J A UTHOR'S ASDIT/OM,
FROM THE SECOND REPORT OF THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY
ExPERIMENT STATION.
SECON D REPORT
OF me º
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
ſmilliºnſ, Will Nil

BY - Vº
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J. HENRY COMSTOCK Yºr
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Professor of Entomology in Corned Univ.rsity.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
ITHACA, N. Y. : -
ANDRUS & CHURCH.
1883.
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FROM THE SECOND REPORT OF THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY
ExPERIMENT STATION.
SECON D REPORT
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DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
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||||||WNiy Willi Niil,
BY
J. HENRY COMSTOCK.
Pro/essor of Entomology in Cornell University.
wiTH ILLUSTRATIONS.
ITHACA, N. Y. :
ANDRUS & CHURCH.
1883.
Report of the Department of Entomology.
PROF. J. HENRY COMSTOCK.
The work of the Entomological Department of this Station,
during the past year, has been a continuation of certain investiga-
tions begun by the writer while Entomologist to the United States
Department of Agriculture. Pecuniary aid in carrying on these
investigations was received from that Department; and a report
embodying the results was submitted to the Commissioner of
Agriculture, Owing to the limits of the space which could be
given to Entomology in the Annual Report of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, only a part of the writer's report was pub-
lished in that place; the remainder of it is now offered to the
public. *
*The following is a list of the topics discussed by the writer in that part of his
report which is published in the Annual Report of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture for 1881 : . . . - - º
THE APPLE MAGGOT (77-ypeta pomonella Walsh). A white cylindrical
maggot which eats into the pulp of apples causing them to decay ; and which
when fully grown goes into the ground to transform. The adult is a black and
white fly with banded wings. *
| THE VINE LOVING PomACE-FLY (Drosophila ampeſophila Loew) A small,
white maggot, found abundantly in decaying apples, and producing a small,
clear winged, red-eyed fly. This insect is found; about cider mills and wine
cellars, where it becomes a nuisance. It is said also to infest grapes while
hanging on the vines. . . . . . . . . --- - - - - - - -> ** **** * *** - -
THE PRETTY PoMACE-FLY (Drosophila amoena Loew). A small white
maggot, resembling the larva of the Vine-Loving Pomace-Fly, and, like that
species, found in decaying apples; but unlike that species going into the ground
to transform, and developing into a red-eyed fly with black spots on its wings.
THE OCELLATE LEAF GALL OF RED MAPLE (Sciara ocellaris O. S.).
Circular ocellate spots, on the leaves of the red maple (Acer rubrum) about
three-eighths inch in diameter, with disk yellow, and margin and central dot,
during one stage of their growth cherry red.
47
In submitting this report I wish to acknowledge the assistance
in the preparation of material for it, of Mr. Henry Ward Turner
and Mrs. Anna B. Comstock. The illustrations have all been
drawn from nature by Mrs. Comstock.
A part of the work required in my laboratory of each student
in the Course in Agriculture is the making of Original investiga-
tions respecting the life history of one or more insects injurious to
agriculture. I submit, as a supplement to my report, the results
of one of these investigations, a study of the Tineidae inſesting
apple trees at Ithaca, by Mr. A. E. Brunn, of the class of 1882.
SECOND REPORT ON SCALE INSECTS.
Including a monograph of the sub-family Diaspinae of the family Cocci-
dae and a list, with notes, of the other species of Scale /nsects ſound
in North America,
INTRODUCTION.
Owing to the large number of species of Scale insects which
have been described, and to the fact that the greater part of the
descriptions have been published in journals of limited circula-
tion, it is now impossible for one who does not make a special
study of this family of insects, to determine with certainty the
various species belonging to it. I have, therefore, thought best in
LADYBIRDS (Coccinellidae). Descriptions of the different stages of several
species of Ladybirds found preying upon insects injurious to vegetation.
METHODS OF DESTROYING SCALE INSECTS. Results of experiments made
in California, chiefly with lye. -
LAC INSECTS. Descriptions of all the known species of lac insects, three in
number. Of these, two are American and are here described for the first time.
Lac insects are the insects which produce lac, the substance from which shellac
and the lac dyes are made.
A NEW WAx INSECT Cerococcus quercus new species). A Coccid found in
Arizona and California which excretes a large amount of wax.
NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE OF MEALY BUGS. On the position of the open-
ing of the Oviduct ; and on the presence of organs homologous with the honey
tubes of the Aphididae.
48
presenting descriptions of certain new species of the sub-family
Diaspinae to give the characters by which the other known Ameri-
can species may be recognized, and thus to place in the hands of
the American reader a work which shall represent the present
state of our knowledge of this very important group of insects.
In order that the species can be determined with the least possi-
ble difficulty, I have carefully prepared analytical tables, and have
given figures which represent the distinctive characters of each
species.* - -
As Scale insects are permanently attached to the plants which
they infest, they are much more liable to be transported from one
country to another than are any other insects. For this reason,
a work which represents merely the species of a single fauna is
very imperfect. The extensive importation of plants and of cut-
tings, renders our plants liable to become infested with scale in-
sects from all parts of the world. I have therefore given the
names, and as far as possible the distinctive characters of the
species of the Diaspinae which have been described in other coun-
tries. It has been impracticable, however, to introduce such
species into the analytical tables without specimens for examina-
tlOn.
CHARACTERS OF THE DIASPINAE.
Owing to the great diversity of form and structure among
the species belonging to the family Coccidae or Scale insects, this
family has been divided into several sections or sub-families. This
paper is devoted to one of these sub-families, the Diaspinae.
*It has not seemed worth while to reproduce the figures and descriptions
given in my first report on Scale insects (Annual Report Department of Agricul-
ture, 1880); as that paper will be accessible to all who care to use this mono-
graph, and may therefore be considered a part of it.
I regret that, owing to my absence from Washington during the printing of
that report, there are in the body of it many important typographical errors.
These are principally in the references to plates. The explanation of plates on pp.
372, 373, is correct; and in this report wherever a reference is made to a spe-
cies figured in that one, the reference to the plates of that report is corrected if
necessary.
49
This sub-family includes the greater number of the very import-
ant pests belonging to the family of scale insects. Familiar ex-
amples are the oyster-shell bark louse of the apple, the two red
scales of the orange, and the white scale of the Oleander. For
the characters of the other sub-families as well as for those of the
Family Coccidae see my first report on Scale insects, pp. 277–279.
The Diaspinae includes those species of Scale insects which
form a scale composed in part of molted skins and partly of
an excretion of the insect. This apparently trivial character is
correllated with important structural characters which mark a
well defined group. * The most important of the structural char-
acters is the peculiar form of the last segment of the body. This
Segment is highly specialized for the excretion and manipulation
of wax. It is furnished with many openings and appendages;
both of which vary greatly in number and form. None of the
Species, however, present the peculiar anal plates characteristic of
the Lecaninae; nor is the caudal extremity divided into two lobes
of the form characteristic of the Coccinae. In the Diaspinae the
caudal end of the body is usually terminated by a pair of lobes;
but these lobes are of an entirely different structure from the lobes
of the Coccinae. Compare the figures on Plate I of this report
with Fig. 2 e of Plate XX, Ag. Report for 1881.
The peculiar characters of the last segment of the body in the
Diaspinae are not presented by the larvae till after the first molt,
nor by the male after the change to pupa.
9.
EXPLANATION OF TERMS.
The members of the sub-family Diaspinae differ so greatly from
the ordinary forms of insects that in classifying and describing
them it becomes necessary to use characters peculiar to them.
These characters are discussed in the Report of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture for 1880, pp. 281–283; and are figured on
*In the genus Cerococcus which belongs to the Coccinae, the larval skin forms
al part of the covering of the insect. A glance, however, at the last segment
of the body of one of these insects is sufficient to show that the genus does not
belong to the Diaspinae.
50
Plates I and II of this report. The following are the terms em-
ployed in referring to these characters:
I. SCALES.
Scale—The term scale is applied to the thin pellicle which cov-
ers the dorsal surface of the bodies of all the Diaspinae. It is
composed in part of molted skins and partly of an excretion of
the insect. For figures of different forms of scales see Plate II.
Ventral Scale—In certain species there is a pellicle between
the body of the insect and the bark of the plant to which
the insect is attached. This I have termed the ventral scale. It
varies in thickness from an almost imperceptible film to a scale as
thick as the scale proper, or dorsal scale. In certain species of
Aspidiotus I have found that it is composed in part of the ventral
half of the molted skins; the larval skin splits along the lateral
margin of the body; and one-half of it goes to strengthen the
dorsal scale and one-half the ventral scale, as with the dorsal
scale to these molted skins is added an excretion of the insect.*
Exuviae.—This term is applied tâ the molted larval skins which
form a part of the scale. The size and position of the exuviae are
important generic characters ; see Plate II. The number of skins
in a scale is a sexual character. In the scale of the female (Plate
II, Figs. Z, 2, 3, etc.), there are two molted skins ; in that of the
male (Plate II, Figs. za, 2a, 3a, etc. ), there is but one.
II. LAST SEGMENT OF FEMALE.
wº
Vaginal opening.—Near the center of the ventral surface of this
segment there is a large transverse opening ; this is the vaginal Op-
ening. See a, a, Plate I. *
Anus.--The anus is on the dorsal surface of the body ; but it is
usually visible from the ventral surface, appearing as a transparent
circular spot. (Plate I, b, b.) Its position varies in different
* The only notice that has been made of the Ventral Scale by previous writ-
ers is the establishment of the genus Targionia, by Signoret, for a species in
which this scale is greatly developed. This character is, however, evidently
not of generic importance. I have before me a series of species of Aspidiotus
which shows a gradation from a species in which the ventral scale is impercep-
tible to one in which it is as thick as in the Targionia nigra of Signoret.
5I
species from near the caudal end of the body, (Plate I, Fig. I, b.)
to a point opposite the penultimate ventral segment. (Plate I,
Fig. 2, b.) -
Spinnereſs.-There are many openings and tubular appendages of
this segment which serve for the emission of the excretion of which
the scale is composed ; these may be termed spinnerets. In most
species there is a greater or less number of peculiar spinnerets ar-
ranged in groups around the vaginal orifice (c, d, e, of Plate I.).
These spinnerets differ remarkably from others in being compound,
each one being a circular plate perforated by several Small open-
ings. It is to these compound spinnerets that reference is made
in the descriptions by the expression groups of spinnereſs. In most
species the number of the groups of these spinnerets is either four
or five. When they are five, one is situated cephalad of the
vaginal opening, and two each side of it. These are designated
as the mesal group, the cephalo-laterals, and the caudo-laterals re-
spectively.* -
Zobes.—These are the most conspicuous of the appendages of
this segment. They are represented at fi, f* and f * on Plate I.
The number of these lobes varies from one pair to six pairs. These
pairs of lobes are designated as the first, second, third, etc., be-
ginning with the mesal lobes.
. Thickened lateral margin.-In some species a part of the lateral
margin of this segment is thickened, appearing to be of the same
structure as the lobes, see g, Plate I, Fig. 3.
Thickenings of body wall.—In certain species thickenings of the
body wall occur near the bases of the lobes but more or less dis-
tinct from them. The number, size, and position of these thick-
enings afford.good specific characters. See h, Plate I, Fig. 3.
Incisions. In certain species the caudal margin of the segment
is incised two or three times on each side of the meson. These
incisions and the edges of them, which are usually thickened, af-
ford characters of importance. See Plate I, Fig. I, i, incisions;
j, thickened margins of incisions.
* In the Report for 1880 these groups were designated as the anterior, ante-
rior laterals and posterior laterals respectively.
52
Spines.—There are several spines situated near the posterior mar-
gin of the segment. There are usually two of these associated
with each lobe ; one on the dorsal surface, and one on the ven-
tral. Others are situated at various intervals between the lobes
and the penultimate segment. In many instances these spines
appear to be tubular ; and I have repeatedly seen threads extend-
ing from them ; hence they are doubtless spinnerets. They may
be distinguished from other setiform appendages by their globular
base. See k, k, of Plate I. The spines are not represented in
Fig. 2 of this plate to avoid complicating the figure.
Plates.—Under this name I have classed all the remaining ap-
pendages which fringe this segment. They are usually long, flat-
tened, and more or less notched or toothed. Sometimes, however,
they are hair like or spine like ; but they never have the globular
base characteristic of the true spines. Previous writers have
not distinguished between the spines and plates ; hence the
plates are sometimes described as spines. For figures of plates
see Z, Plate I.
Wax ducts.—It often happens, especially in the case of speci-
mens which have been prepared with caustic potash, that the last
segment of the body appears to bear on its surface several long
hairs with club-shaped bases. Very careful focusing will show that
the club-shaped parts of these organs are openings in the body
wall, and what appears to be hairs are really organs within the
body. These are represented at m in Plate I, Fig. 2. I have not
definitely ascertained the function of these organs, but believe
them to be wax ducts. They have been described as external ap-
pendages of the segment under the name of tubular spinnerets,
and are figured by Signoret in several instances as such. A second
form of wax ducts which are often mistaken for tubular spinnerets
is represented at m'.
Elongated pores.—In certain species there are peculiar openings
each situated in a prolongation of the margin of the body. These
are slit-like in form and are described as elongated pores. See m
in fig. 2 of the plate, where some are represented with wax ducts
leading to them.
* 53
III. TERMS DENOTING POSITION OR DIRECTION OF PARTS.
For indicating the position and direction of parts the well-known
adj ectives dorsal, wentral, Zaſeral, cephalic, caudal, proximal, and disſal
are used in preference to less definite terms ; as are also the corres-
ponding but less familiar adverbial forms, dorsad, venſrad, etc.
When the position or direction of a part is referred to the middle
line of the body, (the meson), the adjective mesal or the adverb
mesad is used.*
•
METHODS OF STUDY OF SCALE INSECTS.
The scales of the Scale insects are among the easiest of all ento-
mological specimens to be preserved. As a rule all that is neces-
sery is to dry the leaf, twig, or bit of bark upon which the insects
are. It may then be pinned into a cabinet and the scales pre-
served indefinitely without further preparation.
The adult females of Diaspinae are also easily preserved in the
same way in sufficiently good state for specific identification. Al-
though the body in drying shrivels greatly, the last segment,
which presents the important characters, will retain its form indeſ-
initely. It is better, however, to remove the insect while it is fresh
from under the scale and to mount it in glycerine or Canada bal-
sam for microscopic study. In many cases tolerably good work
can be done with specimens simply mounted without previous
preparation. But very much better results can be obtained by
first boiling the insect in a solution of caustic potash, and then
mounting in glycerine. In fact it is often impossible to observe the
groups of spinnerets until after the insect has been prepared in this
manner. The necessity of this treatment is probably due to the
large amount of excretion with which the openings and append-
of this segment are covered. It is very difficult to preserve the
males in good condition. I have had the best results with glyc-
€11116.
* For a full discussion of the Anatomical Nomenclature as applied to Ento-
mology see the writer's Guide to Practical Work in Flementary AEntomology.
Published at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
54
OTHER TOPICS.
For a discussion of the following named topics see Report of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 188o :
Metamorphoses of the Diaspinae, pp. 279-283.
Methods of Preventing the spread of Scale Insects, pp. 284–285.
Methods of Destroying Scale Insects, pp. 285-290.
Useful Products of the Coccidae, p. 291.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE SUB-FAMILY I)IASPINAE.
The genera of the true Scale Insects, or Diaspinae, which are
represented in North America, may be determined by the follow-
ing table :
A. Scale of female circular with the exuviae either central or more
or less nearly marginal.
B. Scale of male but little elongated, with the exuviae more or
less central ; scale usually resembling that of the female in
color and texture, (Plate II, Fig. Ia and 2a.) Aspidiotus.
BB. Scale of male elongated with the exuviae at one extremity.
C. Scale of male, white and carinated, (Plate II, Fig. 3a.).
Diaspis.
CC. Scale of male, not white and with no central carina,
(Plate II, Fig. 6a.). - Parlatoria.
AA. Scale of female elongated, with the exuviae at one extremity.
D. Exuviae small.
E. Scale of male, white and carinated,” (Plate II, Fig. 4a.);
last segment of female with five groups of spinnerets. .
Chion aspis.
EE. Scale of male white, but not carinated ; female with
eight groups of Spinnerets, (Fig. I 5.) . Poliaspis.
EEE. Scale of male similar in form to that of the female,
(Plate II, Fig. 5a.). - Mytilaspis.
DD. Exuviae large.
F. Two molted skins visible on the scale of the female,
(Plate II, Fig. 7, 8.). Parlatoria.
FF. Second skin covered by a secretion, (Plate I, Fig. 9.).
hleria.
*In Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock, the scale of the male is not carinated.
This species infests willow in California.
55
Genus Aspidiotus Bouché.
Bouché, Naturgeschichte der Garten Ins. 1833, p. 52.
This genus includes species of Diaspinae in which the scale of
the female is circular or nearly so, with the exuviae at or near the
center; and the scale of the male somewhat elongated, with the
larval skin at one side of the center, or near one extremity.
The last segment of the female usually presents four groups of
spinnerets ; in some species there are five groups ; in a few there
are none ; and in One, now placed in this genus provisionally,
there are six groups.
Two types of the scale of the female exist. In one, the exuviae
are covered by excretion; and their position is indicated by a nip-
ple like prominence which is often marked with a central white
dot and a concentric ring of the same color. (Plate II, Fig. 1). I
have observed this character in no other genus. In the second
type the exuvia are naked. (Plate II, Fig. 2). The species in which
the scale of the female is of this kind can be distinguished from
Diaspis only by the scale of the male, which is carinated in that
genus. -
The species of Aspidiotus which have been observed in this
country may be distinguished by the following table :
ASPIDIOTUS.
A. Last segment of female with six groups of spinnerets, sabalis.
AA. Last segment of female with less than six groups of spin-
neretS.
B. Last segment of female with three pairs of well developed
lobes ; and with elongated thickenings of the body wall
terminating at or near the bases of the lobes. (See Plate
I, Fig. 3, h.)
C. Last segment of female with five groups of spinnerets.
* obscurus.
CC. Last segment of ſemale with four groups of spinnerets.
D. Female with three large compound plates laterad of
third lobe. ficus.
56
DD. Female with two small plates laterad of third lobe.
perseae.
CCC. Last segment of female with no groups of spinnerets.
E. Female with large projection on the cephalic end of
body. - - personatus.
IEE. Female with cephalic end normal.
F. Female with large plates. aurantii.
FF. Female with small plates.
G. Anus not cephalad of club-shaped thickenings be-
tween second and third lobes. tenebricosus.
GG. Anus cephalad of club-shaped thickenings.
H. Eight club-shaped thickenings laterad of each
mesal lobe. • mimosae.
HH. Only two club-shaped thickenings laterad of
each mesal lobe. smilacis.
BB. Second and third pairs of lobes wanting, or much smaller
than the mesal pair ; Caudal margin of segment with two
pairs of incisions, with thickened edges. (See Plate I, Fig. Ii.)
I. Groups of spinnerets wanting.
J. Scale of female very convex. rapax.
JJ. Scale of female flat. perniciosus.
II. Groups of spinnerets present.
K. Scale of female very convex, only four groups of
spinnerets.
L. Only two pairs of incisions, plates prominent.
cydoniae.
LL. A slight incision laterad of each second incis-
ion, plates less prominent. COIl Vex UIS.
KK. Scale of female flat, species with sometimes a
fifth group of spinnerets.
M. With two or three pairs of lobes.
juglans-regiae.
. MM. Second and third pairs of lobes obsolete
or wanting. *
N. Mesal lobes parallel, and each conspicu-
ously narrowed on each side. Ulvae.
NN. Mesal lobes converging distad, each nar-
rowed but little, if any, on mesal margin.
ancylus.
57
BBB. With neither elongated thickenings of the body wall, nor
incisions with thickened edges.
O. Groups of spinnerets wanting. . abietis.
OO. Only two groups of spinnerets. pini.
OOO. With four groups of spinnerets.
P. Second and third lobes deeply incised, plates simple.
parlatorioides.
PP. Second and third lobes simple, plates notched and
toothed.
Q. Scale of female with larval skin naked. nerii.
QQ. Scale of female with exuviae covered.
R. Plates exceeding spines in length. cyanophyli.
RR. Dorsal spines of the second and third lobes
much longer than the plates. spinosus.
THE HEMLOCK SCALE.
I. Aspidiotus abietis new species. Fig. 1.
At Ithaca, N. Y. there is a species of Aspidiolus quite common
on the lower surface of the leaves of hemlock (Abies Canadensis),
for which, it being undescribed, I propose the name abieſis.
Scale of female.—The scale of the female very closely resembles
that of Aspidioſus pini except that it is usually more nearly circu-
lar ; thfs is probably due to the difference in the shape of the
leaves which the two species infest. The color of the scale is dark
gray, often approaching black, with the margin lighter, and some-
times with a bluish, brownish, or purplish tinge. As with A. pini,
in many specimens of the fully formed scale the part covering
the exuviae is more or less distinct, appearing like a small Scale
with a light margin superimposed upon a larger Scale. Length of
scale 1.3 mm–2 mm (.os—, o& inch); width about nine-tenths of
the length.
Female.—The last segment of the female presents the following
characters :
58
RIG. I.
The groups of spinnerets are wanting.
The mesal and second lobes are well developed ; their distal ex-
tremities are rounded ; the third lobe of each side is small and
acutely pointed.
The plates are rather short and irregularly fringed ; there are
two between the mesal lobes; two between each mesal and Second
lobe ; three between each second and third lobe ; and usually
three laterad of each third lobe.
The spines of the dorsal surface are as follows: one laterad of
each mesal lobe ; one upon each second and third lobe; and One
laterad of the most lateral plate. Each ventral spine with the ex-
ception of the first which is wanting is situated laterad of the cor-
responding dorsal spine.
Scale of male.—The scale of the male is as wide as that of the
female and a little longer. It resembles that of the fêmale in
color.
Male.—The male is of bright orange color with the thoracic
band very dark brown, nearly black.
Described from many specimens of each sex.
PUTNAM’S SCALE.
2. Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam.
Diaspus ancylus Putnam. Trans. Iowa State Hort. Soc. 1877, p. 321.
Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam. Proc. Davenport Academy, Vol. ii, p. 346.
This species infests many plants. We have found it upon ash,

59
beech, bladder-nut, hackberry, linden, maple, Oak, Osage-Orange,
peach and water locust. It was first described from specimens
found in Iowa. We have also observed it in New York and in
the District of Columbia. -
For description and figures of this insect see Ag. Report, 1880,
p. 292.
From this species I have bred the Hymenopterous parasite Coco-
phagus varicornis Howard, described in Ag. Report 1880, p. 36O.
THE RED SCALE OF CALIFORNIA.
3. Aspidlotus aurantii Maskell.
Aspidio/us auranții Maskell. Trans, and Proc. New Zealand Institute,
vol. xi, p. 199. -
Aspidiotus citri Comstock. Canadian Entomologist, vol. xiii, p. 8.
This species is the most important insect infesting orange and
lemon trees in California. It has been introduced into that state
from Australia. g -
For descriptions and figures of the different stages of this insect
See Ag. Report 1880, pp. 293–295. Make following correc-
tions in that report, p. 293, l. 29, for Plate XIV read Plate XIII,
and p. 294, l. 34, for Plate XIII read Plate III.
THE CONVEX SCALE.
4. Aspidiotus convexus Comstock.
This species infests willows and poplar in California. For de-
Scription and figure see Ag. Report 1880, p. 295.
THE CYANOPHYLLUM SCALE.
5. Aspidiotus cyanophylli Signoret. Fig. 2.
Aspidiotus cyanophylli Signoret. Essai, 1869, 119.
Upon certain species of fig (Ficus indica and Ficus laurifolia),
in conservatories at Washington and at Cambridge, Mass., I have
found a species of Aspidiotus which I believe to be the same as
6O
that described by Signoret as infesting Cyanophyllum magnificum at
Paris.
Scale of female.—The scale of the female is circular, and
brownish yellow, with the exuviae central, and bright yellow. The
exuviae are, however, normally covered with a nipple like mass of
white excretion.
Aemale.—The body of the female is lemon yellow, with the last
Segment brownish.
FIG. 2
There are four groups of spinnereſs ; the cephalo-laterals consist
each of four or five ; the caudo-laterals of three to five.
The mesal lobes are large ; each is suddenly narrowed on both
sides near the distal end ; the second lobe of each side is long and
slender, appearing much like a plate ; the third lobe is similar in
shape but smaller.
The plates are very long and usually deeply incised ; in each
case they extend beyond the lobes. There are two between the
mesal lobes, with the distal ends incised ; two similar ones between
each mesal and second lobe, of these the mesal plate is the more
delicate; three between each second and third lobe, these are
deeply incised on their lateral margins. Laterad of the third lobe
there are usually five or more plates, some of which are simple
and some branched.
The spines are very long and slender ; they do not, however,
exceed the plates in length. The spines of the dorsal surface are

6I
as follows: one on the lateral part of the base of each mesal lobe :
one on each second lobe ; one laterad of each third lobe ; and
one at about one-third the distance from the third lobe to the pen-
ultimate segment. Each ventral spine excepting the first pair
Which are wanting is situated laterad of the corresponding dorsal
spine. Other small spines scattered over the surface of the seg-
ment and visible in specimens prepared with caustic potash are
represented in the figure.
THE QUINCE SCALE.
6. Aspidiotus cydoniae Comstock.
This species I found upon quince in Florida. It is described
with figure in Ag. Report I 880, p. 295.
THE RED SCALE OF FLORIDA.
7 : Aspidiotus ficus (Riley MSS).
Chrysomphalus fºcus Riley MSS., Ashmead, American Entomologist, 1880,
p. 267.
Aspidiolus fºcus Comstock, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIII, p. 8,
The specific name ficus was proposed for this species by Profes-
sor Riley because he had found the insect quite injurious to Ficus
mitida. The species has, however, attracted much more attention
as an enemy of the Orange. As yet I have only seen specimens
from Florida and Cuba. In the Ag. Report for 1880, pp. 296–
300, I have given descriptions of both sexes and all stages of this
insect. In the same report, Plate III, Fig. 2, 2a–2f represent
the scales and young ; Plate XXI, Fig. 3, male ; Plate XII, Fig.
2, last segment of female ; and Plate XIII, Fig. 2, margin of last
segment of female. sº
THE ENGLISH WALNUT SCALE.
8. Aspidiotus juglans-regiae Comstock.
This species was described from specimens found upon English
walnut in California. I afterwards found specimens upon locust,
62
pear and 'cherry in New York and District of Columbia. See Ag.
Report, 1880, p. 3OO, for description and figure.
THE MIMOSA SCALE.
9. Aspidiotus mimosae new species. Fig. 3.
Upon a twig of mimosa from Tampico, Mexico, the same twig
that bore the lac insects (Carteria mexicana), described by me else-
where, I found an undescribed species of Aspidiotus.
Scale of female.—The scale of this species very closely resem-
bles that of A. ſenebricorus. It is very dark gray, agreeing in col-
or with the bark to which it is attached. It is quite convex with
the exuviae central. The protuberance indicating the position of
the exuviae is marked with a white dot and concentric ring.
Female.—Fig. 3. The last segment of the female presents no
groups of spinnerets. - *
There are three pairs of well developed lobes ; the mesal lobes
are rounded caudad, but usually with two notches on the lateral
margin, and taper to a point cephalad"; each second lobe bears
two and sometimes three notches on its caudo-lateral margin ; the
third lobe is larger than the second and bears three notches. A
short distance laterad of the third lobe the margin of the segment
is prolonged into a triangular fourth lobe.
The plates are very inconspicuous, being invisible in many
specimens. They are short and simple ; there are two between
the mesal lobes; and two laterad of each of the mesal, second
and third lobes.
There is a spine on the dorsal surface of each of the second,
third, and fourth lobes, and one on each lateral margin near the
penultimate segment. On the ventral surface there is a Spine a
short distance laterad of each of the dorsal spines.
There are two club-shaped thickenings between each first and sec-
ond lobes, of which the mesal is the longer ; three between the
second and third lobes, of these the intermediate one is the long-
est, and in some specimens the mesal one is wanting ; and three
between the third and fourth lobef
Described from fifteen females.
|
f
y | º .AN}||
FIGS. 3 AND 4.
THE OLEANDER SCALE.
Io. Aspidiotus nerii Bouché. Fig. 4.
Aspidiolus nerii Bouché, Schädl, Gard. Inst. (1838) 52.
Diaspis bouchéi Targioni Tozzetti, (1867) stud. Sul. Coccin.
This species infests a great variety of plants; and is to be found
throughout our country from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mex-
ico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. I have studied it upon
the following named plants: acacia, cherry, currant, “China-tree,”
English ivy, grass and clover growing in pots with orange trees
upon which I was rearing this insect, lemons from the Mediter-
ranean, lemons from California, maple, Melia, oleander, plum and
Yucca. . I am indebted to Dr. E. L. Mark and Mons. V. Signoret
for European specimens of this species for comparison with Amer-
ican specimens. The male, female, and scale of each sex are
described and figured in Ag. Report 1880, pp. 3OI—303. And in
this report Fig. 4 represents the margin of last segment of female.

64
TEIE OBSCURE SCALE.
II. Aspidiotus obscurus Comstock.
This is an inconspicuous species which occurs on the bark of .
the limbs of willow-oak at Washington, D, C. For description
and figures see Ag. Report, 1880, p. 303.
THE PARLATORIA—LIKE SCALE.
I2. Aspidiotus P parlatorioides new species. Fig. 5.
Upon a leaf of Bay Tree (Persea carolinensis), received from Dr.
Turner of Ft. George, Florida, I find a scale, the generic position
of which is very uncertain. I place the species in this genus only
provisionally. -
Scale of female.—The scale of the female, Plate II, Fig. IO, is
circular with the exuviae marginal. The exuviae are very large,
extending from one margin to the center of the scale. This gives
the scale the appearance of a circular Parlatoria, like P. pergandi: ;
hence the specific name. The color of the scale is light yellow ;
the exuviae are of a similar color with a brownish tinge. Diame-
ter of Scale about 1.4 mm, (.OS5 inch).

65
Female.—There are four groups of spinnerets ; the cephalo-later-
als consist of nine to fifteen, usually nine ; the caudo-laterals of
seven to ten, usually nine. - w 4.
The mesal lobes are wide, their sides are parallel and each is
abruptly narrowed on each side near the distal end. The second
and third lobes are deeply incised ; when these lobes are well-de-
veloped each lobelet usually bears a slight notch on its lateral mar-
gin. The third pair of lobes is often obsolete.
The plates are simple, and taper to a point. There are two be-
tween the mesal lobes ; one laterad of each of the second and
third lobes. On the margin of the segment between the third lobe
of each side and the penultimate segment are two pairs of short
projections; these may be rudimentary plates. -
The spines of the dorsal surface are as follows: one at the base
of the mesal side of each of the mesal lobes; these spines are
long, extending beyond the plates ; one between the lobelets of
each of the second and third lobes; and one near each pair of the
rudimentary plates. The ventral spines are very delicate; there is
One laterad of each of the second and third lobes, and one laterad
of each of the pairs of rudimentary plates. -
The male is unknown. The form of the scale of the male will
doubtless determine definitely the generic position of the species.
THE PERNICIOUS SCALE.
13. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock.
This species I believe to be the most injurious scale insect found
in our country. As yet I have found it only in California ; and
in that state it is most abundant in the Santa Clara Valley. It in-
fests nearly all of the deciduous fruits grown in California. It has
not been observed on Citrus trees; hence the orange growers will
consider it much less pernicious than the red-scale (aspidioſus aur-
antii). For description and figures see Ag. Report 188o p. 3O4.
THE RED BAY SCALE.
14. Aspidiotus perseae Comstock.
This is an insect which infests the red bay (Persea carolinensis) in
Florida. For description and figures see Ag. Report, 188o p. 305.
66
THE MASKED SCALE INSECT.
15. Aspidiotus personatus new species. Plate III, Fig. 2
and 2a. -
This is a Cuban species which infests the leaves of various trees
and shrubs in the public gardens of Havana, I am indebted to
Mr. B. W. Law of that city for the specimens from which this de-
scription is drawn. &
Scale of female.—The scale of the female is circular, very con-
vex, with the exuviae central. The scale is dark gray or black,
with the exuviae shining black. The position of the exuviae is
usually marked with a white dot and a concentric ring of the same
color. Ventral scale well developed. -
Female.—The body of the female is very thick, completely fill-
ing the unusually convex scale. The most striking characteristic
of this insect, however, is a large projection of the cephalic end of
the body (Plate III, Fig. 2). It is this character that suggested
the specific name. w
The last segment presents the following characters : Plate III,
Fig. 2, 2a.
There are no groups of spinnereſs.
There are six pairs of lobes, . That is, in addition to the three
pairs of true lobes there are on each side three lobe like prolonga-
tions of the margin of the segment. The lobes of each side are
as follows: the first or mesal lobe is pointed and often bears a
notch on its disto-lateral margin ; the second is smaller than the
first and usually bears two notches on its corresponding margin ;
the third is larger than the first and bears three notches; the fourth
lobe is largest of all and bears from four to eight notches; the
fifth is smaller than the third ; and the sixth is a mere point.
There are many thickenings of the body wall along the mar-
gin of the last segment. Those of either side are as follows: the
first and Second lobes are much prolonged cephalad ; the third
and fourth lobes each have two shorter prolongations ; between
the first and second lobe is a narrow thickening which extends
farther cephalad than any other ; between the second and third
lobe is one, which is but little shorter; between the third and
fourth lobes are two still shorter; and laterad of the fourth lobe
are many very short ones. -
. The plates are short and delicate ; but they are remarkably con-
stant in shape and number. There is one between the mesal lobes
which is bifurcated ; two laterad of each of the mesal and second
lobes, in each case the mesal plate of the two is usually bifurcated ;
and three laterad of the third lobe of each side, of these the mesal
one is simple and the lateral two bifurcated.
There are two delicate spines, one on the dorsal surface and
one on the ventral laterad of the sixth lobe of each side. The
spines of the other lobes are obsolete or wanting.
THE ASPIDIOTUS OF PINE,
16. Aspidiotus pini Comstock.
This species infests the leaves of pine. For description and fig-
ures see Ag. Report 1880, p. 306. -
THE GREEDY SCALE INSECT.
I7. Aspidiotus rapax Comstock.
. . Like the pernicious scale insect (Aspidioſus perniciosus) this spe-
cies infests many different plants ; and sometimes it occurs in such
great numbers as to be very destructive. This is especially the case
on Euonymus in hot houses in the North or in the open air in the
'South ; and in California on olive and mountain laurel (Umbellu-
laria californica). I have also found it on the following named
plants in California : almond, quince, fig, willow, eucalyptus, aca-
cia, and locust. For descriptions and figures see Ag. Report 1880,
p. 3O7.
From this species I bred the Chalcid parasite Aphelinus ſuscipen-
nis Howard described in Ag. Report 1880, p. 356.
THE PALMETTO SCALE.
18. Aspidiotus Psabalis new species. Plate III, Fig. i-ic.
This species infests the leaves of palmetto in Florida. It was
68
received from Dr. Turner of Ft. George; and I collected it at
Sanford. & -
Scale of female.—The scale of the female is Snowy white. It is
irregular in outline ; but approximately circular. The exuviae
vary in position from central to marginal ; they are covered ; and
their position is indicated by a tubercle which is of a deeper white
than the remainder of the scale. See Plate III, Fig. I ; the larger
Scales. • *
Female.—The body of the female is white. The last segment
presents the following remarkable characters : Plate III, Fig. I c.
There are six groups of spinnereſs, three on each side. The ce-
phalic group of each side consists usually of four ; the intermedi-
ate group of four to seven ; and the caudal group of six to ten.
Neither lobes nor plates are present. The caudal extremity of
the segment is notched so that the segment has the appearance of
being terminated by a pair of lobes; but the characteristic struct-
ure of these organs is wanting. On the ventral surface there is
on each side four small spines, at nearly equal distances from each
other, extending from the meson to near the penultimate segment.
There are also on each side more nearly on the edge of the seg-
ment about five larger spines. The openings on the dorsal sur-
face of the segment are small; and the greater number of them
are in four cephalo-caudal lines. These are represented in the
figure, as they may be seen from the ventral side in a specimen
prepared with caustic potash.
Rudimentary antennae are present in the female. Plate III,
Fig. Ib. The female is viviparious.
Scale of male.—The scale of the male. resembles that of the fe-
male, except that it is smaller and more elongated. See Plate III,
Fig. I ; the smaller scales.
Male.—The color of the male is yellow. This sex is wingless ;
and has short spindle shaped antennae, differing in form from the
antennae of any other described male coccid. Plate III, Fig. Ia.
I place this species in the genus Aspidiotus only provisionally.
The absence of lobes and plates from the last segment of the fe-
male, the arrangement of the groups of spinnerets, and of the
openings on the dorsal surface of this segment, the absence of
69
wings in the male, and the peculiar form of the antennae of the
male constitute a combination of characters which I believe to be
of generic importance. But I believe that a thorough revision of
the genera of this family will be necessary ere long ; and until that is
done I think nothing is to be gained by the erection of a genus
for a single species which, can be placed in an existing genus.
THE SMILAX SCALE.
I9. Aspidiotus smilacis new species. Fig. 6.
This species was collected by Prof. W. Trelease at Woods Holl,
Mass. It infests smilax. It is clearly allied to A. mimosae and
A. fenečricosus. * -
Scale of female.—The scale of the female is circular, with the
exuviae central and covered with excretion. It varies in color from
a brown to a dark gray.almost black. The position of the exu-
viae is marked with a white dot and concentric ring of the same
color.
Female.—The last segment presents the following characters:
There are no groups of spinnereſs.
There are three pairs of well developed Joães. The mesal lobes
are the Smallest, and are rounded ; the second lobe of each side
is larger and is notched on its distal margin; the third lobe is sim-

70
ilar in shape to the second, but it is larger and sometimes it bears
two notches instead of one. The margin of the segment laterad
of the third lobes is thickened and notched many times.
There are six conspicuous club-shaped thickenings of the body
wall, three on each side. The first of each side is a prolongation
of the mesal lobe; the second is the largest and extends cephalad
from a point just laterad of the base of the mesal lobe; the third
which is nearly as large as the second extends cephalad from be-
tween the second and third lobes. .
The plates are small and are usually notched at the distal end.
There are two between the mesal lobes; and two laterad of each
mesal and second lobe. …
The spines are inconspicuous. Each lobe bears one on its dor-
sal surface, and on the ventral surface there is one laterad of each
of the second and third lobes. There is a large slender spine a
little more than half way from the third lobe to the penultimate
segment.
THE SPINED SCALE INSECT.
20. Aspidiotus spindus new species. Fig. 7.
This species infests the leaves and branches of Camellias in the
conservatory of the Department of Agriculture.
Scale of female.—The scale of the female is circular, with the
exuviae central and covered with excretion. Color of scale very
light brown or dirty white.
Female.—There are four groups of spinnerets ; the cephalo-lat-
erals consist each of three to six ; and the caudo laterals, of four
to SlM.

71
The mesal lobes are quite prominent ; each is suddenly narrowed
on each side near the distal end. The second and third lobes are
Small.
The plates are of medium size; nearly all of them are more or
less notched ; there are two between the mesal lobes ; two laterad
of each mesal lobe ; three between the second and third lobe of
each side ; and usually five or six laterad of the third lobe.
The ſpineſ on the dorsal surface of the segment are remarkable
for their size. Those of each side are as follows: the first is on
the lateral part of mesal lobe, and is a little longer than the lobe ;
the Second and third are situated on the second and third lobes
respectively, they are very wide, and extend far beyond the lobes;
laterad of the lateral plate there is a similar spine. The three
Spines last described are the largest I ever saw in this genus. There
is a fifth spine about midway between the fourth spine and the
penultimate segment. The spines of the ventral surface are of the
usual size ; and excepting the first which is obsolete are situated
in each case a short distance laterad of the corresponding spine
of the dorsal surface.
This species differs from A. camelliae (according to Signoret's
description of that species), in the great size of the spines, the
presence of the groups of spinnerets, and the presence of the sec-
ond and third pairs of lobes.
THE GLOOMY SCALE,
2I. Aspidiotus tenebricosus Comstock.
This is a species with a dark inconspicuous Scale ; it infests red
or swamp maple (Acer rubrum) at Washington, D. C. For de-
scription and figures see Ag. Report 1880, p. 3O8.
THE GRAPE SCALE.
22. Aspidiotus uvae Comstock.
This species infests grape-vines at Vevay, Ind., and hickory in
Florida. . For description and figures see Ag. Report I 880, p. 309.
72
SPECIES OF ASPIDIOTUS NOT YET OBSERVED IN THE UNITED
STATES.
23. Aspidiotus offinis Targioni Tozzetti.
Aspidiotus offinis Targ. Toz, Catal. p. 45.
Aspidiotus offinis Targ. Toz. Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 114.
This is a species which lives in Italy on Auscus aculealus, a lilea-
ceous plant belonging to the tribe Asparageae, and known as
butcher's broom or knee holly. The following are the more im-
portant of the characters given by Targioni Tozzetti:
The scale of the female is circular, somewhat swollen, with
the exuviae central. The female is broadly obovate, rugose above
and below. With six lobes, of which the four internal are the
largest and are laterally incised, and two are alternating with lac-
erated and fimbriated Scales. Two groups of lateral spinnerets
(On each side 2). Scale of male depressed, elongated oval.
24. Aspidiotus aloes (Boisduval).
Chermes aloes Boisduval, Ent. Hort. (1867) p. 327.
Aspidiotus aloes Boisd. Signoret, Essai, 1839, p 114. Pl. III, Fig. 1.
This species is found in Europe on the leaves of Aloe umbella/a,
a liliaceous plant resembling the Agave or century plant. The
scale of the female resembles much that of A. meri; it is white,
circular, with the exuviae Central and yellow. The female is
greenish yellow, aud globular. According to Signoret's figure, the
cephalo-lateral groups of Spinnerets consist each of four; and the
caudo-laterals of nine. The mesal lobes are very large ; and there
is represented in the figure laterad of each mesal lobe either two
incisions or well developed second and third lobes.
Signoret states that the plants can be easily cleared of this pest
by means of a brush ; and kept clean by the use of lime water.
25. Aspidiotus atherospermae Maskell.
Aspidlotus adherospermae Maskell. Trans. and Proc. New Zealand Inst.
XI, p. 198.
This species is found in New Zealand upon a tree indigenous to
that country, the A/herosperma novae-zealandiae. The scale of the
female is said to resemble that of A. epidendri but to be somewhat
73
darker in color (A. epidendri is described by the same writer as
flat, of a dirty white color, sometimes brownish, with the exuviae
central and yellow). The last segment of the female presents four
groups of spinnerets. The cephalo-laterals consist of fifteen ; the
caudo-laterals of nine or ten. “The abdomen ends in several
lobes of which the four middle ones are the largest. The rest of
the lobes are sharply pointed. Between the lobes are scaly serrate
hairs.” s -
26. Aspidiotus betulae Bärensprung.
Aspidiolus betulae Bärensp. Journal d'Alton et Burm, 1849.
Targioni Tozzetti, Catal. 1868, p. 43.
Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 115. -
This species infests birch in Europe. The larvae are yellow ;
the females wine red ; the scale round and the color of the bark
of birch. These scales are found under the outer loose bark.
27. Aspidiotus budleiae Signoret.
Aspidiolus bud/eiae Signoret. Essai, 1869, p. 115, Pl. III, Fig. 2, Pl. IV,
Fig. A, B, D. -
This species was found in the conservatories of the Luxembourg
on the leaves and branches of Buddleia salicina a plant belonging
to the order Scrophulariaceae. The scale of the female resembles
that of A. merii, being circular, white, with the exuviae Central
and yellow ; the scale of the male is elongated ; both turn brown
in growing old. The male is clear yellow, a little brownish on the
thoracic disc; head notched in front, with four or five hairs in the
notch ; the thoracic band is shorter than in A. merii, and the an-
gles of the notch of the head are more rounded. The female is
nearly circular, of a clear yellow, tinged with Orange ; the last seg-
ment presents four groups of spinnerets ; the cephalo-laterals con-
sist of five or six, and the caudo-laterals of three or four.
28. Aspidiotus caldesii Targioni Tozzetti.
Aspidiolus caldesii Targ. Catal. (1868) p. 43. -
A. caldesii Targ. Tozz., Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 116.
This species infests the leaves of Daphne callina in Europe.
The scale of the female is thin, circular, pellucid, white, with
74
the exuviae central. The female is broadly obovate, depressed,
yellowish green, with two very large lobes and two smaller lateral
lobes, and terminated by interposed lacerated and fimbriated
plates. Groups of spinnerets wanting, or a few spinnerets which .
form inconspicuous, slightly interrupted groups. Scale of male
white, very thin, elliptical.
29. Aspidiotus camelliae (Boisduval).
Aermes camelliae Boisduval, Ent. Hort, p. 334.
Aspidiotus camelliae Boisd. Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 117.
This species occurs in various conservatories at Paris upon Ca-
mellias. The scale of the female is rounded, very convex and of
a more or less transparent yellowish brown. The scale of the male
is a little more elongated. The female is rounded like A. merit,
but of a more elongated form, and wider posteriorly. The female
of this species differs from that of A. meri; in that the caudal ex-
tremity of the abdomen presents only a single pair of lobes; and
the groups of spinnerets are wanting.
30. Aspidiotus ceratoniae Signoret.
Aspidiolus ceratoniae Signoret, Essai, 1869. p. 118, Pl. IV. Fig. 2.
This species was collected at Nice on Ceraſonia, a plant belong-
ing to the order Zeguminosae. It is said to differ from A. meri in
the form of the male in which the transverse band of the protho-
rax is not so pronounced, being almost invisible ; the margins of
the thorax are more indented ; the head presents a notch in front
with some hairs; the antennae are long, pubescent, with the two
basal segments distinct. The intermediate tibiae, as seen from
the side, are narrowed in the middle and enlarged distad ; the tarsi
are very large.
31. Aspidiotus chamaeropsis Signoret.
Aspidiotus chamaeropsis Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 118,
This species infests a Palm (Chamaerops australis). The scale is
elongated, transparent, with the exuviae clear yellow and placed up-
on the side. The female is elongated, yellow ; the extremity of the
abdomen is terminated by two principal lobes and on each side three
to four (five according to Signoret's figure) smaller ones. Each
75
lobe is terminated by a very long hair. There are four groups of
spinnerets. The cephalo-laterals consist of three each ; and the
caudo-laterals, of four or five. No plates are represented in Sig-
noret's figure. -
Can this be a species of Aspidiotus The position of the ex-
uviae, and the unusual characters of the last segment of the fe-
male are certainly very different from anything else in this genus.
I have not seen specimens.
32. Aspidiotus cycadicola (Boisduval).
Chermes cycadicola Boisd. Ent. Hort. (1867) 344,
Aspidiotus cycadicola Boisd. Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 119.
This species infests Cycas revolula in Europe. The scale of the
female is circular, white, with the exuviae central and yellow.
The scale of the male is a little elongated. The female is rounded,
yellow ; the extremity of the abdomen presents two large mesal
lobes; the lateral lobes are smaller ; between the lobes are plates;
ſour groups of spinnerets; the cephalo-laterals consist each of ten
to twelve, and the caudo-laterals of six to seven. The male dif-
fers from that of A. merii to which it is closely allied by the large
size of the thoracic band which reaches the wings.
33. Aspidiotus denticulatus Targioni Tozzetti.
* Aspidiolus denticulatus Targ. Tozz, Catal. (1868), 43.
This species infests the leaves of Rubia peregrina in Italy. The
following characters are given by Zangioni Zo22elft .
Scale of female thin and transparent. Female elongated, with
the anterior lobe rounded off, with the entire lobe thinly ciliated,
with the posterior triangular subtruncated, with lobes and plates
lacerated and toothed, two on each side. Groups of spinnerets
wanting ; with eight to ten rather large scattered ones.
34. Aspidiotus destructor Signoret.
Aspidiolus destructor Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 120.
This species occurs on the Island of Bourbon in the Indian
Ocean, where it is very destructive to cocoa-nut trees. It also in-
fests palms, dates, and Goyavius Žsidium in the same locality.
The scale is circular, of a transparent white, with the exuviae
*
&
76
central and of a transparent yellowish white. The body of the
female is circular, yellow, and presents six caudal lobes. The
mesal lobes are shorter than the others. There are four groups of
spinnerets ; each of which consists of eight or ten.
35. Aspidiotus dysoxyli Maskell.
Aspidiotus dysoxyli Maskell. Trans. and Proc. New Zealand, Inst. XI, p.
198.
This is a New Zealand species described by Maskell. From its
specific name we infer that it infests some species of Dysovylon, a
genus of plants belonging to the Al/eliaceae, which is represented in
this country by the Pride of India, or china-tree. The scale is
brown, somewhat convex, the underside white. The female in
the middle is bright yellow. There are four groups of spinnerets;
the cephalo-laterals consist each of ten ; the caudo-laterals of
nine. The abdomen ends in six lobes, of which only the two
median are conspicuous; between the lobes serrated plates.
36. Aspidiotus epidendri Bouché.
Aspidiotus epidendri Bouché, Ent. Zeit. Stett. (1844), V. 293.
Chermes epidendri Bouché, Boisduval, Ent. Hort. (1867), 339.
Aspidioters epidendré Bouché, Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 121.
This species is found upon Epidendrum, a genus of orchids, in
the conservatories of Europe. It very closely resembles A. merič,
in fact the only characters which have been given which will dis-
tinguish this species from that are contained in Signoret's descrip-
tion of the male. According to this writer, the male of this spe-
cies is more elongated than that of A. merii, the notch in the
head is more pronounced ; the costal margin of the wings is more
hollowed out, and the tubercle of the abdominal style is longer.
The legs are also different; the posterior legs have the femora
thickened ; the tibiae have a deep and long notch at the proximal
end, and the tarsi are very large. Signoret gives a beautiful figure
of the male (l. c. Plate IV, Fig. 1).
37. Aspidiotus ericae (Boisduval).
Chermes ericae Boisduval, Ent. Hort. (1867), p. 330.
Aspidiotus ericae Boisduval, Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 121.
The above name has been given to a scale insect found upon
77
heath (Erica medierranea) in France. No characters have been
given as yet which will distinguish this species from A. merit.
38. Aspidiotus genistae Westwood.
Aspidlotus genistae Westw. Synop. Gen. Trit. Ins. 118.
Aspidiotus genistoe Westw. Signoret. Essai, 1869, 122.
Aspidiolus uſicis Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 132 ; 1879, p. 676.
The specific name genisſae has been given to a species of Aspid-
ofus which infests Genisſa, a genus of leguminous plants in Europe.
No characters have been given as yet which will distinguish this
species from A. merii,
39. Aspidiotus gnidii Signoret.
Aspidiotus gnidii Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 122.
This species infests Daphne gmidium in Southern Europe. Sig-
noret states that generally it is smaller than A. meri. This is the
Only character given in the specific description.
40. Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot).
C. hederae Vallot, Mem. Acad. Dijon, (1829)
Aspidiotus hederae Vallot, Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 122.
This Species occurs in Europe upon the leaves of various ever-
greens as ivy, holly, and boxwood. The scales are yellowish
brown, with the exuviae central and of a clear more or less trans-
parent yellow. The abdominal extremity of the female is more
elongated than in A. merii and terminated by six lobes, more or
less developed ; in the notches some simple hairs [plates] ; on the
disc, near the border, some spinnerets of which the base is rounded
and bifid, and terminated by a very long hair. No groups of
spinnerets have been observed.
4I. Aspidiotus hippocastani Signoret.
Aspidioſus hippocastani Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 136.
This species infests the horse-chestnut in Europe. The scale of
the female is circular, blackish, with the exuviae central and trans-
parent yellow ; the scale of the male resembles that of the female
but is elongated. The body of the female is circular, and very wide
toward the anal extremity. The caudal extremity presents two
78
large and long lobes with a sinuosity in each side; there are four
or five hairs [plates] between the lobes and the penultimate seg-
ment. There are, at least, four groups of spinnerets ; the cepha-
lo-laterals consist each of eight ; the caudo-laterals of eight to
ten.
42. Aspidiotus ilicis Signoret.
Aspidiotus ilicis Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 123.
This scale insect infests a species of live oak (Quercus ilicis)
in France. The scale of the ſemale is larger and much more
convex than that of A. meri; ; it is grayish yellow, with the exuviae
nearly marginal and sometimes forming a black point. The scale
of the male is much smaller, a little elongated, and white. The
female is of a clear yellow, circular, differing only from A. meri; in
the isolated spinnerets being less numerous and more difficult to
See ; in the compound spinnerets being smaller, and the groups
consisting of fewer, the cephalo-laterals consisting each of six,
and the caudo-laterals of three. The mesal lobes are as large
as those of A. merii, and are nearer together ; the other lobes are
hardly developed ; the plates are less numerous; the lateral ones
are hair-like. In many individuals Signoret was unable to observe
the groups of Spinnerets.
43. Aspidiotus kennedyae (Boisduval).
Chermes Kennedyae Boisd. Ent. Hort. (1867), 326.
Aspidiotus kennedyae Boisd. Signoret, Essai, 1869. 124,
This is an insect which infests leguminosus plants of the genus
A'ennedya in Australia. The only character given by Boisduval is
that it resembles A. nerii greatly except that it is a little reddish.
44. Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret.
Aspidioſus lataniae Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 124.
This species infests Zalamia, a genus of African palms. The
scale is a little elongated, of a clear yellow, translucid at the Cen-
ter, and of a dirty white at the circumference, or at least at the
margin of the exuviae. The exuviae are large, and elongated on-
ly in outline. The female is oval, rounded before, much elon-
gated towards the other extremity; the mesal lobes are large ; the
79
lateral lobes are hardly visible; there are four groups of spinnerets.
The cephalo-laterals consist each of three, the caudo-laterals of six
to seven ; on the margin of the segment a hair [plate] or two.
45. Aspidiotus lentisc1 Signoret.
Aspidiolus ſentisci Signoret, Essai, 1876, p. 601.
“This species resembles greatly Aspidioſus merii. The male and
female scales differing from that species only by their yellowish
brown color, with the exuviae more clear and brilliant... As to the
spinnerets we have found them too variable to enable us to de-
scribe them.”
46. Aspidiotus limonii Signoret.
Aspidlotus limonii Signoret Essai, 1869, p. 125.
This species infests lemons, and is said to differ from Aspidiolus
neri: by the caudal lobes being more detached and more apparent
and by the plates being larger ; but above all by the more elon-
gated form of the last abdominal segment. The scale of the fe-
male is circular, yellowish white, with the exuviae central and
yellow ; that of the male is more elongated.
47. Aspidiotus myrsinae Signoret.
Aspidiolus myricinae Signoret, Essai. 1869, p. 125.
Aspidiolus myrsinae Signoret, Essai, 1876, p. 670.
This species occurs upon Myrsina refusa in the conservatories of
the Luxembourg. It is closely related to A. merii in all respects;
but differs from that species by the more elongated form of the
body; by the more pronounced protuberances or sinuosities on
the margin of the body opposite the mouth ; and by the smaller
number of the compound spinnerets ; the cephalo-lateral groups
consisting each of four or five, and the caudo-laterals of three or
four.
48. Aspidiotus niger Signoret.
Aspidiolus niger Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 130.
This species infests willow in France. The scale of the female
is circular, black, and with the exuviae yellow ; the scale of the
male is elongated and of the same color. The female is brownish
8O
yellow. The margin of the last segment presents only two lobes
and on each side five or six small spiny hairs [plates]. No groups
of spinnerets.
49. Aspidiotus oxyacanthae Signoret.
Aspidiotus oayacanthae Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 137.
This species infests the English Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacam-
Zha). The scales are blackish gray, with the exuviae transparent
yellow. The scale of the female is circular ; that of the male
elongated. The extremity of the female presents two quite large
lobes with a sinuosity on each side and four or five spiny hairs
[plates]. There are five groups of spinuerets. The mesal group
Consists of four or five ; the other four groups, each of ten to
twelve.
50. Aspidiotus phormii Breme.
The Species is found in Switzerland, upon Phormium ſenav, a
liliaceous plant which furnishes the so-called New Zealand flax.
Signoret states (Essai, 1869, p. 130) that the scale of the female
is white, circular, with the exuviae central, that of the male a little
more elongated. I find no description of the insect itself.
51. Aspidiotus pandani Signoret.
Aspidiolus £andani Signoret,” Essai, 1869, p. 131.
This species is said to live exclusively upon Pandanus uſilis, an
Agave-like plant from India. It resembles A. merit much in form,
but differs in color, being a blackish brown, with the center whit-
ish. The male has not been described. . The female, circular,
whitish yellow in color, and presents on the caudal segment four
groups of spinnerets. The cephalo-lateral groups consist each of
four or five ; and the caudo-laterals of three. The yellow color
of the female is more or less deep according to age. The seg-
mentation of the body is hardly indicated. The caudal segment
* Signoret describes this species as “Aspidiolus pannani Boisduval” (Essai
1869, p. 131). This is evidently a slip of the pen, as the species is twice re-
ferred to in the same monograph (Essai, 1868, p. 863 and 1876, p. 671) as
Aspidiotus pandani Signoret ; and I am unable to find any reference to it in the
writings of Boisduval.
8 I
presents on its border two mesal lobes, and on each side two lat-
eral lobes. The latter are separated by quite large notches, and
in the notches are well developed plates, the lateral margins of
which are serrate. Between the caudal margin and the groups of
spinnerets are ten spines, and cephalad of the groups of spinnerets
extending in a line across the segment are five groups of what ap-
pears to be, according to Signoret's figure, filiform wax ducts.
52. Aspidiotus palmarum Bouché.
Aspidiotus palmarum Bouché, Naturg. Ins. (1834), 1, 17; 5.
Aspidiotus paſmatum Blanch., Hist. Nat. (1840), III 215.
Aspidiotus palmarum Bouché, Signoret, Essai, 1869. 131.
In conservatories and in the open air in Southern Europe a
species of Aspidioſus is found upon palms which has received the
specific name of palmarum. According to Signoret the species
resembles A. merii very much. The scales are white with the ex-
uviae reddish yellow ; those of the female are circular, those of the
male elongated. The female is broadly rounded. There are four
groups of spinnerets ; the cephalo-laterals consist each of ten, the
caudo-laterals of seven to eight. Between the caudal margin and
the groups of spinnerets are isolated spinnerets [wax ducts] in the
form of a tube as with A. meri. The male is larger and more
elongated than that of A. merii, and the middle and posterior feet
are more sinuous and more notched than in that species.
53, Aspidiotus quercus Signoret.
Aspidiotus quercus Signoret, Essai, 1869, 132.
Upon the leaves and trunk of Oak Signoret found a species of
Aspidioſus which he described under the name Quercus. The scales
are of a grayish white on the trunk, but a little yellowish upon the
leaves. Those of the female are circular, those of the male much
elongated, with the exuviae central and yellow. The female is
broadly rounded, with four caudal lobes ; and on each side some
spiny hairs [plates]. There are no groups of spinnerets. The
male is short, and of a milky white color. The antennae are :
short, pubescent ; the fourth, fifth and sixth segments are the
largest ; the others are almost globular. The head is notched in
front; and there are four or five hairs in the notch.
82
54. Aspidiotus spurcatus Signoret.
Aspidiotus spurcatus Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 138, Plate IV, Fig. 8,
This species was found by Signoret upon poplar in France.
The scale of the female is circular, blackish brown in color, with
the exuviae clear yellow. The female is large, and circular ;
when the body is filled with eggs the abdominal segments almost
disappear while the head and “breast” become very large. The
caudal segment presents five groups of spinnerets, each consisting
of a small number, especially the mesal, which consists of only
five or six at the most. The mesal lobes are well developed.
There are on each side two notches and four or five spine-like
plates. The scale of the male is elongated. The male is blunt,
short, with short and rounded wings; with short and hairy anten-
nae ; and with the thoracic band black. The posterior tibiae are
strongly notched near the distal end; and the tarsi are large, flat,
and pubescent.
55. Aspidiotus signoreti Comstock. Fig. 8.
Zargiomia migra Signoret, Essai, 1870, 106.
Signoret in his monograph of this family (1870, p. 105) estab-
lishes the genus Zargionia for a species of the Diaspinae which has
a complete shell; and describes the species under the name Zarg—
tonia nigra. This species can not, however, be separated from
Aspidioſus. Several species of Aspidiotus have a well developed
ventral scale so that it may be said that they have a complete shell.
Thus in A. Zenebricosus the ventral scale closely resembles that of
the Species described by Signoret as Zargionia migra. In A. auran-
ſii it is more delicate, but in the adult it is so well developed and
adheres so firmly to the dorsal scale that it is very difficult to re-
move the insect from its shell. In A. rapav the ventral scale is
usually entire and quite conspicuous. In fact we find that in the
genus Aspidiotus the ventral scale varies from an imperceptible
film to a thickness as great as in Targionia. And as it is impossi-
ble to separate those species having a thick ventral scale, or, in
Other words, those having a complete shell from those that do not,
we are forced to the conclusion that the genus Zargonia is not a
natural One ; and that the species described as T. migra must be
83
placed in Aspidiotus. But the name migra is preoccupied in this
genus; I therefore propose the name Signoreſ in honor of the dis-
coverer of this interesting species.
Aspidioſus Signoreſ infests Cineraria mariſima, (a plant belong-
ing to the Compositae) in France. The scale of the female is
black, very convex, round-
ed, with the exuviae Cen-
tral.
Figure 8 represents the
last segment of the female.
The figure was made from
specimens kindly furnish-
FIG. 8. ed me by M. Signoret.
a
56. Aspidiotus tiliae Signoret.
Aspidictus tiliae Signoret, Essai, 1869, 137, Pl, IV, Fig. 7.
Upon linden or basswood in Europe is found a species of As-
pidiotus which is described by Signoret as follows: It resembles
A. meri; ; but may be distinguished from that species by there be-
ing only two caudal lobes. The scale of the female is circular, of
a deep dirty gray, and with the exuviae Central. The female is
circular ; the caudal segment presents five groups of spinnerets;
the mesal group consists of seven or eight ; the others of nine to
ten each. The border of the Segment presents two large median
lobes, with some simple sinuosities, and five or six very small
“spines” on each side. -
57. Aspidiotus villosus Targioni Tozzetti.
Aspidiolus villosus Targ. Tozz., Catal. (1868), 43.
Aspidiotus villosus Targ., Signoret, Essai, 1869, 133, Pl. IV, Fig. 6.
This species infests the leaves of olive in Europe. Targioni
Tozzetti gives the following characters : Scale of female circular,
grayish, depressed, hairy, exuviae eccentric. Female depressed,
with the anterior lobe largest, rounded off. The posterior lobe
short, triangular with an obtuse apex.
Signoret states that the groups of spinnerets consist of three
each, that there are only two lobes, and that the body is wider
towards the caudal end than towards the head.

84
58. Aspidiotus vitis Signoret.
Aspidiotus vitis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., Bull. p. LII (1876).
Aspidiotus vitis Signoret, Essai, 1876, 601.
This species infests grapes in the vicinity of Nice ; and was
found upcn raisins from Algiers. The scales are dark gray in col-
or ; the exuviae are central and more or less covered. When
rubbed the exuviae are brilliant black. The color of the scale is
similar to that of the old bark of the vine, so that the presence of
the insect is not easily detected except by the white ventral scale
which adheres to the plant after the insect has been removed. The
female is circular, of a deep grayish brown, with the abdominal
extremity clear yellow. Groups of spinnerets were not distin-
guishable. There is only a single pair of lobes, which are very
small ; on each side of the lobes are two quite long hairs, and
between them and the penultimate segment two smaller ones. The
male is of a uniform dark yellow, with the thoracic band dark
brown, the eyes black, the Wings very long, extending beyond the
extremity of the style. The style is long, equaling in length the
distance from the thoracic band to the extremity of the last ab–
dominal segment. The antennae are thick and pubescent ; the
fourth segment is the longest ; the third is next ; the fifth to the
ninth are a little longer than wide, and of equal length ; the tenth
is very small, hardly longer than the first, which with the second
are the smallest.
59. Aspidiotus vriesciae Signoret.
Aspidiotus vriesciae Signoret, Essai, 1869, 134.
In conservatories upon the leaves of Vriescia splendens, a plant
belonging to the Bromeliaceae is found this species, which Signo-
ret describes as follows: It is closely allied to A. merii, but is dis-
tinguished from that species by the more elongated form of the
scales ; and the fact that the scales of both sexes are of a uniform
yellowish gray. The female is more elongated, less rounded, with
the notches deeper, still one can see well only the two mesal lobes,
which are large, with one harder, a little indented. There are
but few spinnerets in the groups. *
85
6o. Aspidiotus zonatus Frauenfeld.
Aspidiolus zonatus Frauenſ. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien., 1868, 888.
Aspidiolus zonatus F., Signoret, Essai, 1869, 135.
This species was found on an American oak (Quercus mom/ana),
in the Botanical Garden at Vienna. From the description it is
evident that only the males and male scales were seen. The scales
when full grown are 1.8 mm. in length, white with a yellow zone
around the side, which is a little elevated. The adult male is
yellow with the thoracic band dark red.
Genus Diaspis Costa.
Costa Fauna di Napoli, 1836.
This genus includes species of Diaspinae in which the scale of
the female is circular or nearly so, with the exuviae either central or
more or less marginal ; and the scale of the male long, white, car-
inated,” and with the larval-skin at one extremity. The last seg-
ment of the female presents five groups of spinnerets.
In the scale of the female the exuviae may be either central or
marginal or situated at any point between the center and the mar-
gin. When the exuviae are central the scale resembles that of
these species of Aspidiotus in which the exuviae are naked (e. g.
Aspidioſus merii, see Plate II, Fig. 2). In such cases the species
can be distinguished from Aspidiotus by an examination of the scale
of the male, which is carinated in this genus and not in Aspidi-
otus. When the exuviae are marginal there is nothing to distin-
guish the species from Chionaspis except the more nearly circular
form of the scale of the female in Diaspis ; the form of the scale
of the male being the same in the two genera. As illustrating
this point compare Fig. 3 of Plate II with Fig. 4 of the same
plate. Each one is from a camera lucida drawing, the former of
Diaspis rosae, the latter of Chiomaspis ſurfurus. The difference
certainly seems very slight, and, as the outline of the scale of the
* In Diaspis minima Targ. Tozz., the scale of the male is said to be without
carinae. -
86
female in certain species of each of these genera is very irregular,
one can imagine a case in which it would be difficult to determine
to which of the two genera a species belonged. But, in fact, I
have yet to meet a case where there is any difficulty in distinguish-
ing between Diaspis and Chionaspis.
Six species of Diaspis have been observed in this country. They
may be distinguished by the following table :
DIASPIS.
Characters from the last segment of the female.
A. Groups of spinnerets nearly continuous. IOS 216.
AA. Groups of spinnerets distinct.
B. Margin of segment with incisions. ostreaeformis.
BB. Margin of segment without incisions.
C. The third pair of lobes obsolete or wanting. carueli.
CC. With three or four pairs of lobes.
D. Mesal lobes attached to segment throughout the entire
length of their lateral margins. boisduvalii.
DD. Distal extremity of mesal lobes free.
E. Elongated pore between fifth and sixth plates on a
large pointed prolongation of the body, bromeliae.
EE. Elongated pore between fifth and sixth plates on
a more or less rounded and inconspicuous pro-
longation of the segment. cacti.
BOISDUVAL'S SCALE.
61. Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret. Fig. 9.
Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 432.
In the conservatory of the Department of Agriculture, on the
lower surface of the leaves of a plant known as the Traveler's Joy
(Ravenala madagascariensis) and upon a species of Zivinsſonia, I
found a white scale in great numbers. This insect proved to be
the Diaspis boisduvalii described by Signoret ; and which he found
infesting the various species of orchids in the conservatories of the
Luxembourg. It is probable therefore that this species will be
found infesting a variety of plants in green houses, and perhaps
87
even in the open air in the South. The presence of this pest upon
the plant was easily detected by discolored spots which it pro-
duced in the leaves. These spots are at first yellowish, afterwards
becoming dark brown. This insect may be distinguished from
the other species of Diaspis which are known to occur in this
country by the fact that the scales of the male occur massed in
great numbers and the masses are covered with a quantity of loose
white hairs. -
Scale of female—The scale of the female is circular, or a little
elongated, with the exuviae nearly central. The color of the scale
varies from white to yellowish gray; the color of the exuviae is
similar to that of the scale; in some specimens they are a shade
darker. Diameter of scale, 2 mm. (.08 inch).
Female.—The color of the female is lemon yellow, with the
caudal end of the last segment pale brown ; the outline of the
body is a broad Oval, each cephalo-lateral angle of the body is
prolonged into a pointed projection. The last segment of the
body presents the following characteristics:
-- The mesal
group of spin-
mereſs consist of
from eight to
fifteen ; the ce-
phalo – laterals
| of from twenty
two to twenty-
nine ; and the
caudo – laterals
of from fifteen
to eighteen.
The mesal
lobes are large,
wing-shaped, separated at their base, divergent, and attached to
the body throughout the entire length of their lateral margins.
The second and third lobes of each side are bifurcated ; the lob-
ules are subequal and nearly parallel. The fourth lobe is present
although rudimentary ; its margin is serrate.
FIG. 9.

88
The plates are simple and spine-like. The first, second, third,
and fourth plates are laterad of the first, second, third and fourth
lobes respectively. There are four or five plates, subequally dis-
tant from each other, between the fourth plate and the penultimate
segment ; these plates appear very much like tubular spinnerets.
The spines of the ventral surface are situated as follows: The
first pair, which are large, project caudad between the mesal lobes;
the second and third are mesad of the second and third plates re-
spectively; the fourth between the fourth and fifth plates ; and the
fifth between the seventh and eighth plates. On the dorsal sur-
face there is a small spine laterad of the caudal end of each mesal
lobe ; the second and third spines are on the lateral lobules of the
second and third lobes respectively; the fourth is mesad of the
fourth plate; and the fifth between the sixth and seventh plates.
Laterad of each of the first, second, and third plates the margin
of the body is prolonged into a papilla which bears an elongated
pore. And between the fifth and sixth plates there is a conspicu-
ous pointed projection, which in color and apparent texture resem-
bles the lobes ; this also bears an elongated pore.
Eggs.-The eggs are lemon-yellow. A single observation indi-
cates that about sixty eggs are laid by a single female.
Scale of male.—The scale of the male is strongly tricarinated. As
indicated above, these scales frequently occur massed in great
numbers, and these masses are covered with a quantity of loose
curled white hairs. Mixed with these hairs and scattered over the
scales is usually a considerable quantity of white powdery sub-
Stance. -
Male.—The color of the male is dark orange ; the eyes are dark
purple, almost black. The antennae are very long and slender,
with the segments of nearly uniform size except the first two and
the last. .
A large number of the males when they issued became crippled
by the wooly Secretion which prevented the wings from expanding.
It is difficult to see the use of this wooly substance.
The male larvae and pupae resemble the adult in color.
89
THE PINE APPLE SCALE.
62. Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner). Fig. 10.
Coccus &romeliae, Naturgeschichte der Coccus bromeliae, Stuttgart, 1788.
C. bromeliae, Bouché, Ent. Zeit. Stettin (1844), 295.
C. bromeliae, Bouché, Boisduval, Ent. Hort. (1867), 334.
APiaspis bromediae, Kerner, Signoret Essai, 1869, 434.
. Upon pine apple (Ananassa Sativa) growing in the conservatory
of the Department of Agriculture at Washington and upon Bilber-
gia Żebrina, an Ornamental plant belonging to the same natural
order as the pine apple, I found a species of Diaspis which I be-
lieve to be the one which has been so destructive to pine apples in
hot-houses in Europe. The descriptions in the books of the Eu-
ropean species are so general that I do not feel perfectly sure of
the identity of our species with that ; still I think there is but little
doubt. -
Boisduval” speaks of this insect as a scourge in the hot-houses
where pine apples are cultivated ; and states that almost always it
is necessary to destroy the infested plants in order to avoid conta-
gion, as it is impossible to remove the insects with a brush when
they settle within the sheaths of the leaves. But the same writer
also states that at Berlin and in Russia they destroy this insect in
the pine apple hot-houses by using lime-water.
Scale of female.—The scale of the female is circular with the ex-
uviae nearly marginal. The scale is white; the exuviae are very
light yellow. The first larval skin is usually naked; the second
covered with a delicate film. Diameter of Scale, 2 mm.–2.4 mm.
(. O7–. O9 inch).
Female.—The body of the female is broadly ovate in outline; it
is variable in color; it is usually a pale dirty yellow with a faint
tinge of purple; some are whitish yellow with irregular pale pur-
plish markings; and others are of a reddish yellow tint. The last
segment presents the following characters:
* Essai sur l'Entomologie Horticole, p. 335.
FIG. I.O.
The mesal group of spinnereſs consists of from nine to fifteen,
usually ten or eleven ; the cephalo-laterals, of from twenty to
twenty-seven, usually twenty-three ; the caudo-laterals of from fif-
teen to twenty-three, usually sixteen or seventeen. -
The mesal lobes are small, separated at their base by at least the
width of one of them and divergent. In shape and position these
lobes resemble much those of D. boisduvalii except that the lateral
margins of these are not attached to the body throughout their
entire length as in D. boisduvali. The second and third lobes of
each side are deeply bifurcated, with the lobules divergent; in each
case the lateral lobule is more rounded than the mesal one. The
fourth lobe is present but much less developed than the other
lobes; the lateral margin of this lobe is serrate. •
The plates are simple and pointed. The first, Seeond, third, and
fourth of each side are laterad of the first, second, third, and fourth
lobes respectively. There are four or five plates subequally dis-
tant from each other between the fourth plate and the penultimate
segment.
The spines of each side on the ventral surface are situated as fol-
lows: First mesad of the first lobe; second, third, and fourth
laterad of the second, third, and fourth lobes respectively; and the
fifth between the seventh and eighth plates. All the ventral spines
are very minute except the first pair, which are very conspicuous.

9I
Of the dorsal spines the first is very delicate and is situated laterad
of the first lobe; the second is large and is on the second lobe near
its lateral margin; the third and fourth are laterad of the third and
fourth lobes respectively; and the fifth is about midway between
the sixth and seventh plates.
Between the fifth and sixth plates there is a triangular prolonga-
tion of the body, which bears an elongated pore.
The penultimate and antepenultimate segments bear plate-like
spinnerets. - *
Eggs.-The eggs are yellow ; those recently deposited are paler
than those ready to hatch. Our observations indicate that a single
female lays about one hundred and fifty eggs. #
Zarvae.—The recently hatched larvae are orange yellow with
the eyes dark purplish. *
Scale of male.—The scale of the male is strongly tricarinated ;
the exuviae are yellow. * *
Male.—The body of the male is orange yellow ; the legs and
antennae are light yellow ; and the eyes are black. The full-
grown larva of this sex is of a dark orange color with very dark
purplish eye spots. The last segment is almost colorless ; it is
narrow, broadening slightly toward the end. The pupa is also or-
ange, with dark purplish eyes and colorless members. t
Described from ten females, two males, and many scales of each
SCX. - -
Natural enemies.—Many of the scales of the male are pierced
with a hole, evidently made by a parasite, which is probably a
chalcid. • , -
THE DIASPIS OF CACTUS.
63. Diaspis cacti, new species. Fig. I 1.
In a conservatory at Ithaca, N. Y. I found an undescribed
species of Diaspis infesting the cactuses. This insect occurred so
abundantly as to necessitate the throwing away of a large number
of these plants. - -
Scale of female.—The scale of the female is circular, with the
exuviae nearly central. The color of the scale varies from grayish
92
white to light green. The exuviae are dark brown, contrasting
strongly in color with the remainder of the scale. Diameter of
scale, 1.7 mm. (.06) inch.
Female.—The outline of the body of the female is circular ; the
color is white, tinged with greenish yellow, and with the caudal
end brown. The last segment presents the following characters :
cº
§§ *
čº }o
FIG. I. I.
The mesal group of spinnerets consists of from six to thirteen,
usually thirteen ; the cephalo-laterals, of from thirteen to twenty-
two ; and the caudo-laterals of from nine to fifteen, usually four-
teen. -
The mesal lobes are small, with their margins entire ; they are
widest near the middle of their length ; and from that point diverge
caudad. The second and third lobes of each side are bifurcated ;
the lobules are subequal and parallel. A rudimentary fourth lobe
is present with its margin usually entire, sometimes more or less
Serrate, - -
The plates are rather stout and conical. The first, second, third,
and fourth are laterad of the first, second, third, and fourth lobes re-
spectively; the fourth and fifth are usually nearer eaeh other than
any other two ; the sixth, seventh, and eighth are usually at sub-
equal distances from each other, although in Some Specimens two
are grouped together.
The spines of the ventral surface are usually small in this species,
while those of the dorsal surface are large. Those of the ventral

93
surface are situated as follows: The first pair are between the me-
Sal lobes, but are not so conspicuous as is usual in this genus ;
the second and third are on the mesal part of the base of the sec-
ond and third plates respectively; the fourth is between the fourth
and fifth plates; we have been unable to discover a sixth ventral
spine in this species. On the dorsal surface the first spine is lat-
erad of the first lobe; the second and third, on the lateral part of
the lateral lobules of the second and third lobes respectively; the
fourth, mesad of the fourth plate ; and the fifth, usually laterad of
the sixth plate.
Laterad of each of the first, second, and third plates the mar-
gin of the body is prolonged into a papilla which bears an elon-
gated pore. -
There is a larger projection bearing an elongated pore, between
the fifth and sixth plates; this projection is not nearly so long nor
pointed as in D. ananassae and D. boisduvalii.
Scale of male.—The scale of the male is unicarinated, the lat-
eral carinae being obsolete or wanting ; the color of the exuviae
vary from a transparent yellowish to brown.
Male.—The male has not yet been observed.
Described from twenty females and many scales of each sex.
There is a closely allied species described by European authors,
which also infests cactuses, the Diaspis calypſroides of Costa. The
two species may be separated by the following table. The charac-
ters of D. calyptroides are drawn from the excellent description giv,
en by Signoret. -
D. CACTI.
Body of female white tinged with
greenish yellow.
Cephalo-lateral group of spinnerets
oval or round.
Caudo-lateral group of spinnerets elon-
gate.
Mesal group consisting of six to thir-
teen spinnerets, usually thirteen.
Cephalo-laterals of thirteen to twenty
tWO.
Caudo-laterals of nine to fifteen, usu-
ally fourteen.
D. CALYPTROIDES.
Body of female of an orange red.
Cephalo-lateral group of spinnerets
elongate.
Caudo lateral group of spinnerets more
rounded.
Mesal group of six to seven.
Cephalo-laterals of sixteen to eighteen.
Caudo-laterals of sixteen to eighteen.
94
Matural enemies.—I have bred a chalcid parasite from Diaspis
Cacti, a species of Aphelinus.
THE JUNIPER SCALE.
64. Diaspis carueli Targ. Tozz.
Diaspis Carueli Targioni Tozzetti, Catal. (1868).
D. Carueli Targ. Tozz., Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 436, &
This insect is very common at Washington, D. C., on various
species of Juniper and allied plants. For description and figures
see Ag. Report 1880, p. 3 Io. In fifth line from bottom of page
31o for Plate XX read Plate XXI.
Natural enemies.—This species is infested by the Chalcid parasite
Aphelinus mylilaspidis LeBaron, which is described and figured in
the Ag. Report, 1880, p. 354 ; Plate XXIII, Fig. 1.
THE PEAR TREE OYSTER SCALE.
65. Diaspis ostreaeformis (Curtis).
Aspidiotus ostreaeformis Ruricola [Curtis], Gardeners' Chronicle, 1843, p.
803.
Aspidiotus circularis Fitch, Annual Report N. Y. State Ag. Society, 1856.
p. 426.
This is a common species on apple and pear in England; and
this year I have received it from the Chief Executive Horticultural
Officer of California, Mr. Matthew Cooke, who found it infesting
pear trees at Sacramento. It is probable that it occurs also in the
Eastern States as Signoret states that it is the species found by
Fitch in New York and described by him under the name of As-
pidiolus circularis. There is no specimen of the A. circularis of
Fitch in the collection of the New York State Agricultural Society.
And the type in the private collection of Fitch is merely a frag-
ment of a scale gummed to a card. From this fragment it would
be impossible to recognize the species. We are therefore forced to
accept the conclusion of Signoret; which in all probability is cor-
rect, as he corresponded with Dr. Fitch and received specimens of
Coccidae from him. For description and figures of this insect
See Ag. Report 1880, p. 3 II.
95
THE ROSE SCALE.
66. Diaspis rosae (Sand.)
Aspidiolus rosae Sandberg (1784) Abhand, Priv, Boh., No. 6, p. 317.
ZXiaspis rosae, Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 441.
This is the common white scale of the rose which is very widely
distributed both in Europe and in this country. I have found it
also on raspberries and blackberries. For descriptions and figures
see Ag. Report 1880, p. 312.
SPECIES OF DIASPIS NOT YET OBSERVED IN THE UNITED
STATES.
67. Diaspis blankenhorni Targ. Tozz.
Diaspis blankenhorniTargoni Tozzetti, Soc. Ent. Ital Resocanti, 1879, p.17.
I have not been able to see the description of this species.
68. Diaspis calyptroides Costa.
Diaspis calyptroides Costa (1827) Faun. Nap., Pl. 6, Fig. 2.
Aspidiotus echinocacti Bouché, Schadl. (1833), 53, 3.
D. calyptroides Costa, Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 434.
This is a very abundant species upon cactuses in Europe, where
it has probably been introduced from Mexico. Doubtless the
species occurs in conservatories in this country; but I have not
yet met it. For the characters by which it may be recognized see
comparison of this species with Diaspis cacá, page 93 above.
Targioni Tozzetti states that the species described by Bouché
under the name of Aspidioſus echinocacti is identical with this.
69. Diaspis cymbidii Bouché.
Aspidiotus cymbidii Bouché, Ent. Zeit. (1844), V, 296.
Diaspis cymbidii Bouché, Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 436.
This is a species which infests Cymbidium, a genus of tropical
Orchids. The description given by Bouché is so general that it
only enables one to determine the genus of this insect.
96
70. Diaspis juniperi (Bouché).
Aspidiotus juniperi Bouché, Ent. Zeit. Stett, 1851. XII, 111.
Piaspis juniper: Targioni Cat.
This is a species which infests Juniper (7uniperus communis) in
Europe. Targioni Tozzetti states that it is distinct from his D.
carueli; but I know of no description which gives any important
characters of the species described by Bouché. •
7I. Diaspis leperii Signoret.
Diaspis leperii Signoret, Essai, 1869 p. 437.
This is a species which infests peach in Europe. The scale of
the female is yellowish gray, with the exuviae yellow, and more or
less central. The mesal group of spinnerets consists of eight ; the
cephalo-laterals of from twelve to thirteen ; and the caudo-laterals
of eight. The scale of the male is unicarinate. This species will
probably be found in this country. /
72. Diaspis minima Targ. Tozz.
Diaspis minima Targioni Tozzetti, Catal, (1868), 43.
P. minima Targ. Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 438,
This species infests Arbor vitae in Europe. It is evidently very
closely allied to Diaspis carueli; but is readily distinguished from
that species by the form of the scale of the male which is described
as being without carinae. Signoret states that it is the smallest
species known to him.
73: Diaspis visci Schrank.
C. visc: Schrank, (1781), Enum, Ins. Aust., 296, 588.
Aspidiolus visci Loew, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesells zu Wien, XII, 110.
Diaspis visci Schrank, Loew, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. XXII, 273.
In Europe on the true Mistletoe ( Viscum album) there is found
a species of Diaspis which presents the following characters: The
scale of the female is circular with the exuviae Central ; the scale
is white; the exuviae dark yellow or brown. The mesal group of
spinnerets consists of from ten to twelve; the cephalo-laterals of
from eleven to twelve; and the caudo-laterals of from nine to ten.
In the figures given by Loew” only two pairs of lobes are indi-
* Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesells, XXII (1872) Taf, IV.
97
cated ; and the plates are represented as being simple, pointed,
and unusually large. The plates are also unusually numerous ;
in the more carefully drawn figure, seventeen are represented on
one side and twenty on the other. The scale of the male is uni-
Carinate.
Genus Chionaspis Signoret.
Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 442.
This genus includes species of Diaspinae in which the scale of
the female is long, usually much widened, and with the exuviae
at one extremity; the scale of the male is white, carinated (except
in Ch. orhoods), with the side parallel, and the larval skin at the
cephalic end. The last segment of the female presents five groups
of spinnerets. -
The scale of the female is always elongated but the outline may
be either more or less irregular as in Ch. ſurfurus (Plate II, Fig. 4)
or regular as in Ch. pinifolii (Ag. Report 1880, Plate VI, Fig. 2 b).
In the former case it may approach Diaspis ; but as indicated else-
where, I know of no case in which the scale of a Chionaspis is
round enough to be mistaken for a Diaspis, or a Diaspis which is
elongated enough to be mistaken for a Chionaspis. In the Second
case, where the outline is regular, the scale resembles that of a
Mytilaspis in shape; but the generic position of the species can be
determined by a glance at the scale of the male, which is white
..and carinated in Chionaspis ; and neither white nor carinated in
Mytilaspis. In fact, these two genera can in almost all cases be
distinguished by the color of the scale. I know of no Mytilaspis
in which the scale of either sex is white ; and excepting the females
of Ch, euonymi and Ch. ſicus I know of no Chionaspis in which
the scale of either sex is not white.
Our species of Chionaspis may be determined by the following
table :
A. Scale of female black or blackish brown.
B. Female with groups of spinnerets; plates in twos.
eudnymi.
BB. Female without groups of spinnerets; plates single. citri.
AA. Scale of female white or grayish white.
98
C. Scale of female resembling Mytilaspis in form (i. e. nar-
row).
D. Exuviae naked ; infesting Conifers. pinifolii.
DD. Second skin more or less covered ; infesting grasses.
spartinae.
CC. Scale of female typical (i. e. much widened).
E. Last segment of female with single mesal lobe.
quercus.
E.E. Last segment of female with a pair of mesal lobes.
F. Body of female yellowish or brownish.
G. Last segment of female with two club-shaped
Organs cephalad of mesal lobes. biclavis.
GG. Last segment of female without club-
shaped organs. nyssae:
FF. Body of female reddish or purple.
H. Mesal lobes short, broad, and rounded,
being nearly circular (Ag. Report 1880, Pl.
XVI, Fig. 3); a single plate laterad of each
Second and third lobe. furfurus.
HH. Mesal lobes longer.
I. Distal ends of mesal lobes pointed or ob-
scurely trilobed (Plate X, Fig 4); a single
plate laterad of each second lobe, and
usually two plates laterad of each third
lobe. lintneri.
II. Distal ends of mesal lobes rounded, usu-
ally two plates laterad of each second and
third lobe (Ag. Report 1880, Plate XVI,
Fig. 5, and Fig. 6).
K. Mesal lobes parallel; scale of male
without carinae. ortholobus.
KK. Mesal lobes diverging; scale of male
tricarinated. salicis.
THE MINING SCALE.
74. Chionaspis P. biclavis new species. Fig. 12 and Plate II,
Fig. I I. -
The species for which I propose the specific name biclavis and
the popular name, The Mining Scale, occurs in considerāble num-
99
bers in the conservatory of the Department of Agriculture. It has
been found upon the following named plants: Diospyrus effemum,
Picus Maurifolia, a species of Zamarindus, and, according to my
notes, upon two plants labeled Ochras sapoſa and Efaecarpus cyanus
respectively.
This species of which only the female is known is remarkable
on account of its habit of burrowing beneath the epidermal layer
of the leaf or twig which it infests. The color of the scale is
white; but this color is almost invariably obscured by the layer of
vegetable tissue beneath which the scale is, and which adheres
closely to the scale. Fig. I I of Plate II represents a scale taken
from a leaf of fig. The position of one of these scales is indicated
only by a rust-red elevated spot on the leaf. The dermal layer of
the leaf with its hairs being continnous over the surface of the
scale. The scales were most abundant on the twigs of Diospyrus
effemum, which in some instances were nearly completely covered
by it.
Scale offemale.—The scale of the female is very nearly circular.
On this account I place the species in this genus only provision-
ally, until the scale of the male is found. The exuviae are margi–
nal and project beyond the edge of the scale giving the whole scale
more nearly the form of Chionaspis than of any other known genus.

4
: A -o }=
5)' -o . * ºr SS
2: º' p \, * >S.
Y P. & O vºy * AS
*-* Sºº-
& Yo a,
~ * Tº o-
*O ºf “gº * †
-9 "b * *ē
~d º ! % *o
* Yo
P Nº. cº o
+-se º,
-> No so
*
IOO
Female.—The characters presented by the last segment of the fe-
male (Fig. I 2), are as unusual as those presented by the scale.
The pores on the dorsal surface of the segment are very small.
Scattered over the ventral surface are numerous minute spines.
The groups of spinnereſs are wanting.
The mesal lobes are large, oblique ; nearly twice as broad as
long; approximate at the base; the mesal margins diverge slightly;
distal margin serrate ; meso-distal angle rounded and produced in-
to a lobule. The second lobe is very small, being simply an an-
gular projection of the body wall. The third lobe is about three
times as wide as the second lobe; but it projects only a little be-
yond the margin of the segment. -
The plaſes are simple and spine like. There are two minute
ones between mesal lobes; two between first and second lobes;
two or three between second and third lobes; a group of three or
four larger ones laterad of third lobe; and another group of four
or five still larger ones about midway between this group and the
penultimate segment. Each of the three segments preceding the
last bears on each lateral margin about seven plates.
Two spines accompany each group of plates, one on the dorsal
surface and one on the ventral. The first and second spines of
each side are very small ; the third which is between the second
and third lobes is the largest ; the fourth and fifth are successively
smaller. +
There are two conspicuous club-shaped organs which appear like
thickenings of the body wall, but which are really within the body
cephalad of the mesal lobes. These organs are about three times
as long as the mesal lobes; they converge caudad; and the cephal-
ic end of each is suddenly enlarged. This species may be distin-
guished from any other known American coccid by the presence
of these organs.
THE ORANGE CHIONASPIS.
75. Chionaspis citri new species. Fig. 13.
Chionaspis euonymi Comstock (in part) Ag. Rept. 1880 p. 313.
In the Report of the Department of Agriculture for 188o I de-
scribed a species of Chionaspis which differed from all other spe-
I O I
j
cies of that genus known at that time by the color of the scale of
the female, which is black. This species was found on AEuonymus
Mali/olia at Norfolk, Va. I stated in my account of this insect that
it occurred also on Orange trees in Louisiana and Cuba. A re-
examination of the specimens on orange has convinced me that
they are specifically distinct from those on euonymus. I therefore
propose for that form the specific name of ciri. The species can
be recognized by the following characters :
Scale of female.—The scale of the female is of a dirty blackish
brown color with a gray margin; the exuviae are brownish yellow.
There is a central ridge from which the sides of the scale slope like
the roof of a house. The greater prominence of this ridge, and
the more elongated form of the scale are the principal differences
between this scale and that of the female of Ch. euonymi. There is
no danger of its being mistaken for any other known species.
Female.—The last segment of the female presents the following
characters:
FIG. I.3.
The groups of spinnerets are wanting. In two specimens, how-
ever, I have seen a single compound spinneret in place of the
mesal and cephalo-lateral groups. A number of simple spinnerets
are located as shown in the figure. Upon the disk of each of
those near the margin of the segment was observed a delicate
short spine. * *

I O2
The mesal lobes are conspicuous, diverge distad, and are serrate.
They are larger and more distinctly serrate than in Ch. enonymi.
The second and third lobes are deeply incised, and more or less
serrate. In each case the mesal lobule is larger than the lateral
OIle.
There is one plate laterad of each lobe, one midway between
third lobe and the penultimate segment, and one near the penul-
timate segment. This segment and the antepenult bear on each
side five or six plate-like spinnerets.
On the dorsal surface, the spines are as follows: One laterad
first lobe; one between the lobules of the second and third lobes
respectively; one a little more than half way from the third to the
fourth plate ; and one similarly situated between the fourth and
fifth plates. There is usually a notch or incision in the margin of
the segment near which the fourth and fifth spines are situated.
On the ventral surface, the first spine is obsolete or wanting ; the
second and third are laterad of the lateral lobule of the second
and third lobes respectively ; the fourth and fifth are just mesad
of the base of the fourth and fifth plates respectively. There are
also one or two spines among the plates on the penultimate and
antepenultimate segments.
This species may readily be distinguished from Ch. euonymi by
the following characters : There are no groups of spinnerets ; the
mesal lobes are larger and more distinctly serrate than in Ch.
e uonymi , and in the last named species the plates are in twos,
, while in Ch. citri they occur singly.
THE CHIONASPIS OF EUONY MUS.
76. Chion aspis euonymi Comstock.
This is a very destructive enemy of Euonymus Zalifolia at Nor-
folk, Va. For description and figures see Ag. Report 1880, p.
313. I know of no other food plant of this species than Euony-
mus, the supposed specimens of this species on orange having
proved specifically distinct. See Chiomaspis citri above.
IO3
THE SCURFY BARK LOUSE.
77. Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch).
“Approaches Coccus cryptogamus Dalman.” Harris, Insects Injurious to
Vegetation 1841, p. 203 (Flint ed. p. 254).
Aspidiotus furfurus Fitch, Report N. Y. State Ag. Soc. 1856, p. 352.
Aspidiotus cerasi Fitch, Report N. Y. State Ag. Soc. 1856. p. 368.
Coccus Harrisii Walsh, Prairie Farmer, May 1860.
Aspidiotus Aarrissil Walsh, Signoret, Essai 1876, p. 604.
Chiomaspis furfurus (Fitch), Comstock, Report 1880 p. 315.
This is the common white scale of pear and apple. It also in-
fests the different species of cherry ; and has been found on the
European mountain ash (sorbus aucuparia) in this country. For
description and figures see Ag. Report 1880, p. 315.
LINTNER'S SCALE INSECT.
78. Chionaspis lintneri new species. Fig. 14.
I have received from the State Entomologist of New York a
species of Chionaspis which infests a species of alder, Viburnum
lanfamoides, and a third unknown plant.
Scales.—The scales of this species so closely resemble those of
Chiomaspis salices that I have been unable to detect any constant
difference. That of the female is white, sometimes slightly brown-
ish, much widened near the caudal end and with the exuviae na-
ked ; that of the male is white and tricarinated.
Female.—The color of the body in old dry specimens is reddish
brown with the last segment yellow. In living specimens it is
probably as with C. salicis, reddish,
2 §
º- *-*.
-> "C-
> ==
> =
Ø\.
/A W
º ºS
ſ - º Ü W!
FIG. I.4.
There are five groups of spinnereſs, Fig. 14 ; the mesal consists of
eleven to seventeen; the cephalo-laterals each of thirty to forty,
usually thirty-five ; and the caudo-laterals of about twenty-five.
The mesal and cephalo-lateral groups are confluent, being joined
by two or three rather elongated spinnerets.
There are three pairs of well developed lobes; the distal ends of
the mesal lobes are pointed or obscurely trilobed ; the second and
third lobes are deeply incised ; the mesal lobule is in each case
much the larger ; the distal margin of each lobule is simply
rounded.
There is one plate laterad of each of the mesal and second lobes ;
usually two laterad of each third lobe, but sometimes only one ;
and two plates about half way between each third lobe and the
penultimate segment. The penultimate segment bears on each
side six to nine plates; and the antepenultimate about twelve ;
there are also a few of these plates cephalad of this segment.
On the dorsal surface there is a spine on the lateral part of each
lobe, and one a short distance mesad of the fifth plate. The von-
tral spines are much smaller, and in each case with the exception
of the first which is wanting are situated a short distance laterad
of those on the dorsal surface.

IO5
THE SOURGUM SCALE.
79. Chion aspis nyssae Comstock.
This is a species found upon the black or sour gum (Wyssa mul-
fiftora), in North Carolina. For description and figure see Ag.
Report 1880, p. 316.
THE CALIFORNIA WILLOW-SCALE.
So. Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock.
I found this species upon willow in Southern California. It dif-
fers from all other known species of this genus in that the scale of
the male is not carinated. For description and figures see Ag.
Report 1880, p. 317.
THE PINE-LEAF SCALE-INSECT.
81. Chion aspis pinifolii (Fitch). -
Aspidiotus pinifoliae Fitch Report N. Y. State Agri. Soc., 1855, p. 488.
Mytilaspis pinifolii (Fitch), LeBaron, First Report State Entomologist of
- Illinois, p. 83.
Chiomaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) Comstock, Report 1880, p. 318.
This is the common white Scale of pine and spruce ; it occurs
throughout the United States. For description and figures see Ag.
Report 1880, p. 318.
The Color of the eggs of this species is purplish brown, covered
slightly with a whitish powder. -
Natural enemies.—This species is preyed upon by the Chalcid par-
asite Aphelinus mytilapidis LeBaron, which is described in the Ag.
Report for 1880, p. 354.
THE CHIONASPIS OF OAK.
82. Chionaspis quercus Comstock.
This is an interesting species which I found on white oak (Quer-
cus lobala), in the San Fernando Valley, California. It differs from
all Diaspinae known to me in that the caudal end of the body of
Ioff
the female is terminated by a single mesal lobe. For description
and figures see Ag. Report 1880, p. 319. Add to this description
Plate XI, Fig. 8, scale of female.
THE WILLOW SCALE.
83. Chion aspis salicis (Linn).
Coccus salicis Linn, Syst. Nat. 741, 15.
Chionaspis salicis Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 447.
Chionaspis fraxini Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 445.
Aspidiolus salicis-migrae Walsh, Report Acting State Entomologist of Illi-
nois (1868), p. 40.
Mytilaspis salicis LeBaron, Second Report State Entomologist of Illinois,
(1872), p. 140.
This is the common white scale of willow and ash in Europe
and in this country. For description and figures see Ag. Report
1880, p. 32O ; Plate XVI, Fig. 5 margin of last segment of female.
Compare this figure with Fig. 6 of the same plate, which repre-
sents the margin of the last segment of Ch. ortholobis. The im-
portant character is the direction of the mesal lobes. The number
of the plates on the lateral margin of the segment varies in each
species. The most conspicuous difference between these two spe-
cies is presented by the scale of the male, which is tricarinated in
Ch. Salicis and has no carinae in Ch. Ortholobis.
THE SALT-MARSH-GR ASS SCALE.
84. Chionaspis spartinae new species, Plate III, Fig. 3 and 3a.
This species is especially interesting on account of its habitat.
It was collected by Mr. Wm. Trelease on salt marsh grass (Spar-
fina stricia), at Woods Holl, Mass. The insects were on plants
growing so that at high tide they were commonly submerged in
pure salt water nearly up to the insects, which when collected
were drenched with salt spray. The insects occurred in great num-
bers on the pieces of grass which I received, the inner surface of
the leaves being completely covered so that the scales overlapped.
None were observed on the outer surface of the leaves. All the
scales were so situated that the cephalic end was uppermost.
Io'7
Scale of female. —The scale of the female is snowy white, with
the exuviae bright yellow. The second skin, however, is more or
less covered with the white excretion. The scales are long, nar-
row, and curved, resembling those of Mytilaspis in form, but dif-
fering from that genus in color. -
Female.—The color of the full grown female before oviposition
is as follows: Head and cephalic part of second segment lemon
yellow ; caudal part of second segment, third, and fourth seg-
ments purplish red ; fifth, sixth and seventh segments lemon yel-
low with central line of purple ; last segment light orange yellow.
The purplish red of the body was due apparently to the color of
the contained eggs. The last segment presents the following char-
acters : Plate III, Fig. 3 and 3a.
The mesal group of spinnerets consists of fifteen to twenty; the ce-
phalo-laterals of thirty to forty ; the caudo-laterals of twenty-five
to thirty.
The mesal lobes are small, acutely triangular, and diverging ; the
Second lobes are inconspicuous and incised ; the third lobes are
rudimentary.
There are two plates laterad of each lobe: and two near the pe-
nultimate segment. The mesal member of each pair of plates is
the Smaller, and is sometimes concealed by the lateral plate ; SO
that there appears to be but one where there are two.
On the ventral surface there is a spine near the base of each
group of plates; on the dorsal surface there is a spine a short dis-
tance mesad of each of the ventral spines, spines one, two and
three being on the corresponding lobes. On the ventral surface
there is a second row of spines a short distance from the caudal
margin of the segment. See Fig. —.
Scale of male.—The scale of the male is snowy white, with the
larval skin bright yellow ; it is tricarinate or unicarinate, the later-
al carinae being feeble or wanting.
SPECIES OF CHIONASPIS NOT YET OBSERVED IN THE UNITED
STATES.
85. Chionaspis aceris Signoret.
Chionaspis aceris Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 442.
A species of Chionaspis which infests maple in Europe is de-
IO3
scribed by Signoret under the name of C. Aceris. The scale of the
female resembles that of C. salicis. The scale of the male presents
a feeble carina on the middle line ; the extremity is rounded and
flat. The last segment of the female presents a single pair of
lobes; and on each side five or six plates. The penultimate seg-
ment bears six or seven plates on each side ; and the antepenult
three. The cephalic border of the head, which is slightly concave,
presents two little hairs, and, near the border, two little irregular
protuberances which Signoret believed to be vestiges of antennae.
86. Chionaspis alni Signoret.
Chiomaspis almi Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 443.
This is a species collected by Signoret on the bark of Alder in
Switzerland. The scale of the female is of the typical form, white,
with the exuviae reddish brown. The female is long with the
abdominal segmentation very pronounced, the color is yellow a
little reddish ; the mesal group of spinnerets consists of twelve to
fifteen ; the cephalo-laterals of seventeen to eighteen ; and the
caudo-laterals of fifteen to sixteen The scale of the male resembles
that of Ch. 3a/icts.
87. Chionaspis aspidistrae Signoret.
Chłonaspis aspidistrae Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 443.
This is a species which infests a Chinese liliaceous plant belong-
ing to the genus Aspidistra, a plant used as an ornamental house-
plant. The scale of the female forms a thin pellicle; it is of the
typical form ; but is remarkable on account of the large size of the
second skin, which with the first occupies about one-third of the
length of the scale. The female as described by Signoret is also
quite remarkable. The body is yellow much elongated with the
abdominal segmentation very distinct; the segments being pro-
longed laterally into prominent lobes; the last segment bears a
single pair of lobes, which are trilobed (trifolies); the mesal group
of spinnerets of eight to nine; the cephalo-laterals of eighteen to
twenty-four ; and the caudo-laterals of fifteen to eighteen. The
lateral groups of spinnerets are sometimes nearly continuous. The
scale of the male is tricarinated; the larval skin occupies hardly
IO9
One-fifth of the length of the scale, which is four times longer than
wide. The male is grayish white, more or less rosy, the color
is a little deeper on the head and the middle of the prothorax.
The mesothorax is very long so that the first pair of legs are widely
separated from the second. The wings are long.
88. Chión aspis braziliensis Signoret.
Chionaspis braziliensis Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 444,
This species was described from specimens collected at Bahia,
Brazil. The food plant is a shrub the name of which is not given.
The scale of the female is yellowish white with the exuviae brown-
ish yellow. The mesal lobes of the last segment of the female are
hardly visible; the mesal group of spinnerets consists of eight;
the cephalo-laterals of fourteen to fifteen ; and the caudo-laterals
of fifteen to sixteen. The scale of the male is white and carinated.
89. Chion aspis planchonii Signoret.
Chionaspis planchoni. Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 446.
This species infests oak (Quercusilex) in Southern Europe. The
scale of the female is white with the exuviae clear yellow. The
body of the female is yellow ; the mesal group of pores consists of
fifteen ; the cephalo-laterals of at least thirty-five ; and the caudo-
laterals of fifteen. The mesal and cephalo-lateral groups are
nearly continuous. The scale of the male resembles that of salicis,
but it is twice as large. The branches upon which the female
scales exist present a very light excretion resembling mould. A
similar character is presented by Ch. populi and Diaspis boisduvalii.
The last named species is the only one of the three which I have
met; and in that this excretion is produced by the males.
go Chionaspis populi (Bärensp.)
Aspidiotus populi Bärensprung, Zeit fur Zool, Zoot. Alton et Burm, (1849), 167.
Chionaspis populi Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 446.
The species of Chionaspis which infests poplar in Europe has
been named Ch. popul: ; but the descriptions of the species are
very imperfect. The species is said to be closely allied to Ch. Sali-
cis, but to differ from that species as follows: In Ch. populi, the
male is yellow, and the Scales are accompanied by an excretion
I IO
resembling mould. In Ch. Salicis the male is red ; and the mould
like excretion is absent.
9I. Chionaspis vaccinii (Bouché).
Aspidiotus vaccinii Bouché, Ent. Zeit, Stett. XII, 111.
Diaspis niveus Bremi, coll, Mayr (Signoret).
Chiomaspis vaccinii Signoret, Essai, 1869 p. 448.
This is a species which infests a species of cranberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus) in the forests of Switzerland. It is said to resemble Ch.
Ja/icis. The scale is white with the exuviae brownish red. The
female is long, narrow towards the head, and widest at the penul-
timate segment. The mesal group of pores consist of fifteen to
seventeen; the cephalo-laterals of eighteen to twenty; and the
caudo-laterals of twenty to twenty-five. The mesal lobes are well
developed; and on each side there are two smaller lobes. The
scale of the male is long, carinated, and Snowy White.
Genus Uhleria Comstock.
This genus includes species of Diaspinae in which upon the
Scale of the female only one larval skin is visible at the cephalic
extremity; the second skin is present, but it is entirely covered by
secretion. This skin is large, covering the insect entirely, The
Scale is narrow at its cephalic end ; it soon widens, and the sides
are parallel throughout the greater part of its length. The three
Cephalic groups of spinnerets are united, forming a continuous line.
This is the genus Florinia of Targioni Tozzetti. It was established
by that author to receive the species described by him under the
name Diaspis fioriniae. This author at the same time changed the
specific name of the species to pel/ucida. According to the rules
of nomenclature now generally adopted by zoologists, the original
specific name must be restored and a new generic name given.
It gives me great pleasure to name this genus in honor of our
highest authority on the Order of insects to which it belongs. And
I wish here to acknowledge the encouragement and material aid
in my studies of the Coccidae which he has so generously given me.
I I I
THE UHLFRIA OF CAMELLIA.
92. Uhleria camelliae Comstock, Plate II, Fig. 9.
Florinia camelliae Comstock. Ag. Report 1880, 329.
This is a very troublesome pest of the camellia in the conserva-
tories of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It also infests a
palm (Aenſia Balmoriana) and Cycas revoluſa. For description and
figuressee (under name of Florinia camelliae) Ag. Report 188op. 329.
SPECIES OF UHLERIA NOT YET () BSERVEL) IN THE UNITED
STATES.
93. Uhleria fioriniae (Targ. Tozz.)
Diaspis fioriniae Targ, Tozz. (1867). Studi sulle Cocciniglie, 14.
Fiorimia pellucida Targ. Tozz. Catal. (1868). 42.
Chermes arecae Boisduval, Insect. Agric. (1868).
This species is said to be common on many plants in hot-houses
in Europe; and especially upon Areca aurea and Phyfelephas ma-
crocarpa. As yet I have not met this species but I presume it will
be found in this country on hot-house plants.
According to Signoret (ESSai, 1869, 449) this species is charac-
terized as follows: The scale of the female is thin, of a transpa-
rent brownish yellow with the base a little darker. The sides are
almost parallel. There is but little secretion outside of the second
skin of which the scale is formed. The female is grayish yellow,
three times longer than wide, and bears on the lateral margin of
each segment a spine and on the penultimate segment two or
three. The last segment bears a curved line of spinnerets, fifteen
in number according to the plate, and two groups, the caudo-
laterals, of five to six each. The scale of the male is of the same
nature and form as that of the female, only it is smaller and nar-
rC) Wer.
94. Uhleria gigas (Maskell).
Diaspis gigas Maskell. Trans. and Prog. New Zealand Institute XI. 201.
Fiorinia asteliae Maskell, l. c. XII, 292.
This is a New Zealand species which infests Aſherosperma novae-
2ealandiae. The scale of the female is sometimes more than one-
II 2
eighth inch long and one-sixteenth inch wide. The female is
one-twelfth inch in length. The scale is yellowish-brown or dirty
white, flat, roughly pear shaped, thin in texture. The first skin
occupies the broad end, the second nearly the entire scale. Ac-
cording to Maskell's figure there are about sixty spinnerets arranged
in an arc cephalad of the vaginal opening.
Genus Parlatoria Targioni Tozzetti.
Scale of the female either circular or elongated, with the exuviae
at the cephalic margin or end. Scale of male elongated, with the
sides nearly parallel, and the exuviae at the cephalic end. The
mesal part of the scale of the male is not carinated and is seldom
higher than the sides; usually, and especially with old scales after
the adult has emerged, the mesal part is depressed, giving that part
of the scale caudad of the larval skin the form of a gutter.
The margin of the last segment of the female is crenulated, and
fringed with toothed scale-like plates. See Ag. Report 1880, Pl.
XIX, Fig. 3, and Plate XX, Fig. 5, also Plate IV of this report.
In this genus the form of the scale of the female varies greatly.
See Plate II, Figs. 6, 7, and 8. The only generic character pre-
sented by the scale of this sex is the large size of the second skin.
The form of the scale of the male is, however, quite constant.
But the most important generic character is the structure of the
margin of the last segment of the female.
There is but little variation in the structure of the margin of this
segment in the three or four species of Parlalori 1 which are known.
(See Plate IV). There are only four groups of spinnereſs, each usu-
ally consisting of eight or nine ; but the number in each group
varies from four to ten. There are three pairs of well developed
lobes, each lobe is widest near the middle, tapering cephalad, and
suddenly narrowed caudad. Except in P. proſeus, (Pl. IV. Fig.
3), there is a fourth rudimentary lobe upon each side about mid-
way between the third lobe and the penultimate segment; this is
represented at a in the figures of Plate IV. In P. pergandii (Pl.
IV, Fig. 2), and var. camelliae (Pl. IV, Fig. 4), there is a similar
lobe on the penultimate segment, cephalad of the caudal plate of
II 3
that segment. Connecting the bases of the lobes in all the species
are Crescent shaped thickenings of the body wall; which are in
reality the thickened margins of elongated pores placed at right
angles to the median line of the body. In each species there are
two plates between the mesal lobes; two between first and second
lobes; and three between second and third lobes. These are similar
in shape, and in each case extend caudad as far as the tips of the lobes.
Each plate is oblong, with the sides parallel and with the distal ex-
tremity fringed. Between the third and fourth lobes are three plates
varying in shape from the form just described to palmate. The
plates on this segment cephalad of the fourth lobe are usually pal-
mate. The three segments preceding the last bear from five to
ten plates each, on each lateral margin. The shapes of these
plates afford specific characters. Each lobe bears a spine on its
dorsal surface near the lateral margin at its base. The spines of
the ventral surface (except the first, which is obsolete), are longer
and more conspicuous; the Second, third, and fourth are each
situated cephalad of the lateral margin of the first plate laterad of
the second, third, and fourth lobes respectively. Each of the
three segments preceding the last bears a conspicuous spine near
the middle of each lateral margin.
The species can be readily distinguished as follows :
A. Scale of female circular, pergandii.
AA. Scale of female elongated.
B. Scale black, zizyphi.
BB. Scale brownish yellow, proteus.
95. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock. Plate II, Fig. 6, 6a. Plate
IV, Fig. 2.
Parlaloria pergandii Comstock Ag. Report 1880, p. 327.
This species infests the trunk, leaves and fruit of citrus trees in
Florida. See Ag. Report 1880, p. 327 ; Plate XI, Fig. 4a, scale
of female, 4b scale of male ; Plate XXI, Fig. 8, male ; Plate XIX,
Fig. 3, last segment of female ; Plate XX, Fig. 5, margin of the
S2,II) 62.
Maſural enemies—I have bred from this species the parasitic
Chalcis-fly Aphelinus ſuscipennis Howard, which is described in
my report for 1880, p. 356. -
II 4
Parlatoria pergandii war. Came liae. Plate IV. Fig. 4.
Upon the leaves of Camelia growing in the Conservatory of the
Department of Agriculture were found a few specimens of a spe-
cies of Parlatoria which is either P. pergandii or a distinct species
very closely allied to it. I am inclined to the latter view ; but am
unwilling to decide until I have seen more specimens. The form
on Camellia differs from that on orange as follows: The scale of
the female widens suddenly near the middle of the second skin;
thus one half of the exuviae project beyond the part of the scale
composed of excretion. In P. pergandii, although the exuviae are
marginal, they rarely project beyond the margin. The fourth and
fifth lobes of the margin of the last segment of the female (Plate
IV. Fig. 4, a and b) taper to a point. In P. pergandº they are
more or less rounded and each is terminated by a papilla. In
var. camelliae the plates laterad of the fifth lobe are fringed more
than the corresponding plates in P. pergandii. Described from
three females.
96. Parlatoria proteus (Curtis). Plate II. Fig. 7, 7a. Plate
IV. Fig. 3.
Aspidiotus proteus Ruricola (Curtis) Gardner's Chronicle, 1843, p. 676.
Parlatoria orbicularis Targ, Tozz. Catal. (1868), 42.
Parlatoria proteus. Curtis, Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 450
This is a species which as yet I have found only in a single lo-
cality in this country; and in small numbers. It infests the leaves
of a species of Microsamia growing in the Conservatory of the De-
partment of Agriculture. Although careful search was made, we
were unable to detect its presence on any other plant. It proba-
bly occurs, however, in other conservatories in the United States,
and upon other plants, as it is well known in Europe where it in-
fests Several species of plants; but especially Selenipedium and
Vanda. Through the kindness of M. Signoret I have received
specimens from Europe; and have thus been able to prove the
Specific identity of our species. -
The scale of the female (Plate II. Fig. 7) is elongate, more or
less oval, of a transparent brownish yellow color, and whitish to-
ward the border. The exuviae are rounded oval in form ; in
II 5
length they are equal to about three-sevenths of the length of the
fully formed scale.
For a description of the last segment of the female see the gen-
eric characters given above. This species is peculiar in wanting
the fourth lobe; in place of this lobe there is a small fringed plate
(Plate IV. Fig. 3, a). The plates on the three segments preced-
ing the last are more irregular in form than in other species of this
genus. Plate IV. Fig. 3.
The scale of the male (Plate II. Fig. 7a) is light brown with the
exuviae black.
97. Parlatoria zizyphi (Lucas) Plate II. Fig. 8, 8a. Plate
IV. Fig. 1.
Coccus ziziphus Lucas (1853), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Bull. XXVIII.
Kermes awrantii Boisd. (1867). Ent. Hort 338.
Parlatoria Lucasii Targ. Tozz. Catal. (1868), 42.
Parlaloria zizyphi Lucas' Signoret, Essai, 1869, p. 451.
This is a species which infests oranges in Europe; and is occa-
sionally found on imported Oranges in our markets. It is readily
recognized by the form and color of the scale of the female.
Plate II. Fig. 8.
The scale of the female is long and very black. This color is
due to the color of the exuviae which are so large that they cover
nearly the whole scale as shown in the figure. The first skin is
oval and of medium size ; the Second skin is quadrangular, elon-
gate and very large. On the middle line there is usually a longi-
tudinal depression in the center of which there is a ridge. That
part of the scale which extends beyond the caudal end of the sec-
ond skin is brownish white.
The fourth lobe of the last segment of the female is as long as
the other lobes; and tapers evenly to a point. The plates on the
margins of the three segments preceding the last are as long as
any of the lobes; are crowded together, and are irregularly incised.
Plate IV. Fig. 1. *
The scale of the male is of the form characteristic of the genus.
It is dirty white with the larval skin black.
II 6
Genus Mytilaspis Targ. Tozz.
This genus includes the species of Diaspinae in which the scale
is long, narrow, more or less curved, and with the explviae at the
cephalic extremity. The scale of the male resembles that of the
female in form ; but it can be readily distinguished by its small
size, and by bearing only one larval skin.
In all the species of Mytilaspis which I have studied the cau-
dal part (about one-fourth) of the scale of the male is joined to the
remainder by a thin portion which serves as a hinge, allowing the
posterior part to be lifted when the male emerges.
There is little danger of species of Mytilaspis being placed in
any other genus; but members of other genera are liable to be
mistaken for Mytilaspis. See Chionaspis, Fiorinia, and Parla-
toria.
I believe that the recognizing of different species of the Coccidae
has been in many cases more a matter of feeling than of knowl-
edge ; and this has been the case especially in the genus Mytilas-
pis. There is no doubt that new names have been given to forms
simply because they looked a little different from other forms, or
because they occurred on a different plant. To my mind it is
evident that the characters by which the closely allied species of
this genus can be distinguished have not been worked out. And
until they are determined I cannot see what is to be gained by
giving a name to every form which seems to be a little different
from other forms, or which infests a plant different from those in-
fested by the other forms.
According to the plan adopted by a large proportion of the
writers who have described Coccidae, I have before me nearly
forty American “species” of the genus Mytilaspis. But except-
ing M. pandami, which is placed in this genus only provisionally,
I am able to distinguish but three American species. And it is
even quite difficult to state definitely the differences between two
of these. The following statement will serve the purposes of an
analytical table :
M. pandani may be recognized at once by the large size of the
exuviae.
I 17
M. glove, iſ differs from the other American forms by its very
narrow scale within which the eggs are deposited in two regular
TOWS. -
There remain of the recognized American species only M. ciſ-
ricola and M. pomorum. The former has been found only on Cit-
rus plants ; the latter, although it infests very many plants, has
not been found on any belonging to the genus Citrus. This, how-
ever, is not given as a character, but simply an interesting fact.
The mesal group of spinnerets are almost invariably arranged in a
single row in M. ci/ricola , in M. pomorum they are massed, and are
greater in number. The mesal lobes in M. citricola are only two-
thirds as wide as in M. pomorum. The distal end of each mesal
lobe in M. citricola bears many notches ; in M. pomorum it is near-
ly entire.
THE ORANGE SCALE.
93. Mytilaspis citricola (Packard).
Aspidiotus citricola Packard. Guide to the Study of Insects, second edition,
(1870(, 527.
Mytilaspis citricola (Packard), Comstock. U. S. Ag. Report, 1880, 321.
This is one of the two most common species of scale insects
found on Citrus trees in Florida. It is probably an European
species, as I have frequently found it on imported oranges in our
market. It also occurs in Louisiana. For description and figures
See Ag. Report 1880, p. 32 I. Compare with M. gloverii.
From this species I have bred the Chalcid parasite Aphycus fla-
vus Howard described in Ag. Report 1880, p. 365.
GI.OVER'S SCALE.
99. Mytilaspis gloverii (Packard).
Coccus gloverii Packard. Guide to the Study of Insects, (1869), p, 527.
Aspidiotus gloverii Packard. Ibid, second edition (1870), p. 527.
Mytilaspis gloverii (Packard). Ashmead, Orange Insects, 1880, p. 1.
This is a very common species on citrus trees in Florida and
Louisiana. It infests the fruit, leaves, and bark of the trees, and
is usually associated with M. citricola. For description and figures
see Ag. Report 1880, p. 323. Compare with /l/ citricola.
II.8
THE PANDANNIS SCALE.
Ioo. Mytilaspis pandani Comstock.
This species, which I have referred provisionally to Myſilaspis,
occurs upon Pandanus, in the Harvard Botanic Garden, at Cam-
bridge, Mass. For description and figures see Ag. Report 1880,
p. 324.
THE OYSTER-SHELL BARISK-LOUSE OF THE APPLE.
IoI. Mytilaspis pomorum (Bouché). Plate II, Fig. 5, 5a.
Aspidiotus pomorum Bouché. Ent. Zeit. Stett.)1851), XII, No 1.
Aspidiotus conchiformis of Authors ; but not A. conchiſormis Gmelin, Syst.
Nat., 2221.
Aspidiotus pyrus-malus Bob. Kennicott, (1854), Acad. Science of Cleveland.
Aspidiolus juglandis Fitch. Annual Report N. Y. State Ag, Soc. 1856,
163 (Not the species described under this name by
Signoret, Essai, 1870, 95).
Mytilaspis pomicorticis º Fifth Report State Entomologist, Missouri,
Mytilaspis pomorum º Signoret, Essai, 1870, p. 98.
This is the most widely spread and best known scale insect in-
festing apple. In certain parts of California its ravages are over-
shadowed by the greater injuries of the pernicious scale insect
(Aspidioſus permiciosus), but even there the oyster-shell bark-louse
of the apple is a formidable and well known pest.
For description, list of food plants, and figure, see Ag. Report
1880, p. 325.
From this species I have bred the following named Chalcid par-
asites, all of which are described in the report just cited : Apheli-
nus my/ilaspidis LeBaron, Aphelinus abnormus Howard, Aphelinus
ſuscipennis Howard, and Anaphes gracilis Howard.
It is very unfortunate that the Oyster-shell Bark-louse of the Ap-
ple has been known at different intervals by widely different
names; This is especially to be regretted as the species is one that
interests a very large number of people who cannot be expected
to keep track of the changes in scientific nomenclature. But
without a knowledge of these changes it is impossible for one to
avail himself of what has been published in the various books and
II 9
agricultural journals on this subject; for the reader will be sure
to think that the different articles are concerning very different in-
sects. I will therefore give a brief sketch of the changes which
have occurred.
In 1738 Reaumurº first called attention to the group of insects
to which the Oyster-shell Bark-louse of the Apple belongs. On
plate five of the fourth of his Memoires he figures a bark louse up-
on elm which is undoubtedly a Mytilaspis ; and he proposes for
this genus, which was then described for the first time, the name
Coccids in the form of a shell (Des gallinsecſes en forme de coquille).
In 1762 the species of Mytilaspis which infests elm was named
Coccus arborum linearis by Etienne Louis Geoffroy. i
In 1788 this species was named Coccus conchiformis by Gmelin
in his edition (ed. XIII) of the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus,
Conchiformis being the first specific name proposed for this spe-
cies in accordance with the rules of nomenclature now in use is
the one adopted for it.
In 1833 Bouchéi established the genus Aspidiotus for those spe-
cies of Coccidae which live under a scale. Accordingly the sci-
entific name of the Oyster-shell Bark-louse of the Elm, as we may .
call it, became Aspidioſus conchiformis.
In 1843 Curtis writing over the pseudonym of Ruricola in the
Gardeners' Chronicle (pp. 735–736) gave a description and figures
of “The Apple-tree Mussel Scale” or “Dry Scale.” This is doubt-
less the same insect as that which is known in this country as the
Oyster-shell Bark-louse of the Apple. Curtis considered this in-
sect as identical with that which infests the elm and which has
been described by Gmelin under the specific name of conchiformis.
He therefore applied the name Aspidioſus conchiformis to this pest
of the apple. -
Twelve years later Dr. Fitch; the first State Entomologist of
New York, gave a description of “The Apple Bark Louse” and,
following Curtis, applied the name Aspidiolus conchiformis to it,
and this name has been applied to this pest of the apple by the
* Memoires pour servir a l’Histoire des Insectes. Tome IV, 69.
fHistoire Abrégée des Insectes.
†Naturgeschichte der Garten Insekten, 52.
§Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Soc, XIII, 735.
I 20
majority of writers on economic entomology from the time of Cur-
tis to the present day. It is, therefore, under this name that the
student must look for information concerning this pest in most
of the standard works on economic entomology.
Unfortunately Curtis and those who followed him overlooked
the fact that Bouché had described” the bark louse of the apple as
a distinct species from that infesting the elm and had given to it
the name of Aspidioſus pomorum ; by which name it should have
been designated by Curtis.
But the progress of science has rendered another change neces-
sary. It is found that the Genus Aspidioſus of Bouché includes
several genera. Therefore the name Aspidiotus has been restrict-
ed to one of these genera; and the name Mytilaspis given to the
genus to which the Oyster-shell Bark-louse of the Apple belongs.
The name, then, of this pest is Myſilaspis pomorum.
The matter has been farther complicated by the proposal in this
country of several other names for what is doubtless this species.
These names are given in the table of synonyms above. I will
discuss here only one of them; as no writer has persisted in the
use of the others.
Proſ. Riley in his Fifth Missouri Report proposed the name M.
pomicorticis for this species on the ground that according to the de-
scription of Bouché M. pomorum has red eggs, while the eggs of
this species are white. It is evident, however, that there is a mis-
take in the description of Bouché; for there is no species of Myti-
laspis known in which the eggs are normally red. If no other
mistakes of this kind had been made, we might hesitate before
pronouncing this to be one; but Bouché in describing M. pinnae-
formis says that the eggs of this species are also a deep red; while
Signoret states that they are white tinged with yellow. Signoret
quotes the statement of Bouché as to the color of the eggs and
adds, “That depends on the age of the eggs.” An American
writeri in describing M. gloverii states that the eggs are a bright
red, notwithstanding that his residence is surrounded with Or-
ange trees, upon which may be found at the proper season thou-
*Ent. Zeitung Stett. 1851,
fAshmead, Orange Insects, p. 4.
I 2 I
sands of scales of this species each covering white eggs. The fact
is, as my observations on this particular species (M. gloveru) show,
the eggs which are white when first laid become tinged with pur-
ple before hatching. There can be no reasonable doubt that the
species described by Bouché as M. pomorum is the common Myti-
laspis of the apple of Europe. And as the most careful study has
failed to detect any difference between that form and the one which
infests apple trees in this country, our species should be known by
the same name. The suggestion made by Mr. Riley* that, in
case Bouché's description does refer to our species, it “is so
false in one of the most important characters that it is valueless
and should be ignored, ” can not be seriously entertained. Noth-
ing could quicker bring confusion into our nomenclature than the
adoption of the doctrine that a misstatement in a specific descrip-
tion should render the description void.
SPECIES OF MYTILASPIS NOT YET OBSERVED IN THE UNITED
STATES.
102. Mytilaspis abietis (Schrank).
Coccus abietis Sch Beit. zur Naturg. (1776), 48.
C. arðorum Sch., Enum. Ins. Aust. (1781), 295.
C. pineti Sch., Fauna Boica (1801), 146.
Mytilaspis abietis (Sch.) Signoret, Essai, 1870, 92.
This species infests the branches of fir or spruce (abies) in Eu-
rope. Scale of female long, straight or more or less curved and
grayish brown in color. Female of a grayish brown, broad to-
wards the caudal end and narrow towards the head. Five groups
of spinnerets; the mesal consist of fifteen to seventeen; the ceph-
alo-laterals each of twenty; and the caudo-laterals of ten to
twelve. g
103. Mytilaspis 2 buxi (Bouché).
Aspidiotus buxi Bouché, Ent. Zeit. Stett. XII, 110.
Mytilaspis 2 buxi (Bouché) Signoret, Essai, 1870, 93.
This species is found on the leaves of box (Buxus simpervirens)
*American Naturalist 1874, 168.
I 2.2
in Europe. It is remarkable for the large size of the exuviae;
the second skin reaching the middle of the scale; the form of the
scale is an elongated oval. The last segment of the female bears
five groups of spinnerets; the mesal consists of eight to nine; the
cephalo-laterals each fourteen to fifteen ; and the caudo-laterals of
ten to eleven. There are two pairs of lobes; the mesal lobes are
each trilobed. Scale of male small, deep yellow, and with the
sides parallel. Male elongated, yellow with the thoracic band
brown.
IoA. Mytilaspis conchiformis (Gmelin).
Ch. conchiformis Gmelin (1788) Syst. Nat 2221.
Asp. conchiformis Curtis, Gard. Chron, (1843) 735.
Diaspis linearis Costa, Faun. Regn. Nap. (1837) Gall. Ins. 21, 3.
Mytilaspis linearis Targ. Tozz. Catal. (1869), 45, 1.
Mytilaspis conchiformis (Gmelin) Signoret, Essai, 1870, 93.
This is the species found on elm in Europe. The scale resem-
bles that of M. pomorum. The female has five groups of spin-
nerets. The mesal group consists of six to seven ; the cephalo-
laterals each of eight to nine ; the caudo-laterals of five to six.
105. Mytilaspis cordylinidis Maskell.
Mytilaspis cordylnidis Maskell. Trans. and Proc. New Zealand Institute,
XI, 195.
This is a New Zealand species which infests a large number of
plants in that country, of which the following are enumerated by
Maskell : Cordyline, Asplenium, Phormium, Gahnia, Drimys, Astelia
and AEucalyptus. -
The scale is very long and narrow, generally straight, sometimes
curved, semi-cylindrical. Length about one-eighth inch ; breadth
one-thirtieth inch. Color pure white except the exuviae, which
are bright yellow. The exuviae occupy rather more than one-
fourth the length of the scale. The eggs are of a bright yellow
color. The adult female is pale golden, about three times as long
as broad. There are five groups of spinnerets. The mesal group
consists of seven to eight ; the cephalo-laterals of fourteen to twen-
ty ; the caudo-laterals of twenty to twenty-five.
I 23
Ioff. Mytilaspis drinnydis Maskell.
Mytilaspis drimydis Maskell. Trans. and Proc. New Zealand Ins. XI, 196.
This is a New Zealand species which infests Drimys colorala.
The scale is straight, long, and narrow. Average length one-
twelfth inch ; breadth one-thirtieth inch. Color generally a dirty
white, sometimes brown, yellow at the end with the exuviae, which
are oval, narrowing somewhat at the tip. The adult female is of
a dull red color. The head and thoracic portion of the body are
smooth and round. The remainder of the body, on the corruga-
tions, has a rôw of short, thick, tubular bristles, extending down
the edge as far as the commencement of the last segment. There
are no groups of spinnerets. Two pairs of lobes well developed.
Io'7. Mytilaspis ficus Signoret.
Mytilaspis ficus Signoret, Essai, 1870, 94.
This species infests fig in Europe. The scale of the female re-
sembles much that of M. linearis, only it is more elongated, and
often more curved. The last segment of the female bears five
groups of spinnerets. The number of those in the mesal group
was not determined ; the cephalo-laterals consist each of eight to
nine ; and the caudo-laterals of six to seven.
Io8. Mytilaspis flava Targ. Tozz.
Mytilaspis flava Targ. Tozz. Catal. (1868), 44.
This species infests olive in Europe. The scale of the female
resembles that of M. linearis, only it is narrower and covered
with a grayish powder. The female is also similar to M linearis,
but generally has the segments more pronounced. The last seg-
ment bears five groups of spinnerets. The mesal group consists
of three ; the cephalo-laterals each of six to eight ; and the caudo-
laterals each of six to seven. The mesal lobes are well developed.
The scale of the male is clearer, being almost yellow.
109. Mytilaspis flavescens Targ. Tozz.
Mytilaspis flavescens Targ. Tozz. Ann. del Minist. Agric., Ind. e Com-
merc. 1876, 36. . .
This species infests oranges and lemons in Europe. The scale
resembles that of Myſilaspis gloverii which I have described and
I 24
figured already. According to Signoret (Essai 1876, 604), the
last-segment of the female resembles much that of Zeucaspis pini :
but it bears only a few compound spinnerets. These are arranged
in a crown, a group of four or five ending on each side the med-
ian curve, which is composed of only one or two.
11o. Mytilaspis juglandis Signoret. (Not of Fitch).
Mytilaspis juglandis Asa Fitch, Signoret, Essai, 1870, 95.
This species inſests butternut in Europe. It was supposed by
Signoret to be the same as that described by Dr. Fitch under the
name of Aspidioſus juglands. But I have carefully examined a
specimen of A. juglandis, which is probably the type of Dr. Fitch's
species, being the one in the collection of the N. Y. State Agr.
Society and labeled in his hand writing, and find that it is the same
as the species which occurs on apple, and which is known as M.
pomorum. Therefore the name proposed by Dr. Fitch must be
considered a synonym of M. pomorum. I have, however, retained
the name juglands for the European form occurring on butternut;
and cite Signoret's description as the original description of the
species. The most important character given by Signoret is the
number of spinnerets. There are five groups ; the mesal consists
of only two ; the cephalo-laterals each of six ; and the caudo-lat-
erals of five. It is evident from the text that but one specimen
was studied.
III. Mytilaspis linearis of Authors.
Mytilaspis linearis (Geoffroy) Signoret, Essai, 1870, 96.
This species infests Linden in Europe. The scale of the female
resembles that of M. pomorum. The last segment bears five groups
of spinnerets which are almost continuous. The mesal group
consists of six to seven ; the cephalo-laterals each of ten to twelve;
and the caudo-laterals of nine to ten.
II2. Mytilaspis metrosideri Maskell.
Mytilaspis metrosideri Maskell, Trans. and Proc New Zealand Institute, XII
293, Plate VII, Fig. 2.
This is a New Zealand species which infests the rata tree
(Metrosideros). The scale is white, pyriform. Female in all
I 25
stages dark colored ; in last stage nearly black. Abdomen of fe-
male ends in three minute-pointed lobes joined by a scaly process.
Spinnerets in an almost continuous arch, which may be resolved
into five groups; the spinnerets number seventy or eighty.
I 13. Mytilaspis phymatodidis Maskell.
Mytilaspis phymatodidis Maskell, Trans, and Proc. New Zealand Institute,
XII, 292, Plate VII, Fig. 1.
Nothing is given in the description of this species which will
separate it from M. pomorum except that the scale is broader. The
figure represents the lobes, as serrate, with long sharp teeth.
II4. Mytilaspis pinnaeformis (Bouché).
Aspidiolus pinnaeformis (Bouché), Ent. Zeit. Stett. (1851) XII, 110.
Mytilaspis pinnaeformis (Bouché) Signoret Essai, 1870, 97.
This species infests Cymbidium in Europe. From the descrip-
tion given by Signoretit is evident that the scale resembles that of
M. pomorum in color and form ; the exuviae occupy about one-
third of the whole length of the scale. Upon the last segment of
the female there are five groups of spinnerets ; the mesal consists
of four ; the cephalo-laterals, each of five ; and the caudo-laterals,
each of four. The male is small, yellowish white, with the thor-
acic band dark.
115. Mytilaspis pyriformis Maskell.
Mytilaspis pyriformis, Maskell. Trans. and Proc. New Zealand, XI, 194.
This is a New Zealand species; the food plant of which is not
given by the describer. The scale is broadly pear-shaped.
(Maskell's figure resembles a Chionaspis). The exuviae occupy
the smaller end, and the second skin extends to about the middle
of the scale. Color of scale light brown ; texture thinner than in
M. pomorum, and form flatter; length about one-twelfth inch ;
greatest breadth about one-twentieth inch. The last segment of
the female bears an almost continuous arch of spinnerets, which
consists of two rows with here and there an outlying one. Alto-
gether there may be from sixty to seventy spinnerets in the arch.
Is this a species of Mytilaspis 2
I 26
116. Mytilaspis saliceti (Bouché).
Aspidiolus saliceti Bouché, Ent. Zeit. Stett, 1851, 110.
Mytilaspis saliceti (Bouché) Targ. Tozz. Catal. p. 46.
This name was given to a form found on Willow (Salix holoserſ-
cea) in Europe. The female is reddish ; the scale pale brown.
Genus Poliaspis Maskell.
Maskell. Trans. and Proc. New Zealand Inst. XII, p. 293.
This genus was established by Maskell to include a species of
the Diaspinae in which the scales resemble those of Chionaspis,
but the female differs in presenting eight groups of compound
spinnerets. - *
Although I am far from feeling sure that the genus will prove to
be a natural one, I think it best to describe a species which I have
found and which is evidently a congener of that described by
Maskell under the same generic name that he applied to his
species.
117. Poliaspis cycadis new species, Fig. 15.
This interesting scale insect was found in the conservatory of
the Department of Agriculture upon cycas revoluſa and Dion edu/a,
ornamental plants belonging to the order Cycadaceae. It was also
found on a species of Microsamia. It usually occurred on the
lower sides of the leaves; and was not very abundant,
Scale of female.—The scale of the female is snowy white with
the exuviae brownish or yellowish, sometimes nearly transparent.
The scale is elongated, as in Chionaspis, and much widened
toward the caudal end. The length of the largest scales is
3.2 mm. (..I 2 inch); their greatest width I.6 mm. (.06 inch).
Female.—The color of the female is lemon yellow with the last
segment orange. The full grown insect is oval, broadest in the
region of the second and third segments. The characters prº-
sented by the last segment are as follows:
127
There are eight groups of compound spinnereſs. The mesal
consists of two to four;
the cephalo - laterals
of eight to thirteen ;
the caudo-laterals of
{\ eighteen to twenty-
five ; the supra-mesal
of two to four, and
the supra-cephalo-lat-
erals of two to four.
FIG. I 5.
The mesal lobes are prominent, and distinctly serrate on their
distal margin. The second lobe is so deeply incised that each di-
vision appears like a lobe of itself. The third lobe is usually ob-
solete. Of twenty-five specimens examined, in only one was the
third pair of lobes present. In this case the third lobe of each
side was deeply incised, and, as with the Second lobe, the lateral
division was the Smaller.
The plates are slender and cylindrical. There is one laterad of
each of the first and second lobes and of the place occupied by
the third lobe when present. A fourth lobe is present between the
third and the penultimate segment. There are from four to six
plates on each lateral margin of each of three or four segments
cephalad of the last segment.
There are two spines between the mesal lobes. On the dorsal
surface on each side there are two spines laterad of the first lobe,
one cephalad of the other ; one on the lateral division of the
second lobe, and one a short distance mesad of each of the third
and fourth plates. On the ventral surface on each side there is a
spine laterad of the mesal lobe, two cephalad of the lateral divis-
ion of the second lobe, and one mesad of each of the third and
fourth plates.
Aggs.-The eggs are white when first deposited, later they
change to lemon yellow, and finally become almost orange yellow
when ready to hatch. The number deposited by each female is
about one hundred.

I 28
Scale of male.—The scale of the male is snow white, very small,
with sides parallel, and the exuviae at one end. It differs from
Chionaspis in wanting carinae. The ventral scale is complete.
Some of the male scales are completely hidden by a wooly excre-
tion. -
Male.—The body of the male is bright orange red, with the
thoracic band of the same color. The eyes are black. The first
five segments of the antennae are purplish red ; the other five
yellow.
SPECIES OF POLIASPIS NOT YET OBSERVED IN THE UNITED
STATES.
I 18. Poliaspis media Maskell.
Poliaspis media Maskell, Trans, and Proc. New Zealand Institute XII, 293.
The scale is white, broad, The adult female, which may reach
one twenty-fourth inch in length, resembles in outline Myſilaspis
pomorum, is usually greenish white, and bears rudimentary anten-
nae. There are eight groups of spinnerets : four consisting each
of twenty to thirty, are placed in opposite pairs; the fifth con-
sisting of four to six is between the upper pair; above these, three
other groups form an arch ; the two outer ones consist of eight to
ten, and the mesal one of three to five. The male insect is of a
bright scarlet or deep Orange color.
This is a New Zealand species which infests a Veronica and
Aleucopogon /raser.
GENERA OF DIASPINAE NOT YET OBSERVED IN THE UNITED
- - STATES.
Genus Aonidia Targioni Tozzetti.
Targioni Tozzetti, Catal. 1868, p. 43.
Female with two scales superimposed ; the first presenting at the
Center a single molted skin surrounded by secretion ; the second,
from which the first may be removed after a preliminary macera-
I 29
tion in water, composed entirely of the second molted skin. The
adult female is smaller than this second scale ; and consequently
Smaller than in the most advanced of its adolescent stages. Scale
of the male similar to that of Aspidioſus. Represented by a single
described species.
II9. Aonidia lauri (Bouché).
Aspidiotus lauri Bouché, Schald, (1833), 53.
Chermes lauri Bouché, Boisduval, Ent. Hort. (1867), 340.
Aonidia purpurea Targ. Tozz. Catal, (1868), 43.
Aonidia lauri Bouché, Signoret, Essai, 1870, p. 103.
This species infests the leaves of the laurel (Zaurus mobilis) in
Europe. Targioni believes it to be the Coccus aonidum of Linna-
eus; and, contrary to the established rules of nomenclature, re-
names it aonidia purpurea, using the old specific name for the new
genus. Signoret recognizes the new genus, but does not consider
the species in question to be that described by Linnaeus. He
therefore refers to it as Aonidia lauri Bouché.
Genus Leucaspis Targioni Tozzetti.
Targioni Tozzetti, Catal. 1868, 41, (without description), Signoret, Essai,
1870, page 100.
The last abdominal segment of the female is fringed with a se-
ries of blunt spiny hairs. The scales are similar to those of the
females of Chionaspis. The arrangement of the spinnerets differ
widely in the two known species.
I2O. Leucaspis signoreti Targ Tozz.
Leucaspis signoreti Targ. Tozz. Catal. (1868), 42.
Leucaspis signoreli Targ. Tozz. Signoret, Essai, 1870, 100.
Infests leaves of pine in Europe; scales of both sexes white,
with exuviae light yellow.
121. Leucaspis pini (Hartig).
C. pini Hart., Jahr. uber die Forsh des Forstwers (1839), 642.
A. pini Bouché, Ent. Zeit. Stett. (1851), XII, 110.
Ieucaspis candida Targ. Tozz. Catal. (1869), 41.
Leucaspis pini Hartig, Signoret, Essai, 1870, p. 102.
Infests leaves of pine in Europe. .
I3O
LIST OF AMERICAN COCIDDAE NOT DESCRIBED IN THE PRE.
CEDING PAGES.
The following list includes the names of all the Coccidae not
belonging to the sub-family Diaspinae which I have found de-
scribed as occurring in North America. Owing to lack of time
but little effort has been made to determine the validity of the spe-
cies enumerated. The genera and the species under each genus
are arranged alphabetically.
122. Asterodiaspis quercicola (Bouché). -
This species infests oak at Washington, D. C. See Ag. Report
1880, p. 330 and Plate XI, Fig. 9, of that report. A more care-
ful study of this species has convinced me that it does not belong
to the Diaspinae.
123. Carteria lacca (Kerr).
This is the insect which furnishes the lac dyes and the shellac of
commerce. Although not an American insect, I have included
it in this list on account of its economic importance. For de-
Scription and figures see my report in Ag. Report 1881, p. 209
and Plate XIX.
I24. Carteria larreae Comstock.
This is a lac insect which infests the Creosote plant (Larrea
mexicana), in the southwestern portions of the United States and
in Mexico. See Ag. Report 1881, p. 2 II.
I25. Carteria mexicana Comstock.
This is a lac insect which infests Mimosa at Tampico, Mexico.
See Ag. Report 1881, p. 212.
126. Cerococcus quercus Comstock.
Infests oak in Arizona and California. This species is remark-
ble for the large amount of wax which it excretes. See Ag. Re-
port 1881, p. 213. -
127. Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock. -
This species was found in Florida on myrtle, orange, quince,
and a species of Eupatorium. See Ag. Report 1880, p. 333.
*
I3 I
128. Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock.
This species infests Orange, lemon, fig, pomegranite, guava, tea,
quince, Japan-plum (Biotriles), oleander, red-bay, Sweet bay, gall-
berry (Ilex glaber), myrtle, and Andromeda, in Florida. See Ag,
Report, 1880, p. 331 and Plate IV, Fig. 2, 2a, and 2b.
From this species I bred a Hymenopterous parasite of the ge-
nus Tetrastichus. See l. c. 369.
129. Ceroplastes jamaicensis White.
Infests trunk of lance wood tree in Jamaica. White, Ann. Nat.
Hist., XVII, 333, and Westwood Gardener's Chronicle, 1853, 484.
130. Coccus bassi Targ. Tozz.
This is a Mexican species mentioned by Targioni Tozzetti.
Stud, sulle Cocc. 1867, 27, and Catal. (1868), 32.
I31. Coccus cacti of Authors.
The cochineal insect occurs upon cactus in Florida. See Ag.
Report, 1880, p. 346.
Coccus pinnicorſicis Fitch.
This is the name given by Fitch (Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Socie-
ty, Vol. XIV (1854) 871), to a plant louse which is often mistaken
for a Coccid.
I32. Dactylopius adonidum Authors.
Coccus adonidum Linn. Syst. Nat. (1767), 740.
Dactylopius adonidum Signoret, Essai, 1875, 306.
Lecanium phyllococcus Ashmead, Canadian Entomologist, XI (1879), 160.
This is the common mealy bug. See Ag. Report 1880, 341.
I33. Dactylopius destructor Comstock.
This is a mealy bug which is very destructive to oranges in Flor-
ida. See Ag. Report 1880, 342.
I34. Dactylopius longifilis Comstock.
This is a mealy bug Common on many plants in the conserva-
tories at Washington. See Ag. Report 1880, 344.
I 32
Portheria.
See Orſhegia. See also Acerya purchasi, which has been deter-
mined by several writers as a “Porthesia.”
Dorthesia celastri.
Glover states (Ag. Report 1876, 45), that Dr. Fitch mentions a
species, Dorthesia celasſri which is found on Celastrus. I have been
unable to find the reference in Fitch's writings. But in the Fitch
collection I saw what I believe to be the egg-masses of Buchenopa
binoſaſa labeled with this name. * -
AJorthesia ziburnt Fitch.
Under this name also Dr. Fitch distributed specimens of the
peculiar egg-masses of Auchenopa dinoſafa Say. I cannot find,
however, that the name was published.
135. Eriococcus azaleae Comstock.
Infests Azalea. I have found it at Washington, and in a hot-
house at Geneva, N. Y. See Ag. Report 1880, 344.
From this species I have bred the Chalcid parasite Coccophagus
immaculaſus Howard. See Ag. Report 1880, 358.
136. Icerya purchasi Maskell.
Infests orange, rose, accacia, and many other plants in Califor-
inia. See Ag. Report 1880, 347.
137. Kermes galliformis Riley.
Infests oak. See Ag. Report 1880, 337, and American Natu-
ralist, Vol. XV, (1881), 482.
From species of Kermes I have bred the following Chalcid par-
asites: A species of the genus Zelenomus and Cosmocoma elegans
Howard. See Ag. Report 1880, pp. 370 and 371.
138. Lecanium antennatum Signoret.
Infests oak. Described by Signoret (Essai, 1873, 413), from
specimens received from Dr. Asa Fitch.
*For a description and figure of Euchenopia binotata See Ag. Report, 1876,
page 28. -
I33
I39. Lecanium caryae Fitch.
Inſests hickory. See Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Society 1856, 443.
There is a typical specimen of this species in the collection of the
above named society. Mr. J. D. Putnam bred the Chalcid para-
site Chilomeurus albicornis Howard. See Ag. Report 1880, 363
and Plate XXIII Fig. 4. (Not Plate I, as stated).
14o. Lecanium cerasifex Fitch.
Infests cherry. See Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Society 1856, 368.
From Fitch's notes it is evident that this species was described
from two specimens. I saw one specimen in his collection in
1881. There is none in the collection of the N. Y. Ag. Society.
141. Lecanium corylifex Fitch.
Infests hazelnut. See Trans. N. Y. S. Ag. Society, 1856, 473. I
have been able to find no specimens in existence labeled by Dr.
Fitch as Z. coryl/ex. But among the duplicates in the Fitch col-
lection, I saw many specimens labled Z. coryli. And I have one
which Prof. Uhler received from Dr. Fitch labeled in the same
way. In Dr. Fitch's notes on Z. cory/i/ex, he gives as a synonym
of this species Coccus coryli P Lin. Sys. Nat. II, 74 I. I believe,
, therefore, that the specimens labeled by Fitch as Z. cory/i may be
taken as the types of his Z. coryli/ex. It is worthy of note that
in no instance have I seen the word type written on One of his
labels.
142. Lecanium cynosbati Fitch.
Infests stalks of wild gooseberry. See Trans. N. Y. State Ag,
Society, 1856, 436. From Fitch's notes it is evident that this spe-
cies was described from a single specimen. This specimen I saw
in the Fitch collection in 1881.
143. Lecanium fitchii Signoret.
Inſests raspberry or blackberry. See Signoret, Essai, 1873, 4O4.
144. Lecanium filicum Boisduval.
Infests ferns. Described by Boisduval in his Essai sur l'ento-
I 34
mologie horticole, 335. There is a fuller description by Signoret
in his Essai, 436. Packard records* the presence of this species
in this country.
145. Lecanium hemisphaericum Targ. Tozz.
Infests orange, oleander, and many other plants. See Ag. Re-
port 1880, 334,
146. Lecanium hesperidum Linn.
Infests oleander, orange, and many other plants. See Ag. Re-
port 1880, 335. In addition to the three parasites enumerated in
the report just quoted I have bred Coccophagus lecanii (Fitch),
from this species. See l. c. 357.
147. Lecanium juglandifex Ftich.
Infests butternut. See Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Society 1856,
463. There is a typical specimen in the collection of the N. Y.
S. Ag. Society.
148. Lecanium oleae Bernard.
This is what is known as the black scale in California. It in-
fests orange, Olive, oleander and many other plants. See Ag. Re-
port 1880, 336.
I49. Lecanium persicae (Fabricius).
Infests peach. For description see Signoret, Essai, 1873, 407.
Also Fitch, Trans. N. Y. State Ag, Society, 1856, 357.
150. Lecanium platycerii Packard.
Infests the stag-horn fern (Platycerium). See Packard, Injuri-
Ous Insects, etc., 1870, pp. 28 and 31.
151. Lecanium pyri Fitch.
Infests pear. See Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Society, I854, 809.
Under this name Fitch has described two distinct species; one a
Lecanium and the other a Pulvinaria. He evidently considered
the former an immature stage of the latter. There is a typical
*Injurious Insects, etc., 1870, p. 27.
I 35
specimen in the collection of the N. Y. S. Ag. Society which is a
Lecanium. And I saw both a Lecanium and a Pulvinaria in the
Fitch collection labeled Zecanium pyri.
I52. Lecanium quercus (Linn).
Infests oak. For description see Signoret, Essai, 1873, 427.
The specimen which served as the type of Signoret's description
was received from Dr. Asa Fitch.
I53 Lecanium quercifex Fitch.
Infests white oak. See Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Society, 1858,
805. I have been unable to find any specimens labeled by Fitch
as Zecanium querciſex. But there are in both the N. Y. State Ag.
Soc. collection and the private collection of Fitch specimens la-
beled “White Oak Scale Insect, Lecanium querci.” As White Oak
Scale Insect is the popular name given by Fitch in the published
description of L. Quercifex, I think these specimens must be
those which he had before him when he wrote the description of
L. Quercifex. &
154. Lecanium quercitronis Fitch.
Infests black oak. See Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Society, 1858,
805. Typical specimens of this species are in the collection of the
N. Y. S. Ag. Society. This species is infested by the Chalcid par-
asite, Coccophagus lecanii Fitch.
I55 Lecanium ribes Fitch.
Infests currant. See Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Society, 1856, 427.
Although Fitch states that this species was common in some gar-
dens, there are no specimens in the collection of the N. Y. S. Ag.
Society; and in his private Collection there is only a single speci-
men which is in very poor condition.
I56. Lecanium sallei Signoret.
This is a Mexican species the food plant of which is unknown.
See Signoret, Essai, 1873, 4 Io.
I 36
157. Lecanium tiliae (Fitch).
Infests linden. See Fourth Annual Report of the Regents of
the University of the State of New York (1851) p. 69. I have
been unable to find the type of this species in either of the collec-
tions where it should be.
158. Lecanium tulipiferae Cook.
Infests the tulip tree. See Canadian Entomologist, vol. X.
(1878) 192.
I think this will prove to be Zecanium ſiliae (Fitch).
159. Lecanium verrucosum Signoret.
This is a Mexican species the food plant of which is unknown.
See Signoret, ESSai, I873, 442.
I6o Orthezia annericana Walker.
Infests golden rod (solidago), burdock (arctium), Impatiens, Eu-
patorium, and probably many other native plants. See Ag. Re-
port I 880, 349.
After this genus had been established an effort was made to
change the name to Dorthesia; hence we find both names in the
books. See Dorthesia above.
161. Pseudococcus aceris (Geoffrey).
Infests maple. See Ag. Report 1880, 345. This species is in-
fested by the Chalcid parasite Rhopus coccois (E. A. Smith). See
1. C. page 361.
162. Llaveia aximus (Hernandez).
This is a Mexican species which is said to be about one inch
long, (23 mm—25 mm). It infests Jafropha curcas and Spondias
myrobolanus. Signoret states that it is employed in Mexico as a
fat and as varnish, and that in its first state it appears to be used
in medicine as an anodyne. See Signoret, Essai, 1875; 371.
I 37
163. Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathvon.
Coccus innumerabiſi's Rathvon, Pennsylvania Farm Journal, Vol. IV. (1854)
256–8.
Alecaninm acericorticis Fitch. Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Soc. 1859, 775.
Mecanium acericola Walsh and Riley, American Entomologist, Vol I. 14.
Mecanium maclurae Walsh and Riley, American Entomologist, I, 14.
This species infests Maple, Negundo, Grape, Osage Orange,
and probably other plants. For figure see Ag. Report 1880, Plate
XI. Fig. 6. In addition to the works cited above, interesting pa-
pers upon this species will be found in the Proceedings of the Da-
venport Academy of Sciences, Vol. II. and in the American Nat-
uralist, Vol. XII. 655. See P. viſis.
From this species Mr. J. D. Putnam bred the Chalcid parasite
Aphycus pulvinariae Howard (See Ag. Report 1880, 365). And I
have bred Coccophagus lecanii (Fitch) and the Pyralid parasite Dak-
7 uma coccidivora Comstock (See Ag. Report 1879, 241).
164. Pulvinaria pyri (Fitch).
Infests pear. This is the Zecanium pyri of Fitch in part. Is it
not the same as Pulvinaria innumerabilis A
165. Pulvinaria salicis (Bouché).
Infests willow. It was received by Signoret from Dr. Fitch.
See Signoret, Essai, I873, 44. Is not this also the same as Pulvi-
maria innumerabilis A
166. Pulvinaria vitis of Authors.
Infests grape. See Signoret, Essai, 1873, 45. It may be that
our Pulvinaria innumerabilis will prove to be identical with this
species.
167. Rhizococcus araucariae (Maskell).
Infests Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria). See Ag. Report 1880
p. 339. *
I68. Rhizococcus quercus Comstock.
Infests oak, gall-berry, and grass. See Ag. Report 1880, p. 340.
138
. DATES OF PUBLICATION OF ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.
As the reports recently published by the writer contain diagno-
ses of many species new to Science, it is important that the exact
dates of publication of these reports should be known.
Report of the Entomologist of the U. S. Departmen" of Agriculure
for Z880,-This report was published 22 November, 1881, by the
distribution of copies of the author's edition to entomolgists.
Report on Insects for the year 1881, (from the Report of the U.
S. Department of Agriculture for 1881 and 1882).-This report
was published 1 December, 1882.
Index to Plants.
In the following list are given the names of the plants cited in
this report as food plants of scale insects.
fest each plant are referred to by number.
The species which in-
Certain species infest
a large number of plants and are thus liable to be found on other
plants than those indicated here.
Io, I 3, 15, 17, 132, 134, 148, and 146.
Acacia,
Alder,
Almond, -
Aloe,
Amorpha,
Andromeda,
Apple,
Apricot,
Arbór vitae,
Araucaria,
Ash, -
Aspidistra,
Asplenium,
Astelia,
Atherosperma,
Azalea,
Basswood,
Bay-tree, --
Beech,
Biotrites, *
Birch,
Bitter sweet,
Blackberry,
Bladder. nut,
Boxwood,
Brachaeton,
Buddleia,
Burdock,
Butchers broom,
Butternut,
Cactus,
California coffee,
Camelia,
Cape jessamine,
Among these species are
Nos.
- 10, 17, 136 Citrus, - º - 3, 7, 10, 46
- 78, 86 75, 95, 97, 98, 99, 109, 127
wº- * 17 128, 133, 136, 145, 146, 148
sº 24 Clover, tº- sº * 10
gºs - 101 || Cocoanut, - wº - 34
* - 128 Cordyliné, - sº - 105
13, 65, 77, 101, 148 || Cranberry, * * - 91
- - 148 || Creosote plant, * {-> 124
•º * 64, 72 Currant, tº- 10, 101, 155
‘sº - 167 Cycas, 4- sº- 32, 92, 117
* - 2, 83, 101 Cyanophyllum, - 4- - 5
sº * 87| Cymbidium, - - 69, 114
- - - 105 Daphne, - &º 28, 39
tº - 105 || Dates, sº sº e 34
º- * 25, 94 | Dion, - * tº- - 117
4- - 135 | Dyospyrus, * - 74
2, 56, 101, 111, 157 | Drimys, sº * 105, 106
- 12, 14, 128 Dysoxylon, º º 35
*- * - 2 | Elm, - ** sº 101, 104
sº <- 128 English walnut, - – 8
* - 26 Epidendrum, - *- - 36
sº º 148 || Erica, --> * - - 37
* 66, 143 Etaecarpus, - - e 74
- 2, 101 | Eucalyptus, sº 17, 105, 148
sº 40, 103 | Euonymus, - * - 17, 76
gº * 148 Eupatorium, - - 127, 160
* - 27 | Ferns, - - - . 144, 150
tºº s 160 | Fig, º 5, 7, 17, 74, 107, 128
gº * 23 Gahnia, º wº- s 105
sº - 110, 147 Gall-berry, - 105, 128, 168
– 63, 68, 131 Genista, $º tº-º * 38
Eº 148 || Golden-rod, - - - 160
- 20, 29, 92, 95 | Gooseberry, * * 142
Ceratonia,
Cherry,
China-tree,
Cineraria,
*- * 148 Goyavius, 4- tº-e {-} 34
* - 30|| Grape, * 22, 58, 163, 166
- 8, 10, 140 || Grass, - gº - 10, 84, 168
sº & 10 || Guava, º- sº - 128
& se - 55 Gum tree, e- tº- tº 79
I4O
Habrothmus, - gº 148
Hackberry, * gº 2, 101
Hawthorn, * - 49, 101
Hazelnut, º tºº - 41
Heath, * *g *- 148
Hemlock, * gº gº 1
Hickory, - * - 139
Holly, - e - - 40
Hop-tree, 4- sº 101
Horse chestnut, e- 41, 101
Ilex, * * wºm 128
Impatiens, * gº - 160
Ivy, tºº sº - 40
Japan plum, gºe * 128
Jatropha, * - - 162
Juniper, * * - 64, 70.
Kennedya, - º º 43
Knee holly, & e- 23
Lance wood, - - 129
Larrea, - - * 124
Latania, q- sº * 44
Laurel, * * - - 119
Lemon, see Citrus
Leucopogon, * - 118
Linden, see Basswood.
Locust, * wº 8, 17, 101
I.onicera, º - - 101
Maple, 2, 10, 21 85, 101, 161, 163
Melia, * - 10
Metrosideros, * 112
Microsamia, sº sº 96
Mimosa, º * 9, 124
Mistletoe, - rº- gº 73
Mountain laurel, * * 17
Myrtle, * º J 27, 128
Myrsina, * - sº 47
Negundo, . * * * 163
Norfolk Island Pine. - - 167
Nyssa, tº- - * 79
Oak, 2, 11, 42, 53, 60, 82, 89. 122
126, 137, 138, 152, 153, 154, 168
Ochras, *- 4- * 74
Oleander, 10, 128, 145, 146, 148
Olive , - 17, 57, 108, 145
Orange, see Citrus.
Oregon ash, º 148
Osage-orange, - 4- 2, 163
Palm, &= 18, 31, 34, 52, 92, 148
Pandanus, * -- 51, 100
Peach, - e- 2. 71, 149
Pear, 8, 13, 65, 77, 148, 151, 164
Pelsea, see Bay-tree.
Phormium, *- * 50, 105
Pine, - 16, 81, 120, 121
l'ine apple, - - - 62
Planera, - •, - sº 101
Platycerium, - - - 150
Plum - * 10, 13, 148
Poplar, 4, 54, 90, 101
Pomegranate, - - 128 148
Quince, * - 6, 17, 127, 128
Raspberry, - 66, 101, 143
Ravenala, - - * 61
Ribes alpenum, . ass 101
Rose. - 66, 136, 148
Rubia, - * * - 33
Ruscus, º - - 23
Smilax, - º <- - 19
Solidago, - º 16()
Sorbus, - - * 77
Spartina - - - 84
Spondias, - * - 162
Spruce, - S1. 102
Tea, - * - - 128
Tulip tree, * * 158
Veronica, * * - 118
Vriescia, - - 59
Walnut, English, -- 8
Water locust, - -- 2
Willow, 4, 17, 48, 80, 83, 101, 165, 111
Yucca, * * - 10, 101
Index to SCale InSectS.
Except where the word page occurs, the figures refer to the
numbers which the species bear in this report.
italics ; and generic names in Small capitals.
1, 102
163
- rój,
- 85, 161
- 132
* - 105
86
- 24
- - 160
* - 2
- - 138
119
167
- I O2
* -
Synonyms are in
abietis. -
acericola, -
acericorticis º
aceris, -
adonidum, -
affinis, -
alni, - -
aloes, -
americana, -
ancylus, -
antennatum, -
AONIDA, -
araucariae,
arðorum, -
arecae,
aspidistrae, -
ASPIDIOTUS,
as/eliae, -
ASTERODIASPIS,
atherospermae,
aurantii, - º -
axinus. -
azaleae, - -
bassi, -
betulae, -
biclavis, -
blankenhorni, -
boisduvalli,
bouchei, -
braziliensis,
bronneliae, -
hud eiae, *
buxi.
cacti, - --
caldesii.
calyptroides,
cannelliae, -
candida, -
CARTERIA, *
carueli,
caryae -
celastri, -
ceras.
cerasifex, -
ceratoniae, gº
CEROCOCCUs.
CEROPLASTEs, -
- 29. 92, 95
I 2 /
- 123—125
- - 64
- * 139
- Page 132
77
140
- 30
* 126
- 127–129
chamaeropsis,
CHIONASPIS, - -
circularis, *
cirripediformis, -
Cltri, - *
citricola -* º-
convexus, - -
COCCUS, - -
conchiformis, *
cochineal, - º
Cordyilinidis, - -
cory lifex, - *
cyanophyllii,
Cycadicola, - -
cycadis, - -
cydoniae, - *
cymbidii, - -
cynosbati, -
DAC TYLOPIUS, - -
denticulatus, º
destructor, - -
DIASPIS, *- -
DORTHESIA, *
drinnydis,
dysoxyli. - -
echinocacti, * -
epidendri, - -
ericae, - -
ERICOCCUS, ->
enonymi, - -
ficiis, - ->
filicum, - -
FIORINIA, see UHLERIA.
fioriniae, - -
fitchii, - *
flava, - *-
flavescens, -
floridensis, - -
fraxini, - -
ſurfurus, * * -
galliformis, -
genistae, * -
gigas - *
gloverii,
gmidii, - *
harrisii, * -
hederae, -
* 31
74 - 91
- 65
- 127 .
3, 75
- 98
- 4
130–131
ſo y, 104
- I 31
- 105
- 141
* 5
- 32
- 117
- 6
– 69
- 142
132–134
- 33
- 34, 133
61, 73
Page 132
- 106
- 35
- 6&
** 36
- 37
- 135
- 76
- 7, 107
- 144
I42
hemisphaericum, - º 145 | personatus, & tºº - 15
hesperidum, - wº 146 | phormii, te º * 50
hippocastani, tº- s 41 phymaytodidis, º - 113
ICERYA, * - - 136 | pineli, * sº sº I O2
ilicis, *- tºº {-º 142 | pini, *- º * 16, 121
innumerabilis, - º - 163 pinicorticis, ise Page 131
jamaicensis, º tº 129 pinifolii, º º * 81
juglandifex, * tº- - 147 | pinnaeformis, - $ºs 114
juglandis, - cº- 101, 110 planchonii, º - 89
juglans-regiae, e- sº- 8 platycerii, gº * 150
juniperi, - º * 70 Poll ASPIS, - - 117–118
kennedyae, wº * - 43 pomicorticis, tº- * I O I
KERMES, - - . . - 137 | pomorum, - - - 101
lacca - * - - 123 populi, -* tºº sº 90
larreae, º - sº 124 proteus, *º * > - 96
lataniae, * * - 44 PSEUDOCOCCUs, * , - 161
lauri, * - - - 119 |pyri, * * - 151, 164
lentisi, - * - 45 pyriformis, - -> & 115
leperti, sº sº tº 71 pyrus-malus, tº- * A O Y
LECANIUM, - - . 138–159 | Pulvinaria, - - 163—166
LEUCASPIS, - 120–121 | purchasi, * - - 136
limonii, * - - 46 | purpurea, - * tº I 19
linearis, - *- - . 104–111 quercifex, * • . - 153
lintnerii, * * , º 78 quercicola, - tº- º 122
LLAVEIA, - * 162 quercitronus, * <-º 154
longifilis, º - - 134 quercus, 53, 82, 126, 152, 168
lucasii, - *- - 97 rapax, * * * 17
mzac/urae, sº *- - Z 65 | Red scale, wº * = - 3, 7
Mealy bugs, see Dactylopius. RHIZOCOCCUS, - - 167, 168
media, e tº-º sº 118 ribes, - * º - 155
metrosideri, sº * - 112 || rosae, *- * e 66
mexicana, - * tºº 125 | Sabalis, - wºm &= - 18
mimosae, tº •-º tº- 9 saliceti, - *- - 116
minima, e-8 tº- *-> 72 | Salicis, - º * 83, 165
myrsinae, tºº * - 47 salicis-migrae, * sº 83
MYTILASPIs, &= - 98–116 sallei, - - tº- 156
nerii, - sº º - 10 signoreti, - * - 55, 170
niger, - s - 48 smilacis, tºge - - 19
nigra, ge - - 5.5 || Spartinae, - & sº 84
nySSae, - º {- 79 spinosus, * & - 20
obscurus, sº - º 11 spurcatus, - * *- 54
olea, - * - 148 TARGIONTA, * sº - 5.5
orbicularis, - - - 96 | tenebricosus, e T s 21
ORTHEZIA, s *-* 160 tiliae - * *- 56, 157
ortholobis, - wº º 80 tulipiferae, * * 158
ostreaeformis, - - 65 | UHLERIA, * - 92–94
oxyacanthae, e- º 49 |wlicis, sms - º 38
palmatum, 4-> * - 52 uvae, - - * * 22
palmarum, tº- - 52 vaccinii, - -- q= 91
pandani, - wº se 51. 100 verrucosum, - - - 159
PARLATORIA, gº 95 97 viburni, * - Page 132
parlatorioides, - * - 12 villosus, - * * - 57
pellucidae, - sº - 95 | visci, - - - * 73
pergandii, sº *-* - 95 vilis, - gº - 58, 166
perniciosus, * - 13| wriesciae, &-e e - 59
perseae, * - - 14 |zizyphi, sº - - 97
persicae, * * * 149 |zonatus, - es e- 60
I43
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE I.
Organs of the last segment of adult females of the Diaspinae,
diagramatic ; each letter has the same significance throughout.
a. Vaginal Opening.
b. Anus. e -
c. Mesal group of spinnerets (anterior group of report for 1880).
d. Cephalo-lateral group of spinnerets (Anterior laterals of re-
port for 1880).
e. Caudo-lateral group of spinnerets (Posterior laterals of report
for 1880).
fi, f2, fé. Lobes.
fl. First pair of lobes or mesal lobes.
f*, f2. Second pair of lobes.
f3, ſå. Third pair of lobes.
g. Thickened lateral margin of segment.
h. Club shaped thickenings of body wall.
i. Incisions.
j. Thickened margins of incisions.
k. Spines (Not represented in Fig. 2, to avoid complication.)
1. Plates (Frequently described by authors as spines).
m, m1. Wax ducts. -
n. Elongated pores (Fig. 2).
PLATE II.
Scales of the Diaspinae, from camera lucida drawings. I, As-
pidioſus ficus, female; Ia, male of same; 2, Aspidiolus merii, female;
2a, male of same ; 3, Diaspis rosae, female; 3a, male of Same ; 4,
Chiomaspis ſuſ/urus, female; 4a, male of same; 5, Mylilaspis pomo-
rum, female; 5a, male of same ; 6, Parlaloria pergamdi, female;
6a, male of same ; 7, Parlatoria proſeus, female; 7a, male of same ;
8, Parlaloria Žigyphi female; 9, Uhleria camellae; Io, Aspidioſus 2
parlaloroides, female ; I I, Chiomaspis A biclavis.
PLATE III.
Fig. I—Ic, Aspidioſus 2 sabalis ; I, scales of male and female ;
Ia, antenna of male ; Ib, antenna of female ; I C, last segment of
adult female. Fig. 2, Aspidioſus personaſus, female ; 2a, caudal
margin of same. Fig. 3, Chionaspis sparſinae, last segment of fe-
male ; 3a, margin of Same.
PLATE IV.
Fig. 1, Parlatoria zigyphi. Fig. 2, Parlatoria pergandii. Fig.
3, Parlatoria proteus. Fig. 4, Parlatoria pergandii var. camelliae.
PLATE I.

PLATE II.

PLATE III.

PLATE IV.
Ģ

Tineidae Infesting Apple Trees at Ithaca.
A. E. BRUNN.
The following is a list of the Tineidae which I have found in-
festing the Apple trees at Ithaca : -
I. Ziſhocollelis crataegella Clemens.
2. Ornix prunivorella Chambers.
3. Aspidisca splendoriſerella Clemens.
4. Zischeria mali/oliella Clemens.
5, Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens.
Besides these it is probable that another important species, the
Apple Coleophora (Coleophora mlaivorella Riley), will be found here,
as it occurs in orchards near Rochester and Geneva. From all
but the third (Aspidisca splendoriſerella Clem.), I have bred one or
more undescribed species of hymenopterous parasites. These were
referred to Mr. L. O. Howard, who has studied them and kindly
furnished me with his manuscript names of the species.
Y
| THE SPOTTED '1'ENTIFORM MINE OF THE APPLE.
(Zilhocollelis crataegella Clem).
Plate V, Figs. I—Id.
Larva on the under side of Apple leaf, making a tentiform mine which has
the upper surface spotted or honeycombed, and pupating in one end of the mine.
About the middle of September the leaves of the Apple trees
were ſound to be mined by a yellowish larva which fed on the un-
der surface of the leaf in a tentiform mine, and which proved to
be Ziffiocolleſis crataegella Clem. These mines (Pl. V, Fig. Ia), are
spotted or honeycombed on the upper surface ; the lower surface
is formed of silk spun on the lower surface of the leaf. This silk
I49
turns brown when old, and is the only silk in the mine while the
larva is feeding. The spotted or honeycombed appearance of the
upper surface of the mine, referred to above, is due to the way in
which the larva feeds. It will eat a little in one place and then
move off to some other part of the mine and eat a little there.
Even the smallest veinlets are not destroyed, and usually the par-
enchyma along the veinlets is left undisturbed, the larva eating
only a small portion of the parenchyma included in the cells formed
by the smallest veinlets. If the miner has not been very voracious
considerable patches of parenchyma will still be left, while on the
other hand, in some cases the venation of the leaf will show plain-
ly in some parts of the mine. Where the miner has eaten, the upper
epidermis has a dirty whilish appearance. The ſrass, in the shape
of rounded pellets, is collected in a string-like mass in some part
of the mine.
When about to pupate the larva goes to one end of the mine
and weaves a loose silken covering, usually quite dense, around
itself. Inside of this it casts its larval skin and remains a pupa
over winter. I have collected the pupae as early as Sept. 27, and
the larvae as late as Oct. 18. In the spring the pupa forces itself
nearly out through the lower surface of the mine and there gives
forth the moth. +
, This insect is not very abundant, but somewhat more common
than the following species (Ornix prunivorella Chambers). Where
abundant enough to injure the trees the proper remedy would be
the one suggested by Prof. J. H. Comstock in the case of Zitho-
collelis hamadhyadella Clem., * which is to gather and burn the fallen
leaves. In this way all the hibernating pupae would be destroyed.
Below I give descriptions of the larva and pupa, also Chambers'
description of the adult. 9. .
LARVA (Pl. V. Fig. 1 b) Length 5 mm (.2 in ) Form cylindrical. Head
longer than broad, wedge shaped, quite pointed and bilobed. First thoracic
segment twice as wide as the head. Second thoracic segment wider than the
first and as long. The segments following decrease in width and length until
we come to the third, fourth and fifth abdominal segments which are as wide
and long as any of the segments. After these the segments taper again quite
*U. S. Agicultural Report, 1879, p. 230.
I 50
markedly. When the larva is young the third, fourth and fifth abdominal seg-
ments are relatively not as wide as when the larva is full grown, and hence has
the appearance of tapering from the second thoracic segment to the rear. Color:
light yellow throughout. Thoracic, abdominal and anal legs present. Hairs
on the segments numerous and long. One dorsal and two lateral rows of hairs
on each half of the body. On each abdominal segment excepting the last the
dorsal row of hairs is composed of two hairs, a long and a short one, the shorter
being placed in front of the longer. Around the anal opening and projecting
backwards are six incurved hairs
PUPA (PI. V. Figs. 10 and 1d), Length 3.4 mm (.15 in.), Length from head
to end of antennal sheaths 2.8 mm (.11 in.), Greatest width .8 mm (.03 in.).
Antennal sheaths and wing cases extending down as far as shown in the draw-
ings. When the pupa is contracted, however, the third segment from the
last is drawn up nearly out of sight, thereby causing the sheaths of the ap-
pendages to appear to extend down farther. Head furnished with quite a
prominent pointed beak The anal segment has at its extremity two small,
strong excuvred tentacles or hooks The ventral surface of the head bears two
long, straight, rather stout hairs. There is on each side of the pupa a complete
and an incomplete row of hairs and on each side of the dorsal surface another
row of hairs. Color : yellow, with the head and dorsal surface light brown.
Sometimes there is more brown than yellow.
ADULT (Pl. V. Fig. 1). Fore wings golden brown, with median and dorso-
basal white streaks, which are frequently continued on to the thorax. Face
and under side of antennae silvery white. Tuft brownish. A white streak ex-
tending along the base of the dorsal margin as far as the basal fourth of the
wing length. Black apical spot. Hinder marginal line at the base of the
cilia. Three dorsal and four costal streaks, the third dorsal minute, the second
large, and the first very large. First costal very oblique, and fourth pointing
obliquely forward. First costal and first and second dorsal streaks dark mar-
gined on both sides, the others only dark margined beſore. The dark margins
of the dorsal and costal streaks frequently extend back to the apical spot. Alar
ex. 3-16 to 5-16 in.
Natural enemies.—From this species I bred two undescribed
Chalcid parasites, Sympiezus lithocolletidis Howard MSS. and Eulophus
minutus. Howard MSS.
I5 I
THE UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM MINE OF THE APPLE.
(Ornix prunivorella Chambers).
Pl. V, Figs. 2–2c.
Larva on the under surface of apple leaves making a tentiform mine, eating
the parenchyma clean, and pupating at the edge of the turned up leaf in a
silken cocoon.
At the same time that I found the mines of Ziſhocolletis crafae-
gella I also found in connection with them, often on the same leaf,
mines which I at first was not able to distinguish from them ;
but containing quite a different larva, and which proved to be Or-
mix prunivorella, Chambers. After a little examination, however,
the difference between the two was very evident. While the mine
of Z. crataegella has on the upper surface a honey-combed or
spotted appearance, (Pl. V, Fig. 2b), and the venation of the
leaf does not show plainly ; the mine of this insect does not
appear spotted and shows the venation of the leaf quite dis-
tinctly. Moreover, while the larva of Z. crataegella eats the
parenchyma in spots and leaves the upper epidermis of a whitish
color; the larva of O. prunivorella eats the parenchyma clean as it
goes and leaves the upper surface of the mine brown.
As my observations commenced rather late in the fall, I was un-
able to observe the larvae when young. When nearly mature they
leave the old mines and make new ones. To describe in a few
words the way they proceed in making these new mines : quite a
dense but still very transparent silken covering is spun on the un-
der side of the leaf, and as a rule enclosing more space than Z.
crataegella, being a larger larva. While weaving these threads
from side to side over the space to include the so-called mine, the
larva rests on the threads already spun. In this way the larva may
by its weight (?) aid in causing the mine to assume its tentiform
shape. When this covering is completed the larva crawls in be-
tween it and the leaf and completes the mine from the inside by
spinning more threads from side to side and drawing the edges of
the mine very close together. The under surface of the mine thus
becomes more opaque from more silk being spun there and also as
the silk itself which is at first white becomes brown. -
I 52
Soon the larva commences to feed, beginning at one end of the
mine and eating everything clean as it goes excepting the Small
veins and upper epidermis.
When through eating, or when all the parenchyma in the mine is
eaten, the larva leaves the mine by an opening which it makes in
the under surface, and either pupates in another portion of the
same or a different leaf; or if not through feeding it makes a new
tentiform mine on the disk of the leaf, or turns over the edge of
the leaf and feeds on the infolded portion. I have known the
larva after leaving the old mine to turn down the edge of the leaf
on the upper surface twice in order to feed. In some cases where
the mines were opened, but still not much of an opening made,
the larva closed this opening and went on feeding, while in other
cases if so disturbed they made new mines or else pupated. The
larvae deposit the small, rounded pellets of frass in an irregular
heap in one end of the mine. -
When about to pupate the larva leaves the mine through a
small circular hole which it makes at one end, and on the under
surface of the mine, goes to some portion of the edge of the leaf,
either on the upper or lower surface, (very seldom on the lower);
folds the edge over itself, bringing it close down to the surface of
the leaf by silk, and then spins around itself in this roll a delicate
silken cocoon. Within this cocoon it casts its larval skin and
transforms to a pupa, remaining in that condition throughout the
winter. It takes less than twenty hours for the larva to make the
roll within which it pupates. In exceptional cases the larva will
spin its cocoon in the fold of the leaf caused by its mine and at
Some distance from the edge of the leaf. Often the larva goes to
the very tip of the leaf, and brings the two edges together, making
its cocoon within this fold. The pupae I have collected as early
as Oct. 3d, and the larvae as late as Oct. 26th. A young, white
larva which I collected Nov. 6th, turned gray upon placing it in
alcohol. In the spring the pupae transform to dark steel gray
moths, which when at rest assume the position shown in Pl. I,
Fig. 2a.
The mines are common here at Ithaca, but not abundant.
They are not sufficiently numerous to injure the trees, although I
I 53
have several times counted as many as five in a single leaf. If
they should become too numerous the same remedy would apply
here as in the case of Z. crataegella. - -
Below are given descriptions of the larva and pupa, and Cham-
bers' description of the adult.
LARVA. (Pl. V. Fig. 2C). Wºen full grown 6.8 m m (.27 in.) in length.
Color grayish ; when young flesh colored. Head light brown and about one.
half as broad as the first thoracic segment which is light yellow. Form cylin-
drical with the last three or four segments of the abdomen tapering slightly.
With the exception of the head and first thoracic segment there are, on the dor-
sal surface four longitudinal rows of white elevations, each segment having at or
near its middle one of these elevations in each row. There are also two rows of
similar elevations on each side of the larva. Towards the caudal end of the
larva the two middle dorsal rows run together. Other rows of tubercles disap-
pear in the last abdominal segments, leaving fewer white elevations. on these
segments than on the others. From each of these elevations arises a hair of
considerable length. On or near some of the tubercles of the middle dorsal rows
arises a second, but quite short hair. Also numerous small hairs on the head,
first thoracic segment and anal segment. Upon the dorsal surface of the head
are four very black conspicuous spots, add on each lateral surface an indistinct
one. Also on the dorsal surface of the first thoracic segment are four similar but
larger black spots Thoracic, abdominal and anal legs well developed. The
thoracic legs have the outer surface almost entirely black and smooth, while the
inner surface is gray and furnished with hairs. Abdominal and anal legs of
same color as the larva.
PUPA. (Pl. V. Fig. 2d and 2e). Length from head to the end of the antennal
sheaths 5 m m. Breadth at widest part 1 m m. Antennal sheaths extending
beyond the anal segment. Head furnished with quite a prominent pointed beak.
Two rows of hairs on the dorsal surface and two on each side ; the lower row
on the sides being made up of two hairs placed close together on each segment.
No hairs on the head. Color: brownish yellow, with the exception of the beak
which is black and the dorsal surface which is brown or dark brown. The color
of the dorsal surface is due to a roughened rectangular brown patch on all of the
abdominal segments but the last. Each patch taking up the greater part of
the dorsal surface of the segment upon which it is placed, extending nearly
to the sides and almost to the following segment. These dark patches can read-
ily be seen even in the cast off pupa skin.
ADULT. (Pl. V. Fig. 2). Dark steel gray, almost brown. Labial palpi white
each joint tipped externally with dark steel gray. Antennae of the general hue
faintly annulate with whitish. Thorax and primaries dark steel gray, the pri-
maries with about nine faint whitish costal streaks, the first near the base and
the last at the apex, becoming gradually longer from the base to the apex, all
I 54
aintly dark margined internally, the last three or four nearly perpendicular to
the costal margin, crossing the wing and uniting near the dorsal margin, where
they are narrow and indistinct, A small black apical spot, behind which are
three dark hinder marginal lines in the ciliae, the second is at the middle, the
third at the apex and the first at the base of the ciliae. The one at the base of
the ciliae becomes furcate in the dorsal ciliae. Al. ex. # inch.
Natural enemies.—From this species I have bred two undes-
cribed Chalcid parasites, Sympiegus lithocolletides Howard MSS., and
Eulophus minutus Howard MSS.
THE RESPLENDENT SHIELD BEARER.
(Aspidisca splendoriſerella Clemens.)
Mining the leaves of apple twice a year, and cutting out an oval case, which
it carries to the trunk or limbs, and attaches, a minute, whitish, footless larva,
with a brownish head, and a yellow brown spot on each segment.
The life history of this insect has been so well described and
figured in the Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture
for 1879, by Prof. J. H. Comstock, that it would be of little or
no value for me to go over the same ground. This insect is much
less common than any of the other four species of Tineidae infest-
ing the apple trees at Ithaca. Evidently then no remedy is as yet
needed, but it is well to bear in mind how abundant, they may be-
come, although perhaps in this latitude, (Prof. Comstock's obser-
vations having been made in Washington), our winters may be too
severe for them. If however, the species found by Lord Walsing-
ham, mining Poplar leaves in Oregon* proves to be identical with
this species some other reason than cold climate must be assigned
for the small numbers of this Tineid here. From recent informa-
tion received from Washington, I have reason to believe that, ow-
ing to the remedies used in the Department Grounds for this pest,
they are hardly more abundant there than here; which speaks
very well for the remedy. The substance used was presumably
that mentioned in the Agricultural Report for 1879, p. 212.
Namely, a mixture of one-half bushel shell lime and six pounds
of powdered sulphur, dissolved and brought to the consistency of
a whitewash with hot water, and applied to the trées.
*Chambers’ “Tineina and their food plants,” p, 107.
I 55
It is said of the hibernating larva, (the only form which I have
been able to examine), in the Report for 1879, “no hairs obser-
vable.” Those specimens which I examined had two lateral hairs
on each side of the thoracic segments, and one hair on each side
of the abdominal segments, also ten hairs on the anal segment.
The position and number of these hairs agree with those of the
full grown mining larva ; but as they are very minute indeed, it is
not surprising that they were not observed. Also numerous hairs
on the head, and four dorsal hairs on the first thoracic segment.
THE TRUMPET MINE OF THE APPLE.
(Tischeria malifoliella Clemens).
Pl, VI, Figs. I to Id, .
Mining the upper surface of apple leaves, making a brown, trumpet-shaped
mine scarcely observable from the under surface of the leaf; a greenish, foot-
less, but active larva,
Many of the apple leaves in the fall were found to have very
conspicuous brown spots, which being on the upper surface could
be seen at quite a distance from the tree. Upon closer examina-
tion they assumed definite shapes, and proved to be caused by the
mining of the larval form of Zischeria malifoliella Clemens. The
mine, (see Pl. VI, Fig. Ia), commencing in a glistening spot where
the egg was laid, continues for a short distance as a narrow line,
gradually growing wider, and then suddenly broadening out into
an irregular expanded portion or “body of the mine,” the whole
having a trumpet shaped appearance. The color of the mine on
the upper surface is usually some shade of brown, although I have
some times observed it to be dirty white. From the under sur-
face of the leaf the mine would hardly be observed unless held
up towards the light or examined closely, when the mined portion
of the leaf would be seen to be of a lighter shade of green than
the rest. The linear portion of the mine on the upper sur-
face is crossed by crescent shaped patches of white, which in
many cases are continued for a short distance into the body of the
mine. Often the miner after commencing the body of the mine
I 56
will turn and eat around the linear portion, obliterating that part
and causing the mine to appear like a blotch mine. In such cases
the white crescent shaped patches will be found somewhere in the
body of the mine indicating the position of the linear portion.
These white markings are, however, wanting in some instances ;
but as the color of the linear portion of the mine is a little darker
brown than the rest, we can still tell where the mine commenced.
The position of the mine on the leaf is variable, it may be along
the edge of the leaf causing it to curl over at that point, or along
the midrib, or else between these points. As the leaf dries the
mine assumes a tentiform shape.
Within the mine we find a light green, active, footless larva. If
any foreign body is brought into contact with the long hairs cov-
ering the larva, it will be observed to support itself by some of its
middle segments and rapidly vibrate the rest of the body. This
probably being the only way to frighten off parasites. In connec-
tion with this it is worthy of note that Orniv pi univorella when ap-
proached in the same way, fastens itself by its thoracic and anal
legs and vibrates the middle of its body.
The upper and lower surface of the mine of T. maliſoſiella is
densely lined with silvery white silk. The excrement is deposited
without the mine through one or more openings, which are situ-
ated at one end and on the lower surface of the mine. Within
these clean and comfortable quarters the larva passes the winter.
In the spring the larva transforms to a pupa at One end of the
mine, making no cocoon, and in a short time forces its way partly
out through the upper surface of the mine, and there gives forth
the moth. The tearing of either surface of the mine causes the
larva to die, as it seems bound to get out if it can, and once out
it can neither return nor build a new mine.
This insect is the most abundant of the Tineidae infesing the
apple trees at Ithaca, nevertheless it is not abundant enough to do
them any material injury. The remedy, “collecting and burning
the orchard leaves in the fall,” would apply here as in the case of
M. crataegella and O, prunivorella if they should multiply too
rapidly, .
157
Below is a description of the larva and Clemens’ brief descrip-
tion of the adult.* -
LARVA. (Pl. VI, Fig. 1b). Length, 5 mm. (.2 in.). Head small, pointed, re-
tractile and bilobed Form flattened and tapering to the rear from the sec-
ond or third thoracic segment. First thoracic segment twice as wide as head
but not as wide as the second thoracic segment. The last three abdominal seg-
ments are rounder and considerably narrower than any of the others. Between
the first and second, and second and third thoracic segment are distinct folds.
General color light green, with a brown or even black head. The large dark
markings represented in the figure on the first thoracic segment are internal.
No true legs, but four pair of not very prominent prolegs, also anal legs. Three
hairs on each side of the thoracic segment and two on each side of the remain-
ing segments. Tentaculiform appendages and numerous hairs on anal seg-
ment. Plate Vi, Fig. 1c. On each side of the dorsal surface of the third,
fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments there arise from the same point two
short stiff hairs. A prominent ridge on each side of the lower, and two deep
depressions on each of the thoracic segments.
PUPA. Unknown. This tineid proved very difficult to rear. Out of about
one hundred mines gathered last fall, but four moths emerged. Owing to the
fact that the larva dies if the mine is opened, I hesitated about opening many
mines and am therefore unable to describe the pupa.
ADULT. (Pl. VI, Fig. 1). Head and antennae shining dark brown, face
ochreous. Fore wings uniform, shining dark brown with a purplish tinge,
slightly dusted with pale ocherous; cilia of the general hue. Hind wings
dark gray ; cilia with a rufous tinge ( lemens). -
The Alar ex. is 7.5 mm. (.3 in.).
Natural enemies.—From this species I bred two undescribed Chal-
cid parasites, Sympiezus ſilhocollefidis Howard MSS., and Asſºchus
/ischeriae Howard MSS.
TUIE APPLE BUCCULATRIX.
(Aucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens).
Pl. VI. Figs. 2–2e.
Mining apple leaves for a short time, then feeding externally and making an
elongated white ribbed cocoon, which may be found attached to the trunks and
limbs of the trees. -
As this Tineid is not abundant enough here to make accurate
*Tineina of North America Clemens, p. 141.
158.
observations upon it, a quantity of cocoons containing living pu-
pae were sent to me by Mr. J. Fred. Rose of South Byron, N. Y.,
the past winter. The cocoons were kept in a cool room to prevent
the moths from emerging before the leaves of the apple trees were
out. On May 15th about one dozen moths emerged. These to-
gether with the remaining cocoons were placed on an apple limb
inside a Swiss muslin netting. Three days later, between 5 and 6
P. M., some moths were observed to be pairing. From this and
subsequent observations I believe this moth to be most active in
the evening. -
The greenish colored eggs are laid scattering on the under sur-
face of the leaf. The eggs commenced to hatch June 16 or 17, *
and the larva bored directly from the egg to the upper surface of
the leaf, where they made a small brown serpent mine. After the
larva leaves the egg the shell collapses and turns black. If the
egg shell be removed the circular opening made by the larva en-
tering the leaf can be seen. The mine is usually but I mm. (sh;
in.), broad at its largest end. Where the mines are abundant
on a leaf, it turns yellow and dies. On a small leaf I have count-
ed twenty or more mines. The frass is deposited along the mid-
dle of the mine. When the larva has made a mine from ; to #
in. long, which it does in from four to five days, it eats its way
out through the upper surface, then somewhere on the upper sur-
face of the leaf it weaves a circular silken covering about T's in.
in diameter. Stretched out on this network, the larva which is
now 2.6 mm. long, makes a small hole in it near its edge, then, as
one would turn a Somersault, the larva puts its head into this hole
and draws its body after. Arriving inside the “molting cocoon”
as it may be termed, on its back and doubled in the shape of a
horse-shoe, the larva is then ready to strengthen the cocoon and
close the opening which it made in entering. The larvae make
this cocoons in from fifteen to thirty minutes ; and usually
*The great length of time (1 month) between the pairing of the moths and
the hatching of the eggs, I attribute principally to the cold weather during
that period, the average of the mean daily temperature from May 21st to June
21st being 6lo. The mean da Iy temperature was derived by taking the sum of
the morning and noon temperature once and the night twice and dividing by
four.
I 59
within a couple of hours after leaving the mine. After the deser-
tion of the mine and before the making of these cocoons, the lar-
vae eat nothing, but may be found crawling over the leaves, stems
and branches and often suspended by silk threads. On the 24th
of June many of the cocoons were empty, the larvae having molt-
ed, leaving their cast off skins in the molting cocoons and cut
their way out. The larvae remain in these cocoons in most cases
less than twenty-four hours. The larva before molting is readily
distinguished from its later stages by its yellow color and a large
black spot on its first thoracic segment. After molting the first
time the larvae becomes dark green and has a number of Small
black spots on the first thoracic segment.
After leaving the cocoon it commences to feed externally, crawl-
ing everywhere and often suspended from the leaves by a silk
thread. While feeding it lies stretched out at full length on the
upper surface of the leaf, eating the upper epidermis and paren-
chyma in small patches, but leaving the lower epidermis which
turns brown. A few days after the larvae left their molting co-
coons, I observed a few quite large molting cocoons. Suspecting
that they might be cocoons in which the larva molted the second
time, as the larvae within them were greenish and not yellow, I
placed some of the yellow larvae, which had just left their mines,
in a bottle with fresh apple leaves. After making molting cocoons
and molting, they fed for two and a half or three days and then
made a second cocoon which differed from the first only in size,
being about $ in. in diameter. These second cocoons are made
and entered the same way as the first ones, and the larva remains
on its back inside them for two days, when it forces its way out,
leaving its second cast off skin in the cocoon, and goes on feeding
as before. The only subsequent molt is when the larva trans-
forms to a pupa.
Three weeks after the eggs commenced to hatch, the larvae com-
menced to make elongated white, ribbed cocoons, (Pl. VI, Figs.
2a and 2b), within which they transformed to pupae. The co-
coons on a badly infested branch are placed side by side in
patches on one side (the lower I am told) of the branch. The
moths begin to emerge July 18th, the pupae having forced them-
I6o
selves partly through one end of the cocoon and there given forth
the moths. -
Owing to the necessity of my leaving Ithaca at this time, I was
unable to continue my observations If there is a second brood,
which I think is the case, the larvae would probably be making
their cocoons by the middle of September, and changing to pupae
remain in that condition over winter. I found cocoons contain-
ing living pupae the latter part of September of 1881.
This insect has become very injurious in some localities. Scrap-
ing the trunk and cutting and burning many of the smaller
branches would doubtless do some good. But other observers
state that the larvae will often wander off and attach their cocoons
to objects other than apple trees. In such cases the above treat-
ment would not be sufficient. Probably the only effective remedy
would be to sprinkle the foliage of the apple trees with some poi-
sonous solution while the larvae are feeding, namely in the latter
part of June. *
Below are given descriptions of the egg, larva, and pupa, and
Clemens’ description of the adult.
EGG. Outline oval. Color identical with the leaf. Surface rough and irri-
descent. Ilength 2-5 mm. Width a little more than one half the length.
When hatched the shell collapses and turns black.
LARVA (after leaving the mine but before molting) Length about 2, 3-5 mm.
Width uniform 3-10 mm. Form cylindrical. Thoracic, abdominal and anal
legs well developed. Head a little more than one-half as wide as the first tho-
racic segment. On the dorsal surface of the first thoracic segment is a dark
brown or black spot which can be seen even while the larva is in the mine. The
first thoracic segment can be lengthened or shortened by the insect if desired.
All the abdominal and thoracic segments are of very nearly the same length ex-
cepting the seventh abdominal segment, which is longer than any of the others.
Depressions on the sides of the larva seeming to indicate a lateral ridge. Nu-
merous hairs on all the segments, but small and inconspicuous excepting one on
each side of all the segments. Color: light yellow excepting the head which
is entirely brown, and the legs which are partly so.
LARVA (after molling once). Length about 2 mm. 13ody slightly narrower
than before. Head nearly as wide and longer than the first thoracic segment.
First thoracic segment contracted behind The large spot on this segment has
given place to an indefinite number of small spots irregular in outline, but quite
symmetrically arranged. The outlines of the segments on the sides are not so
rounded as before molting. The surface of the larva has drawn up into folds
I6 I
and tubercles. From each tubercle arises a black stiff hair which in most cases
is quite long. There are six hairs on the dorsal surface of each abdominal seg-
ment, arranged in two transverse rows, four hairs in the anterior row and two
in the posterior. Also two hairs on each side of the segments. The anterior
margin of the first thoracic segment is whitish and furnished with about eigh]
long hairs projecting forward, reminding one very strongly of a spiked collar.
The color of the larva has changed to a green while the head has become light
brown, with a dark spot on each side. -
LARVA (after molling the second time). Length 23 mm. and increasing to
6 mm. before pupating. Form and color as before. Markings on first thoracic
segment arranged in three transverse rows. Head and thoracic segments have
in most cases a reddish tinge. Lateral ridge becomes more distinct, consisting
of the whitish tubercles being placed close together.
PUPA. (Pl VI, Figs. 2d and 2e.) Length, 2.8 mm. Width .7 mm. Form
cyiindrical. The last five abdominal segments may be drawn up in the spring
so far that the hind tarsal sheaths project beyond them. Length from head to
end of posterior tarsal sheaths 2.3 mm. The relative lengths of the other ap-
pcndages as in drawings. Head armed with a strong sharp, chisel-shaped
beak. On each side of the anal segment is a very stout short and sharp spine.
Hairs not numerous and not readily seen. Color: Black, with the exception of
the ventral surface and the sheaths of the appendages which are brown
ADULT. (Pl. VI., Fig. 2) Head and face very pale ochreous, with the tuft
tipped with brownish. Antennae pale ochreous, dotted above with dark fus-
cous. Fore wings whitish, tinged with pale yellowish, freely dusted with brown.
On the middle of the inner margin is a large, dark brown oval patch, forming
with its opposite, when the wings are closed a conspicuous, nearly round dorsal
patch ; a streak of the same hue from the costa opposite it running to the inner
angle of the wing, and tapering from the costa where it is broadest. At the tip
is a round, dark brown apical spot, and in the cilia a dark brown hinder mar-
ginal line. Hind wings pale, brownish ochreous, cilia the same. (Clemens).
Watural enemies.—From a case of this species I bred an undes-
cribed Chalcid parasite, Eupelmus àuculatricis Howard MSS.
I62
I al.
Ib.
IC.
Id.
22.
2b.
2C.
2d.
26.
I2.
Ib.
IC.
Id.
22,
2b.
2 C.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Adult Lithocolletis crataegella Clem.
Leaf of apple showing mine of L. crataegella.
Larva of L. crataegella.
Lateral view of the pupa of L. crataegella,
Ventral view of pupa of L. crataegella.
Adult Ornix prunivorella Chambers.
Position of O. prunivorella when at rest.
Apple leaf showing mines and cocoons of O.
prunivorella.
Larva of O. prunivorella.
Lateral view of pupa of O. prunivorella,
Ventral view of pupa of O. prunivorella,
Adult Tischeria Malifoliella Clemens.
Leaf showing mines of T. malifoliella,
Larva of T. malifoliella,
Ventral view of a portion of the anal segment of
the larva, showing tentaculiform appendages.
Neuration of fore wing of T. malifoliella,
Adult Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens.
Apple twig with cocoons of B. pomifoliella.
A single cocoon much enlarged.
Neuration of fore wing of B. pomifoliella.
2d and 2e. Ventral and lateral view of pupa of B.
pomifoliella.
PLATE V.
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LA H.LVICI