º --~~~~º - HOMER ELIER ROBBINS - º - |- - ---------- -- ~~ - º --- º º ºffli - - lºt | tº CICERO'S TREATMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY TO THE YEAR 70 B.C. Homer Elmer Robbins A dissertition submitted in partial fulfillment of the re- quirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Michigan. Problem. It is the purpose of this dissertation to show the wide range of sources from which Cicero drew his illustrations from Roman History. This is attested by examples which manifest a change of source between his ifferent creative periods, and even in the same period. This multiplicity of sources is further exemplified by instances of variation from the accounts of other writers. TABLE OF CONTENTS, Bibliography .................................................. 1-17 Chapter I Introduction (a) Cicero's attitude towards Roman history. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-20 (b) The influence of T-Pomponius Atticus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-22 (c) Cicero's method of obtaining historical information. . . . . 22-31 Chapter II Cicero's Historical Mistakes (a) Confusion of words and names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32-33 (b) Confusion of historical characters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33–34 (c)Mistakes due to lapse of memory or carelessness.......... 34-35 (d) Mistakes in chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35–45 (e) Mistakes shared by other writers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45-46 Chapter III. Historical Wariation in the Works of Cicero - (a) Variation between works of different periods. . . . . . . . . . . . 47–60 (b) Variation between works of the same period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-65 Chapter IV Cicero's Relation to other ºriters (a) Passages in agreement with self and the majority of other writers but at variance with a few. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66-70 (orassages in agreement with self and some other writ-yº . ers but at variance with others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-78 (c) Fassages in agreement with self and a rew other writ- a ers but at variance with the *… 79-81. (d) Passages in agreement with self but at variance with all other Writers • * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . 82-87 (e) Unsupported historical passages in Cicero at vari- ance with single versions of other writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87–88 conclusion.......................................…..... 88 Resume * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Text. Editions of Cicero. … - Opera omnia M.Tullii Ciceronis scripta quae manserunt omnia revis, by. G • F •W • Mueller 10 vol. Leipzig 1898—1908 M.Tullii Ciceronis opera ex editione J. A. Ernesti (Delphin Classics) 15 vol. Londom 1830 M. Tullii Ciceronis Opera. J. G. Baiter and C. L. Kayser ll vol. Ileipzig 1860-69 YM.Tìllìt Cicvrowìs Opera I C. Oro llt Yzw /s. ty JG Baitz* a48 C. Hal*, 3 *? Zü*\c\, /333- 41 IRhetorical works M.Tullii Giceronis Opera Rhetorica et Oratoria J. W. Rinm 2 vol. Paris 1831-32 M. Tullii (;iceronis Libri Rhetorici J • A • Ernesti 5 vol. lonaon 1830 Cicero De Oratore Dr. K.W. Piderit 5th ed. by Dr. F. T. Adler Leipzig 1878 - - M.Tullii Ciceronis De Oratore liber primus W. B. Owen New York 1895 M. Tullii Giceronis De Oratore libri tres Tr. Gustav Sorof . Berlin 1875 M.Tullii Giceronis Brutus Charles Beck 3rd ed. Cambridge 1853 Cícero's Brutus de Claris Oratoribus Otto Jahn 4th ed. by Airroa Eberhara bor in isti - M.Tullii Ciceronis Brutus de Claris Oratoribus _.£\*% Bostom 1889 Gicero Brutus de Claris Oratoribus Dr. K. W. Piderit 2nd eá. Leipzig 1875 Gicero's Orator Otto Jahn 3rd ed. Berlim 1869 Cicero's Orator ad M. Brutum Dr. K. W. Piderit 2nd ed. Leipzig 1876 M.Tullii Ciceronis ad M. Brutum Orator J. E. Sanäys Cambriäge 1885 Partitiones Oratoriae Dr. K.W. Piderit Leipzig 1867 Orations M.Tullii Ciceronis Pars Secunda sive Orationes Ommes J.W. Leclerc revis. by N.E. Lemaire 6 vol. Paris 1827 M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes J.A. Ernesti (Delphin Series) 6 vol. London 1830 M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes George Long 4 vol. (vol.1,2nd ed.) London 1855-62 - Cicero's Rede fir Sex. Roscius aus Ameria Dr. Gustav Landgraf Erlangen 1882 - Cicero's Divinatio in Caecilium Fr. Richter Leipzig 1870 Cicero's Rede gegen. Q. Caecilius und der Anklagerede gegen C. Werres, viertes und fünftes Buch Karl Halm 10th ed. by G. Laubmann Berlin 1900 Cicero's Rede gegen C. Werres Buch IWW De Signis Dr. Karl Hachtmann 2nd ed., Gotha 1897 Cicero's Rede gegen C. Werres Buch V De Suppliciis Dr. Karl Hachtmann Gotha 1888 Cicero's Rede gegen C. Verres, Wiertes Buch 1876 Fünftes Buch 1879 Fr. Richter 2nd ed., by Alfred Eberhard Leipzig Cicero's Rede tiber das Imperium des Cn. Pompeius Dr.A.Dauerling 5th ed., Gotha lö98 Cicero's Rede tiber den Oberbefehl des Pompeius Otto Drenckhahn Berlin 1902 Cicero's Reden für Sex. Roscius aus Ameria und über das Imperium des Cn. Pompeius Karl Halm 11th ed., by G. Laubmann Berlin 1896 Cicero's Rede tiber das Imperium * Fr. Richter 2nd ed. by Alfred Eberhard Leipzig 1876 Cicero's Rede de imperio Cm. Pompei Dr. F. Thumen 2nd ed. Ber- 1 in 1898 Cicero's Reden de imperio Gn. Pompei (pro lege Manilia) und pro Archia poeta Dr. Ferdinand Schultz 2nd ed., by Dr...ºderborn -º- 1898 M. Tullii Ciceronis Pro Cluentio habito oratio ad indices Austin Stickmey Cambridge 1862 Cicero's Reden gegen I.Sergius Catilina Dr. Karl Hachtmann 8th ed. Gotha, 1906 Cicero's Reden gegen L. Sergius Catilina und für den Dichter Arenas Karl Halm 14th ed., by G. Laubmann Berlin 1900 M. Tullii Ciceronis in L. Catilimam orationes quattuor Aloisius Kornitzer 6th ed. Vienna 1906 Cicero's Catilinarische Reden Dr Martin Mertens 2nd ed. Munich 1905 Cicero's Catilinarische Reden. Fr. Richter 3rd ed. by Alfred Eberhard Leipzig 1878 Cicero's Reden für L. Murena und für P. Sulla Karl Halm 5thed. by G. Laubmann Berlin 1893 Cicero's Rede für L. Murena Hermann A.Koch Leipzig 1866 Cicero's Rede für Publius Sestius Karl Halm 6th ed. by G. Laubmann Berlin 1886 Cicero's Reae für P. Sestius H.A.Koch 2nd ed. by Alfred Eberhard Leipzig 1877 Cicero's Rede für Cn. Plancius Dr. Ernst Köpke 2nd ed. Leipzig 1873 Cicero's Reden für T.Annius Milo, für Q. Ligarius, und für den König Deiotarus Karl Halm 10th ed. by G. Laubmann Berlin 1899 Cicero's Rede für T.Amnius Milo Friedrich Richter 3rd ed. by Alfred Eberhard Leipzig 1881 Cicero's erste und zweite Philippische Rede Karl Halm 8th ed. by G. Laubmann Berlin 1905 Cicero's erste und zweite Philippische Rede H.A. Koch und Alfred Eberhard 3rd ed. Leipzig 1899 Philippic Orations of M. Tulliths Cicero Rev. J.R. King Oxford 1868 Philosophica1 works M.T.Ciceronis opera Philosophica M. N. Boui11et 6 vol. Paris 1831 ; - M.Tullii Ciceronis De Re Publica Fredericus Osannus castine- en 1847 - M.Tullii Ciceronis Sommium Scipionis Samuel Hart Boston 1887 M.Tullii Ciceronis Somnium Scipionis Dr. Carl Meissner Leipzig 1878 M.Tullii Ciceronis De Legibus libri tres Dr. Adolf du Mesnil Leipzig 1879 M.Tullii Ciceronis De Legibus libri tres Dr. G. F. Feldhuegelius Sizaç 1852 m.au Ciceronis De Legibus libri tres Johannes Bakius Lyons 1842 M.Tullii Ciceronis De Legibus libri tres fel mnes Davisius Frankfort on Ita in 1824 M.Tullii Ciceronis De Legibus libri tres Johannis Valem 2nd ed. Berlin 1883 M. Tullii Giceromis Academica J. S. Reid London 1885 text anâ notes , M.Tullii Ciceronis De Finibus Bonorum et Italorum Libri Quinque with introduction and commentary by W. M. L. Hutchinsom London 1909 M.Tullii Ciceronis De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum \ibri V Dr. Hugo Holstein Leipzig 1873 M.Tullii Ciceronis De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum libri quinque Dagobert Boecke1 2 vol. Berlin 1872 M£Tullii Ciceronis De Finibus Bomorum et Malorum Nicolai Madvig 3rd ed. Gopenhagen 1876 M.Tullii Ciceronis Tusculanarum Disputationum ad M.Brutum \ibri quinque Gustav Tischer 9th ed. Berlin 1899 , M.Tullii Ciceronis Tusculanarum Disputationum libri quinque Dr. Georg Ammon 2 vol. Gotha 1905 M.Tullii Ciceronis Tusculanarum Disputationum libri quinque Dr. Raphael Kühner 4th ed. Jena 1853 - \;,,, qw3** M. Tullii Giceronis Tusculanarum Disputationum ad M. Brutum ^N Dr. Car1 Meissner iovas 1873 Ciceronis Tusculanarum Disputationum libri quinque Otto Heine 4th ed. 2 vol. I.eipzig 1892-96 M.Tullii Ciceronis Tusculanarum Disputationum libri quinque Dr. i..i- Gotha 1883 M. Tullii Ciceronis Tusculanarum Disputationum libri quinque Thomas W. Dougan vo1.1 (Bks. I-II} Cambridge 1905 M. Tullii Ciceronis Tusculanarum Disputationum libri quinque Seyffert s f tiga 9 1864 * .. - - M.Tullii Ciceronis Gato iiaior De Senectute Aloisius Kornitzer 3rd ed. Wienna 1903 M.Tullii Ciceronis Cato maior De Senectute Julius Sommerbrodt 12v. ed. Berlin 1896 M. Tullii Ciceronis Cato Maior De Senectute Gustav Lahmayer 4th ed. Leipzig 1877 i.tuiis Ciceronis Cato Maior De Senectute et Laelius De Amicitia James S. Reid American ed. by F. W. Kelsey 6th ed. 1894 M. Tullii Ciceronis Cato Maior et Laelius Austin Stickney New York 1887 M. Tullii Ciceronis Laelius De Amicitia Gustav Lahmeyer 3rd ed. Leipzig 1875 - i.Tuliii Ciceronis Laelius De Amicitia C. W. Nauck lOth ed. by Theodor Gchiche Berlin 1897 Cicero:De Amicitia A.H.Allcroft and W. F. Masom London 1895 M. Tullii Ciceronis Laelius De Amicitia Dr. A. Strelit z 2nd ed. Gotha. l899 M. Tullii Ciceronis Laelius De Amicitia Dr. Carl Meissner 2nd. ed. Leipzig 1898 M.T.Ciceronis De Officiis libri tres Rev. II. A. Holden 4th ed. Cambridge l88l M. Tullii Ciceronis a ò\l Marcum filium libri tres Austin Stickney New York 1885 - cicero De Officiis Book III H. A •Holdem Cambriâge 1902 M.Tullii Giceronis De Officiis libri tres Dr. P. Dettweiler 2nd. ed. 2 parts Gotha 1903 M.Tullii Ciceronis De officiis ad Lareum Filium libri tres otto Heine 5th ed. Berlim 1878 M.T.Ciceronis De Officiis ad Marcum Filium liber primus L'Abbe Charles Delabar Paris l893 Epistles The Gorrespondemce of Gicero R. Y. Tyrrell and L. C. Purser 7 vol. Dublin and London 1879-190l Ausgewählte Briefe von M. Tullius Cicero Friedrich Hofmann 4th ed. Berlim l880 Aussoiite Briefe Ciceros Joseph Frey 2nd ed. Leipzig 1873 M. Tüllii Ciceroriis Epistularum libri sedecim Ludwig Mendelssohn Leipzig 1893 Epistulae - M.T.Ciceronis, ad Atticum, ad Quintum fratrem,ad Familiares - Christiam G.soiita & vol. Halle 1809-11 M.T.Ciceronis Pars Quarta sive Epistularum Omnium Libri N.E.Le- maire 3 vol. IParis 1827 Text Editions of other Roman Writers Frose writers - Ammianus Marcellinus -t Ammiani seeuni Rerum Gestarum libri qui supersunt W • Gard- hausen Leipzig 1874 Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Gestarum 1ibri qui supersunt; c.U. Clark vol. I Ber1in 1910 - amelius Lucii Ampelii Liber Memorialis Charles Halm Leipzig 1879 Lucii Ampelii Liber Memorialis N. E• Lemaire Paris 1827 - Arnobius - - Arnobii adversus Nationes libri VII A.Reifferscheid Vienna 1875 i- - Q. e«w…A ? sanet; Aurelii Augustini Episcopi de Civitate Dei libri XXII E. Hora- 2 vol. Wienna 1899—1900 caesar Caesaris Commentarii B.I)inter Leipzig 1876 C. Iulii Caesaris Commentarii (Tauchnitz ed. ) Leipzig 1867 Cassiodorus Chronica iiagni Aurelii Cassiodori Senatoris in vol. III of Abhand- lungerher philologisch-historischem Classe der Königlich-Sächsisch- en Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Theodor Mommsen Leipzig 186l Cassiodori Senatoris Chronica in Monumenta Germaniae Historica (auctores antiquissimi) Theodor Mommsen vol.XI pp.lll-161 Ber- 1in i894 Eutropius Eutropii Breviarium Historiae Romanae Baumgarten-Crusius 2nd ed. - by Dietse, Leipzig 1877 Eutropii Breviarium Historiae Romanae H. Werheyk (Delphin ed. ) Londom 1821 Eutropii Breviarium Historiae Romanae C. H. Weise (Tauchnitz ed. ) *-. Leipzig 1866 … Iiufus Festus Fest;i Breviarium Rerum gestarum Fopuli Romani charles wagner Leipzig-Prague 1886 Sextus Pompeius Eestus Sexti Pompei Festi de Verborum Significatione quae supersunt Mueller Leipzig 1880 Sext;i Pompei Festi De Verborum Significatu quae supersunt cum Pauli Epitome Thewrewk de Ponor Budapest 1889 Florus Iuli Flori Epitomae de Tito Livio bellorum omnium annorum DGC libri duo Charles Halm Leipzig 1879. L. Annaei Flori Epitome Rerum Romanarum (Tauchmitz ed. ) Leipsic 1869 L. Annaei Flori Epitome Rerum Romanarum N. E. Lemaire Paris 1827 L. Annaei Flori Epitome Rerum Romanarum J. F. Fischer (Delphin ed. ) 2 vol. London 1822 Eronto … M. Corneli Frontinis et M.Aurelii Imperatoris Epistulae S. A. Naber Leipzig 1867 Frontinus Sex. Iulii Frontini Strategematicon libri quattuor A. Dederich Leipzig 1855 Gellius A.Gellii Noctium Atticarum libri XX Martim Hertz 2mâ ed. Leip- zig 1886 Auli Gellii Noctes Atticae (Tauchmitz) Leipzig, 1870 - of Antonius to an innkeeper who informed Marius. He sent Annius and some soldiers to bring the head of the orator. When the soldiers were held spellbound by his eloquence,Annius,who had been waitine outstaeruº into the house and beheaded him. Practically the same version is giv- en by Appian; The Scholiast on Luca." does not mention Annius but has the innkeeper inform the soldiers who hasten to kill liim but are deter- red by his oratory. Others who had not heard his plea, then decapitate him and carry his head to Marius. According to Florus” his head is displayed at the table of the latter. Asconius'horely states that he was killed by the attendants of Marius. - s As Cicero has named Antonius with four others of the proscribed in a passage which contrasts the four consulships of Cinna with the one of C. Laelius, he is doubtless here striving for rhetorical effect. A. full discussion of the passage as a whole is given on page 3% of this chapter. l, Tus. Disp.W., 19,55; Philipp. I, 14,34 7. Plut. Marius 44,1-7 2. Dio Cass, XIV,47 8. Appian B.C. I,72 3- Well. Pat . II, 22,3 9. Scholsad Lucan. II,121 4-Wal-Max-VIII, 9,2; cf. IX,2,2 10. Flor. II,9(III, 21)14 - 5. Livy Per. 89 - 11. Ascom.in Scauro 2(Orelli V, pt.2, p.24) 6. Plut. Antonius 1 •l 36 tº of C. Popilius with the Gauls. (a) In De inventions' one of the rhetorical exercises reads as follows:when a certain general was surrounded by the enemy and could not escape, he made an agreement with them to surrender his arms and baggage and lead away his army. ºus,contrary to expectation, he saved his soldiers by the loss of his arms and baggage. Cicero was doubt- less indebted to the auctor ad Herennium” for this example as the follow- ing passage shows: C. Popilius, cum a Callis obsideretur neqüe rugere ullo modo posset, venit cum hostium ducibus in conlocutionem; ita discessit, ut impedimenta relinqueret, exercitum educeret. Satius esse duxit amittere impedimenta quam exercitum; exercitum eduxit, impedimenta reliquit.” (b) According to crosſus: C. Publius, a lieutenant of the consul L. Cassius Longºs, made a disgraceful treaty with the Tigurini, after the army of Cassius had been defeated and the consul himself killed, whereby hostages and half the accoutrement were given that the remaining portion of the army might be saved. Turning to the Periochae of Livy”, we 3rºe informed that the surviving soldiers made terms with the enemy to give hostages and half the accoutrement in return for a safe release. As can be observed, the essential difference between the account of Cicero and the Livian version is that the former makes no mention of the hostages and reports that a11 the equipment was surrendered. As Cicero has used this simply as a rhetorical example and has derived his material from a writer on rhetoric, it is reasonable to ascribe this variation to the influence of rhetoric. (3) Resignation and exile of the consul L - Tarquinius collatinue. (a) Cicero informs us that L. Iunius Brutus removed his colleague J. Tarquiriius from orries” and that the people afterwards drove Collat- inus into exile." The account of Florus", though it treats this epi- sode in a very loose manner, may be referred to this same version (cf. the lele invent. II, 24,72 5-Livy Per. 65 2-Auctor ad Herenn. I,15,25(cf. IV, 6-IXs off. III, 10,40; Brut • 14,53 24, 34) - 7. De rep. II, 31,53 3-Auctor ad Herenn. I, 15,25 8. Florus I,3(9)3 4. Orosius V,15,23 3 ſ participle abrogatis with abrogabat and abrogaverit of Cicero). obsequene" also mentions Brutus in the list of those who aerived their colleagues of office. (b) The Periochaeº of ºw records that Brutus forced his col- league to resign and to withdraw from the state. This same account is maintained by Augustine”;while Livy himself" writes that the consul Tarquinius Collatinus was ordered to resign and to go into exile, though he does not mention who issued the command. (c) In a more extended passage Livº relates that Collatinus re- signed voluntarily and went into exile, a version which is upheld by Dionysius" and Plutarch". ºutropius" describes the event very freely and may have followed this account, if we are to judge from the follow- ing sentence: Ergo accepto omni patrimonio suo ex urbe migravit----- º The source of this version is 1...calp. Piso.” (4) Reconciliation of plebs toºatricians. (a) In one of his later works”gicero writes that the dictator M. Walerius settled the trouble by his eloquence, when the plebs withdrew to the Sacred. Mount, and on that account was given the cognomen Maximus. This account is imitated by Walerius Maximus.” and by One passage of Plutarch!” (b) The common version informs us that after M. Walerius had re- signed”, Menennius Agrippa brought back the plebians by the fable of the belly and the limbs.” --- 15 - - - - - - - According to Zingler the Ciceronian version is derived from it.:* Licinius Macer while, if we may follow Hirschfeld ºne later accounts have Walerius Antias as their source. 1. Obsequens 70 (130) , 10. Brut. 14,54 2. Livy Per. 2 11-Wal-Max-VIII, 9, 1 3-August. C.D. II,17; III, 1 - 12. Plut. Pompeius 13,5 4-livy IV, 15,4 - 13-Livy II,31,10; Dionys, WI,44,3; 5-Livy II, 2,3-11, Dio Cass-fræ. 17,6;Zon. VII, 14,4 6. Lionys.W., 10-12 14 elivy II, 32,8-12;33,1-3; Livy Per. 7. Plut. Publicola 7 2;Dionys.WI,867.87,1; Flor. I; 17 8. Eutrop. I,908) 1 - (23,1-2); Plut. Coriolanus 6,3-5; 9. cf. Gell. KW,29 - cf. 7, 1-2; auct. De V.I. 18,2-5; Dio 15. Zingler op.cit. p. 17 Cass. 17,10;Zon.VII, 14,8-40; 16. Philologus XXXIV, p. 85 fſ. Quintil. Inst.W,11,19 22– - * C. º.º.º. - - *** * * * * * * * &/º IV. Passages in agreement with self but in disagreement with all other writers. . (1) Death of C. Iulius Caesar Strabo. (a) Turning again to the works of Cicero, we are informed that G. Caesar was beheaded by order of cinna” after being betrayed by an Etrus- Gäri host.* \ (b) This account is at variance with the Periochae of Livy” which gives tas to inter that he was killed by Marius and Cima and is in direct opposition to Florus" and Augustine" who maintain that he and his brother were slain by Fimbria in his own home. (c) The Scholiast Ascenius" informs us that he was killed 'by the attendants of Marius. (d) But find the Civil War of * is stated that two broth- era, and 1.iwias...ientalus.o.ºwetorius,and M. Baebius were arrested on the street and killed. Cicero is probably under the spell of rhetoric in the first portion of his statement. By referring to the passage as a whole, we note that the one peaceful and law-abiding consulship of Laelius is com- pared with the lawlessness of the last of Cinna's four terms. Little wonder is it then that Cinna is mentioned alone when his power as consul is thus emphasized,and when the murder of his colleague is spoken of first in the list of the proscribed mentioned Ky the Orator. That Caesar was betrayed by his host is verified by an extended description tº in Walerius Maximus" and is probably authentic since Cicero has added it merely in a descriptive way. Owing to the brevity of the Ciceronian a;sount, Walerius is here probably following the orator's SO'ur"Cee Judging from the close verbal similarity as well as by the order of events, Augustine has doubtless obtained his material from Florus, who, in turn, has gained his information from a different source from Gi- cero or possibly has assigned the same manner of death to Gaius as he as- cribed to his brother Lucius. The version of Appian arose by the 1 * Tus. Disp...W., 19,55; cf. Brut. 89,507 6. Schol. Ascom.in Scaur. 2 (Orelli 2-De Orat. III,3,10 - V, pt.2, p.24) 3-Livy Per. 80 7-Appian B.C. I,72 4. Florus II,9(III, 21) 14 8-Wal-Max.W.,3,3 5-August. C.D. III, 27 author's applying a general statement to the fate of several of the pro- scribed which isinexact in some of the individual cases. The account by Asconius is not inconsistent with the Livian version according to vº which we can suppose that the proscribed were executed by the attendants of Marius and Ginna. Asconius has possibly mentioned Marius alone be- cause Fimbria, who carried out the orders, according to Florus, may have been his attendant. At least orosius' speaks of him as Marianorum scelerum satelles, omitting the betrayal by the Etruscan host, the same discussion and the identical passages apply also to the death of L.Iulius Caesar, the brother of Gaius, (2) Conference of C. Popilius Laenas with King Antiochus IV. (a) A passage in the Philippies” states that C. Popilius an- nounced to Antiochus,the king of Syria, the order of the senate that he should give w the agige of Alexandria. When he delayed, Popilius drew a circle about him with a stick and said that he would report it to the senate if he did not tell what he would do before he left the circle. (b) Iost of the writers”add that when Popilius was greeted by the king and and was offered his hand, he gave the monarch a written decree of the senate and bade him read it. When Antiochus desired time for con- sideration,he Wąs astounded by the circle episode and in amazement pro- mised to obey the decree. It was only then that Popilius extended his hand in token of friendship. Short accounts of the same are given by the Periochae of Livy: Welleius Paterculus; *: and zonaras: (ºustimus" differs from thebther writers by having the king offer a kiss (which is probably an anachronism) and records that the cir- cle was large enough to include the friends of the king, (d) Pliny” makes the mistake of assigning this anecdote to Gn. Octavius who was the Roman legate to Antiochus W. 1. Oros. VI, 29 5- Welle Pat. I, 10, 1-2 2. Philippe VIII,8,23 6-Appian Syr.66 3-Polybius XXIX,11,1-8; Livy XLV,12; Big 7-Zon. IX,25 Diodorus XXXI,2; Wal-Max.WI,4,3; 8. Justinus XXXIV,5,1-5 Plut. Reg, Reg.et imperat.apotheg. G. Pop. 9. Pliny N.H. XXXIV,6(11) 24 4. Livy Per.45 5% The account of Cicero probably owes its variations from the regular tradition to the fact that he used only that portion of the narrative which served his purpose, namely to show the lack of confid- º - ſº tº ence and timidity of the legates from Antonius to the senate in con- -; - ºt-º-º: trast, with ºf former times. (3) Attus Navius and the whetstone incident. (a) After treating at length the story of the swine and the crewoºlero writes’ that Attus Navius acquired such a reputation as an augur that king Tarquinius Priscus sent for him and, to try his skill, told him he was thinking of something and asked whether it could be done. After Attus had consulted the signs, he answered that it could. Then Tarquin said that he was thinking that a whetstone could be cut in two with a razor and straightway he ordered Attus to try. Accordingly a whetstone was brought into the assembly and in the presence of the king and people it was cut through. The razor and Whetstone were bur- ied in the soºn and a puteal was placed over them. From the verb- al similarity Walerius maximus’ has evidently followed Cicero, yet the influence of Livy is observed in the first part of the passage dealing with the proposed addition of new centuries. (b) The Livian version” recounts that because Attus claimed that no alteration nor new appointment of centuries could be made unless the birds approved, the king said scornfully: "Come, diviner, tell me whether what I am thinking can be done or not." When he had made trial by di- vination, Attus affirmed that it could. "But I am thinking,"said the king, "whether you can cut asunder this whetstone with a razor. Take these and perform what the birds portend may be done." Thereupon ãº" cut the Whetstone in two. A statue of Attus with veiled head was erect- ed in the comitium and the whetstone is said to have been deposited in the same place. This passage is upheld in the shorter accounts by Florus;, Lactantius; and zonaras; lele divinat. I, 17,32, cf. II,38,80 2-Val. Max. I,4,1 3-Livy I,36, 3–5 4. Florus I, l{5,2-4) 5*I act. D. I. II ,7,8 6.- Zon...WII,8 Yº- (c) From Dionysius one learns that the king, enraged because Nav- ius said that none of the institutions of Romulus could be changed, called the augur before him and in the presence of a large crowd exclaij- ed: "Now you have a chance to show your skill. I contemplate a great deed. I wish to know whether it is possible." The augur took the aus- pices and reported favorably. *NOW I have you trapped, "laughed the king as he drew a razorland whetstone from his toga. "I desire proof whether I can cut this whetstone with this razor." Great laughter arose from all the company but Navius replied unabashed: "Cut away; it will be cleaved or I am ready to suffer anything." Tarquin then struck the whetstone with the razor and it not only severed the stone but cut his hand as well. Accordinely a bronze statue with a band about the head was raised in honor of the seer. The whetstone and razor were deposited under a cert- ain altar nearby. From the Ciceronian account we would infer that the proposed increase of centuries by the king had no relation to the whetstone epi- * sode though he does say earlier in the chapter:Quid?multis annis post `-- º cº º - Romulum Prisco regnante Tarquinio quis veterum scriptorum non loquitur, tº ºv, - - Kºº º quae sit ab Atto Navio per lituum regionum facta discriptio’? Further- tººl, sº jºſº º º more, Cicero makes the test rather impersonal. Compare se cogitasse toº sºlº Gotem novacula posse praecidi and cotem novacula esse discissam with the words of Livy hoc animo agitavi te novacula cotem discissurum; cape haec et perage----- • Tum illum---discidisse cotem ferumt. Dionys- ius, on the other hand, places the test upon Tarquin himself and in that respect differs most substantially from the other versions. (4) The keeping of dogs on the €apitol. (algiers' asserts that geese and dogs were kept on the Capi- tol at public expense. (b) The later writer*.however,intern us that because the geese awakened Manlius on the approach of the Gauls, they were held in high honor and were carried in a procession every year, while it was custom- ary to impale dogs annually because they were caught off guard at that historical crisis. — 1-Pro Rose, Am. 20,56 2. Pliny W.H. XXIX,4(14) 57; Plutelle fort. Rom.12; Servius ad Aen. VIII, 652; Aelian H.A.XII,33 3’ſ. Granting that such a custom as the foregoing was practiced in l the time of Cicero , yet for such practical purposes as driving away robbers from the *.*.*.* be maintained on the ow- itol. That such was the case, at least from the time of Scipio African- us the Elder, we would infer from auctor De viris illustrºus and cellius” who named C. Oppius and Iulius Hyginus as sources. Arnobius 4. 3.5 Suſſles that the practice referred to in the Ciceronian version above was cur- rent in his day. (5) Dream of P.Decius Mus, (a) According to the Ciceronian accountº,when the Roman army was hard pressed by the Samites P.Decius Mus, the military tribune, was warned not to expose himself so much. In reply he said that he had dreamed that he would die with the greatest gloryi while engaged in the midst of the enemy. On that occasion he relieved the army but three years later, while consul, he devoted himself. (ºlivºrecords that there appeared to both consuls, while asleep, the same form of a man, larger and more majestie than a human being, who informed them that on the one side a general End on the other an army, W3.8 aw to the Dei Manes and to Mother Earth, and that victory would be- long to that nation whose generals should devote the legions of the enemy and himself. Both compared their dreams, made sacrifices, and agreed that the consul of that part of the Roman army which first gave way should devote himself. This version is followed quite closely by Valerius ºximas'as determined by similarity of thought-content and by verbal agreement. It is also imitated by auctor De viris illustribus"in an abbreviated form. zonares' presents a similar account but makes no ment- ion of the sacrifices or the gods. The Scholiastion Juvenal” speaks of the dream and the agreement of the consuls in the briefest possible manner: essentque sommio admoniti, eam partem victricem fore, cuius dux in r proelio Ceciderit ,----- le Plut. loc. cit.; Aelian loc. cit; 6. Livy VIII,6,9-13 2. De W. I.49, 2 7- Wal-Max. I, 7,3 3. Gellius N.A.VI (VII), 1,6 8.De V.I. 26,4-5 4. Arnobius adv. nat. VI, 20 9. Zon...WII, 26 5-De div. I, 24,51; cf. II, 66,136 10. Schol.ad Juvenal. VIII,254 - 57 tº º tº . . . . º - (c) Plutareſ",who quotes * his source, states that While Decius was fighting against the Albans he was informed by a dream that if he died he would extend the power of Rome for the Romans. Then he rushed into the midst of the enemy and was killed arter slaughtering many of their number. This passage is possibly a very faulty attempt to reproduce the Livian version. The Ciceronian account represents the older and more simple tradition in which Decius has the dream and fulfills it three years later by his devotion and death, a passage which the orator informs us is derived from the annales and which comes from one of the older annal- a tº - w_2 3 Aſ ists, according to Pauly–Wissova , but whose identity is uncertain. --~~~ ------ The Livian version is probably the work of some younger annalist. It places the dream later when Decius was consul and states that it appeared both to him and to his colleague. Then in order to reconcile the de- votion of Decius, the story of the agreement between the two consuls has been added (possibly from the account of the devotion of the son*). W.Unsupported historical passages in Cicero at variance with single versions of Other Writers, A number of citations from Cicero may be given which are opposed - - kºta tºº by those of other writers, where the Piº of truth is equal on X both sides. In other words both passages may be equally authentic. In the fourth Verrine oration5 the statue of Juppiter Imperator is said to have been brought from Macedonia and set up on the Capitol by T. Quinct- ius Flamininus; whilº Livy” asserts that T. Quinctius Cincinnatus trans- ported it from Praeneate. In De oratore" L - Licinius Crassus, as a youth of twenty-one years, brought C. Papirius Carbo to trial, but accord- ing to Tacitus”he was in his nineteena year. A passage taken from the 9 Brutus relates that M. Porcius Cato, when he was already eighty-five years of age, prosecuted Servius Sulpicius Galba for plundering the Lusitan- 1-flut. Par. 18 6. Livy WI ,29,8 2. Pauly–Wiss. IV, p. 2280 7. The orat. III, 20,74 3.2ingler De Cicer one hist. quaest. p. 25 8. Tacitus Dial .34 4. Pauly–Wiss. IV, p. 2280 9. Brutus 20,80 5. In Werr. IV,58,129 X Y. ians. The auctor Te viris illustribus" maintains that this occur- 2 red in Cato's eightieth year; while Plutarch holds that he was ninety - 10 years old. In a letter addressed to Paetus, the orator informs us that - - swº C. Papirius Carbo committed by taking cantharides (to escape condemn- ation). Valerius Maxime’ insists that he was banished. Two references” from Cicerorecord that G.Hostilius Mencinus was handed over to the Nu- mantines at his own request. But he tried to orror a defense for making the treaty, if we may credit the account by Aria: Turning to a refer- ºve learn that ence in Pro murena",which is followed by Walerius Maximus the great renown of Scipio Africanus Minor helped to acquit L. Aurelius Cotta whom he was prosecuting for extortion. Appianºhowever,asserts that the acquittal was secured through bribery. Conclusion. From the great number of apparent contradictions between the accounts of the different periods, from the instances of variance which occur even in the same period, and from the numerous cases of variation from other authors, it is evident that Cicero's acquaintance with the historical sources must have been far more wide-spread than is generally admitted. He was not largely dependent upon epitomes and manuals &S zingle.” would have us believe. His knowledge of the sources was too extensive and the verbal similarity of many of his accounts with those of the historians was too exact to limit him to the use of abbreviated works. He drew as well from his collection of notes which covered the Whole field of his reading and, in some cases, used directly the histor- iC3.1 sources. However, he had neither the aptitude nor the inclination to weigh his authorities, but employed whichever one was most accessible or best fitt Ad his theme. l-De V. I.47, 7 7- Wal-Max, VIII, l absal 2- Plut. Cato Me 15,6 8. Appian B.C., I, 22 3-Wal-Max. III. 7,6 9. Zingler De Cicerone historico 4-De rep. III, 18, 26; De offe III, 30,109 quaestiones pp.4 and 6 5-Appian Hisp. 83 10, Ad fam. IX,21,3 6. Pro Mur. 28,56 ºn º Resume. In the introduction I have endeavored to make clear that Cicero's interest in history was mainly for the biographical examples which it furnished. Nevertheless he had extensive historical knowledge, as is evident from the large number of sources which he cited. I have also discussed the means which he used to acquire his information. In the second chapter the historica mistakes of Cicero were taken up and classified. Though **** seem at first thought outside the limits of my problem, it was ºvo show that certain statements, usual- ly assigned as errors to the carelessness of the orator, probably came from a different authority from the generally accredited accounts. In certain cases the mistakes have evidently been mad_2 by the source which he followed. In chapter three I have collected a number of examples which mani- fest a divergence not only between the accounts of the different creat- ive periods of Cicero's works but even in the same period. These were eowtiawcº º aMott introduced to prove, by internal evidence, that though he Ilew sources from period to period, he still had recourse to the older Olić Se Finally I have attempted to set forth Cicero's relation to other authors by a full discussion of the various points of agreement or dev– iation as exemplified in a goodly number of citations. In this way the orator has been shown to represent, at times, the oldest tradition, while at other times he has followed the younger sources. I have not over- looked the possibility from his having quoted occasionally from memory, nor have I disregarded the influence of his training in rhetoric. 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