º EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEWSS: EºsFHº-EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE º [4 × & Tº ºlºl Fº [ . É |III's º #º. JºJº, ſ [. |E | * ſº- -- Fº E– [- |-d [-] [- E- º C- -- ſº ſº E---> gº C- C-3 E- º [-] C- E- Cº ſº E- *= E- […] {º i- º [-] ſº C- fº- ſº [-- E- E- [- E- C- E- [-. º C- º - [- [-. L E- G- C- C- º [- º ſº- [-. C-3 [-] [-] ſº- E- [- [- º --- [-] ſº- E.--- E- ºtº E- E- sº C- E- º º E- º G- E--— ſº Ǻ [- E- --- - [-. E- C- Tº ſº- [-] [-. E- F= C C İ - -- Lº Her First Lesson in Botany. FLOWEK GUIDE Wild Flowers East of the Rockies BY - A v. º, CHESTER A. REED Author of North American Birds Eggs, Bird Guide, Etc. With Over 200 Flowers in Color, Drawn by the Author CHAS. K. REED Worcester, Mass. IQ09 ºzº ñº. Copyrighted 1907 CHAS. K. REED, Worcester, Mass. As ºa Eſº's PR3 ºdºrFR. ALBON. N. * 2/3 . . .2%r - Ct.) A4 º, a -ºf- . - - vº Z, ºr M PREFACE. ^2/ & a & € & - Whose heart is not gladdened at the sight of the first Mayflower or Ar- K ) butus in the Spring? Who can pass a body of Water, its surface glistening with sº the beauty of the Water Lily, without appreciation? In the fall who can R traverse a field blind to the brilliancy of the Seas of Purple Asters and gleams § of the Goldenrod? Yet it is only within a very few years that there has been s any real, concerted interest shown by the masses in Nature Study. To be sure, SS botany has long been taught in Some of the higher Schools, but it was of ad- `vantage only to comparatively few. Now the call for knowledge, or at least º: name, of what is seen in their daily rambles is voiced by tens of thou- Sands. - Since the publication, early in 1906, of the first edition of Bird Guide, the author has been besieged by requests from all parts of the country, and from people in every Walk and Station of life, to continue the idea and bring out similar volumes on flowers, butterflies, fish, animals, etc. The present volume has been carefully prepared with two objects always in view— to serve the greatest number of persons in the best possible way—and still have a volume that can be carried in the pocket with little or no discomfort. The great majority of the colored drawings have been made directly from living 7 plants, and the balance, with few exceptions, from herbarium specimens. They represent normal specimens and have been so chosen as to include those of the conspicuous flowering plants found from the Atlantic seaboard west to the States of the Mississippi Valley. Using my 25 years, devoted largely to the Study of living things, as a criterion, I have endeavored to incorporate in the text and in the pictures just those points that will best Serve to identify a flower that the reader may find. The introductory pages give the life cycle of a plant from Seed to seed and many curious facts concerning curious plants, while the Synopsis of families gives the commonly accepted arrangement of different families represented. Should this volume identify some of the flowers that the reader may dis- cover, and give him a clearer idea of the appearance and beauty of the grow- ing things that may be found, the author’s purpose will have been fully accom- plished. - CHESTER A. REED. Worcester, Mass., 1907. CONTENTS. Page Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 11 Parts of Flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Kinds of Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Orange Flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2]. Yellow Flowers . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 White or Greenish-white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Pink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Purple to Blue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e s e e s e e s e e s e s e e s e s e e s e o e s e e s e s • e o e s a s e 131 Synopsis of Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 188 *Flowes-Acad. *we:-}\ower SS \\\\ }\owers sº ... • * sº 22° e AWAer-" • *** - * * * * - - - - - * * * *** - - - - - - * * * |Sepay ºf SS- º ſº, Scape | Cºx (5 Seyº" § _2^ Sessile-lea; |Peace, 2 & resºua. Ax^\------~|| > * sº leaves <- *s Parts of Flowers. INTRODUCTORY. A plant is a wonderful organism, yet how few of us realize it as we casu- ally glance at the flowers growing by the Wayside. We See a beautiful flower; we know that in the course of time it withers and fades away; and we know that the next year the plant grows up again, sends forth its buds, which at the proper time unfold their petals, and So the cycle continues year after year, while we give little thought to the change that occurs, the cause and its effect. Volumes might be Written, and a great, many have been Since the time of Dar- win, upon the many interesting processes by which various flowers are propa- gated. As this book is confined chiefly to the identification of flowers, we will give but a few illustrations between flowering Seasons. We see in most flowers a thing of beauty; their real and, to them, most important function is to pro- duce seeds to perpetuate the Species. . . . . . - The parts of a flower that are necessary to produce seeds are the pistil, with its stigma at the top and ovule at the base, and the stamens with their pollen- laden anthers. A flower that has these organs is known as a perfect flower; if, in addition, it has a corolla and calyx, or petals and sepals, it is known as a complete flower. On the opposite page are shown a number of flowers with their parts named. - . . ** . . . . .S. 2. 11 In order that seed may be Set, it is necessary that ripened pollen from the anthers should come in contact with the usually sticky stigma, whence it will be transmitted down the Style and germinate the Ovule. AS is Well known to be the case with the higher animals, cross-fertilization is necessary in order to insure a good, vigorous species. It is also evident that should the pollen con- tinue to fertilize the Ovule in the same flower, the plants in successive genera- tions might become Weakened and finally die Out and the Species be lost. To avoid such a calamity, flowers are constructed so as to facilitate cross-fertiliza- tion, and the means that some of them adopt towards insuring that end are remarkable. The stamens on most of the simple flowers usually curve outwards, So that the pollen-laden anthers are far enough removed so that there is little danger of the pollen falling on the stigma, at least until after cross-fertilization has already taken place. Others have either the anthers or Stigma ripen first, so that it must necessarily be pollen from another blossom that quickens the Seed. - We all marvel at the industry of the honey bee; how tirelessly it buzzes from flower to flower, from each gathering a drop of the nectar, with which it fills its cells; but we do not always reaize the double duty it is doing, for it is a most reliable and active agent for the propagation of a great many plants. 12 Many butterflies, bees and even beetles unconsciously accomplish the same result, and it is now conceded that each has special colors that are attractive to them. For instance, the bumblebee has a Strong preference for blues and purples. The observer Will also notice that a ſbee makes the rounds from flower to flower, taking all of one kind and passing by other Species. While this habit undoubtedly avoids. Some complications, even should he mix his drinks and visit in succession flowers of widely different species, confusion Would not be apt to result, for the Stigma of one species is usually not respon- Sive to pollen brought from blossoms of another family. Botanists go a step farther; not content with the discovery that certain insects like certain colors, they claim (and apparently with good reason) that the bright and showy petals are for the Sole purpose of attracting insects; they are, in fact, bill boards advertising the fact that there is a store of honey there ready for the asking. On the other hand, those flowers that are Self- fertilized or Wind-fertilized have inconspicuous blossoms. The Stigma always partially obstructs the entrance to the food supply, so that the visiting bee must brush against it, and in doing so Will leave SOme of the pollen that he has brought from the last flower visited On its Sticky Sur- face. The pollen-dust is attached to the insect in various ways, usually simply by his brushing against the anthers with his hairy body, for it is found that 13 nearly all the useful insects have downy or hairy bodies; other flowers Set a Sort of Spring gun and when the insect steps on the trigger he is showered with the germs (Laurel for example); still others have clefts to catch the legs of visitors, releasing them only if they are strong enough to tear away the pollen masses (such a flower is well illustrated in the Milkweed). Besides having bright colored petals, many of the flowers also have a pleasing odor, this also serving to attract certain kinds of insects; others have very unpleas- ant Odors, like the Skunk-cabbage, or even like that of putrid meat, as in the carrion flower and the purple trillium, these odors being apparently for the purpose of attracting certain Scavenger insects. There are also Some flowers, like the evening primrose, that are seen at their best after dusk, when the light-colored petals are wide spread and a delicate perfume given off to attract the moths and Sphinges that visit them. It is evident that a flower secreting honey may be visited by unwelcome guests, Ones that will accept of the nectar, but will make no useful return. Any insect with a Shiny, Smooth body, whether winged or not, is of little use in fertilizing a plant, for even should it receive pollen, it will in all probability have fallen off before the next flower is visited. Ants being particularly fond of Sweet things and SO small that they can enter a flower without disturbing the anthers, frequently drain the nectar cups so no useful insect will visit them, and they fail to reproduce their kind. Nature has a number of quite effective } 4 *\\\0& it. Awºitwieve N\\\0 & 602 *~ Sexteve ox. Sew-YQSWAQ A sº --- ~, Y/X, | Saºvºc Wadºw\2\e “” Z Tºº-jº-A-eaceoVaxe Vox V&Q.--> sº Cº. ``Oweve • hy <>, > →T **---- "T" - - \acised. 98 = ~\ºw\2\", Jayyed. ...” WV 7)/ ~ === \s 2\\\\2\\\ed. Compować. ºn Weesaw-wºwcô. Atwic ---> . ~7s size=º SČS$ºss ^Wool stock Oowse - ºf × \cºs “h------WºwWoows-coo" t-mesºnate, z * Wewaeleºſ Kinds of Leaves. WayS Of preventing thefts of this kind, one of the most common Ways being to provide the plant stem with bristly hairs, forming a very difficult barrier for any Crawling insect to Overcome; others have a tuft of hairs at the Very en- trance to the honey cells, which bar the Way for unwelcome guests, but readily allow the bee to insert its tongue; still others are protected by recurved leaves or by Sticky stems, or as in the toadflax by a two-lipped flower, which Will open under the weight of a bumblebee, but is effectually closed to any lighter in Sect. The seeds, having been set, are enclosed in a capsule composed of the closed and dried sepals, the petals having fallen off; in a pod as in the peas and beans; or in fruit, as inside an apple, which is formed by the base of the flower enlarging about the Seeds with the calyx remaining at the top of the ripened fruit, or in the Strawberry, where the Seeds are on the Outside of the berry and the calyx at the bottom of the fruit. It is plain that should these Seeds simply fall to the ground, plants of a Single Species Would SOOn become SO crowded in a Small area that the earth could not support them. Conse- quently various means are furnished different plants for the dispersion of their seeds. A great number, like the thistles, milkweeds and dandelions, have plume-like parachute's provided for each seed, so they can float away on the ... , 16 breeze to new fields; those that have their seeds embedded in fruit are en- trusted to birds to be carried where fate wills it; others, like beggar-ticks, bur- dock, etc., have Spines to attach themselves to the clothing of people or to the coats of animals that brush against them. AS Certain insectS prey upon plants or rob them of their nectar, so certain plants prey upon insects, literally eating them or absorbing them into their System. Best known among these is the pitcher plant, a Swamp species, whose leaves are pitcher-like and with a hood or awning over the top to keep out the rain; these leaves are half filled with a sweet fluid that attracts insects, makes them tipsy and causes their death in the Watery grave, the plant feeding largely upon the resulting broth. Of another type is the round-leaved sun-dew, also a common plant; its leaves are covered with Short bristly hairs, a drop of gum glistening at the end of each. A fly investigating these is soon caught in the Sticky gum and the leaf slowly folds together, enveloping the victim in what might be termed the stomach of the plant. Perhaps the most interesting and surely the most peculiar plant is the Venus’ fly-trap, which is found only in Eastern North Carolina. At the end of each leaf is apparently a smaller one, perhaps an inch in diameter; this is fringed around the edge and rather bristly in the center. These central bristles are very sensitive and if touched or an insect lights upon the leaf, the two parts of the leaf instantly clasp together on 17 the central stem as a hinge. If nothing is caught, in a short time the trap OpenS again; if, however, the attempt has been Successful it will remain closed for several days or a week, until the victim is entirely absorbed by the glands On the inner Surface of the 1eaf. As in the animal world, so in the plant World; always a struggle for existence, the strong surviving and the weak falling by the Wayside. The old adage that “In union there is Strength” is amply proved by many of the composite flowers, Such as the asterS and goldenrods, whose Stalks are not Only capped with numerous flowerheads, but each flowerhead is composed of hun- dreds of little perfect florets, SO closely set together that even should an insect but crawl across the flowerhead he will fertilize a number of them. That their plan is a good One is seen by the steady increase in the numbers of these flow- ers and the rapid strides with which they occupy new territory. On the other hand, compare such flowers as the lady’s slippers, fringed gentian and num- bers of others that are yearly becoming less common. 18 flower Guide Wild Flowers East of the Rockies. On the following pages, many of our wild flowers are grouped according to their color, in order to facilitate identification. For instance, if a yellow flower is found, it will be looked for on the pages following page 26, where the yellow section commences. Confusion can only occur in the proper determination of Color on flowers that might appear to be equally adapted to place in the pink or purple section; we have placed such flowers under the color they will be most apt to be called. The colored pictures should enable anyone, by rapidly I'll Il- ning through the pages, to quickly find nearly any Species he may seek. 20 TR'ſ MPET-FLOWER; TRUMPET-CREEPER. (Tecoma radicans) TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY. Flowers.-2 to 3 in. long; corolla trumpet-shaped, With 5 rounded lobes, red. Within and more tawny Without; 4 Stamens, 1 pistill not protruding beyond the corolla; 2 to 9 flowers in each cluster. Leaves.—Opposite; composed of 9 to 11 toothed leaflets. Range.—Pa. and Ill. South to the Gulf. Cultivated as a decorative vine farther north. Season.—August, September. This handsome creeping or climbing vine, often sº reaching a length of thirty or forty feet, is more or leSS common in moist Woods or thickets in the Southern States. In the North it is often seen climbing on trellises, porches or over the roofs of Sheds. Its beautiful flowers furnish an abundance of nectar for humming birds and certain of the Sphinges, while the trumpet is too deep to allow many of the shorter tongued insects to partake of the food. BUTTERFLY WEED; ORANGE MILKWEED. (Asclepias tuberosa) MILKWEED. - Flowers.-In flat-top terminal cluster's like the common milkweed, but bright orange in color. Leaves.—From oblong to lance-shaped, Stemless and alternating in profusion on the upright stalk, which rises to a height of 1 to 2 feet. The seed pods are upright, hoary and filled with silver plumed SeedS. Range.—Common in dry or sandy places from Me. and Minn. Southward; less abundant in the North- ern States than in the South. This is the most brilliantly colored of the milk- weeds, differing otherwise chiefly in that the juice is slightly, if at all milky. It is well named, for it is a favorite of all butterflies, its bright color Serv- ing as an added attraction to its hidden Sweets; con- sequently it is chiefly fertilized by these insects. TURKS-C A P LILY; TURBAN LILY. (Lilium superbum) LILY. Flowers.-About 3 in. long, from 2 to 30 growing in clusters; the ends of the 6 Sepals forming the perianth are more or less strongly reflexed, orange in color and thickly freckled with dark brown. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, thickly alternated along the stem, that sometimes bears the flowers up to a height of 4 ft. Range.—Me. (sparingly) and Minn. South to Tenn. and the Carolinas, where it merges into (L. Caro- linianum.) - This tall, handsome species is the most prolific of bloom among the lilies. Its colors attract many kinds of bees, which are its chief fertilizing agents. YELLOW, MEADOW OR CANADA LILY. (Lilium Canadense) LILY. This is the most common of the yellow or pale orange lilies. The sepals are reflexed but a trifle, if at all, and the leaves are arranged on the Stalk in Whorls or circles of Six. - JEWEL-WEED; TOUCH-ME-NOT. (Impatiens biflora) JEWEL-WEED. Flowers.-Nearly 1 in. long; 2 to 4 nodding on a Slender Stem from the axils of the leaves. Leaves.—Simple, ovate and toothed, arranged al- ternately on the translucent juicy Stem that carries the topmost leaves 2 to 4 ft. from the ground. Range.—Southern Canada, south to the Gulf States, most abundant Southward, flowering from May to July. - Jewel-weed usually abounds in moist places along brooks or ponds. Its two common names probably owe their origin, the one to the jewel-like appear- ance of the bright Orange sacs suspended among the profusion of green leaves, the other to explosive seed pods that scatter their contents in all directions When touched. PALE JEWEL WEED. (Impatiens aurea) JEWEL-WEED. The flower of this species is paler, shorter than it is broad and has a short spur. It is most abundant in the North. BLACK-EYED SUSAN; CONE-FLOWER. (Rudbeckia hirta) composite. Flowers.-1 1-2 to 2 1-2 in. across; the perfect disc florets are in the Center of a purple convex recep- tacle, Surrounded by pistillate ray florets. The gold- | en Orange rays are neutral with neither stamens nor pistils, but serve to attract passing bees and flies useful to its propagation. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, thick, rough, only slightly notched and set alternately on the rough stem, the latter beling 1 to 3 ft. high. Range.—Middle Canada south to the Gulf States. This beautiful member of the large composite |\ family is at home in hot, sunny fields, often Sur- rounded on every hand by the white or ox-eye daisies. It originally was a native of the West, but has worked its way to our coast, so that it is now fairly common throughout the East. It is a very tough- stemmed plant, a fact readily apparent to all who have tried to pick it. ELEcAMPANE. (Inula Helenium) CoMPOSITE. Flowers.-2 to 4 in. across; the yellow rays nar- row and loosely arranged around the central green- ish yellow disc florets. Cross fertilization is se- cured chiefly by the aid of various species of bees. Leaves.—Large, broad, pointed and Saw-toothed, rough above and woolly below, with whitish veins, and arranged, alternately on the rough, hairy stem that rises to a height of 2 to 5 ft. and often termi- nates in 2 or 3 flower heads. Range.—Nova Scotia to Va. and west to Minn. Like so many of our flowers, this species comes from across the water, being brought over for its supposed value as a horse medicine, it being com- monly known in the Old World as “Horse Heal.” It thrived and spread rapidly and is one of the most | abundant fall flowers in Some localities. GOLDEN ASTER (A.) (Chrysopsis Mariana) CoMPOSITE. Flowers.-Nearly an inch across; composed of perfect disc florets, surrounded by pistillate ray florets. Leaves.—Oblong, with smooth edges, alternate on the Stout stem that branches near the top and termi- nates in the flower clusters. Range.—From Southern N. Y. and Pa. South to the Gulf States. An abundant species in suitable sandy localities, chiefly near the coast. CURVED-LEAF GOLDEN ASTER (B). (Chrysopsis falcata) CoMPOSITE. Flowers as in the preceding, but the leaves are narrow and closely crowded together on the Wooly || stem, that attains a length of 4 to 10 in. - Range.—From S. Mass. to Va. on the coast. An abundant species in certain localities, par- ticularly on the island of Martha's Vineyard, where, in late summer, the plains in the interior look as 27 though carpeted with gold. - CANADA GOLDEN-ROD. (Solidago Canadensis) compositE. Flowers.-In plume-like clusters at the top of a stem some 3 to 6 ft. high; each flower head is small and with 5 to 12 Short golden rays. Leaves.—Pointed at both ends, clasping the Stem alternately; slightly notched. Range.—New Brunswick and British Columbia, south to Southern U. S.; flowers from July to No- vember. Golden-rod is almost too well known to require any mention. This species is the most widely distribut- ed and the most abundant, and also one of the most beautiful of the family. From August to November it is found in profusion along roads, edges of woods, Stonewalls and fences, its Spreading golden plumes often obscuring the ground for many Square feet. - º º The genus solidago is a most prolific one, containing º, over 80 species, all quite distinct and quite readily * recognized as belonging to this genus. LANCE-LEAF GOLDEN-ROD (A.) (Euthamia graminifolia) CoM PositE. Flowers.-In a flat-topped cluster at the summit of a stem 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves.—Numerous, lance-shaped and with 3 to 5 ribs. Range.—New Brunswick and Minn. South to the gulf. Flowers from July to October. BLUE-STEMMED GOLDEN-ROD (B). (Solidago caesia) CoMPOSITE. Flowers.-In Small clusters at the junctions of the leaves and Stem. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, pointed and toothed, set alternately on the rather purplish-white stem. Range.—Middle Canada south to the Gulf of Mexi- CO. This is one of the latest flowering species of the genus and is the only one found commonly in Wood- land. All the golden-rods are fertilized by a great va- riety of flies and beetles, as well as bees and butter- flies. So Clustered are the tiny blossoms that an in- sect can scarcely crawl over them without setting the pollen. TALL OR GIANT SUNFLOWER. (Helianthus giganteus) CoMPOSITE. Flowers.-About 2 in. across, branching from the | main stem on long, hairy peduncles; the disc flow- |ers are perfect, While the large golden rays are neutral. Leaves.—Tough, toothed and somewhat lance- shaped, usually growing alternately from the tall, hairy and often reddish colored stem that carries the flower heads to a height of 3 to 10 ft. Range.—Me. and Minn. South to the Gulf, blooming gº from Åugust to September. All the wild sunflowers originated in America, the common garden Sunflower being the result of culti- Vation by European gardeners of seeds carried from this country. The seeds of all varieties of the Sun- flowers are great favorites with all seed-eating birds. These flowers are found most abundantly on the edges of Swamps and wet meadows. RATTLESNAKE-WEED (A). - (Hieracium venosum) CoMPoSITE. Flowers.-1 in. across, resembling Small dande- lions; several flower-heads on short peduncles, branching from the slender and leafless stem. Leaves.—Oval, purple-veined and purplish beneath, more or less hairy, Spread in a whorl at the base of the stem near the ground or even prostrate upon it. Range.—Middle Canada south to Pa. and Ohio. Blooms from June to Sept. Common in Woodland, thicket or dry Sandy soil. CANADA HAWKWEED (B). (Hieracium Canadense) compositE. Flowers.-Like the preceding, but the stem is Stout and alternated by lance-shaped leaves, coarsely toothed. Its range and flowering season are the same as those of the last. It is a vigorous plant, 4 º' often rearing the golden blossoms to a height of 4 lº- feet. LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD; BROOK SUNFLOWER. (Bidens laevis) composite. Flowers.-1 1-2 to 2 1-2 in. across; 8 to 10 neutral º º golden ray florets surrounding the central brownish M disc of perfect florets. . Leaves.—Opposite, narrowly lance-shaped and toothed; stem slender and much branched. Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf, flow- ering from Aug. to NOV. STICK-TIGHT; BEGGAR-TICKS. (B). (Bidens frondosa) compositE. Flowers.-Brownish-orange discs, without rays. º % and Surrounded by a green 1eaf-like bract. º Leaves.—Compounded usually of 3 to 5 lance- ſº I shaped parts, toothed. - Range—And flowering Season like that of the last. - The preceding species, by the presence of its handsome rays, alone saves this whole genus from being despised and troublesome weeds. In the fall the flowers are transformed into clusters of seeds, º l #. |} 32 - With two barbed points ready to attach themselves to any animal or human being that brushes against them. GOLDEN RAGWORT (A). (Senecio aureus) ComPoSITE. Flowers.-Numerous, golden yellow, 3-4 in. across, at the ends of Slender penduncles; the golden rays 4 are pistillate, while the central disc florets are per- fect. - Leaves.—Stem leaves lanceolate, deeply cut and toothed; basal leaves broader and On long pen- duncles. Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf, flow. || ering from May to July. This handsome perennial is commonly found in swamps and wet meadows; later in the season the golden flowers are replaced by thistle-like tufts of down. - PARTRIDGE PEA (B). (Cassia Chamaecrista) SENNA. Flowers.-1 to 1 1-2 in. across, on slender pedicels from the bases of the leaves; corolla five-parted; 1 pistil and 10 stamens. Leaves.—Alternate, compounded of 20 to 30 leaf- lets. Range.—Northern U. S. south to the Gulf, flower- ing from July to Oct., in Sandy fields. 2 == | children and perfectly adapted to serve their pur- COMMON DAND ELION. (Tarawacum officinale) composite. Flowers.-1 to 2 in. across; solitary on the end of a tall, hollow, milky scape; composed of more than 100 perfect golden ray florets on a flat, greenish re- ceptacle. Leaves.—Spreading in a circle from the root; oblong and very irregularly jagged and toothed. Range.—Common everywhere, flowering in every month during the year, but most profusely in the Warmer months. This is probably the most familiar and most abund- ant flower in nearly all civilized countries. It is also the most hardy; even though repeatedly cut or pulled up on lawns it will continue to spring up in even greater abundance. The feathery seeded bal- loons are familiar objects to all; playthings for pose, that is, spread the species. SUNDROPS (A). (OEmothera fructicosa) EvKNING PRIMRoSE. Flowers.--About 1 in. across; 4 petals, 8 stamens, 1 pistil, the stigma being 4-cleft; several flowers or buds at the top of the wand-like stem 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves.—Narrowly, oblong, rather Small and close- ly alternating on the stem. Range.—Southern Canada South to the Gulf, flow- ering from June to Sept., in rather dry fields or along roadsides. Surely this plant is deserving of its name, for its dainty flowers can be likened to nothing so aptly as drops of Sunshine. Usually the flowers open but One or two at a time to enSure croSS fertilization. SNEEZEWEED; SWAMP SUNFLOWER. (Helenium autumnale) compositE. Flowers.-1 to 2 in. across; the golden yellow ray flowers are pistillate and from 3 to 5 toothed. | Leaves.—Alternate, oblong and toothed. Range.—Middle Canada south to the Gulf, flower- ing in Aug. and Sept., in swamps and on banks of streams. 35 = YELLOW FRINGED ORCH IS (A). (Habenaria ciliaris) or CHID. Flowers.-In a large, dense Spike; lip fringed; Spur 1 in. Or more long. | Leaves.—Lance-shaped, clasping the slender stem || that rises to a height of 1 to 2 ft. Range.—Northern U. S. to the Gulf, flowering in July and August, in SWamps and moist meadows. A beautiful Orchis, the golden yellow flowers sometimes taking on an orange tinge. Like many of ºf the genus, it is seldom seen growing except by 7ſº those who are Willing to take the risks and discom- forts of bog-trotting. SILVERWEED (B). (Potentilla Anserina) Rose. Flowers.-Solitary, 5 petalled, on a long pen- duncle. Leaves.—Compounded of 7 to 21 notched leaflets, the under Sides of which are covered with very silky hairs, from whence its name is derived. Range.—Northern States south to N. J., flowering in June to Sept... in marshes and Wet meadows. YELLOW LOOSESTRIFE (A). (Lysimachia terrestris) PRIMROSE. Flowers.-Clustered in a long terminal spike; corolla five parted, yellow, with reddish Spots at the bases of the petals. Leaves.—Lance-shaped and crowded on the straight stem, that shoots up to a height of 10 to 20 in. Range.—Northern U. S. south to the Gulf, flower- ing from June to Aug., in marshes and along the edges of brooks. FOUR-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE (B). (Lysimachia quadrifolia) PRIMRoSE. Flowers.-Whorled about the Stem in fours or fives on short stems from the bases of the lance-shaped Ieaves. Range.—Same as the preceding, flowering in June and July, either on the edges of swamps, roads or dry side-hills. A very pretty species and extremely abundant in Some localities. C E LAND IN E. (Chelidonium majus) Pop PY. Flowers.-About 1-2 in. across; 2 Sepals, 4 petals, many yellow stamens and a very prominent green pistil. Leaves.—Soft and rather delicate; divided into five irregular lobes, the end one being the largest; the stem has a very acrid yellow juice and the whole plant wilts within a short time after being picked. Range.—Throughout eastern U. S., flowering throughout the summer and being found in Waste places, along roads, and most abundantly in damp gullies. It is a naturalized plant, coming to us from Europe, and very rapidly extending its range in this country. Surely a plant that extends its flow- ering season over So long a period ought to be wel- come to our shores. It is always associated in the mind with a particular spot, where it grows in great profusion and where, in Summer, myriads of mos- | quitoes, raised in the damp bottom of the gulley, rise from its leaves with a loud and prolonged hum- ming. TOAD-FLAX; BUTTER-AND-EGGS. 7 (Linaria vulgaris) FIG wort. Flowers.-About 1 in. long; the upper lip 2 lobed, ſº the lower one 3 lobed and with an orange palate be- tween them. Leaves.—Pale, bluish-green, long and narrow, crowded alternately on the tall, slender Stalk, that N attains a height of 1 to 3 ft. Range.—Middle Canada South to Va. and Neb., - flowering from June to Oct., along roadsides, fields Nº. and in Stony pastures. \ This attractive plant, a perennial, is rapidly spread- AN/ ing its range and increasing in numbers Wherever IV found. It is fertilized chiefly by bumblebees, their weight as they alight on the lower lip causing it to Sag and allowing them to drink the nectar within, the stamens meantime powdering his back with pol- \\ len. When he departs the entrance closes behind N º him, thus shutting off the sweets from lightweight flies. : * º º º N \ TAN.SY.; BITTER BUTTON.S. (Tanacetum vulgare) CoMPOSITE. Flowers.-Without rays; composed of tubular flor- ets only, seated upon a flat involucre, and strongly resembling the center of the common White daisy. Leaves.—Deeply and finely cleft and compounded, and with a strong characteristic scent. Range.—Southern Canada south to Kansas and North Carolina, flowering from July to Oct., along the roadsides everywhere. This humble, but pretty Wayside weed—a near relative of the White daisy—is one that has come to us from Europe, and like most such weeds, it finds our land admirably adapted for its continuance. Like nearly all the composites, its fertilization is readily accomplished, even should an insect but crawl across the flat top. It was formerly much used in various concoctions for the fancied, or possibly real, curative properties toward a great many minor ills. DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET. (Viola pubescens) VIOLET. Flowers.-Golden yellow, conspicuously veined to- Ward the throat with purplish, on slender, hairy StemS from the bases of the leaves. Leaves.—Broadly heart-shaped, toothed and vel- vety to the touch. Stem quite long and fuzzy, the plant reaching heights of from 6 to 12 in. Range.—Northern tier of States south to the Gulf, flowering from April to June, in woods or thickets. These beautiful violets are found in semi-dry WOOdS and I have always found them the most abundant in close proximity to running brooks. In the height of their bloom, the golden heads rise re- freshingly from the handsome leaves and vie with any other of our woodland species for beauty. The anthers and style nearly fill the throat of the flower. SO that the Small bees that most often visit them must necessarily perpetuate the species. YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER OR MOCCASIN FLOWER. (Cypripedium hirsutum) or CHID. Flower.—Solitary, large and at the top of a leafy Stem 1 to 2 ft. high; 3 sepals, the two lower ones being joined together under the Sac ; 2 brownish twisted petals and a third, which is an inflated yellow sac, Open at the top and containing within the sticky pollen and Stigma. Leaves.—Elliptical and pointed, clasping the stem alternately and usually with 5 parallel veins. Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf, flow- ering from May to July, in moist, hilly woodland. This most beautiful orchid is very locally dis- tributed and it is usually always remembered as a banner day when one is fortunate enough to dis- | cover one, or rather, two or three, as they usually grow in Small groups. Cross fertilization takes place chiefly through the agency of various bees. YELLOW STAR GRASS. (Hypoa is hirsuta) AMARYLLIs. Flowers.-The 6-parted flower is bright yellow Within and greenish and hairy without; 1 to 3 flow- ers are at the top of each slender flower stalk. Leaves.—Slender and grass-like, all branching from the root-Stalk. Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf, flow- ering from May to Sept., in dry pastures, fields or Open Woods. A Welcome addition to the flora of our fields, where it vies in beauty with the buttercup and cinquefoil. Its star-like golden flowers looming up among the green grasses give it a very appropriate name. It is fittingly called by the Nature poet, Thoreau, “The Yellow Star of Bethlehem,” and ex- Cept for the color of the blossoms the plant does not differ greatly in appearance from that species. It is cross-pollenized in the most common manner by small bees. EVENING PRIMRO SE. (Onagra biennis) EVENING PRIMROSE. Flowers.-1 to 2 in. across; pale yellow and fragrant, opening in the evening and partially clos- ing during the day; clustered in a short Spike at the top of a wand-like stem from 1 to 5 ft. tall. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, alternating and seated on the stem; slightly toothed. Range.—Middle Canada South to the Gulf of Mexi, co, flowering from June to Oct., in thickets, pastures and along roadSideS. As may be judged from the name, this plant is at its best in the evening; at dusk One or more buds slowly expand until large, round, 4-petaled discs of fragrant yellow loveliness are unfolded to the senses of sight and Smell, that are acutely developed in the Sphinx moths, for it is to these night fliers that its cross-pollination is chiefly due. As the Sun rises the flowers wither and soon the whole plant has a woebegone appearance. GREAT MULLEIN (A.) (Verbascum Thapsus) FIGWoRT. Flowers.-Yellow, five-parted, set closely on a long Spike, rising from 2 to 6 feet high; 1 in. across. Leaves.—Large, OVate, Velvety, bluish-green, fuzzy; set closely and alternately on the Stem and in a rosette about the base of the Stalk. Range.—Southern Canada South to Kansas and the Gulf, flowering from June to Sept., along road- Ways and in Stony pastures. This is one of the most imposing Of Our common Weeds, rising above every- thing else in pastures and frequently used as a look- out perch by Kingbirds. MOTH MULLEIN (B.) (Verbascum blattaria) FIGWoRT. Flowers.-5-petaled, 1 in. across, on Slender Stems in an open racene at the top of an erect stem 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves.—Oblong and toothed, usually not present during the flowering season. Range.—Southern Canada and the U. S. east of the Rockies, flowering from June to Sept., in pas- tures and along roads. COMMON ST. JOHNWORT. (Hypericum prolificum) ST. JoHNSwort. Flowers.-About 1 in. across, in close, many flow- ered terminal Clusters; Stamens Very numerous. Leaves.—Small, opposite and elliptical, some- times more or less spotted with brownish, and stiff to the touch. Stem 1 to 3 ft high, branching to- wards the top to the several flower clusters. Range.—Middle Canada south through the en- tire U. S., flowering from June to Sept., in pastures and along roadsides. This perennial is one of our most common Weeds and is one that came to us originally from across the water. It secrets no nectar, but is sometimes fertilized by insects crawling across the flowers as they gather pollen, upon which they feed. To a great extent, this Species fertilizes itself, in spite of which fact it is as hardy, if not more so, than most other species. YELLow Pond-Lily; cow Lily. (Nymphaea advena) water-LILY. Flowers.-6 greenish sepals, golden yellow inside; petals Small and stamen-like. Leaves.—Rounded-oval, with two lobes at the stem end, floating on the surface of the Water or partially submerged. Range.—U. S. and southern Canada, east of the Rockies, flowering from April to Sept., in ponds or Sluggish Streams. These homely, unscented relatives of the beauti- ful white water-lily are met with in most every Small pond, the yellowish blossoms floating on the surface like so many little bowls. At first the sepals are but slightly spread, so that flies or beetles entering must necessarily leave pollen col- lected from other lilies upon the sticky stigma which is directly below the opening. 48 WOOD BETONY; LOUSEWORT. (Pedicularis Canadensis) FIGworT. Flowers.-Yellowish-green, in dense terminal clus- ters or spikes; calyx tubular, corolla 2-lipped. Leaves.—Mostly from the root; lance-shaped and cut into many pinnated lobes; those on the flower stalk very small; many hairy stems and leaf-stalks in a cluster. Range.—Southern Canada South to the Gulf, flow- ering in May and June, in dry Woods and thickets. This plant gets the name of Beefsteak Plant, by which it is very often known, because towards the latter part of the flowering season the upper lips of the flower turn purplish red, the leaves and Stems often taking on this color also, giving the entire plant an unmistakable beefsteak color. The flowers are chiefly cross-pollenized by the agency of bees. The European species and this to some ex- tent is largely used for its curative powers. DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE. (Gerardia flava) FIGWoRT. Flowers.-14% to 2 in. long; corolla funnel-shaped, With five spreading lobes, downy within. Leaves.—Oblong, opposite, the lower ones being Somewhat toothed while the upper ones are smooth; the flowers are on short stems growing from the an- gles of the upper leaves. Range.—Southern New England and Minn., south \\ nearly to the Gulf, flowering in July and August, in dry Woods or Sandy soil. This plant is certainly a beautiful one, and beauty Often covers a multitude of sins, while the foxglove has but one; it is parasitic to a certain extent, at- taching some of its rootlets by means of suckers to the roots of other plants or shrubs and stealing their Vitality. It is pollenized through the agency of bees and several species of butterflies, particularly the * Junonia coenia. - COMMON BUTTERCUP OR CROWFOOT. (A). § (Ranunculus acris) CROWFoot. 㺠Flowers—1 in. across; bright, Shining, golden yel- §§ low; several blossoms on short Stems at the end of § a tall foot-stalk. § Leaves.—The few stem leaves are Small and 3- º B. parted; basal leaves on long stems, cleft into 3 to 7 ſº parts and these parts still further lobed. ſ/ Range.—Common in Northern United States and |Southern Canada, flowering from May until Oct. in º! This is the most abundant of the Buttercups, and §§) º the one that delights the children with the golden §§§ glow that it imparts when held under the chin. AGRI MONY. (B). (Agrimonia hirsuta) RosB. - Flowers.--Small, yellow, five-parted and in slen- ºf der racemes. Leaves.—Compounded of, usually, 7- toothed leaflets; stem hairy and growing to a height of 2 to 4 feet. Range.—Common everywhere from North Carolina 50 and Kansas northward, flowering in June and July in Woods, thickets and along Wall or fences. WATER PLANTAIN; SPEARWORT. (A). (Ranunculus ambigens) CROWFoot. Flowers.--Small, only a trifle more than % in...; Just like Small buttercups, which they really are. Leaves.—Narrowly lance-shaped, clasping the stem alternately. Range.—Northern U. S. south to the Gulf, flowering in July and August in marshes and bogs, often trans- forming them into patches of golden yellow. SWAMP BUTTERCUP. (B). (Ranunculus septemirionalis) CROWFoot. - Flowers.-Large; 1 in. or more across; clustered #. * stems at the top of a tall stalk, 1 to 3 ft. 18 ſl. Leaves.—Compounded into 3 parts, each cleft and notched. Range.—From Ga. and Mo. northward, flowering M from May to July in Swamps or wet meadows. Like the other members of the crowfoot family, this one is chiefly cross-fertilized by small bees and flies, and SOme of the Smaller butterflies. MARSH MARIGOLD; AM. COWSLIP. (Caltha palustris) CRow Foot. Flowers.-Shining golden yellow, resembling but- tercups; 1 to 1% in. across, 5 petal-ſike sepals and numerous Stamens; several flowers clustered in ter- minal groups. Leaves.—Broad and rounded, heart-shaped with rounded teeth; upper ones seated upon the stem, lower ones from the rootstalk with long thick stems. Range.—Middle Canada south to the Carolinas and º Kansas, flowering from April to June in wet mead- OWS. This is one of the best known of American flow- ers, even though but a small percentage of the peo- ple ever see it in its natural haunts, for its tender leaves are esteemed as articles of food and take their place on store counters, alongside spinach, and dandelion leaves, their blossoms faded and withered, * looking little like the brilliant plant that the bot- anist knows along the brook-Side. SWEET FLAG OR CALAMUS. (A). (Acorus Calamus) ARUM. Flowers.--Small and dull yellowish, growing on a long round spadix projecting from the side of a Sword-like Stem. Leaves.—Long, stiff and sword-like, growing from 1 to 4 ft. high. The flowers are composed of a pis- til, six stamens and six sepals; these are fertilized by small flies, but the plant is increased fully as much by the new shoots thrown up from the crawl-ſº ing root. º Range.—From Me. and Minn. Southward, flowering in June and July in wet ground. The roots of this plant are largely used by apothecaries. GOLDEN CLUB. (B). (Orontium aquaticum) ARUM. Flowers.--Small, golden yellow and perfect, on a Spadix or club 1 to 2 in. long at the end of a long Slender stem. Leaves.—Elliptical and pointed on a long stem from the root; either floating on the water or rising but little above it. PRICKLY POPPY. (A). (Argemone Mewicana) Pop PY. %-wºº Flowers—Bright yellow, 4-petalled, 2 in. or more - tº across, at the top of a bristly stem, from 1 to 2 ft. ºf high. Leaves—Thistle-like, cleft, notched and Spined, alternating on the stem. The seed pod is ovate and bristly. - Range—A Mexican Species, escaped from gardens and now found locally throughout Eastern U. S., flowering from June to August. FIVE-FINGER OR CINQUEFOIL. (B). (Potentilla simplew) RosF. Flowers—Golden yellow, 5-parted, 1-2 in. across, growing singly on long stems from the axils of the leaves. - Leaves–Compounded of 5 saw-toothed leaflets on º long Stems alternating On the main stem, which * Creeps. Over the ground for 6 to 24 in from its root. Range—Southern Canada to the Gulf, east of the * Rockies, flowering from April to Aug., along road- sides and in dry fields. BLACK MUSTARD. (A). (Brassica migra) MUSTARD. Flowers—Pale yellow, 4-parted, in long racemes, the lower blossoms changing to elongated seed pods before the upper ones Open. Leaves—Variously lobed, the end one being much the largest. Stem 2 to 6 ft. tall, with many branches. Range.—An European weed now naturalized & throughout temperate North America, flowering from June to Nov., along roadsides and chiefly in unused gardens, which will soon become overrun With it. BLACK HEN BANE. (B). (Hyoscyamus niger) NIGHTSHADE. Flowers—Yellowish with dark veins, in a ter- minal raceme, on short stems from the axils of the upper leaves. Leaves—Large and coarse, clasping the fuzzy stem alternately. Range—Naturalized from Europe and found in Waste ground about many old buildings. It is a coarse, rank Smelling weed and is also poisonous. SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. (A). (Potentilla fructicosa) Rose. Flowers—1 in. across, resembling those of the # common cinquefoil, except in size; several clustered at the top of a woody stem from 6 to 20 in. high. Leaves—Compounded of 5 to 7 narrow leaflets, crowded alternately on the stem. Range—Middle Canada south to Va. and Mo., flowering from May to Sept., in dry fields. wet places, but is not uncommon on any kind of ground. YELLOW OR HOP CLOVER. (B). (Trifolium agrarium) PULSE. Flowers—Yellow and scale-like, densely packed in oblong heads. Leaves—3-parted, united with short stems to the branching stem that attains a height of 6 to 18 in. Range—Throughout temperate North America, flowering from June to Sept., most abundantly in RATTLESNAKE-ROOT; WHITE LETTUC.E. (A). (Nabalus albus) compositE. Flowers—Creamy white, drooping from a cup-like involucre; 8 to 12-ray flowers and prominent stam- en S. Leaves—Varying from simple leaves near the flow- ers to large palmately cleft ones near the base of the stem, which rises 2 to 4 ft. above the tuberous bitter root. Range—Southern Canada south to the Gulf, east of the Rockies, flowering from August to Sept., most abundantly in moist woods. The handsome leaves are more apt to call atten- tion to this plant than the demure blossoms that hide their faces in drooping clusters. Another very Similar species is the LION'S FOOT. (B). (Nabalus serpentaria) compositE. It is usually met with in drier, more sandy places than the last, and the leaves are rougher and more angularly shaped. BELLWORT. (A). (CVºularia perfoliata) LILY. 7| Flowers—Straw-colored, bell-shaped, divided into 6 Sepals, about 1 in. long. Leaves—Lance-shaped, pierced towards the base by the slender Stem 6 to 18 in. tall. Range--Me. to Minn. and southward, flowering from Apri, to June, in dry Woods. WILD OATS. (B). (Uvularia sessifolia) LILY. | Flowers—Like those of the last, but a trifle | Smaller. Leaves—Ovate, tapering at each end and not #| clasping or surrounding the stem the same as the “A last; the stem is also rather angular, that is, it ºn. | changes its direction slightly at each leaf-joint. The LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT (U. grandi- flora) is even more like the first and its leaves are inclined to clasp about the Stalk. The flowers are nearly 1 1-2 in. long. All three kinds are found in the same localities and often may be found within a few feet of one another. DOG-TOOTH VIOLET; YELLOW ADDER'S TONGUE (A.) (Erythronium Americanum) LILY. Flowers—A solitary, small, pale straw-colored, N bell-shaped flower nodding from the top of a long,|\\ slender stem 6 to 12 in. high; the perianth is divided into 6 parts and contains 6 stamens. Leaves—Two in number, oblong, pointed at each end and clasping the stem just above the root. Range—Southern Canada, South to the Gulf, flow- ering in April and May, in moist woods. These handsome little lilies, with their spotted leaves, are locally found beside brooks, in just such places as you look for Blood root. CLINTONIA (B.) (Clintonia borealis) LILY. Flowers—Straw-colored, lily-like, 2 to 4 nodding from the top of a tall, slender stalk 6 to 10 in. tall. Leaves—Three shiny, oval, pointed, clasping the Stalk at the base. Range—Me. to Minn. and southward, flowering in June. i l | threes just below the flowers. PAINTED TRILLIUM. (Trillium undulatum) LILY. Flowers—2 in. across; pure white, wavy and with a crimson V-shaped mark at the base of each of the three petals; Stands 6 to 10 in. high. Leaves—Broadly lance-shaped and whorled in Range—New England to Minn. and south to the Gulf of Mexico, flowering in May and June, in moist woods, usually near brooks. This is usually regarded as the most beautiful of | the trilliums or wake-robins; it is locally distributed, being very abundant in some favorable localities, while it is totally wanting in others apparently just as well adapted to its needs. It is one of the most 60 delicate of the Woodland flowers, its Waxy petals looking as though they had just been curled by some fairy. WILD SPIKENARD OR FALSE SOLOMON'S º SEAL (A.) - * (Smilacina racemosa) LILY. asºn º Flowers—Very small, greenish white, 6-parted, I a * growing in large pyramidal racemes at the end of the long, leafy stem (1 to 4 ft). - Leaves—Large, 1ance-shaped, alternately clasping *: the stem. Zºº Range—Southern Canada to the Gulf, flowering in May and July, in moist Woods or thickets. A handsome and very common plant in favorable localities, resembling the true Solomon’s Seal only i in the leafy stem. The STAR-FLOWERED SOLO- MON'S SEAL (S. Stellata) is very similar, but E Smaller and the flowers are individually much larger Riº and fewer in number. CANADA MAYFLOWER (B.) (Unifolium Canadense) LILY. Flowers—White, racemed, rising just above the two clasping, broadly ovate leaves; height 3 to 6 in. L. Range—Southern Canada south to N. Car. and Mo., flowering in May and June, in moist woods. 61 SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Polygonatum biflorum) LILY. Flowers—Greenish white, hanging in pairs on a short peduncle from the axils of the leaves. - Leaves—Broadly ovate, clasping the stem alter- nately; height 1 to 3 ft. Range—Southern Canada south to the Gulf, flow- ering from April to June in moist Woods. This plant is usually found in company with the false species, but is not nearly as handsome when in flower. Its berries, which take the place of the flowers late in the Summer, are blackish, while those that terminate the stem of the false Solo- mon’s Seal are reddish. The leaves of the present species are downy or hairy beneath. A similar Species having the same range is the SMOOTH or G! ANT SOLOMON'S SEAL (P. giganteum). It has from 1 to 8 greenish flowers hanging from the axils of the leaves, and varies in height from 1 to 8 ft. The flowers on these plants are either self-pol- lenized or fertilized by small bees and crawling insects. ATAMASCO LILY (A.) (Zephyranthes Atamasco) AMARYLLIS. Flowers—Single, white or pink, 6-parted, on a slender Stalk rising to a height of from 6 to 14 in. Leaves—Long and Sword-like, clasping the flower- Stalk. Range–Southern N. J. to the Gulf States, flower- ing from April to July in Swamps and marshes. These beautiful perennial lilies are only locally common in their range; the delicate wax-like peri- anth is usually pure white, but may be found either pink or even purplish. The flowers are propagated ;" through the agency of flies and Small butter- 16 S. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM (B.) (Ornithogalum umbellatum) LILY. Flowers—6-parted; white within and greenish white outside; several on short pedicles at the top of a long stem. Leaves—Long, narrow and grass-like, growing from a small bulb. Flowers open only in Sunlight. Range—From Mass. to Va.; escaped from gar- dens. WHITE MOCCASIN FLOWER. (Cypripedium candidum) or CHID. Flower—Solitary, white outside and streaked with purple within; at the top of a leafy stem from 6 to 10 Zin. high. Leaves—Three or four, elliptical, pointed, clasp- ing the stem alternately. Range—Southern New England West to Minn. and South to N. J. and Mo., flowering from May to July in marshy woodland or meadows. All the moccasin flowers or lady’s Slippers are most highly specialized flowers, specially adapted to fertilization by bees, and protected against Self-pol- lenation. The bee enters the inflated Sac by the fissure in the top, Secures the nectar at its base, and departs by crowding through a Small Opening below the two sticky, pollen-laden anthers, thus re- ceiving some of the dust on his back and transmit- ting it to the rough stigma of the next flower he VisitS. LADIES TRESSES (A.) (Spiranthes cºrnua) LILY. Flowers—White, set in a long twisted spike; each trumpet-shaped flower nodding from the base of a close-set green bract. Leaves—Grass-like and much shorter than the flower-stalk, which is 6 to 15 in. tall. Range—Nova Scotia to Manitoba and South to tile Gulf, flowering from July to Sept. in meadows and SWalm pS. - - A delicate, common and pretty little orchid, de- pending, as many of our handsome flowers do, Solely upon insect aid to perpetuate the Species. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN (B.) (Goodyera pubescens) or CHID. Flowers—White, in a thick spike at the top of a Wooly Stalk 6 to 18 in. high. Leaves—Radiating from the base of flower-Stalk. ribbed and Veined With White. Range–Southern Canada to the Gulf, flowering in July, in dry Woods; the leaves retain their beautiful colors throughout the year. 5 WHITE-FRINGED ORCH IS (A.) (Habenaria blephariglottis) or CHID. Flowers—White, fragrant, numerous, in a long spike at the top of a stem 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves—Lance-shaped, clasping the stem; the basal ones large, the upper ones very Small. Range—Nova Scotia to Manitoba South to N. J. and Mo., flowering in July in Swamps. This beautiful Orchid is seldom seen except by those willing to brave the dangers of peat bogs. WHITE BANEBERRY (B.) (Actaea alba) CRow Foot. Flowers—Small, white, clustered in a dense ra- | ceme. Leaves—Compounded and toothed; from a bushy stem 1 to 2 ft. high. Range—Southern Canada to the Gulf, flowering | from April to June in moist Woods. | This bushy plant is most noticeable after the handsome but poisonous white berries with a black- ish spot have appeared in the fall. SHINLEAF (A.) (Pyrola elliptica) PyRol. A Flowers—White, waxy, in an open raceme at the top of a stem 5 to 10 in. high. Leaves—Elliptical, on long trough-shaped stems radiated from the base of the flower-Stalk. Range—Me. and Md. West to the Miss. River, flowering in June and July, in woodland. PIPSISSEWA ; PRINCE'S PINE (B.) (Chimaphila umbellata) wiNTERGREEN. Flowers—Several, waxy white, in a terminal clus- ter, on short pedicles at the top of a long whitish peduncle. º Leaves—Whorled about the stem, usually in two || tiers. Height 6 to 12 in. Range—Canada and the U. S. from the Gulf north- Wards, flowering in June and July in dry Woods. This little evergreen plant is one of the most decorative that We find in the Winter Woods. The N Very closely related SPOTTED WINTERGREEN º (C. maculata) is found in the same localities; its - leaves have prominent white stripes. WATER ARUM ; MARSH CALLA (A.) (Calla pa/ustris) ARUM. Flowers—Very small and numerous, greenish yel- low, clustered on a Spadix that is partially clasped by a large waxy white Spathe. Leaves—Broad and heart-shaped, usually erect on long peduncles. Range—Southern Canada South to Va. and Mo., This beautiful relative of the Well-known calla is at home in the bogs that are so loath.Some to the "|human race; strange surroundings for so pure a flower, but apparently well adapted to its needs, for they grow abundantly in places. B. ARROWHEAD (B.) (Sagittaria variabilis) waſ ER PLANTAIN. Flowers—White, 1 in. across, in an open raceme at the end of a long stem. Leaves—Arrow-shaped, erect on long stems. Range—Me. to Minn. and southward, flowering from July to Sept., in shallow water along the edges of ponds. INDIAN PIPE (A.) (Monotropa uniflora) PyRol. A. Flower—Solitary, white, Waxy, cold and clammy looking; nodding at the top of a thick translucent White Stem. Range—Throughout U. S. and Southern Canada. flowering in July and August, in dark, moist woods These peculiar parasitic plants are commonly known by children as “ghosts.” They grow usually Where there is an abundance of decayed vegeta tion or dead trees. They have no leaves at all; Simply small bract-like appendages clasping the Stem at regular intervals. ONE-FLOWERED CANCER ROOT (B.) (Orobanche uniflora) BRoo M RAPE. Flowers—Solitary, creamy white, on long slender Stalks 3 to 7 in high. Range—Me. to Va. and west to the Miss., flower- ing in May and June, in moist Woods. |. A pretty little parasite usually growing in clumps tº 0 individual StalkS. WATER-LILY. (Nymphaea odorata) water LILY. º, yº. Flowers—Pure white or tinged with pink, floating # on the Water, attached to the roots by long hollow H stems; very fragrant; 3 to 7 in. across; petals = numerous, white and in concentric circles; stamens golden yellow. | Leaves—Broadly heart-shaped, floating on the - º Water. when it retires for the night. In some localities, particularly on Cape Cod, Mass., a race of these water-lilies is found, ranging from white to a deep, exquisite Shade of pink. BLOOD ROOT. (Sanguinaria Canadensis) Pop PY. Flowers—Pure white, 1 1-2 in. across, 8 (or some- times 10) petals, 2 sepals, which fall as soon as the flower unfolds. Leaves—Irregularly seven-lobed. Range—U. S. and Southern Canada, flowering in April and May, in moist, shady woods. This is one of the most fragile of flowers, the faintest breath of air causing the petals to drop from the opened flower. As they appear from the ground in April the buds are enclosed by the curled leaf, but soon the flower is pushed up out of its protection, and it looks as if the banks of the brooks alongside which they are usually found had been decorated with numerous snowflakes. It gets its name from the thick, reddish rootstock, which se- Crets a red juice, very acrid, and staining whatever it comes in contact with. |- WHITE VIOLET. (Viola blanda) violet. Flowers—White with fine purple Veins, nodding On long Scapes, 3 to 5 in. high. Leaves—Heart-shaped, on long stems from the root. Range—Me. to Minn. and south to the Gulf, flow- ering in April and May, in Wet meadow S and SWanlp S. This is One of the Smallest-flowered of the Violets, our illustration showing it in full size. This species is quite fragrant and is often known as the Sweet- scented violet. Two other species of white violets are found in Our range. The Lance-leaved (V. lanceolata) has linear, lance-shaped leaves, other- wise being like the last. The Primrose-leaved Vio- let (V. primulaefolia) has ovate leaves. Like all flowers of odd or irregular shape, violets have bright markings or veinings to show visiting insects the route to the nectar Cup. Small bees and flies are most often Seen about the White violets. MEADOW SWEET (A.) (Spiraea salicifolia) Rose. Flowers—Small, white, 5-petalled, in a thick ter- || minal Splke, Very fragrant. Leaves—Ovate and sharply toothed, closely alter- nating on the stem, which is usually reddish and may be either simple or branched. Range—Nova Scotia to Manitoba and south to the Gulf, flowering from June to August, along road-k sides, fences, swamps, etc. BLACK COHOSH (B.) (Cimicifuga racemosa) CRow Foot. Flowers—Small, white, growing in a wand-like S Spike. - Leaves—Much divided and toothed. Range–Southern Canada south to the Gulf, flow- ering from June to August, in shady woods or newly cleared hillsides. While this is a pretty shrub, it cannot compare ºf º With the last, because of the unpleasant odor from * the flowers. 73 WOOD ANE MONE ; WILD FLOWER (A.) (Anemone quinquefolia) CROWFoot. Flowers—Solitary, white, pinkish or pale purple, 1 in. acroSS. - Leaves—Palmately divided into 3 to 5 toothed leaflets; 3 to 5 in number whorled about the Stem s below the flower. Range—Canada and the U. S. east of the Rockies, flowering from April to June, in Open Woods and Woody hillsides. A delicately beautiful plant, its 4 to 8 petal-like sepals unfurling themselves among the first of the spring flowers. RUE ANEMONE (B.) (Syndesmon thalictroïdes) CRow Foot. Flowers—White, 3-4 in. across, growing in clus- ters of 2 to 5 on short pedicels above the whorl of 3-lobed leaves. - Range—Abundant in Southern Canada and the U. S. east of the Rockies, flowering in April and May, in open woods and on brushy hillsides. sTAR FLower; star ANEMONE. (Trientalis Americana) PRIMRose. Flowers—White, about 1-2 in. across, corolla with 6 or 7 pointed divisions; usually two flowers on slender stems rising above the whorl of 5 to 10 lance-shaped leaves. Range–Canada and the U. S. south to Va. and MO., flowering in May and June, in moist Woods or thickets. A beautiful little plant bearing considerable re- Semblance to the preceding in many respects, al- though it belongs to an altogether different family. It is visited by small bees, that are rewarded for their labor only by pollen, for this flower secrets no honey. It is especially adapted to cross-fertiliza- tion, for the stigma of a flower withers away before the pollen of that flower is ripe, consequently in- Sects must transfer the pollen from one flower to the Stigma of another in order to preserve the Species. BONESET; THOROUGHWORT. (Eupatorium perfoliatum) CoMPositE. w - º, - º wº w"). - '**''ll º, '': "." As w º;', º ſº sº {}º 3. Flowers—Dull whitish, composed of tubular flor- Kºº. º ets only, each being perfect; many flowerheads ºzº \%. Leaves—Narrow and linear, Wooly, clasping the stem alternately. - º Range–Canada and the U. S. South to North *Nº Carolina and Kansas, flowering from July to Sept., | in dry Woods and on hillsides. This plant is rather pretty, but its chief claim to our interest lies in the fact that the flowers are, as the name implies, everlasting. SWEET EVERLASTING (B.) (Gnaphalium polycephalum) CoMPositE. Flowers—Whitish; remaining closed, or partly so, until the seeds are ripe. Stem more branchy than "the last; leaves similar. 84 Range—Same as the last, flowering in Aug. and Sept. THOHN APPLE: JIMSON WEED. (Datura Stramonium) NIGHTSHADE. Flowers—White, funnel-shaped and 5-pointed, 3 to 4 in. long and about 2 in. across the mouth; calyx tubular, 5-parted, half as long as the corolla. Leaves—Large and irregularly angled, alternating on the smooth, branchy stem that attains a height of 1 to 5 feet. Range—Nova Scotia to Manitoba and South to the Gulf, flowering from July to Sept., in waste land. Throughout the day this curious, rank-scented plant keeps its large blossoms folded together, as in our illustration, but as it begins to grow dark and the day insects retire for the night, these flow- ers slowly unfurl their corollas until they become handsome trumpets, inviting the attention of night. flying moths and sphinges. The rank odor and the poisonous juices obtained from the stem and leaves have given this plant the name of devil’s trumpet. It has a similar relative with purplish flowers, called PURPLE THORN APPLE (D. Tatula). As R-S º/ || MOUSE-EARED CHICKWEED (A.) (Cerastium vulgatum) PINK. - Flowers—White, 1-2 in across, 5 notched petals and a Small calyx. Leaves—Pointed oblong and opposite. Plant grows from 6 to 15 in. in height. Range–Southern Canada to the Gulf, flowering |from May to Sept., in dry or cultivated fields. While we are always glad to receive many of the beautiful floral immigrants, we occasionally get some that we cannot welcome with open arms. This ... is one, for it is too insignificant to be attractive and it has a way of occupying cultivated places where it ought not to trespass. COMMON CHICKWEED (B.) (Stellaria media) PINK. Flowers—Very small, white, 5-petalled, each so nearly cleft as to be almost mistaken for two; sepals very large, protruding far beyond the petals. Leaves—Ovate, opposite. Range—Throughout U. S. and Canada, flowering during any month in the year. WILD CUCUMBER; WILD BALSAM APPLE. (A). (Echinocystis lobata) Gourd. Flowers—Small, white, sharply 6-pointed, grow- ing in loose clusters at the end of a short pedicel. Leaves—5-angled, growing alternately along the Creeping stem. Range—Me. to Minn. and south to N. J. and Mo., I, flowering from July to Sept., in waste places and º along streams. º This is one of the most beautiful of the climbing { Vines and is a very rapid growing plant, its three- parted tendrils being continually on a lookout for |\ new supports on which to continue its growth. The vine attains a length of from 15 to 25 feet. CREEPING DAL BARDA. (B). (Dalibarda repens) RosF. Flowers—White, 5-parted, with numerous stamens. |^. Leaves—Heart-shaped and slightly scalloped, on long petioles in small clumps from the creeping Stem. - | | Range—Nova Scotia to Manitoba and south to Pa. and Mo., flowering from June to Sept., in open Woods. WHITE CLOVER. (A). (Trifolium repens) PULSE. Flowers—Numerous white or pinkish florets set On a Single globular base. Leaves—Of 3 oblong rounded leaflets. Range–Throughout the U. S. and temperate Canada, flowering from May until Oct., in all fields, º Waste places and beside roads. The clovers are Specially designed for cross-fer- ºltilization by bumblebees, their tongues being of just | Sufficient length to reach the nectar at the bottom of the long flower tubes and their weight being º lets. enough to open the entrance to the blossoms. RABBIT-FOOT OR STONE CLOVER. (B). (Trifolium arvense) PULSE. Flowers—Flowerheads oblong, fuzzy and grayish White. Leaves—Of three blunt-ended or emarginate leaf- | Range—Universal, the same as the last, flower- ing from July to Sept. POKEWEED; PIGEON-BERRY. (B). (Phytolacca decandra) PokEWEED. Flowers—White, about 1-4 in. across, with large A. green CenterS. Leaves—Large, lance-shaped, alternate on Short petioles. Range—Me. to Minn. and south to the Gulf, flow- i. from June to Sept., in thickets and Waste and. This is one of the few plants that is more beauti- ful after the flowering season than before; its clusters of purplish berries hanging from bright red stalks and the whole stem of the plant, which at- tains a height of 4 to 11 ft., becoming reddish. SPIKENARD. (A). (Aralia racemosa) G.INSENG. Flowers—Small, greenish-white, in a long, densely flowered raceme. - Leaves—Compounded of heart-shaped leaflets. Range—Me. to Minn. and south to the Gulf. EARLY SAXIFRAGE (A.) (Sawifraga Virginiensis) SAXIFRAGE. Flowers—Small, white, 5-petalled, numerous, at |the top of a hairy and slightly sticky stem. Leaves—Obovate, radiating from the flower stems at their bases. Range—New Brunswick to Manitoba and south to the Gulf, flowering from March to May, on rocky hillsides or Woodland. These plants delight in throwing up their flower stalks in rocky ground, that one would scarcely think fit for any living thing, a mere nitch or shelf on the lock answering its purpose. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA (B.) (Pyrola uniflora) PyRo1.A. Flower—White, 1-2 in. or more across, 5 waxy º petals, on a long scape, curved at the top, so the flower hangs downwards. Leaves—Ovate, on short stems, radiating from the base of the flower Stalk. Range—Me. South to Pa. and west to the Rocky Mountains, flowering in June and July, usually in pine Woods. WILD CARROT ; QUEEN ANNE'S LACE (A.) (Daucus Carota) PARSLEY. Flowers—Small, white, 5-parted, cluster or umbel. Leaves—Very finely cut and divided. Range—U. S. and Canada east of the Rockies, flowering from July to Sept., in fields and along roadsides. After the height of the flowering season the flow- erheads partly furl up, making handsome bowl-like| tops that give the plant the name of Bird's-nest. - YARROW (B.) (Achillea millefolium) CoMPOSITE. Flowers—Small, white, 4 to 6-ray flowers, in a Sº dense flat-topped cluster, each small flowerhead hav-Rs º º ing in its center many perfect tubular florets. Leaves—Lance-shaped in general outline, but fine-ſº º | ly cut and divided. Range—Throughout temperate North America, flowering from June to Nov., along roadsides and in dry fields. jº in a *"| -- ...tº u- tº v. Y. v. Yºº-ºº: 2 ºz., 3/ §§ * \tº Z: ~~~~s, ºº, - Sº...T. Yºn.-- - TRAILING ARBUTUS ; MAYFLOWER (A.) (Epigaea repens) HEATH. Flowers—White or pinkish, tubular and 5-lobed, growing in clusters at the ends of the creeping StemS. Leaves—Alternate and Oval. Stem very hairy, branching and Spreading on the ground. Range—Newfoundland to Manitoba and south to Fla. and Ky., flowering from March to May, in rich open woods or on hillsides. This beautiful sweet-scented flower, although small, vies, in regard to beauty and fragrance, with the Water-lily, and is one of our most highly prized native flowerS. PYXIE ; FLOWERING MOSS (B.) (Pya'idanthera barbulata) DIAPENSIA. Flowers—Small, white or pinkish. Leaves—Very Small and linear. Range—This handsome little moss blooms in pine barrens from N. J. to N. Car. The creeping branches spread in every direction from 6 to 10 in. TALL MEADOW RUE. (Thalictrum polygamum) CROWFoot. Flowers—White, no petals, the calyx of 4 or 5 sepals that fall early, leaving only the tufts of Whitish stamens, which give a very feathery ap- pearance to the large flower clusters. Leaves—Compounded of numerous heart-shaped 3-lobed leaflets. Stem stout and erect, the plant ranging in height from 2 to 10 feet. Range—Nova Scotia to Minn. and South to the is Gulf, flowering from July to Sept., in open swamps : Or wet meadows. This species, with its fine, feathery tufts of flow-d ers, is a polygamous plant, because it contains com- plete pistillate and staminate flowers all on the same plant. The topmost flowers, with the feathery stamens, are the staminate ones and the ones to Which insects are first attracted, carrying the pollen therefrom to the pistillate but duller flowers below. Then, again, these staminate flowers being at the top are in position to fertilize the ones below through the agency of the wind. ºw DUTCH MAN'S BREECHES (A.) (Dicentra cucullaria) Pop PY. Flowers—White, with yellowish tips, growing in a one-sided raceme at the top of a long scape, 5 to 10 in high. Leaves—Thrice-compounded and finely "ivided, all growing from the root on long Stalks. Range—Me. to Minn. and south to Carolina and Nebr., flowering in April and May, in rocky wood- ºf land. This delicate little plant is satisfied with the slight FOAM FLOWER ; | Soil found in crevices in rocks for its home. FALSE MITRE WORT (B.) (Tiarella cordifolia) SAXIFRAGE. Flowers—Small, white, feathery, in an open ra- ceme at the top of a scape 6 to 10 in high. Leaves—Heart-shaped, lobed and toothed, on long Stems from the root. Range—Nova Scotia to Wis. and south to the Gulf, flowering in April and May, in moist, hilly Woods. WILD SARSAPARILLA. (Aralia nudicaulis) GINSENG. Flowers—Minute, greenish-white, arranged in three rounded unbells. - Leaf-At the end of a long stalk, a single leaf composed of three compounded parts and rising above the flower Stalk so as to form a sort of un- brella. Over it. Range—New Brunswick to Minn. and south to the Carolinas, flowering in June and July, in woods and On Woody hillsides. - º The three rounded Clusters of Whitish flowers Will º always identify this species wherever found. Later these flower clusters give place to clumps of dark berries, of which birds are very fond and through Whose agency the seeds are scattered far and wide. While insects play an all-important part in the set- ting of the seed, birds often have their part to play in Nature’s scheme to distribute plants from one Section of the country to another. The root of this plant is large, aromatic and often attains a length of 3 or 4 feet. ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW. (Drosera rotundifolia) sun DEw. Flowers—Small, white, in a slender raceme, only One or two opening at a time. Leaves—Round and bristly haired, radiating from the root. Range—Whole of N. A., flowering in July and Aug., in sandy bogs or marshes. Each leaf bristle is tipped. With a glutinous Sub- stance to catch the insects, upon which the plant lives. Unlike the many plants that have sticky stems solely as a protection in preventing unwel- come insects from preying upon the honey Store above, this plant actually gets the most of its sus- tenance from the bodies of its insect victims. As soon as an insect becomes entangled upon the traps set for it, its struggles cause the round leaves to gradually close in upon the victim, that is powerless to escape, and he is finally absorbed into the plant’s system by means of the gastric juices which the plant secretes for that purpose. VENUS’S FLY-TRAP. (Dionaea muscipula) sun DEw. Flowers.-White, 1-2 in. across, with numerous Stamens. - Leaves.—Radiating from the base of the flower- Stalk; lance-shaped and composed of two parts, the terminal One being round and about one inch in di- ameter; covered with glandular hairs. Range.—Found only in the marshes at the mouth of the Cape Fear River near Wilmington, N. C., flow- ering in June and July. This plant is an unique one in many respects. It N probably has the most restricted range of any Amer- ican species and, while it is not uncommon in some swamps, its area of distribution is yearly growing lº smaller. Like the sundew it feeds chiefly upon in-Hº. sects, but unlike that plant it has no Sticky juices With Which to catch them. The rounded ends of the leaves are provided with sensitive bristles; if an in- sect alights upon these the leaf instantly folds to- gether upon the mid-rib as the axis and catches its " Victim. CHECKERBERRY: CREEPING WINTERGREEN. (Gaultheria procumbens) HEATH. Flowers.-White, tubular, 5-toothed, nodding from the axils of the leaves, either solitary or in numbers up to as many as 6 or 7 on the same plant. Leaves.—Clustered at the top of the Stem above the blossoms; oval, dark glossy green above and lighter below. Range.—Newfoundland and Manitoba south to the Gulf, flowering from June to Sept. in woodland. This little evergreen plant is best known when the bright red berries that succeed the blossoms, are ready for picking in October; at that time they are Often displayed on fruit Stands at So much per glass. The leaves are always edible, especially the tender, young brownish ones that appear in the Spring; they have a popular spicy taste the same as do the berries, a taste that birds like too, for these berries form one of the chief articles of diet of Grouse, being on I that account often called “partridge berries,” a name shared with the berries of the Partridge-vine. GOLD-TH READ; CAN KER-ROOT. A. (Coptis trifolia) CRow Foot. Flowers.-Solitary, small, white, on a scape about 5 in. high. lobes. The root is threadlike and golden yellow. land. G|NSENG. B. (Panaa quinquefolium) GINSENG. toothed leaflets. Range.—Southern Canada to the Gulf and west to 3 Nebraska, flowering in July and Aug. in rich woods. - On account of the great demand for this plant for medicinal purposes, chiefly among the Chinese, it is rapidly nearing extinction; its thick rootstalk brings a high price per pound. A smaller species, the Dwarf while the last often extends upward a foot or more. The leaves of the small species are 3-parted. Leaves—From the root, divided into 3-toothedº Range.—Arctic Circle south to Minn. and Mary-/ Flowers.-In a small greenish white umbell on an || erect pedicel above the 3-leaved whorl. The leaves |\ are compounded palmately of 5 ovate, pointed and ſº Ginseng (P. trifolium) grows to a height of 6 in." - º white wood AstER. A. \lc §3. - (Aster divaricatus) compositE. §§ - | Flowers.-White, 6 to 9 rays, in a flat-topped clus- % Aft|ter containing half a dozen or more flowerheads. - Leaves.—Broadly lance-shaped and notched, prom- º inently ribbed. The stem is brittle, crooked and car- º º º ries the flower cluster up to a height of 1 to 3 feet. Fºlº Range.—Southern Canada south to Ga. and Mo., - 2 ſlowering from Aug. to Oct., in dry woodland and |\% ºthickets. * Compared to other asters that are in bloom at the ºf same time, these flowers have a rather woe-begone # |expression owing to their scarcity of ray florets. WHITE ALDER; SWEET PEPPER BUSH. B. (Clethra alnifolia) WHITE ALDER. Flowers.--Small, white, in 10ng upright clustered spikes; very fragrant. º Leaves.—Ovate and saw-toothed, alternating along - - the woody, branching stem that grows from 3 to 10 A | feet high. Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf, chief. 100 ly near the coast, flowering from July to August. COMMON DAISY; OX-EYE DAISY. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum) CoM PositE. Flowers.-Numerous , white, pistillate, ray florets and a broad disc of yellow disc florets. Leaves.—Oblong and coarsely notched and tooth- ed, rapidly diminishing in size as they approach the Ø flowerhead. º Range.—Throughout temperate North America, & % but most abundant east of the Mississippi River, ºft flowering from May to Nov. in fields and along road-º Sides. This is one of the handsomest and most popular members of the family and a special delight of chil- dren, who use it in a number of ways for “fortune telling.” It is one of the most prolific and persist- ent of flowers, and if one or two get a foothold in a field it will be but a few years before the place will 1. be over run with them. On this account it is not re-l. garded with favor by farmers. It is probably as . Widely or more widely distributed than any others of the many flowers that have been brought over tº from Europe. BUNCH BERRY: DWARF CORN EL. A. (Cornus Canadensis) DogwooD. Flowers.-Minute and greenish, closely clustered in the center of 4-petal like bracts that are white and curiously drawn together in a point at their ends; seated on a very short pedicel among the whorl of leaves. Leaves.—From 4 to 6 in a whorl, 5 to 7 parallel ribs, pointed ovate. Range.—Nova Scotia to Minn. and south to N. J. and Mo., flowering from May to July in moist woods. This charming little relative of the dogwood is often found in abundance in mossy Woods in com- pany with Gold-thread and Partridge-vine. PARTRIDGE VINE; TWIN-BERRY. B. (Mitchella repens) MADDER. Flowers.-Satiny white, in pairs at the ends of º | %| the vine. Leaves.—Small, rounded, opposite and usually white-veined. Range.—Southern Canada to the Gulf and West to * the Rockies, flowering from Apr. to June in wood- land. An abundant and beautiful little plant; a great favorite for ferneries. HIGH BUSH BLACKBERRY. (Rubus villosus) Rose. Flowers.-White, about 1 in. across, 5 large petals and numerous stamens, in Sparse terminal clusters. Leaves.—Compounded of 3 to 5 toothed, ovate leaflets. The stem is woody, with stout briars, and grows from 3 to 10 feet high. Range.—Southern Canada to the Gulf and West to the Pacific Ocean, flowering from May to June in thickets and along fences and roadsides. It is from this wild blackberry that Our common Cultivated fruit is Obtained. Blackberries make # highly decorative vines either when in fruit or in flower, but they also make thickets that it is almost impossible to penetrate, from which fact they are Often known as Brambles. The Oblong berries are first green, then turn through various shades of red to a deep bluish-black. A similar but smaller spe- cies is the Low Running Blackberry (R. Canadensis) which is found on rocky hillsides and in dry fields. In Autumn all blackberry leaves take on tints of red and yellow and are then among the most beautiful T Of the Shrubs. N 104 WILD VI RG IN IA STRAW BERRY. (Fragaria Virginiana) Rose. Flowers.-White, in a loose cluster at the end of a hairy scape, 5 petals and sepals. Leaves.—Palmately compounded of three toothed leaflets, on long hairy stems from the root Stem which runs along the ground and at intervals throws up new plants. Range.—Southern Canada to the Gulf and west to the States bordering the Miss. River, flowering in April and June in fields and along roadsides. Certainly no country boy nor girl and few of their city cousins, who have ever been afield, can claim. ignorance of the identity of this charming vine. From June to August we can look for the red fruit that, though Small, has even a finer flavor than the large cultivated species that were originally pro- duced from this. These berries are highly esteemed by many species of birds, and these latter frequently do considerable damage to cultivated gardens. The blossoms are fertilized by Small bee-like flies. - FLY OR TW IN HONEY SUCKLE. A. (Lonicera ciliata) HoNEYSUCKLE. Flowers.-Yellowish white, funnell-shaped and in pairs on short pedicels from the axils of the leaves; the flowers are about 3–4 in. long and are 5-lobed. Leaves.—Ovate and pointed, short Stemmed. Range.—Canada and South to Pa. and Ia., flower- ing in May and June in cool woods. This species His might be termed a bush rather than a plant; its top- most leaves may be only a foot from the ground or they may elevate themselves to a height of 5 feet. In the Fall two red berries take the place of each pair of blossoms. TWIN FLOWER. B. (Linnaea borealis) HoNEYSUCKLE. Flowers.-Bell-shaped,5 -parted, pink within and shading to white on the edges; drooping in pairs on slender pedicels from the ends of the upright stems. Leaves.—Rounded, scalloped and opposite on the trailing vine which is from 6 to 20 in. long. Range.—Canada and south to Md., Mo., and Cal., flowering from May to July in cool woods. 105 PUSSY-TOES; LADIES' TOBACCO. A. (Antennaria plantaginea) coyſ PositE. Flowers.-Greenish or pale purplish-white, Com- posed of numerous little silky florets. Leaves.—Broad, 3-ribbed, in a rosette at the base of the flower stalk that attains a height of 4 to 15 in. Range.—North America east of the Great Plains, flowering in May and June on hillsides and in rocky fieldS. ELADDER CAMPION. B. (Silene Cucubalus) PINK. Flowers.-White, with the 5 petals deeply cleft so as to almost appear as if there were twice as many petals; the flower cup is greatly inflated and veined. Leaves.—Lance-shaped and Spatulate at the base, growing oppositely on the stem that is from 7 to 18 in. high. Range.—New Brunswick and Manitoba South to N. J. and Ill., flowering from June to Aug. in meadows – and waste land. Although this is an immigrant from Europe it has already become locally very abundant. ROSE POGONIA ; SNAKE MOUTH (A.) (Arethusa bulbosa) PINK. | Flowers.-Single, at the top of a scape 5 to 10 in. tall; bright purplish pink, sweet scented, 1 to 2 in. long. Leaf.-Single and grass-like, sheathed against the Scape until after the flowering season. Range.—Middle Canada south to N. C. and Mo., flowering from May to June in swamps. This beautiful orchid is locally distributed and not Often seen by the flower lover; when it is found all in sight are usually gathered, consequently it is be- coming more and more rare. ARETH USA ; INDIAN PINK (B.) (Pogonia ophioglossoides) PINK. Flowers.-Single, crimson-pink, at the top of a Stem 8 to 13 in high. Leaves.—Oblong, lance-shaped; one half way up the stem and another just below the flower. Range.—Canada to the Gulf and west to the Rock- º ies, flowering from June to July in swamps and wet - meadows. 107 º N º \\ N N \ | º | \ MOCCASIN FLOWER; LADY'S SLIPPER. (Cypripedium acaule) or CHID. Flower.—Solitary, sweet-scented, with a large in- flated pink sac with white veins, nodding from the top of a long scape. Leaves.—Two large elliptical leaves clasp the flower stem at its base; leaves 6 to 8 in. long. Range.—From Middle Canada south to N. C. and Mo., flowering from May to June in woodland. - This Lady’s Slipper is the most common in most localities and it also has a good claim as to being the most beautiful. Unfortunately it is rapidly di- minishing in numbers owing to the relentless flower pickers who gather them for Sale or for idle curios- ity. They are fertilized by bumblebees who force their way through the fissure in the top, partake of the honey in the Sac and then force their way out through a small opening in the rear, brushing against the sticky Stigma in so doing and finally tilting an anther so as to powder his back in preparation for fertilizing the next flower visited. MOSS PINK; GROUND PINK. A. (Phloa subulata) PINK. Flowers.-Numerous, deep purplish pink with a ZigZag line of dark around the center. Leaves.—Very small, growing in tufts at joints of lºº the stem. Range.—N. Y. and Mich. to the Gulf, flowering from April to June on rocky hillsides. AMERICAN CRAN BERRY (B.) (Oay coccus macrocarpus) HUCKLEBERRY. Flowers.-Pale pink, 1-2 in. across, nodding from slender pedicels that rise from the creeping stem, 5 petals greatly recurved, 8 or 10 stamens with the anthers united in a protruding cone. Leaves.—Small, oblong, evergreen and alternate. Range.—Middle Canada South to North Carolina and Michigan, flowering from June to August. This interesting plant when properly cultivated makes a thick carpet over the extensive bogs. In the large marshes on Cape Cod, the cranberry in- dustry is very extensively carried on and the hand- some berries are barreled and shipped to all parts of the country. FRINGED POLY GALA OR MILKWEED. A. ( Dolygala paucifolia) MILK wort. Flowers.-Pink, 3-4 in. long; 3 petals united in a tube at the base and the lower one terminating in a pouch with a fringed beard. Leaves.—Oblong, clustered just below the flowers. Range.—Canada and South to the Gulf, flowering from May to July, in moist woodland. This beautiful little perennial plant abounds in suitable places. The two often likened to wings, while the third forms Spreading petals are the | body of what children often call “Bird-on-the-wing.” POLY GALA; RACEM ED MILKWORT. B. (Polygala polygama) MILKworT. Flowers.-Pink, in a long cluster at the top of the slender stem, 5 to 15 in. high. Leaves.—Small and lance-shaped, crowded alter- nately on the stem. Range.—United States and Canada east of the | Rockies, flowering during June and July in ground. Very locally distributed and probably the most abundant near the Seacoast. dry PURPLE GE RADIA. A. (Gerardia purpurea) FIGWoRT. Flowers.-Deep pink, 1 in. long; corolla funnel- shaped with 5 lobes; growing oppositely along the stem that is from 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves.—Opposite and Very narrow. Range.—U. S. east of the Miss. and chiefly along the seacoast, flowering from August to Sept. in Wet fields and meadow S. - The Sea-side Gerardia (G. maritima) is a smaller plant, usually about 6 in. high. - PURPLE OR FIELD M | LKWORT. (Polygala vindescens) MILK wort. Flowers.-Pink, clustered in an oblong scaly Spike like a clover head. Leaves.—Small, alternate and linear, closely crowd. -ºr ed. Range.—Southern Canada south to N. C. and Mo., flowering from June to Sept. in meadows. The scaly sepals which make up the visible flowerhead of the Milkwort cover tiny yellowish flowers which are fer- tilized through the agency of bees and bee-like flies. 111 MEADOW-BEAUTY; DEER GRASS. (Rhewia Wirginica) MEADow BEAUTY. Flowers.-Bright purplish-pink, in a loose cluster at the top of the slender stem; 1 in. or more across, 4 petals, 8 prominent yellow stamens, calyx 4-part- ed and urn-shaped. Leaves.—Oval, pointed and opposite, slightly saw- toothed. Range.—Whole of the United States east of the Mississippi River, flowering from July to Sept. This is one of the brightest colored and at the same time one of the most beautiful of the marsh | growing flowers, the flowers will be found to vary in | tint from a bright pink to a bright carmine. It is a very delicate plant, the petals dropping off Soon after the flower is fertilized, or wilting almost im- mediately if the flower is picked. As might be ex- pected, a flower of such brilliancy attracts quantities of insects so that few of the blossoms fail to set the | Seed. A similar but smaller species, and with the stem round while the preceding is rather square, is found south of New Jersey; it is called the Maryland Meadow beauty (R. Mariana). WILD COLUMBINE. - (Aquilegia Canadensis) CRow Foot. Flowers.-Deep pink to Scarlet outside, yellow within, 1 to 2 in. long, nodding on slender pedicels from the axils of the upper leaves; 5 funnel-shaped || petals with long Spurs, 5 red sepals projecting be: tween and beyond the petals; numerous yellow Sta. mens and 5 pistils. Leaves.—Usually palmately divided into 3 leaflets With rounded lobes; on long, slender stems. Range.—Middle Canada South to the Gulf States, flowering from April to July in rocky Woodland or on side hills. This is one of the most delicately graceful of our native woodland plants, but still a hardy one and One that thrives under cultivation. The nectar is contained in the little round ends of the flower- tubes which are so long that the honey bee cannot reach it with his tongue, and so small that Small/? flies cannot get to the supply. The wily bee often overcomes the obstacle by nibbling through the out- side of the tubes and pilfering the sweets. | | SEA PIN K. A. - (Sabbatia stellaris) PINK. Flowers.-Pink, 1 in across usually solitary or in pairs on slender pedicels from the axils of the upper leaves; corolla of 5 rounded parts each with an an- gular red mark at its base. Leaves.—Small and lance-shaped or linear, Op- posite. Range.—Along the Atlantic coast from Me. to Fla., flowering from July to August in meadows, usually Salt Ones. MARSH PIN K. B. (Sabbatia chloroides) PINK. Flowers.-Crimson-pink, 2 in. across, usually with 10 petals. Leaves.—Lance-shaped and linear like those of the preceding. -- Range.—Mass. to Fla., chiefly near the coast and in Sandy soil about the edges of brackish ponds, flowering in July and August. Few flowers have the delightful, refreshing beauty of the Sea Pinks, that in their flowering season cause whole meadows to blush with their loveliness. COMMON MILKWEED. (Asclepias cornuta) MILKwFED. Flowers.-Purplish pink borne on short pedicels in a many flowered cluster or umbel; corolla deeply 5-cleft, each part containing nectar at its base. Leaves.—Opposite, broadly lance-shaped and Smooth edged, seated closely on the stout, straight stem that rears itself to a height of 2 to 5 feet. Range.—Southern Canada and the entire U. S. flowering from June to September in fields. Few who have had the pleasures of country outings fail to know this erect, dignified plant by its clus- ters of dull pinkish flowers, so attractive to insects, and by its peculiar milky, bitter juice with which it Smears our hands if we break its stem or leaves. Later in the summer when its rough seed pods are filled with the silky seed parachutes, the plant has a far greater attraction to children who love to see these future possibilities of plants wafted away on the breeze; little do they realize that each one of these has a mission and should fortune favor its flight a new colony of milkweeds will be formed. SHOWY LADY'S SLIPPER. (Cypripedium reginae) or CHID. Flower.—White, with the inflated lip handsomely painted with a deep pink; both sepals and petals White. Leaves.—5 or 6, elliptical, pointed, many ribbed and 3 to 6 in. long, clasping the Stout Stem, from which the flower nods at a height of 1 to 2 feet above the ground. Range.—Southern Canada to the Gulf and west to the Mississippi; most abundant in the northern half of its range; flowers in July and August in peat bogs Or Very Wet WOOdS. Many consider this the most beautiful of the Lady’s Slippers, but to my mind it never could com- pare with the common Moccasin Flower that we find in dry woods, although the leafy stem of the present species is undoubtedly more attractive than the bare scape of the pink species. While the Moccasin Flow- er is the better known of the two species, probably I this is the most abundant but it hides its beauty in the depths of swamps where only the most ardent and VentureSome admirers may trespass SHEEP LAUREL; LAMBKI LL. (Kalmia a "gustifolia) HEATH. Flowers.-Saucer-shaped and 5-lobed like those of the Mountain Laurel, but a bright pink in color. The flowers may cluster at the top of the Woody stem or be clustered at intervals among the leaves on the woody stem that grows from 6 in. to 3 feet in height. Leaves.—Narrowly elliptical, crowded on the stem, either opposite or in whorls. Range.—Canada and the U. S. chiefly east of the Mississippi, flowering in June and July in low pas- tures and Swamps. Were this small laurel magnified to the size of the handsome mountain species, it would greatly exceed it in beauty; as it is, however, it is usually regarded as an insignificant shrub detested by farmers as it is poisonous to cattle and sheep. Like the larger relative, this flower has its 10 stamens caught in little pollen pockets, ready to spring out and dust the insect that disturbs them. The similar Swamp Lau- | rel (K. glauca) is found in bogs in about the same range. Its upright leaves have a whitish bloom un- derneath. SWAMP ROSE MALLOW. (Hibiscus Moscheutos) MALLow. Flowers.-Large, 4 to 6 in. across, pale pink, 5 petals; stamens united into a hollow column with the anthers closely covering the outside and the pis- til with its 5-clubbed stigma protruding from the Center. Leaves.—Large, pointed-ovate and usually more or less lobed on the edge. Range.—Near the Atlantic coast from Mass. to the Gulf of Mexico, flowering in August and Sept. in Salt marshes and Swamps. This is the largest flowered species of the mal- |lows. It has a similar relative (H. militaris) found % west to Minn.; it has smooth leaves instead of the 4. woolly ones beneath as the present species has; its º flowers are also Smaller. This mallow is often trans- & planted and grows fully as well under cutivation as it does in its native Salt marshes. A red flowered mallow (H. coccineus) that grows near the coast from South Carolina Southward is also frequently cultivated. º/ JOE-PYE WEED; PURPLE THOROUGHWORT. (Eupatorium purpureum) CoMPOSITE. Flowers.--Small, very numerous, in large flat-top- | ped clusters, lavender colored. Leaves.—In whorls of 3 or 4 about the purplish stem that grows from 3 to 10 feet tall; rough, lance- shaped and saw-toothed. Range.—Nova Scotia to Manitoba and South to the Gulf, flowering from August to Sept. in moist mead- OWS, Woods and Swamps. This plant believes in the modern principles of ad- vertising; if the surrounding vegetation is low, Joe- Pye will rear its head only to a moderate elevation; if, however, the soil is rich and other plants have reached an unusual development, you will still find this plant with its purplish flowerhead gayly waving above its neighbors, even though it has to extend its rather slender Stem to a height of 10 ft. to do so. It is a favorite flower for all kinds of butterflies and as it is so conspicuous and has a delicate odor it never i lacks for insect Company. STEEPLE BUSH; HARD HACK. B. (Spiraea tomentosa) Rose. Flowers.-Pink, very small and in a dense pyra- midal cluster; corolla of 5 petals, stamens Very nu- In eI’OllS. Leaves.—Pointed ovate, saw-toothed and very woolly beneath, crowded and alternating on the woody stem that rises to a height of 2 to 3 feet. Range.—Southern half of Canada and northern half of the U. S., flowering from July to Sept. in Swamps or moist ground. These pink steeples are very attractive to various insects, especially to pollen eating ones, for the flowers Secrete little or no nectar. FIRE-WEED; GREAT WILLOW-HERB. A. (AE/7/0/ium angus/i/o/iu/l). EvKNING PRIM RosF. Flowers.-Pink, 1 in. across, 4 rounded petals, 4 narrow sepals, 8 stamens and 1 pistil. > Leaves.—Acutely lance-shaped, seated alternately on the stem that carries the loosely clustered flower- spike up 2 to 8 feet high. Range.—Whole of temperate North America, flow- ering from June to Sept. on dry fields, roadsides and light Woods. COMMON DVARF OR PASTURE ROSE. (Rosa humilis) Rose. Flowers.-2 to 3 in. broad, 5 petals and the same number of sepals, numerous stamens all curved out from the center. Leaves.—Compounded of 3 to 7 saw-toothed leaflets. Range.—Everywhere east of the Great Plains, flow- ering from May to July and occasionally again in the Fall. - Surely if any flower can be so well known as to need no description, that flower must be the Wild Rose. Cultivate them as they Will, our gardeners and horticulturists cannot produce a purer or fairer flower than the native wild roses that grow in pro- fusion on rocky hillsides, sandy banks and in thick- ets. spines. A species that has comparatively few thorns is the Smooth Rose (R. blanda) found in the same range as the last. Several other similar species are recognized, but the differences are so slight they The present species has rather large thorny hº iſ will be noticed only by a botanist and can be disre- tº garded in this book as being outside its limits of technicality. ". | º 2% º §§ - | 121 |\!º . ºù, º BOUNCING BET; SOAPWORT. (Saponaria officinalis) PINK. Flowers.-Pale pink, 1 in. across, fragrant, 100Se- ly clustered at the end of the stem which ranges from 1 to 3 ft. in height. Leaves.—Opposite, pointed-oval and with 3 to 5 longitudinal ribs. - Range.—Common in Waste places and along road- sides everywhere, flowering from June to Sept. From a few plants brought from Europe long ago, this member of the pink family has multiplied and extended its range to cover the whole United States and much of Southern Canada. Its name of Soap- wort comes from the lather that its leaves Will make if crushed and agitated in Water, a solution much used in olden times for cleansing purposes. The stamens and pistils of these flowers develop at differ- ent periods so that self-pollenization is impossible; night flying moths are found to be the greatest bene- factors although some of the pollen-eating flies prob- ably often fertilize the plant. PINK AZALEA; WILD HONEY SUCKLE. (Azalea nudiflora) HEATH. Flowers.--From crimson-pink to white, 1 to 2 in. across, in small clusters at the ends of the branches; corolla funnel-shaped with five spreading lobes, sta- mens very long and reddish. Leaves.—Pointed-oblong, clustered at the ends of short stems. Range.—Whole of U. S. east of the Mississippi, flowering in April and May in moist rocky woods. These beautiful flowers bloom early, often before the leaves have appeared, and large patches in the Woods may look as though bursting into flame. It is this habit of flowering with or before the leaves that gives it the specific name of nudiflora. The SWAMP PINK (A. viscosa) which blooms in Swamps during May to July is very similar but the flowers are very Sticky and also very fragrant while the last species is not. On the other hand the Swamp Pink || is usually rather paler in color than the woodland L- Species. LADY’S THUM B. A. (Polygonum Persicaria) BUCKWHEAT. Flowers.--Small, pink in short slender spikes, no corolla but a 5-parted pinkish calyx surrounding the stamens and pistil. Leaves.—Oblong, lance-shaped, alternating along the stem, and usually with a dark Crescent in the middle of each leaf. - > Range.—Whole of temperate North America, flow- B. Hering from June to Sept. in moist waste places, either fields or along roadsides. This is one of the most abundant Of Weeds, especially COInd- mon about farm houses where it is often regard- ed as a pest. FIELD, SHEEP OR RED SORREL. B. (Rumea Acetosella) BUCKWHEAT. Flowers.-Very small, greenish, turning reddish towards the end of the flowering season. Leaves.—Narrowly arrow-shaped, acrid to the taste, a few small ones alternating on the main flower stalk but mostly on long stems from the root. Range.—Temperate North America; adventive from Europe. - SPREADING DOGBANE. (Apocynum androsaemifolium) DoGBANE. Flowers.--Small, fragrant, bell-shaped, delicate pink or white, 1-3 in. across, 5-parted with the lobes Strongly recurved. Leaves.—Opposite, broadly pointed oval. Range.—From the Gulf north to Middle Canada, flowering in June and July in thickets and beside roads, walls and fences, on the edge of Woods. This plant or shrub is well termed “spreading” for its stem has numerous forks and branches; the name dogbane is given it because it is supposed to be especially poisonous to members of the canine fam- ily. The plant attains a height of from 1 to 4 feet, but its “running” tendency may cause the outer- º Eºs most branches to be 10 feet from its roots. The flowers are adapted to the butterfly, with its long slender tongue, for fertilization; any insect with a shorter, thicker tongue is very apt to have it caught in one of the V-shaped entrances to the honey cells, and, unless he should be strong enough to tear him- self away, is doomed to die of starvation firmly held in the flower. FALSE DRAGON HEAD. A. (Physostegia Virginiana) MINT. Flowers.-Rose-pink variegated with white, 1 in. long, clustered in a dense spike, swollen and funnel- shaped, 5 toothed, held erect by small bracts. Leaves.—Opposite, lance-shaped and saw-toothed. Range.—Southern Canada to the Gulf, flowering sº from July to Sept. in damp soil. W. º: This peculiar plant, whose slender stem attains º heights of 1 to 4 ft., is often known as the “Obedient | Tº Plant” because, whatever the direction of the wind, Wills otherwise. MARSH ST. JOHNS-WORT. B. (Hypericum Virginicum) ST. JoHNswort, Flowers.-Pink, 1-2 in. across, in terminal clus- ters, interspersed with leaves. Leaves.—Oblong-oval, pale green, seated opposite- ly on the stem that grows from 1 to 2 feet high. Range.—Middle Canada south to the Gulf and west to the Plains, flowering from July to Sept., in swamps and marshes or very wet meadows. RED OR WOOD LILY. (Lilium Philadelphicum) LILY. Flowers.-Upright, 2 to 5 in number borne on Short pedicels from the summit of the slender leafy stem that attains heights of 1 to 3 feet; perianth of 6 spreading sections, 6 stamens and 1 pistil; usually | tawny or orange-red outside and Vermilion or deep Orange-red inside, the segments being more or less spotted with blackish. Leaves.—In whorls of 3 to 8 at regular intervals on the stem; lance-shaped and Smooth edged. Range.—Northern New England and Ontario South to Virginia and Kentucky, flowering in June and July in dry woods or sandy thickets. Without doubt this lily is the most strikingly beautiful of the family and, as we would expect, it is very often met with under cultivation. It grows in profusion in Some 10- calities, but nowhere more so than at Gay Head on the eastern end of the island. Of Martha’s Vine- yard, where, on the top of the cliffs some 200 feet || above the sea level, the ground seems ablaze with L. them in July, quantities being gathered by excursion- ists. PAINTED CUP. A. (Castilleja coccinea) FIGWoRT. Flowers.-Very small, yellowish, concealed within a floral bract of the brightest scarlet; the calyx is two-parted and yellowish green. Leaves.—Lower ones whole, oblong and clustered; upper ones usually 3-cleft and sometimes 5-cleft, all seated on the plant stem. Range.—Southern Canada south to Va. and Texas, flowering from May to July in meadows, thickets and Sandy soil. PIMPERNEL. B. (Anagallis arvensis) PRIMRoSE. Flowers.-Scarlet with a peculiar coppery tint, 1-4 in. across, 5-parted, on slender stems from the leaf *A axils. Leaves.—Opposite, oval and seated on the stem, black-dotted beneath. Range.—Southern Canada and the U. S. east of the Plains, flowering from May to Aug. in Sandy soil. The flowers open only in the Sunshine and close about 4 o’clock in the afternoon. - CORAL HONEY SUCKLE. (Lonicera sempervirens) HoNEYSUCKLE. Flowers.-Coral red or Scarlet outside and yellow within, in terminal spikes; corolla tubular, 1 1-2 in. long. Leaves.—Oval, dark green, lighter below, the up- per ones apparently perfoliate. Range.—Southern New England, New York and Nebraska south to the Gulf, flowering from April to Sept. in thickets, rocky hillsides or most anywhere in rich SOil. The Trumpet Honeysuckle, as this one is often called, makes one of the most ornamental of twining Vine's When in Cultivation. But nowhere iS it Seen at Such advantage as in the South Where it blooms throughout the Summer and where the leaves remain green during the winter. Its corolla is too deep for the honey to be drained by any of the bees and, While Some of the butterflies may often reach the nectar, the chief agent for fertilizing the flowers is the Ruby-throated Humming-bird. 9 VIRGINA CATCH FLY: FIRE PINK. (Silene Virginica) PINK. - Flowers.-Scarlet, 1 1-2 in. across, in a loose clus- ter on slender pedicels from the axils of the upper * leaves; calyx tubular and 5-cleft; corolla of 5 spread- | ing notched petals. Leaves.—Oblong or lance-shaped. Range.—New Jersey to Michigan and south to Geor- gia and Missouri, flowering from May to September in dry Woods. This is another of the very few scarlet flowers that we have and One that northerners are not privileged to see except under cultivation. As is the case with nearly all red flowers this species is often visited by the hummingbird, but many of our butterflies are most Often seen about the blossoms. Its honey Store- house is protected from crawling insects by the sticky calyx that entraps all who try to reach the flower except through the air. This is one of the commonest and yet perhaps the most effective plans to prevent Small insects, that would be of no real val- ue to a flower, from pilfering their sweets. CARDINAL FLOWER; RED LO BELIA. A. (Lobelia cardinalis) BELLFLOWER. Flowers.-Scarlet, 1 to 1 1-2 in. long, growing in long terminal racemes; corolla tubular and two-lipped, the lower one being split into three lobes and the uppei One into two. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, seated on the stem which is usually unbranched and carries the brilliant flow. ers to a height of 2 to 4 feet. Range.—Southern Canada to the Gulf and west to the Plains, flowering from July to Sept. in moist land, chiefly along brooks. What can be more delicately graceful than these || brilliant flowered racemes that Wave to and fro ovel the gurgling brook. OSWEGO TEA; BEE BALM. B. (Mona a didyma) MINT. Flowers.-Scarlet, clustered in a terminal round lºss head, tubular and 2-lipped. - Leaves.—Opposite, pointed-ovate and saw-toothed. Range.—U. S. and Southern Canada east of the E. Plains, flowering from July to Sept. in moist situa- tions, usually beside brooks. BLUE-EYED GRASS. A. (Sisyrinchium amigustifolium) IRIs. Flowers.-Deep blue or purple, perfect, 6 petals, each with a sharp point at the end; 2 or 3 buds to a plant, but only One Opening at a time. Leaves.—Grass-like and somewhat shorter than the flat flower stem that rises up 3 to 12 inches. Range.—Southern half of Canada south to southern half of the U. S., flowering from May to August, in moist fields, where the star-like blossoms peer bright- ly at us from Sunrise to sunset, then close never to open again. VENUS’ LOOKING GLASS. B. (Specularia perfoliata) BELLF LowR.R. Flowers.-Violet blue, 1-2 in. across, usually singly in the axils of the upper leaves; corolla 5-petaled, 5 stamens and a 3-lobed pistil. Leaves.—Heart-shaped clasping the stem by their bases, scallop-toothed. Range.—Whole of U. S. and Southern Canada, flow- * ering from May to Sept., in dry woods and waste ground. Stem weak and 6 in. to 2 ft. high. BLUE FLAG; BLUE IRIS; FLEUR-DE-LIS. (Iris versicolor) IRIs. Flowers.-Large, 2 to 4 in. across, violet-blue Varie- gate with yellow and white; perianth of 6 segments, three being large and spreading and three Smaller and upright, all united at the base in a short tube. Leaves.—Stiff and sword-shaped, at the base clasp- ing the round flower stem that rises 2 to 4 feet from the ground. Range.—Southern half of Canada south to the Gulf and west to the Plains, flowering from May to July in ponds and wet meadows. - This iris is one of our most popular plants. The beauty of the large irregular flowers is refreshing to everyone, and especially so when quantities of them are seen rearing their heads above the rush- like leaves in Watery meadows. Nearly everyone has a horror or fear of some of the bees, but few rea: lize how much they owe to those little insects. With- out them it would be impossible for us to have this beautiful flower as Well as numbers of others that depend wholly upon the bee for cross fertilization. 133 DOWNY GENTIAN. B. (Gentiana puberula) GENTIAN. Flowers.-Violet–blue, bell-shaped, 5-toothed, in a loose cluster at the top of a single stem 8 to 18 in. tall. Leaves.—Stiff, lance-shaped, seated oppositely on the stem. Range.—From N. Y. and Minn. South to Ga. and Mo., flowering from August to October on the edges of dry woods or fields. BELL-SHAPED GENTIAN. A. (Gentiana a gustiflora) GENTIAN. Flowers.-Solitary, light violet-blue, bell-shaped and 5 iobed, erect at the top of a stem 6 to 15 in. high. Leaves.—Linear, seated alternately upon the stem. Range.—New Jersey and Southern Ill. South to the Gulf, flowering from August to Oct., in meadows and moist Woods. The solitary flower that this plant puts forth is the most lelicately beautiful of the gentians. FRINGED GENTIAN. (Gentiana crimita) GENTIAN. Flowers.-Deep violet-blue, funnel-shaped, divided into 4 spreading lobes, each rounded and fringed at the end. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, seated oppositely upon the Stem. Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf and west to the Plains, flowering from the latter part of Sept. to November in moist Woods or Swampy land. This beautiful gentian is one of the most highly prized of our wild flowers, so much so that it is rapidly becoming a flower of the past in a great many localities. It is very locally distributed and when one comes upon the beautiful blossoms at a time when few flowers except asters and goldenrods are in bloom, he can hardly resist the temptation fº to gather them. The plant is an annual one, that is, it dies out each year unless seed is set and new Nº. plants formed the succeeding Spring. CLOSED, BLIND OR BOTTLE GENTIAN. (Gentiana Andren'sii) GENTIAN. Flowers.-Deep-blue, bottle-shaped with closed segments, clustered chiefly at the terminus of the stem and a few clustered in the axils of the upper leaves. Leaves.—Broadly lance-shaped and seated Oppo- sitely on the stem that rises from 1 to 2 feet high. Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf and west to the Plains, flowering from August to Oct., on the edges of moist Woods or beside brooks. Unlike the Fringed Gentian, this species is a per- ennial and Springs up year after year from the same root. Its 5-segmented bottle-shaped flowers remain tightly closed against the pilferings of most insects but have to give way to the burly bumblebee, who § inserts his tongue in the end of the blossom and gradually forces the flower apart until he can reach the nectar in the bottom, in so doing gathering some lof the pollen on his head, to be carried to the next flower. WILD GERANIUM ; CRANE'S-BILL. (Geranium maculatum) GERANIUM. Flowers.-Purplish Pink, 1 1-4 in. across, calyx and corolla regular and 5-parted, 10 stamens. Leaves.—Usually 5-lobed but sometimes only three, variously cleft and notched, joining the main stem oppositely by means of long peduncles. Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf and west to the Plains, flowering from April to July in woods, thickets or beside the road. Growing in close communion and harmony With the two Woodland Spe- cies of anemones, we often find the purplish flowers of the Wild Geranium, and a relief it is to have the monotony of white flowers broken by occasional ones like this or the Hepatica. Like many others of our plants, this one will not set a single seed Without the visitation of some useful insects. Its | anthers not only ripen but fall off before the Stigma is ready to receive the pollen, and it can only be that from a younger flower that will be available to re-l produce its kind. HERE ROBERT. (Geranium Robertianum) GERANIUM. Flowers.-Rose-purple, 1-2 in. across, nearly al- ways borne in pairs on slender peduncles. Leaves.—Three or five lobed, and cleft very Sim- ilarly to those of the Wild Geranium; opposite on Slender StemS. - Range.—New Brunswick and Ontario South to Pa. and Mo., flowering from May to Oct., in moist Woods or beside lanes. This geranium was brought over from Europe at an early date and has comfortably settled here to enjoy itself. It is sometimes known by the names of Red Robin or Dragon’s Blood, indicative of the reddish coloration of the Stem and often of the leaves, both of which are rather hairy. It is an all- nual plant and one that will often attract attention sooner than the Wild Geranium because, although it has much Smaller flowers, the stem is more branchy and the plant spreads out in a more imposing man- ner. The stem is very brittle and the whole plant, especially the 1eaves when crushed, have a rather disagreeable odor. PURPLE CINQUEFOIL; MARSH FIVE-FINGER. (Potentilla palustris) RosF. Flowers.—Rose-purple, 3-4 in. across, a few cluster- ed at the end of the running stem; corolla 5-parted, the petals somewhat pointed at their Outer ends. Leaves.—Compounded of three to seven saw-tooth- ed leaflets, joining the main stem by short peduncles. Range.—Southern Canada and northern half of the U. S., flowering from June to August in Swamps and marshes. LIVE-FOREVER; ORPIN E. B. (Sedum Telephium) of PINE. Flowers.-Dull purplish, small, in round termina] clusters; corolla 5-parted. Leaves.—Oval, thick, fleshy, slightly scalloped, pale green, seated closely to the stalk, that is erect, Stout. and juicy and rises to a height of 1 to 2 ft. Range.—Southern Canada south to Middle U. S. flowering from June to Sept. This is the plant that is commonly found in yards of country houses, and” the one whose leaves children delight in pinching until they can inflate them like balloons. PURPLE FLOWERING RASPBERRY. (Rubus odoratus) RosF. Flowers.-Purple-pink, 1 to 2 in. across, fragrant, a few clustered at the end of the stem which is red- dish, fuzzy and from 3 to 5 feet tall. Leaves.—Irregular like those of the maple, the lower Ones very large, pale green. Range.—The whole of North America east of the Great Plains, flowering from June to August in dr rocky thickets and along Country lanes. - The flower of this handsome species so closely resembles some of our wild roses that it is often mistaken for them, not, however, if one has taken notice of the leaves, which are anything but rose- like. The plants are largely cross-fertilized by in- sects shaking the pollen from the ripened anthers On the sticky Stigma that is just below them. Few of our plants or shrubs can vie with this in the great size that the lower leaves attain, some of them often being ten or twelve inches across. It is often found in tangled thickets or along the edges of shady lanes in company with High-bush Blackberries. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. A. (Echinacea purpurea) CoMPOSITE. Flowers.-Purple ray flowers and dark purple disc florets in a cone in the center; the rays pistilate but Sterile and the disc florets perfect. Leaves.—Lower leaves rough, toothed and pointed'ſ ovate; upper leaves rough, 5-ribbed, toothless and Seated on the rough Stem that carries the purple flowerheads up to a height of 2 or 3 ft. Range.—Western N. Y. to Minn., and south to Tex- as, flowering from July to Sept. in damp fields. MON KSHOOD. B. (Aconitum uncimatum) CRow Foot. Flowers.-Deep bluish-purple in loose clusters at: the end of the slender stem; Calyx 5-parted, the up- per ones enlarged, hollow and forming a hood toº protect the contents of the flower from rain; corolla º of two petals and three more abortive ones like \\\\ StamenS and Concealed under the hood. º Leaves.—3 or 5-lobed and notched. - Range.—N. J. and Pa. South to Georgia. flowering * - from June to Sept. in Woods, choosing such situa- 141 tions as the columbine frequents. BURDOCK. (Arctium Za//a) compositE. Flowers.-Perfect tubular florets only, purple, pink or white, seated in the tops of a round involucre cov- ered with hooked bristles; several of these flower- heads in a cluster. Leaves.—Large, ovate, strongly veined, light green and Woolly below; the lower leaves are often heart- ºf shaped and much larger. Range.—Not uncommon through temperate Amer- *| ica, but most abundant in the East, flowering from July to Oct. In Waste ground the burdock is one of the most common plants. It is an immigrant from Europe and the reasons for its rapid spread in this country are apparent when we consider the means that it takes to distribute its seeds; not car- ing to trust them to the winds or the birds, it has them bristling with hooked spines that catch to the clothing of persons or to the hair of animals and they are sometimes carried long distances before * falling off. Children often gather quantities of these flowerheads and form them into large balls to throw at one another. HARY RUELLIA. (Ruellia ciliosa). ACANTHUs. Flowers.-Light bluish-purple, 2 in. long, from the axils of the leaves; corolla tubular and Spreading in- to five equal lobes, about 1 1-2 in. across. Leaves.—Broadly lance-shaped, seated oppositely on the hairy stem that rises from 1 to 2 feet from Kes the ground. Range.—New Jersey, Ohio and Michigan south to the Gulf, flowering from June to September in dry open woods or fields. This beautiful plant is a perennial which does not seem to be sufficiently hardy to extend its range north of New Jersey. Such attractive flowers must necessarily have many insect visitors, but it must be a long-tongued one that is able to reach the nec- tar at the bottom of the slender tube; probably but- terflies are the greatest benefactors of this species. In addition to the large blue flowers, these plants have Small closed ones, looking like unopened buds; these never open but fertilize themselves. BLUE VERVIAN: WILD HYSSOP. A. (Verbena hastata) VERVAIN. Flowers.--Small, purplish, crowded in slender spikes that branch out from near the top of the main Stem. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, opposite with short stems, Saw-toothed. Range.—Whole of temperate North America, flowering from June to Sept. in moist places or alongside roads. BLAZING STAR. B. (Lacinaria scariosa) ComPositE. Flowers.-Purple or tubular florets only, set in a scaly involucre ; flowerheads racemed along the up- per part of the stem that attains a height of 1 to 3 feet. - Leaves.—Lanceolate, crowded on the Stem. Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf and west to Nebraska, flowering from June to Sept. in dry fields or rich soil. MARSH ROSE MARY; SEA LAVENDER. (Limonium Carolinianum) PLUMBAGO Flowers.--Tiny, bluish, or lavender, set along the upper sides of the ends of the slender branches; CO: rolla of five very tiny petals; flower stem from 1 to 2 1-2 feet high, very much branched above. Leaves.—Narrowly oblong, all radiating from the rootStalk. - Range.—From Labrador southward along the At lantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico, flowering from July to Oct. in Salt marshes and along the borders| of Salt Water riverS. As we approach the Atlantic coast at almost any point, during the summer, we notice a hazy appear- ance amid the salt marsh grass, which upon closer investigation proves to be the present plant. The individual blossoms are handsome if viewed under a strong magnifying glass, but are so minute as to be hardly recognized as flowers except upon close ex- amination. The plants branch out at the top like a huge feather duster and the little tuft of leaves at the base of the slender Stalk is hardly large enough to attract attention. - {{} =l RED CLOVER. (Trifolium pratense) PULSE. Flowers.-Magenta or pink, tubular, thickly set in s|rounded heads about an inch in diameter. | Leaves.—Normally compounded of three oval leaflets but this number is sometimes increased to 4 to 7; joining the main stalk on long petioles; marked With a Whitish crescent in their centers. Range.—Throughout temperate North America, gº flowering from April to November, in fields and along roadsides. We have little need to go far into the country to see this common plant for it is even found growing close to the curbing on Streets in the centers of large cities, and most any country roadside or field is filled with it. It is cultivated largely for fodder and al- so is found to be useful in building up soil that has deteriorated through the continued growing of one | crop. Bumblebees are the chief agent for continu- ing the species; indeed, it has been found that with- out their aid, it cannot be raised at all. Nearly all butterflies also delight in Sipping the abundance of nectar, but they are of but little value to the plant. PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE; SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE. - (Lythrum Salicaria) LoosesTRIFE. - Flowers.-Bright pinkish purple, 1-2 inch acroS3, crowded in a long terminal spike; corolla of 6 or Sometimes 5 petals. Leaves.—Opposite or in whorls of three, lance- shaped and clasping the stem at their bases. The plant grows from 2 to 3 feet high. Range.—Southeastern Canada to Delaware and west to Ohio, flowering from June to August in Wet meadows or beside water. This handsome perennial plant came to our shores from Europe and it bids fair to in time become as wide spread as have any other of the floral immi- grants. It can be regarded as a welcome addition and indeed, is so well regarded that it is often seen in gardens under cultivation. This species is espe- cially arranged for cross-fertilization Since it is found that, while each plant has flowers of one kind, three different lengths of pistils can be found on dif- ferent plants and each is unresponsive except to pollen brought from another plant and then only if it is pollen brought from a corresponding set of an- ther S. 148 PURPLE TRILLIUM ; WAKE-ROBIN. (Trillium erectum) LILY. Flowers.-Dull purplish-red, sometimes paler even to white, solitary on an erect pedicel from the cen- ter of the leafy whorl. Leaves.—Three ovate and pointed and whorled about the top of the stout stem that rises 8 to 18 in. from the ground. Range.—From New Brunswick to Manitoba and tº south to North Carolina and Mo., flowering in April and May in moist Woods. The name, Wake-robin, is given to this flower be- cause it blooms about the time that the majority of the robins are returning from the south; it was prob- ably first applied in New England, and sometimes even here these rusty-breasted birds remain through- | Out the Winter. In accordance With the law that bees and butterflies are attracted by bright colors, light colors or fragrance, we find that few of these insects ever visit these ill-scented, dull-colored blos- Soms, but we find that they are visited by numbers of Small flies and Scavenger beetles that are un- doubtedly attracted by the odor of the plant which is that of decayed meat. - NIGHT SHADE; BITTERSWEET. (Solanum Dulcamara) NIGHTSHADE. Flowers.-Blue or purple, 1-2 in. across, in drooping clusters; corolla 5-parted with the petals curved backwards, stamens bright yellow and protruding with the anthers forming a prominent cone. Leaves.—Alternating, usually heart-shaped at the base and often with two smaller leaflets below the large One Or in Some cases joined to it. Range.—Middle Canada south to New Jersey and west to states bordering the Mississippi River, flow- ering from May to Sept. in moist thickets or tangled underbrush. Unable to support itself, this pretty shrubby vine crawls lazily Over shrubs and briars in many thick- ets and often along old walls. The purple flowers. with the prominent yellow cone in the center are, º beautiful, but regarded by many with suspicion be || cause of poisonous properties that the plant was for- - - merly supposed to have, but it is now believed to be 7% harmless. The bright red oval berries that take theº- place of the flowers in the fall are even more beauti- ful than the flowers themselves. HEPATICA; LIVERWORT. A. (Hepatica triloba) CRow Foot. Flowers.-Ranging from blue through purple, pink and to white; nearly an inch across, 5-parted, a sin- gle flower at the top of each of the several very fuzzy StemS. Leaves.—3-lobed, rather thick, spreading On the ground on short stems from the root; evergreen through the winter, turning rusty during the flower- ing season, after which new green ones appear. Range.—Temperate North America east of the Great Plains, flowering Jan. to May in Open woods or on rich hillsides. GROUND IVY ; GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND. B. (Glecoma hederacea) MINT. - Flowers.-Light purple, growing singly or in cºus- | ters among the axils of the leaves; corolla tubular, 1-2 inch long, and two-lipped, the lower one being 3-lobed. Leaves.—Small, rounded or heart-shaped, scallop. edged, growing Oppositely along the stem on short * Stems. Range.—Eastern half of North America, flowering from May to Sept. in moist, shady places. GREAT LOBELIA; BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER. A. (Lobelia syphilitica) BELLFLOWER. Flowers.-Blue of various shades, 1 inch long, borne in a tall open spike; calyx 5-parted; corolla 2- lipped with 5 irregular lobes. Leaves.—Oblong, pointed at each end and Seated alternately upon the stout stem that rises from 1 to 3 feet high. Range.—Southern Canada South to Georgia and Mo., flowering from July to Oct. in Swamps or beside A." Stream S. This plant is often found growing alongside brooks in company with its relative the Cardinal flower and, of course, in such cases, its beauty is dwarfed beside that of its more lovely companion. INDIAN TO BACCO. B. (Lobelia inflata) BELLFLOWER. : Flowers.--Small, light-blue in an open spike-like raceme; 2-lipped and 5-cleft. Leaves.—Ovate, slightly toothed, alternately Seat-ºff ed upon the slender branchy stem. Range.—Com- mon in Waste land and thickets from Middle Canada 151 south to Ga. and Mo., flowering from July to Oct. PIC KEREL-WEED. A. (Pontederia cordata) PICKEREL-WEED. Flowers.-Entire flower purplish, closely crowded in a dense spike; tubular, 2-lipped, 6 irregular lobes. Leaves.—Several Small bract-like Ones sheathing the stem and one arrow-shaped leaf about midway on the flower stalk which attains heights of 1 to 4 feet, depending upon the depth of water in which it grows. Range.—United States and Canada east of the Plains, flowering from June to Oct. in shallow water º along the edges of ponds and streams. VIPER'S BUGLOSS ; BLUE-WEED. B. (Echium vulgare) BoFAGE. Flowers.-Blue changing to purplish, growing on "I short spikes, alternating along the top of the light, * I bristly, spotted stem that may rise 1 to 3 feet from the ground; corolla funnel-shaped with 5 uneven lobes. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, rough and hairy, alternate- ly seated on the stem. Range.—Southern Canada south to Va. and Nebr., flowering in June in waste places. - ROBIN’S PLANTAIN. A. (Erigeron pulchellus) CoM Posit E. Flowers.-Violet–blue, 1 in. or slightly more acroSS, clustered at the top of a hairy stem from 1 to 2 feet high; disc flowers greenish-yellow, numerous rays. Leaves.—Spatulate, radiating from the base, a few clasping narrow leaves on the stem. Range.—Eastern half of North America, flowering || from April to June on moist hills or banks, or along the roadsides. A beautiful rather large-flowered daisy that appears as a forerunner of the hordes of purple asters that are to come in the Fall. SELF-HEAL ; BLUE CURLS. B. (Prunella vulgaris) MINT. §§ Flowers.-Purplish blue in dense rounded heads or is Spikes; corolla tubular and 2-lipped, the upper form- ing a hood and the lower being 3-lobed. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, joining the stalk opposite- i. ly on short stems. Range—whole of North America and the Old || World, flowering from May to October in all waste places in fields and along roads. 153 | - || || - | --- \\ | | %. ~~~ N |W | t – BEACH, SEASIDE OR EVERLASTING PEA. A. (Lathyrus maritimus) PULSE. Flowers.-Purple, about 1 in long, clustered in A. | short racemes on slender pedicels from the leaf axils. Leaves.—Compounded of from 6 to 12 oval leaflets alternating along the stout but frail stems that branch and crawl along the ground for 2 feet or more. - Range.—Along the beaches from New Jersey north- º/ Ward and also along the shores of the Great LakeS, flowering from May to Aug. Just back of the sandy beaches beyond reach of the in-coming breakers, We | find quantities of these pretty plants growing in A sandy soil that will support little else. A similar pea, but much smaller, is the Marsh Vetching (L. º palustris) found in wet ground throughout the coun- º try. COW VETCH OR BLUE VETCH. B. (Vicia Cracca) PULSE. - This climbing perennial plant is very similar to the Z last but the flowers are more blue than purple, and tº the leaves are divided into from 18 to 24 pinnate leaflets with tendrils at the end like those of the last. It is common throughout the Eastern half of the Ountry. PASTURE THISTLE. (Card//s odoratus) CoMPOSITE. Flowers.-Numerous purplish, tubular florets Set in a deep spiney involucre, making a flowerhead from 2 to 3 in across, the largest of the family. T sº w ws NW, \! º/ \\ th Leaves.—Like those of all thistles, very notched º and jagged, each point armed with a thorny bristle feared by man, beast or crawling insect. Range.—Near the coast from Maine to Delaware, flowering from July to August in dry, Stony pastures. This beautiful fragrant thistle is very popular with all flying insects especially so to the bees and but terflies, one of the latter using it so exclusively that it is known as the Thistle Butterfly (cardui). With in each tubular floret is an abundance of nectar to repay insect visitors for the assistance they rendel the plant. In the fall goldfinches delight in eating the seeds and they also work quantities of the down and woolly fibres into their nests that they make >= 3. N º \!/ A | during August. Several other species of thistles are found east of the Plains, chief among which may be mentioned the Canada. Thistle (C. arvense) which has many small flowerheads. - HEDGE BIND WEED; WILD MORNING-GLORY. (Convolvulus sepium) convolvu LUs. | Flowers.-Pale, purplish-pink or white with pink- |ish stripes, bell-shaped, 2 in. long, solitary on slen- | der peduncles from the axils of the leaves; calyx of 5 sepals subtended by two large bracts; corolla 5- * lobed. - Leaves.—Triangular or somewhat arrow-shaped on slender stems from the main vine that creeps Or * trails over the ground for a distance of 5 to 10 feet º from the root. - Range.—Southern Canada to Georgia and east of the Plains, flowering from June to Sept. in waste ground, thickets, and along hedges or walls. Un- able, unaided, to raise itself from the ground, this beautiful plant supports itself by twining around bushes, Stones, fences or anythin that may be within reach of it. Opening with the rising of the sun, these handsome flowers usually close soon after it sets, al- though on moonlight nights they often remain open a few hours longer, probably in anticipation of the visits of certain moths and sphinges. PURPLE ASTER. - - (Aster patens) CoM PositE. Flowers.-Composed of brownish-yellow disc flor- ets surrounded by 20 to 30 violet purple ray florets; quantities of the flowerheads that measure an inch or more across, are found clustered at the top of the branchy stem that attains heights of 1 to 3 feet. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, rough, thick and partly # º clasping the rough stalk by their bases. ſº Range.—United States and Southern Canada east ºff of the Rockies, flowering from August to November º anywhere in dry ground. º Numerous species of the blue or purple asters are to be found, all blooming late and nearly all of them º frequenting dry places. All of them believe in the % º old motto “In union there is strength,” and flaint % numerous flowerheads at the top of their stalks. Other common species are the Heart-leaved #4 (A. cordifolius), Wavy-leaved (A. undulatus), the ſº deep purple New England Aster (A. Novae-Angliae) & and the Blue Aster (A. laevis) with its light violet flowers, as well as the Seaside Purple Aster (A. spectabilis) the largest flowered and most beautiful 157 of the family. - zzº |RONW EED, (Vermonia Noveboracensis) CoA PositE. Flowers.-Composed of tubular florets only, in heads like little thistles, reddish purple, borne on short peduncles and clustered to form a flat top; in- volucre large and bristly. | Leaves.—Alternate, lance-shaped, saw-toothed, 4 rough and from 3 to 10 in. in length. - Range.—Mass. to Minn. and south to the Gulf, flow- ering from July to Sept. in meadows and moist fields most abundantly near the Seacoast. The combination of the little thistle-like flower- heads and the rough lance-shaped leaves renders this plant an easy one to identify. At a distance it Nmay appear like an early flowering purple aster but a closer examination quickly reveals the absence of any ray florets. Each little floret has at its base a drop of nectar, so it is a favorite restaurant for many insects, particularly some of the bright colored butterflies, and a clump of these plants is as good a collecting ground for the entomologist as is the Joe Pye weed, which is also a favorite butterfly flower. PURPLE VIRGINS BOWER; PURPLE CLEMATIS. (C/e/a/7s wer/ſci//aris) CROWFoot. Flowers.-Purplish-blue, about 3 in. across; made up of 4 thin, large translucent sepals; petals very Small; Stamens long and numerous. Leaves.—Opposite, compounded of 3-pointed Oval leaflets. With the basal end Somewhat heart-shaped. Range.—Southern Canada south to Virginia and west to Minn., flowering in May and June in rocky Woodland. This species is nowhere very common and in most localities may be regarded as very rare. It is the most showy-flowered of the clematis family, the translucent petals of the cup-shaped flower being handsomely veined. Like the white virgin’s bower, it is a climbing or trailing vine feeling its way over rocks or bushes. A southern purple species called the Leather Flower (C. Viorna) has bell-shaped, leathery, purple flowers measuring at the most two inches across. This species is not uncommon fro Pa. south to the Gulf. The Marsh Clematis (C. crispa) Which is also found in the Southern States has a bell-shaped flower but the sepals are thin and re- curved. COMMON VIOLET. (Viola ca/cm///a/a) VIoIET. Flowers.-Royal purple, with a lighter colored cen- ter; 5 petals of unequal size, 2 being at the top of the flower and 3 below, the two lateral ones being heav- ily fringed within the throat to prevent ants from pilfering the honey. - Leaves.—Heart-shaped and scalloped, all radiating Or erect from the root. - Range.—Throughout temperate North America, flowering from April to June in fields, along road- sides or in bogs or marshes. Throughout the country this beautiful common flower is known and loved. In dry fields it may be only an insignificant little plant an inch or two tall, while in wet meadows it is a glorious plant some- times attaining a height of ten inches. There are a great many species of violets varying chiefly in the shapes of the leaves while the flowers are the same except for slight differences in size or coloration. Of the blue violets the most widely different is the BIRD’S-FOOT VIOLET (V. pedata), the leaves of which are cut into from three to nine toothed seg- ments. WILD OR BLUE LUPIN E. A. (Lupinus perennis) PULSE. Flowers.-Violet blue, sometimes varying nearly to white, butterfly-shaped like those of the Wild Pea, borne in a raceme at the end of the Stem which is erect and branching. Leaves.—Palmately compounded of from 7 to 10 leaflets. Range.—United States and Canada east of the Lºs Plain, flowering in May and June on dry sandy hill- ſº Sides. º - § \\ º - % § º COMMON OR CARD TEAZEL. B. (Dipsacus sylvestris) TEASEL. Flowers.-Purple, densely packed among Stiffly pointed scales in a cylindrical head 3 or 4 in. long. Leaves.—Opposite, lance-shaped, toothed and bristled, in fact the whole plant is harsh and bristly to the touch. Gºl, Range.—U. S. east of the Miss., flowering from Hº July to Sept. on waste land. This prickly plant is lº an immigrant from Europe, where it is largely cul- tivated and used in making cloths. 11 - SPIDERWORT; JOB'S TEARS. (Tradescantia Virginiana) SPIDERWORT. Flowers.-Purple, blue, pink or white, 1 in. to 2 in. broad, several flowers and more buds growing in a cluster from the blade-like lyracts at the end of the erect stem that extends upward from 8 in. to 3 ft. Leaves.—Opposite, grass-like, clasping the stem. Range.—From New York to Va. and west to the | Great Plains, flowering from May to August in moist woods and thickets. The spiderwort is one of the few flowers that have only three petals; it has other peculiarities too for each of the flowers lasts but a single day, then apparently dissolves into a gelatin- ous mass, and the following day a new bud opens to take its place. The bright yellow stamens are wide- ly separated from the stigma so there is little dan- ger of self-fertilization, that duty being left to the mercies of various insects. Although the flowerS Se- Crete no nectar the StemS are covered. With a muci- lageous substance to prevent crawling insects from pilfering the plentiful supply of pollen. CATNIP. A. (Nepeta Cataria) MINT. Flowers.-Pale purplish, clustered in small termi- nal heads and a few clusters on short Stalks from the axils of the upper leaves. - Leaves.—Heart-shaped and toothed, seated oppo- sitely on the flower stalk. Very aromatic when crushed. Range.—Common throughout nearly all temperate North America, flowering from July to October in fields, Open Woods or along roadsides. We all have our likes and dislikes; birds, animals | and insects also have theirs. If there is one thing that cats, and indeed, all members of the feline tribe, enjoy more than anything else, it is this plant. WILD MINT. B. (Mentha Canadensis) MINT. Flowers.-Pale purplish, seated in clusters among the leaf axils. Leaves.—Opposite, lance-shaped, saw-toothed. Range.—Southern Canada south to Va. and Mo., flowering from July to Sept. in moist soil and espe- cially along brooks. 163 SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE. A. (/)ecodoº wer/jcz//a/7/s) LoosesTRIFE. Flowers.-Magenta, 3-4 in. across or less, 5 petals, clustered in the axils of the upper leaves that grow in Whorls Of three. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, the lower ones being either opposite or alternating. Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf and west to Minn., flowering from June to August in Swampy places. - SHOOTING STAR ; AMERICAN COWSLIP. B. (Dodecatheon Meadia) PRIMRoSE. Flowers.-Pale magenta; corolla of 5 narrow pet- als bent backwards exposing the close-clustered cone- º shaped group of stamens which are tipped with yel- low; several on short recurved pedicels from the top of a scape 6 in. to 2 ft. high. Range.—From Pa. west to the Plains and from º Manitoba south to the Gulf, flowering in April and May on the prairies or moist hillsides. Unlike many of our flowers that show a decided preference for the vicinity of salt water, this handsome species finds the interior of the country to its liking and is only seen in the east under cultivation. at its base. SHOWY ORCH IS; SPRING ORCH IS. (Orchis spectabilis) or CHID. - Flowers.-Purplish pink, several along the top of a fleshy scape that grows from 4 to 12 inches in height; sepals united to form an arch over the upper petals, while the large spreading lower lip is whit- ish and pointed. Leaves.—Two, broadly ovate, pointed, glossy green above and lighter below, clasping the flower Scape Range.—From Southern Canada south to the Gulf, - flowering from April to June in moist woodland. This true orchis is found most commonly in hem- lock groves. Like nearly all members of the family it has complex organism especially adapted to cross fertilization by the female bumblebee. An abund- ance of nectar is contained in the long Spur back of the lower lip, but in reaching for it the bee º a thin membrane covering two sticky pollen clubs that instantly attach themselves to his face or eyes by means of a viscid cement, retaining their position until they have rubbed the pollen off on the stigma of the next flower visited. 165 FORGET-ME-N OT. A. (Myosotis palustris) BoFAGE. Flowers.-Light blue with a golden eye in the cen: iter; borne in long terminal racemes. Leaves.—Alternate, oblong, seated on the stem that grows from 6 to 12 inches high. Range.—Nova Scotia south to Delaware and west at least to Ohio, flowering from May to July in wet places. - This pretty plant, which is so often used by artists for decorative effects, is a native of Europe, but has escaped from gardens here. - - BELL FLOWER. B. (Campanula rapunculoides) BELLF Low ER. Flowers.-Bluish-purple, bell-shaped"; corolla 5- 1 lobed, borne in a long one-sided raceme at the top of a leafy stalk from 1 to 3 feet tall. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, toothed and alternately Seated on the stem. - Range.—Eastern United States, flºwering in July and August in fields and along roadsides. Like the last this flower often escapes from cultivation and is rapidly becoming one of Our naturalized wild flowers. CHICORY; SUCCORY. (Cichorium Intybus) compositE. Flowers.-Violet blue, 1 to 1 1-2 in. across, set || close to the stem and extending along nearly its en- | tire length; flowerhead composed of Strap shaped ray flowers only, 5-toothed at the Outer end and set in a flat green involucre. - Leaves.—Lance-shaped and coarsely toothed, spreading on the ground; the stem leaves are Small and bract-like. Range.—United States and Southern Canada east % of the Plains, flowering from July to October in fields, waste ground and along roadsides. Although the stem of this plant has a very coarse # scraggly appearance, its flowers are, to my mind, one É of the most beautiful that we have, matching the clear summer sky for color. days the chicory will not open its flowers, but under the influence of Sunshine, the strap-shaped rays grad- ually spread ºut, showing their beauty for the de- light of mankind and the benefit of numerous small bees that visit it. Like many of our beautiful flow- ers, this one is an immigrant from Europe. On cloudy or Stormy / 7 ſº/ % - %. V. */ Ž MON KEY FLOWER. A. (A/7///s ringens) FIGWORT. Flowers.-Violet-purple; corolla two-lipped with two yellow spots in the narrow throat, the upper parts being two-lobed and the lower being wide spread and three-lobed; about 1 in. long, borne on Slender footstalks from the axils of the upper leaves. Leaves.—Lance-shaped, saw-toothed, opposite, Seat- ed on the stem. - Range.—New Brunswick to Manitoba and south- ward to the Gulf, flowering from June to Sept. in Swamps or moist ground. LARGE SKULLCAP ; HYSSOP SKULLCAP. B. (Scute//aria in ſergrifo/ia) MINT. Flowers.-Violet-blue, 1 in. long, clustered in a striking terminal raceme; corolla 2-lipped, the upper forming a hood. Leaves.—Oblong, lance-shaped, seated oppositely on the erect stem that carries the flowers to a height Of 1 to 2 feet. Range.—Southern New England and Michigan South to the Gulf, most abundant near the seacoast, flowering from June to Aug. On the borders of dry fields and roadsides. NNOCENTS; BLUELETS. A. (Houstonia coerulea) MADDER. Flowers.--Small, pale blue or whitish, 1-2 inch across; corolla tubular with four wide-spreading lobes. Leaves.—Seated Oppositely OIl the Slen- der stems, the upper ones tiny and lance-shaped, the lower one spatulate. - Range.—United States and Canada east of the º Great Plains, flowering from April to August in field's and meadows. I know of no flowers that grow in greater profusion in favorable spots than do these tiny little bluets. HAREBELL ; BLUE BELLS OF SCOTLAND. B. (Campanula rotundifolia) BELLF Low ER. Flowers.-Bright violet-blue, bell-shaped, 3-4 inch || long, several drooping from the end of each slender Stalk. Leaves.—Stem leaves very narrow; ground ones rounded. Range.—Northern U. S. and Canada, flowering from June to Sept. in rocky places. Nº. W. WM; - º Wº'ſ | | T. | º Wº% COMMON OR VIRGIN IA DAY-FLOWER. (Commelina Virginica) SPIDERWORT. Flowers.-Light blue, 1 in. broad, several grouped at the end of the stem in a leaf-like bract; calyx of 3 sepals; corolla of 3 petals, two being large and rounded and the third inconspicuous and partly con- cealed in the keel-shaped bract. Leaves.—Long and lance-shaped clasping the Stems at their bases. - - Range.—Southern New England west to Michigan and South to the Gulf, flowering from June to Sept. in moist Shady places. This is one of the most delicately beautiful of Our native plants; each flower looks just as though two bits of Sky were enfolded within the leaf-like bract. My first acquaintance with this species was on the island of Martha’s Vineyard, where it was growing commonly in several places. I have not yet seen it elsewhere in New England. These flowers Open *\ early in the morning and close forever soon after noon, or even sooner if they have been cross-ferti- lized by a bumblebee which is found to be its chief benefactor; when closing the flowers crumple up in- to a gelatinous mass like those of the Spiderwort. PITCHER PLANT. (Sarracemea purpurea) PITCHER-PLANT. Flowers.-Chiefly dull, dark reddish, 2 in. across, nodding at the top of a tall scape 1 to 2 feet high; calyx of 5 spreading sepals; corolla of 5 overlapping petals enclosing an umbrella-shaped stye and numer- OuS Stamens. Leaves.—Hollow, inflated and hooded, yellowish green with many purple veinings, 4 to 10 inches long. Range.—Swamps and peat-bogs, flowering in May and June, from Middle Canada south to the Gulf and West to the Rockies. If one would see these curious plants growing it is advisable to have On 10ng rubber boots also to have a companion along, for in many bogs one never knows to what depths he may go should his foot slip. The pitcher-shaped leaves are usually about One-third filled With Water mixed With a fluid that is Supposed to create stupor to all insects that partake of it; certain it is, that few that venture in ever get out, for reversed hairs or bristles line the inside of the pitcher and prevent an insect from crawling up the Sides. 172 INDIAN POKE; FALSE HELLEBORE. (Veratrum viride) LILY. Flowers.-Dull greenish, 3-4 in. across, borne in a long spike on a thick leafy stem from 2 to 8 feet tall. Leaves.—Large, strongly parallel-ribbed or plaited, broadly oval and pointed, 6 to 10 in, long, Sheathing he stalk by their bases. Range.—Not uncommon throughout the United States and Canada, flowering in June and July in Swamps or Wet places. Wherever you find a brook flowing through rich Woodland Or a Sluggish Stream making its Way through a swamp, you are very likely to run across this large plant. Its flowers can lay little or no claim - º to beauty and are attractive only to certain flies that visit them for pollen and incidentally transfer some of it to another stigma of a different blossom ; its leaves, however, are very conspicuous and beauti- fully ribbed, this beauty being only skin deep for the juices of the whole plant and especially of the root are very poisonous. The root is buried deeply and each spring a hard green, Spear-like shoot forces its way up through the ground, looking little like the leafy plant that soon unfolds from it. DUTCH MAN'S PIPE; PIPE-VINE. (Aristolochia Sipho) BIRTH wort. - lowers.-Purplish or reddish brown on the three spreading lobes that terminate the inflated, curved, greenish, veined, tubular calyx. - Leaves.—Varying from large broad ones to thin heart-shaped young leaves on slender stems from the main vine. Range.—From Pennsylvania and Southern Minne- sota Southward to the Gulf, flowering in May and June in moist Wood.S. We have a great many curious plants and the pres: ent species is not the least so. Its shape is such that it would attract attention, Strangely resembling some fantastically formed pipe. If we examine the # 2 * interior of a newly opened flower we find in the throat numerous little hairs all pointing downwards, while at the base of the pipe is a short, 3-lobed, sticky stigma; further search shows that as the flower ma- tures the Stigma. Withers away before the pollen is Shed from the anthers. Small flies entering this flower, and many of them do, are unable to escape but subsist upon Small quantities of nectar until the ripened anthers have dusted them with pollen. 173 THIMBLE-WEED; TALL ANEMONE. º t - - - º gº. (Anemome Virginiana) CRow Foot. º º | Flowers—No corolla, calyx whitish, 1 in across, º º º, numerous stamens and pistils; borne singly on tail Stalks from one to three feet high. º Leaves.—Of three cut and jagged divisions set in =#|a whorl up on the Stem and also root leaves on long § petioles. Range.—Southern Canada south to South Carolina and Kansas, flowering from June to August in moist Woodland. This species, with its rather inconspicuous green- ish white flowers, is commonly found in Woodland and meadows throughout the Summer; it is most no- º ticeable on account of its tall erect appearance and ºf its handsomely parted leaves. Later in the year the thimble-like fruit heads from which it gets its name are rather conspicuous objects. At first it has but a † single flower stalk springing from the axils of the upper whorl of leaves; later new stalks appear, these bearing a pair of leaves about the middle of their 1ength, from the axils of which leaves still more flower Stalks may rise. º GROUND NUT; WILD BEAN. (Apios tuberosa) PULSE. Flowers.-Chocolate brown and purplish, gather- ed into round clusters at the ends of Short pedicels from the axils of the leaves; corolla butterfly-shaped Is like those of the Wild pea. Leaves.—Compounded of from five to seven ovate, pointed leaflets. Range.—Southern Canada South to the Gulf and west to Minn. and Kans., flowering from July to Sep- tember in moist thickets Or Swampy ground. This is one of the most beautiful of the creeping or twining vines, its richly colored chocolate blos- Soms being SO different from the flowers. We are ac- Customed to See, that no comparison is possible. It is a hardy vine and well adapted to cultivation, as many people have already discovered. Its tuberous root takes the form of a pear from which it gets its generic name; this root is quite large and edible. In the fall in place of the flower clusters we find curved, leathery pods from two to four inches in length. Al- though the plant does not have flowers colored to the bee's taste, its fragrance attracts him. 175 T CAT-TA|L. A. / (Typha latifolia). CAT-TAIL. - Flowers.-Brownish and yellowish, the cylindrical brown head being composed of pistillate, while on the stem above are the feathery, yellowish, staminate flowerS. Leaves.—Stiff and ribbon-like, all from the base of ſº the rounded flower stalk that rises from 3 to 8 feet *A high. | Range.—Throughout the United States and Can- |ada, flowering from June to July, the brown heads || Of course remaining much longer. One of the most familiar of the marsh plants is the cat-tail that, grows in the greatest of profusion everywhere. GREAT BURR REED. B. (Sparganium eurycarpum) BUR-REED. Flowers.-Brownish, clustered in spherical groups along the upper part of the stem, the staminate and pistillate flowers being contained in Separate groups. Leaves similar to those of the cat-tail. - Range.—Throughout U. S. and Southern Canada. WILD G|NGER. º (Asarum Canadense) BIRTH wort. Flowers.-Solitary, borne on a short stem at the base of the leaf stems, on or very close to the ground; no corolla; calyx cup-shaped, cleft into 3 acutely pointed lobes, the throat of the flower is creamy white while the outside is purplish brown. Leaves.—Heart-shaped, fuzzy, growing from the root in pairs or long fuzzy stems. Range.—Southern Canada south to North Carolina and Missouri, flowering from March to May, in rich Woods or on moist hillsides. We cannot but wonder why a plant growing such handsome leaves as this one, should be content to hide its flowers among the dead leaves that cover the ground at its flowering time, so that, unless one knows at what time the blossoms are due to appear, he might not notice them at all and think the plant had no flowers. It cannot be regarded as a homely flower; indeed, far less attractive ones flaunt their faces to the Winds. This flower is fertilized by Various kinds of flies that find a Snug retreat from the chilly winds in its hollow cul) 2 | * SKUNK CABBAG E. (Spathyema foetida) ARUM. Flowers.-Very small, perfect, covering a fleshy spadix that rises within and is concealed by a hollow, brittle, greenish and brownish mottled spathe that is | set on the ground. Leaves.-Usually appearing after the flowers have partly decayed; large, broadly ovate, strongly ribbed and with trough-shaped stems, ill-scented like the flowerS. - - Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf an west to Minn., flowering in March, April and May in swamps or wet meadows. This rank-scented flower vies with the beautiful Hepatica for the honor of being the first one to ap- pear each year; either of them can usually be found as the first bare spots appear through the winter snow. A sharp greenish point is first seen; this grad- ually extends farther and farther out of the ground and expands until the complete flower, ranging from four to six inches in height, is visible. The leaves soon follow, tightly rolled at first and gradually un- folded into handsome but foetid green leaves. JACK-IN-T H E-PULPIT; INDIAN TURNIP. (Arisaema triphyllum) ARUM. Flowers.--Small and brownish yellow, clustered at the base of a slender Spadix that rises in the center of a handsomely striped spathe, the latter curving || gracefully over the spadix, which is likened to Jack. I Leaves.—Either one or two, made up of three com- pounded leaflets on long petioles and arranged SO as to shade the flower, which is below on a slender Stem that rises from the junction of the two leaves. . ºw Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf States and west to Minn., flowering from April to June in moist Woodland. These quaint little preachers are always objects of admiration to all flower lovers, for they have a graceful beauty attained by but few of our dull col- ored flowers. Sometimes both staminate and pistil- late flowers are found on the same spadix, but more often the two kinds of flowers will be found on dif- ferent plants, requiring the medium of small flies to carry the pollen from the one to the stigma of the Other. In the fall a cluster of Scarlet berries in place of Jack, claims our attention. HOGWEED ; ROMAN WORMWOOD. A. (Ambrosia artemisiaefolia) compositE. Flowers.-Greenish, closely crowded on numerous, long, slender spikes. Leaves.—Handsomely divided into many toothed leaflets. - Range.—Common throughout temperate North America, flowering from July to Sept. in gardens, dooryards and along roadsides, being often consid- ered one of the most troublesome of weeds. In rich soil it may attain a height of five feet but it is com- monly found to be about one foot tall, and is always very branchy. COMMON PLANTAIN. B. (Plantago major) PLANTAIN. Flowers.-Dull greenish-white closely set on a cylindrical Spike, the thread-like style projecting and Ž maturing before the corolla is opened. | Leaves.—Ovate, ribbed lengthwise, borne on trough-shaped stems from the root. Range.—Common in Canada and the U. S., east of the plains, flowering from May to Sept. in dooryards, gardens and along roads, boing one of the most per- nicious of Weeds. - SHEPHERD’S PURSE. A. (Capsella Bursa-pastoris), MUSTARD. Flowers.--Whitish but inconspicuous; the flowel stalk lengthens as the flowers mature, leaving a train of racemed, heart-shaped purse-like seeds be- hind the flowers which are always at the ends of the branches. Leaves.—Stem leaves Small and lance-shaped; root leaves deeply incised and in a rosette. Range.—Common throughout the eastern half of North America, flowering from April to Sept. in dry fields and along roadsides. Like the hogweed and the plantain, this species is a Weed that was long ago brought from Europe and is now as abundant, or more SO than most Of Our native WeedS. PEPPER-GRASS. B. (Lepidium Virginicum) MUSTARD. Flowers.-Whitish and confined to the ends of the slender racemed spikes of rounded seed pods after the same fashion as the shepherd’s pilrse. Leaves.—Small, lance-shaped and slightly toothed. Range.—Common along roadsides and in old fields everywhere, flowering throughout the summer. 181 |NDIAN CUC UM BER ROOT. (A/edeo/a lºginiana) LILY. Flowers.-Greenish-yellow; three petals and three sepals, all recurved the same as are the three long, prominent brownish styles; several, usually three, ºflowers in a cluster on slender, curved pedicels - from the upper whorl of leaves. Leaves.—Arranged in two whorls about the Stem, the upper of from three to five pointed-ovate leaves, and the lower one of five to nine larger OneS. - Range.—Southern Canada south to the Gulf and west to Minn., flowering in May and June in damp Woods and thickets. This plant gets its name from the thick fleshy root, which is said to have a taste not unlike that of a cucumber. Its stem, which attains heights of from | 1 to 3 feet, is rather woolly which tends to discour- age ants from pilfering the Scanty Supply of nectar that the flowers secrete, as that food supply is for the use of Small useful bees. Later in the fall, dark purplish berries are apparently seated within the Small Whorl of leaves, giving an open invitation to birds to take them and scatter the Seeds far and Wide. PLANT FAM | LIES REPRESENTED ON PRECED ING PAGES. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. Typhaceae.—Common cat-tail. BUR REED FAMILY. Sparganiaceae.—Greater Bur Reed. WATER-PLANTAIN. Alismaceae.—Arrow-head. - ARUM FAMILY. Araceae.—Sweet flag. Golden club. Water arum. Skunk Cab- bage. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Commelinaceae.—Day-flower. Spiderwort. FICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. Pontedericeae.—Pickerel-weed. LILY FAMILY. Liliaceae.—Clintonia. False Spikenard. False Solomon’s seal. Solomon’s seal. Canada Mayflower. Bellwort. Trilliums. Wake- robins. Indian cucumber. Indian poke. Wood lily. Turk's cap. Star-Of-Bethlehem. Dog-tooth violet. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. Amaryllidaceae.—Atamasco lily. Yellow star grass. | RIS FAM ILY. Iridaceae.—Blue-eyed grass. Blue flag. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidaceae.—Ladies’ tresses. Rattlesnake plantain. Are- thusa. Snake mouth. White-fringed and Showy Orchis. Lady’s slipper. Moccasin flower. 1S3 B1 RTHWORT FAMILY. Aristolochiaceae.—Wild ginger. Dutchman’s pipe. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Polygonaceae.—Lady’s thumb. Red sorrel. POKEWEED FAMILY. Phytolaccaceae.—Pokeweed. PURSLANE FAMILY. Portulacaceae.—Spring beauty. PIN K FAMILY. Caryophyllaceae.—Soapwort. Bladder campion. Virginia Catchfly. Chickweed. WATER-LILY FAMILY. Nymphoeaceae.—Water-lily. Yellow pond-lily. CROW FOOT FAM IL.Y. Ranunculaceae.—Virgin’s bower. Clematis. Thimble- weed. Anemones. Hepatica, Meadow rue. Water plantain. Butter- cups. Marsh marigold. Columbine. Monkshood. Baneberry. Cohosh. POPPY FAMILY. Papaveraceae.—Bloodroot. Celandine. Prickly poppy. Dutchman’s breeches. MUSTARD FAMILY. Cruciferae.—Toothwort. Mustards. Pepper grass. Shep- herd's purse. • PITCHER PLANT FAMILY. Sarraceniaceae.—Pitcher plant. ORPINE FAMILY. Crassulaceae.—Live-forever. SUN DEW FAMILY. Drose raceae.—Sundew. Venus flytrap. 184 SAXI FRAGE FAMILY. Saxifragaceae.—Saxifrage. Foam-flower. Grass-of- Parna SSuS. ROSE FAMILY. Rosaceae.—Meadowsweet. Steeplebush. Raspberry. Dali- barda. Blackberry. Strawberry. Cinquefoil. Agrimony. Roses. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminosae.—Clovers. Blue vetch. Wild lupine. Beach pea. Partridge pea. Ground nut. GERAN I UM FAM ILY. Geraniceae.—Cranesſbill. Herb Robert. WOOD SORREL FAMILY. Oxalidaceae.—Wood SOrrel. MILKWORT FAMILY. Polygaliceae.—Polygala. Milkwort. JEWEL-WEED FAMILY. Balsarminaceae.—Touch-me-not. MALLOW FAMILY. Malvaceae.—Swamp ros.; mallow. ST. JOHNSWORT FAMILY. Hypericaceae.—St. Johnswort. VIOLET FAMILY. Violaceae.—White, blue and yellow violets. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. Lythraceae.—Purple and swamp loosestrife. M EADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY. Melastonnaceae.-Meadow-beauty. EVENING PRIM ROSE FAMILY. Onagraceae.—Fire-weed. Sundrops. F Wen- ing-primrose. 185 G! NSENG FAMILY. Araliaceae.—Spikenard. Ginseng. Wild Sarsaparilla. PARSLEY FAM I LY. Unbel liferae.—Wild Carrot. DOGWOOD FAMILY. Cornaceae.—Bunchberry. PYROLA FAMILY. Pyrolaceae.—Pipsissewa, Wintergreen. Pyrola. Shinleaf. Indian pipe. - HEATH FAM ILY. Ericaceae.—Arbutus. Checkerberry. Laurel. Rhododen- dron. Azalea. DIAPENSIA FAMILY. Diapensiaceae.—Pyxie. PRIM ROSE FAMILY. Primulaceae.-Shooting star. Star flower. Yellow loosestrife. Pimpernel. PLUMBAGO. Plumbaginaceae.—Marsh rosemary. GENTIAN FAM ILY. Gentianaceae.—Sea pinks. Closed, fringed and downy gentian S. DOGBANE FAMILY. Apocynaceae.—Spreading dogbane. MILKWEED FAMILY. Asclepiadaceae.—Butterfly weed. Milkweeds. CONVOLVUS FAMILY. Convolvulaceae.—Morning-glories or bindweed. PH LOX FAMILY. Polemoniaceae.—Moss pink. BORAGE FAM IL. Boraginaceae.—Forget-me-not. Blue-weed or Bugloss. VERVAIN FAM ILY. Verbenaceae.—Blue Vervain. 186 MINT FAMILY. Labiatae.—Wild mint. Oswego tea. Catnip, Ground ivy. Skullcap. Self-heal. False dragonhead. NIGHT SHADE FAMILY. Solanaceae.—Henbane. Nightshade. Thorn-apple. FIGSWORT FAMILY. Scrophulariaceae.—Mulleins. Toad-flax, Turtle-head. Monkey-flower. False foxglove. Purple gerardia. Painted Cup. Wood betony. BROOM-RAPE FAM ILY. Orobanchaceae. Cancer-root. PLANTAIN FAMILY. Plantaginaceae.—Common plantain. TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY. Bignoniaceae.-Trumpet-flower. ACANTH US FAM ILY. Acanthaceae.—Hairy ruellia. MADDER FAMILY. Rubiaceae.—Bluets. Partridgeberry. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Caprifoliaceae.—Twin-flower. Fly and coral hon- eysuckles. TEAZEL FAMILY. Dipsacaceae.—Card teazel. GO URD FAMILY. Curcurbitaxeae.—Wild Cucumber. BELL FLOWER FAMILY. Campanulaceae.—Venus's looking-glass. Bellflower. Harebell. Cardinal flower. Great lobelia. Indian tobacco. 187 COMPOSITE FAMILY. Compositae.—Ironweed. Joe-Pye-weed. Thorough- wort. Blazing star. Golden aster. Golden-rods. White asters. Pur- ple asters. Robin plantain. Pussy-toes. Everlastings. Elecampane. Hogweed. Cone-flowers. Sunflowers. Beggar-ticks. Bur marigold. Sneezeweed. Yarrow. Ox-eye daisy. Tansy. Ragwort. Burdock, Thistle Dandelion. Chicory. Hawkweeds. Lion’s-foot. 188 |NDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES. A. Achillea millefolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Acorus Calamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Actatea alba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 AcOnitum uncinatum . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Agrimonia hirsuta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. . . . . . . . . 180 Anagallis arvensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Anaphalis margaritacea. . . . . . . . . . . 84 Anemone quinquefolia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Anemone Virginiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Antennaria plantaginea. . . . . . . . . . . 106 Apios tuberosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Apocynum androsaemifolium 125 Aquilegia Canaden Sis . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Aralia nudicaulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Aralia racemosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Arctium Lappa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Arethusa bulbosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Argemone Mexicana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '54 Arisaema triphyllum . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Aristolochia Sipho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Asarum Canadense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 ASClepias tuberosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ASClepias Cornuti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Aster Cordifolius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Aster divaricatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Aster patens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Aster Spectabilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 AZalea nudiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 AZalea Viscosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 B. Bidens frondoSa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Bidens laevis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Brassica nigra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 C. Calla palustris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Calth a palustris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Capsella Bursa-pastoris . . . . . . . . . . 181 Campanula rapunculoides . . . . . . . 166 Campanula rotundifolia . . . . . . . . . 169 Carduus arvense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Carduus lanceolatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Carduus Odoratus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 : 189 Cassia Chamaecrista . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Castilleja coccinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Cerastium Vulgatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Chelidonium majus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Chelone glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Chimaphila umbellata. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum ... 101 Chrysopsis falcata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chrysopsis mariana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Cichorium Intybus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Cimicifuga racomoSa . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Cimicifuga racemosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Claytonia Virginica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81. Clematis Virginiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Clematis verticillaris . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Clethra alnifolia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Clintonia borealis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Commelina Virginica. . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Convolvulus Sepium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Cornus Canadensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Cypripedium acaule . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Cypripedium candidum . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Cypripedium hirsutum . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Cypripedium reginae . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 D. Dalibarda repens . . . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - 88 Datura Stramonium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Daucus Carota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Decodon Verticillatus . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Dentaria laciniata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Dicentra Cucullaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Dionaea muscipula . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Dipsacus Sylvestris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Dodecatheon Meadia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Drosera rotundifolia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 E. Echinocystis lobata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Echinacea purpurea. . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Echium Vulgare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Epigaea repens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Epilobium angustifolium . . . . . . . . 120 Erigeron pulchellus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Erythronium Americanum . . . . . . . . 59 Eupatorium perfoliatum . . . . . . . . . . 76 190 Eupatorium purpureum . . . . . . . . . . 119 F. Frageria Virginiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 G. Gaultheria procumbens . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Gentiana Andrewsii . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Gentiana Crinita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Gentiana purberula . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Geranium maculatum . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Geranium Robertianum . . . . . . . . . 13 Gerardia flava. . . . . . . . . . e º e e º 'º e º e s 49 Glecoma hederacea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Gnaphalium polycephalum . . . . . . . . 84 Goodyera pubescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 H. Habenaria blepheriglottis . . . . . . . . . 66 Habenaria ciliaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Helenium autumnale . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Helianthus giganteus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Hepatica triloba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Hibsicus Moscheutos . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Hieracium Canadense . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Hieracium Venosum HOllStonia, coerulea, HyoscyamuS niger Hypericum prolificum Hypericum Virginicum Hypoxsis hirsuta & º te tº º ſº e º 'º º 'º º º ſº tº gº ImpatienS aurea. Impatien's biflora, Inula, Helenium Ipomoea, lacunOSa. Iris versicolor Kalmia, angustifolia. Rºalmia, latifolia. Lacinaria Scariosa. Lathyrus maritimus Lepidum Virginicum Lilium Canadensis Lilium Philadelphicum Lilium Superbum Linaria Vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Linnaea borealis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Limonium Carolinianum . . . . . . . . . 146 Lobelia inflata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Lobelia Syphilitica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Lonicera ciliata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 LOnicera Sempervirens . . . . . . . . . . 129 Lupinus perennis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Lysimachia terrestris . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Lysimachia quadrifolia . . . . . . . . . . 37 Lythrum Salicaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 M. Medeola, Virginiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Mentha Canadensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Mimulus ringens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Mitchella repens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Monarda didyma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Monotropa uniflora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Myosotis palustris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Nabalus albus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Nepeta Cataria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Nymphaea advena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Nymphaea. Odorata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 O. CEnothera fructicosa. . . . . . . . . . . . . 35° Onagra biennis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Orchis Spectabilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Ornithogalum umbellatum . . . . . . . 63 Orobanche uniflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Orontium aquaticum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Oxalis Acetosella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Oxycoccus macrocarpus . . . . . . . . . 109 P. Panax quinquefolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Parnassia Caroliniana . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Pendicularis Canadensis . . . . . . . . . . 48 Physostegia Virginiana. . . . . . . . . . . 126 Phytolacea decandra . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Phlox Subulata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Plantago major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Pogonia Ophis glossoides . . . . . . . . . 107 Polygonatum biflorum . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 © º ºs e e s e e g º º e º º 110 Polygala polygama 192 Polygala paucifolia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Polygala viridescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Polygonum persicaria. . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Pontederia Cordata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Potentilla Anserina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Potentilla fructicossa. . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Potentilla, palustris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Potentilla Simplex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Prunella Vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Pyrola elliptica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Pyrola uniflora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Pyxidanthera barbulata. . . . . . . . . . . 92 R. Ranunculus acris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Ranunculus ambigens . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Ranunculus Sepentrionalis . . . . . . . 51 Rhexia Virginica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Rhododendron maximum . . . . . . . . . 79 ROSa humilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Rubus Odoratus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Rubus VilloSuS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Rudbeckia hirta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Ruellia Ciliosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Rumex acetOSella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 S. Sabbatia. Chloroides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Sabbatia Stellaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Sagittaria Variabilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Saponaria officinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Sanguinaria Canadensis . . . . . . . . . . 71 Sarracenia purpurea. . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Saxifraga, Virginiensis . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Sedum Telephium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Senecio aureus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Silene, Virginica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Silene Cucubalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Sisyrinchium angustifolium . . . . . . 132 Smilacina racemosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Solanum, dulcamara . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Solidago Canadensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Solidago Caesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Spathyema foetida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Specularia, perfoliata . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Spiraea Salicifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 193 Spiraea tomentosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Spiranthes Cernua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Stellaria media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Syndesmon thalictroides . . . . . . . . . 74 T. Tanacetum Vulgare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Taraxacum Officinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Tecoma radicans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Thalictrum polyganum . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Tiarella COrdifolia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Trades Cantia, Virginiana . . . . . . . . . 162 Trientalis Americana . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Trifolium agrarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Trifolium arvense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Trifolium pratense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Trifolium repens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Trillium undulatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Trillium erectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Typha latifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 U Unifolium Canadense . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Uvularia perfoliata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Uvularia Sessifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 V. Veratrum viride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Verbascum Blattaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Verbascum Thapsus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Verbena hastata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Veronia Noveboracensis . . . . . . . . 158 Vicia Cracca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Viola blanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Viola Cucullata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Viola pedata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Viola pubescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Z. Zephyranthes Atamasco . . . . . . . . . . 63 194 INDEX of ENGLISH NAMEs. Adder's Tongue Alder, White Anemone, Rue Anemone, Star Anemone, Tall Arbutus, Trailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e g g g tº e º ºs º ºs e e g º 'º e e º º º Arum, Water Aster, Golden Aster, Seaside White WOOd Azalea, Pink Azalea, Swamp Baneberry, White Bean, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Bee Balm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Beggar-ticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Bellflower . . . . . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - 166. Bell Wort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Betony Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 BindWeed, Hedge . . . . . . . . . ** * * * * * 156 Bitter-buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 BitterSWeet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Blackberries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Black-eyed Susan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Blazing Star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Blood root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Blue Curls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blue-eyed Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Bluets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Blue-Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 BOneSet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Bouncing Bet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 BugloSS, ViperS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Bunchberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Burdock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Bur-marigold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Cinquefoil, Shrubby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Buttercup, Common . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Clematis, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Buttercup, SWamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Clintonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Butter-and-eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Clover, Hop or Yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Butterfly-Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Clover, Rabbit-foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Bur-reed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 ClOver, Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 C. Clover, White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS Calamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Cohosh, Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Calla, March . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Columbine, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Cancer-root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Cone-flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Campion, Bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Cone-flower, Purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Canker-root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Cowslip . . . . . . . . . • * * - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 Cardinal Flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Cranberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Carrot, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 CraneS-bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Catch-fly, Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Crowfoot . . . . . ... • * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . 50 Catnip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Cucumber-root, Indian . . . . . . . . . . 182 Cat-tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 D. Celandine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Daisy, Common White . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Checkerberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Daisy, Yellow OX-eyed . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Chick Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Dalibarda, Creeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Chicory . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * 167 Dandelion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Cinquefoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Dayflower, Virginia. . . . . . . . • * * * * * * 17() 1.96 Deer Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 DOgbane, Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Drangon-head, False . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Dutchman’s Breeches . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Dutchman’s Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 E. Elecampane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Everlasting, Pearly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Everlasting, Sweet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 F. Fire-Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Five-finger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Flag, SWeet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Flag, Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Fleur-de-lis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Flowering MOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Fly-trap, Venus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Foam Flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Forget-me-not. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Foxglove, Downy False . . . . . . . . . . . 49 G. - * * * * * g g g g º º º ºs e º 'º tº 136 Gentian, Closed Gentian, DOWny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Gentian, Fringed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Geranium, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Gerardia, Purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Ginseng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Ginger, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Golden Club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Golden-rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2S Gold-thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 GraSS-Of-Parnassus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Ground Nut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 H. . Hardhack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Harebell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 HawkWeed, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Hellebore, False . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Hepatica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Henbane, Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Herb Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 HogWeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Honeysuckle, Coral-red . . . . . . . . . . 129 Honeysuckle, Fly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 197 Honeysuckle, TWin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Lady’s Slipper, White . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 HoneySuckle, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Lady's Slipper, Yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 HySSOp, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Laurel, Great . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 i. Laurel, Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Laurel, Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 #;";, i..................... : Lettuce, White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 º Ipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; Lily, Atamasco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Indian Pink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 e Indian Poke 172 Lily, Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 innocence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Lily, Tiger or Turk'S-cap, . . . . . . . . . . 23 iris. Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Lily, Wild Yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ironweed '* * g º e º 'º & ſº e º e º gº º tº $ tº e º tº tº 158 Lily, Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 e e º gº è e º & tº e e g tº e º is tº e º ºs e tº Live-forever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 J. Lion'sfoot . . . . . .* tº t tº tº e º tº gº tº e g tº e º º ſº 57 Jack-in-the-Pulpit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 LiverWort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Jewel-Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lobelia, Great . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Jimson-Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 LObelia, Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13] Job's Tears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 LOOSestrife, Four-leaved . . . . . . . . . . 37. Joe Pye Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Loosestrife, Purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 L. Loosestrife, SWamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Lady's Thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Loosestrife, Yellow . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 37 Lady's Slipper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 LOuse WOrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Lady's Slipper, Showy . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Lupine, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16] 198 Mallow, ROSe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Nightshade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Marigold, Marsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 O - • . Mayflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Orchis, Showy L 165 Nº..."; "... . . . . . . . . . . . ; orchis, Yellowfinged ............ 36 y Orchis, White-fringed . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Meadow-SWeet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Orpine 139 Meadow Beauty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 ~ : “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milk Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 P. Milkweed, Orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Painted-cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Milk Worts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Partridge Vine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Mint, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Pea, Beach . . . . . . . . . .... • * * * * * * * * * * 154 Mitrewort, False . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Pea, Partridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Moccasin Flower, Pink . . . . . . . . . . 108 Pepper-grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Moccasin Flower, White . . . . . . . . . . 64 Pepperbush, SWeet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Monkey Flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Pickerel-Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 MonkShood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Pigeon-berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Morning-glory, White Star . . . . . . . . 82 Pipsis Sewa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Morning-glory, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Pipe-Vine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Mullein, Great . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Pimpernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Mullein, Moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Pink, MOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Mustard, Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Pink, Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 199 Pitcher Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Rosemary, Marsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Plantain, Common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Roses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Plantain, RattleSnake . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Ruellia, Hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Plantain, Robin's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 S. Pleurisy-root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Sarsaparilla, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Pogonia, ROSe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 - Saxifrage, Early . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Poke Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Self-heal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Polygala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Shepherd’s Purse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Pond-lily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Shooting-Star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Pond-lily, Yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Shin-leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Poppy, Prickly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Skullcap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Primrose, Evening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Skunk Cabbage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Prince’s Pine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Snake-head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 PuSSy-toes . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 106 Sneeze-Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Pyrola, One-flowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Soap Wort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Pyxie e e e º e s is e e s e is e º 'º e s is is a s º is e º 'º & 92 Solomon’s Seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 R. - Solomon’s Seal, False . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Rag WOrt, Golden . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * 33 Sorrel, Red or Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Raspberry, Purple . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * 140 Sorrel, Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 RattleSnake-root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 SpiderWort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Rattlesnake-Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Spikenard, Common . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Rhododendron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Spikenard, Wild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 200 Spring Beauty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Star Flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Star-Of-Bethlehem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Star-grass, Yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Steeple Bush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Stick-tight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 St. John SWOrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 St. Johnswort, Marsh . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Strawberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Succory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Sundew, Round-leaved . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Sundrops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Sunflower, Giant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Sunflower, Brook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Sunflower, SWamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 T. Tansy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 TeaZel, Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Thimble-Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Thistle, Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Thistle, Pasture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Thorn-apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Toad-flax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Tobacco, Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Tobacco, Ladies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Tooth Wort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Touch-me-not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Trillium, Painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Trillium, Purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Trumpet-flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Turnip, Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Turtle-head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 TWin-berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102. Twin Flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 * V. Venus Looking Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 VerVain, Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Vetch, Blue or COW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Violet, Bird's-foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Violet, Dogtooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Violet, Downy Yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Violet, White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Virgin’s BOWer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Virgin's Bower, Purple . . . . . . . . . . 159 201 Wake-robin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Water-lily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Wild Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Wind-flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Wintergreen, Creeping . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Y. Yarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 202 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS' EGGS. By Chester A. Reed, B. S. This is the only book on the market that gives illustrations of the eggs of North American birds. Each egg is shown full size, photographed directly from an authentic and Well marked specimen. In addition to the illustrations of eggs, there are a great many full-page plates of nests and eggs in their natural situations. - In preparing this work, the author had access to the largest and best * º private and public museums. It is (Light Buff) very complete and reliable in every re- Spect. The habitat, breeding range and nesting habits of each bird are given, together With the marginal sketches that em- bellish the pages; this gives the reader an accurate idea of each bird. - It is finely printed on the best of paper and handsomely bound in cloth. 350 pages—6x9 inches. $2.50 postpaid. COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By Frank M. Chapman. This book is designed especially for that great Class Of Nature-lovers Who Would “name the birds Without a gun.” Having seen a bird, you have but to turn to the section of the book containing birds of that order and color, and look for its picture. The book might well be called an illustrated dictionary of North American birds, the male of each species being shown in color. 300 pages—6x9 inches. $2.50 net. NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS' EGGS. By Chester A. Reed, B. S. This is the Only book On the market that gives illustrations of the eggs of North American birds. Each egg is shown full size, photographed directly from an authentic and well marked specimen. The habitat, breeding range and nesting habits of each bird, together with marginal sketches that em- bellish the pages, give the reader an accurate idea. Of each bird. 350 pages—6x9 inches. $2.50 net. From “Land Birds.” BIRD GUIDES. “Every Bird East of the Rockies.” By CHESTER A. REED, B. S. LAND BIRDS. Contains descriptions, habits, ranges, songs and nests and eggs of all the land and song birds. Each bird is ILLUSTRATED IN COLOR, by the 4-color process from watercolor drawings, showing the males, females and young where the plumage differs. In a neat box, POCKET SIZE, 220 pages. THE BEST AND MOST COMPLETELY ILLUSTRATED BIRD BOOK. REVISED | Bound in flexible Sock cloth, 75c. EDITION. ſ Bound in flexible leather, $1.00. WATER BIRDS. Describes the habits and nest- ing of all the Water birds, and birds of prey. EVERY BIRD ILLUSTRATED IN COLOR from pen and ink drawings, showing males, females and young where the plumage differs. The two books describe and illustrate EVERY BIRD FOUND EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUN- TAINS. Bound in sock cloth, 50c.; in leather, 75c. From “Land Birds.” Field Glasses for Bird Study or equally good for the mountain, sea Shore or theatre, or wherever a large, clear image of an object is desired. We carefully examined more than a hundred makes of field glasses, to se- lect the ones best adapted for bird Study. - We found one make that was super- ior to any other of the same price and equal Optically, and nearly as well made as those Costing three times as much. They magnify about three diameters, and have an unusually large field of vision or angle of view, making it easy to find a bird Or keep him in sight. With Carrying case and strap. Price only $5.00 postpaid. CHAS. K. REED, Worcester, Mass.