337, did slight ‘damage to strawberries and ' -1 9th?! frosts [BY GEORGE BENNETT, ESQ., VOLUNTARY OBSERVER U. S. SIGNAL SERVICE] Bandon is situated in latitude 43° 7’; longitude 124° 24’; elevation, 55 feet above sea level. Observations taken at 6 A. 11., 12 M., and 6 P. 11., local time, It is bound on the north by the Coquille, a navigable river, on the east by an inland line, on the south by Curry county, on the west by the Pacific ocean.’ According to the meteorological records, extending over a period of near 14 years, the annual mean temperature at liandon is 50°.3, and for the sea- son, as follows: Spring—March to May, 49°.1; summer—June to August, 56°.4; autumn—September to November, 51°.S; winter—December to Feb- ruary. 45°.1. From this it will be seen that there are only 11 degrees be- tween our Winter and our summer, thus producing a uniformity of temper- ature very rarely to be met with. The average rainfall, according to seasons, is: spring, 14.57 inches; summer, 2.63 inches; autumn, 12.82 inches; winter‘ 31.78 inches. The heaviest rain is in J anuary, which averages 11.73 inches, and the lightest in August, which averages 0.49 inches. We have no killing frosts; they are all lighhdisappear at sunrise and seldom harden the ground. ‘Snow, for eight out of the 14 years we have been taking the records, not a single flake has fallen. 'l‘he heaviest snow we had was in 1880, when it was ,% inches in depth and did not disappear until 2 P. M. next day. Owing to 52 the uniformity of our temperature, the grass grows all the year round. From careful measurements of the growth of the principal native grasses here we find that it grows in winter 4.30 inches; spring, 7.28 inches; summer, 12.12 inches; autumn, 5.27 inches. An English grass did better. Our sheep, cat- tie, horses, etc., feed in the open air all the year round. We also grow the cereals as well as anywhere else. In our own garden, which is only about TEMPERATURE AT BANDON, RESO 019 088 017* £91888 01718488192478... ~ ~ 7 48;... if". _ *5 ~' 100981119 from the 0099.11, we grow 8801172555,; ,mnskpe, toes, 88.888488811888981. Fruit or 91118110898718 98992844091891 511289.‘ ‘growh‘erelinear-18.71615.~ 3 Y I‘; _ 1 ‘ The following tables will give more in *dewthemmegd 82881819817811 01187581915809: ‘ " i 7 COOS COUNTY. The following table gives the mean monthly temperature, its annual mean at thebpttom of the columns and the average of the monthly means in the extreme right hand column; also the monthly maximum and minimum temperature.~ By seasons the mean temperature is, spring, 49.1; summer, 56.4; autumn, 51.8; winter, 45.1. Mean annual temperature is 50°.4. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1888. 1884. 1888. 1888. 1887. g g g Q J 895 5?. MONTHS- . . . . . d . . ‘33, 33..., Cl . Fl 2 . - . $1 - . Fl - ~ . . ° 8 8.8 8 8.2 3 8.8 53 8.8 8 8.8 8 es 3 55' 5 8.8 55 8.5 s “8 :2 s 2 s. :8 s s .8 :8 s s s 9 s s s s s s s s 7 <4 I . January ______ _- 48.2 84 82 48.2 82 82 48.7 84 82 44.8 84 22 48.8 84 28 48.8 88 29 42.4 53 28 48.8 56 82 887.7 44.7 February ____ -- 42.0 82 80 81.4 60 84 42.8 84 27 40.9 80 19 40.1 ‘64 20 47.8 88 84 48.8 88 80 88.9 88 18 847.8 48.4 March _______ __ 43.6 52 32 49.6 66 31 44.5 58 28 49.4 67 39 45.7 58 32 48.8 66 29 41.5 55 28 47.9 74 35 372.0 46.5 April _________ __ 47.8 80 84 84.8 84 89 47.8 88 80 47.9 80 88 49.4 58 88 80.7 68 88 48.0 67 84 48.9- 60 41 891.8 49.0 May __________ __ 82.0 81 42 84.8 68 48 82.2 70 88 49.9 88 89 82.7 88 89 84.8 88 40 49.7 88 82 88.0 88 42 418.8 82.8 June _________ __ 88.8 66 48 87.4 88 80 57.8 68 44 53.9 69 38 55.5 68 46 54.8 71‘ 88 85.8170 47 54.1 67 48 444.1 55.5 July __________ .. 59.4 68 53 58.2 70 52 57.1 66 40 52.8 66 45 58.1 67 46 56.8 75 45 56.6 70 48 54.6 66 38 453.6 56.7 August _______ __ 88.9 70 80 80.9 72 48 89.2 78 48 84.9 88 48 88.0 70 48 88.8 89 44 84.4 71 40 88.1 89 48 488.9 87.0 September __.._.. 55.4 66 42 57.7 66 41 58.2 70 44 55.9 68 40 54.4 68 45 54.5 72 41 51.2 71 38 51.6 71 37 438.9 54.9 October ...... -_ 88.8 80 88 82.2 81 38 82.4 66 87 80.7 88 82 81.0 61 88 80.2 71 88 47.0 82 22 80.8 84 89 407.8 80.9 November ___-_ 47.5 60 22 47.9 59 30 48.0 58 27 47.2 60 28 50.1 61 29 47.7 60 32 43.3 59 26 47.6 63 28 379.3 47.4 December ____ __ 49.8 80 82 48.8 80 80 49.1 88 82 44.9 82 82 48.8 88 21 48.9 89 84 48.4 87 82 _____ -_-_ _-_- 880.0 47.1 Averages_____ 80.8 _-__ -___ 88.8 ____ _-__ 51.0 -___ III 49.4 -___ --.. 50.5 -... _--- 49.9 -__- _._. 48.2 _.._ __._ __-.. ____ -._- ____ __ 80.4 TABLE OF PRECIPITATION AT BANDON, 0008 COUNTY. Kind of rain-gauge used, a glass vessel as broad at the bottom as at the top. 8. MONTHS, 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1888. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. . § 9» 84 January 14.89 10.10 18.65 14.21 8.41 8.97 4.80 8.82 18.72 18.28 11.88 February 14.29 10.88 8.80 17.82 10.18 8.82 9.72 12.42 8.88 8.17 9.84 March 10.80 18.80 8.88 4.81 2.98 4.98 8.29 .88 8.81 7.70 8.49 April 2.30 3.78 9.68 1.84 6.67 9.84 8.98 .97 4.89 8.47 4.88 May 8.29 7.79 8.48 1.79 4.80 2.88 .48 2.10 1.00 8.11 8.19 June .28 1.20 2.00 8.11 .14 .12 1.22 1.78 .81 .47 1.88 My 1.90 1.29 .24 .91 .16 ____ __ 1.04 ____ _- 1.85 .18 .78 Angus, 1.18 2.18 .88 .89 .20 ____ _- .40 .20 .19 .80 .49 September 2.25 2.97 .56 2.51 1.60 2.13 5.12 2.32 .49 1.15 2.11 October 4.84 8.22 1.16 7.18 8.98 8.88 8.12 2.48 8.87 1.44 4.41 November 8.94 7.78 .79 8.82 4.10 8.20 8.98 18.21 2.27 ____ __ 8.88 December 4.98 12.47 18.98 11.80 14.10 7.88 18.88 18.27 11.97 ____ __ 11.11 Total 8881.81 88.82 81.87 88.82 78.22 89.10 48.48 82.12 80.29 84.20 ____._ 82.81 Average annual precipitation, 62.31 inches. PRECIPITATION BY SEASONS AT BANDON. The following table gives the total annual precipitation, the total by sea- sons; also the average annual and average seasonal precipitation: TOTAL SPRING. sunrise. AUTUMN. WINTER. YEARS. ANNUAL. Man—May. June-Aug. Sept-Nov. Dec.-Feb’y. ____ _. 66.32 15.37 3.31 13.83 1878-1879 25.61 .... ..- 81.57 27.70 4.65 16.92 1879-1880 37.15 1880__..-_- 65.52 21.49 2.93 2.51 1880—1881 45.98 1881 ____ ..- 73.22 7.44 7.71 14.96 1881-1882 29.67 1882 ____ -_ 59.10 13.68 0.32 12.59 1882-1883 26.50 1883-...-- 48.45 17.15 0.12 10.86 1683-1834 22.15 1861.---" 52.12 9.68 2.30 12.17 1884-1880 32.89 1885---..- 60.29 3.70 1.80 22.98 ‘ 18235-1886 32.64 1886 54.20 11.50 2.55 8.63 18236-1887 33.42 1887 ________ _- 18.65 0.67 ____ __ Average; 62.31 14.57 2.63 12.82 ......... ....- 31.78 SN OW-FALL AT BANDON. Dates and amount of snow-fall at Bandon, amount in inches and tenths, not melted: 1874, January 22d, 0.75 inch; March 1st, 0.79 inch. 1876, March 8th, 0.60 inch; March 9th, 0.40 inch; March 10th, 0.40 inch. 1879, March 4th, 0.30 inch; March 20th, 0.25 inch; March 226, 1.20 inch. 1880, January 27th, 1.28 inch; ‘February 11th, 1.50 inch; February 16th, 0.78 inch; February 18th, 1.75 inch; March 28th, 0.40 inch. 1883, February lst, 0.15 inch. 1887, January 27th, 0.30 inch. There‘was no snow-fall in the years 1878, 1877, 1878,1881,1882,1884,1888 1888. None of the above amounts remained on the ground for a greater period of time than~26 hours. ' \ 4.11%.; ESWJQ1A 8886815881858; 8612811861 last light and killing and am of first light and fieWhfifittBt oftall at Bandage; “ .- _ 1PM,» ~.. T, u '- L,¢ , "411 ‘i l 4 18388668488. or’. e‘ cane 0N.-- 01.1111 Ta 53 4 -~,».-n ASHLAND, JACKSON COUNTY. [DATA PBEPAEED FROM ennui. SERVICE mtconns BY r. NEWMAN, BEBGBANT - SIGNAL comes m CHABGEJ Latitude, 42° 12'; longitude 122° 28’; elevation, 1940 feet. . , The Rogue River valley has a wide-spread reputation for its climate. Ashlandis situated in the southern part of the valley, of which it IS the largest and one of the most important places. The iuquirer may observe “ ‘p ‘ a a“ $3 for himself from the iollowin tables whether this regutationfor delightful _ - ~ L g '5 kg‘ , ca climate is or is not verified. he general climatic c aractenstics are here . ‘5,3 ‘ I g gr! 8.... :3 1:1.‘,.. represented in the following tables: " a u s g e e “a a g "‘ fig“ ANNUAL WEATHER REVIEW FOB ASHLAND. Yams § 9* 3 a 85g 5% 3E‘; 2; 3 83 ‘ m '5 ' “m a ‘4'3 Tag gage ‘8% at?“ '52 ‘5'2’ 21;“ 1884. 1885. 1886. *1887. 8 e 5 .8 ‘5 g-e 8 8 a 35, s "e "a 2% as A a - :1 d 82 g a. 9 2“? at’ 2“: mg 53 Average femperage 54.5 55.3 53.2 53.3 ' IH‘gghest temperature 1213.8 . Wes temperature . . 7. . £77: ‘m '""""""' "'“""‘" 112%] z 432 gag’, 2; 23 Range of temperature 96.0 84.0 82.0 87.0 1376 """" A3,. 5 38 Oct ' 20 42 """""' """""" Greatest monthly range of temperature ____--_-_ 62.0 62.0 65.0 74.0 1877 """' " a 18 46 Se 1; 21 40 "'_""" ""m' Least monthly range of temperature __________ __ 30.0 34.0 39.0 31.0 1378 """ A I? 14 36 00% ‘ 16 38 """ "" “""m Average maximum temperature--_-_--___-_..-_-- 68.5 69.9 66.1 67.8 1879 """' """‘"""" """’""' Apr‘ 16 40 Se 1; m 44 """"'l """‘"" Average minimum tem erature _____________ .. 40.5 40.7 40.2 39.3 1380 """ ""7"" ““““ "' Apr’ 18 34 Sept‘ 19 48 """ "' """'"" Prevailing direction oft e winds W. W. W. W. 1881 7“ a ' 48 Sept’ 9 52 ""m """"' Total precipitation 15.69 28.73 21.32 16.49 1882 "" """""""" "' May 12 38 Sept‘ 28 44 """"“ "'“‘" Total number of days on which rain fell_____..- 100 114 116 106 1833 "'” """ "" ""”" Mag 19 40 Celt) ' 18 38 “""m mm“ Total number of thunder storms _______________ .. 4 2 3 2 1884 "'" """"""" " A ' 4 36 N0‘; 18 33 """‘” ‘‘‘ " Total No. days on which li ht frost occurred____ 11 12 8 16 1885 ""'" """"" ''' ""' AP? 18 36 Nov‘ 10 32 “'"‘” ""”'" Total No. days on which ki ling frost occurred“ 27 29 46 26 ‘MI-I‘ ______ ‘"- mum-m“ Apr. Oct‘. ‘mu-‘"- _____ _- N0. days temperature was above 900- 2O 1887 :: III: 3:: M3,; 11 46 Sept. 12 38 :13: :23: Ne- eere mimmem eempeeeeeee wee belew 32"» He 51 74 7e 9 December, 1887, not included. TEMPERATURE AT ASHLAND. The following table gives the mean monthly temperature, its annual means at the bottom of the columns and the average monthly means in the eatreme right hand column; also the monthly maximum and minimum temperature. q 65 g 65 1884.. 1885. 1886. 1887. g g g 5 a? a? 110mm. - _ - - _ 1 ‘e o. r... n. * 5 8 a 8 5 5 '1 .e' :1 e ‘58 f8 2 2 s s s 2 2 2 , 2 z 2 a 53'“ 2* January 40.8 54 25 40.9 66 19 I 88.8 58 17 40.0 59 22 150.5 37.6 February ....... 38.6 70 12 46.2 69 22 46.2 71 26 33.0 69 12 164.0 41.0 March 45.4 70 20 52.4 79 25 43.7 72 24 49.3 80 25 190.8 47.7 A ril 46.2 64 26 54.4 84 25 49.1 77 29 49.0 83 25 198.7 49.7 ay 69.8 93 33 59.8 93 32 58.8 90 25 57.8 101 27 246.2 61.6 June 74.4 91 60 60.7 88 36 64.8 94 41 61.7 103 38 261.6 65.4 July 75.4 100 42 71.5 103 45 69.7 99 43 68.8 103 38 285.4 71.4 August ‘ 73.4 106 44 69.3 98 42 69.3 97 45 66.5 94 40 278.5 69.6 sepmmbm- 58.0 90 34 61.9 90 34 63.1 98 35 61.5 94 34 244.5 61.1 October 50.4 80 23 57.2 93 31 50.7 83 28 55.6 87 28 213.9 53.5 November 44.6 78 22 46.8 66 29 40.8 69 18 43.6 78 16 175.8 44.0 December 37.0 58 10 42.6 60 26 43.0 63 24 ________________ __ 122.6 40.9 ' sums 654.0 __..__- _.._-- 663.7 _________ __ 638.0 ____________________________________ .._ 643.5 Annual averages 64.5 _....-- -......- 55.3 ........- ___..-_ 53.2 ______________ .. _._.... ......_.. ........_..--.. 53.6 t W AVERAGE ANNUAL AND SEASONAL TEMPERATURE AT TABLE OF PRECIPITATION AT ASHLAND. ASHLAND‘ Kind of Rain-gauge used, Signal Service Standard. The following table gives the average temperature for each year; also the average temperature by seasons. Self-registering maximum and minimum YEAR. 3 thermometer used and observed at 12 M. and 7 P. 111., local time. Ther- mom on- E’ mometer 38 feet above the ground. 1884_ 1885. 1886 1887 5 ‘,2 ' ' to <2 AVERAGE SPRING. SUMMER. AUTUMN. WINTER. %?é%‘r1§gy 1:22 21%? ‘£83 3:3? 13:21.: 23‘; ms- mNUAL Mar Ma J A Se FNOV Dec _Feb March 1.32 .01 1.43 .99 3.75 .94 . . y. une- ug- P - ‘ ' April 1.24 1.52 2.63 3.39 8.78 2.15 May _____ .56 3.74 1.19 1.15 6.64 1.66 June .24 2.40 .72 .74 4.10 1.02 1884 ____ .__ 54.5 53.8 74.4 51.0 1884-1885 41.4 July .27 .02 1.69 .33 2.31 .58 1885..-“..- 55.3 55.5 67.2 55.3 1885-1886 42.5 August ________________ .._ .04 ,04 .01 1886"...“ 53.2 50.5 67.9 51.5 1886-1887 38.7 September 2.28 1.18 ____ __ ,66 4,12 103 1 ___.__1 _______ _._ 52.0 65.7 58.6 _________ -- _-__-_ October 1.64 1.53 1.65 .56 5.38 1,35 November .07 8.02 1.08 .94 10.11 2.53 Sums-..» 163.0 211.8 275.2 211.4 _________ _- 122.6 December 597 3.32 4.66 .....____ 13.95 4.65 Averagesi 54.8 53.0 68.8 52.8 .-_--..._-_--_ 40.9 Total annual 15.69 28.73 21.32 ____..... 65.74 21.91 1w “"14 54 PREcIPITATroN BY sEAsoNs AT AsnLANn' The following table gives the total annual precipitation, the total by sea- sons, also the average annual and average seasonal precipitation: YEARS ro'rAI. sPRINo. srnmER. AUTUMN. WINTER. ' ANNUAL Man-May. June—Aug. Sept-Nov. Dec-Feb. 1884 .... _. 15.69 3.12 .51 3.99 1884-1885 12.96 i 1885 ____ -._ 28.73 5.27 2.42 10.73 1885-1886 9.59 1886 .... __ 21.32 5.25 2.41 2.73 1886-1887 12.35 1887 ______________ __ 5.53 1.11 2.16 ................ __ Sums-_-- 65.74 19.17 6.45 19.61 .......... -- 84.90 Averages 21.91 4.79 1.61 4.90 .......... .._ 11.63 FROST DATA. Date of last light and killing frost of spring, and date of first light and kill- ing frost of fall at Ashland: a 38 85 8% 3 83 53 5: 53 8G 8: 88 55 88 is 538 32 83 86 83 as 838 p8 ass as 356 $8 38“ "8 858 w w "aw-r "3 "-1 ‘'1 .._. m m "4:: YEARS. 7.8. at!“ 66”’ 54-10 i3" .80 Ht‘ 8+5 e- 5 as t: a... 5 ‘=3 p as as p ‘kl '5 63 C1 38 .385 gs .3 “g, 3% .8 8g, 3% .5 85.‘ an 258 as £3: :5 53: as 533 Q E Q a Q 2 Q E 1884 Feb. 12 12 Mar. 14 32 Oct. 3 23 061.. 16 80 1885 April2l 28 Mar. 22 31 063. 10 32 Oct. 11 31 1886 --_- May 1 25 Apr. 19 32 Oct. 6 34 Oct. 11 29 1887 -_-- Mar. 20 31 May 12 27 Sept. 12 36 Oct. 16 31 RESO UR 0178 OF GREG QN.-- 01.1114 ~ 6 6 » 817:“ 4“ 6i: 5 w k‘: $1753,“ 229'» :12: “ "Q11 a ‘'5 I'H’fu F’? ‘ Lssnrwnswyinsrns oonnagtcfi»e . ‘ uflxl'wjfari’ 4% E‘. t‘ a‘ .. [BY 11. o. Trroitrson, onssavsa sreNAI. salmon, 115.8: 4.1 A‘? ‘I. . g g: ,. Latitude 40° 12'; longitude 120° 12'; elevation 4850 feet. 7 Q 2;, .35 r J’ L a , a»... Lakeview is situated in the extreme southern part of Oregon, at 113. head; of Goose lake; it is the county seat of Lake county and has a populationiofiti about 800. The climate is noted for its mild, short winters and 1616661 saw’ - mer nights. Malaria, ague, chills and fever are unknown here. Steels; . raising, which formerly was the chief industry of the surrounding country,‘ is gradually giving way to agricultural pursuits. Grain, vegetables and mm of all kinds can be raised in abundance with irrigation. There isstill some Government land in this region, which can be obtained at the United States land oflice at this place. Lakeview is the business center of a large section of count ; has a good newspaper, excellent schools churches and a telegraph ofiice; as mail route running south to Bedding, Oalifornia; west to Ashland, Oregon and north to Sumner lake. The following tables W111 give the general meteorological conditions: ANNUAL WEATHER REVIEW FOR LAKEVIEW. “ '7; 1* J: {55. \- 1% i Y‘ ‘in ‘a 1884. 1885. 1886. *1887. Average temperature 43.7 50.1 47.4 _____ Highest temperature 90.0 101.0 95.0 92.0 Lowest temperature —22.0 5.0 —2.5 ~6.0 Range of temperature 112.0 96.0 97.5, 98.0 Greatest monthly range of temperature ______ .._ 72.5 68.2 65.0 61.5 Least monthly range of temperature __________ -- 35.0 28.0 36.5 38.5 Average maximum temperature ___________ _- 56.0 63.0 60.7 --_.-- Avera e minimum temperature _-q-..__.._...._-____ 32.2 37.2 84.2 --_-.. Prevai ing direction of the winds ___________ .._ W.—N. SW. S. Total precipitation 25.88 17.85 13.71 .._--- Total number of clear days 176 156 160 126 Total number oi fair days 82 17 49 45 Total number of cloudy days 93 97 138 133 Total No. of days on which rain fell ___-.____-_-. 48 49 72 36 Total No. of snow storms 25 52 42 Total No. days light frost 40 32- 41 40 Total No. days killing frost 117 48 109 81 No. of days max. temp. was above 90° _......__....-_ _____ ... 23 6 4 No. of days mm. temp. was below 32° _____ -. 151 74 138 81 a Not includin December, 1887. Figures prece ed by a minus (--) sign, indicate below zero, Fahrenheit. TEMPERATURE AT LAKEVIEW, LAKE COUNTY. The following table gives the mean monthly temperature, its annual mean at the foot of the columns and the average monthly means in the extreme right hand column; also the monthly maximum and minimum temperature: I a Q . o 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 3 g g g 5.2 g? MONTHS. - - _ - _ ‘ ‘ e a Q, s a d s 9 d s g a g g, g as 38 Q Q "-1 Q) 05 *4 0 ‘H 6 5 c) P q) E E E E E El 51 El 2 E! 2 H 665'" <51 January 28.9 39.0 -2.0 31.1 50.0 8.2 32.0 57.0 -2.5 81.0 51.0 2.5 123.0 30.8 February 21.9 48.0 -22.0 38.3 50.0 22.0 44.0 72.0 21.0 22.8 48.0 -6.0 127.1 31.8 March 34.0 50.0 15.0 46.3 66.0 25.0 35.6 73.0 14.0 42.4 64.5 26.0 158.3 89.8 A ril 41.0 63.0 19.5 48.2 76.0 19.0 43.6 74.0 24.0 42.8 76.0 18.5 175.6 43.9 L ay 49.8 75.5 25.0 51.6 83.0 26.5 53.9 82.5 21.5 52.1 92.5 34.0 207.4 51.8 June - 57.4 81.0 33.0 .... __ .. _________ -_ 58.7 89.5 31.5 57.9 92.5 31,0 174_() 5&0 July -__-_ 65.8 86.5 38.5 69.1 97.0 40.0 65.4 95.0 30.0 66.8 93.0 42.0 267.1 66.8 August 63.5 90.0 37.5 71.0 101.0 46.2 64.3 92.0 24.0 65.8 89.5 41.0 264.6 66.2 September 47.8 76.5 29.5 61.2 96.0 31.0 58.9 87.5 28.0 ________________ __ mm 593 October 45.0 70.1 23.0 57.8 95.2 27.0 44.4 75.0 20.5 50.4 76.0 25.0 197.6 49.4 November 40.8 65.0 24.5 40.3 71.0 21.5 34.8 63.0 12.0 38.4 74.0 12.0 153.8 88.4 December 28.0 59.5 -13.0 36.7 56.0 5.0 37.4 53.0 16.5 _______________ ___ 102,1 34‘0 Sums 523.9 .... .. .._... *572.6 __________ .._ 551.6 ............... -._ _ 5703 Annual averages 43.7 .... .._ --_--- *50.1 .......... .._ 47.4 .... .._ - ______. 47‘5 NOTE—Figures preceded by the minus (-) sign indicate below zero. " 11 months. AVERAGE ANNUAL AND SEASONAL TEMPERATURE. TABLE OF PRECIPITATION AT LAKEVIEW- The following table gives the avehragie teniptelraturie for eifich year; ealsgat‘llig o :1, mean tom craturc by seasons; at t 6 hot 0 e co umn e averag _ _ and 3.0.3748 seasonal temperature. Self regulating maximum and, min- MONTHS. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. a 3-; ‘a imum thermometer used and observed at sunset. m 5;‘ Janua 2.70 2.86 3.15 2.1 . 2. AVERAGE sPRINo. SUMMER. AUTUMN. WINTER. Febmgy X249 266 1.26 Mg 1222 2&2 YEARS" . . March 4.12 0.20 0.95 . .3 1.58 ANNUAL. Man-May. J une—Aug. Sept-hey. Dec-Feb y. Ami] 2.35 0.92 1.32 1.60 May 1.05 1.47 0.97 1.05 4.54 1.14 June 6.53 ____ _- 1,02 1.38 8.93 2.23 1884 ____ -- 43.7 41.9 62.2 44.5 1884-1885 32.5 July 0.60 0.25 0.11 0,30 1,26 032 1885 .... -._ 50.1 48.7 70.0 53.1 1885-1986 37.6 August 1.19 0,43 ____ ___ 0.54 2.16 054, 1886 .... -_ 47.4 44.4 62.8 54.9 1886—1887 30.4 September 1.92 0.02 ____ __ 0,09 2.03 0.51 1887 .............. _- 45.8 63.5 44.4 _________________ -. October 1.63 0.32 1,15 0,01 . 3,11 073 November 0.02 6.57 0.65 0.32 7.56 1.89 Sums --_- 141.2 180.8 258.5 187.9 .......... _- 100.5 December 1.28 2,15 3,13 ____ __ 556 119 Averages 47.1 45.2 64.6 47.0 .._. ....... .. 33.5 Total annual Q 25.88 17.85 13.71 18.98. 6 55 4v’ 7 i 0 j‘ i . T > 4 . '. , 1.345.?‘ sfisous‘ ' “ ’ 1 ' I ~ - . ,- , table a, , ,;;.ssrnusl precipitatation, the total by . i; ‘also the average} j *hgggrerage seasonal precipitation: gféjgijs ‘p.79 I ‘ . - A, w‘ 7.512121“? . ‘7:‘);f;1,_¢7:’, . I . T5???’ E r; ‘7,3- 7 Jr ,__-v 7- ' - ._ "10011141 4 A: ‘ ~. h . ' norm. wrnrna. ‘1 Z t v‘ .119,‘ ,, Mai/43513.03’: ‘ w ' ' ‘ “11W. ‘)_ w M septo.Nw| Decfl'Feb- ' 0 -: 11. ‘if; 10044442,; 258050 ‘7.102: 0.02 . 8.57 1884-1885 0.00 new, 5.7 4050 .08 0.01 1005- 0.50 07580413242. 13.71 .1 '» .01. 1.13 1.80 1886-1887 7.51 "' x3, > 2.22 p ' .42 ....... .....:=. .... .. isms .1... a‘ 50100,- '17.% 12.05 12.70 T 20.07 104400. ~' 10:08:" f ‘ ‘4.02 0.00 3.18 _._.._......_.~ 0770 .;_ .~ rRosT DATA. . .0. 7- _ . 10.11010. 01' last light and killing frost of spring, and date or first. light and flan-ing frost of ran at Laketiew: m l +3 éa “ éo-i an 46 s éfi 3 0.? 5f 05 5. 35 F3 ‘ 96H 2? ' $3005 3:: Qua. :: gb” 90H :0 E“ s 3.4 3‘ s q, ..s s o a :1 s Q .1 4:‘5-4 '51: 88+; E0 3843. YEARS- 33‘ 3-50: ~90‘ ‘5:453 15 5-33 E51‘ 15-50: 33 an“ 33 gas 33 gs 33 “g3 on egg on “03 33 £03 83 fig: 70° .59‘: so 52g 130 .5500 as 5:: a“ 2*“ a“ S“ a“ 2“: a“ 2”“ - p _ I 1,384 _-...‘ May 5 25.0 April 30 31.0 Sept. 5 32.0 Oct. 3 20.5 1885 ,___- May 28 20.5 May 15 31.0 Sept. 13 32.0 Oct. 10 27.0 1880 ........ May 1 21.5 May 9 32.0 Sept. 23 31.0 Oct. 12 25.5 ‘ 1887* --_.. May- 12 20.5 May 9 30.5 Oct. 8 31.5 Oct. 16 25.0 LINKVI‘LLE, KLAMATH COUNTY. [BY 0. n. BUTLER, osssnvsn SIGNAL ssnvrcn u. s. 1.] Linkville is the county 00 at of Klamath county; an inland town of over 600 inhabitants; located on Link river, in latitude 42° 14’, longitude 120° 40'; elevation 4100. The site of this 111.110 city is on both sides of Link river- This is a small stream 1% miles in length, connecting Upper and Lower Klamath lakes; the width averages about 310 feet, with a depth of three feet- In its short length the fall is 64 feet, forming a water power of immense advantages, which at present is not utilized, but in years to come as the county is settled will be utilized for milling purposes to an extent little thought of now. To the south and east many thousand acres of rich land attract the eye, which is well adapted for the raising of all kinds of grain and vegetables. Wheat grown on this land cannot be excelled in any part . 01017200014011.7144 TE. ~ 0100 United States. At the “World's 1011-" at New 01104710 in 1004, it took the premium, thus illustrating the qualities it must possess. Vegetables are raised in abundance. Fruit culture is yet in its infancy, but the indications are such as to give great encouragement to this latter industry. It is but a question of time until apples, peaches, pears, plums and an endless variety of small fruit will be grown in this section. Proof of the adaptability of the climate to fruit culture is readily seen from the fact that the wild'plum which grow in abundance has a flavor which can hardly be excelled by those cultivated for years. The climate of the country, especially that of the valleys, will be interest- ing to those seeking homes; it is similar in all the valleys and that of Link- ville can be taken for an example. This region having an elevation of 4200 feet, is subject to the modifying influences of the Pacific ocean. The winters are neither long nor severe; the thermometer seldom going below zero and then only for a short time, not more than two or three days, when the tem- perature rises. The snow fall is slight and does not remain on the ground long. During a period of 12 years the snow has once fallen to a depth of two feet and remaine d on the ground for 12 weeks. The average snow fall dur- ing the year is six inche s. Cattle and horses running on the ranges during the hardest winters, uncared for, survived and did well. The summers are, as a rule, dry, but notso intensely warm; the thermometer never rising to 98°. The nights, like other places in Oregon, are cool. Thunder storms are rare. On account of the annual rain fall being small, irrigating ditches have been constructed at a comparatively small expense, which supplies 30,000 acres oi land with abundant water. Summer frosts occur occasionally, but they do little or no damage, except to crops on low, damp ground. Taking the country as a whole, with its advantages and disadvantages, everything points to the fact that the country and climate are adapted to the growth of all the products of the north temperate zone. The following gives a tabular statement of the climate: ANNUAL WEATHER REVIEW. 1884. 1885. 1886. *1887. Average temperature ......... .. 44.5 50.6 49.0 49.8 Highest temperature_-..-...-..-__-- 93.0 95.0 94.3 95.3 Lowest temperature__..___.._---_--_ -2.7 12.0 —4.0 ‘1.0 Range of temperature ......... __ 95.7 83.0 93.3 96.3 Greatest monthly range ________ -_ 60.0 53.0 60.4 68.6 Least monthly range ____________ __ 38.0 30.0 33.5 41.6 Average maximum temperature_- 57.7 63.0 61.5 62.9 Average minimum temperature": 31.3 39.3 30.7 30.7 Prevailing direction of wind ____ --i SW. SW. N W. NN W. Total precipitation 13.95 16.55 18.06 8.91 No. of days on which rain fell__._ 84 59 105 73 N0. of snow storms 32 No. of thunder storms 3 6 No. of days of light frost ' 4 42 No. of days of killing frosts ____ __ 5 01 No. of days maximum temperature was above 90° _________________ -_ 1 5 4 4 No. of days minimum temperature was below 32° _________________ -- 137 98 106 102 *Up to December 1, 1887. TEMPERATURE AT LINKVILLE, KLAMATH COUNTY. ‘The following table gives the mean monthly temperature, its annual mean at the bottom of the columns, and the average monthly mean in the extreme right hand column; also the monthly maximum and minimum temperature : r: 05 45 ~ 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. g g 5; MONTHS fig - a - . s . . s - . s - . 0 o. a 3. g s g g 0 s s s .5 s s s 5 g P. g \ a as a s s ‘L s s s w... a, ; January ~ 20.0 45.0 1.0 33.7 51.0 12.0 00.7 54.0 4.0 38.7 57.0 10.0 101.7 02.0 ls‘ebruary 20.2 52.0 -2.7 07.0 57.0 21.0 40.0 00.0 23.0 20.0 54.1 -1.0 104.2 00.0 . _ 00.080 07.1 00.0 15.0 47.3 70.0 20.0 08.0 00.3 20.0 45.7 72.4 20.0 100.1 42.0 A 141 42.0 00.0 10.0 52.7 00.0 00.0 46.8 00.4 24.0 40.7 70.4 00.5 188.2 47.0 1 an 53.7 80.0 24.0 55.5 05.0 00.0 55.4 04.1 23.7 55.1 02.0 04.0 010.7 54.0 ‘ ~Jrmn 55.5 00.0 05.0 57.0 02.0 04.0 00.8 00.1 07.0 57.0 00.0 04.0 231.5 07.0 , gum 01.2 88.0 88.0 71.0 05.0 40.0 04.4 04.0 30.0 00.0 00.0 0.20 200.4 05.0 _, 'August ,» 05.0 00.0 30.0 70.0 00.0 44.0 05.4 04.1 41.0 00.0 00.0 01.7 204.2 00.0 Bgpggmher 48.8 70.0 43.0 55.0 70.0 02.5 57.1 85.0 00.4 50.0 2:.1 220.0 55.0 gaQctober. 43.0 01.0 22.0 51.0 70.0 24.0 40.0 77.1 20.0 00.2 00.0 21.0 101.0 40.0 " 1300mm» 42.3 05.0 10.0 00.0 00.0 20.0 07.0 00.4 20.0 00.0 00.2 0.0 157.5 00.4 A \Deqember 20.4 51.0 3.0 05.4 50.0 10.0 41.3 07.7 24.2 ____ .......... __ 100.1 00.4 11171511313 533.0 007.8 __________ -- 507.4 .......... _- *5477 __________ __ I; averages 44.5 ___________ . 50.6 -.._...... .... -.. 49-0 ---------- -- *49-8 193.9 48.5 preceded lit the minus (-) sign indicate below zero. ,\ ' "WI-.‘LJLEYZ-‘r 3;.‘ 1 f v 1 M ‘For 11 months. 56 AVERAGE ANNUAL AND SEASONAL TEMPERATURE. The following table gives the average temperature for each year; also the average temperature by seasons, the average annual and average seasonal temperature at foot of column: MEAN SPRING. SUMMER. AUTUMN. WINTER. ‘YEARS. ANNUAL. \Maia—May. June-Aug. Sept-Nov. Dec.-Feb’y. 1884 ____ __ 44.5 ‘ 44.3 60.6 45.0 1884—1885 33.4 1885 ____ -_ 50.6 51.8 66.6 48.8 1885-1886 36.4 1886 .... __ 49.0 \ 46.7 63.5 47.2 1886—1887 36.0 1887 ____ _- 49.8 I 49.2 62.4 43.3 ________________ _- Sums _.1_ 193.9 192.0 253.1 189.8 __________ -_ 105.8 Averages 48.5 48.0 63.3 47.4 __________ ._ 35.3 TABLE OF PRECIPITATION AT LIN KVILLE. Standard signal service gauge used. moN'rns. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1337. a g ‘g 3 its January 0.50 2.23 5.31 2.18 10.22 2.56 February 2.15 2.33 1.21 1.47 7.16 1.79 March - 3.13 0.61 1.53 0.49 5.76 1.44 April 2.43 2.85 1.50 1.59 8.37 2.09 May 1.72 1.66 1.37 0.54 5.29 1.32 June 2.27 ____ __ 1.18 0.94 4.39 1.10 July 0.28 ____ __ 1.53 0.51 2.30 0.58 August ________________ _- 0.42 0.42 0.10 September 0.58 __________ -_ 0.05 0.63 0.16 October _____ 1.77 0.76 1.50 ____ _- 4.06 1.02 November 0.15 3.76 0.65 0.72 5.28 1.32 December 3.97 2.35 2.27 ____ __ 8.59 2.86 Total annual 18.95 16.55 18.06 ____ -- 53.56 17.85 PRECIPITATION BY SEASONS AT LINKVILLE. The following table gives the total annual precipitation, the total by sea sons, at the foot of the column the average annual and average seasonal precipitation: ToTAL SPRING. SUMMER. AUTUMN. WINTER. YEAPs. ANNUAL. Man-May. June-Aug. Sept-Nov. Dec.—Feb’y. 1834 ____ __ 18.95 7.28 2.55 2.50 1884—1885 8.53 1885 ____ __ 16.55 5.12 __________ -- 4.52 1885—1886 8.87 1836 ____ .. 18.06 4.40 2.69 2.18 1886—1887 5.92 1887 ______________ __ 2.62 1.87 0.77 T Sums ____ 53.56 19.42 7.11 9.97 __________ __ 23,32 Averages 17.85 4.86 1.78 2.49 .......... .. 7.77 ‘REIS'O URGES OF OREGONe—CHJIMA T E. A racer DATA. 1 Date of 1m light and killing frost of spring, and damn! mum and mu- ing frost of fall at Linkville: ‘ s’ v i l ’ A“ e “ a e i” as s 14 w it a ' Desi-1 I? ' 96H .51" ' a-v - 9° 0 9° o e o .g o as M as 51> as 5» 7.. 6%: mm as gas fie ass 5s ass .Es as... "56 as“ “as me “as... are 46 “a; Q13 woig of‘; 502 Q}; . QB g.»- s° 595 8° .95.“ as figs» eg 595 a“ E" a“ 2 n a“ H T a a“: 1886 ____ Mar. 19 21.9 July 1 36.9 _. ____________ _- Oct. 11 92.0 1887 --_- June 26 33.5 May 17 31.8 _....-._- __--..--- Aug. so 31.7 No record of frosts in 1884 and 1885. The light frost of July 1, 1886, damaged vegetables and grain slightly, re- tarding their growth for a few days. The killing frost of June 26, 1887, caused great damage to vegetables and injured grain slightly. Vegetables were in some cases almost entirely destroyed. ' The killing frost of October 11, 1387, destroyed all vegetables not harvested, but occurring so late that but slight damage was done. FORT KLAMATH, KLAMATH COUNTY. I [BY e. n. wrLLsoN, SERGEANT sIeNAL coma] Fort Klamath is situated in latitude 42° 39 4", longitude 44° 40’, elevation 4200. The main features of the climate of this place are the warm summer days and cold nights, heavy frost occurring every month of the year, the occasional extremes of cold in winter, the light rain fall and at times heavy snow fall. The highest tem erature observed in the past four years was 94°; the lowest 34° below zero. ' he winters are generall short, though at times very severe. Rain fall is very light in summer, an only at great intervals is it heavy in any month of the year. The high altitude giues it a healthy and invigorating climate. Tables covering a period of near four years are herewith appended that wlll give the climate more in detail. ANNUAL WEATHER REVIEW FOR Four KLAMATH. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. Average temperature 4 .9 44.3 43.2 ____ __ Highest temperature 93.0 94.0 93.0 ____ _. Lowest temperature —34.0 2.0 -15.0 ____ __ Range of temperature 127.0 92.0 108.0 ____ .._. Greatest monthly range 84.0 66.0 68.0 ____ __ Least monthly range temperature __...---------- 47.0 37.0 36.0 ____ __ Average maximum temperature ______________ .._ 58.5 58.3 57.8 ____ __ Average minimum temperatu_rs______-_-__-_.._.. 25.3 30.3 27.9 ____ __ Prevailing direction of the winds ------------- .._ W W W. ..... .. Total precipitation 17.64 22.61 27.08 .... .. Total number clear days 100 143 145 .... -- Total number fair days 91 60 94 --_.-- Total number cloudy days 61 96 117 ____ .._ Total number foggy days ____ __ 8 8 ____ .._ Total number days rain fell 36 79 67 A“..- Total number days snow Storm , 38 47 .... __ No. days maximum temperature was above 90°- 4 2 3 ____ __ No. days minimum temperature was below 32°. 157 166 203 .... __ TEMPERATURE AT FORT KLAMATH. The following table gives the mean monthly temperature, its annual mean at the bottom of the column, and the average monthly mean in the extreme right hand column; also the maximum and minimum temperature: 0 05 1884. 1385. 1886. 1887. g a 3' 5 E a g3 . . . . 6-1 3 H noNTns. a _ _ g N g N a _ d O a‘ g a a <1) 63 g 0 d g n-i g as, P a s E E 2 El 2 E E E 2 51 mg.‘ 45.. January 22.0 51.0 -—9.0 28.2 48.0 2.0 27.1 51.0 —-15.0 31.3 49.0 -3,0 1085 272 February 20.8 50.0 -34.0 34. 9 50.0 13.0 38. 2 59.0 16.0 ‘19.0 40.0 —15.0 112.9 28.2 March ________________ __ 43.8 68.0 19.0 33.8 64.0 11.0 88.3 61.0 15.0 115.9 33.6 A In ________________ __ 44.3 71.0 15.0 40.3 67.0 19.0 41.9 74.0 18.0 127.0 511,7 ay_ _ 51.9 81.0 27.0 50.8 83.0 20.0 50.0 81.0 13.0 48.6 89.0 14.0 201.8 50.3 JrmP 57.1 86.0 26.0 51.9 80.0 29.0 53.8 81.0 ~ 29.0 51.5 90.0 26.0 214.8 53.6 Ju1y_ 57.3 84.0 80.0 61.3 94.0 28.0 60.1 93.0 26.0 58.9 92.0 26.0 237.6 59.4 August 60] 93,0 29,0 ________________ __ 58.9 89.0 28.0 57.9 87.0 27.0 117.5 59.2 September 43.8 74.0 20.0 51.5 86.0 21.0 50.4 86.0 18.0 51.4 84.0 17.0 197.1 49.3 October 43.3 75.0 16.0 47.6 82.0 17.0 39.9 74.0 11.0 43.7 77.0 12.0 174.5 43.6 November 33.7 58.0 11.0 37.8 58.0 12.0 31.1 60.0 4.0 33.7 64.0 2.0 136.3 341 December. 28.4 49.0 -16.0 I 34.3 54.0 16.0 34.3 51.0 15.0 __________ -._ _,_;___. 97,0 325 Sm 1419.0 ........... -- 1486.9 ___________ -- 517.9 .......... _- 7176.2 1 - _ _ n _ _ _ _ - - -- n n i I w Q l I — — - -~ null-III- l fl-P--- We; preceded by a minus (-) sign indicate below zero. *For 10 months. fll‘or 11 months. _ ~ ‘fl’: w ,1‘1’ 1 7' w '1' \ . . ,8.-. W417’ TEMPERATURE. . ,. 55519 84768 for each year; also the v' by of the columns the average - 1 thermometer‘usedzflgfiflilhmed at sunset daily. I‘ n .. - 1611817 minis. A ; gamma. AUTUMN. wnvrsa. ‘YEARS. ,. _ 1‘ ., . , ‘k ‘T . . I -’_' , ."ANHUAL. MarfigayzrJune-Aug. Sept-Nov. Dee-Fab’y. Isaiah- 41.9‘ -1141“ . 58.4 40.3 1884-1885 80.5 1685.----- 44.3 18.5 56.6 45.6 1885-1886 88.2 888811-‘.-- 43.2 41.4 57.6 40.5 1886-1887 28.2 1 ---_-.. ~- 43.3 e. 429 56.1 42.9 ................ -- "sums-.." 172.7 __180.8 228.7 169.3 _-..---__--- 91.9 Averages " 45.8' 48.6 57.2 42.3 _______ __._ 30.6 j TAELE OF PRECIPITATION AT FORT KLAMATH. ""y _ ' Kind of rain-gauge used, Signal Service Standard. G) ‘ .5 3:” MONTHS. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. g g 8 2 January 2.71 2.31 7.30 5.64 17.96 4.49 February 4.64 -‘ 3.14 1.17 5.98 14.93 3.73 March - 0.17 3.69 0.86 5.22 1.74 ‘April ____ __ 1.0‘ 2.77 1.80 5.68 1.88 May 0.72 1.58 1.12 0.85 4.27 1.07 ' June 2 2.23 1.88 0.83 0.10 4.84 1;} July ‘ ' 0.11 ____ __ 1.39 0.70 2.20 0.55 A1186“- ~ __________ _- 0.02 0.58 0.55 0.18 September 0.83 0.86 ____ __ 0.81 2.03 0.61 October, ‘1.15 0.43 1 51 0.32 8.." 0. 98 November ' 0.27 ".99 0.70 1.66 9.92. 2.48 December 4.98 4.00 6:"; .... __ 16.62 5.54 Total annual e 7.64 722.61 27 08 ‘719 08 l 86.41 21.60 a“ i‘ For 10 months. 1‘ For 11 months. PRECIPITATION BY SEASONS AT FORT KLAMATH. The following table gives the total annual precipitation, the total by sea- sons; ‘also the average annual and average seasonal precipitation: TOTAL SPRING. SUMMER. AUTUMN. WINTER. YEARS. ANNUAL Man-May. J une-Aug. Sept-‘Toy. Dec.-Feb’y. 1884--____. ‘17.64 __________ __ 2.34 2.25 1881-1885 10.43 1885 _____ _. 122.61 3.11 1.38 8.58 1. 85-1886 12.56 1886___-__ 27.08 7.58 2.24 2.24 1886-1887 18.17 1887____..- . 119.08 3.51 1.63 2.32. ________________ __ ‘Sums ____~ 86.41 14.2 7.59 15.39 _________ _- 41.16 Averages 21.60 4.78 1.90 3.85 -__.-_-_-._- 13.72 * For 10 months. 1- For 11 months. LA‘ GRANDE, UNION COUNTY. [BY .1. K. some, Eso., VOLUNTARY oEsEnvEn U. s. SIGNAL sEnvIcE] Latitude, 45° 20'; longitude, 118° 7'; elevation, 2784 feet. LaGrande is the railroad town and principal place of business in Union county.‘ It is ‘located at the foot of the Blue mountains; population, 1200. The soil of the valleys is nearly all first grade black sandy loam; sub-soil ‘ usually 6165’. ill some localities gravel. Vegetables thrive well. It is not a corn region. The seasons are long, nights cool and climate favorable for grain, hay, ‘vegetables and fruit, except peaches. Hops thrive well in :Qrande Rondo valley, and in Eagle valley peanuts and tobacco have been I-jieeeee- - \ ifTaken as a whole, Union county has many advantages in the way of cli- ‘Siesta; The mountains protect us from the cold winds which would sweep open country in winter and cool the summer heat. There is no ._ 51615318111119.5666 as in the western part of the State, nor the droughts and Sumer nights are delightfullycool and pleasant, and w ‘ ' ‘genre not long or severe. .We have. amedium between the cold 13' ' ; in our latitude,‘ the hot dry summers of 08.11- *8. 3 in» A.‘ K325 .. c "'9 1&6112461 3”» Am? "a I halméargmse seasonal ' 391*’ registeflng maximum ‘mi OF {UREGON- C'LIMA TE. I 57 fornia, and the long rainy seasons of Western Oregon. The country is en- tlrely free from hurricanes, tornadoes and cyclones. The health of the country is good, no diseases are common and people are not troubled with fever and ague. Oregon ranks as the healthiest of the States and Union county is noted in the State for robust, healthy people. The following shows the highest and lowest temperature and amount of rain and melted snow for the months of November, December. 1886, January, February and March, 1887: November, 1886, maximum temperature, 65°; minimum temperature, 22°; rain 1.17 inches. December, 1886, maximum temperature, 51°.3; minimum temperature, 22°; rain, 3.65 inches. January, 1887, maximum temperature, 44°.8; minimum temperature, 13°.5; rain, 5.19 inches. ' February, 1887, maximum temperature, 46°; minimum temperature, 2°.5 below zero; rain, 6.97 inches. March, 1887, maximum temperature, 65°.5; minimum temperature, 26°; rain, 2.25 inches. The following brief table of precipitation (rain and melted snow) will add to the better understanding of the climate: PRECIPITATION AT LA GRANDE. Standard signal service gauge used. MONTHS. 1886. 1887. January 5.19 February 6.9? March 2.25 April ' 1.29 May 0.56 June 0.52 2.90 July 0.18 0.33 August 0.10 0.49 September _ 0.40 0.5’) October 1.02 0.51 November 1.32 December 3.65 ...... _. PRECIPITATION BY SEASONS. Spring ' 4.10 inches Summer 2 26 inches Autumn 2 38 inches Winter 15.81 inches Annual 24.55 inches Nora—As the record is for such a short period, the above can only be approximately what the average would be. SNO‘V-FALL AT LA GRANDE. DEPTH UNMELTED. 1886, snow fell December 26th, disappeared by 25th. 1887, January 9th, 1 inch; January 10th, 2 inches; January 18th, 1 inch; January 22d, 8.5 inches; January 23d, 5 inches; January 80th, 3 inches; total, 20.5 inches. 1887, February lst, 2 inches; February 13. 1.5 inches; February 16th, 1 inch; February 18th, 2 inches; February 23d, 3 inches; February 25th, 2 inches; total, 11.5 inches. 1887, November 24th, 5 inches; disappeared on 25th. HUNTINGTON, BAKER COUNTY. [BY J. B. HUNTINGTON, ESQ.] Huntington is: situated near the confluence of Burnt and Snake rivers, in the southeastern part of Baker county and is the junction of the Oregon Railway & Navigation and Oregon Short Line railways. As a shipping point for live stock and wool and a trading point for interior merchants and a large number of ranchers and stock-men in the southern portion of Baker and Grant counties, the place is an important one. ‘Agricultural lands within a radius of 20 miles are limited, but where cul- tivation is in progress the most satisfactory and in many cases, wonderful results are attained. Fruit of all kinds is produced in the highest degree of perfection, and no section in the State surpasses this in the quality or abun- dant yield of its vegetables. The dry climate necessitates irrigation. Until recently placer mining was the leading industry along Burnt and Snake rivers, and hence the fruit and vegetable culture is in its infancy. Every- where lands along the streams mentioned, susceptible of irrigation, are being- located and improved, with a view of raising fruit and vegetables for market in the many mountain towns and mining camps of Idaho and Eastern Ore- 58 gon, whose climatic conditions preclude their prr ‘notion. The hills and table lands immediately surrounding this place afr'oifd a fine stock range and many horses and cattle live the year round here without care or protec~ tion from the owners. The fattest cattle ever shipped from this point were bred and raised on the range within 20 miles from the town, and were never fed a pound of hay. Wheat, oats, barley, timothy and alfalfa are the leading crops with our farmers; the last being harvested four times in a single sea- son in some localities and yielding two tons to the acre each cutting. The climate is healthful and salubrious The winters are short; Decem- ber and March being nearly always pleasant months. Grass is always good on the hills by March 15th. Snow never lies any length of time on the hills, though it sometimes reaches the depth of one foot in the valleys and remains as long as 15 to 20 days. The weather in summer is pleasant. Not- withstanding the fact that at times the mercury stands at 112° in the shade, the heat is not so oppressive as in many climates at 90°. The nights in summer are always cool. Hood lands open to settlement can be found on many of the streams whose waters flow into Snake river through Malheur and Burnt rivers, and to reach these lands persons should leave the railway at this point. The altitude at Huntington is 2200 feet. PRINEVILLE, CROOK COUNTY. [BY J. A. noornrr, use] The seasons are not definitely divided. The rainfall will not exceed five inches per year. Usually there are light rains in April, May, August and September. The first light frosts in the fall are from the 10th to the 20th of August. The killing frosts are from the lst to the 15th of September. Kill- ing frosts continue until the 1st of April, and light frosts till the 15th of May. Snow usually falls in the valleys from the 15th of November to the 15th of December, though seldom lays more than two or three days at a time before the 1st of January. Usually the snow covers the ground from January lst to the 80th. February and March cold, blustery weather; light snows and rain; considerable wind from southwest. Mean temperature, December, January and February, about 50°, Fahrenheit. Coldest weather ever known here, 87° below zero, December 28 and 29, 1884. March and April, mean tempera- ture, about 65°. May, warm. June, July and August, mean temperature, about 75°; greatest heat, 105°. The climate is not adapted to growing tender vegetables, though in some localities vines and fruits are grown successfully. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, cabbage, turnips, etc, yield a good crop. Corn does not mature. During the spring months nights are cool and days warm. In summer RESO UR can ‘or OREG ONE- C’LIMA TE. =1 4.,1‘ I . 3 . ~ 4.. :1; ‘I ' was 01% attempted along the banks of thg Mi . was almost universal that crops would not manna, 91?‘; this reason creek bdttoms were most eagerly sought. hut ewiiggrhed chmggg; has taken place in the climate since the advent and the; quantity of moisture has materially increased. 051638 * 4,‘? have produced the largest vegetables and the best rampant’ as??? age yield per acre of highland cultivation has equalled that State in the Union, and the last season there were shipped nearly bushels of wheat. It has been demonstrated that every foot of land in Wasco county which can be plowed will produce cereals and vegetables; The soil in many places is of a black, loamy nature, and in other partsis sufficiently mixed with sand to make it vigorous and healthy. Aside from grain facilities, Wasco has won an enviable reputation for ripe, luscious fruits, which are exported every year to eastern markets. been wonderfully developed in the last few years. Wasco county apples, peaches, plums, prunes and grapes can be found in Portland, San Francisco, California, and nearly every city in the Eastern States. When grape-growers’ turn their attention to the manufacture of wines, Eastern Oregon will take her position beside California as a wine-producing country. When this era arrives in the history of the Inland Empire, and we believe it will in the near future, the precipitous side-hills new used for sheep and cattle ranges will be changed into vineyards. As a wool-growing county Wasco ranks nearly first in the State, and at The Dalles last season about 8,000,000 pounds of wool were handled. Sheep- raisers are improvin their flocks by the importation of the finest breeds of bucks and ewes, an now can be found the Merino, Cotswold and other high-class wool-producing ‘sheep. The climate is mild in winter (1 not very warm in summer. Some win- ters snow lies on the ground bu afew days; while the longest time ever recollected was three months. Spring and autumn are most elightful sea- sons, and the summers and winters not at all disagrceabl on account of extreme changes in tein erature. The snow peaks ofthe Cas ades cool and purify the air, and the a titude is such that t ere is not the least danger of malaria or fever. To the immigrant coming west no more desirable locality can be found than this gateway to the great inland Empire. The soil is productive, the climate is healthful, and the natural resources are rich and varied. The home—seeker can take his choice between bottom and hill lands, and if he has capital to invest there are varied industries to be developed. With an abundance of water power plenty of timber, manufactures of all kinds would be remunerative, and with a grand river-now fettered by railroad monopoly—there will be a cheap and easy egress to the markets of the world. PRECIPITATION BY SEASONS AT THE DALLES. The following table gives the total annual precipitation, the total by sea- sons; also the average annual and average seasonal precipitation: the days are very warm. During August, September, and until the 15th of November the weather is usually clear, very little wind or cloudy weather. ‘mm TOTAL SPRING‘ aUMMER' AUTUMN- WINTER‘ Prevailing winds the entire year from the west and southwest. ANNUAL. Mam-May. June-Aug. Sept.-Nov. Dec.-Feb’y. [Nora—No instruments at this place, and the figures given are only ap- W proximated.-B. S. P.] ----- ---- -- is sees as 1 7 .... -- . . . . 7 7 8.95 THE DALLES, WASCO COUNTY. 1337-..--- 17.533 5.90 .53 7.08 1876-1877 2.92 [BY SAMUEL L. BROOKS, Eso., VOLUNTARY OBSERVER U. s. SIGNAL snnvrca] fiéSII: 3:23 :33 95:3? Latitude, 45° 36' 18"; longitude, 121° 12%"; altitude above sea level, 116 1880 ____ _- 13.61 2.13 .47 .89 1879-1880 5.94 ---- -- t8 iii it? this 1 ‘2 .... -_ 5. . . . - 6.12_ Wasco is the first tier of counties forming what is known as the Inland 1883 ____ __ 1335 4.07 m 2.66 18824883 1058 Empire. The rich, luxuriant native grasses have for many years made this 1884 .... .. 17.81 2.11 1.49 2.74 1883-1884 6.20 - . u _ , - n - ' 1885 ____ __ 11.82 1.26 1.01 2.93 1884-1880 11.02 portion of the State the stock men s paradise, and wlthin the last decade 1886 ____ __ 13.61 L34 .09 L16 18854886 8.62 farming has been carried on extensively and successfully. The line of rall- 1837 ____ __ 12.14 1.57 .85 2.57 1886-1887 10 18 road courses along a barren belt of rocks and sand dunes, very forbidding sums ____ 214.04 38.12 11.50 51.85 "umn" 11056 in appearance to the immigrant seeking a home; but back a few miles from - the river the bunch-grass hills appear to view. The first settlement of this Averages 16'“ 2'93 '88 3'98 8'50 county was impelled by a desire for pasturage by flock-masters, and farming TEMPERATURE AT THE DALLES, w'aséo counrv. The following table gives the monthly maximum and minimum temperature: 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 0 R a 0 c Q 0 R a “l O c M s a‘ s 8 =2 8 s g g N 91 5' 5 “ ‘5 g =3 ‘4 El 8 ' 05 a. d .._. 06 ..4 cs 06 .._. - a - a --t a “a . .5 assssssfisssssssssns'fi sfissz January 54 -9 55 -1 60 10 54 18 47 6 59 22 48 15 50 6 50 -3 50 13 52 I".-- 48 -4 58 24 February 63 8 65 28 60 20 58 28 63 14 52 38 58 14 51 8 52 -15 55 -19 58 27 60 25 55 -6 March 58 30 60 28 66 18 78 30 75 25 68 14 78 26 74 22 76 28 l 64 22 75 29 73 19 66 24 April 84 26 69 32 80 30 80 26 78 30 86 25 80 34 88 26 76 30 76 32 80 30 72 28 78 27 May 74 32 83 36 84 34 92 31 82 34 86 ‘35 85 32 92 32 83 87 93 40 90 39 90 32 i.‘ 36 A June 92 48 103 48 93 50 98 50 86 46 97 40 88 44 98 45 92 43 98 44 89 45 95 45 96 40 July 101 54 100 52 99 58 94 52 100 44 100 47 100 44 98 47 100 48 94 47 102 50 98 44 95 4g " August 98 57 51 105 56 96 46 98 46 94 47 94 43 96 41 89 42 102 47 98 46 98 49 90 September 94 48 91 44 83 36 88 38 91 40 87 34 86 38 88 34 86 86 80 40 88 40 89 38 82 2} October 88 32 24 7o 24 74 22 69 20 83 25 66 23 66 82 70 26 70 81 81 28 75 27 78 November 59 19 58 23 61 24 69 24 58 17 67 11 64 22 58 15 65 24 59 28 57 28 62 15 67‘ is, December 66 27 20 49 28 56 24 60 -14 50 6 55 20 61 10 56 12 -18 58 2! 60 18 51> 14 W . .T'v" ‘ — s s as, ', . Horn-Figuies preceded by a minus (-) sign indicate below zero. ‘Zero. ' “ The possibilities in this regard are almost beyond computation, and have i .f, s I. for; candid-12442125014 TIONAL . 59 mild f ‘I; I‘ w < I?) w n 1 5» -53; . 4 runcrrrra'rrost as. 2111: mum. ‘ 41* 2 #2441373’ 4,22 "1*," I . lb 295. ‘ eeipltation (rain melted snow sleet- and hail); also the ever 5 monthly precipitation in the extreme theiotei :"f , , tattion in the fobt column. Eipr in inches and hundredtgs. Mart-311.1’ ‘4 ,4 t“ .531; ,_ k" .1’: 53?: ‘$25? ‘kw ‘ K K o h _ ** “'i‘iffs was; Tagger‘, * [ d goé A ‘19%’: “if? bwt‘ev 18750 1876. 1877a 1878. 18790 1880- 1881; 1882- 1883- 1884- 18$5| 1886- o a g g - ~ ' ». 12?.’ " .422 "A s » .4445? 4 Q r w 42 - 4.17 2.75 .75 2.95 1.42 2.04 5.37 1.43 4.33 1.33 1.10 5.45 4.01 33.72 2.97 ‘ ” 1 .31 1.39 1.55 232 5.32 1.33 5.23 2.95 .51 3.10 2.33 .53 1.13 30.79 2.35 Y i“ ‘ 2.13 2.20 3.55 1.99 3.15 .15 .35 .23 2.32 .74 .14 .93 .79 13.32 1.44 "' ’ ‘ .59 1.99 1.21 .20 1.34 1.03 1.29 .53 1.21 1.33 .31 .30 .45 10.39 .33 r “T a .51 .20 1.03 .25 2.94 .94 .14 .27 .54 .04 .31 .11 .32 3.41 .54 * 1.53 .34 .15 .02 .11 , .02 1.32 .50 .01 .93 1.01 07 .57 7.33 .55 W “ ’ r .14 .07 .23 .05 .31 .02 .11 .12 ’ ____ __ .44 ____ -_ -----_ .... __ 1.57 .12 ' 7 .12 .02 .10 .13 .43 .43 .23 .72 .... -- .12 ____ _- 02 .13 2.55 .19 .... __ .13 1.24 1.01 .79 .03 .25 .43 .01 .55 .37 .14 .35 5.97 .45 ' 4.50 2.37 1.55 1.53 .33 .12 2.57 2.30 .45 1.27 .23 .31 .15 19.30 1.43 1 5.13 4.31 4.13 1.42 1.24 .59 .75 .75 2.19 .32 1.73 .21 1.05 25.53 1.95 4.30 .45 1.55 1.51 2.57 5.75 1.57 5.14 1.77 7.04 2.54 5.04 3.01 44.05 3.35 25.55 15.34 17.53 13.53 21.55 13.51 21.92 15.54 13.95 17.31 11.32 13.51 12.14 214.04 15.45 I 5 " ~ a-cay Divisions—Cities of 10,000 Inhabitants. €DUGATBIONAIL 1. Have local and general control of schools. PUBLIC SCHOOLS—ANALYSIS OF THE OREGON SYSTEM. [BY 1. BL It'mo'r, sra'rn sur’r or runmc ms'raucrron, 5.41.1511, canoes.) ‘ F L-OUTLINE. AW-W Divisions, consisting of— 1. State. 2. County. 8. Cities and towns. ' 4. School districts. B.--0,17icers. 1. State board of education—Governor, Secretary of State, and State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 2. State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 3. County superintendents. 4. City superintendents. 5. County board of examiners. u‘ Directors and clerks of city and town districts. 6. 7. Directors and clerks of school districts in general. (Z—Instjitutions in General. 1. Graded schools in cit‘os and towns. 2. Normal training schools. 8. Ungraded district schools. 4. City institutes for teachers under supervision of city superintendents. 5. County and local institutes for teachers undo- 'wrVlSiOn of county superintendents. D.--Higlim~ and Special Institutions (J Learning. State university at Eugene City. State agricultural college at Corvallis. State normal schools at Ashland, Drain, Monmouth and Weston. School for the blind at Salem. School for the deaf and du‘mb at Salem. Orphans’ home at Salem. Orphans’ home at Portland. IL-OUTLIN E. i“ B. '3. 4, 5. 6. '7. A.-State Divisions. 1. Establishes schools. 2. Provides for a uniform system of public instruction, text-books, taxes, etc. 8. Provides for State board of education. 4._ Elects State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 6. Establishes benevolent and special schools.‘ '11 0. Provides for the management of school funds. ‘ 71 ‘Establishes universities, colleges and professional schools. - 1,11‘, 1 Elects a county superintendent. . liilljssreures uniformity in text-books and other features of school work 2. Employ city superintendents, teachers, janitor‘s, etc., and fix their compensation. 3. Prescribe course of study. 4. Make rules and regulations for government of districts. 5. Lease and build school houses, buy and lease lands, furnish apparatus, furniture, levy taxes, make annual printed report, fix rates of tuition, etc.’ for school purposes. D.-—School District 1. Districts are formed in the villages, towns and country for the purpose of extending, localizing and permanently establishing educational facilities. 2. School districts are public corporations. 3. School districts are organized under the provisions of the general statute. IIL-OUTLINE. A.--State Board of Education—Powers, etc. 1. Members hold ofldce by virtue of elective official position. 2. Hold semi-annual meetings at the State capitol on the first Monday in January and July. 3. Sit as a board of examination at their semi-annual meetings. 4. May establish a State board of examination. 5. Have power to grant State certificates and diplomas. 6. Prescribe rules and regulations for the general government of public schools. 7. Have power to make decisions on appeals and other powers of general and special supervision. 8. Serve for a period of four years. B.--Statc Supm-z‘ntendmt of Public Distraction. Serves for a period of four years. Is elected by the people. Has general supervision of public schools. Makes biennial reports to the legislative assembly. Is secretary of the State board of education. Is authorized to hold meetings of county superintendents. Annotates and compiles all school laws ordered published. 8. Issues letters and circulars of information, explanation and construc- tion to county and district school ofl‘iccrs. 9. Holds biennial institutes for teachers in each judicial district. 10. Attends county institutes when practicable. 11. Holds a State teacher’s association annually. 12. Makes decisions on appeal from school olllccrs, etc. 13. Prepares uniform series of blanks, registers, forms, rules and regula- tions for use of public school oiiicers and teachers. 14. Visits educational institutions of the State and secures statistics of same when possible. 15. Issues, quarterly, uniform series of questions to the several county superintendents for examination of teachers. 16. Visits, as far as practicable, every county in the Slate annually in the interests of education. (ll—County Divisions— County Boards of Examiners. ."F’F‘EF‘WP'I" general laws of the State“. - 5.4 ((14! 1. Is composed of the county superintendent and two competent persons. 60 2. They hold public examinations quarterly and issue three grades of county certificates—first, second and third that continue in force, two years, one year and six months, respectively. 3. They may sit as a board of appeals and may consider all questions that will advance the best interests of the county public schools. D.—- County Supmntendent. Serves two years. Is elected by the people. Establishes school districts. Makes apportionment of school funds. Makes an annual financial report to county court. Makes an annual report to Superintendent of Public Instruction. Examines teachers and issues certificates. May revoke certificates obtained by fraud, etc. Is chairman of board of county examiners. Holds an annual institute for the teachers under his supervision. Visits schools annually. 12. Holds local institutes. 13. Hears, examines and decides appeals from district otlicers, teachers and others. , 14. Receives reports from district officers and teachers. 15. May arrange a course of study for county schools. 16. Has an advisory power in the location of school houses, selection of teachers, etc. 17. Is ex-oflicto chairman of board of arbitrators for division of school property. E.--Di'strict Directors. 1. There are three for each district. 2. They are elected by the legal voters in the district and serve for three . years. ugsesoseswesenr RESO UR one 011" case ONE—QED UcA TIoNALE? ‘u ‘v 3. They employ teachers and assist them in the government of the school. 4. They audit all claims against the district and draw all orders. 5. They locate, establish and provide schools. 6. They may levy taxes for buildings, furniture, school sites, apparatus, etc. . 7. Examine and correct assessment rolls. 8. They may levy rate bills under conditions. 9. ‘They have entire control of the district schools within certain limits. 10. They must enter into a written contract in employing teachers. 11. They have power to locate school houses. 12. They must prosecute any person for wilfully injuring school property. 13. They issue calls for regular and special meetings. 14. They can dismiss teachers only for good cause shown and the teacher may take an appeal. 15. Two directors constitute a quorum. E—Distrt'ct Claim. 1. There is one for each district. 2. They are elected by the people and serve one year. 3. They must give bonds. 4. The clerk is custodian of all school funds. 5. The clerk is ez-Qflicio treasurer and pays all warrants. 6. They make out assessment rolls and collect taxes. 7. They make an annual census of the district. 3. They must keep correct accounts of all meetings and other business. 9. They must make annual reports to the county superintendent. 10. They receive, examine, approve and file teachers’ reports. STATISTICAL SUMMARIES FOR THE YEARS 1886-87. The following summaries present the principal items deduced from the statistical tables in the reports of 1886 and 1837 : 1. Whole number of organized districts in the State in the year 1886 1371 Whole number of organized districts in the State in the year 1887 1491 Increase 120 2. No. of districts reporting during ‘1886 1309 No. of districts reporting during 1887 1464 Increase 155 8. Whole No. of persons reported between 4 and 20 years, 1886- 82,860 Whole No. of persons reported between 4 and 20 years, 1887.. 87,217 Increase 4,357 4 176 4' g3: 31 535111: 23531123; 1%?! 531025 Increase 8,849 5. ‘Daily average attendance, 1886 ,1. N “*1 if”)? j; g .;;;g—./ p ' Daily average "attendance, 1887 - 7,; M 1, Ha ” ~ . ,i , I Increase ‘ i i trig-"fps 2,152 6. No. teachers employed in public schools durinfi'misgshaei’ 3’ w No. teachers employed in public schools during‘ 188‘? m'nnP-ij . “stagger. 7' W~ Increase " ‘ ’_ 133;; ‘i 7. Average No. days school per district, 1886_.............-...........~.. 21.01.15,, Average No. days school per district, 1887_..-_...................-........ 9372;‘ m Decrease 318 8. No. of school houses, 1886 1375 No. of school houses, 1887 1334 Decree as I ‘ 1 51. 9. Total value of school property 1886 5 1,239,998.. 05 Total value of school property: 1887 172591918 99: Increase 8 29,920 06 10. Average salary paid male teachers per month, 1386 _______ -- 8 46 20 Average salary paid male teachers per month, 1887 ______ .-- . 455 73 Decrease 8 #115 11. Average salary paid female teachers per month, 1886 _____ .._. 8 34 65 Average salary paid female teachers per month, 1887 _____ .. 34 7 9 Increase 3 .14 12. No. months private schools taught, 1886 434 N 0. months private schools taught, 1887 417 Decrease 67 13. No. private schools taught, 1886 148 No. private schools taught, 1887 1 141 Decrease 7 14. Value of school houses and school sites, 1886 ____________ --3 1,144,384 00 Value of school houses and school sites, 1887 ______________ -._ 1,159,747 50 ~ Increase ‘ s 15,363 50 15. Value of school furniture, 1886 6 84,657 00 Value of school furniture, 1887 97,261 26 Increase 3 12,604 26 16. Value of school apparatus, 1886 3 10,957 00 Value of school apparatus, 1837 12,809 30 Increase 3 1,852 30 17. N o. of male teachers employed, 1886 807 N o. of male teachers employed, 1887 919 Increase 112 18. No. of female teachers employed, 1886 1054 No. of female teachers employed, 1887 1170 Increase 116 19. No. applicants for teachers’ certificates, 1886__-___.._________ 1419 No. applicants for teachers’ certificates, 1887 _____________ __ 1652 Increase 233 20. No. teachers employed holding 1st grade certificates, 1886-.. 1204 No. teachers employed holding 1st grade certificates, 1887-.. 1353 Increase 149 21. N 0. teachers employed holding 2d grade certificates, 1886..-- 677 No. teachers employed holding 2d grade certificates, 1887--.. 733 Increase 56 22. No. male pupils enrolled in private schools, 1886 __________ __ 1483 No. male pupils enrolledin private schools, 1887 ......... .._. 2505 Increase 1017 23. No. female pupils enrolled in private schools, 1886 ________ ._ 1295 No. female pupils enrolled in private schools, 1887 ........ _. 2429 Increase 1134 24, No. of teachers employed in private schools, 1886 _________ __ 271 No. of teachers emyloyed in private schools, 1887.._..-_.._..___ 251 Dgagenno 3 FINANCIAL EXHIBITS—RECEIPTS. 25. Amount funds in hands of district clerks at beginning of year, 86 , _ 6 76,770 47 Amount funds in hands of district clerks at beginning of year, 1887 100,223 26 Increase 6 23,452 79 26. Amount raised by district tax, 1886 8 131,580 08 Amount raised by district tax, 1887 165,446 65 Increase 8 33,866 57 27. Amount raised by 4-mill county tax, 1886 ...... .._... ________ .._. 3 260,261 54 Amount raised by 4-m111 county tax, 1887 _______________ .._ 286,377 33 Increase 3 26,115 79 28. Amount received from State school fund, 1886 --_-.. ------ -- 8 76,671 31 Amount received from State school fund, 1887 .......... ..__ 85,625 20 Increase 1 A 8 9053 39 EQUGA 17017111,. .5 f 61 ,aeugAmonm Paid, for-incidentals, 17886 8 11.531 33 ~ . Amountpfldfdr-mcidentals,1887 19,962 04 5 605 61 _ .Increas'e I " ' 8 ' 8439 71 *1 ' jj~ v - _v f, , ' " _. j ‘ ' V , , 34,, Amonntpaidfor school apparatus, 1886 1§53 62 xméfimwaw ‘but 7, >11 , -. "___I_____‘_ _ 3 J58 49- _, ‘Amount pad for school apparatus, 188? . 3011 24 ‘ , __ ~14, f H1 - ~ I 3 88,356 ‘87 35. Amount paid for school house sites, 1886 ................ __ 6 1779 31 "91. .5161 " now, 1836_.______,__ a 12,065 73 Amount paid for school house M65188? --------------- -- 8893 00 i, ,_ _, , i 8 6.3094973" 36. ' Amount paid for school houses, 1886 S 124,469 73 3% v; Q ri'fcl‘. "hill-M51886‘ 8 .8979 38 Amount paid for school houses, 1887 22 ' 1161116111191: fiirnimre, 1887 9841 -—-—--—' . i} . 5 " > - . W Decrease 8 90,785 51 "i‘ , ’ , . . 8 861 90 ' ‘ H ‘ v 'MIBCELLANEOUS STATISTICS COMPILED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF 1887. , ~:_ ’ 2‘ ' t‘ , > - . I ‘3 8 I 'U m .g-' I L .. , I, . .. ‘ u; m m r‘! n ‘ l\ a g 4'3 Teachers Emplo red 2.2 g .2 2'3 '51; L’ ° 6'53, t gab in Public Schoo . 352 m 52,, 225,,- 7:2 ‘52399825 ' m. m, 8 Zing ‘SL421; E78 51:35? , ~ Q q) ._ 60 Q Cf’gd 5:73,; <0 Cz'f‘ficvg . ‘set at '3 H- ,zo 55 Eeo 529 e =s:2::.:t§. 2 a 3 ,3 , one was 23¢ gg~;4~c:.: "I5 0 ‘5 Q a Pg) 0 Y’ P HM'DQJdI-Qfl ‘ 1 Z 2 i=4 E-t 4 Z < 4 (/2 <1 ' Baker 39 26 19 45 4.33 3 S 53 50 6 27 25 3 2538 56 8 13,222 63 ween-rm 63 20 47 76 5.5 56 41 02 30 42 4976 5% 16,666 29 ; Glackamas 97 45 75 120 5.75 84 34 50 2s 11 4971 00 21,451 99 .Clatso 22 7 26 5.5 20 33 66 41 "2 1786 29 19,533 16 3100111111 16. 34 14 24 38 4 27 52 22 25 75 1150 00 4676 26 firms ' 54 37 31 68 4.25 52 39 35 34 30 2218 40 10,254 64 F Crook 34 11 23 34 5.12 25 37 00 31 21 10135 00 6729 15 ;--_Curry 12 5 5 10 3.91 11 50 00 45 00 450 00 21.67 3.1 Douglas 79 51 66 117 4.92 79 42 60 90 00 386-1 60 17,212 68 Grant 33 912 16 28 6.5 25 54 00 46 00 2765 10 14,378 68 Gilliam 34 36 7 43 - 4.75 26 38 00 35 00 2593 80 6403 99 Jackson 52 38 . 35 73 6.5 48 43 3 34 12 3422 70 16,964 35 .Innpnhlna 25 12 19 31 4 28 45 00 29 00 931 98 '31)? 44; v11191716111 19 s 9 17 4.33 12 50 00 95 00 1187 22 2179 05 Lake 15 10 s 15 4.2 13 67 51 40 47 838 10 7599 99 ‘Lane 101 36 69 105 4.91 98 40 00 33 00 3545 70 3,176 12 Linn. \ 99 98 83 181 6 98 40 {:5 31 50 5165 57 34,541 65 Mal-hour 14 ' 8 3 11 3.5 8 54 50 47 50 775 88 3035 57 .Mariinn 90 7 86 164 6.8 93 40 90 30 09 582", 90 35,685 55 Mulumnq, 51 39 155 95 7.9 57 81 50 59 35 10,857 60 160,153 96 Morrow 47 15 21 36 4.23 42 41 20 31 00 1117 50 9154 15 P011; '- 51 36 49 85 6.7 48 42 96 32 06 2511 90 18,285 53 I ,Tmamook 20 8 5 13 3,2 13 25 3 23 09 642 50 1052 07 Umatilla as 57 65 122 5.1 71 49 26 36 61 6290 62 29,552 51 - Uninn 76 57 38 195 4.78 62 45 00 36 33 3763 80 21,461 00 Wallowa 24 14 10 24 4 16 46 00 36 00 1149 70 4200 85 Wnqon 70 30 6O 90 5.15 60 50 00 2. 50 2961 00 22,490 00 Washififton 64 49 56 105 6.14 59 40 90 30 00 3306 60 16,557 13 Yamh' V 63 53 b 59 112 5 63 40 o 26 50 2958 30 22,850 39 . T0129) 6 1464 919 i 1170 2089 4.96 1324 $5 40 7S 8 34 79 3 85,b'°o 2O 5 569,712 28 PRIVATE SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. NAME. LOCATION. Fgégg‘gn DENOMINATION. =Academy of the Sacred Heart Salem, Marion county ‘ 1863 Roman Catholic. Academy of Mary Immaculate The Dalles, Wasco county 7 Roman Catholic. “ vAlbany Collegiate Institute Albany. Linn county 1666 Presbyterian. Ascension Seminary ' Cove, Union county 1851 hpiseopal. Bethel Academy Bethel, Polk county Christian. 1 Bishop Scott Grammar and Divinity School Portland, Multnomah county 1510 Episcopal. . ._ Columbia Commercial Callege Portland, Multnomah county q Independent. ' Drain Academy Drain, Douglas county 1853 Methodist Episcopal, > Friends Pacific Academy Newberg, 1amhill county lift}! Episcopal. Grace Church Parish School Astoria, clatsop county 15:0 Friends. Independent German School Portland, Multuomah county 1810 Independent. ...Teiferson Institute Jeiferson, Marion county 1856 Independent. ' ‘La. Creole Academic Institute Dallas, Polk county 1856 Independent. Leighton Academy Cove, Union county 18§4 Episcopal. ' .Linnean Academy Harrisburc, Linn county 1679 Independent. j 'McMinnville College Mcll-linnvi 1e, Yamhill county 1852 Baptist. Medical College of Willamette University Portland, Multnomah county 1857 Medical 0011c of State University Portland, Multnomah county State. 1 Mt. Angel Col ege Mt. Angel, Marion county Roman Catholic. ‘ .Notre Dame Academy Baker City, Baker county Roman (‘amount . Oregon Institute for the Deaf and Dumb Salem, Marion county 1870 State. ' ; Ore ‘on School for Blind- » Salem, Marion county State. Pac tic University and Tualatin Academy Forest Grove. Washingten county ________________ -_ 18:31 Independent _ Phi-lomath College . Philomath, Benton county ~ 1865 United Brethren ' '_ Portland Business College Portland, Multnomah county Independent. ‘SttMary’s Academy The Dalles, Wasco county (31111101 in, ’ San-11am Academy - Lebanon, Linn county 1&‘i4 Methodist Episcopal. .Hei'en’s Hall Portland, Mult-noniah county 1869 Episcopal. 151;. Maay’s Academy Portland, Multnomah county 1859 Rom an Catholic. ,SMMM' is Academy Jacks0nville,_ Jackson county Roman Catholic. 199,11 3 Academy St. Paul, Marion county Roman Catholic. Stt'lviichael’scollege ' Portland, Multnomah county Raman Catholic. 1:81;. jSjcholastica’s Convent School- Gervais, Marion county __-_ Roman Catholic. {State Agricultural College ' Corvallis. Benton county 1868 State. wstagteNcrmal School ' Monmouth, Polk county 1882 State. T-‘Stttlte Eormal School Ashland, Jackson county 1882 State. :{I-gtaterhlormal fie-non , Drain, Douglas county 1885 State. lemma Eichnn Weston, Umanlla county 1885 State. vegsityfofOregm- Eueene City, Lane county 1876 State. illleytzcademy- V v . :,- . Wllber, Douglas county 1854 Methodist Episcopal, ometjt‘éllhiversitl ; Salem, Marion county 1853 Methodist Episcopal. " ‘Independent: cademy‘ j 1 The Dalles, Wasco county 1880 Independent. 62 COMPARATIVE s'ra'ris'rros. Showing the Educational progress of the State from 1873 to 1887, (inclusive, since the Organization of the s it (as RESO URGES "0F (GREG A v ; \ i. '\ ‘b’ d ’\ t ‘ .. ' Ollie-$019,281? .1 t as ‘v.7’? k is’. n a v 7 , e 7'5"» 3}. iii“? “ $59625‘? gel"? 1873. 1874. 1876. 1876. 3.877,. a : tailgate is We 2 . N7‘ “"9; 1:59;- is: w l“ , _ ' ’ , r , ~Lfi2w1£€33¥fgé£i Number of districts 642 680 755 795 750 - {804 * fittest‘? . Average number days school per year ________________ __ 90 90 82 98 86 98 ~ < “ii, Average Salary of male teachers per month ___________ __ 8 47 54 8 45 92 8 45 68 i8 49 20 47 24 p8 . g 25 IS‘ 7 53,48, ‘ Average Salary of female teachers per month _________ _- 43 70 34 46 83 64 34 78 . 34 87 180 “r #381 . Whole amount paid teachers per annum ______________ _- 154,944 00 157,103 00 113,962 00 181.902 00 182,714 00 194,5 00 , 205 23. Amount received from district tax 71,152 00 47,216 00 92,035 00 57,852 00 51,009 00 73.45600 34-189 Amount received from county tax 80,438 87,573 00 117,182 00 122,189 00 118,053 00 125,704 '00 ‘1.193283% Amount received from State funds 82,420 00 31,589 00 33,367 00 81,226 00 88,551 00 33,237 00 ‘ . 28.197 0 -Toial amount of school funds 184,010 00 201,760 00 258,871 00 269,822 00 235,837 00 258,785 00 ~ 85131678130; Total value of school property 322,440 00 832,764 00 804,737 00 442,540 00 895,563 00 488,058 00 529,953 99‘ COMPARATIVE STATISTICS—(301701130131). - 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. _ 1886. 1887.» Number of districtq 1007 1037 1093 1131 1206 1336 1371 1491 Average number days school per year ...... __ 90 86 90 86 90 95 101.5 N 100 Average salary male teachers per month_---.. 44 19 42 26 8 43 95 8 45 15 8 46 75 , 48 22 8 46 20 8 45 78 Average salary female teachers per month_-_ 33 38 31 72 31 63 33 47 35 45 36 96 34 34 79 Whole amount paid teachers per annum--_-.. 210,429 00 234,818 00 249,378 00 259,370 82 286,959 55 342,186 37 875,158 49 413,515 36 Amount received from district tax _________ -_ 79,562 00 91,568 00 102,310 00 133,356 20 151,067 16 1AM 131,580 08 165,500 00 Amount received from county tax _.......-__..-_ 133,477 00 146,806 00 141,980 00 177,181 47 195,397 90 260,141 81 260,261 54 286,500 00 Amount received from State tunds _________ .._ 36,910 00 48,346 00 59,662 00 50,981 74 53,370 96 77,938 48 75,565 11 87,217 00 Total amount of school iunds ______________ __ 339,010 00 358,018 00 380,218 00 538,798 51 501,599 95 576,840 96 901,272 26 904,300 00 Total value of school property ______________ _- 567,863 00 657,463 00 661,297 00 823,409 82 1,454,506 49 1,160,433 14 1,239,998 00 300,560 * 6H3 FOREST 85mins on QREGON. The following excellent paper is from the pen of Professor Thomas Condon, State Geologist, it being “a list of Oregon forest trees of economical value for woods of commerce or for shade” : There are two directions in which economical botany may find with the public special interest: one the need of timber for commerce, and in man- ufacture; the other, the home demands for shade trees and landscape gar- dening. For both of these lines of demand, that Oregon is well endowed may be seen in even a brief enumeration of the native trees suitable for these objects. THE PINES. Beginning with the demands of our market, we place first on our list of timber the pines. The principal of these is the Sugar Pine (Pinus Lam- bertiana). It is at home along the northern slopes of the Siskiyous, is fairly abundant along the line of the Oregon & California railroad near Grant’s Pass. It is also very fine and very abundant on the foothills of the Cascades that overlook Klamath marsh.‘ The timber is not inferior to that of the white pine of the eastern slope of the continent. The tree is large, often growing to the height of 150 to 175 feet. It bears a large cone, often 15 to 17 inches in length, suspended from the extremities of the limbs and therefore scattering. The timber of this sugar pine is highly prized for finishing, scarcely distinguish able from the best eastern white pine. Another pine, the Pinus Ponderosa (Oregon yellow pine), flourishes in many regions, a good marketable timber in and out of Oregon. It is abun- dant in Central Oregon from The Dalles along the eastern slopes and foot- hills of the Cascade mountains and southward into Lake county. It is met with seldom in the Willamette valley and is there of inferior quality for timber. Further south one meets it more frequently. It is quite abundant on the eastern slopes of the Cascades throughout Oregon and Washington Territory, and in many places is so fine a timber that its boards are often equal to the best of any market. The supply of this timber in Eastern Oregon is very great. The black pine (Pinus Ccmtorta) is abundant along the coast, along the eastern slopes of the Cascades and on the more elevated of the plains be- yond. It is a small tree, used for fuel, but is of very little value for timber or for dressed lumber. The tuberculated pine (Pinus Tubcrculata) is only found on the mountains. is a small tree of but little economical value. It is remarkable for its habit of retaining all of its old cones attached to the body of the tree. Small groves of this tree may be seen on the upper slopes of the Siskiyous and in many places on the Cascades. It rarely reaches the height of 60 feet; its cones, six inches long, never open of their own accord to show their seeds, as do other pine cones. Pinus Mma'cata and Pinus Sabiniana are rarely found in Oregon. THE SPRUCES. A good deal of confusion of names has fallen on this group of trees, not only in the popular names they have received but in’ the scientific as well‘ The American R. R. surveys in their reports of our forestry named the trees of this group having pendant cones, Abies, and those bearing upright cones Picea. The popular names spruce and fir make their synonyms. The pop- ular maintenance of this distinction became easy. Inasmuch as a popular description of their place in economical botany is what is here attempted, we will retain this distinction of the R. R. surveys and call those hearing pendant cones, spruce ; all bearing upright cones, fir ;—-the former Abies the latter Picea. ’ l 1. Abies Douglasii (Douglas’ spruce)—Pseudotsuga Douglasii. Popularly ' and especially in the lumber market, this oughtto be called Douglas’ spruce. In Oregon and Washington Territory we have it in two varieties—“red fir" and "yellow fir.” The yellow is a fine grained wood, and its boards are often as smooth as pine, while the red variety is more stiff and splintery. But red or yellow, this fir is one of the grandest trees of the continent and one of the most important to commerce. For spars, for bridges or for framing for buildings, its strength and great length make it the first in the market‘ Its great abundance and rapid growth ensure a long continued supply. Douglas’ spruce will raise more commercial timber to the acre than other tree on the continent. 2. Abies MenzieszZ—Menzies Spruce or Tideland Spruce. This fine forest tree is seen in its best condition along the coast, where it often reaches the height of 100 feet or more. Its lumber is soft and heavy and coarse, but is so tasteless and odorless that it is found to be the best material for barrels and boxes for packing, and for these purposes is now finding a wide market. It is a handsome ornamental tree and easily transplanted. 3. Abies Canadensz's— Tsuga Canadense—Hemlock Spruce. In any country less favored in commercial timber the hemlock of our mountains or that of‘ our coast would rank well. It reaches its finest growth in Tillamook» county. The young trees are graceful ornaments in landscape gardening and are easily transplanted. e 4. Abies Williamsonei—Williamson’s Spruce. A handsome tree ofelevatfe‘dv mountain habits and so out of reach of present commercial demands, these spruces have pendant cones. . . x. “4' A "-itsilightness. The northern Indians build their largest canoes of it and use 4 its bark for mats and cordage. In the southern portion of the Willamette 63 - s“ "7"‘: r. i 1 < . é; ‘ { ‘flush,’ m1 1,, *‘ V r J ism are sometimes mistaken v. . r s1 the we ‘ < if >- (M or weasm‘fislsnts‘fia @415” Grand“ 01' Oregon white tree is found "at itab'e‘nt shores of the Willamette river , 94115 tributaries, but is! along the mountain slopes of és’gih M11565" .Ité commercial‘? below that ofseveral other trees. 35!; is conspicuous along“ onririvar bottoms for height and beauty. It is lsiigfgggwhficfilit-J-Robls fine fir is at home in places remote .vmllifllfl and railroad“ therefore does not figure much in com- ‘:isilii‘flsl Extensive grovesp} it may be seen among the Coast mountains ,Wllefe’pi‘omatetrefls Mil fedfiin length are not rare. as an ornamental tree itneu deserves as peasant‘ noble, and a is easily transplanted. It also has "fierce handsome cone. . ' ' » Anaemia; Cones are dark purple. This, too, is out of the reach 7 of commerce: _ ibulndant along the summit of the Cascade mountains. This also is a very handsome tree for landscape gardening. in,» a "o CEDARS. ‘fir \ \ ‘Ii. Mghuga' Gfgantea- Westem Arborvitea. This is the white cedar of North Oregon and of Washington Territory. It is a grand specimen of the forest tree; is durable, easily worked as finishing lumber and highly prized for valley‘ it is called the smooth-barked cedar, to distinguish it from .Iribrocedrus. — 2. Librocedms Decuwem—Rough-barked Cedar or Inscnce Cedar. As a tree for lumber this is inferior to the Thuga. It does not grow farther north than Lane county. It is abundant throughout Douglas and Jackson coun- ties. ‘ 8. Oypress— (,‘z'tpresseos Lawsonina— Port Orford Cedar— Chanuwc'yparis Lawsoniana. This tree is not found north of the Umpqua river. It is at its best around Coos bay and the Coquille river and the north slopes of the Siskiyous. It is called white cedar; is shipped extensively for the Cali- fornia market. So completely marketable is this tree that one may see on the Ooquille the finest example of lumber economy: The log is cut into boards and squared timber, the slabs into pieces for broom handles and lath, and the scraps into blocks for matches; and it deserves this fine economy of material. As a tree for landscape gardening it is questionable whether North America has a finer tree than the Port 01.... l cedar. It is at its best along the northern slopes of the Siskiyous. It is easily transplanted, will grow in a wide range of climate, and will teach any one to love a tree. 4. Junipers—(a) Juniperus Occidentallzls. In many of the dryer regions of Central Oregon this juniper, under the name of cedar, furnishes the chief .and often the only supply of firewood. It is not abundant enough for ex- tensive commercial demands. It strongly resembles the red cedar of the Eastern States-Junipems Virginianus. (b) Juniperus Cbmmunis. A stranger to this species seeing it for the first time experiences marked surprise. It is entirely prostrate, often growing over a space of 100 feet square, the stem five or six inches in thickness. One could readily imagine many situations in landscape gardening in which such a plant would fill a want. ’ It is often met on the coast. THE OREGON YEW. Zhmosbmrifolia. The Oregon yew has a dense, durable wood, often used in Western Oregon for fence posts. It is not abundant enough for commer- cial purposes. It is a handsome tree, pays for transplanting in the beauty it adds to a lawn. “ THE OREGON LARCH. Lariat OccidmtQIZiS—Western Larch. This is a much larger tree than the tamarack of the Eastern States. Its timber is good. It is at home along a {any case QN-J‘OREST TREES’. 2. Quereus KeZloggit—Black Oak—Kellogg's Oak. This handsome oak is found no further north than Lane county. but grows abundant in Southern Oregon. I have not seen it in Central Oregon. It is at its best in Douglas and Jackson counties. It is a much handsomer tree than the white oak, but its timber is not so good. 3. Live Oak—Quercus Chrysolcpz's. This tree is often used for wagon timber along the western slopes of the Siskiyous, but is scarcely abundant enough to more than supply home want. Forest trees whose timbers have special fitness for the cabinet shop: THE OREGON BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE. 1. The Oregon Broad-leaved Maple—ricer Macrophyllum. The wood of his tree is dense and handsome, polishing well, with a rich variety of grain. For household furniture it is a valuable material. As a shade tree it is superior. It grows rapidly, transplants easily, and if left to itself forms a handsome head. Acer Circinatum—the Vine Maple. As its name indicates, it istoo sm’all for anything larger than barrel hoops, for which purpose it is sometimes sent to San Francisco. OREGON ASH. 2. Oregon Ash—Mutts Oregano. This ash is abundant along the streams of Western Oregon, sufficiently so to give it a place as a wood of commerce. Specimens of it may be seen in our cabinet shops that will vindicate this claim. The U. S. custom house at Portland is finished inside with Oregon ash. It loves moist places, and is on this account not suitable for shade or ornament. OREGON ALDER. 3. Oregon Alder—Amus Oregano. The Oregon alder is abundant along the stream beds and other damp places. 80 marked is its love for springs and streams that the presence of a clump of these alders will often reveal to the thirsty explorer a spring of water. Its trunk is often two feet through. Its wood is often used in our cabinet shops, where it is prized for inside work, such as drawers. OREGON MYRTLE. 4. Oregon Myrtle—California Laurel—Oreoduphne CaZUm-nz'ca. This hand- some, fragrant tree is abundant along the Umpqua river and through Rogue River valley. It is at its best around Coos bay, where it is shipped to San Francisco. As it is so heavy that it will not float in water it is diilicult to bring this wood to market. It is durable and is susceptible of a fine polish, and ill every respect is a wood to be prized in commerce. As an ornamental tree it is highly valued, but is difficult to transplant. Its fruit is fairly abundant and may be raised from the seed. THE OREGON LAUREL. 6. The Oregon Laurel—Madrona, Arbutus Mensiesii. The madroua is fre_ quent in Jackson county and occasional in the Willamette valley. For purposes of commerce it is not abundant enough, but for limited home sup- ply 1t is a handsome, dense, close-grained wood that bears a good polish and is durable. As an addition to the lawn or dooryard it is a real 0mm, ment, resembling the European laurel. THE DOGWOOD. 6. The Dogwood—Camus Nuttaliz'. This tree is ordinarily too small and too seldom met to be of any importance to Oregon commerce. But its wood is a very handsome one for furniture or parts of furniture requiring narrow boards. It often grows to be 12 or 15 inches through and is capable of a high polish. In all respects it is a fine wood for the turning lathe. THE COTTONWOOD. belt of foothills from the Upper De Chutes north into Washington Territory and abundant in the Blue mountains, but not in Western Oregon. Except this larch, all the foregoing trees are evergreen. We will now consider the deciduous trees that rank as valuable for shade or ornament as for commerce. Oregon has three oaks that are of commer- “Qiel importance. Of these in abundance and quality, the Oregon white oak ranks first. 'rnn onnoon OAKS. ; {Wilmette valley and along the Columbia river. For years past a large gzamduntoilwthis timber has been shipped to San Francisco, and well authen- haye occurred of its being returned to Oregon as Eastern oak are builders- , portance. l suits for paper main 'ng. l I lgsi“ Garryam—Oregon'white Oak. This seems at its best in the ‘ 7. The Cottonwood—Populate Trichocaipa, Populus Balsamifcra. This tree is very abundant along the rivers and smaller streams and often reaches a large size. Recent experiments in making paper from the fibers of this_ wood have been so successful that there is but little doubt of its future im‘ This wood is soft and its fiber so silky as to insure the best re~ WILD CHERRY. 8. Wild Cherry-Comma Mollis, Prunus E'marginata (variety Hollis). In the Willamette valley this tree is often in small groves of slender, straight forms, 8 to 10 inches through ; more seldom one finds a single tree 12 to 18 inches through. Its wood is a handsome smooth material for furniture- In the Coast mountains it is often seen in groves of considerable extent of long, straight and slender poles. 84 minus also film-Ins. The following is a treatise on the mining interests of Oregon, prepared by Herbert Lang, Esq., and published in the Oregonian in the latter part of 1886. It is reliable and complete, and deemed of so much importance that we beg to submit it in this report: MINES OF SOUTHERN OREGON-MINING GEOLOGY. It has always been taken for granted that the stratigraphical formation of Southern Oregon, particularly as to the mining region of Rogue river, was a. continuation of that of Northern California. And as Prof. Whitney proved beyond dispute the mesozoic origin of the auriferous slates of the Golden State, geologists have without much reflection assigned the jurassic as the precise epoch when the quartzebearing rocks of Jackson and Josephine formed in the bottom of the deep sea. But it will probably be found, on a to re extended examination, that the strata are mainly eretaceous instead of jurassic, belonging to a more recent era, and possessing different charac- teristics. The reasons for this opinion are as follows: Deriving another lesson from California’s geology, it is found that the northern portion of that State, particularly the region about Happy Camp and northward to the State line, is cretaceous, and contains quartz veins as well as later aurifer- ous alluvium. Throughout California, especially the western part, these formations are frequent, and they are characterized by containing chrome iron, copper, etc. Now these minerals are extremely abundant in corre- sponding strata in Josephine and Southern Douglas, and large deposits of them occur in numerous places. About Cow creek there are immense out- crops of serpentine, usually lying between slates, and developed to an ex- traordinary extent, and bearing segregated deposits of chrome ore and copper. Nickel occurs there likewise. In the gorge of the Rogue river, be- low Grant’s Pass, the finest geological sections are seen, consisting of deep cuts through sedimentary strata of the same description, which have been subject to great metamorphism. All the auriferous rocks are metamorphic, as might be supposed, and are tilted up at very high angles. To conclude, the strata about Jacksonville has been considered to belong to the creta- ceous of Professors Whitney and Brewer, who assign them to the “Chico group” of that formation. The matter of whatever stratum the gold-bear- ing rocks of Southern Oregon belong to may be deemed of no practical im- portance ; but it is not so, for the cretaceous rocks in California have proved to be devoid of paying or extensive quartz veins, while small veins carrying gold are so frequent as to be very misleading to prospectors and miners. It is of vast importance to them to be located in a country whose rocks are certainly auriferous. A geological section on an east and west line, running through Table Rock, Jackson county, might be advantageously studied. On the east’ about the base of Mount Pitt, are the modern representatives of those disa- greeable basaltic lavas which disfigure so much of this fair State. Further down the slope would be seen a gigantic glacial moraine, which covers square miles with its almost limitless debris. Still westward are thick sand- stones, relics of an age perhaps later than the mesozoic, which cover up all of the auriferous rocks and effectually check all useful exploration for min- eral wealth. Basalt abounds on this line, the most of it belonging to the great continental deposits which in the middle tertiary are said to have covered this land with a molten and lurid sea of lava. At the mouth of Butte creek this imaginary section falls within the valley of Rogue river, where the action of ice and water has produced a beautiful and hospitable region, scarce a thousand feet above the ocean, and has worn away the ba- salt and sand rocks of the mesozoic era appear. These are all quartz-bear- ing in this region, but the alluvium of the valley conceals their treasure, and it is only within the tributary canyons that the veins are exposed. Since the valley was formed certain strata of sandstone have been deposited and these strata in a majority of cases have again been eroded, only rem- nants remaining, as is shown near Jacksonville, where are found fossiL bearing sandstones containing shells and casts of fresh water bivalves, and fine silts containing abundant leaf imprints belonging, as one would say, to a very recent age. The sandstone, which is of a loose granular texture, is quarried for building, and serves the purpose well. Beyond these unchanged sediments there are the great series of metamorphic strata, which contain the quartz veins. These rocks are tilted up at every imaginary angle, and are devoid of fossils as far as known. Slate formations predominate, and are best studied in the bottoms of the creeks, which afford tolerable sec- tions. A stratum of crystalline limestone crops out two miles above J ack- sonville, having there a nearly vertical position. It is two or three yards in thickness ; the material is quite pure, and it has been burned for lime, pro- ducin g a first-rate article. Other limestone strata exist hereabout, alternat- ing with thick beds of block slate, shales, etc. It is not far to the Gold Hill RESOURCES \ or "case on~MhvEs AND L ‘m i ‘gory-qr’ ‘2's- ‘ ‘ .. - a, y 1: as...‘ “‘ were, s - lime fiarm'whence ahighly crystallluc’fiifi’ f: fifiheingminad vert into lime at the Portland kiln. Very limestone Ere found on the lower Applegate a, _ a f“ " tham'sfi caves of Williams creek lying in strata of this edging Ty ,f , ‘_.~ ~ ,f Jackson creek has been the scene of extensive ing, and the creek bed has been washed and rewaghcdgc ‘P diminishing returns, until now there is hardly a square has not been subjected to the action of the pan, the rocker, finally the hydraulic. Insufficient water proves the bane of the aw who still pursue their vocation here. ’ r ’ Departing from the course of the section line and travelling southeast- ward, one comes to the boundary of the auriferous region. within a few. miles of Ashland. At Wagner creek are found quartz ledges which‘ltave ' yielded somewhat, among the claims being that of Messrs. Walsh is Brag» don, an interest in which is owned by Messrs. Koehler & Brandt, of the Oregon & California railroad. This mine, as well as the Pilgrim, has been ‘ worked considerably of late, and two small quartz mills have been running there. Continuing westward, the geological section line will cross Gold Hill, a locality of great interest to miners and geologists. This singular elevation occurs in the midst of a tract of eruptive granite extendingas considerable distance down the Rogue river, which flows along the north- west border of the hill. Such are the peculiarities of the elevation that some have thought it a “break-off” from the mountain range which ap- proaches the river from the northern Gold Hill marks the lowest limit of Rogue River valley, and below it the mountains close in and confine the stream to narrow canyons during the remainder of its rapid course to the sea. The valley above seems once to have held a fresh-Water lake, as is suggested by the recent fossil-bearing deposits about Jacksonville and else- where, and it is possible to explain the existence of this lake by assuming that the granite outburst at Gold Hill took place after the valley was carved out to its present shape, this outburst damming the waters and compelling them to cut through the dyke, and in the time thus occupied, which may have been and probably was thousands of years, the fauna and flora of the upper valley sprang into existence and left those traces which are now visi- ble in the sand and silt rocks which are found along the sides of the valley. Of course, these deposits extended across the floor of the lake as they were formed, but subsequent denudation has removed them almost entirely, leaving only the rejmnants which are found in secluded localities. A large portion of the west side of the valley is covered with a. superficial layer of detritus,l made up of water-worn rock, fragments of various sizes and as various origin, mostly volcanic, but many sedimentary, and making up the sterile region called locally “the Desert.” Various theories have been put forward to account for this, but the appearance of the deposits suggest glacial action, as it resembles the ancient ice-drift. DETAILS OF MINING. Along Applegate creek there is a stretch of country whose plaeers have produced a large share of the 830,000,000, which makes up the quota of J ack~ son county for the past thirty-five years. The Applegate creek, into which flow the waters of a dozen or twenty subordinate streams of more or less note, heads near the California line, south of Ashland, and flowing west north-west falls into the Rogue in Josephine county, not far from Grants Pass. A great many shallow and a few deep placers have in past years been worked, but the present mining operations are confined mainly to the latter sort, of which there are some good examples still left. Of worked hydraulic diggings the Sterling mine on Sterling creek, eight or nine miles south-west of Jacksonville, is the most important, and occupies in fact a leading place in this State. Work has been carried on here for a great many years, and the vast excavations in the high gravel banks testify to the eflicacy of the hydraulic streams. The property belongs to Capt. Ankeny7 of Portland, and is under the superintendence of a very able gentleman, Mr. Frank Ennis, who is proprietor of certain similar property near Waldo, Josephine county. In order that the reader may compare the operations of this typical Oregon hydraulic mine with those of other localities, a few statistics will be of use. Water is brought upon the claim by means of a ditch twenty-three miles long, that cost over $10,000, capable of delivering a million and a quarter gallons of water per hour. The grade of the ditch is thirteen feet per mile, its width at top is eight feet, at bottom four, and it is a yard deep. The hydraulic mean pressure employed is three hundred feet and a little more, and three nozzles of six inches aperture. The size of nozzles and height of fall and quantity of water used compare favorably with the best practice in California. Near Uniontown is the hydraulic claim of Gin Lin, a Chipese citizen of Americanized virtues. It is worked by Chinese labor, of course, and is well worked. It is an extensive claim, comprising a large tract of fairly rich ground, and has yielded well for home years. Water is supplied by aditph seven miles long, flowing 1,400,000 gallons per hour in the season._ It cost 3. ‘h Q \ ~43‘ lye-verve: new ,v \{ne I or “e, ' ‘i ‘i feet deep, and deliver‘; the > .e g . ‘3951.13 etc ‘ , 5;!!! 250 feet above the workings ' "’ ‘lihi'derflihér minted ” 6 1, worked upon the Applegate or its 25*: dimer!» 2 The gmnghkdpleééiét whims miles lcngon a twenty-foot is safest Widepntcfi pgme bottom, and three feet deep. The idqoeuleke ditches twelyeaadiefighhlf miles long, and cost with the darn but the factor the lake, scallop... Tfhcegwere constructed to render available ‘4* huge amount of. which exists at such high elevations as “do debar w 3 by ordinaraympans. I The Bquaw lake ditch affords perhaps ' the, most permanent and reliable supply or water of any ditch in Oregon, "the natural reservoir okfficuewlske—cight at the California line-having an extensive surface, andrs situated at perhaps 5000 feet altitude. The Salt- mwh hydraulic spine aaapplegate, and that of Mr. Layton at Williams- hurg, are the prlntdpjal pertaining claims on the Applegate. A GENERAL SURVEY . ) Gold has been found in the sands of the greater number of the streams in all the five counties which make up Southern Oregon, and the placer mining region is very extensive. It embraces the territory lying between the Cali‘ terms. line on the south and the Calapooia mountains on the north ; between the foothills of the Cascades on the east and the Pacific ocean on the west. Three kinds of placer mining are known-the work of the shallow placers found along the streams, the hydraulic washing of the deep gravel beds’ ‘ and the mining of the beach sands along the sea coast. Ordinary placer work has been done upon hundreds of streams, some of whose deposits have yielded richly and made the localities famous, such as Jackson creek, Althouse creek, Applegate and Illinois rivers, etc. The richest claims lay upon those streams which are tributaryto the Applegate, Illinois and Middle Rogue rivers, and were comprehended within ghe pres- out limits of Jackson and Josephine counties, where mining is still an im- portant interest. It will be well to discuss the subject more with reference to what may yet .be done in mines, than towhat has been done already; to mention more particularly the present existence of untouched mineral wealth than the details of past operations. Accordingly, a proper review of the most im- portant mining localities will contain facts setting forth the present state of the mines, with a discussion of future probabilities, rather than historical reminiscences touching their former state and productions. Viewed thus, the old and famous mining regions just named will have less interest and importance than newer and less‘ famous localities from which wealth may yet be derived. In this review we will begin with the northernmost of those localities which are known to be auriferous, and proceed south, touching mriefly such localities as are pertinent to this account. STEAMBOAT CREEK, ‘In the northeastern part of Douglas county, is the northernmost locality in Southern Oregon where gravel has been worked for gold. The stream is an affluent of the North Umpqua, and runs through an uninhabited country. Its yield was small, and it is hardly likely that any large amount of pay- dirt is left. On none of the tributaries of the North Umpqua has much mining been done, but they can all produce a “color.” R. L. Cavitt, living twenty-five miles east of Roseburg, washed a small patch of ground on a tributary of Cavitt’s creek and took out $300, but no others have been as successful in that region. Little prospecting has been done in the North Umpqua, and hardly any knowledge of the stream has ever found its way into print. Quartz of a good quality is known to exist, however, and the writer saw some very rich specimens from there, containing a large propor- tion of gold, in' the possession of a Frenchman, at Champagne’s hotel in Roseburg; but the finder maintained his secret, and the locality remains unknown. Copper ore carrying silver is said to have been found there, which is very likely, considering that a large part of the country rock is serpentine, which is characterized by its liability to contain that metal, chro- mium, nicxle, etc. THE SOUTH UMPQUA RIVER. Passing southward over the irregular mountain range which separates the two Umpquas, the traveler comes to a region of considerable note in placer mining. There are Coffee creek, Elk creek, Bear creek, Cougar creek, Deadman’s creek, Myrtle creek and Day's creek, on all of which washed gem has and still may be found, and upon most of which a great deal of work has in the past been done. The most of the shallow deposits have long since been worked out, but some deep gravel suitable for hydraulic op- era'ations still remains, and no doubt will in time be worked. One deposit in’ particular on the main stream is thought to be promising enough to justify an expense of $40,000 to bring water on. On the north branch of ... gnu‘ are the claims of Messrs. Beans, Kuns, Risch and Wright ,, ‘a we * ' r- w 'fi.x~-~’i-‘" » . ~t . i it’ ‘ RE ’ Er 3-; MINES AND MMNG ’ !_ it. '3 “ e ‘ w r I a‘ a a‘ h‘ or, A 1w . ’ v ‘a ’ Q A‘ , " e r. ys‘n'gr’eu I ##r‘’ re‘ 2 g. ,. a . . . g" ” Q ._ ~. a if.“ 1;? £52‘: Mr’ affygyf‘if', I 5 "a - "a at “‘ a " issixfeet wide , I 1, r e r 65 cow, cssnx, Another tributary, has been a still more noted mining region, and its glory has 110$ Yet departed. Its gravel has been worked for more than thirty years, with fair results, and very many miners have “made their piles” and given their place to others. The placcrs are extensive, and some notable bodies of deep gravel are still found. On Tennessee gulch, some twenty miles up the creek, there is a very good claim owned by “French Steve,” a venerable cripple, but good miner, who wantsto sellout. It includes an excellent water privilege, and gives good prospects. Probably twenty placer miners are still working on Cow creek. 0n Quines’ creek, an afiiuent of Corr creek, emptying in at a point about seventeen miles from Canyonville, there is a silver-bearing quartz vein, three or four feet thick. Just above the mouth of Tennessee gulch is the Union ledge, a gold mine which has been worked considerably, and has produced a small quantity of rich gold quartz, which has been worked in an arrastre. It can be worked very handily by tunnel, and though the vein is small, might prove a good in- vestment for men with capital enough to work it and put up a mill. The water privilege is first class. It was in this immediate vicinity that the recent quartz discovery known as the “Btarveout strike” was made. The vein is properly knownasthe Green Mountain mine, and is a. strong quartz vein some six feet thick belonging to Messrs. Clarno, Wilson, Jones and , who have been working it for some time. The rich deposit seems to be restricted to a portion of the ledge where the quartz is placed by calc spar, and this material is knitted together by strings of beautiful yellow gold. The extent of the discovery has not yet been made known. Several other veins in that region have yielded very rich rock, but always in small quantity, and never, so far as known, with such a high proportion of gold. John Catching and W. L. Wilson have placers which have been worked for several years quite extensively. Messrs. Ash and McWilliams have a claim on which they are using a nine-inch giant, supplied with water by a three foot ditch. This claim yields well. The Messrs. Cain have an iron mine, and considerable copper, in ore or native, is found along the creek. The deposits certainly deserve and would repay careful examination. BETWEEN UMPQUA AND ROGUE RIVERS. The country lying between the South Umpqua and the Rogue is very mountainous, some of the summits reaching 5000 feet above sea level. The elevations lie in roughly parallel ranges whose directions is east and west and include between them the drainage basins of J ump-oif-J 0e, Louis, Grave. Wolf, Coyote and Cow creeks and the South Umpqua river, with their various tributaries. It mainly belongs to Josephine county. The Oregon and Cali- fornia railway passes from the south through the center of the region, furnishing cheap and convenient transportation. Placer mines have been worked upon these streams for 30 or more years, with tolerable results. Quartz mining has been of more interest than profit. The geological forma‘ tions are chiefly metamorphic slate and quartzite in the southern part, and slate, serpentine and conglomerate (pudding stone) in the north. About Canyonville, near the South Umpqua, the serpentines and slates are very strongly shown in extensive sections. Denudation has been very extensive in all the region, cutting canyons 2000 feet deep, and carving out valleys and mountains from what appears to have once been an elevated plateau corresponding in height with the highest crests hereabouts. The country to the west and southwest of the railway exhibits the work ings of geological forces on a grand scale. The Coast range is re-inforced by these great traverse buttresses, and constitutes an anticlinal of vast pr0~ portions, deep into which the more important rivers and creeks have cut their canyons, some 3000 feet deep. The mountain-making material is slate’ quartzite and serpentine, 1n alternate strata, all highly metamorphic, and generally inclined at a. high angle. Heavy conglomerate beds exist at various points, forming elevations of considerable size. Toward the north- west the appearance of the mountains change, for the characteristic sand_ stone of the Coast range comes in, covering all older rocks from sight be- neath thick layers. The boundary lies about the head of Coquille river, south of which cretaceous metamorphic strata predominate, and to the north the tertiary sand rock. Of course no valuable mineral veins are found in the latter, nor any sort of wealth excepting coal, which exists as lignite or brown coal, and iron ore beds of some prospective value. But underneath sandstones the same serpentines crop out in places, carrying as they do elsewhere, chrome iron, copper ores, etc. This is particularly. true of one locality in Coos county, called J ohnson’s mountain, where in the midst of an enormous outcrop of serpentine there appears chrome iron, cop_ per, and other valuable minerals; while near by, in deep canyons, there are alluvial gold, silver, copper and platinum, all native. A great many quartz ledges on the upper reaches of the Coquille and Sixes rivers con— taining gold and silver; so the theory that the country is entirely sandstone must be abandoned. 66 e r, a‘; Q, '~_‘,_ 'A, ._ , z‘ .m, , ,Wp ._ V V y n) v t . v “a ',.-'.,.3. , s- g‘; 0 -~ ' .REi‘SfO UBQ’ES QF 3. * OEEG - ZQNR “’ ‘* ‘aids . . ‘a __ h *- w "A. pug! s - a W ‘ ’ ‘2r . i a ~ ‘F’ 3"“ t‘ 2. J" ~,- -- a “as <~ _. ‘rz’Yu,a EM“ 4» ‘I\ The gold mines that have been most worked in Douglas county are the Tellurium and the Umpqua or Levens, near Canyouville. The Tellurium mine, so called, is a singular anomaly. Somebody discovered a deposit of chrome iron, and conceiving the idea that it was “tellurium” (i. a, tellnride of gold ), gave this name to the claim. It has since been worked for copper’ which is found native and as chaleopyrite, in small quantities. A iurnace was built for smelting the copper ores, but failed from a variety of causes. A tunnel over 400 feet long has been run, cutting through 200 or more feet of magnesian rocks containing foliated and fibrous serpentine, brncite and tale. The remainder of the tunnel is in an altered serpentine state, in whose joints and cavities a small amount of pyrite has been deposited. Certain portions of this pyritiferous formation are said to have yielded, up- on assay, $6000 per ton! while other assays have afforded nothing. A mill was built, witlmthe intention of treating the rock for its contained gold’ but nothing came of it, and mill and mine are now idle. NORTHERN JOSEPHINE. Rugged mountains alternating with steep canyons and narrow valleys make up the northern portion of Josephine county, aregion that is good. for little besides mining. The rocks contain auriierous quartz veins, and placers are found on nearly all the streams. The water-courses connect with Rouge river the streams flowing a westerly course. Toward the north is Wolf creek, upon which there are some eight or ten gravel miners employed. On Coyote creek is the noted Ruble claim, which gives employ, ment to a dozen men in the season when water is plenty, and has enough good pay dirt to last for twenty years. By some this claim is held to be the most valuable in Southern Oregon. Its yearly output is not known, but there is no doubt that it is being worked with judgment and energy. On Tom East creek Joe Dicer took out $1000 in the middle of last season before it was time to clean up. Again, no figures of production can be given, but it is probably fair to credit these creeks and their tributaries of Northern Josephine with an average annual yield of 820,000. The placers, particularly the deep ones. are not by any means exhausted, and experienced miners tell of many loca- tions where pay dirt exists in great quantities and only requires the intr o- duction of water in order to produce a great deal of gold. But unfortunately the construction of a ditch would prove very expensive, as only the Rogue rit er itself is thought to be capable of supplying the required amount of fluid, and in case its supplies were drawn upon, a ditch fully 50 miles long would be required. In its course the fiume would cross Evans’ creek, Jack- son county, another stre am of past renown. There are no present means of knowing for a certainty whether such a ditch would be a pecuniary suc- cess, but its construction is advocated warmly, and is under consideration by capitalists. Should it be built, it will render productive some hundreds or perhaps thousands of acres of auriferous gravels lying upon Evans” Sardine, Grawc, Wolf, Coyote, Jump-oii-Joe and Whiskey creeks, and W111 transform the lonely region, where now a few dozen miners eke out an un‘ certain existence, into an active mining region, and increase its production probably to millions instead of thousands. The attention of capitalists is strongly called to the feasibility of this project and its probable great re- turns. Within the domain of hydraulic mining there is hardly a more promising enterprise. The total number of placer miners in this part is about 80, half of whom are working on Grave creek. DOINGS IN QUARTZ. As for quartz mines, this portion of Josephine possesses few of value. Only two, the Luck y Queen and the Esther have ever been worked to any extent, while the latter only has ever paid expenses for even the shortest length of time. The Lucky Queen is upon Jump-oif-Ioe creek, a few miles from Grant's pass, and belonged to and was worked by a joint stock com- pany, who excavated over a thousand feet of shafts and tunnels, erected a ten stamp mill, with pans, etc., and for several years endeavored to make the property pay. After spending $25,000 or more, their patience gave out in 1879 and the mine was abandoned. It has lately been rc-locatcd. Its ore is base, containing a large percentage of metallic sulphides, with gold and silver in unequal proportion, and was not successfully reduced in the for- mer working, because the processes were doubtless not adapted to the con- dition of the ore. . The Esther is likewise abandoned, although it is said to still contain some good rock fit for crushing. The total output of this mine has probably reached $23,000, while the expenses of working it were not less. The five stamp mill, with its water power, three amalgamating pans, boiler, etc., cost over 87000, and was lately sold for 8200. The most noted placer mining localities in Josephine are in the southern part, lying upon three streams which flow into the Illinois river, being Alt- house and Sucker creeks, Galice crock, likewise a once important district, is near the western edge of the county, the creek flowing into the Rogue river 10 or 12 miles below the mouth of Jump-ofi-Joc creek. i r " .w-v‘ *f§~*>i-.;i;1€.e.a . raw “we .. .l ‘w . ‘> ‘,‘F‘ -,>' I I i. J“ (New "2''M : Q "436-, i‘ g??? 1 ‘1,5,2 é‘ < a ‘a’ ' : “this a . _ > - “fieqsettmalnes ofoaneeoreele g »: l , ., s . $ “3% .\. Mi ( v ‘4 ‘11” n6‘): saw " 1' i in,‘ 1 which are parallel, but totally diss , W a '. ~ iihasrstiiide * rid: ~ g, ' * _' , Q , 2*‘ ~. "$4 "3“ My»: fan” H“ A‘ I K m w . rggn‘miaiéw’; réfigwy as 4 4.352%‘? vi. a i i . *1 ‘if e awn. ‘ rut Called also the Sugar Pine, was discontinued. " ,_ ' worked more extensively, perhaps, that -'- Oregon. The veinis in slate, stands nearly rectangle , - ..g» k “a, .- ‘ . _ *- north and south, and obliques through the conatryemflnw A ‘N the vein varies from nothing to three feet. aWmEmE 4 1 ‘x . P d , ,. i "g"- The vein matter is white, splintery quarts, accompanied “1 occasional deposits of calc spar. ~ The metallic eonstitlfeixts arsehtedjstfaifig pyritcs, copper pyrites, and a very little galena, whichlast tsrensreed'hggi the mine as an infallible indication of " pay rock." The sulphuretsoi eerily per and iron occasionally occur in large masses, forming awaiting; part of the vein at the point, and these massive pyriten carry a very high: percentage of gold, the assays of ‘solid specimens of copper pyrite! reaching $2000 per ton. Part of the quartz essays from 830 to $80 per toms. portion falling below 820, and another portion containing too little gold to ‘pay’ extracting, is waste rock. The workings include four tunnels, the longe’sin 550 feet in length, and the four aggregating over 1200 feet; a shaft 6ft feet, deep, :1. winzefio and many yards of stapes. The amount of pay rock tracted has not much exceeded 1000 tons, whose yield probably averaged 325 per ton, as worked in an arrastre, with a loss or nearly all the rich sulphurets, of which but a small part was saved. THE YAN'K LEDGE. "a , “l l ,Zfr. .' .- ._‘w. _ 5. ‘a? s. if‘ r‘ W ‘r \ which crosses the Rogue ‘river three miles below Galice creek. It is 250 feet thick, and has been traced for 20 or more miles, north and south. “It is a con tract vein, with a slate hanging wall, and hyposyenite on the foot. The vein matter is mainly a bluish quartz colored by copper, which is plentiful, existing as copper pyrites, and near the surface there are oxidized com- pounds, such as chrysocolla, azurite, etc. The soluble salts of copper have coated the interior of lately constructed tunnels with a deposit over a quar- ter of an inch thick. Numerous wide crevices occur in the quartz, which are mainly filled with a soft material containing much oxide of iron, and resembling the “ gouge” of ordinary veins. Assays of the quartz show A part of the vein is occupied by a shoot of heavy spar, some 20 or more feet wide, which forms an important part of the vein matter. This is not thought to carry valuable minerals. . Such is the magnitude of the vein that an immense sum of money must necessarily be expended in order to prospect it, and no one possessed of the requisite capital has as yet shown a suihcient interest in the matter to in- vest therein. It is quite within the domain of the possibilities that the great Yank ledge may be found to contain immensely valuable ores, and certainly the worth of the claims would be very great if only low grade rock existed. It will probably be many years before its value isdemon- strated. Not far away—in fact within a. league's distance—lies the Mam- moth, another incredibly thick vein, which is exactly parallel with the l Yank. Of it less even is known than of its neighbor, for no prospecting 0t moment has as yet taken place, though the indications are not less favor- able than of the other. Below the Yank is the Bybee claim, a quartz vein seamed with tale, in which, and not in the quartz, some gold in the thin- nest possible leaf form is deposited. Such rock is apt to be very deceptive, for a very little gold in this form will make a great showing in a specimen, such is the extreme tenuity with which it may be drawn out. SOUTHERN JOSEPHINE. The mines of southern Josephine form the chief resource of the people or that isolated but pleasant locality. In former times much placer work was done, which has left its traces in scarred hillsides, and creeks and river beds turned topsy turvy. Some work of the sort is still done, and the average yearly product of the region may be reckoned at $70,000,- more or less. The best resource is the huge and endless gravel beds like those near Waldo, which are every year attracting more and more attention, and win um. m'ately be worked on a scale befitting their importance and extent. In a. statistical way there is nothing worth saying about the Illinois, Althouse,_ Snake creek, and other mines of southern Josephine. The product. for 183i?I _, a dry and therefore unfortunate year, was stated thus by Mr. Nickerson, 01:"; Kerby: Waldo, $3000; Althouse, $25,000; Kerby, $6000; Galice creek, William's creek, 63000; total, $45,000. One company, the Waldo Hydraulic, reported their yield as 814,800, a considerable variation from the sumglvpn, The principal claim is the Simmons & Ennis mine, halfa mile from Waldq, , which sometimes employs 50 men, and works the ground in tree Californiaj style. They have 160 acres from 40 to 60 feet deep. They will; require sail; code or two to exhaust the mm in matron as y from 82 to $36 per ton in gold and silver, with a small per cent. of copper. ' No greater quartz ledge has ever been discovered than the" Yank ledge, ' 1. ,, . egpggplvsi‘iflfivzs AND MINING‘. 67 “ e-I v 5" ~ + _. , r a r 1 . a" "2." H” w ‘ " f'l’“ ”‘" A"' be be}: t". ‘a. hem anagram, am, when the m. b‘t‘c ‘ l, > '= ‘ 2 H film» mime ’ dithered and use marr- r l ‘Ki ‘ M m,“ (my _;'§that_of Bybee 4t Newman, Iv .r 1h 1m ’ "is ' . if “rs ssntmta'mcrm fmassct Waldo Hydraulic 00., g been’; gulch claim, ;~= 84000; N. DeLamatter mm? Gtllmwqekr spgsrrine mine, nacoo; Althouie swash some compartment, crooks, some wnuam't melt, @1990} tibial, * * _‘.»,e“l*;;”;.‘.,~' ' 'i‘illgl‘flfillogfieans of swamps: how much aurii‘eroas gravel still re- ?fifi'? WY fiilfiidllkfii but“ millet“ anything, the annual product from melt is increasing Sliihtls‘rwith a tolerable chance of a more rapid mmlfim fill‘ the There lit opportunity for large hydraulic 0f flqllfomia, with the unquestionable advan- Qa? of having sandpaper": on‘which debris may be dumped without in- jlm‘inx anybody. No debris law will ever afllict the mines of this State. WW “1111 adult lojho topic of the extent of placer deposits in another con- ;nection. ‘ Q ~ ~ 5“ 2‘ Quartz mlnihghas been even less a permanent interest than in the north- ernqpart of the country. A few mines have been opened, one only with en- couraging results. Thus, the Enterprise mine, east of Waldo, has an 18-lnch {as in quartzite. Tho quartz yielding 826 per ton in the arrastre. This claim was located in 1860 and abandoned in 1867. It has been relocated Several timessince. Its production is not known. THE QUARTZ VEINS IN GENERAL. The vein matter of the Southern Oregon ledges varies but little through- out a wide extent of country, and. with some exceptions, may be described as hard, white and compact quartz, carrying metallic sulphides to a greater or less extent, and sometimes sufilcient gold (and silver) to pay for working. Besides, a portion of the vein stud‘ sometimes consists of tulcose, slate, scr- pcntine and other magnesian compounds. Calcite (lime carbonate) is a constituent of several veins, and barite—hcavy spar—is found in one 10- cdlity at least. The metallic sulphides spoken of consist of pyrite (iron sul- phurels), chalcopyrito (copper pyrites) and arsenopyrite (arsenical iron), which are. especially the two former, invariably found; and galcna, or lead sulphide, which occurs in minute quantitim in several veins, and sphalerite “or zinc blende, which is still less common than the last named. Thus there is seen to be a strong resemblance to the quartz vein systems of Cal- ifornla and other auriferous countries; and this resemblance is much hightened by the characteristics of the veins themselves. A typical quartz vein in Jackson or Josephine county would have a thickness of from three to five feet, with a dip of 70 degrees. Its walls would be very smooth and regular, there being a notable absence of the “ bunchiness ” which dis- tinguishes many veins. There would be a soft, sticky clay gouge at least an inch thick. The character of the ore would be as above stated, the sill- phides present constituting not over 1 per cent. of the vein matter; and they would assay, when carefully cleaned by panning (con centrating) about $150 per ton, or, in other words, that portion of sulphurets contained in a ton of rock would contain gold to the amount 01‘8150. its to the “ free gold." this répresentative mine, if it were truly representative of the greater part of the veins, would not contain above a trace; but there would be a chance, founded on the early quartz-mining experience, of finding somewhere within its walls a rich spot, a “ full pocket," which might return wealth to 'the'lucky tinder. m GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. In rptrospection it may be remarked that very few of the quartz veins of Southern VOregou conform to the description of milling leads, and not all hold‘out much inducement to the sagacious minor. Many are relatively barreudn wealth throughout; many are pocket veins; while the number ~fihs farshown to be well mineralized and suitable for extended mining operations can be counted upon the fjpgers. opportunities for legitimate investment in Southern Oregon mines are not many at present. Perhaps the quartz minm which have standing as ‘mines, and are not like thegreat majority, mere holes in the ground or ibratohes upon quartz, do not number a dozen, all told. The Green mine, on Igsllicacrcek, isono of the most valuable limited quartz deposits, as far as fipiéhent explorations go, and it is property which would be classed as reli- Ehhla’fi'n any mining district iii America. The Wagner creek property, at ",pr'esentfactivcly worked, is another of presumptive value, as stated by those t’filtj‘llhlfdxxamiued it. The Jewctt lode. near Grant's Pass, is judged to be working, and some are of opinion that the Umpqua mine, near Cun~ wfiouglas county, will more valuable, although present develop- little. The Swinden claim may be added to this short cat~ :wgli‘elngirezngfid mines are worked out; or rather, their pay chdtés bolus m at maturity at‘ cases Ihandoned, their records ,P - clip: is d - or an.» ‘email w ~ L have no place here. as for unworked claims, there are thousands pi‘ them, had all for sale. Only a few such but are able to present fair, and even first class "prcapeotsfi As to the most promising oi’ the new locations, the St. Peter's claim, on the divide between Grave and Wolf creeks, seems the most .valnable. It has been previously mentioned. For those who may wish to engage in the hazardous yet not expensive pursuit of pocket mining, Jackson county other a favorable opportunity. The record of her pocket mines is such as to inspire confidence in the breasts of experienced pocket hunters, and although this branch of mining is not understood in the Rogue river country, it might easily become an im- portant resource there. POCKET MINES 0F JACKSON COUNTY. Quartz mining in the Rogue river country has been mostly of the kind known aspockct hunting. It was by discoveries of this sort that quartz mining took its rise, and although people have been persistent in endeav- oring to introduce the milling process, their efl’orts have failed, and pocket mining still remains the only permanent resource. The amateur miners of that section appear to despise quartz mining in its simplest form, pocket hunting, and therein they wrong themselves and neglect their opportunities. There are large districts in California which are almost entirely given up to the pursuit of this kind of mining, and considering the means it requires it proves asremunerative as any other. There are whole communities who have sogiven themselves to the study of the conditions surrounding the occurrence of these limited ore shoots that their pursuit has become as cer- tain and its results as sure as those of the more cumbrous, slow and expen- sive milling system. A short account of how they do it will not prove amiss to such readers as desire to intelligently assist in developing an important resource. The difi‘erence between pocket veins and milling veins chiefly is that the latter are “mincralizcd” more thoroughly and evenly than the other sort. The typical milling vein c'utains a large quantity of quartz through which a variable quantity of gold, rarely more than $100 per ton, is disseminated, usually in very small particles, often so small as to be invisible. The pro- cess for securing this gold includes the pulvcrizing (milling) of the quartz so as to allow of the separation of the gold particles from the quartz. Hence the name milling veins. Pocket veins, on the contrary, contain all the wealth in gold (none are worked for silver) in a very small space compara- tively, as if by some occult force the precious metal had been gathered up and placed in a confined space. Such is the concentration of riches in veins of this sort that a space in the vein of no more than a cubic foot has been known to contain $10,000 or more. How or why this disposition occurs no— body knows; but a great many are anxiously seeking to know, as the solu- tion of the problem is likely to mean immense wealth to the acute philoso- pher who solves the queries. Some things ofvast importance, however, are already known. It was rightly judged that such dcposi ts do not occur hit or miss, as if nature acted without reason, and observers soon discovered that pockets may be “thrown”-that is, deposited—at the lines of intersec~ tion oi the worked vein with another vein which crosses, this being called in mining parlance a quartz crossing; th on some pockets are thrown by slate crossings, such being a certain displacement of slate country rock, or other- wise the intersection ofa vein whose quartz has given place to a tale or clay filling, This is less likely to show a pocket than the former sort of intersec- tion. Pockets sometimes are found at “elbows.” “horses,” or faults in a vein. Considering all these, the intelligent miner, instcad of condemning the fate which has thrown him into a pocket-mining country, chooses a promising-looking vein and sets to work to discover upon the surface if possible, a vein, no matter how small, which by its course seems to join or intersect the worked vein. A good deal of digging is often times necessary on account of surface dirt which may obscure the indications; but this work, performed with dispatch and method, is soon over, and a suitable number of crossings are located. Finding the point of intersection of the two veins in question, the miner prepares to sink upon the exact line where the one cuts the other, for it is upon or very near this line of intersection that the great deposits are situated. Following this line of exploration the miner—who oftencst works entirely alone or with a single partner—digs apassage for himself with the minimum of exertion and expense. The underground works upon a pocket mine are excessively crooked, dark and cramped, and they are rarely timbcrcd. The height of a drift is rarely over four and a half feet and its width 30 feet. Shafts and inclines are constructed on a similar scale, and work of this sort may go on for a year without the ox- penditurc of a dollar for timbering. The pocket mines thus far worked with success in Jackson county have yielded about $400,000. This estimate will be increased by $300,000 more if the Fowler or Steamboat mine be regarded as a pocket mine—a question which is susceptible of strong argument. Including the Fowler, the total product of each of the more noted and best attested mines will stand as follows: .68 csso choirs 0F oaseolt~Mrinis EAND Fowler x? 5 £315,000 ‘ Gold Hill 150,000 Jewitt 40,000 Blackwell 10,000 Holman 10,000 Davenport 8,000 Hicks “ 2,000 The Johnson & Elder, Cupps & Wood, Maury & Co., Bowden and other claims also yielded pockets, but their value was not recorded. In fact the only information obtainable about the product of any of these claims is a matter of recollection, and not always reliable. The above claims, together with perhaps a dozen others less noted, produced a sum not far from $700,000. It is a peculiar circumstance that every one of these mines yielded its pockets in the years from 1860 to 1863, since which time nothing has been found. It was in the former year that a fever for prospecting broke out, and led to their discovery, since which time nothing of moment has been done, until a year ago, when work was resumed on a number of them, particularly those which lie about the forks of Jackson creek. The Davenport mine, of Rieve & (30., has been re-opened, but has thus far produced nothing; the Eldorado, or Brown claim, worked years ago by Drew &. Co., is being‘ worked, and a lot of rock was crushed in Brown's mill, Jacksonville, with- out promising results. There are tunnels upon both these claims, and as both crop out for many feet they have been pretty well prospected, but always with the idea of their containing milling quartz, which is a fallacy. They, as well as the other veins in the vicinity, are valuable only as pocket claims. On the Johnson & Elder, a strong vein from three to six feet wide, an adit is being drawn to intersect the ledge. A similar work has been going on for some time on the Bowden ledge, which is tapped at a depth of 150 feet. The property is controlled by the Jacksonville Mining company. On the Musquito gulch mine of Grob & Braendcl some development work has lately been done, and a small pocket was struck at the intersection of a slate crossing, and the metalized rock was taken to Brown’s mill and crushed, yielding about $100. H. Klippel is now sinking upon this ledge. At Gold Hill work has been active, and Brown’s mill, having been removed from Jacksonville, is crushing rock under contract from the Swinden quartz mine, a mile or two from Gold Hill station. The ore from this claim con- sists mainly of brccciated quartz, in small and sharp fragments, held to- gether by argillaeious matter, which is found also in nodules by itself. In another portion of the vein is compact quartz; in another nothing but the clay filling. A good part of the quartz is loosely held, the mass being so friable as to be easily crushed in the hand. The deposit has not yet been explored, so that nothing can be said of its extent. It is worked now by an open cut. Assays of the material run as high as $20 per ten, the wealth being in free gold, very fine, but probably in a good condition for amalga- mation. MINES IN CURRY AND COOS COUNTIES. Besides the black sand deposits elsewhere treated of, Curry county con- tains considerable wealth in quartz and stream placer gravels. The same metamorphic rocks which underlie the Rogue river region extend westward through Curry county in enormous anticlincs and synclines, quite to the coast. Upon these metamorphic rocks rest in places a great thickness of tertiary sand rocks, mainly toward the north and northwestern part of the county, particularly on the north side of the Rogue river and about the headwaters of the Coquille and its tributaries. The overlying sandstones are not appreciably metamorphic generally, and contain as a rule no min- eral veins or appearance of any. ‘I hey do contain coal beds, however, which are referred by Le Conte and others to the mioccne tertiary. Fossils are rare, but resemble living species. The structure of the rock is from the coarse conglomerate to a fine-grained shale, weathering light. On the northern coast of Curry, not far from Port Orford, there is found a deposit of beautiful blue sandstone, which splits freely, is of suitable hardness for building stone, and is said to be coming into high demand as a material for ornamental stone work and architectural uses in general. It is called Blacklock’s quarry, and a great part of its value arises from the fact that it issituated directly upon the beach, and the split stone can be easily and cheaply placed on board of a vessel and shipped away. San Francisco fur- nishes the only market for this valuable and probably durable stone. Still other bodies of good building stone are found at Mack's arch and Hunter's head, and these, like the others, are easily accessible to vessels, so much so, in fact, that the blocks might be swung by cranes from the quarry to the vessel. Marble and limestone of reported good quality have also been found Mr. Steward, of Port Orford, says: “Copper has been found in well-defined leads just below the mouth of the Illinois; also along it and on some of its tributaries, as well as in the ‘Lake of the Woods’ mountains back of Ellens' burg. Iron and chrome exist in fabulous quantities in many places, but generally too hard of access to attract capital for many years to come. On, . ,. .. 1 2. e (x 7x1‘ .‘5’ ‘:2, i the dis thcreis abegi bi chrome, spamming a? a. An .; . ' J .. v-s, med at Swansea and pranounced the finestin th‘dwglggm ,QQggist _ ‘ i , ting it to tidewater preshidefl the idea of its shipmandgesaihmhsen round, two miles above the mouth of the Illinois, in ‘4 ‘Byvaégva "it also at the big bend 0f the Rogue, and at other massaging} g “1. was have been picked up on the coast four miles below Elletisb‘urggfigiitt , has never been prospected for." Q a a 31”" ~ ' Gold has been mined on the coast of Curry for over‘thirty years. {A tion of the metal is found to be coated with a substance that defies angles‘ mation, and besides it is excessively fine. Nevertheless amalgamated cop‘, per plates have been used with some success. The blufi' diggings~old beach‘ gravels--are worked with immunity from the tides and are more certain is their yield. The principal beach placers of this county are found inn tract some 25 miles in extent, part north and part south of the Rogue. The Cooley, claims on Ophir beach are among the best now worked. The placers of Curry are not confined to the beach and bluff diggings, for some valuable deposits exist on the Rogue and Sixes rivers, which are receiving increased attention each year. The bars along the Rogue in its lower course are ex-- tensive, and about the Big Bend have proved productive, but are worked at great disadvantages. They are distinctly to be looked on as important ad‘ ditions to the mineral resources of the county. SIXES RIVER. Sixes river is a mountain river that rises near the head of the Coqullle, and flows into the ocean at Cape Blanco. Along it are fine forests of excel- lent timber trees, fir, Port Orford cedar, etc, and in its sands placer gold is fairly abundant. No great amount of wealth has ever been taken from Sixes, but it forms a reliable source of revenue to a few miners, and late dis-t coveries have been made which justify quite extensive works. Under the caption of “A Rich Mine Revived, ” the Coast Mail of Marshfleld lately printed the following: \ “ Hutcheson, Burrows & Co. have opened a gold mine on the south fork of the Sixes river, which promises to be one of the best ever struck in this sec- tion. At the point of their location the river runs through a gulch in the mountains, on one side the rocks rise almost perpendicular close to the stream, and on the other there is a flat piece of bottom land varying in width from 800 to 1200 feet before the mountain is reached. It is evident that the old bed of the stream was on the other side of this level land, al- though now it is covered with some 60 feet of debris and has large trees growing over it. A mine was located on the bank of the stream, as it now runs, some years ago, and $3000 was taken out in about 200 feet. Attempts were made to tunnel to the old bed, but the operators could not make the scheme work on account of the water. The present owners have run a tun- nel lower down and a few days ago struck the old bed of the stream. To do this they were compelled to go through about 260 feet of soil lying between the old and the new channels. As soon as they thought they had found the old river bed they sent for Bob Hutcheson, of Marshfield, who is familiar with gold mining in all its phases, and Bob went over to inspect the diggings and direct the work, and he was satisfied they had a splendid showing. Since then ‘the boys’ have worked 11 days, Dave Hutcheson digging all the dirt and two others doing the washing, and they cleaned up 0180. They estimate that the old bed, which they can work, is about 50 feet wide and extends up abotit 3000 feet. Persons who have experience in such matters and have looked the mine over are anxious to buy interests, and the im- pression seems to be general that it is a very valuable mine." OTHER LOCALITIES. Quartz of a good aspect is found on John Mule creek, a tributary of the Rogue; on Silver creek, another tributary, where a good deal of prospecting was done several years since; near Port Orford (Devilbiss’s mine), wherea, lode bearing gold and silver has been traced fora mile or two, the 01-9 a mass of pyrites, assaying, it is said, from $8 to $75 per ton; and inother local. ities mainly in the deep canyons of the mountain streams. Thus far the attention of miners has not been strongly attracted towards Curry county, because partly of its extremely isolated position (it is the most difficult of access of any region upon the Pacific coast of the United States), and partly because no important mineral strikes have been made there. Yet there are few more promising localities for prospectors to visit witlra probability of finding wealth. Prospecting has not been followed as an in any portion of Southern Oregon, and very few educated and practical prospectors have thus far pursued their craft in any part of this State, These remarks are especially true of Curry county, ahd to almost the same extent of the neighboring country. THE GOLD PLACERS DISCUSSED. It has been shown that denudation on an enormous scale‘ has taken place a in Southern Oregon since the formation of the aurifereus veins, and country , rock. quartz and gold together were washed‘ down am to theme!’ as “escaped destruction, but it is not large. No mountain, if of sedimentary ‘ l e o to ‘ .r' ’ “MINES AND more a ‘an; a’ y: :22: v I’ A,” I __ . - ~ 6" __ _ . , 1% ‘12,0’; x g 63;.‘ q,’ 1 J r J a ' 69 _. :2 “new r h . i ' P ’- ' “n {pap ‘ “Wiles 3s a if it“) I y ,... w l J a} r". < n 4’ - . f "» ' ev" "i. ,-. 1. .4 -.-~ *. '-' '. ‘~ .1, 5%.‘ “figfia mm? ‘3 Pmfi ' e , ) , f‘ v‘ a v n :‘s; " .7,‘ my I U ' ‘ ' t ,. , ,.. , Ebetwsen dsog‘nfig, called also, hydraulic re "s M . , =~ - <~ ,.~., . I t tunings. r,‘ .v; r. i'(j_i_~.5.! erafiqm e . ~‘ . c ' safe”, , M‘ ‘we ut the last i ‘time the most; lfynot’ all, of afern Oregon’ was nudes?" j: l i‘ cretaceous strata were do, we, reaching far up tag \; than fully emerged from iurassic seas; Durrrrgjho’mgrweshsera probably not less than 3000 test of sedimeuiiswere the region tributary to the Rogue, ,Umpqua; and» Genuine,’ "ready for another mountain-making movemt, which conic atthérl , of the middle tertiary, when the Coast range was‘elevatcd. At slang the waters were drained on’ and Southern cleave firstappearod asland cannot be told, with the limited knowledge new obtained; but itis likely that emergence took place and the subordi- nate chains of mountains werelormed at one movement, which should date rather befbre the success, because erosion has evidently been greater there than in ‘the Coast rangawhcnce more time must be given. The denudation which took place afftér the land-making era removed many hundred feet 01' strain belonging, as far as can be seen, mainly to the cretaceons, but partly, it would seem, to subsequent formations, perhaps eocene, and cutting in places down to the older metamorphic rocks. The deepest valleys thus worn in the mesozoic and old tertiary formations are fully 5000 feet deep. counting from the high elevations of the Grave creek hills to the lower Rogue river canyon. All the roclcs thus worn away, excepting probably the tertiary layers, were more or less metamorphic and carried mineral veins, many of which contained gold. It is impossible to estimate the enor- mous amount of precious metal which found its way into the streams which bore away the vast burden of debris, but it must have been stupendous. At the beginning the streams did not occupy their present beds, nor were there deep canyons in existence; but lakes and ponds existed, and into them the streams bore their burden and deposited it in immense beds of gravel, a hundred or more feet thick, of mingled country rock, vein matters and gold in fine flakes and minute particles, not as it is now seen in shallow placers, but as it is found in hydraulic diggings; for these are the relics of the great deposits left in tertiary lake and river beds. The cutting of river and creek channels then went on, while the earlier formed gravel beds were subjected to successive changes, sometimes being added to, sometimes being washed away in part, removing them to lower and yet lower levels, while the gold, subjected to the winnowing and polishing action of the water, was separated into bits of more uniform size than before, while the worthless gravel was ground likewise aid broken, until only the toughest of it would stand the wear and tear. This was the survival of the fittest, where everything weak and fragile went to pieces, and only the strong, hard and tough endured. Large banks of gravel settled in lakes, reposed there and hardened to some extent,'and were in process of forming rock—sandstone or conglomerate— but the unceasing erosion by the falling rains or the running streams wore away the borders of the lake and it was drained, and its bed became dry land. An ambitious mountain torrent now cuts a course through the bed of gravel. The friable material breaks down and is washed away, and while on the road is sifted and its particles separated, the larger and heavier not going free, but stopping to form bars, while the fine stuff is carried to sea‘ Here, then, is the explanation of the whole matter. The lake deposit, with its intermingled fine and coarse gravel and boulders, carrying principally fine gold, but in small quantities if compared with the huge mass of gravel, constitutes what miners call a “deep placer,” or hydraulic digging; while the bars, or gravel beds of streams, not very deep anywhere, but containing coarser gold which is also worn (generally), is a shallow placer, or sluice digging. They are also distinguished as old and new placers. This is why deep placers are found oftenest upon mountains. They are there simply because they have escaped by their inaccessible position the washing down which has removed other deposits. Where denudation has been deepest the most gold has been set free and the most deep placers are formed and preserved. No one knows what proportion of these deep gravels have origin, is too high to carry a deposit of old auriferous gravel upon its side, 03! even upon its summit. To discover such gravel at a great elevation proves that it was formed at an early period while small shallow deposits in run- ning streams certify to a late origin. Speaking generally, the difl‘erences between deep andshallow placers are as follows: The former are the oldest, the deepest and usually the poorest in gold. It is rare that they contain enough wealth to pay for working by any other than the through-going hydraulic process They lie higher up than the latter, w-ich, as has been explained, proceed from them. I The fossils found in deep placers are mainly of tertiary forms, having con- temporaneous existence. Relics of the mastodon, elephant, the progenitor of‘tfie‘ horse, the camel, etc., have been disiuterred from such beds, showing that they ,wb‘re undoubtedly tertiary. though the rock materials in them ‘ The extent or the old p'lacers and the new gravels has been spoken of pre- viously. The deep deposits of Southern Oregon are chiefly found upon the Rogue river and its tributaries, particularly upon those streams which drain Josephine county. Galicc, Josephine, Grave, Jump-oztf-Joe, Coyote, Wolf. ” Whisky and other creeks have a considerable amount Of deep gravel on the neighboring hills, and the high and rough mountains of the great canyon of the Rogue river itself carry a great deal of gravel. Generally these deposits are rich enough to afford splendid returns for the investment of money in hydraulic mining plants, but the necessary investment would be so large t that thus far most people have been deterred from engaging in the business. These Opportunities which in California have been eagerly snatched, in Southern Oregon go begging. THE GOLD-BEARIN G BEACH SANDS. At various points along the Pacific coast from Gray’s Harbor, Washington Territory, on the north, to Point New Year, 30 miles below San Francisco, on the south, there are found deposits of a. heavy black sand, of about the fineness of ordinary beach sand, which contain more or less of finely divided but rather pure gold particles. This is called black sand, from its color, which is usually black, and sometimes iron sand, from the fact that chemically it is mainly iron. The deposits are of two kinds : the Old beach sands, meaning those which lie considerably above the present Water level ; and the new Or late sands, which form part of the present beaches, and like the other beach sands are moved back and forth by the waves. The latter will be considered first. The gold-bearing sands along the present beaches are usually black in color and are composed mostly of particles of magnetic iron ; that is to say, of the magnetic Oxide of iron, called magnitite. In chemical constitution the substance is considered to be a mixture of the protoxide and sesquixide of iron, having 72 parts metallic iron to 28 of oxygen. It is quite hard, sometimes scratching glass, and its specific gravity is about 5. It is strongly magnetic and is infusible. It is found in nature disseminated through granite, gneiss, mica slate, eyenite, horn-blende slate, chlorite slate and limestone, and at other times forms extensive beds of ore suitable for mak- ing the finest qualities of iron and steel. It is the same as loadstone or na— tive magnet, excepting that the latter possesses polarity. It is maintained by some that the magnetic Ore in the shape of black sand is even better adapted for steel making than that which Occurs in beds. But why this should be so is not explained. With the iron, which usually amounts to half or three-fourths of the whole bulk, there are other substances which may be regarded as impurities. They are first, and most useless and delete- rious, titanic iron, called ilmenite, a substance possessing the samehardness’ color and specific gravity as magnitite, but of no use in the arts, although it is rich in oxide of iron, and is prejudicial in smelting. Rounded quartz sand forms a varying proportion of the beds, sometimes nearly the whole and sometimes being entirely absent. The gem called zircon. a silicate OE zirconium, also exists in the beach sands. and is not rare, though too small to be noticed except mineralogically. These, with other and rarer sub- stances, make up the black sends, w ith the exception of the contained gold which is supposed to be always free or unencumbered. Mr. Henry I. Hanks, a leading authority on such matters, gives the following analysis of an average specimen: Magnetic portion 16 80 Part rendered magnetic by heating 2315 Gold of a good color, amalgamating freely .0003 Silica and insoluble silicates 4038 Residue undetermined 19 25 99.9803 The gold is uniformly fine and commonly flaky. To such an extent is it flaky that at particular deposits the particles absolutely float upon water, and by no means can it be effectually brought into union with the mercury. There is, it is stoutly maintained, a sort of skin or coating which forms upon the gold, which also prevents amalgamation. This coating is sup‘ posed to be composed of iron sulphide, derived from decomposing sulphur- Ous compounds somewhere present. A strict microscopical examination of several samples has failed to reveal any sign of film or skin, nothing but a discoloration of the surface appearing. Of course such a film may accom- pany some portion of the metallic particles, without the knowledge of the chemist, because existing in so minute a proportion. It is most likely that the skin or coating, so much spoken of in reports upon the sand beaches, Is one of the numerous bugbears which miners are so prone to conjure up for the purpose of explaining their own ill-luck in their Operations. One could judge a prion‘ that the separation of gold would in any event be difficult under such circumstances, for black sand, having a. high specific gravity, would be troublesome in the pan or sluice; and in addition the gold is so very fine as to elude capture by any merely mechanical process. givers compfssed of the ground up strata of older formations. 5 As to the assay value of beach sands, the widest diversity exists. Certain 70 "br'(‘!'‘—'a ' WW. ‘wt vs'srr‘" samples of sand do not yield any than a trace oilfield ‘in. Spite of. alleged wealth, while 830 and more represents theassay of other details“!- The old beaches have proved the richest through long years of working, and they are supposed to pay 83 per ton when wprked in sluices. Their- assay is of course ‘far higher, since of this fine gold but a very small per~ ecntage is susceptible of being caught in riflies or in quicksilver. Ordina- rily those sands which contain 810 per ton will pay about 83 on washing, while poorer sands will return in the same proportion. A great deal of the sand which is washed each year does not yield a single dollar per ton, and some of it much less. Still, in spite of its low yield, its working is a suffi- ciently lucrative pursuit when water is plenty, and is engaged in quite ex- tensively, but in a crude iashion. The linear extent of the deposits has been mentioned ; as to the absolute quantity in sight, no figures can be given. It exists upon nearly all the beaches between the points mentioned, but in very variable quantity and richness. The deposits are aiiected by the tides to the extent that where on one days. layer of comparatively rich sand a yard deep stretched for half a mile along shore, with a perceptible width of several yards or even rods, the next day may be seen only barren gray sand in its place, the black sand being washed away or buried under several feet of debris. Thus the rich- ness, or at least the extent and location, oi the beds are perpetually chang- ing. Auriferous beds exist in over one hundred separate localities on the coast, twenty-seven of which have been the scene of mining operations designed to extract the gold. The most important, or at least the best known, localities in Oregon are Yaquina, Alsca, Cape Lookout, the mouth of the Umpqua river, the mouth of the Coquillc, Gold Beach (near Ellcns- burg), and Chetco. Gold Bluff, in California, is at present the most impor- portant black sand mining locality on the coast. 'narnons OF SEPARATION. J The methods pursued in separating or attempting to separate the gold from the sand are as various as the mind of man itself. Humaningcnuity nearly ex~ hausted itsclfin devices to solve the diflicult problem. The most simple and also the most successful is by means of sluice washing, as in ordinary placer working. The sand is removed from the tide level or excavated from the old beds and fed into a sluice, in which a constant stream of water runs. The gold sinking to the bottom is caught by “riilles” or in a batch of quick- silver. Improving somewhat upon this process, boards of white cedar, sawn at an angle with the grain, hence producing a “nap," have been used for the lining of sluiccs with considerable success. Blanket sluices serve agood purpose, but the ordinary forms of concentrators fail utterly, because they have no power to separate the heavy magnetic sand from the gold. Wash‘ ing in rockers is a common resource, and there is a woman yet living in a retired nook on the coast who made in a single day 5150 by thus washing the exceptionally rich sands which a favoring tide threw on shore. It is not difficult to get the color in a pan ; indeed, quite fair wages have been made by washing the richest sands therein. But the cupidity of man outrunning all such primitive contrivanccs as pans, rockers and sluices, has sought for means by which enormous masses of anrifcrous material might be treated at once. Everything has been tried, and poor indeed must be the persuasive powers of the “process fiend” who cannot secure a backer to furnish capital to try again for the glittering prize cast up by the surge. The most of these inventions are reproductions of old-fashioned ideas about amalgamation, chlorination, lixibiation, etc. The application of quicksilver is the prin- ciple which underlies the most of the processes. Over 30 years ago some inventor proposed to use in placer washings a bath of quicksilver, through which the gravel was to be forced by suitable machinery, with the expecta- tion thatevery particle of the gold in it would come in contact with the mercury and be amalgamated and held in the bath, while the worthless gravel passed through and was discharged by a waste gate. In practice it failed to work as it ought theoretically to have done, and instead of the gold staying with the quicksilver the latter went away with the gravel, losing flask after flask of precious mercury. The gravel “fioured" the liquid metal and dispersed it in globules of microscopic size, while hardly a par- ticle of gold was taken up. The inventor dropped the matter in disgust‘ well satisfied with his experience; but at frequent intervals ever since his idea is rc-incubated and a "new” invention which threatens to revolution- ize mining is brought forward. Capital is enlisted, the apparatus prepared, attempts to operate are made and the invention is added to the long list of failures. This principal has been tried innumerable times on the beach sands, always with a perfect lack of success. Amalgamation by simple exposure to a surface of quicksilver has many advocates, and in fact the only successful application of the principle of amalgamation. Pans, as in the Washes silver process, have been expen- imented with, it being hoped that the preliminary grinding would remove the objectionable coating, which was assumed to prevent amalgamation. But as very little of the sand is rich enough to pay for the operation the . t‘ ; . , --‘r i’ U I...» -, ~, k“: can’? 1 >‘m_¢l .g, ~ " ‘ v‘ lun- 1"“ "A‘ 5" as“? ' \ \ z N a k t P? ‘f ‘ f _ '_ Q. 5‘ a . » 4 ‘ ‘r \ ~ 'v x u“— .§“ “233 c w y: 'r , ‘ “ r. ‘ w ‘m. r If; ' A triafi'wlérefiinctnnetlaredinnsuccessnns error that sage of the said is susceptiliieidllw " upon all esps'rimentsiaithisisort as waste'oi‘iinier'ifidi mostly proved. The armstreprecess has been _, _ and the discovery of an obstacle in that'tlte 1-‘1- move from the'bedQ It is generally conceded that ass” essary in order to brighten the 'gold and place it in " 7' i 1'15.‘ and, to eti‘eet this, a legion of devices have been proposed?‘ The Q with its ponderous wheel. has been invoked—with the usual 'ill-sneceiair The scouring is easy enough, but- what if there is no gold to scour; There; is the rub, anda generation of inventors will never be able “to remove the . difliculty. ‘ .. ‘ ‘i - Chlorination has been proposed by several persons, the writer ‘of this ar- ticle, among others, being the inventor of a process by which the chlorine»- tion of gold ores may be shortened in time and diminished much in cost. The writer has endeavored, though thus far without actual trial, to adapt his invention to the diflicult and previously unsolved problem of the beach sands. As is well known, the chlorination of gold ores is effected by bring- ing—under proper conditions as to temperature, moisture, etc.,-a current of elementary chlorine gas to act upon the metallic gold, by which it is con- verted into chloride of gold, a soluble compound, which is then leached from the ore by warm water just as potash lye is extracted irom ashes. When the gold compound is got out it is an easy matter to procure the gold - in the metallic state, simply by adding green eopperas solution, which throws down the gold as a brown powder. The writer's process consists es’ sentiall y of the above, with some technical details and apparatus designed to cheapen the work by automatic handling of the ore, etc., with a new and improved mode of introducing the chlorine, whereby the time is reduced from two or three days to six or nine hours, and the cost from 810 per ton to $3 or less. Of course the poorer beach sands would not pay for working, even by the cheapest process. There must be something else devised for their case. The very richest sands, should they be found abundant enough, will pay well for smelting. Such is the excellence of magnetic iron as& flux in lead smelting, provided it is entirely free from titanic acid and its compounds, that a reduction works might well afford to buy it for the pur- pose. It can be slagged oil‘ very easily, at a cost of some $10 or $15 per ton. While the separation of the gold from the sand has been attempted by hundreds, others have attacked the problem from the other side, and pro- posed the separation of the iron from the gold. The most eminent of these is Edison, who uses an automatic apparatus in which magneth are brought into play to separate the iron from a descending shower of dry sand. whether the scheme is practicable or not there is no present evidence; but the probability is against it. During the time that experimenters have been dealing with the problem, a large number of people have been making a living and some few getting rich by working the sands in the simplest and cheapest possible way, namely, by sluicing or rocking. It was in 1852 that the first work of the sort was done, it commencing that year on the California coast at Gold Bluh', near Crescent city, and in Oregon at the beaches at the mouth of the Rogue and Coquille rivers. Over a thousand miners were engaged in the industry at various points along the Pacific shore in the following years, the most being congregated near the points named, where the sand was richest. Work has been kept up steadily ever since at those localities, and inter- mittently at many others. No close estimates of the number of miners en- gaged therein have ever been made, nor of their earnings; but estimates for particular years have often been published. Probably the average number of miners employed steadily at this work would not vary much il'om 500, taking the years together. There has been a gradual decrease from 1856, when the number was greatest. In that year the coast of Curry and Coos counties were the scene of very active operations, and the former county contained then and for several subsequent years more people than it has at present. Large camps were built up at various points, and some of them remain populated at this day. Randolph, at the mouth of the Coquille, the ,' center of the "high" or old beach mining industry, was the principal camp, 9 but it is now reduced to one inhabitant. Still the resources oi‘ gold are not ' by any means exhausted, nor are they exhaustible if judged by their pres? ent appearances. There is hardly any diminution oi richness noticed in the moving sands of the lower beaches, while the high deposits have hardly been touched. Explorations continually reveal more of the latter, and the ocean is continually providing more of the former. - _ The production of gold from the black sand deposits varies with each year, and no exact estimates have ever been made. Mr. Frank Stewart, of Curry county, gives the product of his county in 1883 as follows: Gold beach, $1000; Ophir beach, $10,000; Euchre beach, $5000; Blanco beach, 54000; total, $20,000. Coos county returned no figures for that year, but according to Coquille Hm'ald the product of one claim, the Pioneer milieu, was $13,600 for‘ ,, ‘I a. the 12 months, this being probably the most productive minor? in the _~> “j * 41.1,» o , Iv‘. : l; a sin- , , - . v‘ -» - J. T "'c gs‘? --£:» 1 one» r; s i .'f_ f“ N" P . z . is‘ 1:. . 1'” ' . ‘site's’ w...» a» . x a F 71 is . _ Wéfijthe production oi’ ‘thedebs ' = .1 tram the preceding can, he a , ,. ,_-.' ‘ F: ,5 ‘193016 and “Either; total, M1. \ ,‘ mfj€§gfir .i' I x :1 ' t )n \ J; h‘rdififié'ilew. Q ‘4:, .12. ,. r s . The ipodtiimpdcw‘w , aspects occur about the mouth or the ~fi_fl~ ‘. dogufllefmmogwinfl" Zmpijeaic seas of many feet in thickness, over- Evita : Q éther’debris to a greater or less extent, searing; has such athielmcds thattt would require , , A obtain the gold which is known tobc “"“mmhiatcd t’lieréjfliéygfl‘i‘wfiirktnga deposit of this kind the writer ven‘ trees fireliommoiid' or drift mining, wherein the overlying mass of grayelhiasuppunrted by timbering, while the aurii‘erous mate- 'rtalsare svluilcsd out smiths geld recovered. An open cut might be run to like vsélmflifilwliiqh eglgalong line of sluices with riilics should be stationed. Workings: blogléji’g’ravel, here several feet in depth, although lying under frhm siltbdh’fedlfusmrding to memory, of worthless dirt, might be expedi- "tinuslly arid seft'ely performed in‘ this wiry. These deposits have a sameness oifdgsdriptionz they lie 30, 60, 100, and even 300 feet above the present beach, Indore referrable to various periods of elevation of the shore-Lac probably not geologically very ancient in any case. ORIGIN OF GOLD BEACH SANDS. What was said about the origin of placers will tend to remove any doubt or uncertainty in the reader’s mind concerning the origin of the gold beach lands, which are in reality a modified form of placers. They principally difi‘er from ordinary placers in that the winnowing process has been carried to a much greater extent. In the case of deep aurifcrous gravcls the gold is found interspersed among many million times its bulk of sands of various degrees of fineness, mingled with boulders and other debris of indefinite sizes and varieties. In short, the mass has not been winnowcd. In shallow placers the sorting action of the water has produced a more orderly arrange- rxient of particles, though to various degrees in various places. In the latter is seen the effect of attrition and the friction of moving bodies, in thatncarly all the surfaces, including those of most of the gold particles, is rounded and worn. The fact indicates that the later gravel beds were formed after a longer continued period of movement. Carried on indefinitely the entire mass of debris would be reduced to pow- der so fine as to be transported by even the slowest moving stream, and when the fine stud‘ settled it would produce a fine silt, w hich on hardening would become slate. Coarser portions requiring a swiftcr stream for their transportation would settle quicker, and would form sandstones; while still other pieces, larger yet, would be transformed into conglomerates (pudding stone). To stand the ceaseless wear requires a very tough, hard rock, and the very hardest linger longest in the fight, such being the quartz pebbles, called carnelian, onyx, etc., which are panned out by the sea waves and scattered, with other semi-gems, along many sea beaches. Of necessity a vast, almost limitless quantity of debris goes to the ocean. From the river loads of the washed down strata thus carried into the sea, a great many classes of minerals are sized by the currents and deposited here, there or elsewhere, each in a place which its size and weight firs. There is always a relation between the velocity of the waves and the bigness and density of the thing they are able to bear. If a man sees two unlike particles borne along together by the currents, he is safe in concluding that the two are alike in resisting the current equally, no matter how unlike they may be in ‘chemical constitution or physical properties. A flat flake of gold may be made of just the right size to travel along with a rounded piece of magnetic iron, black sand. A spherical particle of gold of the same weight would not stay with the two, but would halt on some bar whence the mightiest power of the stream could not dislodge it. It is to the eroding power of the moun- tain streams and the sorting power of the sea waves that mankind owe the black beach‘sands. The former broke the gold and the magnetic grains from the solid rock and carried them seaward; the latter winnowed them again and again as they lay with other sands and metallic particles upon bars at the mouths of rivers, and the heavy sands and whatever of gold par_ ticles that possessed an equal resistance to the action of aqueous currents paused in one locality, pairing on‘ together, so to speak. The idea sought to be conveyed in this is that taking an indefinite number of pieces of mag netic iron of different sizes and shapes, and an infinity of gold particles of equally diverse forms and sizes, there will be some gold and magnetic par- ticles which will be equally acted upon by the water, or more strictly speak- ing, thuiit will sink with equal speed through the water. It follows that they will bemoved at equal rates by running water, and consequently will be- comeseparated from particles that have a different mobility. This in spite ofihsvdifierent specific gravity of the two substances, that of magnetic sand native ‘gold varying usually from 15 to 19, according to its s. “a r K » ,_,__ . .,, ‘ *“‘.v Scour‘. 3' eds.‘ rs ~ large depaiits Entity.‘ Prod Joseph Le Contc, in his manual of geology, treats exhaustively _ the subject of the transportation and distribution of sediments, and after Pl’emmng that comment of water moving at the rate of three inches per second will takeup and carry along fine clay; moving six inches per second will carryhne sand; eight inches per second, coarse sand, the size of lin- seed; 1% inches. gravel; 24 inches, pebbles; three feet, angular stones the size of hen’s eggs; he observes that the carrying power of water increases much more rapidly than the velocity. For instance, a current of one foot per second transports gravel, while if it moves only three times as fast it will carry particles many hundred times as large. Then by a beautiful mathe- matical demonstration the learned professor shows that the transporting ‘power of a current varies as the sixth power of its velocity; so that if the current be doubled in speed it can carry pieces 64 times as large as before, and if it be multiplied in velocity 10 times its transporting power is increased 1,000,000 times. It follows that if a current of three feet per second or two miles per hour can move fragments of stone the size of hcn’s eggs, or three ounces weight, a current of 10 miles will be able to transport boulders of one and a half tons, and a torrent of 20 miles per hour will carry masses of 100 tons. From this the destructive efl‘ects of floods and mountain torrents can be easily understood. From the above law it tollows that if a current bear- ing sediments have its velocity checked it immediately drops a part of its load, the coarser first; but if rains fall and increase the current it will take up what it has dropped and carry it on. In other words it will erode its bed and banks. The sorting power of water, still or running. has been spoken of. Advantage is taken of it in concentrating apparatus of all kinds, where- in materials of different sizes and weights have to be separated. These principles, applied in the discussion of the origin of placers, solve the question completely. as well in relation to ordinary shallow placcrs on running streams, and the high or ancient placers, as to the black beach sands of the coast, which represent an extreme term in the process of placer making. Black sand, it should be observed, exists in all placers, but it is only after being subjected to the searching action of the waves that it is so freed from accompanying foreign matters as to be of the typical description. The sorting action goes on also in fresh water, whereby black sand placcrs are produced in many localities, but not comparable in extent and regular- ity with the auriferous ocean beach sands. Such inland deposits of black cand are found on the Snake river in Idaho, and at the Mackenzie bridge, Lane county. Those engineers and geologists who have examined the de- posits about the mouth of the Klamath have concluded that the gold comes from some very auriicrous gravel deposits evidently deposited by ancient rivers directly upon the present coast. They form high blufi‘s, which are :llbjCCt to wear by the surf, and great masses frequently break down and are washed away. This does not in any manner conflict v. ith the theory enunciated previously by the writer, the peculiarity of the Klumath river deposits being that they u ere formed so much nearer the Pacific shore-lino than any with which we are acquainted to the northward. That they were lormcd contemporaneously w ith the deep gravcls of Rogue river does not admit a doubt. Others have propounded the theory that the gold comes from the rocky strata along the shore, which they say are worn and disintegrated by the waves so as to set the gold free. But there is no evidence to prove that the eroded rocks are auril‘crous to any extent. To be sure some gold-bearing veins are found at various points along the coast. even as far north as Tilla- mook, but the source of all the beach gold, and more particularly the magnetic sand, must have been far difi‘crcnt. The coast rock formatlons carry little gold, and extremely little of magnititc grains. We will take leave of this subject with a quotation from the press, which will show that the patent process man is still hopeful: “In the black sand mines near Randolph, on Coqullle river. a new process has been introduced, by which it is claimed that fully 90 per cent. of the gold can b? saved. The body of black sand is almost unlimited, as it is found nearly everywhere on the ancient bcach, which extends inland along the Coquillc about two miles and has been traced north and south a considerable distance. If the new process should prove entirely successful, lively times may be looked I01‘ in the black sand mines. A completely successful process will be hailed with joy all along the coast.” MILLING OPERATIONS IN SOUTHERN OREGON. It follows from the nature of the orcs of Southern Oregon, which are gold quartz carrying sulphurcts, that the appropriate process for their trcatmen,G is that known as the wet-crushing battery—amalgamation process, or more simply, gold milling, uith subsequent concentration and treatment of the sulphurets. Accordingly the mills which at various times have been intro duced into that country parlook generally of these features, with the ex‘ ccption that the concentration of sulphurets, not being understood or much practiced until within a few years, was not in most cases attempted. Twenty years ago, and even much lose, the extraction of gold from quartz, in re“ 72 ality one of the simplest and easiest problems which has ever been solfids by metallurgists, was far difl’erently understood from now. “Pans, settlers, and furnaces, and a whole host of utensils and apparatus which are now only regarded as essential in silver extraction alone, were set up to over- come the supposed rebellious tendencies of the gold, and the art was in a chaotic state indeed. Now the tendency is to simple processes. Instead of pans, baths of mercury, revolving barrels, and magical contrivances of all kinds, the ordinary stamp battery is alone used, it doing amalgamating as well as crushing, and the gold amalgam being caught up on surface-amal. gamated copper plates, over which the pulp of crushed ore mixed with water flows. No one now thinks of amalgamating free gold in pans, or indeed any contrivance save the mortar of a stamp battery, nor are there any cases in which free gold quartz demands any other treatment. "' Concentration, as before remarked, is an art that has grown up within comparatively recent years. “Ore dressing” is the name by which it is known in foreign parts, a more suitable designation than the other term. The problem of ore dressing is to get rid of worthless quartz, heavy spar, slate, cale spar, or other gangue or vein stuff, leaving the metallic ores which accompanied the gangue in a pure or concentrated form. The win‘ nowing action of running water is the agent which is relied upon to do the work, and a great many devices for applying the water have been invented. The United States patent records contain descriptions of above a thousand “useful,” “novel” or otherwise, inventions of this kind, and their number is daily increasing. If a mill man needs a contractorhe has a wide latitude of choice. The kind most in repute in the concentration of sulphurets from gold quartz veins is the Frue Vanner, so-called, an instrument that costs $500 and does its work with almost human intelligence and more than human certainty and dispatch. The concentration of galena, and all sul- phidcs where it is not necessary to break the pieces finely, as in free-gold milling, is best carried on by jigs—contrivances for separating, arranged to take advantage of varying velocities of fall through water, which particles of the same size but of different specific gravities have. The jig deals with comparatively large particles, from one-third to one-twentieth of an inch in diameter; while the Frue machine performs best upon fine pulp or sand from the battery. The pulverization of metals to be treated by jigs is per— formed by the Cornish rolls, while stamps are generally in use to pulverize the auriferous ores which contain free gold and must be amalgamated in a battery and passed through a fine screen, say of 40 apertures to the linear inch. The typical free-gold mill has reached its highest state of development in California and the Black Hills, where results almost phenomenal in the history of milling have been recorded. To crush the quartz, amalgamate and save a fair percentage of the gold (about 00 per cent.) and to concen- trate the sulphurets, costs in the Plumas-Eureka mill, California, but 60 cents per ton; and this result is surpassed in the Father De Smet mill, Black Hills, where the work costs but 40 odd cents. These mills are driven by cheap (or gratis) water power, and use 60 and 80 stamps respectively, weigh- ing about 800 pounds each. The rock “mills” (that is, returns) 37 at the Plumes-Eureka and $5 at the De Smet. The other mining expenses are on a correspondingly cheap scale, and both properties are paying largely. In the following table the numbers in the second column stand for the monthly duty of each stamp in tons; the third, the cost of milling in cents; the fourth, the total cost of mining, milling, deadwork and management; the fifth, the number of stamps used; Sierra Buttes, Cal so 56 $5 83 76 Plumes-Eureka, Cal '78 61 5 57 60 Hoincstakc, Dakota 75 117 4 03 200 Father De Smet, Dakota 85 ___ 2 12 100 Caledonia, Dakota 88 2 95 _-_ It was in 1860 that the first quartz mill was introduced into this State. The Gol Hill mine had just been discovered near Jacksonville, and the propri: ‘ors were working in an arrastra quartz that was worth $1 a pound. The old apparatus, with its cumbersome drags, lazy mules and primitive appearance generally, was not attractive to the owners, although they were lividing 1000 ounces of gold per week; so they let a milling contract to Henry Klippcl, one of the firm, who took in two partners and, proceeding‘ to San Francisco, ordered a 12~stamp mill of the pattern in vogue, which had low iron mortars with wooden housings, and six stamps working in each mortar. It was shipped by sea to Scottsburg, on the Umpqua, and hauled thence by teams to Jacksonville, the steam engine and boiler ac- companying. Freighting costing $2600, and the total cost of the mill when set up and in running order was 812,000. Its first performance was the reduc- tion of 100 tons of refuse quartz from the vein, which had been thrown aside as too poor for the arrastra process, and it yielded $100 per ton. The next run was on ordinary quartz from the mine, and much to the sur- prise of all it yielded but 83 per ton, owing, as was supposed, to defective amalgamation. Another run lasting six weeks and being carefully con- ‘ REso Uacas or case Alva. , ducted yielded $2.40 per ton, and mine and mill suspended operations. The '1' ‘#551 “ '4 "to ' ‘S'l' ' r ‘r J " 1(2‘“ “n \ i‘ - \“U a J ‘ '1 u. _, a 4 at, -. ._ 1 \ ‘use’ q’, s a‘ 1, . L with‘ mm wsacsta-blished at Dardanelles, g , . ,_ , bridge new crosses the Rogue river, and ‘r a party of Yreka minem, who continued“ ‘leadjiii‘gifi with entire an of pay. Subsequently the engagements were sold as‘ $5000 to Jewitt brothers and. Douthitt, who was the poem, ledger; opposite Grant's Pass, and removed to that claim. It gogidserg‘ipwm at time, and was afterwards converted into a sawmill. The‘engiheit Wwm use at Parker’s sawmill on Big Butte creek, Jackson county. 3 ~ " i‘ 3 1' '‘ Henry Pope came over from Yreka in 1860, and during the ‘fin W" :srl erected a quartz mill at the forks of Jackson creek, having contracted crush the rock from the newly discovered Holman and other ledges near by. He was to have 88 per ton, provided the rock paid that much, Eighty " or 100 tons from the Holman produced 842 per ton, and from a small lot from the Davenport $75 per ton was had; but these rich spots were soon exhausted, and at the end of four months Mr. Popexsold two-thirds of his mill (eight stamps, steam) to a company, by whom it was run some months longerm In rather less than a year from its inception it was changed into a sawmill, the battery being in use at a later date on Wagner creek, at Anderson & Rocki fellow’s mine, while the engine was driving a sawmill on Jackass or Forest creek. For a time this mill ran, successfully it is said, upon quartz from the mine now called the New Eldorado. " Some years later Charles Drew and Samuel Bowdcn put up a steam mill on the right hand fork of Jackson creek, to work rock from the Bowden ledge, the same which is now being explored by means of a tunnel, run by a Jacksonville company. The vein is worked to a depth of 80 feet, several tons of quartz being stoped out, which is said to have paid expenses. Other veins in the neighborhood, mostly in Timber and Shiveley gulchcs were tested, but nothing came of it. After two or three years of spasmodicjvorb- ing the mill was taken down, and the boiler is now in use at Karewski’s flour mill, while the battery, stored near by for several years, has just been resurrected for use in Messrs. Klippel & Baumle’s new mill on Jackson creek. The Blackwell quartz, whose yield is given previously, was at first worked in the Gold Hill mill. In 1882 a rotary quartz pulyerizer was'put up for experiment’s sake. Some months since Messrs. Walsh, Bragdon and their associates erected a similar device upon their mine on Wagner creek, and after a long run shut down in September. In 1885 L. D. Brown & Son erected a quartz mill in Jacksonville to work custom ores from the leads in the vicinity. They set a Jones rock-breaker, a Salmon rotary pulverizcr and amalgamating device, constructed upon an antique principle, a free concentrator, a boiler and engine. The people of Jacksonville had previously granted a bonus of, it is said, $2500 to aid in construction, but, like most other guaranteed bonuses, it never was all paid- The mill ran on small test lots of ten to fifty tons and the enterprise proved unsuccessful. The amalgamator proved a total failure and was discharged. The rock-breaker and pulverizer sustained the claims of their manufacturers and the Frue vanner was, as usual, very efficient, although there is no ap- preciable amount of sulphates in the rocks of that district. In June or July, 1886, the mill, or at least the concentrator, the remainder being discarded, was removed to the Swinden mine, near Gold Hill. A five-stamp mill was bought, the same which had been put up by the Oregon Mining and Milling company, on their property at Browntown, a camp on Althouse creek. The mill, with its battery, pans, settler, etc., cost $10,000. One of their mass was the Enterprise, a very good property, but of no account to this companyy'“ who never took out a dollar. The mill fell into the hands of Mr. de Lamatter, of Kerbyville, who sold it to Brown. At the present time there is an addition ‘of five stamps proposed, the machinery being now on the ground. This will make, with four Frue machines, 10 stamps, plates, etc., a very end‘ cient and complete mill, capable of reducing 20 tons of ordinary quartz, or 30 of the soft stuff they have to handle at the Swinden mine. In the northern part of Josephine county two stamp mills have been put up, being the Esther and the Lucky Queen mills. The latter was at the mine on Jump-oil‘Joe creek, and had 10 stamps, water wheel, a calcining furnace for desulphurizing, not the sulphurets, but the crude ore; ahuge ‘revolving tank for amalgamating, weighing 5000 pounds, and other appar_ atus, all very expensive by reason of enormous freights. The modus operandi included calcining, dry crushing and agitating the dry pulp in the revolv_ ing tank with quicksilver to catch the gold and silver. It is unnecessary to state that the process was a failure, and that the projector ran away in dis. grace. The mill stood idle until this year, when it was burned down, proba,_ bly by an incendiary. It was a uscl ess contrivance throughout, and could not without extensive remodeling have been made useful. The Esther or Browning mill stands at a distance of three miles fromthe mine from which it gets its name. It is a water mill, wet-crushing, with five stamps, but with room for 10, copper plates, settlingtanks, three shallow amalgamating pans and a boiler for heating water to aid in amalgamation ’ ‘I he structure is in good condition, the machinery is intact, the gtmps . i n ‘a a h, k a,‘ .. '31 ‘47' ads ; 'r at‘; “ls-‘F; M I i‘. y F . I: H 51%..’ ',n . a i~lgi$ v. oasecnssnnvns AND MINING.‘ 373 a! “e s q ‘I d’ ’ if?’ ? >~ 1 s45 i,i“:,:"?g;\rréfi$mw g???‘ ' o is fimahm * J . ‘I “has. 1 Produced amt. ‘*l’ht there are other lavas as old as the Cascade range, and yet others " x q r» u 77 s z o w w I (39''- ‘ .mfil \. ‘l \ i’ - 1 Wm smndmdlldli' frisdviri’” 1' . I vs '1 » ~ 1 o. we; user. " Riff’: 7 i‘: a, carton huiiyagsrnailr "‘ . q,“ I‘ ‘ " '7 ) ’ v v u n‘. , 'v , -- a, fifivorably located for access to fl drtc claims of fidpersdons were" probably not very ~ The mill and the machinery consisted a flymstanip battery stamps, a concentrating device, tanks, and two amaigamanngippnsimgmll capacity. Operations ceasing st‘thvmm, theistic battsrsfiligs‘hecn» removed to the Pilgrim ledge, on Wagner o‘rfi'ék, when it not We um. . 411 fi‘oremainde'rof thcndnei besides those mentioned have been worked’ if works?! at all, by “*i‘héififion ledge, on Cow creek, the Douglas or ‘Umpdua, near Cflnwnvlhghadbncn an arastra, and the Green mine, on Glance creek, has two; the'Eowler, on Steamboat creek, had four; the Swin- Iden, one; themizabeth, gr‘ifewett, two (steam); the Johnson-Elder, one; and theiicld‘flill had must first.‘ A four-stamp mill was put up by the Fowler, but‘likeths xnfll of Messrs. Klippel & Co. at Gold Hill, it got there just in time who tfio late for much use. Small mills of the Salmon patent “still standé‘the one at Grave creek, the other at the Tellurium mine, near Canyanville. MINES. OF WESTERN OREGON-ROCKS OF THE CASCADE RANGE. It is a remarkable fact that the Cascade range, though long since proven ‘ to contain mineral deposits of value, remains at this late day practically unprospected. It is true that locations have been made on sundry veins, showing gold or silver, but these locations are separated by large tracts which have never yet been examined by mining prospectors of experience and knowledge. Beginning at the California State line and travelling northward along the range, the first mineral deposits found are cinnabar, a northward continuation of similar ore deposits occurring just south of the line. The ore is the sulphide of mercury, from which the familiar metal, quicksilver, is made, and is said to exist in promising quantities. Proceed- ing northward to the Columbia river, the mineral regions about the head- waters of the south Umpqua, north Umpqua, Willamette (Bohemia district), McKenzie (Blue river district), Santiam (Santiam or Quartzville district), Molalla and Clackamas are successively passed, in all which gold and silv or have been found, and promising developments made. It will be useful in this connection to point out a few peculiarities in the geological and geographical structure of this range. Geologists, Professors Le Conte and Condon being by far the most eminent, who have given the subject study, are agreed that the Sierra Nevada and the Cascades are re- lated ranges, and that they took their rise slowly from the strata deposited in the old Triassic and Jurassic epochs, at about the middle of the Mesozoic time. Their upheaval raised the auriferous slates upon the western incline -'-thcse slates being known by their fomils (very scarce indeed) to belong to one or the other of the two epochs named. It is reasonable to suppose that as the one range is simply a continuation of the other, similar strata might be found upon the flanks of each; but no exact knowledge as to the point has been made public. It is very likely a priori, that Jurassic or Triassic strata exist in detached localities of the Cascade range in this State and Washington, but no one has, as yet, demonstrated it. The principal rocks of the Cascades are of three fundamental kinds, granite, basic igneous, and sedimentary. Granite doubtless forms the‘backbone or central nucleus, and crops out wherever the streams have worn sufficiently deep channels into the rock masses. It is mostly of the common type of granite, but grauulite or the micaless variety is found, and another sort, in which iron pyritcs replaces the mica, is abundant upon the McKenzie river, where a deposit is being prospccted under the delusion that the bright particles of pyrites contained gold. The granite may be in all cases regarded as funda- mental, although eruptive masses of it extend upwards through the over- lying country rocks in various places. Speaking in general, this formation is extensively developed along the range, although it is generally obscured by; overlying rocks of a later date. Resting upon the granite are large areas of volcanic rocks belonging to various ages and classes. Not much exact knowledge of them has ever been obtained, the latest lavas, the basalts, alone having received any study. It has been the fashion to speak of the entire series of volcanic rocks of the Baciflc Northwest as the products of a single volcanic outburst, it being the same which at the end of the miocene epoch sent forth the mighty sea of * lava, which covered up 200,000 square miles of territory. A great many ' geologists, amateurs and professionals, have accepted the common belief ' Jthut the molten rock came forth all at once, producing terrific phenomena # {1hr atimc, and then cooling quickly assumed its present appearance. Such " ‘g, viexvdnugt be wrong, for even to a casual observer there seems to be a great if gripper-genes of lava, ‘whose position and peculiarities show that they défiiosilied in different ages. The greatest effusion of lava may have, digitalis place at the and of the mioocnes-the middle tertiary . ....g a t ‘.0 If’ k ‘ Q 7“ a‘ ‘i. 1 n. ‘a b {which were thrown up within this century. It appears that the most recent lavas constitute the volcanic cones of Hood, St. Helena, Pitt, Cowhorn peak (misnamed Thielsen, but Mount Joseph Lane would be a most fitting appellation), and all the other giant snow peaks which stand like seniinels along the rugged line of the Cascades. That the eruptive power of their vents has not spent its force is proved by the fact that within man’s mem- ory movements of lava have taken place in at least two instances, and ice strata, as yet unmelted, lie imprisoned under basaltic outflows. It is very possible, and indeed probable, that lava still remains molten within the interiors of the great reservoirs, and may yet find its way to the surface of the earth. True to the principle early discovered by geologists, the older lavas were of the acid class, the later of the basic. Felspar porphyry with 61 per cent. of silica marks the former and basalt the latter. The former rock, in its most compact form, consisting of a grayish or brownish matrix of oelsite, with gray or white crystals of fclspar, is found in great abundance, consti- tutinga large part of the minor summits of the Cascades, and extending from the Calapooia mountains to the Columbia river. There is even a more important and widely diffused rock allied to this, it bcingadccomposed igneous rock having an amygdaloid structure, but belonging to a type un- recognizable thus far owing to decomposition. The substance in general looks like the mineral called by min ers “bird’s-eye porphyry.” I t is this rock which contains most of the quartz veins thus far found on the Cascades north of Diamond peak. Its thickness in places reaches 3000 feet and it forms the dominant rock throughout (.Xtcnsivc regions. It runs lower in silica, while the specific gravity of sound specimens excccdsthat of the por- phyry above mentioned. It thus belongs to the more basic igneous rocks. Its position does not favor the view that it is of later origin than the por~ phyrite, because there are localities in which the latter appears as an crup’ tive dyke passing upward through the other formation, especially in the neighborhood of mineral \ cins. If there be any distinction in their mode of occurencc it is that the amygdaloid forms the country rock of large sec- tions, while the porphyrite occur in comparatively narrow intrusive dykcs, although the distinction is not invariable. There is besides a peculiar formation consisting of a light~colored, soft and fragfle volcanic product resembling tufa, and doubtless to be classed with it- It occurs in large thickness bcween the older volcanic rocks, especially on Blue river, Lane county, assuming the form of shale. Being a very friable rock, splitting easily into tolerable thin laminae, it has been mistaken more than once for a sedimentary rock of recent origin, and concrctions u ithin it are suggestive of a fossil-bearing rock, although they really indicate an amygdnloidnl structure. Which of these three formations is the oldest it is impossible to say, as only close study can determine that point. The heavy, dark basalts begin upon the top of the later porphyritcs. forming in many cases a cap to the earlier formations. The basalt apparently docs not differ mineralogically from the familiar paving material of Portland, but signs of columnar structure are rarely visible, nor has decomposition proceeded as it has with the basaltic rocks of other sections. No iron oxides coloring the decomposing rocks can be seen, although these are so prominent cbcwhere, in probably later lavas. These formations extend indefinitely northward and for the principle quartz-bearing rocks. The lofty districts of Bohemia and Blue river, whose altitude is over .3000 feet. are in the igneous terranes, while the vein system at Wilhoit springs, scarcely 1000 feet above sea-level, is also in the same series. A consideration of the basalt, so plentiful here, does not belong strictly to mining matters, because, containing no mineral deposits of value except limonite (hog iron ore), it is really very disadvantageous to mining, since its vast fields undoubtedly cover up and conceal a great many veins of ore, which might otherwise be worked. This is the case where it occurs above metamorphic rocks and above the more ancient lavas already described. There is an enormous amount of it spread upon the mineral zone of the Middle Cascades, rendering it impossible to prospect those regions where rich mines would doubtless exist. In every way the basalt is an unmiti- gated curse to mankind, save only the important fact that its wearing down and chemical decomposition produce a soil of unsurpassed fertility. It is not like most rocks in this respect, or rather it contains the fertilizing ele- ments of a combination of rocks. Basalt is a complex mineral, consisting ofgfelspar, angitc and olivine (chrysolite) with magnetic iron and chance impurities. Chemically, it has silica, lime, magnesia, oxides of iron and manganese, alumina and potash of soda, which constitute the most impon taut elements of fertility, and build up a soil in which, if phosphoric acid be added, all plants will thrive. This explains why the apparently barren plains of the Inland Empire, made up of the mingled detritus of basaltic rocks, are in reality so rich and need only the stimulation of cultivation to produce lavish crops. The rocks themselves, owing to their complex struc- turn, are really fragile and short-lived, while appearing to be dense and last- 74 1 ing. Their specific gravity is high and the mass is toleremly ‘hard; but the protoxide of iron, which is present to a large extent, is subject tofurther oxidization on coming in contact with the air, and is converted into the sesqui-oxide, thus occupying more space and loosening the bonds of the other minerals, and the rock breaks up. The sign of decomposition of basalt is the red or yellowish stain due to the formation of sesqui-oxide of iron—a sign that no one can fail to recognize. Besides, brittle as this rock is, it is continually being disrupted by the influence of heat and cold and running water. It cannot stand a change of temperature, and the cold of a frosty night and the genial rays of the sun are equally fatal to its integrity. Basalt clifl‘s invariably have a heap of debris at the bottom, which is continually being added to by breakagcs from above, and the great lava masses are m a rapid state of destruction, though doubtless they will yet outlast many gen~ erations of men. This mechanical breaking down is accompanied by the erosion by water and the chemical decomposition just spoken of and the lava becomes soil fit for the production of plant growth; nor do these pro- cesses take place intermittently or unsteadily. All over the basalt country t proceeds regularly and swiftly, building up fertile acres and daily adding .more to the productive resources of an already rich soil than the utmost improvidence of man could destroy. The soils of basaltic origin are proba- bly the finest and most lasting of all. In one sense the lava fields may be considered vast and inexhaustible manure heaps for the use of the farmers and indirectly of the world. There are other lavas more recent than those of the Miocene period, and some of them, as before remarked, were molten within the memory of living mon. At Mt. St. Helens occurs a deposit of this kind, as is proven by credi- blc witnesses, which has ilou cd out so recently that the trees which were prostrated by its flow still remain sound. This proves two things, the late- ness of the outburst and the low temperature of the lava. The one is as easy to believe as the other, if the reader remembers that basaltic lava is made plastic under moderate pressure in the presence of steam at a temperature of some 500 degrees Fahrenheit. This is an inviting subject of study, but need not be considered here. The prevailing character of the later lavas approaches that of scoria and pumice. Vast fields of light, porous products exist in the neighborhood of all centers of recent volcanic activity, as Mount Pitt, Crater lake, the Fish lake, etc., and to some extent at Mount Hood and other points. This sort of lava is not found in connection with the old overflows of the tertiary time, and before, for the reason that although it was most likely produced then, its physical constitution was not such as to endure the erosion and chemical decomposition of the long periods which have since elapsed. It broke up too easily. Accordingly only the pumice and scoria belonging to the later outbursts are found. EVIDENCE OF LATE VOLCANIC ACTION. Besides the evidence of the two recent lava flows referred to there is that of living individuals to the effect that an eruption of St. Helens, accom- panied with flame and ashes and all the usual concomitants of volcanic out- breaks, took place in 1838. Others set the date at 1842, but the best evidence, that of an old French ooyagew‘ who lived until lately on the (‘owlitz, makes the former date most probable. Much ashes fell at a great distance and pumice was thrown out of the crater, as is still shown. These products, a small proportion of which are so solid as to constitute rocks are chemically about the same as the solid basalts, but being cast out under different circumstances, they do not get compacted, but remain in a more or less divided condition, coming therefore under the head of volcanic cinders or scoria. Rapid erosion ensues and in a few years scarcely a trace is left of what were originally huge banks and immcn se masses of material, Some portion, the most compact and tough, while not approaching basalt in solidity and durability, constitute rock masses of an infirm texture and re- sist the action of the elements to some extent. Of such a character is the rock composing the summits, and in some cases the whole mass of the great \ olcanic peaks of the Cascade range. Such a rock, weathering rapidly, has little power to resist the influences of its exposed situation and crumbles down at an astonishing rate. These summits which, like Hood, are com- posed of such friable materials may now be hundreds or even thousands of feet below their original altitude and will doubtless lose thousands of feet more. Among the more imposing evidences of volcanic action is Crater lake’ well known to lie in the bed of an extinct or presumably extinct volcan‘o. The Government geologists who examined the locality lately found the total depth of the chasm to be about 5000 feet, including the 2000 feet depth of water. Its circumference is about 30 miles. The geologist in charge of the party considers that it is the site of a volcano, as is shown by the exten- sive fields of ashes and scoria lying eastward of the lake; and it is his further belief that the foundations of the mountains were themselves melted and cast out in that form, the interior chasm increasing to such a size / / f I RESOURC'ES ‘ I I if?“ A t )1?!- . . - a a I " " ‘~ , t, “0 r a ' ' € 3-. ' , ' A‘ b l r ‘ ‘Tia. g“ :fi‘; ‘:5 '3.- . - ‘with’; ‘1 {if 3'13,‘- ‘ ‘ v.5‘ ,4. t . its‘ iiiiisiiltgrsmfll" Ti are an in. ‘ nxesnatgaits aisigeiitiiefiod, cer s3,‘ tions, frequent {mag- zgefiighbmng g; u a», iii“: are obliterated below}; ilonfirmatory of misfit; ._ ular walls is not great, although, as has best 11 j ‘ ., v81‘? brittle and destructible, and prone to in? 'Q k “ ‘i ‘all .139‘; r‘i. ‘ .l' I he“ and sole‘ .~ ~ .1‘ .i The military gentleman who visited Grater lakevgtenlidyh‘atfpfpv equally interesting though" less stupendous relics of volcaagfihglj-riiiij fl‘ known to some fewas _“The Volcano,” lying at the heafihti v I -{ perhaps 20 miles northwest of Crater lake. Here again arethe miseries great activity. A stupendous mountain has sunk in or been leavinga narrow ruin of solid materials whose inner face is somhgdld high, encircling a space on which must have been the foundation tifjtlhe a,‘ volcano, and in this space are three little lakes, presumed to occupy craters?” Volcanic debris is abundant and of apparently recent origin. 'No lictl'gflrl opportunity for the study of volcanic phenomena exists in the world. It‘is‘ * as if one could probe downwards with a stick and come upon the rattan ” fires which, quiescent‘ now, may be upon ‘the eve of another outburst. Toi another view it is as if the forces of nature had exhausted themselves in a , terrific cataclysm of flame and erupted matter, and had carried their work to k such completion that it were beyond chance that it would ever be resumed again. This is the land of springs; hot springs, cold springs, chemical springs, carbonated springs—all flowing as no other springs flow, and in some of whose basins a ship might float. In the mountain region lying be- tween Mt. Pitt and Diamond peak six large rivers take their rise, the'Wil- lamette, North and South Umpqua, the Rogue, Klamath and Des Chutes, and flowing to all the cardinal points, enter the Pacific by the most diverse ‘ routes, their final embouchures scattered through a half dozen degrees of latitude, while their sources lie so closely together. Here are some of the‘ most beautiful lakes in the world, and a region that in summer presents in- finite attractions to tourists—a scarce species in the higher Cascades. In sublimity the scenes do not fall short of California's Yosemite and high Sierra; in beauty and gorgeous coloring they exceed by far anything found in that State. The fact is that those perpetual seekers after novelty who visit Yellowstone park can find its rival in the Oregon Alps. There are no geysers, but there are grander mountains, finer forests, and a better climate. As to the sedimentary strata of the Cascade range, little has been observed. In the McKenzie, Santiam and Clackamas sections the principal rocks of aqueous origin are sandstones, these being fossiliferous and apparently be- longing to the later tertiary beds. A deposit of shell limestone in Clack~ amas likewise points to a very recent origin, contemporaneous perhaps with the scattered coal strata found along the lower foothills. The characteristic formations of that era on the western slope of the Cascades are the coals or rather lignites of Marion and Linn counties; the pisoltic limestone under‘ lying certain of these beds; the shell limestones of Clackamas and Polk counties; the fossil-bearing sandstone of the foothills generally, and the fire clays of the lignite beds. BLUE RIVER MINING DISTRICT. Blue river district lies upon the stream of that name, it being an aflluent of the McKenzie, one of the parent streams of the Willamette. The district is about 20 miles due west of the snow peaks known as the Three Sisters, and . lies at an average elevation of perhaps 4000 feet above the sea. It is a rough, mountainous region abounding in magnificent scenery and clothed with immense evergreen trees. It is well watered, several of its mountain tor- rents affording prospective power to run hundreds of stamps. The country rock is volcanic. Upon a secure base of granite—best seen in the section , along the McKenzie—rest layers of igneous rocks ranging from a soft white tufa resembling shale, to a solid, hard and compact porphyritic rock, called by the miners “birdseye porphyry.” The tufa is locally called pipe-clay, although it is totally unlike all alluminous clays in every particular except , color. This soft material is thought to rest directly upon the granite; giving support in turn to an amygdaloidal trap rock similar in all respects to what the Germans call grey-wacke—an altered and decomposed form of igneous rock. This formation is of great thickness at Blue river, not less, probably, / than 2000 feet, in several layers, probably formed by successive eruptions. “ It is in this grey-wackee-if it may be so termed—that the quartz veins of the‘ district are found. At various places in the locality large dykes of the more ‘- solid igneous rocks occur, and upon the high est summits ledges of basalt are found. This basalt is probably older than that in the vicinity of Port-l land and in Eastern Oregon, but in it no useful or valuable mincralsfiseeinr, to occur, nor are there any quartz veins. It is true, however, that small \ nodules or splashes of‘quartz occur in the basalt, but they are of no consider“ eration. The principal vein-bearing rock, therefore, is the decompbsed‘gi amygdaloid, whose extent is unknown. It might naturally be as this amygdaloid is found if. layers, the ‘Quartz veins contained twig has not been 4 _, q q J, l, ’ tihgood height, the moreim- ‘ found "celeb-in, »' ‘ ‘ ' " ' ‘ @fifiinffiveriwith the McKenzie. The ’ Key West, etc. The veins . . ‘a flllvi'iia'éthickness of 12 feet. The vein >._ matter-p, 'withconsiderable "filling" of a rock,v which the anrereht ore chutes are: The,‘ and as the pyrites, which ., at the mace, milling would , cheap, “free gold” to save. There has been 27%‘. ‘] .‘liut‘ilittlework.doneuponfanybfithese ledges beyond the perfunctory task . wcne'neeessary to hold, them, if the Eureka be excepted, which , ct probably a'; hundred ‘lodationshas advanced the most. The owners are incorporated under. the of the Eureka Mining company, and have .~ I ' ~ prospected their apparently valuable ledge with industry and zeal. A tun- ' - nellabout" has been run, showing six feet of ore all the way, and demand of less extent has also been created. A small test mill of s- , " H .the Baianonpat'ent, a really good apparatus, has been set up at a place con- - jeni'entto- the vein, and is in active use. Nature has provided well for the - 1 'ncient working of this and n eighboring mines, in that water power and a " ‘timber are both very abundant, the latter of the best quality, and ., ' the various ledges are easily accessible by tunnel at great depths. Dr. M. A. 1~ I Flinn, of East Portland, possesses a very promising claim near the Eureka, ' ‘ ' which he has taken out some very rich specimen rock, showing gold ’ ‘throughout. In all perhaps 100 miners are interested in working or pros- pecting the quartz lodes of Blue river district, and the number is increasing. " Placer ground is being worked to some extent upon the lower course of Blue river, yielding wages to the miners, and affording the very best evi- dence of richness of the quartz veins, which have furnished the float gold. . It is thought that with improved hydraulic appliances, water being abun- dant, pay-gravel tolerably so, and an unlimited dump, there might be some ‘7 money made in these placers, which now afl‘ord but a precarious living to.a few whites and Chinese. Along McKenzie river, for 40 miles of its course, small deposits of- gravel occur, which will infallibly yield a color in the ' miner’s horn, and have been worked to a very small extent. As on Blue river, some claims have been taken and are, in time, to be thoroughly ' worked. The gold is very fine and large granite boulders are numerous, requiring the use of derricks for their removal. z ‘-".. ‘THE SANTIAM MINES. The Santiam river, an aflluent of the Willamette, rises in the Cascades, ‘ not far from Mount Jefferson; one of its two branches, the North Santiam, to the north of that peak, the other to the south. It is upon the north fork that the Santiam gold mines are located. Their locality is reached from- Portland by taking the train to Turner station, on the Oregon & California railway, or Scio on the narrow gauge road, east side, thence by stage to Mehama, which is on the north fork below the mines. The formations are porphyritic and granitic, evidently a continuation of the similar rocks to the north and south—a part of the great belt which crops out on the west " ', slope of the Cascades. Some slate, of an as yet unknown age, is found, the ' most of it conforming to the description of silicious slate, and approaching sandstone. The geological age of the deposits has not been made out with ‘olearness, but the veins are supposed to belong to the jurassic, in common with similar deposits all along the slope of the Cascade and Sierra ranges. Quartz is abundant and “fioat”-—sometimes carrying visible gold—is found in most of the mountains streams which swell the flood of the Santiam. To Dr.‘ E. OLSmith, of Portland, belongs the credit of the discovery of the Sen 7 mines, particularly of the White Bull, the most noted location. . There are two principal mining locations, the White bull and the Canal ' ' Fork, the former of which has attained celebrity as the producer of what are esteemed the finest specimens of arborescent native gold in the world. In the cabinet of Dr. Chance of Portland may be seen the finest collection of these; they are absolutely unique, and not to be matched in any cabinet ‘ ' " in existence. These specimens compare with the ordinary gold nugget as do the finest crystals with worthless pebbles. The repository whence these ., . \ beautiful objects were gathered yielded some thousands’ worth of gold of l ‘ '' variable fineness and then gave out. The exact yield of the mines was not reported, and private accounts gave it in such widely diverse sums as $5000 'I k ' "A, ‘and $60,000. It is not unlikely that the real product has been between the . .~ ,1 I two, and later inquiry will probably reveal what it actually has been. The , pygrk has been carried on at the White Bull in the most spasmodic and fitful s manna- gnd to the loss of every body who was interested. 'l‘wo mills have e ‘various times been built upon it, and both havepecn burned, most likely géoundral ‘incendiaries. Originally, a five-stamp mill with two pans, ‘'_I~el;tlel'li'i'v a-sawmill were taken in by an enthusiastic company, AND MINING- 75 mostly Belem people. They owned in severalty some five difl’erent location s, ,(one being the White Bull, and paid about $2500 for the machinery, which cost, with roads, bridges, mill building, freights and all, about 825,000; 50 , say more. They got it to running, and each person owning stock in the mill took his turn in using it for working rock from his own vein. They were able under this peculiar dispensation to run through lots averaging about five. tons each; and the net results were, as might have been foreseen, so far below anticipations that all were disgusted. Rock that was said to assay eighty dollars per ton milled five, or not half enough to pay for extracting or crushing. The leads upon the Santiam are all famous for high assays, and the certificates of assayers seem to have been taken with explicit faith by every locator. Under such circumstances there was much disappointment felt, and the mill did not run long. At first, plain battery amalgamation. was trusted to, but owing to the presence of much sulphurcts, especially galena, iron and copper pyrites and blcnde, the gold could not be extracted, excepting whatever small portion was free, and a wandering Washoe miner, who viewed all milling and mining operations with an eye single to the Comstock pan process for silver, agreed to, and did put in pans—at the com_ pany’s expense—and carried on work for some time. As the value and in- dispensableness of the concentration method for ores of the sort was not known at that time, it was not tried; but there is no doubt in the world that it is the only appropriate method for that part of the Santiam quartz which carries “base metals,” as sulphurets, etc, are called. Subsequently to the failure of the original White Bull company, work was carried on by the several parties in succession, particularly by the Messrs. Salmon, of Portland, who are supposed to have succeeded measurably. A great many different superintendents have at times been employed, and each one desiring to assert his individuality, has laid out the work, particularly the underground work, in a different way from his predecessor, so that no regular plan of developments has been adhered to. A great many different and disconnected tunnels, shafts and inclines of small extent remain as memcntoes of these ambitious gentlemen. This bcing true of the other claimsin the district, it may be easily imagined that the Santiam country does not present the very best examples of scientific mining. In that respect, however, itis fully equal to Southern Oregon. In both are good and numerous examples of the sort of mining that farmers, clerks, real estate agents and lawyers most effect. Within a year or two a second mill, comprising among other things 9. Salmon pulverizer, was built, but it, too, was burned, and the mine is now abandoned, though held by the company under a government patent. The ore on topv consisted to some extent of the very richest quartz spoken of, every pound of it worth from $10 to 8100, a larger quantity of poorer quartz running down so rapidly in value as not to pay for milling, and lower down some good sulphurettcd ore which circumstances have not hitherto permitted the milling of. Such base ores are most profitably smclted, and it is likely that the owners of this and the neighboring claims will see their way clear to working thcsc- ores by this excellent and thorough process. The Canal Fork mine is in slate and granite. The vcin outcrops strongly as high as 50 feet and carries free gold at the surface, but little or none in depth. Some of the rock, calcined and milled in a wet battery, yielded 830 per ton. A small lot worked previously in Fisk’s test mill, Portland, yielded $19. Lower down the ore gets very base, and in one space it consists largely of galena and assays $200 per ton in silver. Selected specimens carry as high as 500 ounces of silver per ton, and one piece of almost solid galena now in Mr. Jenne‘s cabinet assayed nearly $800. In general the quartz is rose-colored, carrying free gold and silver, with galcnu, pyrite, copper pyrites and zinc blendc, and occasionally antimony. As in the White Bull, the “bases” were never saved, but ran ofl‘ down the crock, wasting probably three-fourths of the value of the ore. The rock milled at the Canal Fork mine has aggregated 200 tons, paying, it is said, 525 per ton. Total product, $5000. The total expenses of working have been ovcr$20,- 000, as is reported, mostly in development work. 'l‘hcrc is a mill driven by a steam power engine, 12-horse, but it is on top of a high mountain and will have to be moved to a more suitable sight, where water can be had. Thc underground works on the mine consist of five tunnels, of ls‘ feet, of 45 feet, 60 feet, 190 feet, and 140 feet, respectively, the first three being long since abandoned. There is also a shaft of '10 feet depth. The company is joint stock and the owners live in Portland. There are a great number of other vcius in Sanliam district. some of which promises very well. For cxamplc, lhcrc is within 300 yards of the Canal Fork mine a lead which is rich in sulphurcts. carrying‘ from $40 to $60 per ton, and from four to five feet wide : yct nolhing' has boon done on it. Below the same load is another thrcc foot widc, heavily sulphurctted, and assaying as high as $19.0, but because (horn is no free gold or silver it has also been neglected. In Galena district there are a number of discoveries and locations, on quartz heavily charged with lead, iron, copper and zinc sulphides. Two feet is the widcstoi' thcsc vcins. 'l‘ho gulcnn. which is 76 abundant, carries silver. At the forks of the ‘south fork of the south Sam pm, 12 or 15 miles above Canal fork, there is a galena lode at? feet wide, which assays 40 ounces of silver, and has no accompanying minerals pielll' dicial to smelting. None of these claims are developed in the least. 011 the Little North fork of the north fork of the Santiam, 20 miles above Mehama, is the Capital mine, which has been prospected somewhat. It has 200 feet of tunnel, now caved in ; the vein is three and a half feetthick, and contains galena to a large extent, the mineral assaying as high as 600 ounces to the ton. These claims, as well as hundreds of others, are practi- cally abandoned, although every miner or other person who goes to the district comes back fully saturated with the idea that it is a rich country ' and there’s millions in it. Perhaps there is. CLACKAMAS AND MOLALLA LODES. The deposits near Wilhoit springs, Clackamas county, seem to date from a later geological era than those elsewhere found. The prevailing rocks are sedimentary and belong to the tertiary epoch, which a considerable extent of country is overlaid with the common volcanic basalt, which has suffered denundation to agrcater or less extent. It is well known that geologists date the outpouring of the basalt flood of Oregon and Washington from the end of the miocene or middle tertiary, and they also say that the Coast range was uplifted at the same time. It happens that a tolcrably thick statum of shell limestone lying upon Butte creek, near Wilhoit, shows the fracturing effects of intrusive igneous dikes, which in this case have pen- etrated the overlying beds forcing them aside and upward. The line of contact of one or more of these dikes with the limestone is marked by the slight metamorphisms of the limestone, the effects of heat and pressure be- ing but slightly noticeable. It is rather remarkable that rock materials in the state of active fusion which is judged to have been the condition of the eruptive basalt, could have come in contact with carbonate of lime without decomposing it, driving off the carbonic acid and converting the sedimen- tary deposit into quicklime. Likewise the intense heat ought, one would think, to have destroyed whollyr or partially, the innumerable fossil forms found in these locks. Nothing, however, has been effected in this way, and even the most delicate forms remain nearly intact. The relation of these recent rocks to mineral veins is slight; but, notwith- standing the newness of the formation, quartz veins have already been pro- duced within it, and these veins are not entirely barren of precious metals‘ Near Wilhoit some small deposits of silicious matters exists, carrying silver in small quantities, chiefly in the form of native silver, or chloride. The principal vein, the Spotted Fawn, was lately taken up by several gentlemen residing in the neighborhood, and is now being prospected by a shaft which, at the present time is down about 30 feet. The vein is about a foot thick, and is probably of the sort called a vein of infiltration. It is mainly filled in with quartz in the amorphous form, or in the condition of agate— a substance of exceeding toughness and resistance to mill stamping. To reduce such material requires an expenditure of force at least double that required to crush ordinary quartz, and is proportionally expensive. Perhaps no more curious or singular deposit exists in th 18 country than the soft light silver bearing earth which forms the hopes of the prospectors at Wilhoit. The deposit is of great extent, having been traced for a mile or two, while its known thickness in one place is over 60 feet. It lies as an or~ dinary alluvial, but on hills whose altitude above W ilhoit spring is perhaps 500 feet, and above the sea 1200, and forms the surface. The substance has a specific gravity of 1.5. The color varies from gray to red and brown, the feel is greasy and the hardness about like that of gypsum. The content of silver is found to vary from an ounce to 10 or more ounces per ton, with a good prospect of finding much higher results on further exploration. Lead is also found to exist in the rock, which circumstance may be found to in- terfere with successful treatment by amalgamation. It is very likely that a system of extraction of the silver by leaching it out as lye ls leached from ashes may be adapted to this ore. That, of course, is not at all a new idea, but has been in use in sundry silver reduction works for several years. The solvents are usually hyposulphite of calcium, sulphite of sodium and chlor- ide of sodium, all of which dissolve the chloride of silver, the form in which it is necessary to have the precious metal in order to secure it by 11::- lviation. Above Wilhoit, and well up in the high Cascades, about the head of the Molalla, some veins carrying gold, silver and lead exist, and copper ore of a first-rate quality is tolerably plentiful. Messrs. Mayer, Bagley and Davis own a lodge which carries galeua of considerable richness in silver, and Mr. McLcran, of \l'llhoit, is interested in one or more claims. A certain de- posit of vein matter contains micaceous iron, which, from its resemblance to galena, has been mistaken for that more valuable substance, and claims have been taken upon it. Near Table rock galena deposits are said to be found, and it is thought by Dr. Smith, of Portland, who has prospected the region of the Cascades more extensively than any one else, that they will . RESOURCES ‘0F Enhancing ; \ "q , r“~c>"‘ ‘"3 "I: * '1 6 . {*5 "5* proveisiiestialidfab‘fe in time. Theta is‘, _, fitstclass sass :eirist about ' streams which as. rants “pastimes. an. Jeni-Zr eral specimens of quartgjrientaining galenazdlyigi; ounces of silver pardon, besides gold to a I “ speclmensless richca’ntain cubicgalena, copperzirdiigis' A‘ with gold and a littlohifver. ’Such rock, running ' smelting ore, although the zinc would prove detrlmefilfilxtafiggi , The principal claim on the ltfolalla is situated on a tributary a a? £3; creek, which runs into the river a mile above Oglebreels "I‘fiél’ifidigifir very thick, a 20-foot open cut revealing neither wall, and is tradephltfi four miles. The quartz is blue white, carrying free gold and was said to assay $25 in gold and $235 in silver. " I t" v t," THE TILLAMOOK MINES. To those who have imbibed the notion that the whole Coast rangepwith adjacent strata, belong to the middle tertiary, the formations being an un~. altered sandstone, as taught in the books, it will be a surprise to learn that a quartz veins are found on‘the western slope of the mountains, metal-bearing quartz veins at that. Such is the ease, and’ the discovery of these veins, about two years since, was the occasion of quite a “rush,"_ the most of the prospectors and would-be miners going from Portland. The claims were mainly on the South Trask river, but the best were on the main Trask and south side of the stream. The country rock is described as sandstone, run- ning into a smooth "Whetstone rock” (perhaps novaculite.) Limestone of a doubtful age, and a rock called soapstone are found, the latter-giving sug- gestions that the formations may be eretaceous—suggestions not disputed by the presence of the limestone. The veins all have iron caps and the princh pal leads are from four to five feet in thickness, with many “stringers" and spurs. The vein-stud‘ is quartz mainly, with some calcite and maguesite, and contains a great deal of sulphurets. Most of the veins contain no gold or silver, which a small number possess a little of. One assayer laboring for; a long time upon Tillamook rock, gave returns of 25 or 50 dollars per ton, while others got nothing at all from the same rock. For a time the miners (50 or so had gathered) encouraged by the high assays, persisted in prospect- ing, and took up a great many claims only to abandon them later and move to more promising fields, and no one is left in the Tillamook mines at pres- ent, although several profess to believe that "there is something in them." The principal claim was knmvu'as the Bear Wallow, on the main Trask river. It was worked by an East Portland company, who run a tunnel for 80 or 90 feet and spent a thousand or two of dollars, incited thereto by finding a little good rock on top, but this gave out quickly. No other claims were worked to this extent, but barely prospectcd a little and assays made, whose results as has been too often the case in Oregon, depended wholly on the assayer. A quarter of a ton of rock from the Maud claim was shipped to East Portland and worked by crushing and amalgamating and returns of $66 per ton were said to have been achieved. MINES OF EASTERN OREGON—TOPOGRAPHY, ETC. Eastern Oregon, as before stated, is made up principally of a very high table-land, lying between the Cascade range and the Blue mountains, the elevation of that section varying from 3000 to 0000 feet, the average being about 4000. The direction of drainage of this great plateau is generally north, but the southeastern and southwestern angles do not conform to the general slope, but shed their waters into the Owyhee and Klamath, while the Columbia drains the larger part. The rocks are mainly of tertiary origin. No mineral veins exist in the upper strata of sedimentary rocks, but wher. ever mountains have arisen, carrying mineral-bearing rocks upon their shoulders, there “prospects” have been usually found. The principal 01d and metamorphic and hence mineral-bearing rocks in sight are those which form the Blue mountains. Little or no sign of mineral has been seen in the east slope of the Cascade range as yet, but prospectors will do well to inves- tigate the deeper cuttings made by the DesChutes in the hope that the more ancient rocks are exposed. The Blue mountains are eruptive and erosive, and spread over a large sur. face, irregularly outlined. In various sections they are given local names, as the Owyhee mountains, Powder river mountains, Pine creek mountains, etc. Toward the northeast the subordinate ranges swell out, enclosing the Grande Ronde and Wallowa valleys, rich agricultural sections, now well set~ tled and improved. Through the former runs the Oregon Railway 8: Navi- . gatlon railroad, crossing the culminating point of the range at Meacham,, . 4500 feet above the sea. In the picturesque Grands Rondo valley are ma ’ towns of Union and La Grande. In Powder river valley, southeast, ls'BalSap: City, like the other two, a railroad town, but unlike them, amining town}; and the center of all mining operations in llastern Oregon. h It hasprreailgiv a "1* 2000 people, the larger proportion of whom‘ are miners or” depeugl'ehtlpngfj ) mines. Further south is Burnt river, and farther still .Tijosh'doiliiearrivas AND MINING. 77 " romaine through 891289 and z k .mineral-hgagtgg ' 1*‘ oyersand's which have yielded in and ‘51915,... , ‘ p .. ' ‘Way down ‘southwestot mountains take their rise gradually from the first pasta, northeast, between Camp ‘5- ywatson and Lake Malbeur; of the John Day from those 1 which flow'into theBnake', slopes‘ low to the southeast and re'aebesdown the7e00;er;_.8000 feet. altitude of the higher chain to the , f f 2000 feet at-which Bnake that ‘flown between the drainage basins of ‘the Methane Burnt'and Powder rivers, stony ridges 'makeout, but upon the ~ John Day the intercepting ridges are double and the river runs between, numerous creeks (as on thereast side) coming in, whose sands are auriferous. ‘ From Castle Rock, which marks the northern limits of the Malheur reservation, the. main range bends north, and keeps that direction as far as the railroad. Then it assumes-again a northeast direction and extends along the north sideof the Grande Ronde valley and river as far as the Snake river. Itis in the‘middle section that the most and best gold and silver mines are located. , ' a}; I‘ ' ‘ .Thissection, too, has been most prospected. It is more than a quarter of a century since men began to mine "on Powder," and nearly that since the aurilerous quartz was discovered there. Canyon City, Auburn, Poca- -l hontas, have been celebrated for years as mining towns, and have had time to sink into oblivion. The mines of Baker and Grant counties lie north of the Malheur and south “of the headwaters of the Umatilla, west of the Snake and east of the latitude of Camp Watson. To confine the mineral region within more narrow limits. it lies about the upper tributaries of the John Day, Grande Ronde, Powder, ‘ Burnt and Malheur rivers. ' Its length is about two degrees, its breadth (north and south) one and a hall’. PLACERS IN BAKER COUNTY—WILLOW CREEK MINES. Willow creek is an important stream, tributary to the Malheur, entering it after a course of nearly 100 miles from its source close to the headwaters of the John Day’s. It flows through a rather arid country, receives but few tributaries, and is but a small stream notwithstanding its length. The mines (placer) on the aiiiuents of Willow creek were first discovered in 1862 by parties from Humboldt, Nevada, and the locality of the first discovery was named Humboldt or Mormon Basin. This became a rich camp, only lacking water to enable it to become very rich. A scanty supply for one- fourth the year had to content the miners. The Willow creek mines proper are situated on the south slope of the divide between Willow creek and Burnt river, and were early divided into Shasta, Boston and Willow creek’ districts. In Shasta district were Shasta creek, Rich creek, Cottonwood gulch, Quartz gulch, etc. In 1867 a "boom” occurred in this district, and men flocked to it from all quarters, and a great deal of work was set on foot. The gold was tolcrably abundant, coarse, and mostly found on the slate bedrock, 10 or 20 feet below the surface. El Dorado City was the chief camp in the district. Easton district lay east of Shasta, contained some well-paying placers, but lacked water. The gold was finer and the bedrock was a cement gravel. Willow creek district lay east of Easton, on the lower part of Mormon Basin creek. The three comprised a tract 12 miles long and amilc or so wide. Water 'was always scarce, although a great teal of ditch work was done to obviate the dltliculty. The melting snow of me Blue mountains provided water for two or three months each year, alter which the claims stood idle until the next year. Prospectors had to carry dirt sometimes for a mile to find water to wash it. Lumber is scarce, or was before the advent of the railway, and in the early years commanded a very high price, from 870 to $100 per thousand, while fir wood was $10 or $15 per cord. The climate is good, being similar to that of Idaho, although warmer and less snow falling. A great many fossil remains of prehistoric animals are found in this vicinity, particularly of the elephant and its congeners. The Rye valley placer mine was formerly owned by Powers 6.: Co., who sold to some capitalists of Concord, N. H., in 1832. There is a tract of about 40 acres of gravel, with ditches, water rights, plant, etc., the whole consti- tuting one of the best locations in the State. It is estimated that the prod- uct reached 1340 ounces of gold in the year of the sale, and has been nearly as great since. ' HUMBOLDT BASIN, Called Mormon Basin, lies on the flat top of the ridge separating Burnt river from Willow creek, this ridge running east and west and having on __ its sides and foot the plaoers of Clarksville, Amelia, Rye valley, ltlalheur , , City, and El Dorado. The Basin mines are comprised within a region of about ‘ nine miles circuit, and outside of the rim of the depression the altitude be- comes less, so that no water can be introduced to the basin claims from out- side streams, save'that from two small ravin‘ s-avhich exist in a depression at one side. Except in this small course, the mines are entirely dependent ‘ 'v' . - ‘.3 m‘ m-lfluélg snows which, in the Sarina Hive 35°11‘ 8° “11 day" “"1 1°‘ V ' w a’ the best seasons, but in the poorest, not more than 20. The mountain _ range'ls granite, but deposits of slate, greenstone (quartzite?), porphyl'y and quartz overlie it to some extent. The basin, it would appear, was once‘ an old lake'bed, and the placers rest upon an immensely deep stratum of allu- vial debris, in which driftwood is found. In 1863, the year of their first discovery, the Basin mines were worked by more than 100 miners, who made an ounce a. day or more to the hand. Later the best claims fell into the possession of those who were able to work the deeper gravels, and now some half dozen hydraulic plants are now in use. The shallower deposits are exhausted by 20 odd years’ labor, but in the opinion of those most com-7 petent to judge, the remainder cannot be worked out with the present water supply in less than a century. The Colt Brothers, the principal firm, employ five or six white men and 20 Chinese in the season. They use two sets of 16-inch sluices, emptying into a 30-inch flume 2000 feet long. Their hydraulic apparatus consists of 7-inch pipe, supplying two grants with 2-inch nozzles, working under 100 to 200 feet head. Their pay dirt is from 5 to 20 feet deep, and contains an immense proportion of quartz boulders, some weighing a ton or more, and many showing free gold. They have picked up fully $3000 worth of fine quartz gold specimens, and expect to find the lode whence they came. The yield of this claim is from $8000 in poor seasons to 820,000 when water is plenty. Littig & Co.’s claim is worked by half a dozen mcn,wl1itc and yellow. They use one nozzle—two-inch. Their gravel is 12 to 20 feet deep, and they take out 56000 when the season extends to three months. The Lum Sing Chinese company use ‘.‘0 men, two-inch nozzles, and sluices. The gravel is 12 or 15 feet deep, and they are said to clean up as high as 320.000 in a single year. Their returns in 18812 were $14,450. The property cost them $20,000, and pays from the top to bedrock. The total product of the district for 1883 was $35,000. _ Under the circumstances no doubt the Mormon basin placers will continue a factor of some importance in gold production for many years, and may be safely counted on as an almost permanent resource of Oregon. El Dorado district, west of Mormon basin, is the scene of the most exten- sive operations in the country. Water comes to it by the famous Burnt river ditch, 90 miles long. CHICKEN CREEK DISTRICT Contains the Weatherby placcrs, on lower Burnt river. A. J. Weathcrby, from whom a station on the Short Line was named, owns the most- of the mines, as well as the ditch which supplies the water for workingthem. Operations are quite extensive and invariably profitable. The average yield is $10,000, The system of working is hydraulic. In the neighborhood are several small quartz leads which yield a thousand or two dollars‘ worth of gold each year by arrastre working. The Clarkeville mines are owned by Chicago people, who have ‘10 miles of ditches, with extensive water rights, etc., and carry on hydraulic mining in true California style, and with more than the immunity that the Cal- ifornia miners enjoy, being free from the odious debris laws. It is certain that the placer miners of Eastern Oregon, and particularly of Burnt river, can never be accused of injuring agricultural interests with their slickcns, for covering up such a region as surrounds them must ever be regarded as a praiseworthy action, likely to meet with the approbation of Providence and mankind alike. MINES OF JOHN DAY VALLEY. Gold was first discovered in Grant county in 1802, by some Yrcka miners travelling to Salmon river. The placcrs of Canyon creek. Dixie creek, Elk creek and Granite creek were speedily opened and were found very produc- tive. It is said that 5000 miners were working at one time close to (#nnmn City. About two-thirds of the mining is now done by Chinese. who are particularly strong along Canyon creek and John Day river. On Elk creek some 50 placer miners find employment, of whom ‘50 or 40 are Chinese, the rest white. There are several quartz ledges of promise in Elk creek district, partic- ularly the National, Gem and Princess. The last vein is a yard thick and the rock is said to go >300 per ton. The total gold product of the district is fixed at $15,000 per your. GRANITE CREEK DISTRICT Is one of the largest and most. important in Oregon, containing both placer and quartz claims in abundance, the most noted of the latter being the Cabell (Monumental Silver) and the Beagle. The total gold and Sivcr pm- duct per year of late is thought to be about $20,000. The Humboldt Mining company works ground upon the west side of the creek, realizing sometimes $7000 from a single clean-up. They use two hydraulics. A great deal of quartz, float and in veins, is found in this district, and a great many loca- tions have been made on veins, the ore of which goes as high as $200 and even 8600 per ton. There are rumors of rich strikes having been made there 78 h _ . very lately by Wm. Graham and others, who have found a four-foot ledge said to assay over $1000 per ton. Another ledge of 15 inches width produces nuggets worth several dollars per ounce. ' DIXIE CREEK Has been the scene of active and profitable mining operation since vits first discovery, although hydraulic appliances have mostly taken the place of the primitive rocker and pan, and the moon-eyed mongolian usui’ps the occupation of the former free American miner. The yield per annum for some years has been nearly one-fifth that of all Grant county, amounting to about $40,000 as nearly as can be told. Several quartz mines exist on Dixie creek, 13 locations having been worked. Of these the Gold King mine is one of the best, having a two-foot vein, that pays 850, it is said. It has been prospected for six years, and grows more promising. The Black Prince, discovered about the same time, is a thicker vein and assays about the same, and it has or had a five-stamp mill. Several arrastres—three or more—have at times been put up on this or neighboring ledges. Elsewhere, in the Prairie City district, are the Key- stone, Orient, Green Mountain and other ledges, the three named being on the same lode and now known as the Keystone mine. It will be described, in another connection. The property is situated in a range of high hills in a spur of the Blue mountains. QUARTZ MINING. The principal quartz mines in Baker and Grant counties, either active or extinct, are the Connor creek, Virtue, Gold Ridge, Rye Valley Silver (Green Discovery and Monumental), Mammoth, New York Quartz, Nesbitt, Baker, St. John, Monumental Silver, Sumter, Baisley, Weatherby, Tom Paine, Key- stone, Cabell, Beagle, Gold King (Dixie creek) and Cleveland. CONNOR CREEK QUARTZ MINE. The most extensive and most productive and permanent quartz mine in Oregon is that known as the Connor creek mine, the property of S. G. Reed of Portland and John T. Faull, on Connor creek, three miles from its mouth in Snake river. It is a free gold quartz vein, from three to twelve or more feet thick, averaging five feet, and carrying sulphurets. It is worked by tunnels, thus saving the expense of hoisting and pumping. Some four tun- nels, two of them over 1000 feet long, have been run, and another of 3000 feet in length is projected and partly completed, designed to work the ledge at a great depth. It is judged that there are 100,000 tons of ore in sight above tunnel four, all of it rich enough to work profitably. The whole vein, it is thought, will average $10 by battery process, and part will go from $.10 to 320 When the mill of twenty-five stamps is run it crushes fifty tons of quartz’ daily, which costs barely $3 to mine and mill, and with the new apparatus designed to be set up the cost will be much less. The company owns the water-power which runs the mill and which is capable of operating 60 stamps. The mill has concentrators for the sulphurets, and all necessary machinery for mining on a first-class scale. Four years ago the mine was said to have produced $400,000, although it was hardly more than prospccted. It is in charge of Mr. Faull, who administers the affairs of the mine with great ability and skill. THE GOLD RIDGE MINE, m ls about four miles from Burnt river, and stands second only to the Connor creek mine in present importance. It is the property of the Ainsworths, and was worked for some years, though now idle. It consists of several locations upon a system of ledges, which penetrate the so-called Gold ridge at distances of fiit-y years or so. Their strike is north and south, and dips west. The ledges are contained in a dyke of granite 3000 yards wide, which cuts through the slate country rock. Only two of the veins have been worked. These are from two to two and a half feet thick, and pay about $12 per ton. A tunnel crosseuts them, through which they are worked. The gold is fine, and considerable portion of the wealth is in sulphurets, to save which no effort was made in the earlier working days of the mine. The quartz is said to carry bismuth, which is probably a. mistake. The Cape Horn water-power mill, at which the Gold ridge rock was worked at first, was on Burnt river, four miles from the mine, and the quartz had to be hauled that distance. It paid $10 per ton. Afterwards a ten stamp mill of later design was put up, having a capacity of twenty tons per day. The quartz is brought from the mine in cars and dumped upon a "grizzly," through which the fine stuff falls to the ore bins, while the coarser portions pass‘ to a rock-breaker, to be reduced to the proper size for battery-feeding. There are self feeders. The mill is of the ordinary type of wet crushing, battery-amalgamating mill, with silver-copper plates. The metallic sul_ phides (sulphurets or “bases”) are caught in blanket sluices and sub- sequently worked in an amalgamating barrel with quicksilver-a most in_ ferior makeshift by the way—and reserved for future manipulation. The mill was built in 1881, and has been regarded in that part of the country as an almost extraordinary example of engineering skill. THE vra'rtm' ' .gisq- _ a‘, _ ' flatten]; r; _ Has first. more written about than any viii-8.1‘ “ "3°11? rtwenty years it has been before the people. 5115 n " be hoped, its output of precious metal is nfltienqfiii a: 5*‘ ~ named for its former proprietor, Mr. J. W. Virtue. one coal? not Pay a higher compliment than to say thltv'ill'lwhj :' ‘ I ii ' J tag"; ' ises to develop the mining interests of this State he smashes - erty comprises 3000 feet on a strong vein from two to six ‘feet -~ in length and 350 in depth having been well prospected.‘ It has a twenty‘: }. stamp mill, with pans, etc. The quartz is free milling, and an enormous sum has been taken out. The mine is worked by shafts, and a pump is .re-__ 1* ' quired to keep the water down. For two or three years, until of late, the I mine was sufi‘ered to fill up with water, but being lately sold to George, Grayson, a California speculator of energy and vim, a superintendent, Mr; a .. Terry, was appointed and work began again and is now ‘going ahead with ' vigor, and the probability is that some new developments will occur.‘ ‘ Large quantitiesof ore have milled 840 per ton, and as the cost of mining and milling is only $7.50 or thereabouts, there should be money in it, if the mine is not exhausted of its pay deposits. The Virtue is such a mine that if discoveries are made, the output of Baker county, and very likely of the State, might easily be doubled by this one property. The precise or even» the approximate yield of the Virtue is not known to the public, but some estimates of it reach as high as $2,000,000. ' The Gold mountain leads are on the north side of Burnt river about 40 miles beyond Baker City. There are many ledges of quartz carrying gold on one side of the hill and silver on the other, well situated for operating. Transportation facilities are excellent, and the veins might be cheaply worked. The property was purchased a year or two since by Messrs. Watson dz Ellis from Woods & Esterbrooke. Nothing is now doing. Some of the rock has been worked in the Cape Horn mill (five-stamp) on Burnt river and not far from the mines. THE RYE _VALLEY SILVER MINES vAre 35 miles from Baker City. The country rock is granite, limestone and porphyry (‘2). There are two veins, called the Monumental and the Green Discovery. They were found about 1869 by one Green, who sent a parcel of ore to San Francisco for working, whereby capitalists ofsthat city were in- duced to put up a mill on the property, taking one-half the mine in pay- ment. It was a five-stamp affair, with pan and settler, crushed wet, the ore being supposed to be free milling. The Green vein was large, but only three or four inches of it was pay rock. It is called a “blanket ledge,” the hang- ing wall being washed away. The total production of this vein, says Prof. Fisk, who was part owner,_was about $25,000, but the expenses connected with obtaining it were from $50,000 to $90,000. The Monumental, owned by the same company, is a mile distant. The whole property was sold by Prof. Fisk to Boston parties for 355,000—$15,000 cash and 840,000 in notes. THE MAMMOTH MINE, In Mammoth district, 30 miles west of Baker City and about 40 miles, as the crow flies, from Canyon City, has a large vein, 20 feet wide, mainly of low grade rock. It has had a five-stamp mill which is plainly insufficient for the needs of such a mine. The lode is 30 or more feet wide, in granite, and dips about 80 degrees. The vein matter is quartz, carrying sulphurets and a little gold. About $40,000 has been the output of this claim, taken from sur face rock which paid about $20 per ton in gold. On the same lead with the , Mammoth are the Rainbow and Hurricane locations, which are said to be very promising prospects, but are not much worked. THE NESBIT AND BONANZA Claims are at the head of Ireland gulch, about a mile from the Winter's placer mines in Parkerdistrict, 40 miles west from Baker City, on the stage road to Canyon City. They are owned by James Steel, of Portland, and Thomas Gilchrist, of Baker City. The Nesbit has been worked to a small extent heretofore, and is considerably developed, with a good deal of ore in sight. A ten-stamp mill has just been put up on the ground, equipped with all the modern appliances for gold saving, and of capacity suflicient to do extensive and economical work. THE CABELL MINE Is a silver-producing property of great probable value. It is owned by a Mr. Cabell, who is a former N evada miner of great experience, who sought for smelting ores on the South Fork of Powder river with considerable success. He located a dozen claims which showed lead, and carried sometimes gold to the value of $112 per ton and silver $128. The Cabell mine proper has been got into shape for steady and profitable working, and ore is being ' shipped to Omaha to be smelted. The shipments run ashigh as 8200 per ton. _‘ ‘ It costs $20 per ton to transport to Baker City, and $18 per ton as freight. to I I _ Omaha. The smelting charges are 818, and the returns are 95- per cent. of ‘ ' -' _.'_‘ elapio'jg'sjyg. ‘ ‘ ' g . i, I; ,0, igggbafjworked with skill and energy my the miners of that portion of ., . - _ ms'rruc'r . (my, contains a large number of mineral loca- >_ ‘treason quartz veins; The mineral section is about a mile wide by three 101.18, in ‘are T0 or 15 parallellodes, most of which carry silver, and ' > .lsomecf it'h‘al paid'as‘high'as mper. ton in milling tests. The yield of these ~ I Wei-MS reached $10,000 in a year, it is said. ‘ ~ THE KEYSTONE GOLD mun, ' Owned by W. M. Ladd, 3.1‘. Watson and associates, is seven miles north of Prairie City, Grant county, and close to the little town of Quartzburg. It is the‘ most important claim in Grant county, and has been worked for threeor four years It comprises three claims on the same load, making a continuous length of 4500 feet. The thickness of the lode averages five feet. The dipis almost vertical, and the strike from northeast- to southwest. - I One wall is granite, the other porphyritic granite, it is said. There is a ‘tale gouge, ‘with a good deal of vein filling of a magnesian rock. The quartz carries free gold, metallic silver, iron pyrites, copper pyrites, zinc vblende and galena, the sulphurets amounting to 5 per cent. Assays have been made showing a value as high as $106 per ton in gold, and $100 to $1000 in silver. The sulphurets have not thus far been saved, nor has the silver ' been worked for. In 1883 500 tons were worked in an arrastre, yielding, so the former owners claim, over 840 per ton in gold. The cost of extracting this lot of ore was $5 per ton ; of hauling, $1.25; of crushing and amalga- mating in arrastres, $2.25. Seven men were employed, and the output was over $200 per week. The mine is worked by tunnels aggregating over 600 feet in length. The longest is 300. Development work is now going on on a scale commensurate with the extent of the property. It is designed to construct a first-class wet crushing stamp mill with concentrating apparatus for saving the sulphurets, which will probably be treated at the mine by some metallurgical process of recognized value. The improvements at the mine are valued at $10,000, and the property together at $50,000. . ‘r ,y . ‘., J. THE MONUMENTAL SILVER MINE Is at Sumter, on the apex of the Blue mountain divide between John Day and Powder rivers. Granite creek heads hereabouts. The mine was taken in by an incorporated company whose stock was owned and manipulated in Portland. Five hundred thousand shares, par value 85, sold nominally above 50 cents per share. The mine showed rich ore on the surface, having a number of narrow stringers six or eight inches thick, carrying antimo- nial silver to a high value. Having taken out 400 tons of ore, the company put up a mill of 10 stamps, two pans, two settlers, Bruckner roasting furnace and fine assay outfit, the apparatus being transported in via Umatilla, and costing probably 850,000 to get in running order ; 87 0,000 in all came from the mine and it was then shut down. The total amount spent is reckoned at $200,000. (Prof. Fisk.) The earlier workings were performed in 1875-77, when both gold and silver were produced. The rock was milled in a five- stamp mill, and the ledge becoming‘ silver bearing as depth was attained, the mill was ineffective and the owners became involved, and the claim was abandoned, to be relocated as the Monumental. The shaft is down over 300 feet, the vein still small. Three miles southeast of Downey’s, 25 miles from Baker City and near Sumter, are the claims owned and worked by Messrs. Watson & Bigne, of Portland. There are four lode locations, on a quartz vein WhlCh varies from four to nine feet in width, carrying free milling gold. The under- ground work consists of tunnels on the Huckleberry and Oregon claims, 48 and 50 feet long respectively. Bock taken from these claims is said to have assayed $20 per ton in Portland. A lO-Stamp mill of excellent construction was built for the company at the Oregon Iron Works, Portland, this year, and is now in operation on the mine, crushing rock. Reports of its opera- tions have not yet been published. Mr. Emil Voigt is superintendent. STATISTICAL MATTERS. _ Statistics of areliable sort are scarce and amount to no more than the veriest approximation. The Grant county placers are largely occupied by Chinese, who are sworn foes of statistical matter, and there are a great many white men-suspicious, narrow-minded fellows—who are no better than Chinese in this respect. Under such circumstances very little .that is satisfactory can be told as to the production of different localities. In 1882 the Grant County News published a very useful statement of mining opera- tions for the year, by which it appears that the number of men engaged in mining during the year or part of the year was 497. There had been 83 quartz and 13 placer locations recorded in the clerk‘s oiiicc, and the total ‘- yicld'of quartz and placer mines was $271,000. But Mr. Metchan, reviewing ‘a the, ground, concluded that the yield from placers alone was $300,000. The ; pl cane rim-MINES AND MINING. 79 ‘director of the mint, a very respectable but very long range authority, guessed it at "$240,000 for all sources. The News’ estimate was detailed as fol. lows, including both quartz and piacers: Canyon creek 51 10,000 Granite creek 65,000 Dixie creek 42,000 Olive creek Elk creek 15,000 Marysville 13,000 8 anish gulch 3,000 iscellaneous- 10,000 Total $971,000 Such old mining localities as Pocahontas, Auburn (once the greatest camp in the northwest, but now deserted), Granite creek. Olive creek, Elk creek, Canyon creek, Dixie creek, and in fact the Burnt, Powder river and John Day river countries in general, although their production is invariably less than formerly, and some of the camps are extinct, still they are of some im- portance in a general way, but become each year less so. A good deal of ground adapted to hydraulic methods, or to the careful and cheap work of the Celestial is still left, and the gold product of hydraulic diggings is not decreasing. This, however, represents a resource of far less lasting value than the quartz. There are a great many thousand quartz locations, many of which deserve a full description herein, but for the lack of the materials with which to make up an account, the names of some few are npologciically inserted in the hope that their owners may see fit to have publi h L ' ir-idosmine; chrome iron ore; silver (7); coal (‘1); borate of lime; building stones. _ ' Douglas—Gold in ..lodes and placers; nickel ores; quicksilver; building, stones; copper,\native and ore; coal; salt springs; natural cement; chrome iron ore; platinum and iridosmine. Gilliam—Coal (‘2). Grant—Gold in lodes and placers ; silver in lodes ; coal; iron ore. Jackson—Gold in lodes and placers; iron ore ; quicksilver; mineral waters ; graphite ; building stones; coal; limestone; infiisorlal earth. Josephine—Gold in lodes and placers; copper ores; heavy sparl; lime- stone and marble. K lamath—Mineral waters. Lake—Mineral waters. Lane—Gold in quartz and placers; zinc ores; coal (‘2); magnet iron ore. Lina—Gold in quartz and placers; copper ores; galena; zinc blende. Malhuer—Nitrate beds ; alkaline salts. Marion—Gold and silver in quartz ; limestone ; bog iron ore. Morrow- Multnmnah—Iron ore ; building stones. Polk—Building stones; salt springs; mineral waters; iron pyrites; lime- stone. . Tillamook—Gold in beach sands; coal ; rock salt; stones ; iron pyrites. Umatilla—Gold in lodes on headwaters of Umatilla reservation; placers on Columbia river ; coal and iron ore. Union—Gold in lodcs and placers; silver in lodes ; hersite ; achre. Wallowa—‘Gold in lodes ; silver in lodes ; copper; building stones. Wasco—Mincral waters. H’ashi'ngton— Yamhill—Mineral springs ; iron pyrites. LlST.OF MINERAL LOOALITIES. ANDESITE—“BASALT”: “LAVA.” iron ores; building Clacka-mas county—Claekamas quarry, a fair building stone. Multnomah" county—Butte quarries ; near Mt. Zion and other localities in the Portland hills; used for road material. Andesite is a very common country rock and belongs to the basic erup- tions. It is a light gray rock, usually softer than basalt, which it resembles in chemical constitution. ARSENOPYRITE-—‘ ‘ARSENICAL IRON. ” Jackson coumy—Applegate creek, in large deposits. It occurs in many other localities associated with or containing gold, in quartz veins, a valua- ble ore of gold and silver. BARITE-“HEAVY SPAR.” Baker county—Locality unknown ; the pelid variety. Josephine county—Big Sunk ledge in chute 26 feet wide. Barite is used as a substitute for white lead ; not worked in this State. BASALT. Occurs extensively throughout the State ; is quarried as a building stone at Oregon City, St. Helens, Portland and other localities ; not durable. BECHILITE. Curry county—Five miles north of Chetco; is a borate of lime, and forms a valuable source of borac acid ; not worked. BUHRSTON E. Said to occur at “Bald Peter Mountain,” a locality unknown to the writer. CALCITE—“LIMESTONE” AND “MARBLE.” Baker county-4n heavy strata, highly inclined, near Huntington ; worked for lime and building marble by the Oregon Marble and Lime company of Portland ; output of 1887, 2:300 barrels lime. Jackson county—Rocky point, in lenticular masses in sedimentary rocks; worked for lime, building stone and flux in lead smelting by Burrage, Pom~ eroy & 00.; output of 1837, 1100 tons of rock. Josephine county—Williams’ creek, in thick strata penetrated by caverns, quality first-class as a source of lime and building material; other locali- ties in same counties unworked. Wallowa county-Marbles said to be of good quality and in great quantity, near Joseph. Occurs as shell limestone, suitable for making lime, in beds in the tertiary on lower foothills of the Cascades and Coast ranges bordering the Willamette valley; has been worked for lime at Butte creek, Marion county, also in Polk county. as. I _ ,4 103mm (1v _ I‘ Douglas cm'intyé-Near ammo, a worked?‘ of“ I , ing many acres in tertiaryproeks, probably will be worked extensively, during the year by at" I may be located at Oregon City. _ 7 ’ catamarans-“cameras or saves??? . . ‘.2 Presumed ‘° °°°“’ 1" “1° Silver—bearing was of were " 'aisnii‘ occurrences not proven. _ . , onatoocirn-"corrna omen."- _ Douglas county—Tellurium mine, Canyonville, once worked for copper. - Josephine coumy—Mines of copper ore on Illinois river. .' - CHALCOPYRITE—“COPPER PYRITES.” Clackamas county—Divide between Claekamas and Molalla rivers, range, in workable deposits. Douglas county—Cow Creek canyon, in ‘veins with quartz. Josephine county—Queen of Bronze mine, near Waldo, in immense de- posits, once worked. Monarch and Ellen mines,‘ lower‘ Illinois river, in great quantity, once worked. The most abundant ore of copper known in ' Oregon, but not worked. With the present price of the metal (17 cents per pound) the above claims might easily.be made to pay immense profits. Ch alcopyrite is of common occurrence in quartz veins, where it is an im- portant source of gold and silver. ‘ ‘ Cascade W & CHRONITE—“CHROME IRON.” Coos, Curry and Douglas counties—In nodular masses of high-grade ore in serpentine rocks. A valuable and important source as yet unworked. CINNABAR—“QUICKSILVER ORE.” Baker county—Locality not known. Douglas county—Fourteen miles northeast of Oakland, extensive deposits, of presumptive value, which are now being worked. Output for 1887, not reported. Jackson county—Beaver creek mine, California line, in loose masses, no lode yet found; Evans’ creek ; neither deposit worked as yet. CLAY. Clatsop coanty—Smith’s landing, a fine deposit of Potter’s clay, lately worked by the Oregon Pottery company. of Portland. Brick clays are common throughout the State. The loess of the lower Wil- lamette valley is used for brick making and is found to answer the purpose tolerably, except as being very fusible. It furnishes the material for the Portland and East Portland kilns. COPPER (NATIVE). Baker county—Near Baker City, in a trap rock; said to exist in large quantity. Douglas county—Bend of Cow creek. ' ' COPPER ORES. (See chalcocite, chalcopyrite, cuprite and melaconite.) CUPRITE—“RED OXIDE OF COPPER." Occurs associated with other copper ores in most copper ores. It is a de- composition product of the others. Abundant in copper lodes in Josephine county. I ' DRYCRASITE—“ANTIMONIAL SILVER.” Said to be the predominating silver ore at the Monumental mine,‘ Eastern Oregon. (DoubtfuL) GALENA. Clackamas county-Headwaters of Clackamas river. Linn county—Galena creek, near Quart-zville ; reported to be auriferous '‘ and to exist in large quantity. Galena is a common and sometimes quite important constituent of f '_ quartz mines; and is found in very small quantity throughout the mining ~ ' districts of the State, and is said to be abundant near Joseph, ‘WallowaY i, county. . GARNIERITE." Douglas county—Oregon nickel mine near Riddle; a very valuable deposit ' of nickel ore, garnierite and noumedite (q. v.), extendingovgg _> and for value only equalle$i by the great butalmost exaeflysiniilar - , , ‘in in New Caledonia. There is a prospect that theqmq‘ye worked in 1888. q .. .7 g . 1 , .n. (‘.1 ,u. -- _-v_ M; .' but of gnessoid granite near Fort . f - Baker comm-In and Powder River mountains; in planets-en rowan, sat-at are» and many of their tributaries; iaold riser Grant corona-~11:v many and in placers on streams tributary tollohnliaiz rivet. ' ‘ ' ‘ I J ' Union county-In placers of Grand Ronde river, Eagle, : Pine andothe'r creeks, and tributaries, extensively mined. ‘ Umatdla MM veins ‘st head‘of Umatilla river ; in placera on Colum- his. rivals , ' ' Greek county—In sands of Crooked river and its tributaries. lndes in metamorphic rocks of the Cascade range. Unimportant as'iyeti being prospccted. I t _ Q " Marion “mm-11: lodes about the north fork of the Santiam, in metamor- phic ;7 worked slightly. ,' Linn county—In lodes andjplacers near Quartzville on Canal Fork of the ~-’ swam; worked to a small extent ; lodes on upper Calapooia river. _ Lamev county~Lodes and placers on Blue river. Lodes in Bohemia. district, 0 ’ near headquarters of main Willamette river. Douglas cozmty—Lodes and placers on Cow creek, Canyon creek, Cofl'ee creek, Myrtle creek, Whisky creek, Starve-out creek, and other streams in southern part of the county. Josephine county—Lodes and placers on Coyote, Wolf, Grave, Galice, J ose- phine, Althouse, Sucker and other creeks; Illinois river, Democrat gulch, etc., and generally throughout the county ;_ extensively worked. Jackson county—Lodes and plaeers on Applegate, Jackson, Jackass, Ster- ling, Poorman, Williams’, Kane, Evans, Gull’s, Sardine, Pleasant, Wagner, Steamboat and other creeks in southern and western parts of the county. Coos county—Beach sands along the coast; stream plaeers and lodes of _l. ' Sucker creek, southeastern part of county. Curry county—Beach sands along the coast; stream placers of Sixes river. GRANITE. Abundant in the Cascades, Blue mountains, Eagle and Pine creek moun- ' tains and elsewhere. Deposit suitable for building purposes in Coos county; Gold Hill, Jackson county; Upper Mackenzie river, Lane county. Notwith- standing its abundance, granite has never been utilized as a building stone in this State. Quarries are about to be opened at varies points, however, to supply the notorious lack of building material. (See gneiss.) NAPHITE—BLACK LEAD, PLUMBAGO. Jackson county—Siskiyou mountains. GYPSUM. Union county—Eagle creek bridge. HALITE—ROCK SALT. Tillamook county—Near Nestucca. HESSITE—TELLURIUM. Um'on county-Pine creek mines, in quartz veins, associated with, gold, ‘ contains silver and tellurium ; very valuable but rare. ‘ INFUSORIAL EARTH. Jackson cotmty-Near Ashland; used as polishing powder. Deposit not worked. > IRIDOSMINE. Occurs associated with gold and platinum in the stream placers of Douglas and Josephine counties, and in the auriferous beach sands of Coos and Curry; is a most valuable source of the rare metal iridium; is not ’ sought for, but is mined incidentally with gold. ' IRON ORES. (See magnetite and lineonite.) . - J ET. C'lotsop county—Locality not known. 5 . “ ' LEAD onus see ' ena. ' __( -" ' gal ) LIGNITE—COAL, ‘ county-Wilhoit springs, in horizontal bed seven feet thick, of ,'_‘_ fiappearance ; slightly prospeeted but-not now worked. ‘qtatsagigaamy-Nehalem valley, in thick strata, apparently very valuable; e§n2templation ;, also other localities. . i A. J cereals-erases AND MINING. 85 Cblumbia county—Falls of Beaver creek, near St. Helena, etc. ; not worked; _. value unknown. was county-In very extensive strata near the bay; worked for many years and still producing largely; supply deemed practically inexhaustive : beds said to underlie 500 square miles; quality fair. Also on South Fork oi the Coquille in important strata in conglomerate ; unworked, but judged to be very valuable. Douglas county—Looking Glass prairie. Jackson county—Sam's valley, Bear Creek valley, near Ashland. Occurs generally throughout the Coast range, from the Columbia to Rogue river, as in Benton county, where it crops out near the Oregon Pacific rail- way. Strata often much contorted and broken, rendering mining diflicult and expensive. The coal being of a comparative recent age, probably later cretaceous or early eocenc, and partaking of the common lignitic character, it is not usually classed as high grade ; in fact, the most of it is poor. On the John Day and its tributaries much coal is found, where it is pro posed to mine. In the absence of reliable analysis, nothing can be said of its quality. LIMONITE—“BROWN HEMATITE.” Clackamas county—Important beds in basalt or andrasite at Oswego ; worked for 20 years or more in a small way, supplying a single small stuck, making a very good quality of charcoal pig, suitable to local foundrymen and in San Fl‘fillClSeO ; will be worked more extensively in future. Also beds on east side of Willamette river, reaching to the foothills of the Cas- cades. Columbia county—Scappoose ; Rafi‘ety Bros.’ iron mine ; deposits near St. Helens similar to the foregoing. Multnomah county—In the range of volcanic hills bordering the west bank of the Willamette, from St. Heleus to near Oswego. The deposits men~ tioned above constitute a bed of iron ore extending from Kalama, on the south bank of the Columbia and the west bank of the Willamette to a point near Oregon City, and thence southeastward to the foothills of the Cascades. The ores are exceptionally pure, the quantity is great and all the essentials for making first-rate iron are at hand. Marion. county—Lake Labish, whose bottom is overlaid with bog iron ore ; also other localities. MAGXETITE—"MAGNETIC IRON ORE.” Coos, Curry and Douglas counties—In grains, comprising greater part Of auriferous black sands of the seashore. Also in nodular masses in serpen- tine. Lane county—At McKenzie bridge. Jerks-on county—In beds interstratificd with metamorphine slates and limestones, Gold Hill, Burrage d: Pomeroy’s iron mine. Mined as flux for lead smelting; a valuable deposit ; production in 1857, 100 tons; value at mine, $300. MANGAN ESE ORE. Columbia county—Locality and species not known. MARBLE. (See calcite.) MELACONlTE—BLACK OXIDE OF COPPER. Josephine cozmty—lllonarch and‘Ell-s. mines, Lower Illinois river, in great abundance. NlTRE—SALTPETRE. Malhuer county—Locality unknown ; a valuable discovery if extensive. NOUMEAITE. (See garnierite.) ‘ OBSIDIAN. Central Oregon, in extensive deposits, forming hills and mountains. OCHRE. Clackamas County._oregon City, in interstices between basaltic outflows. Union county—N ear Pine valley, in basaltic rocks (probably laterite). OSMIRIDIUM. (See iridosmine.) PLATINUM. Stream placcrs, hydraulic washings and auriferous black beach sands of Douglas, Josephine, Coos and Curry counties. A tolerably important source of the metal, which invariably occurs with gold and is mined as an acci- dental product. The usual proportion of the two metals is six or eight parts gold to one of platinum, but the propm'titm varies, the metals some- times being equal in quantity ; at other times the platinum is entirely ab~ sent. Product never ascertained. Iridosmine (q. v.) is an almost invariable associate of platinum. POTASSIUM NITRATE. (See nitre.) PUMICE. ' Cascade range, Eastern and Central Oregon. 86 I ‘In? Prams-“mon PYRITESl” Benton county—Carries nickel and copper. Tillamook county—Nestucca, in lodes ; auriferous. Yamh-z'll county—Fairdale, in large deposits. . PYRRHOTITE—“MAGNETIC IRON PYRITES." Douglas county-Dad's creek, tributary of Cow creek; niccoliferous. Tillamook county—Nestucca river. SANDSTONE. ‘ Curry county—Blacklock’s quarry, a beautiiul blue stone, suitable for or- namental uses ; is being worked for the San Francisco trade. ' Douglas county—Cole's valley, a fine building stone of first-rate fire-resisting qualities, and procurable in blocks or sheets of any size. Many other localities. Jackson county—Jackson creek, quarried for building stone. Throughout the Coast range generally, a tolerable material, usually soft and easily worked, and sometimes procurable in the form of flags, suitable for paving, etc. SERPENTINE. Coos, Douglas and Josephine counties—In frequent massive strata, much in- clined, containing chrome iron, magnetite, and ores of copper and nickel in lenticular masses. The purer varieties are suitable for ornamental building stone. SICLERITE—"SPATHIC IRON ORE.” Marion county—Near Silverton, in veins in basalt. (‘?) SILVER ORES. Baker, Grant and Union counties—Monumental and Green Discovery claims, Cable Cove, Silver creek, etc.; Simmons’ and Contact mines, Pine creek, near Joseph, Wallowa county, in veins with lead ores. ' Silver invariably accompanies gold in quartz veins, usually in small pro- portions, usually about 200 parts silver to 800 gold, by weight. The silver minerals of Oregon are scarce, and so far are almost wholly unstudied by mineralogists, consequently their species are almost wholly unknown- (See dycrasite, hessite, ceraryynite, etc.) “The blue ore,” called by pros- pectors, “bromide ore,” or “bromide of silver,” is azurite, a carbonate of copper, of little value. SPHALERITE—“ZINC BLENDE.” Lane, Linn and Marion counties—Santiam mines, in quartz. Bohemia dis- trict in large quantity. Frequently gold or silver bearing, constitutinga valuable source of the precious metals. BTIBNITE-“ANTIMONY ORE.” Santiam mines. WILLEMITE—“SILICATE OF ZINC.” Bantiam mines, in quartz. GOLD MINING. The most actively min ed substance of the above lists of gold, which is also the widest diffused, being found in at least microscopical quantity in nearly or quite every county in the State, and being mined in fifteen of them, namely : Baker, Grant, Union, Umatilla, Clackamas, Marion, Linn, Lane, Benton, Tillamook, Douglas, Josephine, Jackson, Coos, and Curry. Those recognized as important gold mining counties are Grant, Baker, Josephine, Union, and Jackson, which are named in the order of their present pro- duction. The total yearly product of gold in Oregon is rather more than half a million dollars, with a bright prospect of an increase to a full million 11 1888. The extent of unworked placers and auriferous quartz is such that many years, probably thousands, must elapse before the extinction of this branch of the mining industry. SILVER MINING. No profitable work has as yet been done upon silver lodes in this State, if we except a few in Baker and Eastern Oregon, whose value, however, is as yet prohlematical, than assured. The \Vallowa mining region, which is mainly silver-bearing, is said to promise well. So little is known of the art of silver mining in Oregon, that not even the names of the mineral forms in which the metal occurs is known. As clswherc there is a small portion of silver in every gold mine, the two metals being alloyed in various proportions but generally as eighty of gold to twenty of silver, as a rough average. The total or yearly output of Oregon is about 825,000. Future developments in the Wallowa country will probably cause the inauguration of active silver mining on a large scale, which is not possible elsewhere so far as discoveries show. COAL. The coal mining of-Coos county has been systematically carried on for many years, producing an aggregate result which we are not able at present .g, r. to express in ibutghope to soon: ‘_ great future advances fertile State in; landsalready prospected'alid mappedyand v walrbellring. but ' yet ‘entirely ‘unexpl'o‘r’edii'j _| enlargement of an important industry vis not repay the State of Oregon tqinstitute athorough of the coal fields within her, borders. as by such means- . , ' coal-bearing lands could be made known and their consequent increase of taxable values, would mate to tit-chem I But it is not in the matter of coal alone that the State , g ,l. a survey, for the almost equally important industries founded; ; :g g.__ j.;-_fii would receive anequal impetus. A glance at the table of'minet‘slilocfil'itiesl: I y will show that iron is widely diffused, indeed far more widely than the‘list._ _; .' shows, as a great many reported localities have never been verified by the. . - writer, and consequently not included. It is probable that raw States»!!! the‘; '- ; ., Union possess a‘ greater variety, with equal purety, of such ores, and vit is " .. seldom indeed that the deposits are more advantageously located than those _' - “i of Oregon. They have been worked in one locality only, the Oswego Iron" 1' ,7 " Works having used many thousand tons of limonite in ‘their existence. The " ' quality of ore in the lower Willamette belt, as it is fitting to designate the "e , range of deposits of which the Oswego mines form a part, is excellent. CHROME ORE Is strikingly abundant in Southern Oregon. It has entered into commerce in a small way, a shipment or two having been made to the Bichfiromate manufacturers in Baltimore or Glasgow, four years since. California mines are now supplying the greater part of the American chrome, at an average rate of about $12 per ton delivered in San Francisco, no ore carrying less than 45 per cent. of sesquioxide of chromium being able to find sale. The i 7 real value of 50 per cent. ore is not less than $80, as stated by firstrate author- ' ities, but the trade is in the hands of a very few dealers who, to all intents and purposer, constitue a kind of “trust” for keeping down the price paid to producers. - . . NICKEL . ORE. . ""- In the Oregon Nickel mine, at Riddle, Douglas county, theState possesses‘ one of the two great known deposits of pure oxidized nickel ore. In a. commercial point of view, this is the most important mine in the State, possibly excepting the Oswego iron mine, since its operation and the metal~ lurgic treatment of its ores, a comparatively complex and costly matter, will afford employment to a great many persons. Preparations have long since been made for active work and it is thought that this year will see its inauguration upon a great scale. COPPER ORES. Josephine, a county highly blessed in mineral wealth and standing among the first, if not the very first therein, contains the largest deposits of workay ble copper ores in Oregon and perhaps in the Northwest. They have never been worked to any extent, with the exception of the Queen of Bronze - mine, near Waldo, from which a small quantity of ore has been extracted. There was at one time a considerable interest manifested in these mines, but their isolation forbade successful working. At present, however, with" , a railroad passing within 40 miles, and the price of copper standing at 17 . cents, it would seem that the Josephine mines ought to be‘ profitably ‘I worked, more especially as the ores are very rich. There is plenty of wood for fuel, and a delightful climate allowing of work throughout the year. Some very fine ores, principally copper pyrites, said to carry gold and silver, - 7' have been lately brought from the vicinity of Table Rock, Clackamas county, and exhibited in Portland, with the assurance that there is abund- ance of similar ore on the Clackamas and Molalla. It is not unlikely that " the region named may become an important producer of copper. . ‘ PLATINUM AND IRIDIUM. Of these two rare metals, there is little to my regarding their production 7 in Oregon, save that they, being mined from placers and ocean beaches‘ at an incidental product along with gold, their production depends entirely‘ " upon the mining of that metal, and when it ceases they will cease also‘ . . There is no way of arriving at. the yearly out-put, but it is quite an’! I. Probably not above $5000. The two metals are never found in veins or other T deposits in place, although so reported from time to time, , y. 4 MANGANESE. __ I l __ 4 , j :_,_r7?’ There is a single locality-4n Columbia county—from which ore is exported in large quantity. It was discovered by men who" for something far more precious, and whose hopes were dashed‘ong-learninfi that in the commercial way of manganese oxide, the form which it a market, is worth from ten to fifteen dollars perton. .Ihtany industries depend upon the manufacture of tf'biji s, ,_jsriientonne mi that from saute-aa- by chlorin- assessment ‘ M'nonbiof these arts are now .. fled that, except as a matter 0t’ . We must make the observation , many others which. have not come “ . .. no ode haataken the trees ores. .- ttani active demand . v _,. as the user oxide of manganese, (ound toexist in hundreds and thousands __ remark leads to the more general ve' :i-alle'st locality in our State has ever been , H _, _ “ examined as to its mineral wealth, and the . isshatevea tliesi’nallest county posseses mineral resources which ‘ 4 ~, ‘ i " l ' preset‘... , ‘_ befrepeated that there is noenterprise into which the State venture that would so add to her wealth and material re- as' a properly conducted economic survey. .. HQ». produce more wealthy than all'Oregon does at 5- j. Suntan YjUSBANDRY in QREGON. r Hon. J’. I! Gregg, Secretary State Board QfAgTt'Cttll’ltTd—DEAR Sm: In answer ' vto'your invitation to prepare a paper on the sheep and wool-producing in- terests of Oregon, I submitv the following history on the introduction of common and improved sheep :~ ' The ‘first sheep brought to Oregon were driven from California by an American, J. 1?. Lease, in 1842. They were alight~bodied, leggy, dry-tlccced. ' kempy, inferior sheep, such as are yet to be found unimproved or partially improved in the States and Territories adjoining Mexico. In 1844 Joshua and A..R. C. Show brought a. small lot across the plains from Missouri. the first so driven. In 1847 a Mr. Fields brought a lot of good sheep across the plains. In 1848 Joseph Watt, of Amity, Yamhill county, brought- 330 head ' v of grade Saxon Merino blood, including seven of pure Saxon and six of high-grade Spanish Merino. In 1851 Hiram Smith brought some full-blood Spanish Merinos from Ohio. In 1854_ Dr. w F. Tolmie, of the Puget Sound Agricultural Company, drove to and sold in the Willamette valley 1500 head, descendants of Lease’s California sheep, the largest part of which had been bought by that company, improved by rams imported from England. amongst which. were some nearly pure Southdowns, Leicestershire and Merinos. In 1858 Martin Jesse brought in 20 head of MacArthur‘s Australian _ ' Merinos, part of a shipment made into San Francisco in 18.37 by J H. Wil- liams, United States consul at Sydney, N. S. W. _In 18.3911. C. Gecr imported ‘ ' Southdowns of the famous Jonas Webb’s breeding. In 1860 S. B. Rockwell ' 5 and R. J. Jones, of Addison county, Vermont, imported French and Span- ’ ish Merinos from Vermont into Oregon, and later in the same year Messrs. V Jew'ettdt Lane brought in some pure and some grade French Merinos. In 11861 Donald McLeod brought 150 head of thoroughbred Spanish Merinos I ' from Vermont across the plains. The same year John Cogswell imported TNew Oxfordshire and Hampshire Downs, and Hon. Ben. Starkasingle ‘ '11).‘ "Cotswold ram. Since that date others have brought Cotswolds, Lcicesters and Lincolnshires. In isel John D. Patterson brought in and sold French [and Spanish Merino. Many sheep of the British breeds come to Oregon from I vCanada, New Zealaud and Australia For the past 20 years, however, nearly "all improved, sheep imported into Oregon have been Merino, mostly of the .J American improved Spanish families, a few of the largest-sized French ' I 'Merinos,‘ and lately'a few of the recently-improved British breed, the ‘ Shropshire Downs. '" ‘I 1;;The foregoing brief history is given to indicate the origin of the stock, Lil-f pwhricb'havecontributed to give character to the chief product of Oregon ’ O'w f"gheep:husbandry;the wool crop—which is today the second item in value "_}l,;-Tjl‘ ,lnsian annual income to her people. There are two recognized agencies which ‘each contribute to'give Oregon wool its now well-established supe- l-~ Qfioijity ‘ascompared. with that produced on the southern portion of the fllacific " Of'these, climate is the most potent perhaps ; its certain in- finance wss'pred-icted by thelnaturalist Peale, who accompanied Commo- dorewilkes"‘expeditlon in 1812, before a domestic sheep had touched the meteor, George-j Abernathy and Rev. J. L. Parrish, said : “ Oregon 1 l ismousesa Sheep-breeding country as the natural grasses of I. eminently suitable for their pasturage, and the even cool- that enables the m bearing animals to carry valuable ‘A year‘ would have: a like efl’ect upon sheep's wool.” '- Hossn NDR Y. fliLQf'QregOp... Mr." Peale,ip conversation on the subject with the late‘ 87 years after that prediction Mr. -Itoberts, one of the Original Outliers of the Pacific (woolen) mills of San Francisco told the writer that climate was so much in favor of Oregon wool as compared with that of Cal- it’ornia, that the difl'erence would always pay them (the mill owners) to come or send to Oregon for it. At the great International Centennial Exhi~ bition, held at Philadelphia in 1876, one or" the judges on wools remarked upon the even growth of some samples of wool coming from Oregon that "the evenness of their growth proved them the product of a country with a very uniform climate. as no matter how well fed the sheep might be cold Winter weather caused the filament of wool grown at that season of year to be of less diameter than that grown in summer." It is the general effect, then, of the uniform and mild climate of Western Oregon in its influence on both pusturage and wool that underlies the fact that the wool product of Western Oregon and a few of the coast counties of Northern California rates in market at from three to five cents per pound higher than that pro- duced on the South Pacific coast and interior to the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges. At the Centennial Exhibition above mentioned three models were awarded to Oregon wools. On one entry by the State of Oregon the com- mittee reports as follows: “ Some very fine specimens of Merino wool of good staple, very much resembling Australian wool and giving evidence that this State can produce wool of very great value.” On an exhibit made by S. G. Reed, of Portland, the report reads: “Three samples of Leicester combing wool and three samples of Cotswold cornbiu wool. noticeable for long staple and bright lustre.” On another entry, by M. Wilkins, of Lane country. the report reads: “An exhibit of a sample of Cotswold wool with twelve samples of wool im- proved by a series of crossing pursued for many years of high-bred Cots- wold bucks with high-bred Oxford Down ewes, ploduciug wool retaining the length of the original Cotswold, but with greatly increased fineness and softness and total absence oi‘ hair.” The above were the only exhibits of Oregon wools. The Oregtiin Cit; woolen mills made an exhibit of fancy cassimcrcs and blankets, receiving a medal therefor, and the following committee report : “ Fancy cassilncrcs. substantial in fabric and good design ; also blankets of good quality, all marked for their cheapncss, resulting from the availability of Oregon wools at low cost." The exhibit of the Mission woolen mills of San Francisco, which from their commencement until now it is understood have used largely of Oregon wools, the report reads : “Blankets, carriage blankets and lap robes made of Pacific coast wool, the higher qualities unsurpassed in excellcucc of fabrication, softness of finish and tztstcl‘ulncss of borders.“ The first exhibit- of cassimercs and blankets of Pacific coast manufacture were sent from the Willamette woolen mills at Salem to the il-ur ot‘ the American Institute in New York City, and received commendation such as the combined reports on the exhibits of the Oregon City and Mission mills of California above quoted. Oregon wool at this date is quoted in theirnarkcts by the natural divisions of the State. San Francisco began the practice or rather the buyers for the Mission mills already mentioned, begun it by buying only Western Oregon wocls, and the product of Western Oregon has generally sold at least three cents above all Pacific coast woo‘s, except that from the northern coast counties of California, where the climatic conditions are nearly the same. Since wool growing begun in the eastern portion of the State it has become the custom of the trade to quote all of Western Oregon wool as “Valley Wool,” and that from the other portions of the State as “East Oregon.” The wool of that district of the State is classed in the late special report on wool and the manufactures of wool, issued by Wm. F. Switzler, chief of the bureau of statistics, as “Standard Ter- ritory Wool," not being the trade phrase to define the class of wools produced in Washington Territory, Nevada, Idaho, Utah and Wyoming, which grade from X (equal to lull-blood French Merino) to course. but. “with little of mixture of the Mexican blood appar- ent.” In thistlic been eyes of trade have found an historical fact. Oregon, though she began with stuns ‘Mexican blood. commenced to improve it be- fore any other district west of the Missouri river, and the Territories uow classed with East Oregon derived their first stock largely from her.3 * Nora—From 1850 to 1851 considerable numbers of sheep were driven from Oregon back to California for sale in the mines as mutton, and thus a large portion of the Mexican sheep introduced by Mr. Lease was illimi- nutcd though already improved. Subsequently stock shccp followed the movement of mutton sheep into ruining regions. and thus the first stock were driven up the Columbia valley through Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho into Montana, through the Snake river couutrv via Boise mining regions into Northern Utah, and across Southeastern Oregon into Nevada. 11 the spring of 1866, 80,000 stock sheep passed the toll-gate at Canyouville, Douglas county, on their wav to California. to replenish the ' {gages of that State, from which sheep had been driven by the drouth of 88 v.1‘ H .a Montana wools stand the highest in character er any of the fishes ‘colin' try product, and the report above mentioned rates it with Dragon velar (Western Oregon) and the best of Utah wool. This, again, cQMBB 11D911 an actual kinship, as Montana got many of her first stock sheep from 013861}, and Utah got some via Idaho and Nevada. Oregon wools as classified above by Sherman, Hall 8: Co. of Chicago were quoted in that market on the 8th day of November, 1887, as follows: Valley Oregon A 1 ____________ .._. I 9%“ Valley Oregon A ‘’ 22@‘26 Eastern Oregon A 1 19@24 Eastern Oregon A 2 1%)}: ‘When the wool market is active and discriminating, Douglas county \Umpqua valley) wool is most eagerly bought, sometimes rating three cents per pound higher than that of the Willamette valley. This is caused mainly by the fact that wool growing is pursued more as a business, and that district received a larger proportion of Merino blood upon its first in- troduction into Oregon and has'kcpt most steadily in that line of breeding ever since. While conceding great influence of climate upon wool, I am satisfied from an experience of 38 years that breeding has also a powerful influence, and that to such an extent as to warrant the belief with a dis- criminated market to encourage their production the dry lands of Western Oregon and the interior uplands upon which the yellow pine grows will produce wool as fine as MacArthur Australian. This opinion is based upon personal experience with that breed, some of which I had when I began as a breeder and bred separately for a number of years, during which time if the wool lost any of its properties of superiority I was unable to perceive it. In support of an affirmative answer to the question, “Can American sheep husbandry supply the fine wool needed by American manufacturers?” re- cently asked by a writer in the Textile Bulletin of Philadelphia, and as prov- ing the tenacity of the breed in Western Oregon, I will state that T. L. Davidson began his flock by the purchase from me of a single ewe lamb, to which he subsequently added two others, all bred of pure MacArthur Aus- tralian dams, the sire being of improved Spanish Merino as bred in Ver- mont. Mr. Davidson bred continuously towards the Vermont Spanish, I believe, yet 12 years afterwards he exhibited at the Oregon State fair a ewe of part Australian blood with a finer fleece of long staple than any I ever saw other than a pure Australian. The exhibit of wools made by the State of Oregon at the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 was made up of samples from Mr. Davidson‘s flock, and the report of the committee I have already quoted proves there was yet characteristics of Australian wool remaining after 15 years of breeding away from it, and after it has been 19 years under the climate of the Willamette valley. While Douglas county wool growers have gone steadily forward in the production of fine wool, the Willamette has retrograded in that respect. During the past 15 years wheat production has received the greatest share of attention, and sheep have been kept mainly as scavengers on wheat farms, and little attention has been paid to their improvement. Even the number and spirit of those engaged in breeding for the improve- ment of docks in Eastern Oregon has diminished. Just now, however, there seems a revival of interest in sheep husbandry— the result doubtless of the uncertainty of the wheat market for the future, and the present low prices of that staple. On most of the lands of the Willamette valley any of the British breeds of sheep can be kept, but for the largest portion of it, and for the modes of keeping most generally pursued, a cross between the-Merino and any of them is a more profitable sheep for the care given. On the seaward side of the Coast range a strong variety of the Downs (as the Shropshire Downs) will, I think, be found most suitable. ()n the east side of the Cascade range all the conditions are most favorable to the Merino as the best stock to keep. Practice has so demonstrated this fact to be true, that it is safe to say more than ninety-five per cent of the rams used are more or less of that breed. Some prefer a grade to a thorough- bred, because it is claimed they are hardier and are better “rustlers.” There sheep are steadily increasing in numbers, and supplanting, to a great extent, other kind of stock on the ranges. In favorable seasons it is not uncommon for the income from a flock to show 100 per cent. on its cost or valuation. This is better than can be done with horses or cattle under the most favorable circumstances; but success with sheep is only attained as the reward of constant care and watchfulness. The census of 1880 gives the total number of sheep then in Oregon at 1,083,162, and the weight of the wool clip as 5,718,229 pounds. At that date the sheep kept in counties west of the Cascade mountains (see Table A) numbered 425,500, and the wool clip was 1,864,987 pounds. In the counties east of the Cascades the sheep numbered 056,662, and the wool yield was 3,883,537 pounds. The State cen— sus for 1885 made the total number of sheep in the State 1,694,153, and the total wool crop 9,451,701 pounds. Of sheep, the counties west of the Cascade range had and of wool 1,742,669 pounds. The counties east of the Cascades had 1,308,566 sheep, giving a fleece yield of 7,709,032 pounds. (See ~ liable of her nnessr‘mdusygja' The inn, . bureau of stresses éncwseresthii to hsrfé‘heidti ‘” ‘ ' 4 _ _ a I, u a r‘ '~ 1 £22.‘: n k “ ‘ v wm'é'hlg' I 4 . ~ “wi'unwws \ as s r s r. *v" a a‘ 1- - as» *- '‘ff‘i-L _‘ gé'hz“: \ xi '" “Q ‘I t t 1 w ‘filo ‘1 “ v. ' ‘. Tclilshlii, ,Weamthesengmssth ‘t * ;. t. _ ~ 'g'y-‘ may.‘ nvag~ 3- ._ I ‘ .7 mwml, mégggnspsnanuve yearam { i . p , ‘..l ,1 , g, n - . A’ 1;, a, x‘; - eh ,1‘ _ v , in Eastern orsgpn 651559! The steady advent m wd H 53: interests of Oregon isfifitl’déil‘“ 200d inmgmim “gift? @ .. l \ uh wg-izgw 4- w:- a J ..M s a ‘a ‘s1 "er ‘ . ‘airtrr‘t 1,‘ “Kid r‘“ s‘ ‘is ‘a “he? . ‘Wt 1; i- \\z J‘ Efr‘fl-S r“ j, “inr .. . _ .s W ‘m n ‘u ~§¢ 1 iw'" » l 1: w j W ~. ‘h MKi'TQ'MfGWJ-‘RTA v ‘ ‘ (‘- ~ 4N‘ “ so ‘1 g ! lie“ 3?‘ K ( Q * f ‘1* a” ‘t “u 45:. , ‘ v < a l.- A' .' J p m no. sense. rm~ i r .. '1 t ¢ 731% Jr W a. a up“. 1‘: 1‘ v _. A‘ ‘31 ‘E1.’ 114% _. . n T ,y 3,? 11 if“ *2» \A\_F‘;¢; , : ~ 4» In 1850--_~--..--~-- 1884—flfihillbum-e x aw‘! ‘i? In 1860¢—---1__-nnn-__n ““ { 2'26 -. ‘1 In ------- ---,_-_u-- In 1886~w--~~qn~ > _ x 1- t I.‘ 3P2‘ ’ k A In . q agw’w ‘w In 1%3§---__P~_-_FU_P F r “ _,Y? i g. X '- kxiilmf q I‘ ‘in *Estimated. ‘ . . ‘ * W .. :1“; Although the figures prove that the interest in sheep and wool productio in the western division or the State declined between 1880 and 1885, than causes of such decline are past or passing, and others are at work pressing ‘ attention to the fact that there are few if any portions of the United States more favorable to successful wool and mutton production than Wes- tern Oregon. Those who have followed it as a business the longest, are the best satisfied with it, though even of them the fewest number use the care and labor required in other countries. In Eastern Oregon from the very rudest beginnings by persons who did not care to own more than a homestead of 160 acres of land, and in some cases not any, there is a change going on in favor of owning all the land necessary to produce a sufiicient supply of forage to carry the flocks kept through the ' longest spell of bad weather that can reasonably be expected in the particn; lar locality. Artificial shelter have yet received little attention. It is the general practice to drive the flocks to the mountain ranges in the summer, and as with few exceptions no attempt is made by anyone to own these ranges, as sheep increase to be so grazed, there is a growing strife as to who shall first (after shearing time) get their flock on to the best ranges. There has been from the commencement of wool growing as a business in Eastern Oregon a settled opposition to it by those ranging horses and cattle, but the reason becoming to American citizenship generally prevails, and the-horse and cattle men move when they must on to new ranges, whither sheep grazing is very sure to follow unless prevented by private ownership of the land. There are some extensive districts yet almost clear of sheep; such an one is the magnificent range of the upper Malheur. The Harney valley is as yet very little grazed with sheep and it will be noted that the county of Klamath returns but 518 sheep by the census of 1885. Doubtless sheep have been kept out of these districts by the combined influence of the horse and cattle s grazers, who are the principal claimants of the swamp lands and damp lands that margin the lakes of that country, and the fact that the Klamath reservation covers a large area of it. .H’ As the vexed question of the rights of swamp land claimants and settlers under homestead and pre-emption laws seems in a way of final settlement and the damp lands thus be disposed of, the next question is, how can the dry lands of Eastern Oregon be disposed oft—dams entirely unfit for settle; ment under the present law limiting the homestead to 160 acres of supposed wheat or corn land. The opinion is here expressed that it would be good public policy to pass these dry range lands into private ownership under a grazing homestead law, giving at least three sections or 1,920 acres, and it would be a good policy to give so much of such land to any bona. fide settler that would secure by artificial means at his own cost a permanent supply of water for stock and domestic purposes on such a body of dry land. The natural supply of surface water is very smallin proportion to the area of dry land, and the springs and courses of the streams are now very generally in the hands of private owners, who by such ownership set up a claim to the contiguous range of dry land, which is being simply denuded of its natural supply of pasturage by overstocking. There is of course considerable atten» tion being paid to find out and seed down with the best hay making plants all available lands along the water courses, amongst which for the alluvium lands along the streams where the summer frosts do not fall, the Alfalfa or Lucerne clover is proving most valuable; giving sometimes three or four ., cuttings of a hay valuable for all classes of domestic animals". suitable plant yet known for producing a crop of hay from these drypgla‘fid‘s is rye. 0n the better class of upland where wheatjcan ice/‘relied 015133353191 often made into hay and is the richest hay made in, Eastern “Greshn- . departmentor agriculture could do no more beneficent ‘titer? grraiig, interests of_thc range country of Eastern ‘Oregon “than in 1, ii ‘ifrbaeg gala < 1 v ‘s \ $ ‘rd; forage plants that will stand‘ close feeding on, thlesergsyrwiiqnds seminate their seeds amongst the settlers camouflage; flag?‘ ‘ is . e a c ~* ~ -~‘.. ya" ' tive to scab and other infections discegkiilifi- 4 v." M d 3 2 j'2"i--;: k7oif~fim~lzs=f\ v“ is‘??? ‘05%’ insisting‘: ‘ “ , ' " .lsv "#“j-v-ml- .~. more as thenumber } giving more rapid and more , , _, brave hundred or, more, and buyers ,1‘ P1018220 to 82.30 per head for ~ / I . I, ruse-reward» Tmmmmn by 7 ~ of this class of stock, especially , I r . ,those iih‘esthatjrenraeto'? .i ;‘ _ _, ,_ J v"ttoable-deck cars and refuse to permit the I .» gel- own expense. The refusal to fur- .v 1 to‘ charging double per pound for treighting live 15.551} mutton beef. ' It is a matter of interest to consumers as as a method of overcharging might justly receive the ' ' railroad commissioners. - of ascertaining the number of wethers sold annually, but -- number of sheep given by the bureau of statistics would l an estimate of 300,000 head as the crop of mutton the State produced » this year. The Oregonian of August 6, 1887, gives the receipts of wool ’ gintoPortland for the year 1886-87, ending last of July, as 12,514,079 pounds, “if-‘f tow'hich I think may reasonably be ‘added 1,500,000 pounds that is sent to ‘l ;market- without coming to Portland, making in round numbers 15,000,000 " '§pounds. Say that the crop of wool averaged in the home market 18 cents e "per pound, and the mutton crop $2 per head, and we have an income of $3,300,000 from the flocks of the State. ‘ - In conclusion I. will say, firom my point of view, the sheep and wool inter- . , estsiof Oregonl'are in'a healthy, hopeful condition. In Eastern Oregon the ' value-oi care and labor and forecast'in securing winter feed are more and more'oounte'd on asmeans to success. Breeding also receives closer atten- tion. In Western Oregon there is a perceptible increase of interest in the , I business, and I shall be much mistaken if the census of 1890 does not show yan'increase of sheep husbandry, especially upon the rough hill lands of this portion of the State. I feel certain of a steady advance of wool growing in Oregon and also of the permanent expansion of her wool vmanufacturing interests if there was any certainty of a settled national policy, which would protect these industries from competition with the cheaper labor, cheaper capital and more settled pasturage policy of Great Britain and her dependencies. Yours respectfully, ’ \ , ' JOHN nmro. +7 TABLE A. FOR 1880 GIVES THE NUMBER OF SHEEP AND THE ms 0. a. census - , , a - YIELD or wooLm run era-rs. wooL (i , 4- , OOUNTIQ OF WESTERN OREGON. SHEEP. POUNDS. , Benton 1 ' _ 28,759 120,209 I‘: l-tgmgkmnas- _ 13,391 62, 098 - . 1,1579 7,73 1-,_',__(~:’*---\~ ta '' 1,086 6,713.2 . , a ‘ * 4,441 14,934 " poetry» ~ 22,048 30, "3 Banging, 133,319 51 1 ,38‘2 Jacket-in‘ $8,725?) 109.9151 J‘ a‘, ing ,39 36,178 a 40,4s3 210,23 " ".i‘i'nr " 1; ' - ‘- 46,764 230,594 Mai-max; , - Y ' 32,000 1011s.’, -Mullhflmfih v‘ ‘ - 2,318 10,331 * 15k”- _ 20,015 100,070 Tiliamook 2,183 8.04% va'smugon r 9,862 53,751 n h 7,050 sense , _"'_.'.pota1_in,lwesteru Oregon ‘ 425,500 1,834,987 ymmirm 0F aasrmm cannon. Bgk'erm , a ’ 30,052 148,062 rant; 7 ,7 >1‘, , j 58,490 807,696 j . . 1 " - j , " ~ 21,565 69,633 a ; , 267.782 1.7311427 -- 22,219 118,237 _ p 7 7 ~ a. r 1,501,432 1 j _ .ingKastei-n Oregon; , ' ' V 1 ~" ~ 650,002 3,883,537 '_ if" " ‘, Q ~ 1 ' 1,033,162 5,718,524 ,I A’ _ _. .~ s 5' ‘a ,' -', a. '7 , -_'. '-[;.>%Ii.ne0M-DAIR YING. " dismantle“? " thefl‘,.j'cou-ntry+-—the ' I Very wethers are yet , _' as'the mosteconemical- spring in county to be so - 89 f, - . TABLE B. TAKEN REPORT or SECRETARY or s'ra'rn, mild—NUMBER or SHEEP AND rooms or WOOL SHEARED In 1885. . WOOL OOUATIES ‘WEST OF CASCADES. NO. OF SHEEP. POUME Benton 10,311 63,703 Clackamas 8,029 45,156 Clatsop 1,784 7,512 (jglnmhia 1,115 1,591 Coos 8,990 38,530 Curry 253136 127,520 Douglas 109, 41:; 500,021 Jackson 24,701 122,907 Josephine ' 3,007 11,220 ne ________________ _- 50,431 191 ,020 Linn 40,213 220,017 Marion - 31,072 171,389 Multnomah ‘J50 5,510 Polk---" 20,1320 117.524 Tillamook’ 1,375 4,3“.6 Washington , 9,912 37.0'~-9 Yamhill _ 16, 353 GT , ‘J Total in Western Oregon‘ __________________ __ 385,566 1,742,069 COUNTIES EAST OF CASCADES. Baker, estimated 57,224 ‘280,020 Crook 175,201 $335,561 Gilli-Am ____ 111.18% 007,113 1mm 43,010 1,203,423 lilamath ____ 518 4,030 Morrow 157,131.10 2110,1801 Umatilla 25x51? 1,312,205 11111011.... 70,230 484, '22 Wasco 107 ,>'07 _ 1,61%,050 Gra n t 224,151 1,095,681 Total in the State 1,308,587 7,709,032 Total in East Oregon , 1,004,153 9,451,701 These figures must have been taken from the assessment rolls, and I think are short of the actual numbers. J. M. 1 -_ OUR DAIRY lnnnnnsm. Hon. J. T. Gregg, Sccrda-ry State Board of Agm'cm'z'u-rc—Dn-in SIR : Enclosed please find manuscript concerning the dairy interest of Oregon: There is probably no country that is better adapted, considering its natural resources, to furnish dairy products of all kinds than Oregon, and especially the western part thereof; that is, the Willamette valley and the counties bordering on the Pacific ocean. Western Oregon is essentially a grass country: the difi‘erent grasses and clovers flourish most luxuriously, and our climate is such that only during a short period each your green food cannot be obtained. The profit arising from a liberal, and in our climate easily-obtained, supply of cheap and succulent food is not as fully under~ stood, as yet, by our dairymeu as it should be, but the progress made in this direction is indeed encouraging. The county exhibits oi‘grasses and clovcrs at our last- Statc fair showed this lllOsl conclusively, and I doubt if any one county from any other State could show such a variety of grasses and clover, and of such heavy growth and excellent quality as were shown there, not only from one but from several counties in our State. But- there is a great want of reliable information concerning the quality adaptability to our soil and climate and profit of these different grasses among our farmers, and if only a portion of the funds of our State agricul- tural college had been supplied and used in making experiments in this direction, the farmers of Oregon would have been benefitted many thousands of dollars. Our climate is also most favorable to the production of a first-class article of dairy goods, being neither very hot nor extremely cold in that portion of the State best adapted for dairy purposes, but it must he confessed that although there has been great improvement as regards quality, there is yet much butter sent to market that from some cause or other lacks much of being a first-class article. OUR DAIRY LAW. Oregon has a good dairy law, which, while it does'not prohibit the sale of oleomargarinc and other imitation dairy products, provides that they shall be sold and used under rules and regulations, plainly showing their true character, and these provisions, though only just, have virtually driven im- itation dairy products out of our market. The law also contains provisions regarding adulterations of milk, and has been of great advantage to the 90 consumer as well as the producer of dairy products. It has saved many thousands of dollars to the people of Oregon, and has greatly encouraged- our dairymen. ' An effort was made at the last session of our legislature to repeal our dairy law, but instead, through the faithful working of its friends, it was so amended as to make it still more effective, if possible.v The law, as it now stands, should remain on our statute books, and I believe that any addition or alteration of it would only be to the disadvantage of our dairy interest. SUPPLY AND DEMAND. During the spring and summer months the supply generally exceeds the demand, but in the late fall and winter months the reverse is the case, and especially so now, owing to an unusual dry summer, and consequent scarcity and high price of all kinds of feed. - The annual report of the Portland board of trade (1886-87), under the head of “Produce” [received] “by the principal transportation lines” from August, 1886, to July, 185?, inclusive, says: “Butter, ‘valley,’ 2814 pkgs; ‘eastern,’ 67 pkgs; exports by rail to Sound ports, 232 pkgs, value $4725; domestic exports, coastwise, 73 pkgs, value $2270.” Large quantities of butter arrive in Portland by small river steamers and by wagons, not in- cluded in this statement, and it is therefore impossible to give even an approximate estimate of the amount of butter produced in our State. The following statement, kindly furnished us by Mr. Henry Everding, of Port- land, gives the amount received by him as well as the price obtained for it, , of Oregon butter. It gives valuable information, both as regards supply and demand. It is but-just to say, however, that Mr. E. handles nearly as much Washington Territory butter. Butter is usually sold in rolls in the Portland market: Date. Amount received—Rolls. Sold at per Roll. 1886. December --____-___--__- 2,868 65 cents. 1887. January"--- --..___..._..._- 964 55 to 60 “ February ______________ -_ 1,347 50 “ March 1,6234 50 “ April 2,802 40 to 50 “ May ___________________ __ 5,241 40 “ June 8,776 35 “ July 3,318 50 " August ________________ -_ 4,826 55 to 60 “ September _____________ __ 4,654 60 to 65 “ October ______________ __ 4,203 65 “ November _____________ -._ 3,0‘ ' 65 to 70 “ Total ______________ -- 38,723 Aver. price per roll, 550 Mr. Everding further says : “We always endeavor to sell by the roll. A roll is supposed to weigh two pounds, but some will fall short a trifle. We give price for each month, representing fresh butter only; inferior or country store-butter sold for less—some as low as 10 cents to 15 cents per pound. All such butter we have to weigh.” The letter received by me is dated December 6, 1887. He further says: “For this month, which is not concluded, we get 80 cents per roll, and quite scarce at that.” s i‘ 'l' * “During the month of May and June we shipped to California 4346 pounds of butter, which was of low grade, such as the stores of the Willamette valley furnish. This we would have been glad to sell here at 10 to 11 cents ; there it sold for 13 to 15 cents. Several other houses made such shipments or sold here at a low price, to be shipped.” This is from one dealer only; there are many others in Portland ; besides much butter is sold by the pro- ducer directly to the consumer, without any middleman. Cheese is sold at a relatively higher price in Oregon than butter, and the demand is very moderate ; the high price making cheese an article of luxury rather than a daily food. More than half of the cheese used in this State is imported. The quality of the cheese made in this State, however, compares favorably with the imported article, as the prices obtained by our cheese-makers testify. THE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. The North Pacific dairy association has done much to encourage the efforts made for a steady improvement in the quality of dairy products. The dairy exhibition held under the auspices of that association this year at the fat~stock show, in Portland, was a success, and the liberal premiums offered were promptly paid, although considering the importance of this matter the dairymen of Oregon did not exhibit their productsas numerously as they should have done, and it is to be hoped will do next year. CO-OPERATION IN DAIRYING. There are but few ereameries as yet in Oregon, and the advantages of association and co-operation are almost altogether neglected among our dairymen. Superior quality, uniformity of product, higher prices, saving in buying dairy supplies, would often more than cover the cost of menu- REso URoEs or "F’oREo‘MlFRUIr’fgaUhT arms, .ifldene in. a nan-furnishes ' production of first-class ~dairy goods. ‘mm-‘1 who-would give his was; v’ There 1188 been considerable ‘ improvementinitnp, " Purposes in this State, but there are yet many 1“~ advantage of the opportunities offered to obtain bgttgr: 7 we’ “we thosewho have imported and bred we qt; have of late met with more "encouragement and success in at“, undertaking, - _ g . p SUMMARY. Oregon's natural resources as a dairy country are excellent. ‘(Oregon is an. ' excellent grass country. The climate of Oregon is very favorable to the Oregon has an exeellentdairy law. a . The supply of dairy products of Oregon does not equal the demand,at least ' not during a large portion of the year. Oregon has a good dairy asso'cia- 4 tion. The quality of Oregon dairy products has steadily improved during the last few years. Oregon dairymen have taken but little advantage ofithe ' many benefits of co-operation in matters pertaining to their business. There has been considerable improvement in the cows kept for dairy pur- poses, but not as much as there should be. Oregon o'fi‘ers opportunities such as few other States offer for profitable investment of capital and employ- ment of labor in this most important branch of farming, dairying. ' THOMAS PAULSEN. Garden Home, Oregon, December 16, 1887. Flaunt (dullness. The following paper is contributed by F. L. Whitman, it being an address delivered by him before the Northwestern Fruit Growers’ association: Mr. President and Members: This subject of oreharding is one in which - all the people of our grand young State are beginning to feel a vastly in— creasing interest; and rightly too, from the fact of its being, of many in’ dustries native to our clime, the one above all others for which nature has made most bountiful provisions. No other industry in our State has received so much of special favor from the hand of nature as has this one; and here in these beautiful valleys, where all is so fine, nothing seems wanting, in soil or climate, for the perfect growth and maturity of our orchard fruits. Here nature is at her best. Over our large area she has made all her con‘ ditions prime ‘and most favorable to the highest success of the orchardist. ‘She has tempered it likewise to be the fittest abode for man. Perhaps some sister State, with more gently rolling surface, may lay claim to fairer face than ours; but Oregon is proud of her rough but comely features. They are beautiful. She is a land of rugged, broken beauty, full of charm, and grace, and loveliness; and her fertile valleys are a land of bloom and sunshine, sending forth the‘sweet perfume offlowers. She is not abashed among the most beautiful and haughty of her companion common‘ wealths, for beside these charms she has conscious merit, too. Let our praise pay tribute not alone to her attractiveness. Compliment sits lightly upon 0 her crowning virtues as a State, since she possesses so largely the qualities of intrinsic worth and usefulness.- . By nature she is the peer of any. It may be safely said no other State was ever born into the Union with more varied and abundant natural resources, or with greater capabilities, grander hopes than our own. Few, if any, have been so richly endowed. This is not more particularly true of her with respect to her large mineral wealth, or her great natural advantages and facilities for commerce, than to agricultural riches. She must ever owe her progress largely to the mineral product of her soil, the chief source from which have sprung the enlightenment and prosperity of the nation. California has prospered amazingly from her rich gold mines, ‘but to-day , that slower and surer source of wealth in her soils supplants in importance the other, and she gives up the greatest of her riches, not from her mountain ledges, canyons and gulches, but from her open fields, and out of her orchards and vineyards. And so Oregon, with her 25,000,000 acres of agri- cultural lands. farming has become the leading occupation of her people. And while her lands best fitted for fruit farming may be mainly limited to a - number of fine valleys, these are of considerable extent, and the extreme ' . richness and fertility of soil in those valleys, together with‘ a climate ‘ surpassed nowhere on earth, I venture, here render her productive powers inconceivably great. The full capacity of her lands nowhere as yet has * been thoroughly tested. Only a rude kind of culturehas been carried on, D ' . - from which enough is shown to insure the belief that. her most arable .g_ ‘I are capable of supporting a density of population equal to that of any other land. This applies with special force to the valley lands of Western Oregon, . embraced in the lower counties of the State. ‘ > ' . H f; ._ “ Coming closer to my subject now. 161; me ‘I,v 1 State, would 119911 basis provide homes for a round million people, or ‘I 7‘ " r‘ tion from other States was fast swelling her population, almost every farmer ‘ him had done, that wheat-raising was the one thing to do first and a; sanity which did ‘not become clearly apparent to all until after the genezsé .4,“ :" ' }_ .1 .. I '3‘ ‘I. »_. P I. v/. ‘ w @e- -. r ' a g *“f’ 4:: ' .i. ' . range, receiving as it does _ and happy‘homes. First in ,éhaiéb'riance is the great. the". . . - . , stretching southward from ‘hanks tr the sides of the river, widening ', 13011? to cne~tliirjdits __ about 5,000,000 acres of the finest Quit Statgh the ' Pacific coast, not one-half of ; ‘1 ,. which-fallow‘ uudér any ' Afveritable paradise, ithas been aptly ‘ ‘ "termed thagreat region‘of the vlilorthwest. I have often wondered : that 'itsisettl'ement more rapid. The truth is its merits asa ' . animating countryv are, little known beyond the Rockies, or ___ "ills of . tired‘ hearts in homes would be fluttering wp' , 00-day [in ‘ antieipationofearly removal hither.~ / ~~ ‘‘ I And. for a moment this ‘were all cut up into 10 and 40 and into 20 and 801aere. fruit in. the respective ratios of one to one. Allowing five persons to the familggits acres alone, to say nothing of other portions of the 1/, more thanlfour times the present population of the entire State. This ap- pears‘ ‘to be" a liberal estimate, and is reckoned upon an average acreage of me per capita of population, which is more than comfortably supports the inhabitants of a number of similar lands in different parts of Europe, as I have taken pains to inquire. Sunny Italy maintains her people upon an average of less than two and four-tenths acres per capita; Sicily upon two and eight-tenths or less; France, omitting the city of Paris, upon three and seven-tenths; Denmark upon four and eight-tenths; Germany upon less than three, while Portugal has but slightly more than five. These mostly are lands largely devoted to the culture of orchards, where a great part of the sustenance of their populations is derived from their fruits. What I UIT GUL TUBE. wish in this is to call forth not alone the extent of our fruit lands, but their ; great accommodation to the densest settlement and to awaken a thought or i two as to the possible future of Western Oregon as a fruit-producin g country. The claim would seem reasonable enough that the best parts can do even more than I have said, can comfortably maintain many more people as a rural population. Next on the south and closely connected with the region just mentioned are the Umpqua and the Rogue River valleys, with upward of a million choice acres, for the most part undeveloped, but capable of afi‘ording their thousands of new homes. You all know what these valleys are for orchard- ing, and that they have a few superiorities even over the Willamette. And } so it seems to me we have scope for a great many settlers here, with in- ! ducements to the fruit-growers which few localities can offer. But into any lengthy discussion of the relative] merits of our best branches of farming, ! time forbids me to enter. It is scarcely necessary to do so for nature silently ‘ proclaims it through the profuseness of her tree growth, teeming with its ' luxuriant fruitage. She loudly enough urges every farmer here to commune with her, to receive her wise counsel, to enter into the spirit of her ways, and to become a practical horticulturist. And it may as well be admitted then that orcharding is really and rap- idly becoming the best paying of our farm industries, that one from which the largest returns are given per acre through a term of years. This is said with due allowance for the shortcomings of our local markets and with careful regard for all cost of producing, including if you please, a good inter- est on the investment of capital therein. Neither grain-growing nor stock— raising is to be compared with it, nor indeed, any of the principal pursuits of the farm, when acreage of land in actual use is considered, and this must become on important consideration in future as the country becomes more thickly settled. ' We can raise fine wheat here too, it is true, but we should not, at least for expert, for we can raise fruits to far better advantage and with greater profit to ourselves in the long run. Wheat is a most exhaustive crop on soils, and while our valley grains command slightly advanced prices in outside markets over other localities, _I still believe the time has come when we I should leave to the other fields our share in the annual production of the world’s breadstufi‘s and devote our energies chiefly to an industry still more remunerative than this can ever become here. Fruits are a most healthful food and should cease to be a luxury enjoyed only by the wealthy few. Besides our lands are becoming too valuable to devote their acreage to the pro‘ duction of crops from which at best only a few dollars per acre may be realized. ' ‘I remember a time in Iowa some years ago when, as the tide of immigra- within her borders to find a new home, believed, as those who had I This notion took deep hold upon the people, and amounted to ‘I um] ‘ in term-"is. Hard times fell heavily upon more P ' 91 people, who had actually impoverished themselves by persistent wheat l'fllsmfin a land far better adapted toother purposes. They fell from abreast the times. Farms were heavily mortgaged. Farmers and their families on, dared hardship and privation. All luxuries were out off. They were obliged to stop trading, except in the absolute necessities of life. They were without money. They only intensified the business stagnation instead of relieving it as prosperous farmers could, for what little trading they did do had of necessity to be done on a credit basis. Many were ruined and lost their farms and homes. It was a costly experiment. During this period and the years of dull trade immediately following it seemed eventually to fall with favor upon the minds of a majority of the people that possibly some other products would pay better. At length this opinion gained ground. A change, necessitated by their condition, was gradually effected, and corn and grass became the chief field crops, while stock‘raising, now the principal business of the Iowa farmer, returned them increasing prosperity. Gentlemen, do not misunderstand me ; ‘this is with all respect to the Iowa farmer. I was born there. I am proud of that. I think I do not misrepre- sent the facts, and I cite them to illustrate the importance of our engaging more in that one branch of farming, fruit growing, which it is so apparent is most natural to the agricultural portion of our State. It requires not the use of experiment today in these valleys to test this point. Observation of past experience here is suiiicient. There can be no question but that the fruit industry is the most highly favored of any in which, as farmers, we can on- gage. Wonderful productive power alone demonstrates annually the truth of this, while markets and facilities for reaching them are favorable to the orchardist rather than to the grain-grower or stock-raiser. Markets are expanding and growing better each year, and our new rail- roads and water-ways in competition with the older lines, must give us cheaper transportation that will enable us better to accommodate the growing demand for our orchard products. Many things contribute to our advantage, unditis with real pleasure that I observe settlers, coming from Eastern g States, dropping at once into the right line of business here. Pardon me for reciting and repeating facts so well in your knowledge, but I fear we none of us appreciate as we should the blessings our salubrious climate and fertile soil have given us. The only objection I see to this country is that nature has done rather too much for us. The case in which she has enabled us to gain a livelihood is apt iorenderus indolent and improvident. Butl have great confidence in fruit growing on this side of the mountains, and I look hopefully and faith’ fully forward to a time when this famous Willamette, more renowned than now, will be one vast orchard all planted to fruit trees, and thickly peopled with thoroughly practical orchardists, men who are willing to dig and to trim and to prune, and who will take better care of their trees and fruits and will send the latter to market by cargo and trainload as we now send wheat. Then shall we prosper as never in our history before. This calls to mind a thought. I have not entered to inquire particularly into the history of fruit. growing here. That is a matter of no practical moment now to the general fruit-farmer, except in so far as the past may reveal to him its lessons for the future. This is important. But agreat deal has been written about both the early and the recent progress of orcharding in different valleys of our ‘State, still I am sorry to note that many important facts have from year to year gone unrecorded. With the rapid incoming of our brothers from other States a new interest is being aroused in this long neglected subject of orcharding, which really concerns us most of all, and so itis to be hoped we may secure in future a more systematic classification, and better use of what- ever knowledge we may acquire either from observation or from practical experiment in our orchards. We so badly need a wider and more general diffusion of horticultural knowledge among our fruit farmers that I want [0 see an association like this in every county, with earnest and enlcieut men to lead, and a State society to encourage and help in the work. We need men to devote their whole time and attention to the study of subjects pertaining to fruit-growing, with frequent official bulletins and other sources of prao~ tical information, to be put within the reach of all. The laws and relations and conditions or tree growth have been too long disregarded. Many of us have been too careless with our orchards. After planting we have asked nature to do all the rest. We have let the moss grow on our trees too long. We must pull it all oil" now. We must go into the orchard with spade, and with mallet and chisel and pruning shears, and assist nature. She can’t do it quite all and guarantee us entire satisfaction every year. There will be off years, with a season of light fruitage, and from causes which we can do much to avert. Her business is to produce seed. The object with which she is engaged chiefly is reproduction, the perpetu- ation of kind ; and the tendency seems to be, irrespective of the quality of ,fruit, to produce the greatest number of seeds. All fine fruit is said to be artificial. This being the case an abnormal, unnatural growth of fruit pulp is likely to overtax the strength of the tree. This calls for attention from “,3 n, 232 the orch ardist, to make use of the thinning process. This isgreatly needed here, where trees usually bear too much. And to the careful cultivator much pruning is recommended. Let me say, if he will ‘do the most vigor. ous pruning during the winter preceding a season of heavy fruitage. 01' following one of light, I believe he will do much to correct over-production of the tree, and bring about a better and more uniform fruitage from year to year. The suggestion is not an original one, however, but I think well of it, and believe much can be accomplished in this respect by the above means. The notion many people have of allowing all the limbs to remain another year in anticipation of a large yield of fruit, thinking it a pity to cut them off until afterward, seems to me to be a wrong idea, as it injures the quality oi the fruit, and lessens its price rather more perhaps than it increases its quantity. These things though are matters of experiment somewhat, but there are some things which plainly we must do if we would become successful in producing really choice fruits. The necessary briefness of my paper per- mits me no more than a passing mention of these, but I am unwilling to omit a suggestion or two I deem important, and which I wish might reach every orchardist in the valley. We must remove all rubbish and debris’ keep down all weeds along the fences and between the rows, and see to it that our orchards are kept clean, and the trees all in healthy, growing con- dition. I believe cleanliness is as much to be desired in the orchard as in the household. I recommend it as the best insecticide we can possibly use. Its application may be kept up till late in the season, as late as we please, and is never accompanied by any of the dangerous efl’ects arising from the use of arsenical compounds by spraying ; moreover, it will never injure the foliage, be sure of that. Our worst fruit pests seem to come and go at irreg- ular intervals, quite like grasshoppers do; their visits can hardly be called periodic. and I don't think their ravages would ever become very serious or frequent here, if we would all unite, causing proper laws to be made for our mutual interest and protection and then pull together, every one of us, in all possible cii'ort each year to destroy them and their breeding places. Many fruit pests may remain with us from year to year, and probably will, if we, by our uncleaniincss, invite them to, but in general their dispositions are migratory; they are inclined not to stay long in a place, but to make short visits, and if we take a little pains to help them on they will become our unwelcome guests but rarely. Last year a great many fruit raisers became alarmed at the reappearance of the Carpocapaa Pomonella, or Codlin moth, in their orchards. Itseemed to increase with wonderful rapidity and in places did considerable damage to last year’s' crop. Perhaps 15 per cent. of all our apples grown near Portland was ruined by it. It began to be regarded in its true light, a most serious evil, and we wondered how soon it might practically destroy the entire crop. But since then it appears to have called a halt- in its ravages, and before we could apply any efl‘cctual remedy for its extermination. Reports continue good; itis evidently disappearing, and its injury to the crop will be very slight this season. Instead of it a few orchardists are slightly troubled by the common tent caterpillar ( Ch-z'siocampa Americana). This is a most easy thing to get rid of, and through several months of the year it may be cap- tured in its most convenient form to be destroyed. Thousands of its eggs may be secured in a minute’s time from the smaller branches of the tree and held within the palm of the hand until the stove is reached when they should be burned. We should at least go carefully through our orchards for this pest several times during the winter months, looking sharply forits eggs, to make sure that none are allowed to remain upon the limbs until after the foliage appears in spring, to be hatched out and hidden under the leaves of the tree till the worms have attained size and began to crawl and to destroy the foliage. A similar vigilance on the part of the grower with respect to other insects and a little study into their habits will, I am satisfied, render them a great deal less troublesome through the fruiting season. I want to make a few remarks now upon a subject which appears to be something of a bugbear in the minds of some of our farmers who think seriously of building up our fruit industry. I refer to over-production. In the first place I do not believe over-production is a thing ever to be feared here. It may be possible, itis true, but only under certain and abnormal conditions, altogether improbable. Good fruits remaining, the world over, so much of a luxury as they are today, is certainly a thing not to be counted upon, and I see no good reason why they should not in time become as staple as wheat and potatoes, and as much used. There is a crying demand for them, increasing all the time. And so many are careless cultivators, and so much of their inferior products goes on the market that is really inedible, I. claim there will be plenty demand in future for all the product of the in- telligent and pains-taking cultivator, and at prices that will pay him to raise. The world may have grain belts, but it has really no fruit belts. They do not attain to such a dignity of size, but are mostly small patches, like ours. But the world is no less dependent upon them, owing to their smallness. Climate and soil must come together on the most agreeable term in the assistant-seams is well and we in its place. ; weenie at mine. we miss: " ‘ that has is memes is the. securities tion of good qualities. . -. . ~> I think ‘it is'safe to thedemand for _ , _ doubled through the past five. years, and‘ it may 4 this increase will be ‘greatly accelerated in'theéuelit;v ~ the settlement of Montana'alone vWould be sui'iieient 8.3, ‘ years to come a very good ‘market from that quarterflgshe'is' ' ‘ very large per cent. of our surplus. She is rich ingoid'andsii‘itetfi can never raise orchard products.‘ She will look to far‘ these; gladly exchange her products for ours, on agreeable terms, - 1:‘: be said of Idaho. She will always need our fruits. But these areas)? amples of demand which must come to us for itscounterpart, supply. . our best long season fruits under higher culture, and ‘with better methodso‘fi 'f_ .. preparing and preserving them, we should have the world fora market.- ' _ ' Who, indeed, until he can show a better, shall say we have not the prune in the world? I do know that our Italian prune is most decidedly,‘ superior to any that California can or does produce, while no imported , prune I have ever seen bears any’ favorable comparisonof size or quality to 1 ‘ it. I attribute the peculiar good flavor of the imported Turkish prune to I some peculiarity in their process of curing, possibly, but even as it comes to ' us, with all their skill and experience, our domestic product, prepared in our plain and simple way, so far excels the imported goods in flavor, size ‘ and other qualities as to command a much higher price in both homeand foreign markets wherever it has been introduced. This is most encouraging to us. Again, our French prune, next in quality to the Italian, excels. in flavor the California product, with which our neighbors there honestly pro’ pose to drive out of our markets, in the course of a little time, all of the-60,; 000,000 pounds now annually imported into and consumed in this country. Pertinent to this case, let me add their whole crop last year was less than two'and a half million pounds of the dried fruit. Shall they be allowed to I do it alone, as they doubtless can and will if we let them? I tell you our Italian prune is becoming known, and favorably known, in distant markets, and we have much reason to believe it may become one of our chief sources of wealth, as it justly deserves to be. Our apples, too, have a standard of excellence I have not seen elsewhere, and only one thing can impair their credit in outside markets—that is our carelessness in handling and putting them up. I have heard of complaints coming back here from shipments sent cast, that our apples were not graded properly ; there were too many culls and small fruit put in. Now this is all unnecessary, and I would advise more care to be taken, as very much. de- pends .upon us in making a market for our fruits, and our outlook and out- ' come in future depend largely upon the course we take in catering to the wants of the consumer. g‘ Many of us come into town clamoring for higher prices and jealous of rival interests. This is natural enough. It arises out of our greed for gain, but is too directly selfish to avail us much in the way of business. It were \ \, better for us, in my judgment, if instead we would go home to work in our orchards, saying to our customers, "We will give you still lower prices; we can compete; we will meet the demand.” High prices are not necessarily living prices, as we call it, and I can see that our present prices must be forced down rather than up; they must go lower rather than higher to , meet the demands or’ our consuming classes—the common people. Un- qucstionably apples will always be our principal fruit crop, and I think in ' such a country as Western Oregon is we can raise it profitably at even less, than two bits per bushel. But I was speaking of the merits of our several leading fruits. I ask who that has spent a summer here can ever go abroad forgetting them, forgetting our great Royal Ann cherries, that grow too large for one bite, or our beau- tiful pcach'plum, or the exquisite flavor of our fine Bartlett pears, more . - delicious than anything else? Who that has strolled through any of out * fine prune or plum orchards when the fruit was maturing but will have our fruit upon his own table, no matter where his home may be, if he can find it dried or canned in his local market. . I - We need more trees planted, more of our farms devoted to the culture of ‘ of choice fruits, under a high state of cultivation. We need cold-storage processes to prolong the market season of our perishable fruits. We need evaporating and canning establishments. We need fruit unions and ship ‘ a ping agents, and, most of all, we need an enterprising display of our ' “ l in foreign markets. I believe that orcharding cannot be overdoneuhere, “ and we should not fear to engage more extensively in the culture o'fithose , a l I productsso abundantly insured by our natural conditions. 7 y ‘ " ' " A suggestion or two astovarieties and I will close; Forbes'tresultsiin "f; future, we shall have to confine ourselves to ‘a few: bestmarket varieties,‘ (‘f-1 hardy and prolific, and stop this dividing our forces ‘and experimenting: with this, that and the other of new. and 'untrie'diortjli- T While a’. ._ ‘<2. 0” IN” US“ 93 , _ ,_ h ‘w varieties [I It isim'pemible to supply the; a ‘ ' 1 3M1“! or two, and for profit r Pirpim Red cheek Pippin’ 1,.‘ we . nan‘ '1“ I)‘ tor our’. largest orchards, 1 to " ‘ market demands. : ‘ a' I, , _ -.Willarnette valley an orchard of Ili'll'imu‘m .9900 wltallaa prunes and the prunes. It will certainly become a _ ‘1?? in‘ its mo: that so far as regards its "5*? “ mill-“Wilt,lttbeelbhifianyqncstion the beat commercial prune ex- 7 names new Islam price- .i '5? _. now and I am truly glad to see people ' than heretofore in orcharding and fruit busi- ' to-day are pointing to a new spirit of progress. The [dawn of a-aegsgsreaag is here. We have been groping too long in the with interest, knowing and caring little about it, but out into the '- glareTi'ait'approaching light ‘8 are looking with admiration now upon the h , oi’- eue industry outstripping another, outstripping all others, be- ~ of' its natural superiority in strength, condition and qualities. Let , ‘‘ us study how better to prepare and preserve our fruits for use, and with the eventual freedom of markets there will be demand enough for all we ‘ . can supply, and we shall find plenty of profitable and pleasant employment ' in our orchards. Ftvimnneweaaneea Sanmon lnnusmav. ‘The following is taken from the report of the Oregon Fish Commission, filedv December 1, 1887: lb Syltcster Pennoyer, Governor of Oregon: Herewith we hand you our ‘ first annual report. The commission was organized and tiled their bonds with the Secretary of State on the 20th, day of March, and early in April ex- amined the property of the Oregon and Washington Fish Propagating Com- - pany, situate on the Clackamas, at the mouth of Clear creek. This site is considered better than any other on the Columbia or its tributaries, and was selected by Prof. Livingstone Stone after a careful examination of all other places deemed suitable. We found that with some repairs on the hatchery and dwellings they could again be rendered suitable for occupation. We leased this property from the company for the term of two years, with the privilege of two years more, for the nominal sum of 81, the State to pay all taxes now due or delinquent and all accruing taxes during the term of the lease. ‘ After the lease was made we commenced repairs of the buildings and made preparations to build a rack across the Clackamas river, a short distance above the hatchery, and a dam across Clear creek, about 1800 feet from the above named building; also a flame to bring the water from the dam to the hatchery. =- Mr. P. Paquet being highly recommended as abuilderof dams, etc., we let 1 the contract to him to construct the dam and rack for $1600. - The rack was to be completed by June 15, or as soon thereafter as the water, weather and other existing circumstances would permit, but owing to the very late and exceedingly wet spring the river kept up later than usual and it was impos- sible to complete the rack until the lst of July, consequently some of the ' early salmon, upon which we depend for a part of the supply of eggs for the "hatchery, passed on up the river. ‘ The dam across Clear creek was completed, in a way, on the ‘20th of Sep- tember, but owing to the sandy and treacherous nature of the right bank of V the creek it did not stand 24 hours, but undermined and broke a section of the woodwork. We then found that it would be necessary to remove bank, which we did by‘ repairing the dam and confining the water so it would 0' undermine and sluice out the sand, then filling in with brush and gravel until now the dam is completed and on a good foundation, so we hope it will stand for years, giving us a large and excellent supply of water. The ' _ liextra'cost on the dam is 8500, making the total cost $1500. ' During the time that we were delayed in getting water from the dam a Tenant supply'was obtained from a small brook, not far from the hatchery, which, enabled us to take salmon eggs all this time when they could be " j if obtained. We were very fortunate in securing the services of W. F. Hubbard, 5T1. who~ has had large experience in hatching salmon, having been employed f. "Livingstone Stone for five years. " l '” f‘wewilkbe unable to give a full report of the year's work under this head faiths-‘spawning. season does not commence until September and continues ih'f'ettrly fresheta. after the eggs are taken to the hatchery it takes hatch themont, to the temperature at the a. water. Owing to the late run of salmon this season we did not take any spawn until the latter part of September, and on account of a freshet in the lclackamas about the 10th of November, we took but few eggs after that date. .We have taken 1,500,000 eggs and are having very good success, being able to hatch out 90 per cent. of them. There are at this time about 100,000 young fry in the hatching house. They are not ready to turn out yet nor will they be until they are-clear from the egg, which remains from five to seven weeks after they are hatched. At the present time it is our intention to turn the greater part of the young fry into the Clackamas at or near the hatchery, as we have not suilicient funds this year to meet the additional expense of pro~~ viding the necessary means for distributing them in different parts of the State. We shall try, however, to put a small part of them into the upper ~Columbia and some into other streams where we think they will do well, and we hope another year to be able to put some young fish into all the good salmon streams of the State which are tributary to the Columbia or Willamette rivers. EXPENSES INCURRED. Building account, including repairs on buildings, construction of , rack. dam and dump $2364 20 Hatching expense 3406 00 Tom $5770 to STATISTICS OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY OF THE STATE. As near as we can ascertain, the pack of salmon on the Columbia river for this year is 354,000 cases spring pack and‘25L000 cases fall pack, making a total of 370,000 cases. The spring pack fell short 04,000 cases as compared with that of 1880, not- withstanding the fact that the season was fished throughout, that the sum- mer frcshct was unusually high and long, and that there was an increase of fishing gear over that of the preceding year. The pack of the streams of Oregon south of the Columbia is about 100,0w cases, the largest and we think the best pack ever made on those streams, which shows the growing import- ance of this great industry. The total value of the Columbia river and the Oregon pack is about $2,500,000. The amount disbursed at home by the cauners oi‘ the salmon industry is near $1,700,000, and the direct revenue to the State from this great industry must be at least $30,000 annually. The amount of fresh salmon cousumcd and shipped cast- will certainly reach ‘2,000,000 pounds, and we can expect a large increase in the eastern trade from year to year, as the Pacific coast salmon are rapidly growing in favor. We estimate the number of salmon takcn from the Columbia during this year to be 1,200,000, and from other streams wholly within the State to be 500,000. The total pack of the Pacific coast will reach 087,000ca5c-s, a large pack, but still hardly enough to meet the demands of the market. ‘We esti- mate the value of the canning property in the State at not less than $000,000, and the fishing gear at$700,000. In conclusion we would say that the salmon industry is very great and its preservation should be uppermost in the minds of the people of the ‘State, and all just measures for its preservation should be observed; still we think that atom hasty resort to the courts under the existing law is not to be recommended. But now as there is a: growing desire among cauncrs and fishermen to obey the law, we think there will be no dithculty in enforcing the close months during the coming year. It is our opinion that a liberal supply of salmon can be maintained in any streams by artificial propagation, and we think there should be one or two more such institutions on the Columbia river or its tributaries. For propagating purposes we think a longer close time in the spring would be better for the reason that the salmon that came early have a better chance of reaching the head waters where they can be taken for artificial hatching, or can hatch naturally, while the late salmon often ripen before reaching the spawning grounds and consequently are an entire loss in increasing the supply of fish. Our funds being inadequate for repairs and construction necessary to put the hatchery in operation and maintain it for two years, we circulated a subscription list. for one cent a case among the cnnncrs on the Columbia river and obtained 22 signatures, representing about 200,000 cases of salmon. We would recommend that no foreign iish be put into the Columbia or any ofits tributarics,for the reason that a great many varieties of fish are an enemy to salmon, such as the catfish, and as we now have the best fish in the world, it is a dangerous experiment to plant other fish indiscriminately. METHODS OF FISHING. These are the dipnet, gillnet, seine, trap, poundnet and wheel. Each of these methods are used where the conditions make them most suitable. , The gillnet, which is the most extensive mode, is used all along the Columbia where fishing is carried on, and on all or most all of the streams oftheBtate. The seine is used on all the waters of the State, but 5155551515575553751? ‘ ; on the streams south of the Columbia. The traps are used in_th'e .Columbitb' '1‘01'10175:‘_ ' l " f , ' ; . from Astoria to St. Helena, but are not very numerous.‘ The poundnets are ‘ 1 ‘ ' , 7' ' _‘ f ' mostly confined to Baker's bay. The wheels are used near the Cascades and " ~ * in an 7 e." I The Dalles in swift water. ‘ 7' “ U ' v , at? . 60541431251511 15111117933113. v _ , 1 L _4_—__-__-V.,H_l . - ‘v V , ' M 810111‘, barrelsun -------- --1 $2,338 24527332.. ' _ i I , _ , 5-71m. ' , j The followmg data is taken from the Homing Oregoman of January 2, 1888, Bfi'fi’eyf‘cemlls __________ __ 3,493 161476 I I > I ~ havin been re aredb ersons hor u hl r a l and m etent: ~ Bran- 9mm“ 17 200 34-323‘ . ~ ' < » otatoes. sec ..1..........'...... . . . WHEAT AND FLOUR RECEIPTS BY MONTHS. Flaxseed, sacks ____;___1__‘____ ’ 6 ’ 9, 55,793 . F uit, boxes .. ..... --_'....-....... 94,212 118,768 124 ’ , 7 The recerpt of wheat at Portland for the calendar year 1887 has been: E; , pnqpg V ' ~ , 19,411 24,139 67 - ‘10011 v Bu ter, packages -........_....'.....- ‘ , 714 2,743 149 _ ‘ 80 1 es, e 0., 01m -.._-..__,_.. - _ a , 7 , _ .. , Month. Valley. Eastern. 1887. 1886. Hops, poll“ 5 1, 77:956 7.083%“ ' 20 i ' 15:337- Wool, pounds 2, 1,735,550 11,532,040 11,755,555 January 155,335 192,312 353,197 277,341 ' "j; 6 February _______________ --_... 40,660 75,179 115,839 366,715 March 0,887 114,271 155,158 406,464 April 54.521 75,902 130,423 261,967 May 26,659 105,881 132,540 338,320 June 5,040 22,092 27,132 239,355 .Luly %,634 130.54% 22,172 105,243 llgnst ,564 9.78 118,34 40,23 - F 7 September _________________ __, 30,532 273,500 301,032 742,41 WHEAT AND FLOUR SHIPMENTB BY MONTHS- October 65,357 692,840 758,197 955,335 ' " ' November _________________ .._ 44,258 900,656 944,914 886,346 December 59,925 0,575 350,502 754,575 ----- Total 553,920 3,373,533 3,927,453 5,534,995 ' 'ro morn BY 3111.. Wheat. Flour. The receipt of flour at Portland for the calendar year 1887 has been: Month Centals Value. Barrels. Value. Month. Valley Eastern. _ 1887. 1886. {aréuary- ----------- --- 3 533.1132 43,1573 8 178,992 1e ruar _________________ _.. , , 6 5 January 22.004 14.761 35,765 25.038 115.1511 y 231,543 325,770 211553 33933 February ------------------ -- 11.595 7.977 19.573 26,670 April 99,432 136,600 61 200 214’199 March 3,393 7,529 15,422 47,475 my 35,175 ,300 15792 ‘220 April 15,145 13,594 29,739 27,137 July 3:429 17’740 May 12,954 10,175 23,129 27,320 August 38,852 48,584 5,105 '221 June 11,539 5,793 13,337 21,043 September 17,553 571043 J 1115' 8,995 6.912 14.901 16.485 0555557 233,513 250,300 13,523 57,950 £118; “3% 21112 3%? 12%)} November ________________ -_ 558,533 639,969 33,299 115,350 91" em er _________________ __ . I , I . ,7 b ________________ __ 94 , 19 '- 5,572 (13515557 15,222 14,453 29,732 31,345 Decem er '3 ' 42’384 148’39-0 ovember _________________ __ 26,07 21,315 47,391 48,997 1337 2,424,636 3 2,937,332 2133 December _________________ -_ 17.353 19.739 37,092 42,449 1335 4,473,447 5,531,359 45112752 ‘8 $323? F " _ _ 1935 3,144,790 8,959,534 251,137 990, Total 165.186 136.618 802.299 854,277 1334 273,334 2,379,039 271,435 1,244,435 To 3414 FRANCISCO. SUMMARY OF ALL RECEIPTS. _ Produce arrivals from all sections by leading routes of transportation for Wheat. Flour. the three years past compare as follows: Month, 1 v _ Centals. Value. Barrels. Value. Article. 1337. 1335. 1335. I ' 7' January __________________ -- 78,035 8 105,665 8,276 3 ,000 _ February _________________ .._ 24,346 2,315 6,691 25,209 Wheat, cemmq 3,927,453 5,534,995 5,325,13 March 69.398 100.376 4,550 13,112 Flour, barrels‘ 3 ,‘_._ 354,477 344,821 April 1 149,390 223,925 7,247 5000 0711.4, 55711514 133,052 231,457 444,342 May 137,212 205,300 12,992 ,500 Barley, ccntuls .................. __ 42,509 61,941 166,046 June 15,163 22,350 6,678 30,050 Bum, Qcmals 23,353 35,773 49,999 July 29.430 38.700 7.142 40.200 1111111311111‘, 0121111113 ________________ _- 90,599 110,644 71,630 August 8,397 42,250 1,404 554%, Potatoes, wu'ks 31,81 55,092 105,416 September ________________ _- 73.891 80,950 4,535 ’ ,3-40' ‘ Wool, pounds 12,534,485 13,541,226 12,481,962 October 108,107 119,000 2,970 11,700..‘ Hides, pounds ___________________ ..9 2,868,134 1,839,737 1,797,177 November ________________ .._ 107,985 124,100 6,053 25,1575 Hops, 710111103 ____________________ __ 1 598,646 7,093,455 5,210,837 December ________________ -._ 80,298 101,830 6,217 . 24,350 . Flaxsced, hHCkS __________________ __ 56,799 (35,598 69,870 > " _ Lime, barrels ............ ...... -- 24,935 24,307 34,773 1337 ...................... -_ _ 917,702 3 1,197,351 74,305 9 359,757; Green fruit, boxes ........... -. __ 94,336 120,752 100,610 1836 392,905 440,262 52,751 193,121,; Butter, packages ____________ _- 7.. 2,863 2,823 4,444 1885 1,212.08 1,456,336 25,149 ' 1155,5297 , Eggs, 571.453-1111"--- 19.473 24.23 25,033 1334 319.1‘ 1 333,553 153,454. 539,511,171 " . " mom- ' [10701 as 195L255 mi, Jg00m._..,_ _ 121,282; 27,888 39,043 100.275 ,, B'rgficlseofingu'nu; ' 45,885 ' 7,480 10,473 56,558 ~ ,-.-_; ‘I _ I I' v 77188 _,'.;.....2....._.__.._..... . 4,132 6,294 8,811 ,943 < Per“- ' " ~ ; ' 22,007 r 2 2,667 I ‘I hp“ - I r 47,104, 5,745 5,740 f‘ f ' 178,910 45,708 ' 04,078 257,989 , 8 » 245,907 00,509 81,708 827,785 Y~ Deeember ........._....--....... 72,051 14,803 17,695 89,746 In short tons the movement for-three calendar years compares as follows: 1887. 1880. 1885. Valley 50,900 118,891 105.118 155mm 187,789 207,458 232,690 288,095 820,849 887,808 _ 7. * ‘ Flour. SHIPMENT-2 -' ‘ j I Eentals. ‘ I ' Value.‘ Barrels. Value. 1587- ' 1386- 1835- I' I I . ,- 21,558 ‘$9 _ 25,500 To the 11111100 Kingdom 100,275 288,500 191,142 necember - . 31,786 . * 41,110 8811 Frgnmsco 56,358 27,030 77,527 . 3,, _-, ,I v v _ I _ , CoastwlsP 12,943 _9 I ' - ' 59,844 9 00,010 F070 2007 1 - - Chma and 18pm! 5,746 280 _________ __ , I 237,989 I 330,764 289,312 "IO CHINA AND JAPAN. MONTHLY MOVEMENT OF GRAIN FLEET. I Wheat. Flour. M0nth.- ' g g 3 , A -- Centals. Value. Barrels. Value. =1 5 <5 gf, 8 5' Month. 73 5 g 5 7: =1 7I39br11m7y 18,001 8 09,517 D 91 i 01 ,II ' 500 2,250 = , $331121?‘- ‘ 1,2591) 58800 ‘Emma’? 14 16,555 11 15,285 I, ,- - , ’,.. bebruary 4 5,27 9 10,95? November I 9,440 37,199 March 0 8,178 7 9 011 1111191111“? I 1 10’290 36’01" APP“ I7 "678 0 0,070 II ‘ II 41,042 s 143.542 _...--f _ - - _ __1_’i,(_yf_ % I .I ,_ . 2, 0 9.000 July 1 1,158 1 1,158 August 3 8,257 3 8,257 If‘ I ,I I I _ September 1 1,045 1 1,045 2,, , , _ I ‘ I 9 . 001431191; 6 8,049 5 6,282 , I RECAPITULATION OF SHIPMENTS. November 11 19,038 11 19,022 I , ‘I I . y I Denpmhm‘ 18 22.079 15 18,912 i, __1; ' ‘ 1837 73 98,820 73 94,940 _ , _ Wheat. Flour. 1830 154 100,155 155 100,707 To. I _ 1885 118 114,821 108 109,281 ‘ ' 00111010. Ivalue. Barrels. 75105. ~ 1 I ' CUSTOM HOUSE BUSINESS. I36‘, a,II,r.f -I ~ I I. . , 2,424,080 '8 2,987,872. 278,883 8 1,020,388 WILLAMETTE DISTRICT- I I~n§mn¢isc° __»__,_,,;__,________ 917,702 1,197,861 74,805 809,727 . 919 T----__I-..;__._ '5 1 82,640 99,225 02,989 205,050 Custom house (Portland. Cream) 11118111908 for the year ending December ., ,i=,,.;81..-°¢¥1iJ§,-‘*“ " ~~ 5 - ' 58844 00010 41’042 148'502 30’1887' Total imports M1887: ‘ _, ‘ , I a I ,. I I . , I I Eng1flfld $946,204 _' 1 3,478,322“ 8 4,851,008 457,009 8 1,743,707 Scotland 9,824 ,; _ ~ 4,919,840 0,048,921 005,094 2,209,075 China 109,997 I 4,546,542 . 5,643,655 450,159 1,751,580 Germany __ 9,536 ~ > 2,027,940, 8,318,325 018,777 2,219,094 Cuba. _ 25,220 ,I I - I . Frannp _ 3,131 _I I ~- , Switzerland- 100 I, - ~ , , Hawaiian Islands- 5 048 ' -~ , , x Austra asia 5 ’ r I,‘- m TONS" _ British mlumhia ' 151338 , ~1151110m000m0011n011550 and 80111 for the, ear 1887 t? Q ; A y has been T9191 8179800 ~ Statement of imports at the port of Astoria, Oregon, for the year 1887: W , > Flour 10151 as 2 ~ - 11 . ,_ mom" Reduced. Wheat. Commodity‘ Quanm'y' Value‘ 0011010150. .10 578: , 28210 50,000 Tin plates “19 7,520,029 8 217,055 2 81051 4191112 187,789 00515 7550 881 10,900 8 721918 ~~ , > , - ,5 $811,1118 168,000 482 201 00 42,322 -‘ 238,695 Miscellaneous 50 17 50 .... - 9,099 820,849 - _ I 7,277 287,054 Totals . 8 228,487 2 78,890 28 , 7n’ ‘ 2* ' I “9* 96 DOMESTIC EXPORTS T0 FOREIGN COUNTBIE- ‘ Arttclc. Value. Wheat 8 2,651,010 Flour: 1,152,854 Fish 011 13,000 Breact and biscuit 1,704 Bran and shorts 1,800 Apples- 1367 Eggs _ 557 Chemicals 413 Coal oil 695 Fish- 420 Ink 120 Provisions 1,112 BOOkS ____ 580 lt‘lanufaetnrers of paper 207 Machinery and parts of 750 Malt liquors...v 280 Patent medicine r 1,000 Furs and fur skin 8,000 Wooden \v are _ 350 House furniture 305) ‘Vegetable and garden seed 300 Wearing apparel 150 Lumber 2500 Total 6 3,334,541 COUNTRIES TO WHICH EXPORTED. United Kingdom for orders $3,115,468 England- 421,147 Hung Kong 00,230 Peru- 00,400 British Columbia 171,200 Total $3,854,541 Statement of exports at the port of Astoria, Oregon, for the year 1887: Commodity. Quantity. Value. Wheat, bushels 543'940 s 383596 Flour, barrels- 18,781 71,014 Salmon, pounds 0,03‘.l,888 112,411 Lumber, feet 3,207,000 37,835 Miscellaneous 891 Tom‘ $1,205,747 TOTAL "ALUATIONS. Comparative statement covering three years past made up from statistical reviews : - Year. ‘ Domestic. Foreign. All Points. 1987 $8,995,546 $1,090,135 $13,986,681 1W.) asora-zt 8,00: n3 meson? 15$} 8,373,300 b,007,271 14,280,670 Rainwavs AND Enanstvonramion. The Oregon & California railway extends from Portland, Oregon, to the southern boundary of the State, passing tn rough the heart of the Willamette valley and Southern Oregon. The counties traversed on the east side of the river are Multnomah, Clackamas, Marion, Linn and Lane, in the valley, and then th rough Douglas, Josephine and Jackson. There is a branch line of this road from Albany, in Linn county, to Lebanon, in the same county. The west-side division of the same road passes through Multnctnah, Wash- ington, Polk and Benton counties, and terminates at Corvallis, in the last- nauied county. This road has land in every county through which it passes, which may be bought at reasonable prices and on easy terms. The O. & C. R. 11., eastside division to the southern boundary of the State, is under a lease to the Southern Pacific railroad company. The Oregon Railway & Navigation company has amain line road from Portland to Huntington, on the eastern boundary of the State, its full length being 404 miles. Here it meets the Oregon Short Line, which also RESO UR cEs 0F VORSEG' ' i I‘ has. an... he. - and Pare thrown ‘insecurities of newsman seamen» .»~ ‘5*; ' ofilce of the 0. 6: C. is at the city of Portland. , ‘ ‘the greater; portion of Eastern Oregon. ‘y the East. The main line or the c. an N. ill Union and Baker. It‘ hashranch linsi ‘if; tom-0'01? com; to Moscow, 'jn'om ems, fin tic Walla to starbuekisnanipsnat .Starbuck. to.Ifflmstbi',emnagm “ U y Dayton. and Pendleton t9 Wang, . - ,, ‘ The Northern Pacific leavss‘i’ottland, runs down Willamette’ crosses the Colnmbiariver, by rel-rs. at Kalcmarand thence ' * Tacoma and Seattle and east to St. Paul. This company ..haalu-gq . gran“ °f Wham" ‘and “7111011 ‘may be Pinch used et'recsbnabieraws ‘and on” . my terms The land efiice of this road is at Tacoma, w. T., and instead ‘'1 - , A: The Oregon Pacific is new building a road on a surveyedv line from _ Yaquina bay, a very good harboron the coast, in Benton county, and running 7 east, crossing the Cascades at Minto Pass, and intending to cross Benton, Linn, Crook, Grant and Malheur counties- It now is running from Yaquina. ' bay to Albany, in Linn county, and much of the road is graded from Albany east to the summit of the Cascade~mountains When this road is completed it will form another through, line to the east, and will open va vast and wealthy country in Eastern Oregon, which is now largely unde- veloped. At present there are from Portland three through lines, or in other words, three railroads connecting Oregon with the east and south : the Northern Pacific from Portland to St. Paul, the Oregon Railway 6: Navigation and Oregon Short Line and Union Pacific to Omaha, and the Oregon & Cali~ fornia and the Southern Pacific to California and on around to New Orleans. When the Oregon Pacific is completed there will be four lines of railroad into Oregon from across the Rocky mountains. The Portland & Willamette Valley railroad company has a narrow guage road on the west side of the river running out of Portland south to Airlie, a‘ distance of 80 miles, with a branch from Dundee, one of its stations, to the river, a distance of one and a half miles. There is a branch to Sheridan, 9. distance of seven miles from the main line. The line from Portland to Dundee, a distance of 30 miles, is built for a broad guage when it is needed. This road passes through a very rich part of Oregon, penetrating the coun- ties of Multnomah, Clackamas, Washington, Yamhill and Polk. The road ‘ crosses the river at Ray's landing, in the northwestern corner of Marion 7 county and on the east side of the river, passes through a wealthy section comprising Marion, Linn and Lane counties, terminating in the last-named county at Coberg, a distance of 93% miles from Dundee. The road from Portland to Dundee, and the one and a half mile to the river, belongs to the P. & W. V. R’y Co., and the balance belongs to the Oregonian Railway 4 Co. (Limited) The P. & W. V. R’y Co. also has steamers plying upon the river carrying freight and passengers to valley points and connecting with the Narrow Guage road. - In conjunction with the O. R. &. N. system of railroads the company plies steamers upon the Upper Columbia, Snake, Middle and Lower Colum- bia and Upper Willamette rivers. Also a line of ocean steamers between Portland and San Francisco. This company operate the ocean line in con- junction with the Pacific Coast Steamship company, and regular trips are made, carrying freight and passengers. ' j In conjunction with the Oregon Pacific and the Willamette Valley dz coast railway, which latter company built the road from Corvallis to Yaquina bay, a line of ocean steamers make regular trips from Yaquina bay to San Francisco, also carrying freight and passengers. Ocean steamers make regular trips from Coos bay to San Francisco, carry-V ing freight and passengers. In addition to these, numerous sailing vessels are carrying lumber and other freight from the above-named points, and the other ports andv harbors . of Oregon to San Francisco and foreign ports. ' As heretofore stated, Oregon has 570 miles of navigable water front, 300 " ._ miles on the Pacific ocean, and 270 along the Columbia river. The Willam- .- "- ette river is navigable during the rainy season from its mouth through ma; ' center of the Willamette valley, at distance of 120 ‘miles, and at nearly-all‘ ;: I, seasons 50 or 60 miles. With a small outlay it can be made navigable the, j whole distance during a large portion 01 the year. This will alwa-gg 555m, - ‘I’ a means of competition in ‘transportation matters in the valley, white navigable Columbia and Snake will always afford the sameopportnnity int 1 The navigable Yamhill river oil‘ers competition in the matter of ' for the country embraced by Yamhill, a. portion pf washmgmn a‘; tion of Polk counties. ‘ ‘ ' , t ,, * . ‘ i. , ess-5??" S 71-1 TIS'T I CA L INFORM/1 TI ON. 97 TABLE NO. 1. NUMBER OF INHABITANTS, .A‘Q'D AMOUNT OF WOOL, AND NUMBER OF STOCK, AS $11M“ ji HY CENSUS OF 1885. “A 1.128 , FEMALES. WOOL AND STOCK. . . . O 0 _2 c- 4 ,9 z .7 E 7' ‘6 7' 22 F 3 a 3 ~' :5. m‘ ai oouu'm'a. {a a i 8 '5 g .5 a g g g g 3 g}, Q g s d D I: -_g -< :J " v; .Q o o g 5 ‘a’; 5 5 a g,’ g: 5 g g m =7 w 2 v '5 >5‘ 5. 3 m '2‘ 3 “w d .- "6 "5 “6 "6 "5 9r, '3 '3 % ;_,- H E . . . . 0 ,_, o o o o o o o o o 7.1 2 ‘21 7», 7:. {=4 27 z z z z z 2 Baker ........_........__.--_----I___- ,m, ____-_._ ------------------------------ -- -------- bu» ........0.. “an-"- Benton _____________________ - -1 1,71‘) 1,813 '71, $13 1,402 603 74? 63,763 16.3 8,901 124 69 717 Chwknmns ___________________ “1 ‘.1’ "0 2,775 1,407 1,521 2,010 957 1,353 45,151 8,029 8,4 I 3,196 1'25 14,010 I. 1 ‘I; 8,095 303 6-52 1,151 317 627 7,512 1,784 1,552 456 17 8,494 :54 921 800 4 ‘J7 61 1 ‘232 452 1,690 1,115 2,-°OS $50 38 4,202 1,796 6% 5-173 1,( I“? 13 5-99 F53 33,530 8,990 4 , 352 802 33 8,801 877 0 73' {.15 ‘A - 2 333 855,501 175,201 1,371 11,614 121 21,756 368 1:74 170 224' v . 102 127,030 25,53 ‘ 1,107 676 :1 4.31:5 2,371 1,015 1,00 1,627 \ 7 1,120 509,021 100.443 11,700 4,109 90 11,00 835 ‘2.53 405 4*, i 1 359 607,233 116,834 1,698 9,014 33 9,12%! l 270 45-43 [0-5 H)? 7 580 1,201.1,423 224,451 4,232 19,473 833 91,993 .10(~ksm1 ___________._.._-___.._- 2,157 0: 0 1,300 1,00 1,070 1,259 122,007 24,791 11,403 4,297 2, 9,410 J'mephine ____________________ -_ 217 ‘:75 3.53 540 210 323 11,22- 1 3,007 3,440 1,109 73 3.520 K ] :mmth ___________________ _- 367 2:5 1:39 ‘22-74 73 100 4.!1'0 518 3-29 755 140 3.1 ! 3 Ln kc ________________________ .a. CH} 105 179 243 108 105 ‘220 '~ .0 48,910 1,351 5.429 75 19,4 4‘ Lune -__._--___0_--____._-__-_-__ 2,703 1,204 1717; 2,270 1,006 1,356 10100 50,481 21,013 6,570 03 10.317 Linn _________________ __.__-_-- 3,233 1,400 ‘ 1 7J3 2,007 1,013 1,515 220,047 40,210 10,642 8,444 110 14.075 Marion ____________________ .__ 1,033 1,75‘: , '_ 072 3,646 1.4172 1,912 171319 31,072 10,245 4,795 204 10,71": - _.__.-.__ $10 301 . 396 505 2.11 407 1,312,265 137.040 1,1102 5,102 74 3,947 ..._.._..-- 13,190 8,317 t_._,886 8,612 2,534 3,013 5.210 950 3,021 3,507 83 6,691.?’ c ____________ _.._ ______ __.,.._ 1,707 $05 $58 1,404 SH 521 117,524 26,339 14,054 4,703 75 8,2‘13 Ti l10m00k-..___-_____.....-7___.____ 503 176 ‘217 310 123 260 4,386 1,575 2,247 648 19 4,531 Umatilla _____ ______________ __ 3,211 1,003 1,000 2.450 1,192 1,366 1.638.656 253.717 14,288 22,931 405 20,505 Union _____________ __________. 2.717 1,170 1,47% 1,074 571 1,405 484,022 76.200 21,929 22,000 200 42,410 Was-co ........ ____. _____ ___..___ . 2.715 Sm £00 1.0% 605 945 1,095,091 167,.Q07 5,241 11,203 '4 3,004 Washingmn__________--_.._.__._. 2,335 2,504 1,123 1,301 1,01 »1 $04 1,373 37,059 0,912 12,270 4,202 74 10,030 Yumbfll _____________________ _- 2,351 2,309 941 1,142 1,001 722 1,065 67,989 16,358 17,064 5,352 147 10,233 Totals -__-____--______-__.- 55,043 55,433 1 ‘32,029 5,793 | 42,465 I 16,877 24,548 9,165,530 1,636,929 202,0m 166,909 3,591 373,247 ' I TABLE NO. 2. SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF LAND UNDER CULTIVATION, AND PRODUCE BY COUNTIES, AS PER CENSUS OF 18255. PRODUCE. :5 ‘£2 6 >1 6 0:‘ o‘ ' o .J _ - >- ' 7- m u 8 0:? .z , Q :2 3:0 5;’, E! 2 7,’ g; g m‘ g ' d 3 29$ d m o 7351 m ,g c‘ 0:] cmm'mza =73. J: >. 0 3'3 "5 U 50 "6‘ w o a ‘5 ~8= as» 4 m 4 ,4 ~07 P - »=~ =3 3 f5 *5 B 7; 5 a a 5‘ E“ 5 E a H S's v—l @451 pg a “snag “a E “a "a “a "a 2 5 o' <8 P o‘ d o‘ 6 c5 6 o' 6 ‘ , z 5 z 7 ‘=' z z z z :4 z z 7'. % Baker ........ __ r __ “ Benton 41,941 313.001 200,702 7,007 3,001 ________ -_ 88,964 ________ -- 1,538 20,122 57,705 Clackamas -.._ _---___--.....-._.-_.__.., 37,052 274,710 3005120 6,759 13.277 2,043 171,000 38 ,017 133,700 305,545 101500 6,049 5,050 20 ,070 ‘24 100,095 _..________ _______ __ 15 31,751 Colum1>ia 4,131 4, ' 12,112 212 6,036 090 02,045 ___.______ 715 4,110 57,343 000 - 4,193 23,731 20,503 5,504 0,500 7,145 177,004 ,80; Crook 17,040 52,034 02,300 50,407 11,030 253 24,850 19,955 Curry 1,435 340 11,125 1,475 1,222 390 54,900 2,000 ________ __ 9,565 Duuglas ____________________ _...__._ 08,231 871,720 285,447 61,108 15,840 27,790 121,204 ‘m 31,270 33,559 Gilliam 14,277 22,410 11,109 24,502 5,113 6,580 21,450 200 __ ______ __ 20,510 Gmnt 19,183 51,447 37,012 63,516 35,919 351 72,304 q.____ ____________ __ 24'551 J uckson 59,056 1 ,118 91,302 96,491 15,838 90,150 ‘ 118,140 .100 1,000 ,071 .h‘lsepbine ,4 20,1336 18,029 8,000 4,546 17,965 27,675 245 4,070 33,135 Klamat 4,816 17,188 9,847 16,940 11,266 ________ __ 11,330 6 345 Lake 3,213 20,810 145,077 434,038 20,920 13,045 5:654 Lune 79,360 540,494 540,503 85,544 19,540 8,845 181,715 672 3,455 001,031 113,003 Linn 134,310 1,131,913 1,109,658 59,321 19,930 .._- _-_-_- 300,975 12,273 657 154,614 168,500 Marion 130,349 1,299,196 16,693 14,102 10,563 256,113 '1' ‘ _______,4_ 450,344 $6.033 Morrow 14,298 37,203 4,005 02,100 0,314 1 10,335 14,115 Multuomah _...._-_---_-----_----__.--___- 10,513 10,953 20,103 220 13,021 1,053 210,325 __________ 165 ________ __ 341,557 Polk V V 7 90,430 1,042,910 492,700 34,300 11,245 2,002 152,005 _.. ..... __ 505 ________ __ 80,‘. Tiilmnook 4,186 20 17," 6 2,373 4,300 90,083 ___--_____ __________ 2,373 15,434 Umatilla 208,217 1,401,420 03.4 ' 200,410 23,014 60,177 184,875 _________________ __ 950 136 699 Union 93,328 410,220 404,200 73,041 68,563 4,105 $25,400 _____ __ 105 27,000 114’270 Wasco _ _ 51,428 143,723 53,280 04 ,322 9,082 5,057 404; ' 7716,30 Washington _______________________ -- 49,009 300.029 550,090 7,608 18,379 ________ -- 337,110 _-._______ 175 10,136 324,332 YamhilL- ._--.._--_-._---___------- 91,040 1,044,395 580,704 24,113 ,038 4,884 1. ________ __ 740,085 174,442 Toms _ __________________ ____ 1,243,904 3,933,713 6,247,300 1,094,014 377,822 "3,497 3,187,923 14,262 13,207 2.547.378 2,650.28! 25 98 Baker Benton OOUNTIES. . _ SHOWING , w 010011811108 (11100 (Jroak Curry Douglas G1 1] 521m (1111.11 J0 'CkSOH ..I(>>rcpl1ine 14111111 ath L11 k6 111L116 Linn M arion M orrow M ultnomah Poi k U 11121131118, U ‘mon \1 W Y SHOWING VALUATION OF‘ PROPERTY IN EACH COUNTY IN THE STATE AS COMPILED FROM ASSESSMEN TAB LE NO. ,3 192,147 2,005,373 _. F5 - 1'52. .50 5p‘ Fgr“ O 6 z z ; —‘n_-_--___ ‘Il-----_-_- ul-cu-nnnn __--_—-— _-----_— _--‘---_ --__~-_--; --u----——_- _-_--_--.-.-_- —-__-..--__- _ , ‘ Q _—__up- -—-n _--u- ---‘- __-’. --‘---——~ ----—~_—-— --_-_~-_ _--_-_-_-_ ___-__ _-_—-.-w- -_-_—---1- —.--—_-u- ._~__-._-_ -—4----& __~_—-I---_ -_-._ __ ‘.- _._-_____ '_.~¢--.--~._-_.'.. —__--_-_ --—--.---_.a -----_—n— _—_w\—.—_ IV. ON FILE IN THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE YEAR 1885-56. 1311110011110 , . Money I ' . , f . Melchan- , . , ’ - Value of ~ _ , . 1 ,- , Gross COUNTIES No. acres V‘ggigf i‘ggigg; disc and baggage‘ tulltélmclép Horges \éailée of Vsaiue 0117821110 or Vfilélelnr * Land‘ ms‘ 11129?- “8882- - a 8 “7 : “P5: 5,008 Baker _____________ .._ 132,506 3 368,834 8 286,710 3 784,942 3 297,971 8 295,760 8 46,850 3 392,510 8 635,517 3 97,9013 4,699- ‘3,208,665 Benton ------------ --- 236,192 1,991,355 420,4 83, 462,900 811,8 118,808 180,. 110,488 5 18,203 ._ 7,992 4,1983%, Clackamas---__-..-_--- 401,002 1,850,872 408,042 155,115 250,487 000,210 85,779 188,081 185,288 8,080 ‘11,202 . 3,359,597 Clutsop _____...__..-..._..-...... 9,174 323,923 980,898 532,691 549,826 432,281 78,510 15,530 43,816 ‘1,612 2,489 702,966,. Columbia. ________ .._... 140,517 7,411 36,769 33,425 210,585 133,297 25,115 34,480 78,783 __2,4‘?114v 4. 3,359 ‘71,005 0000 __________________ __ 255,808 822,075 207,051 10,000 281,241 270,000 52,110 44,200 110,048 8,802. 270,277 18873001 Crook 134,495 5‘ 645 54,240 79,605 118,185 348,085 30,405 346,382 372,939, 359,202 " "1,145v 2,048, Curr-v ________ .._..__........ 79,710 246,328 19,430 23,385 48,826 101,730 13,792 26,467 73,635," 22,248 _ 1,953 , _‘ ‘-__ £577,794, 1000,5145 ___________ -_ 500,000 ,788,594 227,088 178,027 054,001 025,700 80,485 ,985 214,711 109,589, @14434' 4;,» Gilliam 45,721 224,080 1,810 325,197 155,041 200,221 82,885 » 200,208. 180,224 205,104 8,575 “1,592,452 Grant 100,824 277,500 0,070 887,800 170,080 470,000 88,250 025,010 008,020 887,810 5,820. .*3;277,{._ Jackson ____________ .._. 384,541 2,128,845 84,3 ' 434,667 397,719 766,268 85,507 _ - _ , -, -~ 3‘ Josephine __________ .._ 70,808 84,0 02,047 42,755 08,202 110,000 82,080, 050 1 2 281,000 Klamath ________..__.____ 491,478 591,890 66,840 46,591 91,764 136,966 ‘ ,355 ' Lake ________________ -._ 367,056 486,317 57,864 26,235 102,872 207,602 20,925 Lane ______________ _- 473,582 2,628,009 590,275 665,006 578,141 637,323 232,976 Linn- ____________ ._ 449, ‘ 4,520,267 596,234 ,45 586,804 1,810,175 203,616 Marion ____.__..............---- 972,952 4,195,178 1,239,292 279,140 754,199 1,835,444 325,030 ‘ Morrow __________ ._ 51,703 198,5 86 ~70 236,54 171,325 214, 34,925 Multnomah _____________ , 156,397 2,960,365 8,563,990 5,406,060 4,301,995 3,174,460 357 ,689 P01 _______________.._.__ 251,400 1 257,880 47,220 394,3 273,530 764, 164,070 10110111001; ____,_________'- 41,045 201,102 18,085 ________ __ 40,202 71,00 12,078 , Umatilla ..... -._-.-_... 247,537 1,609,331 463,095 1,050,952 737,130 1,665,408 _ 159,140, Union ________ -............... 242,218 1, 323, 391 - , . 94,56 371,030 794,484 216,866 Wasco -1_-____,.__..........._.. 143,721 1,051,559 472,283 292,641 360,225 566,948 , 114,395 Washin§ton _.._.....7_____ 252,575 2,388,445 184,080 12,365 218,210 720,125 119,315 Yamhil 401,581 2,048,515 04,085 08,05 ,4 1,205,541 258,007 , _ _, , Tatum-.._...“ 7,150,000 888,880,800 815,048,027 812,402,077 812,008,801 819,454,106 82,008,408‘ 85,804,303.._88,393,4581 ' I M 99 . 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E. $5.8 . “fiafin B“ .8 88A gnaw‘ 2% :8k. . @326. _.> .mgfi... . . ¢ . 100 (énni Onneou Swami-i RESO URGES‘ on oaIQéSTATE ‘ w The Oregon State agricultural society was organized at Salem, on the i day of February, 1860, and held its first fair at Oregon City, commencing October 1, 1861. The board of managers then advertised for bids from the different counties for propositions for holding the second fair. The Marion county agricultural society made the best odor and the second State fair was held near Salem, commencing on Tuesday, the 30th day of September, 1862, and has been held on the same grounds annually ever since. , In February, 1863, the county court of Marion county assumed liabilities of the Marion county agricultural society amounting to $2,900 68, and the society deeded its land and their appurtenances to the county- On the 7th day of July, 1864, the county commissioners of Marion county deeded the said land and its appurtenances to the board of managers of the Oregon. State agricultural society in consideration that said board would hold annual’ fairs on said grounds for fifteen years. The Oregon State agricultural society was duly incorporated in the year 1870. .1; In 1885 the legislature created a State board of agriculture, and appropri- priated annually $5000 for the purpose of carrying the said act into bpera- tion, with a proviso that no part of said money should be used to pay premiums for trials of speed. In April of that year the new boardifmct- at the capitol and organized. Arrangements were made by which this board should hold their annual fairs on the grounds of the Oregon State agricul- tural society, and the board held a fair in 1885, one in 1830 and one in'i31887. The grounds comprise about 170 acres of good land, within a mild and a half of the capitol, and with the improvements is worth at least $20,- 000. The ()Icgoll and California railroad passes across one end of the land, and within 400 yards of the pavilion. The grounds are all undcr fence, provided with beautiful shady camping grounds, parade grounds, a line one mile race course, with ample grand stands, a colitnmo- dmus new pavilion, ollicc, machinery hall, stable, cattle and sheep sfialls, puns for swine and poultry, a floral garden, and buildings suitable all pl1i']>O.:O1-§. about a fair ground. Improvements are needed. and will be m‘fiide nun time to time as the board llnds itself possessed of sulllcicnt i‘uiifls which may be used for that purpose. it is likely that the Oregon agricultural society will soon transfer the grounds and appurtenances to theiil Suite board, and when that is done, Oregon will own as good a fair ground as belongs to any other State in the American Union. It was once said of the Oregon State agricultural society, and the same is true of the State loard of agriculture: “The foundation of the society is broad and ben- eficial; its aims progressive and educational; enlarging the sphere of use- fulness, and of the resources of our State ‘in every thing that tends to make a thriving commonwealth and a happy people. In no small degree, the welfare of the State of Oregon depends upon the success of its State 2'. :ficultural society.” In the foregoing ‘pages ‘will ‘be found , tical relating to the resources'and material 1. k .~ .. will be of some value to enrfleitiaens; and will‘. . are ascertain the nature ‘and a portion of the possibilities’ Tth tion which will enable them tad-raw tolerably secure i ' The means or gaining precise figures~coneemingarryiaenstryoruuiiiiééfili are exceedingly meagre, which must account for the absence-of are 81 tive data. We have corresponded withhundrcds oi personssinisearch-o factgand have drawn upon every source within our‘ knowledge tion. We have made use of newspaper matter in several instances with p _ “ vantage, and in all cases, adopted that source of information which-We, 1, "knew to be thoroughly authentic and reliable, and have been greatly liens; 1' '1 fitted by the labor heretofore done by the State board of immigration, and i " by the county boards. I " , v v a _ _. f _ y We wrote many letters asking'for information, to which we never received 7 \ answers. Generally, however, those of whom- we enquired, responded’. I promptly. Especial attention is asked to the comprehensive and valuable . report on the Oregon climate by Mr. B. 8. Pages, of thellnited States'signal service, Roseburg, and acknowledge on behalf of the board of agriculture . our obligations to him, and to each of the gentlemen whocontributed to I that report. We earnestly endorse the recommendations of Mr. Pague regarding the establishment of a weather service bureau by the State, and urgently recommend, in addition thereto, the importance of creating, at the earliest possible opportunity, 8. system of crop reports, and a. bureau ‘for obtaining reliable statistics concerning every department of our industries- These are matters which should be provided, not especially to encourage immigration, but that our own people may know more about the different ' and distant parts of the State. By comparison, people improve in all lines, of business and in all classes of enterprise. Such a system would afford our citizens an opportunity to make comparisons. We acknowledge our obligations for favors to the State board of immigra- tion through its secretary, W. R. Struble, and to the local boards of Clatsop, Benton, Lane, Jackson, Linn, Polk, Washington, Umatilla and Klamath counties. Also to the .llorn-z'ng Oregonian, Plai-ndcaler, West Shore, Oregon Stalcsnm-n, Oregon Vidette, llIcMz'nnville Reporter, Organ Oity Enteizlirise, the North Pacific Rural Spirit and Willametce Farmer, the Centerv' ion, the gtli’rmdon Provider, and the Wallowa Chieftain? _ '5‘; The board of agriculture is under obligations to Prof. Thos. Condon of the , to university, Hon. E. B. McElroy, State Superintendent of Schools, Hon. J o ,n Minto, Hon. Ellis G. Hughes, Hon. C. Leiucnweber, Hon. Thomas I’aulsen, lion. Robert McLean, Hon. 'l‘ Lang, Hon. J. P. Wager, Hon. R. A. Miller, lion. S. L. Lovell and F. L_. Whitman for valuable papers. To the gcntlcmou who, by letter, have furnished us information we tender our sin- core than its. Many of the justices of the peace in the State have our thanks and are entitled to great credit for valuable data furnished. The ‘same should be said of all the county clerks, and many of the assessors. I-loping that this supplemental re ort may, in some degree, prove bene- ficial to the interests of the State of rcgon, it is respectfully submitted. OREGON STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTUR" A 4 7h? J. T. GREGG, Secretary. "f-Heireplesis—r 131st: , ":9; , jay-£1‘. ‘*1 if I‘). an’: 1161's"? . . W3". “A; 4 4, mp fix I \' \Uggggfi'li '3‘; £1 3:; . "“;¢:,""',* ‘*1 ' " H ‘ ‘ a’ l \ ‘,4 . _ 5;; 1"" .1. "f , f ' “ ', ' ' l - ' Eficafzens. .. . . . - - _. . . ‘ M"; .» ‘if y 1 " ' » ' . ' ‘ ' their‘: ' ‘M I t‘ ‘ I ( I ‘ r‘~'**"':' l: , , ,- - ' ‘ . M ' " ~ ‘1? jam-9911“ ‘ ' ' l ‘ "a; ' mm .and Weekly...“ Albtmy- '. *- Ezpm , Weeily___-___-_.__-_.. banon. ; - _' ‘m - ‘ ‘ Dally Albany- 'i' .. »- ; Herald-pissem'ineter__.._-'_..__. Weekly ' Albany ‘f ‘ " ' MARION COUNTY. I ' x a er-Oi . .5, w . . . ~- ~ ~ JBnker City.‘ ‘Appeal ' , . lWeekly _____ __--------- Silveriion. .' ' , _...-..;;'..._...-..._-.;- Baker City. Gazette" ~~' l lsemi-Monthly _______ _- Gervais. l e; A ' ., _ ,;' _ r _ :ipnrnal l d I _ - ' Dailv and Weekly“--- Salem. ' I: 5‘ ' .‘ > . ’ , .» _; _ 'ancgy ’ n '86 y ______________ -- 8. em. :3. I y ' i ' - - __ Stntesman ' _ , ‘Daily and Weekly---" galem. .5)’ ~ \ geeg'yid;éli___hifi f Vrdette v Dally and Weekly___.._ nalem. v T ee y_,..,,___.'.,..__.._.; " IV S- l r ' . ’ v geefiygawéénfm wzgewpmt. ’ MORROW COUNTY. 4.3;; e , eer g_:..~_..,...;_-- _....." equine. ‘ fie-r: ‘ F Wgekw__.:”L-;_-~__;__-_ ~ l‘veekly"-“"___“"_-'-”lHeppner' gr: . -*'- fl" .- \ ~ ' - ‘ ‘ MULTNOMAH COUNTY. . v v. » l- \QLLCKAIMAQ COUNTY. , . _ ~ " ‘. q‘: _ . ' r _ ‘Commercial Reporter and Journal. I -f? ‘ w " i’ I; < lWeekly_.__’___-__-___-_ Oregon City. of Commerce Weekly ............ _- Portland. . _ u 1Week1y______-_-..__-___ Oregon City. Catholic Sentinel_____._-_..__-_---_ Weekly ............. -_ Portland. l” ‘ '4 I _ v , 13,. ‘ r, ; j _ I " . l - Columbia, Chm'ohmim Monthly ____________ .__.. Portland. ~ ‘Ax-Ir i 5 3‘ . ‘73 “j N CLATSOP COUNTY. Frie Preeqp Daily and WeeklyunJPortland. ~ I 'emu‘?Q's-11%;‘; " s -~ " _‘ ‘\j' . - _ _ Lewis J: Dryden’s Railway Guide- Portland. \ 37;‘; i I" 1913.311 w “l .‘ ‘ Dell“ and Weekly___- Astoria. Mercury ___- Weekly _____________ -- Portland- q. f1 M1‘ H ‘ p; ' l: l v j . _ A lwee 'ly___-.___...______- Astoria. North Pacific Ruralspiritand Wil- e." Kr: Jfjfiqgéripfif ' ~ ‘"1 - J\Yee'kly_;_ __________ __ Astoria. lametle Farmer _______________ _- Weekly ______________ --!Portland. , ._ _' ' ‘n; m e 7 . , ‘, News Daily and Weekly-___-;Portland. x‘ f_ ‘- __ “ g COLUMBIA COUNTY. - New Northwest“-.. _____________ -- Weekly _______________ -_;P0rt1:1nd. " . .x ‘" ' f - i - . - Northwestern Farmer and Dairy- ‘ l :- rf' : .Qregbmmistn I _ r‘ '_ j~ _ ]Week1y__-,__.‘_ ______ “lst. Helens. man Weekly ______________ __iPortland. l k .\ vi 1 v a “F. ‘-. '_ 3 {wt-.1 ' ‘ - ~ Oregonian Daily and Weekly---“ll’ortland. ' ‘.1 N _ '3. x s 5; _ - 4; s" _. COUNTY; ‘ _ Oregon Sifh'ngq \\'eekl_\' -------------- _-;Pl.*rfland. -; - _ - v3.41}- ; Lin-1. ‘ -- .’ '~ ‘ Orevon Deutsehe Zeitnng _______ _-.\\'eekl_v _______________ “ll’mtland. .‘méasfi-Mflii’fx'. " —\ ~l __ Weekly ______________ "IM-arslmelgl.’ Pacnic Christian Adv 'ate--_--__-,l\\’eel;ly ______________ __}Portland. 5 -._ j; 'I-fern a . ~ . ~ F ~ ' ' Weeklyz".v __________ -- Coqmllo City. Reporter (A. O. U. W.) ___________ __3 ______________________ __;l’ortland. ‘anew; *. - -~ ‘ - - “ Weekly ______________ _JMarshnel.l.'_ Star ;\\'eel;ly ______________ -Jliust Portland. l :1; .Rgegrdgr- - - ‘Weeklyuue; _________ _- Bandon. Telegram IDaily ________________ -_;Portland. » ' ~ ' f:‘-’~“f » ~ \ 1 ‘ ‘ _ ‘ _ Times h‘l'eekly ______________ __;l’Ortland. '41:. Ml . -CROOK COUXTY. Vindicator gWeekly ______________ "ll-last Portland. _"‘ ~ * \f 14-, ‘ ~ ~, . ' ‘ _ Welcome ;\\'Oekl_\'__ ____________ __'Port1zmd. é. ‘_ ‘New; _- 5 r /- ‘1Weekly__'_ ___________ __lPrineville. West. Shore {Weekly ______________ _-.Portland. ‘a 1 ~- . World iWeekly ______________ -_ Portland. ~ ~ _ v‘ '“ . CURRY COUNTY. _ ‘ World’s Advance-Thought"7---"fMonth1y _____________ _- Portland. Angola new; gmwq - Q !Weekly_;_- ......... ___lEllensburg. POLK COUNTY. ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘‘ DOUGLA§ COUNTY.;_ ' ‘ Itemizer iWoekly ______________ __ Dallas. i if“ '. . 1 " West Side Neel; ,' ______________ .._ Independence, I‘ __ @. ghn: ' _ Weekly .............. _- Drain. ‘ $15‘, ,Pmivyflnflm- “ Weekly _____________ -L- Rosebnrg. TILLAMOUK COUNTY. , g, - " . Review ~ - < _ Weekly_-_--..-_._-____ -Roseburg. i v 'Q'jfilfiinlsq‘iuaflllémtlrlx ~ ' I IWeeklv--__-_-_-__----- Oakland. Headlight ______________________ __!Weekl_v ____________ "lg’l‘illamook. n. .' " ‘9 ‘l ' GILLIKM COUNTY. _ UMATILLA COUNTY. , '" ‘1 Q 'iiimes _ h ‘ ~ lweeklynu‘“ ........ __ Arlington. East Oregonian __________________ "wally and Weekly_____ Pendleton. Y'Fpnnrlsd' -‘ w - Weekly __________ ___--__ Fossil. Eagle _l\Voek1y__.-_-___-___-_- Milton. W ‘ ‘ ‘ we. . ’ . ~ Home Press Weekly ______________ __ Centerville, . " , '5’? v -‘ . GRANT COUNTY. Leader iweekly ______________ __ Weston. '_. "1"; w - - ~ ~ ‘ Tribune :Weokly ______________ _- Pendleton. - ’ 1 Eagle .- . a 1 » Weekly _____________ _-lLong Creek. Repnhhr'an JDaily and Weekly“--- Pendleton. -,‘ ‘Heme? ‘Valley Items-_g_;._-_____.. ~Week1y___-_-__.___--__ Burns. Ilfleml ' » a A _ > _- I‘ . 1 Weekly..____......___ ..... __ Burns. UNION COUNTY. ~. g ‘ ‘n ‘ Weekly_______-_-__-___ Canyon City. v.13‘; '_ ‘Q ; -~ . Gazette * Weekly ____________ .._ La Grande. ~ . ';-- l ‘ _. JACKSON COUNTY. gonrnals vgeefiy'“... _________ __ La. Grande, l \ r . . v - _ ‘ reeon com‘- 99 ' -------- ------— Union- _ a"; ‘A . ~ I. ' - _1Weekly_----..__..-_-__ Jacksonville. C’ y 'e. j ‘.1. {mamgg T - 4 Week} -__, .... _._....___ Ashland. WALLOWA COUNTY. J its. .P'rmnscrrpt, _ -~ 4 !We€k1y--__---_’__.__-._- Medford. flag-in) a" 5;» ~ _ A x‘ . ‘veekly ----- "-'"‘-*"-'" Jose 11‘ H I'Hiiigr'lvw‘ ' 7 ~-_ " ' I» JOSEPHINE GO‘UNTY._ ‘ 4 Signal lWeekly___-_.____.___._IEnterrpr-isg ".~."._o_5u_n3r; ' “ ' !;week1y--_--_-_'____.‘.._1Grant's Pass. WASCO COUNTY. “5A ‘ .- y l ‘ ~ KLAMATH COUI‘lTY.-' . Sim M t i Rzeellfiy__.____________ The Danes, ' ~ ~ * Q q _ ‘ _ Tim‘ es- oun a neer _____________ _- ee y______--_.._.____ ‘11191331138, ‘ * !:weekly---;;__--;_--_;.ILIDkVIlle. ' w SHI\ O‘ >. x _ t _. > . A {GT \l COUNTY. LAKE COUNTY.» ' i ' . I - _ - - \ ‘ Independent }Weekly ___________ _..__ Hills _ ' “0;; a. - |W€8k1y_.-L.--.._;_..._.__..__|L8k6Vi6W. Y I born a; _ " 1 . g ‘ ‘ . AMHILL COUNTY. .. :~ . LANE OOUNTK» 1 . ~ ‘ Herald Weekly -------------- -- De on. r O,‘ » . weekly _____________ uggugene City. Register Weekly ——————— --—-—---— Lagvette- .l . Weea,y__.____,_________ lizugene City, Reporter {Semi-weekly _____--_-_ McMinnville. ‘ . 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