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A A L l 1 5. my}, INN-Fitz" Lia. ailivluxunkun-JJQA :- .A J 2.1 1 . A» A an .I O A i s » .Wv '0» Jiqtrllltlnsl 1‘!!! i A Y I . A . A {Tgiaig a A; . .AQ . .lajlllvl. . A AA . ) l 11...! .A A. a “HEW-.. Kiln? . A A A . A, .. A . 1 . A lioliil l1 .1 ffial. A, 5. . 1‘ AA A ..AA A ‘ A ‘. A . .‘ A 1 A A >.'. . vA . i‘ \ . . A . .A 1 . A 14P=£nnrf PIAII‘IAA.I....§A A I -. v\‘ 4'‘ . A. ‘ . i‘: AAA It A . I A: A .- A A .A . . v A l A : A v .li.i)flvh£i..§liilk.f Aim: iiég? BAAHA .1‘ _ ~‘.>A.. ‘A .‘ . :A. ‘ ‘ .7. .1 5L‘. . .. .111‘... . L * MASSACHUSETTS BUREAU or STATISTICS Rooms 250-258, State House, Boston The Bureau is organized into five permanent divisions: 1. The Administration Division, charged with duties supervisory in relation to the several divisions; 2. The Labor Division, engaged in the collection and tabulation of statistical and other in- formation relating to matters affecting labor andthe condition of the working people, as well as questions of general economic and social interest; 3. The Manufactures Division, which collects and tabulates Statistics of Manufactures; 4. The M unioipal ‘Division, which collects and tabulates Statistics of Municipal Finances, audits munici- pal accounts and installs accountingsystems in cities and towns and supervises the issue of town notes; 5. The Free Employment Ofiiees Division, embracing the admin- istration of the State Free Employment Offices, of which there are three, located respectively at 8 Kneeland Street, Boston; 47 Water Street, Springfield; and 41 North Main Street, Fall River. During the period of taking and compiling the Census a sixth,_the Census Division, is organized. ‘ The functions of the Bureau and the duties of the Director are summarized in » Section 1 of Chapter 371 of the Acts of 1909, entitled “An Act to Provide for a Bureau of Statistics,” as follows: "a SECTION 1. There shall be a Bureau of Statistics, the duties of which shall be to ._.*_i=;»lle'at, assort, arrange, and publish statistical information relative to the commercial, ‘industrial, social, educational, and sanitary condition of the people, the productive industries of the Commonwealth, and the financial afiairs of the cities and towns; to establish and maintain free employment offices as provided for by chapter four hun- dred and thirty-five of the acts of the year nineteen hundred and six and amendments thereof; and to take the Decennial Census of the Commonwealth required by the Constitution and present the results thereof in such manner as the General Court may determine. SECTION 3. The director of the bureau of statistics shall annually on or before the third Wednesday in January submit to the general ‘court a statement summa- rizing the work of the bureau during the preceding year, and shall make therein such recommendations as he may deem proper‘. He shall also prepare annually for dis- tribution as public documents, a report on the statistics of labor, which shall embody statistical and other information relating especially to labor affairs in the common- wealth; a report on the statistics of manufactures, to be gathered as hereinafter more particularly provided for; a report on the financial statistics of the cities and towns of the commonwealth, to be gathered as hereinafter more particularly provided for; and a report covering the work of the free employment office's. . . . The director may also publish, at such intervals as he deems expedient, bulletins or special reports relative to industrial or economic matters and municipal affairs. . . . i For a list of the publications of the Bureau see pages 3 and 4 of this cover. (lip (llnmmnnmralth nf mazaarhuzrflz ‘BUREAU OF’ STATISTICS CHARLES F. GETTEMY, Director THE IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS (Being Part I of the Annual Report on the Statistics of Labor for‘ 1912) ' APRIL 30, 1913 BOSTON WRIGHT 85 POTTER PRINTING COMPANY STATE PRINTERS 1913 APPROVED BY THE STATE BOARD OF PUBLICATION. THE IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. INTRODUCTION. This report consists of three parts, as follows: I. Immigrant Aliens Destined for » and Emigrant Aliens Departed from Massachusetts, 1912.1 ' II. Immigrants in Cities and Industries. III. Foreign-born Population of Massachusetts, 1910. The first part of this report has reference to the changes in the population of the Commonwealth resulting from immigration and emigration during recent years and has been compiled from the Annual Reports of the Commis- sioner-General of Immigration; the second part is an abstract of the Report of the United States Immigration Commission, created by Act of Congress in 1907; while the third part is an abstract of the statistics of population of the Thirteenth United States Census (1910). The report of the United States Immigration Commission2 was recently issued in 42 volumes with a total of 30,000 pages, but the edition was so limited that it has seemed that a useful service would be rendered by this Bureau in making available for“ our own constituency the information for Massachusetts covered by this important inquiry.3 We have therefore pre- pared an abstract of several of the volumes so as to present in a compact form the principal facts ascertained by the Commission relative to the liv- ing conditions and the economic status of that portion of the immigrant population of Boston and of other cities of Massachusetts which was under consideration by the Commission. The investigations of the Commission 1 Similar presentations of this nature for prior years have been published by this Bureau in Labor Bulletins Nos. 38 (December, 1905), 49 (May, 1907), 56 (January, 1908), 68 (Apr., 1909), 75 (August, 1910), 81 (May, 1911), and 90 (March, 1912). 3 Senate Documents Nos. 208, 282, 338, 633, 61st Congress 2d Session, and Nos. 662, 665, 747, 748, 749, 750, 753, 756, 758, 761, 764, and 785, 3d Session. 3 Prof. Jeremiah W. J enks, a member of the Commission, and Mr. W. Jett Lauck, superintendent of field agents, prepared a book on the salient points of this report which was published under the title of “The Immigration Problem” by Funk & Wagnalls C0., 1912. [3] 4 STATISTICS or LABOR -— 1912. \ . Introduction. were of such wide range and exhaustiveness that considerable time was required in securing and compiling the statistical data, and although the field Work was conducted principally in 1908 and 1909 the reports have been but recently published. The general housing conditions in the cities show but little change from year to year; a second investigation, even as late as 1912, would probably therefore have found the housing and living conditions practically the same as in 1908, although the exact location of the Various immigrant colonies may have changed somewhat during the interval. [4] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 5 Immigrant Aliens — 1912. I. IMMIGRANT ALIENS DESTIN ED FOR AND EMIGRANT ALIENS DEPARTED FROM MASSACHUSETTS, 1912.1 1. INTRODUCTORY. The primary purpose in preparing this report has been to show the vol- ume and character of that portion of immigration to the United States which was destined for Massachusetts and the volume and character of that por- tion of the immigrant population of Massachusetts, which departed from the Commonwealth to take up a permanent residence abroad. The data herein presented have been selected from the Annual Reports of the Com- missioner-General of Immigration for the years 1896 to 1912, and from the Annual Reports of the Superintendent of Immigration for the years 1893 to 1895. 2. IMMIGRANT ALIENS DESTINED FOR MASSACHUSETTS. The number of immigrant aliens admitted to the United States and destined for Massachusetts shows a decrease in 1912 as compared with 1911, while the proportion of those destined for Massachusetts of those admitted to the United States shows a slight increase. There has been considerable variation in the total number of immigrants to the United States in each year and also in the number destined for Massa- chusetts during the past 20 years. The number admitted to the United States in 1893 was 439,730, but this large total was not reached again until 1900, and from year to year thereafter, with the exception of 1904, it increased until in 1907 there were 1,285,349 immigrants admitted. This was the record year both for the United States and for Massachusetts. The number ad- mitted fell far short in 1908 and 1909, increased to 1,041,570 in 1910, fell to 878,587 in 1911 and to 838,172 in 1912. The largest percentage of immigrants destined for Massachusetts was in 1895, when 11.6 per cent came to this State. Notwithstanding the much larger numbers of immigrant aliens entering the United States in 1905, 190.6, 1907, and again in 1910, the percentages destined for Massachusetts were only 7.0, 6.7, 6.7, and 7.9 for the respective years. It may be noted, also, that while the number of immigrants entering the United States decreased 1 An immigrant alien is a person, not already a citizen of the United States, who enters this country with the avowed intention of settling here and who is not returning to resume a domicile formerly acquired here. An emigrant alien is a person, not already a citizen of the United States, whose permanent residence has been in the United States, who intends to reside permanently abroad and who is not making a temporary trip abroad. [5] 6 STATISTICS OF LABOR —- 1912. Immigrant Aliens — 1912. TABLE 1. —— Number of Immigrant Aliens Destined for Massachusetts and Total N am- ber Admitted to the United States, with Percentages: By Years, 1898-1912. Number of Total Number of Percentages of Immigrant Aliens Immigrant Total Immigrant YEARS.1 whose Destina- Aliens Admitted Aliens whose tion was to the Destination was Massachusetts United States Massachusetts 1893. . . . . . . . . . . 35,531 439,730 _ 8,1 1894, . . . . . . . . . _ 25,995 285,631 9,1 1895, , 30,027 258,536 1 1 _ 6 1896, 36,561 343,267 10 .7 1897, 24,581 230,832 10 ,6 9 , 23,849 229,299 10.4 1899, 30,754 31 ,715 9,9 1900, 39,474 448 72 88 1901, . . 41,789 487,918 86 1902, 50,939 648,743 7.9 1903, , 65,757 857,046 7.7 1904, ,411 812,870 7,2 5, 72,151 1,026,499 7.0 1906 2 73,863 1,100,735 6.7 1907,2 85,583 1,285,349 6.7 1908,2 57,303 0 7 ,3 1909 2 61,197 751 86 8,1 1910,2 82,666 1,041,570 7.9 1911,2 . . . . . . . . . . 70.311 7 8.1 1912,2 . . . . . . . . . . 70,171 838,172 8,4 1893-1912 (20 years), . . . . . . 1,037,413 13,059,727 7.9 Averages, 1893-1912, . . . . . . . 51 ,871 652,986 - 1 The years referred to throughout this article are in each case the years ending June 30. 2 In this table the returns for the years 1906-1912 are not strictly comparable with those for the earlier years because in 1905 and in prior years all aliens arriving at ports of the United States, with the exception of those merely in transit to other countries, were reported as “alien arrivals.” During the years 1906-1912 there have been segregated from those arriving not only aliens in transit, but all aliens returning from visits abroad to resume previously established permanent domiciles in the United States, and all coming simply as visitors or tourists with the intention of returning to homes abroad. The totals for the years 1893 to 1905 are directly comparable with each other as they stand in the table. IMMIGRATION CHART. -- Immigrant Aliens Admitted to the United States and Destined for M assachasetts, 1892—1912. 1894 696 19!! [9/2 [043000 200,000 600.000 dOQOOO 500,000 6W0 700000 900,000 4000000 l/QODOO £220,000 4JOQ®6 [6] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 7 Immigrant Aliens — 1912. from 878,587 in 1911 to 838,172 in 1912, and the number destined for Massa- chusetts in these years likewise decreased from 70,811 to 70,171, the per- centage destined for Massachusetts increased from 8.1 to 8.4. Massachusetts has always been one of the leading States as the declared destination of immigrants, ranking third or fourth for over 20 years, and having been exceeded only by New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, and during the period 1894-1904 having been exceeded only by New York and Pennsylvania. During recent years there has been considerable change in the sources of immigration. A large part of our immigration was formerly of Teutonic and Celtic origin, but for several years the bulk of immigration has come from Slavonic and Iberic countries of Eastern and Southern Europe and Western Asia. The number admitted in 1912 of such origin was 570,130, or about 68 per cent of all immigrants admitted. Massachusetts receives a smaller proportion of this immigration than the country as a whole, never- theless somewhat over 40 per cent of the immigrant aliens destined for Massa- chusetts during the year 1912 were of Slavonic and Iberic origin. The number of immigrant aliens admitted to the United States and to Massachusetts, together with the percentage by races of peoples destined for this State for the year ending June 30, 1912, is presented in Table 2. There were 16 races represented by 1,000 or more immigrants destined for Massa- chusetts, the Italians (south) leading with 12,611, or 9.3 per cent of the total number of Italians (south) admitted to the United States. Second in point of numbers were the Polish, 7,988, or 9.4 per cent, who were destined for this State, followed in numerical importance by: Irish, 5,866; English, 5,552; Hebrew, 5,097; and Portuguese, 4,967. For several years the Portuguese have shown the largest percentage destined for Massachusetts of any race of immigrant arrivals in the United States, the percentage in 1912 having been 52.8 as compared with 51.7 per cent in 1911, 55.2 in 1910, and 62.9 per cent in 1909. The corresponding percentages for other races or peoples showing over 10 per cent destined for Massachusetts in 1912 were: Armenian, 26.3; African (black), 19.1; Finnish, 18,2; Lithuanian, 17.6; Irish, 17.3; French, 17.2; Scotch, 14.9; Greeks, 14.4; Russian, 11.8; and English, 11.2. The percentages for these several races destined for Massachusetts vary but little from the corresponding percentages for 1911, the largest variations being an increase from 15.1 per cent in 1911 to 18.2 in 1912 for the Finnish; from 12.0 to 14.9 for the Scotch; from 8.9 to 11.8 for the Russians; and from 15.2 to 17.6 per cent for the Lithuanians. There was a noticeable decrease (from 12.5 to 11.2) in the percentage of English who were destined for Massa- chusetts. [7 l 8 STATISTICS OF LABOR— 1912. Immigrant Aliens -- 1912. The 16 races specified in Table 2 are those only which ranked highest with respect to the numbers destined for Massachusetts. There are, however, many peoples who come in great numbers to the United States, very few or practically none of whom are destined for this State. Thus in 1912 out of 25,281 Slovaks admitted to the United States only 205 were destined for Massachusetts; of 24,366 Croatians and Slovenians, only 37; of 23,599 Magyars, only 36; of 22,001 Mexicans, only 14; of 21,965 Ruthenians (Russ- niak), only 627; of 10,935 Dutch and Flemish, only 442; and of 10,657 Bulgarians, Servians, and Montenegrins, only 98.1 TABLE 2. —— Number of Immigrant Aliens Destined for Massachusetts and Total N um- ber Admitted to the United States, with Percentages, in 1912, and Averages for the Five-year Period 1907-1911: By Races. 1912 ANNUAL AVERAGES —— 1907-1911 ’ Percent- Percent- ? oi fitlllglibergi ages of Immigrant Immigrant ages of Rama 0R PEOPLES. .egngn Aliensglz'd_ Immigrant _ens Ahens Ad- Immigrant D t, d mitted to Ahens Destined m1tted_ to Ahens foislégi the United lgestiiined 1011'1 Mas- thesUmted IfDeStKIned or as- sac usetts tates or as- sachusetts States sachusetts sachusetts Italian (south), 12,611 135,830 9.3 13,483 174,121 7.7 ' - as In as a; 18 | . - . . . . 1 0 - a s ' English, . . . . . . 5,552 49,689 11.2 5,959 49,992 11.9 Hebrew, . . . . . . 5,097 80,595 6.3 5,846 97,121 6.0 arse - - - - - as as r: as as a: me p . . . - - - I a - a a - French, . . . . . . 3,160 18,382 17.2 2,953 16,187 18.2 - - - - - - it? as 118818.11, . . - - - . 1 a - r v - Lithuanian, . . . . . 2,472 14,078 17 . 6 2,934 18,920 15 . 5 Scandinavian, . . . . . 1,953 31,601 6.2 2,577 43,821 5.9 Italian 0 (north), . . . . 1 ,529 26,443 5 . 8 2,015 32,501 6 . 2 Armenlan, . . . . . 1,375 _ 5,222 26.3 1,037 3,530 29.4 African (black), . . . . 1,290 6,759 19.1 928 5,171 17.9 Flnnlsh, . . . . . . 1,209 6,641 18.2 1,852 11,762 15.7 Others, . . . . . . 4,838 260,027 1.9 4,229 282,842 1.5 T013918, 70,171 838,172 8.4 71,512 948,033 7.5 1 The following statement shows the States for which were destined large numbers of immigrant aliens of those races which were well represented in the total immigration to the United States in 1912, but which races furnished but few persons destined for Massachusetts: _ Slovaks (25,281). —— Pennsylvania, 11,221 (about 44 per cent); New York, 3,390; Ohio, 2,653; New Jersey, 2,589; Illinois, 2,028; other States, 3,400. Croatians and Slovenians (24,366). —-Pennsylvania, 8,063 (33.1 per cent); Ohio, 3,190; Illinois, 2,978; New York, 2,595; Wisconsin, 1,361; other States, 6,179. Magyar-s (23,599). -—Pennsylvania, 5,161; Ohio, 4,702; New York, 4,236; New Jersey, 3,619; Illinois, 1,297; Michigan, 1,090; other States, 3,494. Mexicans (22,001). —Texas, 18,494; Arizona, 1,784; other States, 1,723. Ruthenians (Russniak) (21,965). -— Pennsylvania, 7,909; New York, 5,982; New Jersey, 2,889; other States, 5,185. Dutch and Flemish (10,935). -— Michigan, 2,672; New York, 1,766; Illinois, 1,344; other States, 5,153. Bulgarians, Servians, and Montenegrins (10,657). —Ohio, 2,107; Illinois, 1,794; Pennsylvania, 1,694; New York, 1,109; other States, 3,953. [8] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 9 Immigrant Aliens — 1912. A comparison by races of the number of immigrant aliens destined for Massachusetts in 1912 with the average annual number so destined during ' the preceding five-year period, 1907—1911 (see Table 2), shows that the order of the five leading races was the same in 1912 as for the five-year period, namely: Italian (south), Polish, Irish, English, and Hebrew. Six of the races specified in the table showed an increase in the number destined for Massachusetts in 1912 as compared with the corresponding annual average for the five-year period, —— the percentages of increase being 'as follows: Russian, 102.5; African (black), 39.0; Armenian, 32.6; Portuguese, 23.9; Scotch, 22.5; and French, 7.0. The percentages of decrease for the 10 races which showed a decrease in 1912 as compared with the annual average for the five-year period were: Finnish, 34.7; Scandinavian, 24.2; Italian (north), 24.1; Lithuanian, 15.7; Hebrew, 12.8; Greek, 11.0; Irish, 9.3; English, 6.8; Italian (south), 6.5; and Polish, 3.8. For all races there “was a decrease of 1.9 per cent in the number destined for Massachusetts in 1912 as com- pared with the corresponding annual average for the five-year period 1907— 1911. [91 10 STATISTICS OF LABOR —- 1912. Immigrant Aliens —- 1912. TABLE 3. —- Number of Immigrant Aliens Destined for Massachusetts and Total N um- ber Admitted to the United States, with Percentages, in 1912, and Averages for the Five-year Period 1907-1911: By Occupations. 1912 ANNUAL AVERAGES — 1907-1911 Percent— ' Percent- gnugibggi Fgfiibeggé ages of Immigrant Immigrant ages of OCCUPATIONS. Aliegns Alien§rAd_ Immigrant lens Aliens Ad- Immigrant D e stin e d mitted to DAlitensd IfDeStfined m1t€jed tod DAliensd for Mas_ the United es me or as- the nite estlne Sachusetts States r Mas- sachusetts States for Mas- sachusetts sachusetts Professional. 658 11,685 5 ,6 554 10,827 5 ,1 Teachers, , 178 2,035 8 ,7 124 1 ,606 7 .7 Musicians, 69 1,286 5 ,4 - 57 992 5 .7 Electricians, . . 64 741 8 ,6 54 668 8 ,0 Clergy, . . , . . 58 1,063 5.5 54 938 5 .8 Engineers (professional), 57 1,563 3.6 66 1,849 3,6 Others. . . . 232 4,997 4 . 6 199 4,774 4 ,2 Skilled. 10,829 127,016 8 .5 10,698 187,715 7 ,8 Tailors, . . . 1,297 18,836 6,9 1,316 19,941 6,6 Shoemakers, . . . 991 8,671 11 ,4 848 8,699 9 ,7 Clerks and accountants, , 933 12,701 7 .3 765 11,101 6,9 Carpenters and joiners, , 908 11,034 8,2 981 13,543 7 ,2 Weavers and spinners, 824 2,909 28.3 1,065 3,571 29,8 stresses, . . 595 7,636 7 ,8 328 4,666 7 ,0 Textile workers (n. s.), 434 1,051 41.3 507 1,038 48,8 Dressmakers, , 430 244 8,2 503 6,603 7.6 . Masons, , 421 4,555 9.2 392 6,348 6,2 Blacksmiths, 340 3,954 8 ,6 317 4,551 7 .0 Mariners, . . . 297 4,124 7 ,2 301 4,897 6 ,1 Barbers and hairdressers, 285 3,100 9,2 222 2,798 7.9 Painters and glaziers, 255 2,816 9.1 259 3,541 7,3 akers, . . 234 3,678 6 ,4 228 3,537 6 ,4 Others. . . . 2,585 36,707 7 ,0 2,666 42,881 6 ,2 Miscellaneous. 40,687 468,401 8 ,7 41,705 544,550 7 ,7 Farm laborers, , 14,418 184,15 7,8 11,742 219,751 5,3 Laborers, . . 12,643 135,726 9,3 17,680 196,458 9,0 Servants. . . . 11,694 116,529 10,0 10,440 95,982 10,9 Merchants and dealers, 493 10,240 4,8 495 11,336 4,4 Farmers, , . 444 7,664 5 ,8 507 10,322 4 ,9 Others, . , , , 995 14,088 7 ,1 841 10,701 7 ,9 N o occupation (including women and children) , . . 17,997 .231 ,070 7 ,8 18,555 254,940 7 ,8 Totals, 70,171 838,172 8.4 L ,512 948,032 7.5 Table 3 shows, by occupations, the number of immigrant aliens admitted to the United States, the’ number destined for Massachusetts, and the cor- responding percentages for the year 1912 and averages for the five-year The total number destined for Massachusetts classified as professional was 658 in 1912, this being 5.6 per cent of the 11,685 admitted to the United States. The percentage of aliens classified as engaged in pro- fessional Occupations of the total number admitted to‘ the United States was greater in 1912 than for the preceding five-year period, the respective Of those in professional occupations teachers ranked first in point of- numbers and likewise with respect to the percentage period 1907-1911. percentages being 5.6 and 5.1. destined for Massachusetts The total number of skilled workmen destined for Massachusetts was 10,829, or 15.4 per cent of the total number of immigrants destined for Massachusetts, [10] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrant Aliens — 1912. comprising, however, only 8.5 per cent of the total number of skilled work- men admitted to the United States, but the percentage is somewhat larger than the corresponding percentage (7.8) for the five-year period 1907—1911. Over two-fifths (41.3 per cent) of the textile workers (unclassified) entering the United States chose Massachusetts as their destination; 28.3 per cent of the weavers and spinners; 11.4 per cent of the shoemakers; 9.2 per cent of the masons; and 9.2 per cent of the barbers and hairdressers were so destined. There were 40,687 miscellaneous unskilled workmen who were‘ destined for Massachusetts in 1912, or 8.7 per cent of the 468,401 admitted to the United States. Farm laborers to the number of 14,418, or 7.8 per cent, ranked first; laborers, 12,643, or 9.3 per cent, ranked second; and servants, 11,694, or 10 per cent, ranked third. For the five-year period laborers ranked first with an annual average of 17,680, or 9 per cent; farm laborers second with an annual average of 11,742, or 5.3 per cent; and servants third with an annual average of 10,440, or 10.9 per cent. The total number of immigrant aliens entering this State in 1912 having no occupation, including women and children, was 17,997, or 7 .8 per cent of the 231,070 admitted to the United States, while the corresponding per cent for the five-year period was 7.3. There were in addition to the occupations shown in Table 3 several occupations represented by a large number of aliens admitted to the United States of whom but a very few were destined for Massachusetts. Only 170 miners of 5,889 admitted to the United States were destined for this State, 173 of the 3,143 butchers admitted, 152 of the 2,098 machinists, 119 of the 1,391 gardeners, 106 of the 1,331 locomotive, marine, and stationary engi- neers, 81 of the 1,169 stokers, and 78 of the 1,006 milliners. TABLE 4. —— Number of I “migrant Aliens Destined for Massachusetts, 1908-1912: By Races, Arr aged in Order of Number of I mmigrauts in 1.912. RAcEs 0R PEoPLEs. 1908 1909 1910 l 1911 1912 1908-1912 Italian (south), . . . . 8,155 18,049 16,182 13,318 12,611 68.815 Polish, . . . . . . 6,062 8,151 9,551 6,152 7,988 87,904 Irish, . . . . . . 6,885 5,689 6,579 6,899 5,866 81,818 English, . . . . . . 5,275 4,879 7,405 7,149 5,552 29.760 Hebrew,‘ . . . . . . 6,481 8,667 4,698 5,861 5,097 25,299 Portuguese, . . . . . 8,879 2,897 4,228 8,862 4,967 19,888 Greek, . . . . . . 4,116 8,202 5,787 5,228 4,561 22,889 French, . . . . . . 1,481 4,888 5,171 8,217 8,160 17,862 Scotch, . . . . . . 1,918 1,770 8,108 3,073 8,080 12,894 Russian, . . . . . . 1,478 959 1,274 1,678 2,678 8,057 Lithuanian, . . . . . 2,118 2,612 8,458 2,585 2,472 18,285 Scandinavian, . . . . . 1,803 1,917 8,228 2,754 1,958 11,650 Italian (north), . . . . 1,554 1,651 2,478 1,758 1,529 . 8,965 Armenian, . . . . . 1,040 1,099 1,608 758 1,875 5,875 African (black), . . . . 996 789 937 1.841 1.290 5,808 Finnish, . . . . . . 1,052 1,910 2,549 1,478 1,209 8,198 Others, . . . . . . 4,120 8,178 4,445 4,220 4,888 20,796 Totals, . . . . . 57,808 61,197 82,666 70,811 70,171 842,148 12 STATISTICS OF LABOR —-— 1912. Emigrant Aliens —- 1912. Table 4 shows by races for each of the five years, 1908 to 1912, the num- ber of immigrant aliens destined for Massachusetts with the corresponding total for the period. The net decrease in the number of those destined for Massachusetts in 1912 as compared with the number in 1911 was only 640, while the corresponding falling off in 1912 as compared with 1907 (the record year) was 15,412. The decrease in the number admitted to the United States in 1912 as compared with 1911 was 40,415, and as compared with 1907 (the record year) was 447,177. The greatest decreases by races in the numbers destined for Massachusetts in 1912 as compared with 1911 were: English, 1,597, or 22.3 per cent; Irish, 1,033, or 15 per cent; Scandinavian, 801, or 29.1 per-cent; Italian (south), 707, or 5.3 per cent; and Greek, 662, or 12.7 per cent. There were four races whose numbers destined for Massachusetts showed notable increases in 1912 as compared with 1911, the Russians showing an unusual gain of 1,000, or 59.8 per cent; the Polish, 1,836, or 29.8 per cent; the Portuguese, 1,105, or 28.6 per cent; and the Armenian, 617, or 81.4 per cent. The races admitted to the United States which showed large decreases in numbers were: Italian (south), 23,808; Scandinavian, 14,258; Hebrew, 10,628; English, 7,569; Irish, 6,324; Greek, 5,455; and Scotch, 5,332. The races whose numbers were greatly increased were: Polish, 13,717; Russian, 3,837; Armenian, 2,130; and Portuguese, 1,934. 3. EMIGRANT ALIENS DEPARTED FROM MASSACHUSETTS. Data showing the number of emigrant aliens who departed from the United States and from Massachusetts in 1912, classified by races or peoples, with comparative totals and corresponding percentages for the four years, 1908-1911, are presented in Table 5. The total number of emigrant aliens who departed from the United States in 19.12 was 333,262, of which number 15,406, or 4.6 per cent, departed from Massachusetts. The net increase in the alien population of the United States (represented by excess of immigration over emigration) during the year 1912 was 504,910, no deduction being made, however, for the number of naturalized citizens who left this country for permanent residence abroad. On the basis of the total population of the country as determined by the Census of 1910, the net addition to the population of the United States through immigration was less than one-half of one per cent in 1912. Cor- responding data for Massachusetts show that the net gain in population . [12] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Emigrant Aliens — 1912. (represented by immigration in excess of emigration) was 54,765, or some- what less than two per cent. There were 4,766 Italians (south) who left Massachusetts in 1912, the largest number of any race, but these represented only 4.9 per cent of the 96,881 Italians (south) leaving the United States. On the other hand the Portuguese, of whom only 1,019 departed from Massachusetts, constituted 58.3 per cent of the 1,747 leaving the United States. Attention has already been called to the fact that 52.8 per cent of the Portuguese admitted to this country in 1912 were destined for Massachusetts. Several other races also showed large percentages of emigration from Massachusetts; thus 22.8 per cent of the Armenians who departed from the United States were from Massa- chusetts, and corresponding percentages for other races were: Turkish, 20.9; African (black), 18.3; Lithuanian, 14.5; and Syrian, 11.7. The races showing each over 1,000 emigrants from Massachusetts in 1912 were: Italians (south), 4,766; Polish, 2,502; Greek, 1,267; and Portu- guese, 1,019. There were several races not specified in Table 5 which showed a large emigration from the United States, but of which races comparatively few were from Massachusetts, such as the Magyars, of whom 4,560, or 25.9 per cent, left Pennsylvania; 2,848, or 16.2 per cent, left New Jersey; 2,876, or 16.4 per cent, left Ohio; and 2,502, or 14.2 per cent, left New York, while only 23 departed from Massachusetts. Croatians and Slovenians to the num- ber of 13,963 left the United States, only 27 of whom departed from Massa- chusetts, 4,009, or 28.7 per cent, from Pennsylvania, and over a thousand each from Minnesota (1,068), New York (1,168), and Ohio (1,288). Of 12,526 Slovaks, 6,222, or 49.7 per cent, left Pennsylvania, and only 44 left Massachusetts. There were also 7,349 Bulgarians, Servians, and hIonte- negrins, 5,824 Roumanians, and 5,521 Ruthenians (Russniak), of whom 48, 10, and 48 respectively left this State, while large numbers left Ohio and Pennsylvania. [13] 14 STATISTICS OF LABOR— 1912. TABLE 5. ——~ Number of Emigrant Aliens Departed from Massachusetts and from the United States, and Averages for the Years 1908—1911, with Percentageslz By Emigrant Aliens —— 1912. Races. 1912 ANNUAL AVERAGES -- 1908-1911 1 Pfeficentages léeficentages Number of Number of 0 - migrant Number of Number of o -m1grant ~ ~ Ahens De— - - Aliens De- Emigrant Emigrant Emigrant Emigrant RACES OR PEOPLES’ Aliens De— Aliens De— £31.79‘? £12‘; Aliens De- Aliens De- 1:31:81?‘ parted parted from Stete m ho parted parted from St tesnwho from Mas- the United D9,‘, 8 w d from Mas- the United D: arted sachusetts States frompaJMassafbe sachusetts fromPMasSa_ chusetts chusetts Italian (south), 4,766 96,881 4.9 5,030 80,347 6.3 Polish, . . 2,502 37,764 6. 6 2,004 28,713 7 .0 Greek, . . 1,267 13,323 9.5 1,064 8,247 12.9 Portuguese, . 1,019 1,747 58 . 3 585 1,002 58.4 Italian (north), 808 13,006 6.2 648 15,951 4.1 Epghsh,_ . 790 10,341 7. 6 514 6,580 7 .8 Lithuanian, 602 4, 141 14 . 5 350 2,405 14 . 5 Scandinavian, 421 10,380 4 . 1 239 6,532 3 . 7 Russian, 385 9,744 4 . 0 282 6.688 4 . 2 Irish, . 383 4.086 9.4 319 2.568 12.4 Fmmsh, . . 300 4,148 7.2 200 2,596 7.7 Turkish, . . . . 286 1.366 20.9 169 1.173 14.4 African (black), . . 236 1,288 18.3 237 958 24.7 Scotch. . . . . 229 3,456 6 . 6 178 2.072 8.6 French, 219 4.189 5 . 2 147 3.339 4 .4 German, 174 15,026 1 . 2 184 14,126 1.3 Armenian, 164 718 22 . 8 156 579 27 .0 Hebrew, 142 7.418 1 .9 179 6,474 2 .8 Chinese, 133 2.549 5 . 2 52 3.099 1.7 Syrlan, 114 972 11. 7 193 1.289 15 .0 Others. 466 75.5 18 0 . 6 586 70.492 0.8 Unknown,3 - 315,201 - — 814,514 — Totals, 15,406 333,262 4.6 13,316 279,744 4.8 1 The number of Emigrant Aliens was presented in 1908, for the first time, in the Reports of the Commissioner- General of Immigration. 2 It was possible only to compare the totals of the year 1912 with the four-year period 1908—1911 instead of with a five-year period, as in the case of the immigrant aliens, since no tabulation showing the number of emi- grant aliens prior to 1908 is available. 3 United States residence unknown; left United States via Canadian border; reported by Canadian Govern- ment. The net increase or decrease in the alien population of Massachusetts represented by the excess of immigration over emigration is shown, by race, in Table 6. The largest net gains were: Italian (south), 7,845; Polish, 5,486; Irish, 5,483; Hebrew, 4,955; English, 4,762; Portuguese, 3,948; and Greek, 3,294. In the case of the Chinese there was a net decrease of 19, that being the only race which showed a larger number of emigrant aliens departing from Massachusetts than immigrant aliens destined for this State. [14] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 15 Emigrant Aliens — 1912. TABLE 6. -——- Number of Immigrant Aliens Destined for and Number of Emigrant Aliens Departed from M assaehusetts in 1912 and Averages for the Period 1.908—1912: By Races. 1912 In- Annual £33.32}, areas?) (+) AvIerage Number of or e‘ n‘ Number of Number of email-(+) Emigrant (25881831121) crgisiejgf) RACES OR PEOPLES. Immigrant Emigrant or De_ Aliens De- gmnts Over crease (_) All?“ Ahens De’ crease (—) parted Emi rants in Immi- D estmed parted in Immi- from Mas— forgfive grants over folilMagz hm; Mi‘:- grants over 828518113223 years 1908- Emigrants 8” use 3 sac use 5’ Emigrants ' 1912 1908-1912 Italian (south), 12,611 4,766 +7,845 4,977 +38,428 +7,686 Polish, . . 7,988 2,502 +5,486 2,103 +27,387 +5,478 as its 1886 1692 1882 iiilt 0 uguese, - 9 9 9 9 7 Italian (north), 1,529 808 +721 680 +5.566 +1,113 Epglish,_ . . 5,552 790 +4,762 569 +26,916 +5,383 L1thu8_.n13.1_1 , 2,472 602 +1 ,870 400 + 1 1 ,235 +2,247 Scandinavian, . 1,953 421 +1,532 275 +10,273 +2,055 Rpsslan, . 2,673 385 +2,288 303 +6,543 +1,308 _ls _ . 5,866 383 +5,483 332 +29,659 +5,932 - - - - - 188 23:32 as 16 +68 +88: ur is , . . . . . . African (black), . . . 1,290 236 +1,054 237 +4,119 +823 cotch, . . 3,030 229 +2,801 188 +11,952 +2,391 French, . . . . . 3,160 219 +2,941 161 +16,556 +3,311 German, . . . . . 885 174 +711 182 +3,644 +729 Armenian, . . . . 1,375 164 +1,211 158 +5,085 +1,017 (lglgibrew, . . . . . . 5,1119: +4953 133 +24,441 +438; nese, . . . . . . — — — Syrian, . . . . . . 838 114 +724 177 +3,186 +637 Others, . . . . 2,501 466 +2,035 562 +7388 +1,458 Totals, 70,171 15,406 +54,765 13,733 +273,480 +54,697 The number of emigrant aliens who departed from this State and from the United States in 1912 and during the five-year period 1908-1912 is given, by occupations, in Table 7. There were 182 aliens having professions who left Massachusetts, or 6.0 per cent of the 3,056 who left the United States. Referring to Table 3, one will note that 658 such aliens entered this State, making a net gain of 476. The number of skilled workmen who departed from Massachusetts was 2,002 in 1912 as compared with 10,829 who entered the State during the same year. Textile workers, not elsewhere specified, left to the number of 411, this being 54.4 per cent of the total number in this class who departed from the United States; the number of weavers and spinners leaving Massachu- setts was 200, or 41.5 per cent of, all weavers and spinners leaving the United States; and 193 shoemakers departed froml/Iassachusetts, constituting 17.2 per cent of the entire number who departed from the United States. There were 10,570 emigrant aliens classed under miscellaneous or unskilled occupations who departed from Massachusetts in 1912 as compared with 40,687 such aliens who were destined for this State in the same year. Laborers, [15] 16 STATISTICS OF LABOR —- 1912.. Emigrant Aliens — 1912. numbering 8,791, ranked as the first group among the unskilled workmen .who left Massachusetts, and this seems a large number in view of the fact that only 12,643 such workmen entered in 1912. The unskilled constituted 68.6 per cent of the total number who departed from Massachusetts, whereas the unskilled constituted 58.0 per cent of the total number of immigrant aliens who were destined for Massachusetts in 1912. TABLE 7. —- Number of Emigrant Aliens Departed’ from Massachusetts and from the United States in 1.912, and Averages for the Years1 1.908—1911 with Percentages: By Races. 1912 ANNUAL AVERAGES -— 1908-1911 1 Pfegtentages Igegientages Number of Number of o - Imgra'nt Number of Number of o - migrant , - - Aliens De- - - ens De— - lamlgrant Emigrant Emigrant Emigrant OCCUPATIONS‘ Aliens De- Aliens De- Aliens De— Aliens De- parted parted from qtgte nwh parted parted from States wh from Mas- the United ‘De Zrtedo from Mas- the United De awed? sachusetts States frompMassa_ sachusetts States frompMassa_ chusetts chusetts Professional. 182 8,056’ 6 .0 102 2,547 4 .0 Teachers, . . . . 49 517 9 .5 28 374 7 .4 Engineers (professional), . 23 443 5,2 10 333 2 .9 Musicians, , , 18 281 6 .4 10 293 3 .6 ctors, . . 14 325 4 .3 4 161 2 .2 Clergy, , , 13 349 3 ,7 11 236 4 .7 Physicians, 11 131 8 .4 6 142 4 .2 Others, 54 1,010 5 .3 33 1,008 3 .3 _ Skilled. 2,002 35,898 5 .6 1 ,851 28,692 4 . 7 Textile workers (n. s.), 411 756 54.4 233 404 57.5 Weavers and spinners, 200 482 41 .5 128 343 37 .4 Shoemakers, 193 1,123 17 ,2 92 854 10 .7 Tailors, . . . . 121 2,650 4.6 71 2,166 3.3 Carpenters and jomers, 115 2,081 5.5 86 1,930 4.4 Clerks and accountants, . . 93 1,850 5.0 72 1,659 4 .4 Barbers and hairdressers, . 84 676 12 ,4 42 602 7 .1 Bakers,’ . . . . . 73 650 11 .2 27 547 5 .0 Machinists, . . . . 72 883 8 .2 56 637 8 . 8 Masons, . . . . . 59 731 8 .1 40 775 5 .1 Dressmakers, . . . . 45 516 8.7 30 496 6 .1 Seamstresses, , . , . 257 15 , 6 42 216 19 .4 Stonecutters, . . . . 35 _ 298 11.7 18 203 8.9 Iron and steel workers, . . 33 497 6,6 21 363 5.7 Blacksmiths, . . . . 30 492 6,1 26 452 5.8 Others, . . . 398 21,956 1.8 367 17,045 2 .2 Miscellaneous. 10,570 244,827 4 .8 9,585 192,991 4 .9 Laborers, . , . . 8,791 209,279 42 8,315 165,488 50 Servants, . . . . 906 ,449 6 .7 676 9,578 7 .1 Merchants and dealers, 250 5,654 - 4.4 168 4,694 3.6 Farm laborers, . . . . 145 3,978 3.6 53 4,571 1 .2 Farmers, . . . . . 111 7,807 1.4 108 5,564 1.9 Others, 367 4,660 7.9 215 3,096 6 .9 N o occupation (including women and children), , _ . 2,662 49,481 5 ,4 2,328 87,522 6 .2 Unknown, , _ _ _ — - - - 17,9922 - T013818, 15,406 333,262 4.6 13,316 279,744 4.8 1 The number of Emigrant Aliens was presented in 1908 for the first time in the Reports of the Commissioner- General of Immigration. ‘ 2 Occupations and residence unknown; left United States via Canadian border; reported by Canadian Gov- ernment. [16] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Cities and Industries. II. IMIVIIGRANTS IN CITIES AND INDUSTRIES. 1. INTRODUCTORY. The information presented herewith consists of data taken from Volumes 10, 12, 26, 34, and 36 of the Reports of the United States Immigration Com- mission created by Act of Congress in 1907. The general living conditions in certain cities and industries were exhaustively studied by the Commission in 1908 and 1909. An investigation at the present time would probably not disclose any fundamental changes in the general housing and living conditions of the immigrant population aside from changes in the location of the several immigrant colonies. In preparing this abstract of the principal facts ascer- tained by the Commission relative to the living conditions and the economic status of that portion of the immigrant population included in the Commis- sion’s study of Boston and of other cities of Massachusetts, the Bureau has reprinted, in most instances, the exact wording of the original text, in so far as the portions reprinted are complete in themselves.1 It is to be under-- stood that the reprinted portions do not constitute continuous sections of the original report, but have been selected from various sections of the volumes referred to, the attempt being made merely to reprint the more suggestive results of the Commission’s investigations in those phases of its inquiry covered by the title of this article. In the following quoted paragraphs the text refers to all of the cities included in the Commission’s investigation rather than to Boston alone. (a) Purpose of Investigation. Congestion of immigrants in large cities has long been considered one of the most unfavorable features of the modern problem of immigration. The Commission, con- vinced of the importance of this phase of the problem, inaugurated an investigation of living conditions among the residents of some of the most crowded quarters of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Milwaukee. The purpose of the inquiry was to determine to what extent congestion actually prevails among immigrants in cities and the conditions peculiar to particular cities and races, and also to find generally the economic and social status of the city-dwelling immi- grant. All information was secured through personal visits by agents of the Commission. The investigation covers 10,206 households, comprising 51,006 individuals. Em- phasis must be placed upon the fact that this is a study of congested or poor localities, and comparison of races should be made with this limitation in mind. . . . 1 All matter in smaller type has been quoted from the Commission’s reports except certain clauses enclosed in brackets which have been added by this Bureau. [17] 18 STATISTICS OF LABOR— 1912. Immigrants in Cities and Industries. (0) Results of Investigation. [The most important results of the-investigation in these seven cities were as fol- lows:] The search for immigrant races in congested districts revealed the fact that the population of such districts consists predominantly of races representing recent immi- gration. . . . Forty-eight of every 100 foreign-born male heads of households studied have come to the United States within the past 10 years, and 21 of every 100 have come within five years. . . . Immigration to the United States has been, on the part of the immigrants in the districts studied, largely a migration from country to city of people unfamiliar with urban conditions. . . . Nearly one-tenth of all the families investigated own their homes. . . . Twenty-six households in every 100 studied keep boarders or lodgers. . . . Forty-five in every 100 of the homes Studied are kept in good condition, and 84 in every 100 are kept in either good or fair condition. . . Sanitary equipment depends primarily on the city. . . . In the households investi- ‘ gated the average number of persons per 100 rooms is 134, and per 100 sleeping rooms 232. The cities may be‘arranged in regard to crowding in the following order: Boston, 144 persons per 100 rooms; Philadelphia, 141; Cleveland, 140; New York, 139; Buffalo, 133; Chicago, 126; Milwaukee, 114. . . . Rent among households studied is considerably higher in the Atlantic coast cities than in the cities on the Great Lakes. . . . A great majority of foreign-born male heads of households who came to the United States before reaching 14 years of age are now able to speak English and to read and write. . . . The great majority of immigrants in the districts studied have come to join relatives or friends. . . . (0) Method and Scope. In undertaking an investigation which was to cover over 10,000 households, the Commission felt that it must not attempt to investigate technical details of tenement- house construction or of sanitary conditions. It aimed simply at obtaining the most essential general facts about the lives ofthe immigrants in large cities. . . . Within each city the unit of investigation was a block or, more accurately, a frontage; that is, one side of a street between two other streets. The plan was to select a certain number of such blocks and then to secure information from every family living within their limits. The blocks were selected on the double principle of congestion and racial hpundiygggneity; that is, an effort was made to Study in each city the most crowded blocks inhabited as nearly as possible by members of one race. In determining con- gestion, two elements were taken into consideration — the number of households per lot and the general condition of the houses, the blocks inhabited by the largest number of households per lot and consisting of the poorest representative dwellings 8 being chosen for study. It was comparatively easy to find the most congested dis- tricts; the building and health departments of the cities, charitable institutions, and social settlements are well informed as to the location of these districts. The greatest difficulty was experienced in finding racial uniformity in the population of the blocks. Under the constantly changing conditions of the cities it is no easy matter to find blocks inhabited largely by one race, and in some instances a block tentatively selected [18] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 19 Immigrants in Boston. as being inhabited by members of one race proved, on closer examination, to be dis- tinctly cosmopolitan, or inhabited by another race the members of which had re- 'cently displaced the previous residents. In some cases the final canvass disclosed that the race that was believed to predominate in a certain district formed in reality only a minority of the households; when such districts are included in the study it is because the race in question was not to be found in isolated colonies in the given city. In a few cases all the families belonging to one race and living in a limited area were studied and families of other races were omitted. In the search for racial uniformity the Commission’s agents supplemented the information obtained from city authori- ties and social workers by interviewing physicians, district nurses, lawyers, clergy- men, storekeepers, saloon keepers, letter carriers, and janitors —— in a word, all per- sons who were likely to know the people in their neighborhood. Much difficulty was encountered in finding blocks inhabited by Germans, Irish, and Swedes, who are older immigrants and have had opportunities of scattering throughout the cities. As regards households whose heads are native-born white of native father, it proved to be impossible to study these in homogeneous blocks. The only homogeneous blocks discovered represented an economic level far in advance of that of the other families investigated, and since it was felt that Americans of native white parentage should be included in the study for purposes of comparison, in some cities selected families living in poorer neighborhoods were visited by the agents. It is a significant fact that the Search for American families in crowded districts of American cities was attended with considerable difficulties. 2. IMMIGRANTS IN BOSTON.1 A. INTRODUCTORY. “ Congestion in Boston is largely the result of topographical conditions in certain sections of the city and of the adaptation for the use of several house- holds of houses which were constructed as residences for single families. . . . Besides the North End and the West End, which are the two most congested districts of Boston, the Commission has investigated a portion of the South End, which is located in the immediate vicinity of the business section of the city, and of Roxbury and of South Boston, which present different prob- lems from the other districts studied in Boston.” B. COMPOSITION OF POPULATION STUDIED. (a) Nativity and Race. [The total number of households in Boston from which detailed information was obtained ‘was 1,416, representing 7,211 persons. For 7,092 of these persons detailed information was secured. The following table shows the distribution of this number by general nativity and race of the head of household:] 1 From Vol. 26 of the Report of the United States Immigration Commission. [ 19 ] 20 STATISTICS or LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Boston. TABLE 8. — Number of Households Studied and Persons for whom Detailed Informa-. tion was Secured in the City of Boston: By General N ativitg and Race of Head of Household. PERSONS FOR WHOM 11132222122511; DETAILED INFOR- Number Per- MATION was SECURED GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE of H ouse_ oentages of ‘ or HEAD or‘ HOUSEHOLD. Total lJOldS Number P61‘- Per- Number centages of Number centages of Total Total All Races. 1,416 100.0 7,211 100.0 7,092 100.0 Native Born. 199 14.1 812 11.3 796’ 11 .2 Native born of *native father: white, 123 8 .7 485 6 .7 476 6 , 7 Native born ofiforeign father: Irish, 76 5 .4 327 4 .5 320 4 .5 Foreign Born. 1,217 85.9 6,399 88.7 6,296 88.8 Greek, _ . _ . . . 49 3.5 235 3.3 225 3.2 Hebrews, Russian, . . . . 249 17.6 1,314 18.2 1,310 18.5 Iris . . . . . . 205 14 .5 985 13 .7 950 13 .4 Italian (south), . . . . 326 23.0 1,799 24.9 1,786 25.2 Lithuanian, _ . . , . 171 12.1 974 13.5 952' 13.4 Polish, . . . . . . 104 7.3 674 9.3 655 9,2 Syrian, . , _ . . . 113 8.0 418 5.8 418 5.9 In addition to the native white of native father and the second generation Irish, the following foreign households, in order of their numerical importance, have been studied in Boston: South Italians,iRussian Hebrews, Irish, Lithua- nians, Syrians, Poles, and Greeks. As regards country of birth, which it is necessary to consider only for the Hebrews and Poles, the fact is that all of the Hebrews are natives of Russia, while . . . over three-fourths, 76 per cent, of all the Poles studied in Boston'are natives of Russia, 21.2 per cent are natives of Austria-Hungary, and 2.9 per cent are natives of Germany. . . . The largest proportion of all Italian heads of households come from the Province of Campania, the next largest from Sicily, and the next from Abruzzi and Molise. . . . Of the total of 1,416 households studied in Boston, 1,217 are foreign and 199 native. Of the native households 123 are American and 76 second-genera- tion Irish. Detailed information was secured for 7,092 persons, of whom 6,296 were in households whose heads were foreign-born and 796 in households whose heads were native-born. In general, then, more than seven-eighths of the popu- lation studied in Boston live in foreign households. . . . Where the enumeration is by nativity of head of household, the total native-born aggregate 11.2 per cent of the entire number of persons for whom detailed information was secured. . . . Where the enumeration is by nativity of individual, the native-born are 38.2 per cent of the whole number of persons. The higher per cent is largely due to. the presence of native-born children in immigrant households. The largest proportion of persons of native birth is among the Irish, which is the race with heads of households having the longest residence in the United States. The [20] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. ~ Immigrants in Boston. second largest proportion is among the South Italians, the race representing on the whole the second earliest immigration, and the third highest per cent is among the Russian Hebrews, the third in point of length of residence in this country. . . . ' (1)) Seas. Of the total of [7,092] persons for whom detailed information was secured in Boston, 54.6 per cent are males and 45.4 per cent females. Among the native- born the percentage of males is 46.5 and among the foreign-born 55.7. Of the foreign races all except the Irish and the Syrians have more males than females. The proportion is exceptionally high among the Greeks, of whom 83.6 per cent are male, and the Lithuanians, among whom the proportion of males is 60.4 per cent. The percentage is 58.1 among the South Italians, 55.6 among the Poles, and 50.8 among the Russian Hebrews. . . . (0) Age. There are more young persons under 20 and more persons of the most active age, namely, between 20 and 44, among immigrants than natives, while the pro- portion of persons 45 and over is almost twice as high among the native-born as among the foreign-born. This is a normal difference; the immigrants bring over comparatively few old persons, and therefore in foreign household's the propor- tion of persons 45 years of age or over is smaller than in households of the native- born. . . . (d) Conjugal Condition. Of the total number of 4,009 persons 20 years of age or over, who report data on conjugal condition, 66 per cent are married, 26.9 per cent are single, and 7.1 per cent are widowed. The proportion of single persons is much higher among the males than among the females, and the proportion of married and widowed persons is higher among the females than among the males. There are fewer single persons among the adult foreign-born than among the adult native-born, the proportions being 25.1 per cent among the foreign and 38.2 among the native-bom. The difference is very pronounced among females, of whom 35.8 per cent are single among the native-born and only 11 per cent among the foreign-born. It is clear from these figures that the immi- grants marry somewhat younger than the native-born and, furthermore, that this is more noticeable among the women than among the men. It must be added that it is not an unusual thing for immigrant girls to come here in order either to join their husbands or intended husbands or to improve their oppor- tunity of finding husbands by coming to a community where the proportion of males is high. v The only foreign race having a large proportion, 66.1 per cent, of single per- sons among the adults, is the Greek; the proportion of single Greek males is [21] 22 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1912. Immigrants in Boston. 76.3 per cent, while there are no single females over 20 years of age. The pro- portion of unmarried women is lower than that of unmarried men among all of the foreign races studied in Boston. The figures indicate that the ‘immigrant population of the districts studied in Boston is more settled than the native population, which contains a consider- able proportion of single men and women who have come to the city to earn a living. The immigrant men have in most cases come to stay, and have generally sent for their wives or sweethearts, and a large proportion of the women have come to join their husbands or in order to marry. . . . (e) Years in the United States. Of the 4,343 foreign-born persons studied in Boston who report the date of their arrival in the United States, 46 per cent have been here less than five years, 70.5 per cent less than 10 years, and 89.6 per cent less than 20 years. The Greeks, the Poles, the Syrians, and the Lithuanians are the most recent immigrants studied in Boston. The Hebrews and the South Italians come next, and the Irish are the oldest residents. C. LIYING CONDITIONS. (a) Congestion. Of the households studied in Boston, 6.4 per cent occupy apartments of one room, 15.6 per cent occupy apartments of two rooms, 31.6 per cent three rooms, 27.8 per cent four rooms, 11.4 per cent five rooms, 3.7 per cent six rooms, and 3.5 per cent seven rooms or more. It will be seen that apartments of three and of four rooms together constitute about three-fifths of the entire number studied. One, two, and three-room apartments are more common among foreign than among native households, while apartments of four rooms or more occur more frequently among native households. The Syrians occupy one-room apartments in 46 per cent of all cases and two-room apartments in 38.1 per cent of all cases. None of the other races have as high a proportion of small apartments, the Greeks, with 18.4 per cent of one— room and 28.6 per cent of two-room apartments, ranking second in this respect. All of the other races live in three or four-room apartments in the majority of cases. The proportion of apartments of six rooms or more is by far the highest among the Irish, among whom it reaches 16.6 per cent. . . . The foreign-born show a considerably higher percentage of large households and a considerably lower percentage of small households than the native-born. Nearly half of the households of the native-born white of native father and the second-generation Irish, and slightly more than half of the Greek and Syrian households consist of fewer than four persons. The two native races and the Syrians also report low percentages of households, consisting of seven or more ' [22] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Boston. persons; the Greeks, with 26.6 per cent of households consisting of seven or more persons, have twice as great a proportion of large households as any one of the other three races with low percentages. The highest percentage of large house- holds is found among the Poles, who report only 8.7 per cent of households con- sisting of fewer than four persons and 44.2 per cent of households consisting of seven or more persons. The Lithuanians rank second in proportion of large households and next to the lowest in the proportion of small households. . . . The highest degree of congestion in Boston is found among the Syrians; a study of the percentages shows that in three households out of four the Syrians average two or more persons per room, in one household out of three, three or more persons per room, and in one household out of 10, four or more persons per room. The next highest degree of crowding is found among ‘the Poles, but only - slightly more than one-half of all Polish households average two or more persons per room, only one-eighth three or more persons per room, and only one out of a hundred households averages four or more persons per room. The South Italians have a lower average per room than the Poles, but there are more indi- vidual cases of crowding among them than among the Poles, 3.1 per cent of the South Italian households averaging four or more persons per room. The Greeks, with 98 per cent of households reporting one or more persons per room, show approximately the same percentages as the Syrians, but show, on the whole, smaller percentages of households living in very crowded apartments than do the Syrians, the Poles, or the South Italians. Comparatively little congestion is found among the native-born white of na- tive father, the second generation Irish, the Irish of foreign birth, and the Russian Hebrews. No one of these races reports any households with as many as four persons per room. . , The foreign-born show considerably greater congestion in sleeping rooms than do the native-born. Especially high degrees of congestion are found among the Syrians and the South Italians. More than 85 per cent of the households of these two races report two or more persons per sleeping room; slightly more than 45 per cent report three or more persons per sleeping room, and nearly one-fifth of the households of each race report four or more persons per sleeping room. The Poles rank third in the degree of congestion in sleeping rooms. The least congestion is found in the households of the native-born white of native father and the first and second-generation Irish. A little more than half of the house- holds of these races report two or more persons per sleeping room, and the high- est percentage of households having three or more persons per sleeping room is 17.1 per cent among the second-generation Irish. . . . ' Several races which show relatively low averages in persons per room show relatively high averages in persons per sleeping room, indicating a tendency among households in certain races to use few sleeping rooms so that rooms may be reserved for other purposes. For example, the Poles show a higher average [23] 24 STATISTICS or LABOR — 1912. Immigrants in Boston. number of persons per room than the South Italians, but a lower average number of persons per sleeping room. . . . Of the households studied in Boston 21.4 per cent use all their rooms to sleep in, 48 per cent reserve one room, and 22.5 per cent reserve two rooms for other living purposes. The proportion of households regularly using all of the rooms to sleep in is 24 per cent among the foreign and six per cent among the native households. The proportion of households reserving but one room for other purposes is also much higher among immigrants than among natives, while the proportion of native households reserving two rooms for other purposes than sleeping is more than twice as great as the corresponding proportion of foreign households. . . . The Syrians report 74.3 per cent of all households as regularly sleeping in all rooms, nearly twice as large a proportion as is shown by any other race. . . . The native-born white of native father, the second-generation Irish, and the Irish of foreign birth reserve relatively large numbers of rooms for purposes other than sleeping; less than 10 per cent of the households of these races sleep in all rooms, and approximately 40 per cent reserve two or more rooms for other purposes. The Russian Hebrews rank second among the foreign-born in the proportion of households reserving a relatively large number of rooms for household purposes other than sleeping. . . . (b) Boarders and Lodgers. , A high degree of crowding is much less serious when due to large families than when caused by the presence of strangers in the household. . . . The facts regarding boarders and lodgers may be summed up as follows: 1. About one-third of the foreign households and about one-ninth of the na- tive households studied in Boston keep boarders or lodgers. Among the foreign households by far the highest proportions, over two thirds, are found among the Poles and the Lithuanians, and the lowest among the Greek, the Irish, and the Syrian households. The Russian Hebrews and the South Italians keep boarders or lodgers in about 30 per cent of all cases; but among the South Italians the pro- portion of single families without boarders or lodgers is somewhat lower than among the Russian Hebrews, owing to the custom of joint occupancy of an apart- ment which is found in one-eighth of the South Italian households. 2. The proportion of households that keep boarders or lodgers is decidedly less where the head of the household has resided in this country for 10 years or more than where the head has been here for less than 10 years. 3. The average number of boarders or lodgers in households keeping boarders or lodgers is higher among immigrants than among the native-born, and is higher in Polish and Lithuanian households than elsewhere. [24] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Boston. (0) Home Work. In only 49 of the 1,416 households studied was home work found. . . . Of the native households six per cent and of the foreign three per cent carry on gainful employment within the apartment. The highest proportions are among the native-born white of native father and the South Italians; among all races the proportions are slight. . . . The occupations in apartments are in most cases pursued by the wife or the head or by the widowed head of a household. In only one apartment is a male member of the household employed. . . . The principal occupations found in apartments are tailoring, dressmaking, and sewing. Laun- dry work is found in seven and other occupations in five households. . . . (d) Care and Equipment of Home. All of the households studied in Boston have a water supply from pipes inside’ the houses, and 90.5 per cent have a separate source of water supply. . . . The Hebrews, the Irish, the Poles, and the Lithuanians have a separate water supply in all or nearly all cases; the Italians are not so well equipped, and the Greeks are worse off in this respect than the Italians. Still worse conditions are found among the Syrian of whom fewer than half have a separate water supply, 25.7 per cent have one source of water supply for two households, 22.1 per cent have one for three households, and 9.7'per cent have one for four or more households. The Syrians live in the Hudson street district, which is old and not adapted to tenement-house use. There is generally one source of water supply to a house, and when five or six households live in one dwelling they are obliged to share the accommodations that were meant for one family. All but one of the households studied in Boston have access to flush toilets. This household is second-generation Irish. . . . Of the 1,412 households in Boston that report data on this subject, 40.3 per cent have separate toilets, 29.9 per cent share their toilets with one other house- hold, 16.9 per cent with two other households, 5.5 per cent with three other households, three per cent with four other households, 2.2 per cent with five, one per .cent with six, 1.1 per cent with seven, and 0.2 per cent with nine other house- holds. The figures show in general that the subdividing of one family dwelling for the ‘use of several households results often in an inadequate number of toilets for the number of households living there. . . . Native households are considerably better off in this respect than foreign households. . . . By far the worst condition in this respect is found among the Syrians, among whom over nine-tenths share their toilet with two or more house- holds; 17.9 per cent share their toilets with three, 9.8 per cent with four, 20.5 per cent with five, 6.3 per cent with six, 13.4 per cent with seven, and 2.7 per cent with nine other households. . . . The Syrians, the Greeks, and the South Italians, who have on the whole the poorest sanitary equipment, are among the [25] 26 STATISTICS or LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Boston. races that pay the highest rents per room. This suggests that inertia and racial cohesion may keep the tenants in their present locations in spite of the fact that they can secure better accommodations for less money in other parts of the city. It is reasonable to suppose, furthermore, that the owners of the houses, rather than lose profitable tenants, would make necessary improvements if the demands on the part of the tenants were persistent enough. It seems fair to say that certain races attach somewhat less importance to sanitary equipment than do others. . . . There are only 16 basement dwellings in the houses investigated in Boston, all of which are occupied by foreign households and half of which are occupied by Russian Hebrews. . . . The proportion of households taking good care of their apartments is 35.1 per cent, that taking fair care is 47.5 per cent, that taking bad care is 14.5 per cent, and that taking very bad care is three per cent. The homes of the native- born are kept in good condition in 54.8 per cent of the cases, and those of the foreign-born in 31.8 per cent; had or very bad conditions are found in 19 per cent of the foreign and in 8.1 per cent of the native households. . . . The Russian Hebrews, the South Italians, and the Syrians show relatively high proportions ‘of apartments with good or fair care. The Greeks, Poles, and Lithu- anians follow, and the Irish have the lowest percentage of clean or fairly clean homes. (e) Home Ownership and Rent. . . . In general, only a small proportion [4.4 per cent] of the families stud- ied in Boston own their homes; the great mass of them are tenants. . . . Of the 1,292 households 43.5 per cent pay under $10 per month for their apartments and 70.7 per cent pay under $12.50 a month. The average rent per apartment is $10.72. The households of immigrants pay on an average $10.55; native households average $11.87. That thelower average rent paid by the for- eign-born is not due to a comparatively small number of households paying very low rents is indicated by the fact that the per cent of foreign-born paying under each specified amount is in every case higher than the corresponding per cent of native-born. Syrian households pay, on the whole, lower rents than any other race. . . . ' The average monthly rent per room for all the households . . . .is $3.13, the average for the foreign households is $3.18, and for the native households $2.83. . . . The Greeks pay on the average more than twice as much rent as do the Irish. This exceptionally high rent for the Greeks is presumably due in part to the fact that many of them use their rooms for storing the fruit they peddle. The amount of rent paid by the different races depends largely on the loca- tion of the colony; thus the South Italians live in the North End, the Russian Hebrews in the West End, and the Syrians in the South End. All of these neigh- [26] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Boston. borhoods are in the crowded sections of the city and are close to the business center. On the other hand, a great majority of the Poles, the Lithuanians and the Irish live in South Boston, where rents are naturally cheaper. . . . A comparison of the average rent per'room paid by the native-born white of native father with the average rents per room paid by the Greeks and the Rus- sian Hebrews indicates that the households of the native-born white of native father secure relatively larger apartments for a given expenditure of money than do the other two races. . . . D. ECONOMIC STATUS. (a) Occupation in the United States and Abroad. In a study of the economic conditions prevailing among immigrants in cities it is of importance to know something of the extent to which immigration has involved an industrial transition. For male heads of households data are avail- able regarding occupation abroad. . . . The proportion of male heads of households engaged in farming before coming to this country is over 60 per cent among the Poles, Irish, Lithuanians, and Greeks; it is over 40 per cent among the Syrians and South Italians, and only 2.3 per cent among the Russian Hebrews. The figures indicate that, except in the ease of the Hebrews, a large proportion of the foreign population studied in Boston has been an agricultural population in Europe. This population has, of course, been diverted into urban occupations on arrival in the United States. . Among immigrants as a whole and among the Irish, South Italians, Lithu- - anians, and Poles the occupation of laborer is the most usual occupation. Of the total foreign-born 27.5 per cent, or more than one-fourth, are laborers; that is, they are engaged in unskilled work in or about factories, on the street, about buildings, etc. Of the Irish 47.2 per cent and of the Poles 46.5 per cent are labor— ers.' Second in importance among all foreign-born and of first importance among the Russian Hebrews is the occupation of tailor, employee. . . . About one-fifth of all the male heads of households are engaged in business on their own account. The high proportions are found among the Hebrews and Syrians, the Greeks, and the South Italians. The proportions are very low among the Lithuanians and the Irish, while none of the Polish heads of households stud- ied are engaged in business for themselves. . . . The number of female heads of households who are in business for them- selves is 30, or 27.3 per cent of the whole number. One or more instances of women heads of households working for profits occur in every race except the Greek, Lithuanian, and Polish. . . . Of the total of 2,639 males 16 years of age or over studied in Boston, 45.5 per cent are engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, 15.3 per cent are in trade, 11.3 per cent in domestic and personal service, 10.8 per cent in transporta- tion, and 9.8 per cent in general labor; 1.7 per cent are otherwise employed, while [ 27] 28 STATISTICS OF LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Boston. 5.2 per cent are at home, and 0.4 per cent at school. The proportion in manufac- turing, in general labor, and in domestic service is higher among the foreign— born than the natives, and the proportion in trade and transportation is higher among the natives. The Greeks are fairly evenly divided between domestic and personal service, manufactures, and trade; of the Russian Hebrews 60.4 per cent are in manufac- tures, 29.9 per cent in trade, and small percentages in other occupations; the highest proportion of the Irish, 27.1 per cent, is found in transportation, the next highest, 25.5 per cent, in manufacturing, 17 per cent are in general labor, 12.2 per cent in trade, and 6.9 per cent in domestic and personal service; 9.6 per cent, or almost one-tenth, of the Irish remain at home; of the South Italians 36.1 per cent are in manufactures, 26.8 per cent in general labor, 11.9 per cent in domestic and personal service, 9.2 per cent in transportation, and seven per cent in trade; among the Lithuanians a very high proportion, 68.9 per cent, are engaged in manufactures, 10.8 per cent in domestic service, eight per cent in transportation, 3.3 per cent in trade, and 2.6 per cent in general labor; among the Poles 48.5 per cent are engaged in manufactures, 15 per cent in domestic service, 13.2 per cent in transportation, 11.7 per cent in trade, and 6.8 per cent in general labor; of the Syrians 41.5 per cent are in manufactures, 39.4 per cent in trade, 7.7 per cent in domestic service, 2.8 per cent in general labor, while 0.7 per cent of them are otherwise employed, and 7.7 per cent are reported as remaining at home. . . . Of the total number of women 16 years of age or over reporting data on occu- pation, 64.4 per cent are at home, and 0.6 per cent are at school. The propor- tion at home is 67.9 per cent among the foreign-born and 48.6 per cent among the natives. . . . The proportion of women in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits is 17.1 per cent; among the foreign-born it is 14.9, and among the native born, 27. The proportion in domestic service is 12.9 per cent, 13 per cent among the foreign- born, and 12.1 per cent among the native-born. The per cent in trade is 4.4 for all the women, 3.6 per cent for the foreign, and 7.9 per cent for the native-born. In general, the proportion gainfully employed is greater among the native than among the foreign-born, although the proportion in domestic service is slightly higher among immigrants. The higher proportion of women at work among the native-born is due to the fact that the native women are frequently the daughters in foreign households and have no domestic responsibilities, whereas their for- eign—born mothers are engaged in keeping house. . . . Of the total number of 1,285 children between six and 16 years of age studied in Boston and reporting data on occupation, 89.3 per cent are at school, 6.5 per cent are at work, and 4.1 per cent are at home. The proportion at school is 90.7 per cent among the native-born, and 86.2 per cent among the foreign-born; the proportion at work is 5.2 per cent among the native-born, and 9.7 per cent among the foreign-born. . . . ['28] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Boston. Hebrew, South Italian, and Lithuanian children born in the United States are in school in larger proportions than the foreign-born children of these races; Polish and Syrian children born abroad are in school in larger proportions than the native-born children of Poles and Syrians. In no case is the per cent of chil- dren at school as large as among the native-born white of native fathers. . . . (b) Earnings. The field work of the Commission in Boston lasted from August, 1908, until May, 1909. Some of the earlier schedules therefore are affected by the industrial depression of 1907. A majority of the schedules, however, refer to a normal year, and those that are affected are fairly evenly distributed among the different races, whose relative position is believed to be fairly well reflected by the figures. . The average earnings of the 1,765 males who report complete data on the sub- ject is $410. The natives average $573 a year and the foreign-born $384. Ar- ranged in descending order the averages for the seven numerically most impor- tant races are as follows: Irish, $510; Lithuanian, $402; Russian Hebrews, $396; Polish, $389; Syrian, $355; Greek, $352; and South Italian, $338. . . . The proportion of males earning under $200 a year is surprisingly high among some of the races. Among the South Italians it is 29.1 per cent; aniong the Syri- ans, 21.9 per cent; among the Russian Hebrews, 19.4 per cent; among the Poles, 15.3 per cent; among the Lithuanians, 12.5 per cent; among the Irish, 11.7 per cent; and among the Greeks, 3.4 per cent. The Greeks, who show the smallest proportion of males earning less than $200 have also the highest percentage of those earning under $400. The proportion earning under $600 is in the neighbor- hood of seven-eighths for the Greeks, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Poles; for the Syrians the proportion is 93.2 per cent; for the Russian Hebrews it is 82.7 per cent, and for the Irish 57.2 per cent. Only a very small proportion of the males earnvabove $1,000 a year. . . . The average earnings of female wage-earners 18 years of age or over is $226. The average is $296 for the native women, and $197‘ for the foreign women. Arranged in descending order, by race, the average earnings of the foreign women are as follows: Irish, $231; Syrian, $224; Polish, $214; Russian Hebrew, $198; Lithuanian, $192; and South Italian, $160. More than one-half of the immigrant women earn less than $200 a year, and more than three-fourths earn less than $300, while only one woman in 20 earns $400 or over, and one in 40 $500 or over. (0) Family Income. The chief sources of the incomes of families of the economic condition selected for study are the earnings of husband and wife, the contributions of children, the payments of boarders and lodgers, and other sources, usually rents or the con- tributions of relatives. Only families with earnings from wages are included in ['39] 30 STATISTICS or LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Boston. this study. The families of persons in business for profits, in many cases the more prosperous families, are not considered. Races which engage largely in mercantile pursuits are therefore presumably at a disadvantage in the showing made. . . . The families included in this study are classified according to the amount of the total income for the year ending at the time of the agent’s visit. . . . The average yearly income for the 925 families studied in Boston and included in the tabulation is $582. The average is $736 for the native and $556 for the foreign families. Of every 100 immigrant families 20 have had incomes for the year of less than $300, 50 have had less than $500, 80 less than $750, 92 less than $1,000, and 99 less than $1,500. The corresponding proportions of native families are in every case considerably lower. Arranged in descending order, by race, the average incomes of the immigrant families are as follows: Irish, $730; Rus- sian Hebrew, $543; South Italian, $534; Lithuanian, $515; Polish, $504; and Syrian, $377. Only nine in 100 Irish families have incomes of less than $300, only 28 have less than $500, and only 60 have less than $750, while 19 have $1,000 or over, and four have $1,500 or over. Of the Syrian families all but one have incomes of less than $1,000, and the proportions of Syrians with incomes under each specified amount below that sum are in every case considerably higher than for any other race. It should be recalled in this connection that 113 Syrian households are included in this study and that the small proportion of families included in the income study is due to the fact that large numbers of the Syrians are peddlers and in business for themselves. The relative standing of these 36 families can not, of course, be taken as representative of the race. . . . Of the 921 families in Boston that report full data on sources of income 86.2 per cent derive a part or all of their income from the husband, 29.4 per cent derive all of their in come from the husband, and 65.8 per cent of the entire family budget is provided for by the husbands. The proportion of families having incomes from the husbands is 87.2 per cent among the foreign-born, and 80.3 per cent among the native-born. The proportion that the husband’s earnings form of the entire family income is higher among the native-born than among the foreign- born; among the former it is 70 per cent, among the latter 64.8 per cent. The proportion of families that depend for income entirely on the husbands is 42.4 per cent among the native-born and 27.2 per cent among the foreign- born. . . . The wives are sources of income in 16.9 per cent of the families studied; they are the sole source of income in 2.3 per cent of the families, and the earnings of the wives form 5.3 per cent of the entire family budget. The proportion of families with incomes from the wives is 24.2 per cent among the natives and 15.7 per cent among the foreign-born. . . Children are sources of income in 25.5 per cent of the families studied; they are the sole source of income in 3.6 per cent, and their contributions form 15.7 [30] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 31 Immigrants in Boston. per cent of the total family budget. The proportion of families with incomes from children is 26 per cent among the foreign-born and 22.7 per cent among the native-born. . . . The Irish and Hebrew families derive incomes from their children in large proportions of cases; the South Italians come next, then the Syrian, the Lithu- anians, and the Poles. . . . . . . . . Payments [by boarders and lodgers] . . . appear in the family budgets in 38.5 per cent of the cases, but are the sole means of support in only 0.5 per cent of the families, while their contributions form 8.8 per cent of the aggregate income of the families. . . . Immigrant heads of families earn, on the whole, much less than the native- born. The proportion of foreign-born husbands earning under 3400 is 52.9 per cent, while the corresponding proportion of native-born is 18.9 per cent; the per cents earning under 8600 are 80.5 and 45.3, respectively. Syrian husbands show, on the whole, the lowest earnings. The earnings of Russian Hebrew .and South Italian husbands are also very low. . . . Of the total number of wives studied 17.1 per cent are employed outside of the home; the percentage is 24.2 ‘among the natives and 15.9 among the foreign- born. Of the foreign-born wives the largest proportion, 28.1 per cent, are em- - ployed among the Irish; next come the South Italians with 16.4 per cent; then the Russian Hebrews with 14.7 per cent; the Syrians follow with 11.4 per cent; then come the Poles with 10.5 per cent; and finally the Lithuanians with 9.8 per cent. . . . v . The proportion of wives who add to the family income by engaging in gain- ful employment or keeping boarders or lodgers is 49.5 per cent. In native house- holds it is 24.3 per cent, in foreign households 53.4 per cent. . . . The proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers will be seen, on the whole, to decrease as the incomes of the husbands increase, and it may be said that the employment of married women depends primarily on economic conditions and only secondarily on racial customs or preferences. E. AsSIMILATIoN. (a) Ability to Speak English. The ability of the immigrant to speak English depends largely on his age at the time of his arrival in the United States, on the length of his residence in this country, and on the character of his occupation and his home surroundings, . . . The Syrians show the highest per cent able to speak English; out of a total number of 102 of this race 82, or 80.4 per cent, speak English. The Greeks are next highest with 72.9 per cent. The Russian Hebrews and. South Italians show about the same proportion, a little over 60 per cent. The Lithuanians and Poles report the low proportions, 56.4 per cent in the case of the former and 49.5 per cent in the case of the latter. . . . ' [31 l 32 STATISTICS OF LABOR —— 1912. “a Immigrants in Boston. All of the 30 heads of households who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States are able to speak English, while of the 921 who were 14 years or over at time of arrival in this country only 60.3 per cent have that ability. . . . Of the total number of 4,368 persons studied in Boston who report in regard to their ability to speak English, 59.4 per cent speak the language. The propor- tion is 96.4 per cent among the natives and 53.6 per cent among the foreign- born. There is a marked difference in this respect between the foreign-born males, of whom 61.1 per cent speak English, and the foreign-born females, of whom 42.6 per cent speak English. . . . Instances of native-born persons unable to speak the language of the country are found among the Hebrews, South Italians, Poles, and Syrians. . . . The proportion of English-speaking persons is 38 per cent among those who have been in the United States under five years, 61.8 per cent among those who have been here from five to nine years, and 77.1 per cent among those who have been here 10 years or over. . . . Among the immigrants who were under 14 years of age at the time of their arrival in this country, 93.3 per cent are able to speak English, while among ‘those who were 14 years of age or over the proportion is 45.5 per cent. The differ- ence in this respect is greater among the females than among the males, pre- ' sumably because a large majority of women who come here after the expiration of their school age soon marry and remain at home, ‘while the men who work outside their homes continue to have opportunities of learning the English language. ‘ (5) Of the 5,273 persons 10 years of age or over }. . . 3,706, or 70.3 per cent, are able to read and write. The natives are practically all literate, while among the foreign-born the percentage of those who are able to read and write is 61.6. Among the foreign-born males 69.2 per cent, and among the foreign-born females 50.9 per cent, are able to read and write. Arranged in descending order, by race, the percentages of the foreign-born who are able to read and write are as follows: Greek, 92.7; Irish, 83.3; Russian Hebrews, 73.1; Polish, 63.6; Lithuanian, 58.2; Syrian, 54.1; and South Italian, 42.0. In every case the percentage of literacy is higher among the males than among the females. The difference is great among the Syrians, the Lithuanians, the Greeks, and the Poles. . . . The age of the immigrant at the time of his arrival in this country is a very important factor in determining his literacy. Thus, of the immigrants who were under 14 years of age at the time of their arrival, 88 per cent are able to read and write, while of those who are 14 years of age or over only 57.2 per cent are able to read and write. There is a marked difference between the two groups Literacy. [32] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Boston. of immigrants in all the races, but the Lithuanians, the South Italians, and the Russian Hebrews show especially great differences in this respect. The figures indicate that literacy among immigrants depends to a great extent on European conditions, and that the length of residence in the United States and especially the age at the time of the arrival of the immigrant in this country are factors in determining the proportion of literates among the foreign-born. . . . (0) Citizenship. Of the 519 male heads of households who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, 107, or 20.6 per cent, are fully naturalized and 95, or 18.3 per cent, have only their first papers. The highest proportion of citizens is found among the Irish. The Rus- sian Hebrews and South Italians show much lower percentages, and still lower are the proportions shown by the Poles, Greeks, Lithuanians, and Syrians. . Of the 703 immigrants who have been in the United States five years or more and who were 21 years of age at the time of coming, 18.5 per cent are citizens and 15.4 per cent have declared their intention of becoming naturalized. Arranged in descending order, by race, the percentages of citizens are as fol- lows: Irish, 69.8; Russian Hebrews, 23.9; South Italian, 17.2; Syrian, 10.5; Lithu- anian, 8.3; Polish, 6.3; and Greek, 2.1. The highest proportion of persons who have taken out their first papers is found among the Russian Hebrews. The Syrians rank second in this respect. None of the 29 Poles has taken the initial step towards citizenship. (d) Residence in the Apartment, Neighborhood, and City. Of the 1,321 households . . . [considered] 80.8 per cent have never resided in the United States outside of Boston. The proportion is higher among the foreign households than among the native, the proportion among the former being 81.9 per cent and among the latter 73.6 per cent. . . . High proportions of households that have never lived in the United States outside of Boston are found among the Greeks, the Lithuanians, the Irish, the South Italians, and the Russian Hebrews, while the proportions are considerably lower among the Syrians and the Poles. The Syrians often travel with their merchandise and the Poles frequently engage in construction work that takes them outside of Boston. Somewhat less than half of the households studied in Boston have lived in the neighborhood of their present residence since the time of marriage or of estab- lishment in the United States. The proportion is 49.2 per cent among the for- eign and 43.8 per cent among the native households. . . . Of the South Italian households 72.4 per cent have lived in the neighborhood where they now reside ever since their establishment in the United States, of the Polish 51 per cent, of the Lithuanian 45 per cent, of the Russian Hebrew 38 per cent, of the Syrian 37.4 per cent, and of the Irish 27.2 per cent. ' f 33] 34 STATISTICS or LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. The proportion of households studied in Boston that have lived in the apart- ments which they now occupy since their establishment in the United States is 16.1 per cent, 17.3 per cent among the foreign, and 8.4 per cent among the native households. . . . The proportion of households that have resided in the apart- ments where they now live since their establishment in the United States is 24.2 per cent among the Syrians, among the Russian Hebrews 19.2 per cent, among the Lithuanians 17.2 per cent, among the South Italians 16.8 per cent, among the Poles 14.4 per cent, and among the Irish 10.9 per cent. The character of the population of the foreign districts of Boston changes rather rapidly; the topography of the city makes it comparatively easy for the immigrants to move from crowded sections where they are obliged to pay high rents for poor accommodations to outlying districts where rents are lower and air space is not at so high a premium. The fact that most of the foreign colonies have changed their location since they first came to Boston would seem to be an indication that the foreign element in that city is likely to become absorbed in the general life of the community in a comparatively short period of time. 3. IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRY. A. INTRODUCTORY. Of the 42 volumes issued by the Immigration Commission 19 volumes have reference to immigrants in industries and two of these volumes (N um- bers 10 and 12) contain information which has particular reference to indus- tries well represented in Massachusetts. The matter selected for'presenta- tion in the following pages has been taken from Part 3, entitled “Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic States”, from Part 4, entitled “Woolen and Worsted Manufacturing”, from Part 8, entitled “Leather Manufacturing. ” In order to conserve space it was found necessary to substi- tute a brief review for numerous paragraphs which well deserved quotation. Certain significant paragraphs which are complete in themselves and which cover a wide range of inquiry have, however, been here reprinted practically in their entirety. B. CoTToN Goons MANUFACTURING.1 (a) Introductory. Attention has been called by the Commission in the introduction to its report on “ Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic States” to steady development of the cotton industry since 1840 in the North Atlantic States, with the exception of Rhode Island, during the period 1890 to 1900. With reference to New England the following statement appears: 1 From Vol. 10 of the Report of the United States Commission on Immigration. [34] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. The demand for labor growing out of the extension of the cotton goods in- dustry [in New England] occurred simultaneously with an expansion in other lines of industry. The consequent pressure upon the labor market was too strong to be satisfied by the supply of labor of native birth, and recourse was necessarily had to sources outside of the United States. At all stages of its de- velopment, therefore, the cotton goods industry has been marked by recurring changes in the racial ‘composition of its labor force arising from the employment of operatives of old or recent immigration. The racial displacements which have taken place within the industry as a result of the employment of ‘ immi- grants and the present Status of that part of the operatingforce which is of for- eign birth are discussed in detail in the . . . [report]. In addition to historical and descriptive matter collected by the Com- mission, original data was secured for 66,800 wage-earners or “ 40.5 per cent of all the employees of the industry in 1905 in the States covered by the investigation”. While the greater part of the report deals with the indus- try as a whole, certain cotton goods manufacturing centers have been selected by the Commission for purposes of special investigation. Three of these centers specially considered are cities in Massachusetts and from the detailed information published for these three cities (Fall River, New Bedford, and Lowell) the principal data have been selected for presentation in this review. In conformity with the method adopted by the Commission the matter is here presented by subjects, the three cities being considered in turn under each subject. TABLE 9. -——Employees in Fall River, New Bedford, and Lowell for whom Informa- tion was Secured: By General Nativity and Race.1 FALL RIVER Nnw Bans-om) LOWELL GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE. Per- Per- Per- Number centages of Number centages of Number centages of Total Total To 1 All Races. 12,654 100.0 9,044 100.0 12,148 100.0 _ Native Born. 4,420 84 ,9 2,358 26.0 8,199 26.8 Native born of native father, _ 822 6.5 534 5.9 1,074 8 .8 N atlve born of foreign father, , 3,598 28.4 1,819 20.1 2,125 17.5 . Foreign Born. 8,234 65 ,1 6,691 74 .0 8,949 73 .7 Canadian, French, _ , _ , 2,452 19,4 1,664 18.4 2,110 17.4 Canadian, Other, , _ 29 0,2 54 0.6 256 2,1 English, .' . . . . . 1,584 12 .5 1,593 17 .6 616 5 , 1 Greek, . . . . . . 16 0.1 49 0.5 1,878 15.5 Irish, , . 690 5.5 231 2.6 1,410 11.6 Italian (North), 93 0.7 17 0.2 17 0.1 Italian (South), 87 0,7 3 2 - 11 0,1 Polish, . . . . . . 596 4 .7 391 4.3 1,032 8 .5 Portuguese, . . . . . 2,401 19.0 2,216 24.5 873 7 ,2 Russian, . . . . . . 28 0,2 29 0.3 76 0.6 Scotch, , _ _ _ _ , 71 0 ,6 59 0 .7 150 1 .2 Syrian, _ _ _ _ , , 98 0 ,8 52 0 .6 33 0.3 All others, . , _ , 89 0 . 7 333 3 .7 487 4 .0 _ 1 This table has been compiled by the Bureau, the data having been selected from each of three tables appearing in the report. 2 Less than 0.05 per cent. 9 [35] -‘ I‘. Q. 36 STATISTICS OF LABOR— 1912. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. Of the employees in Fall River from whom information was secured 65.1 per cent are foreign-born and 34.9 per cent are native-born; in New Bedford the percentages were 74.0 foreign-born and 26.0 native-born, and, in Lowell, 73.7 foreign-born and 26.3 native-born. The leading races represented by the foreign-born employees in cotton mills in Fall River were: Canadian, French, 19.4 per cent; Portuguese, 19.0 per cent; English, 12.5 per cent; Irish, 5.5 per cent; and Polish, 4.7 per cent; in New Bedford the leading races represented by the foreign-born were: Portuguese, 24.5 per cent; Canadian, French, 18.4 per cent; English, 17.6 per cent; Polish, 4.3 per cent; and Irish, 2.6 per cent; while in Lowell the leading races of the foreign- born were: Canadian, French, 17.4 per cent; Greek, 15.5 per cent; Irish, 11.6 per cent; Polish, 8.5 per cent; Portuguese, 7.2 per cent; and English, 5.1 per cent. Of these three cities Lowell was the only one which furnished Greeks in any considerable number. In addition to the races specified in the above table there were several which deserve mention because they are represented by a fairly large group in at least one of the three cities. Thus, in New Bedford, French and Germans were found in appreciable numbers, and in Lowell, Lithuanians, Turks, and Flemish were likewise found. (b) Sea. In Fall River the number of foreign-born males considered was but slightly in excess of the number of females; in New Bedford the foreign-born males constituted 58.5 per cent of the total number of foreign-born; and in Lowell 60.7 per cent. In each of the cities the number of males among the foreign-born English, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, and Syrian employees was in excess of the number of females of these respective peoples, while in the case of the Irish foreign-born the situation was reversed, the number of females exceeding the number of males in each case. Of the 46 Turks con- sidered in New Bedford, all but two were males and of the 1,878 Greeks considered in Lowell, 1,479 were males. In Lowell 60 of the 88 Flemish considered were males. (c) Racial Displacements. (1 ) Early Immigration. — The first cotton-mill operatives in New England and the North Atlantic States were drawn almost exclusively from the native country population available to the manufacturing centers. Most of them were young ‘women who took this means of assisting their families, or, as was the case with a large number, laying by a sum for their Own dowries. . . . . . . It is related that in the early history of Lowell young girls came into the town in stage loads to seek work in the mills. Farmers’ sons, mechanics, I I‘. .1. ‘t [36] . 0*’ .0 .0 O o O Q r. IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. machinists, and widows from the smaller villages also were attracted to Lowell and other cotton-mill communities. This movement continued until about 1840, when the expansion of the cotton manufacturing industry, and the resultant demand for labor, outgrew the local labor resources, and it was necessary for the mill owners to seek labor not only in other States of this country but in Canada, and also to draw upon the races which were at that time immigrating to the United States. . . . . Fares were high and people who came to the new textile towns were usually home seekers. This foreign labor mingled with the native element and imbibed many of its admirable qualities. It was recruited chiefly from Canada and England, Ireland, and Scotland. Immigration from the above sources was characteristic of the period 1840—1880. The history of Irish immigration to the cotton-mill towns dates from a very early period, the pioneers of this race being employed as unskilled laborers before they entered the cotton industry. This was notably true in Lowell, where, prior to the year 1827, the Irish were used as laborers in constructing the mills, locks, and canals. ' In this locality, as well as in others, however, the heavy tide of Irish immigration did not set in until after the year 1840. Irish immigrants con- tinued to seek work in the mills in considerable numbers up to 1895, especially during the decade 1870-1880, but after 1880—1885 the importance of this source of supply was overshadowed by others. Small numbers of English immigrants, as in the case of the Irish, had come to New England before the development of cotton manufacturing on a large scale. They were employed in small numbers in the cotton mills before 1840, and the extent of their employment steadily continued after the above-mentioned year. The immigration of the English in large numbers, however, was char- acteristic of the decade 1870—1880, and that race furnished a large proportion of persons of foreign birth seeking employment in the mills up to the year 1895. During the past 15 years the immigration of the English has rapidly declined, and no recent additions of any consequence have been made to the mill operatives by members of this race. The Scotch were also early settlers in the mill towns, but they have never been employed in the mills in large numbers and form an unimportant element in the population of the mill towns as compared with the English and Irish. The Germans employed in the cotton mills, who have always ranked low in a numerical comparison with the English and Irish, are all prac- tically immigrants of the past 25 years. The English and French Canadian immigration began about 1850, but did not assume large proportions until after the civil war. During the decade 1860—1870 they entered the industry in large numbers and continued to attain a constantly stronger position up to the close of the past century. During the past 10 years the immigration of the English and French races from Canada has practically ceased, however, and some com- munities have lost a part of the population element belonging to these races which they had had before 1900. Scattering representatives of the Scandinavian ‘[37] 38 STATISTICS or LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. race were working in the mills prior to 1880 and have steadily increased in num- bers since that year, especially in the case of the operatives from Sweden. Prior to the year 1880, therefore, the operating force of the cotton mills was composed of native whites born of native father, together with English, Irish, English and French Canadians, and small numbers of Scotch and Scandinavian immigrants. Very few representatives of races of Southern and Eastern Europe were employed in the mills. . . . (.2) Recent Immigration. — The races of Southern and Eastern Europe in the textile centers in 1880 were evidently so small as to be a negligible quantity. . During the decade 1890—1900 the movement of races from the south and east of Europe set in rapidly, and the influx of immigrants from Great Britain and Northern Europe, with the exception of Germany, practically ceased. Immi- gration from Canada increased, but in a decreasing proportion as compared with former years. Of the new immigration, the Greeks, Portuguese, Russians, Poles, and Italians entered in the largest numbers. . . The races coming in-largest numbers since 1900 have been the Greeks, Portu- guese, and Bravas from the Western Islands, Italians mostly from Southern Italy, Poles, Hebrews, Syrians, Armenians, Bulgarians, and Turks. French Canadians have also continued to enter the mills, but in diminishing numbers. The arrival of members of races from Northern Europe and Great Britain has practically ceased. The additions to the operating forces of the mills at present consist of members of races from Southern and Eastern Europe, which are fast displacing the operatives of older immigration. . (3) Immigration to Representative Communities. Fall River. —- Immigration to Fall River has been directly connected with the growth of the cotton manufac- turing industry. The first mill in the city was built in 1813, and the industry had a slow but gradual growth until the close of the civil war. Since 1874 the expansion has been very rapid and has continued more or less steadily to the present ‘time. . . . Although in the early days of the industry practically all the mill hands in Fall River were of native stock, operatives of American parentage are now very few. In the year 1900 they constituted less than four per cent of the persons employed in the cotton goods industry. The English and Irish were the first immigrants to enter the cotton mills, the Lancashire operatives being taken on when the demand for labor exceeded the supply of skilled American employees. French Canadian immigrants followed in the rougher, less skilled, and lower- paid work, and later, Portuguese, Poles, Italians, Syrians, and Scandinavians. There were Irish in Fall River before the establishment of the cotton industry in the city, but their immigration began in large volume in the fifties and by 1875 about 9,000 of this race were in residence. With the rapid expansion of the in- dustry many more were encouraged to come, and in 1885 there were 20,000 of irish birth or of Irish father. There has been no material increase since the date last mentioned. Like the Irish, a few English had been coming to Fall River [as] . IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. for many years prior to the development of the mills, but the heavy immigra- tion of that race did not begin until the period 1870—1875. In 1875 the number of persons of English birth or of English father was about 8,700; in 1885, 13,000; and in 1895, 22,000. Since that year the English immigration has not been large and their numbers have undergone an actual decrease within the past few years. . The opinion is expressed by intelligent observers that the English immigration has fallen off because conditions are no better in Fall River than in the English mills, the industry, so far as the laborers are concerned, having reached the same level as in Great Britain. The decrease in the English and Irish population of the city is also largely due to the fact that the majority of the 13,000 persons who left Fall River during the textile strike of 1904 were of these races. Since then they seem to have been steadily decreasing in numbers and the exodus [appears] still to be going on to some extent. A few French Canadians were among the immigrants who came before the Civil War, but their arrival in large numbers dates from the early years of the decade 1870—1880. In 1875 they numbered about 5,000; in 1885, 8,200; in 1895, 17,000; and at present there are probably 36,000 of these people in Fall River. How many are coming at present it is difficult to determine. Many return to Canada each Summer, some of whom remain there, but there are new arrivals and the race-seems to be holding its own. A few Portuguese and Azores Islanders have been in Fall River for many years, having first come to Massachusetts in connection with the whaling and fishing industry of New Bedford. Within more recent years, however, the women and children and some of the men have entered the mills. In 1875 there were about 175 of them; in 1885, 300; in 1895, 1,700; and at present probably 10,000. Their immigration still continues and today is probably the largest that comes into the city. . . . Practically all the Poles, Italians, Syrians, and Armenians have come to Fall River during the past 10 years, and nearly all since the strike of textile operatives during 1904. They were not brought in as strike breakers, but the exodus of 13,000 operatives created an opening in the less skilled classes of work and they were encouraged to come when the mills resumed operations. These races are still arriving in large numbers, especially the Poles, who bid fair soon to be an important factor numerically in the population. The present numbers of these races are estimated as follows: Poles, 4,000; Italians (principally South), 2,500; Syrians, 1,000. . . . New Bedford. + The first cotton mill was built in New Bedford during the decade 1850-1860, and, although there was a steady growth in the industry, the first real expansion came in the early part of the decade 1880 to 1890, when local capital turned from whaling ventures to investment in cotton mills. During the four years, 1897 to 1900, there was another rapid extension of the cotton industry, and at the present time mills are being built very rapidly. Extensive immigration to New Bedford resulted chiefly from the erection of the cotton mills and began, of coin'se, within comparatively recent years. The [39] 40 STATISTICS OF LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. one exception is the case of the Portuguese, whose immigration many years ago was due to the whaling and fishing industries of the city. When whaling was at its height, a fleet of three or four hundred Whalers sailed from the port. They spent the Summer cruising in the Atlantic and then put in at the Azores, where they increased their crews from 24 or 25 to 35 men by taking on experienced sea- men native to those islands. The whaling vessels then continued on their cruises in many oceans in Search of the Sperm whale. Within two or three years they usually returned to New Bedford with their entire crew. Thus it came about that a few Portuguese remained in New Bedford, and the number of residents of that race was gradually increased. When whaling declined and New Bedford investors withdrew their capital from whale ships and placed it in cotton mills, Portuguese population, as might be expected, supplied a part of the cotton-mill operatives. Considerable numbers have also been recruited from the Azores as the demand for labor increased. At present the mills probably have more to do with the immigration of the Portuguese than has anything else. A few Irish have been coming to New Bedford since shortly after 1850, but their numbers were not large until the expansion of the cotton industry occurred. In 1865, there were about 3,000 persons of Irish birth or of Irish father in the city; in 1885, 5,900; in 1895, 7,800.‘ At the present time immigrants are not coming from Ireland in any considerable numbers. English immigration, too, has ceased to be of importance numerically. It also dates from the expansion of the cotton industry, the population of English birth or of English father being about 1,500 in 1875, 4,000 in 1885, and 10,500 in 1895. At present it is estimated at about 15,000. The English have come chiefly from the mill towns of England —— Lancaster, Preston, Blackburn, and Oldham. They are, as a rule, ambitious to hold the higher positions in the mills, and large numbers of the young men are Studying in the local textile school. The Scotch have been about 40 years in New Bedford and now number about 3,000; of the Scotch-Irish and Scotch- Canadians, there are perhaps 1,000 more. The Scotch people came largely from Glasgow and occupy the higher positions in the mills, a number being loom fixers. The French-Canadians have been coming to New Bedford for about 50 years, and their immigration is still large. Some of those who are now arriving are from other parts of the United States. Those from Canada come chiefly from Mon- treal. In 1875 there were, approximately, 600 French-Canadians in the city; in 1885, 2,175; and in 1895, 5,636. A church census of June, 1909, reports 21,000, though some estimates exceed this figure by 4,000. Portuguese immigration to New Bedford is of very early origin. As already stated, it began with the Portuguese, Azores, and Canary Island sailors employed on the whaling and fishing ships. A few of these men settled here, and gradually more came. After a time the women and children began working in the mills during the men’s absence,. and this has greatly stimulated the immigration, espe- cially within the past few years. In 1875 there were almost 800 persons of Portu- guese birth or of Portuguese father in New Bedford; in 1885, 2,000; in 1895, [40] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. 6,000; and at present probably from 10,000 to 12,000. They are still arriv- ing in large numbers, the majority being from the Azores and very few from the Continent. From 2,000 to 3,000 Bravas, immigrants from Cape Verde Islands, are among the Portuguese of New Bedford, of whom about 1,000 come and go each year. They have been 25 years in the locality. Most of the Germans in New Bedford have come during the past 20 years, though some have been here twice that length of time. One estimate gives the present German-speaking population as 1,000, another reports the total as proba- bly, 2,000. The Polish race has been a factor in the population for only a short time, the past 10 or 15 years covering the history of the immigration. Perhaps one-fourth of the Poles are from Russia, the majority being from Galicia in Austria. Strikes in the New Bedford cotton mills in 1894 and 1898, which caused many operatives to leave, encouraged the coming of the Poles, although they were not brought in as strike breakers. The present population is estimated at from 2,700 to 3,000, and the Poles are still arriving in considerable numbers. Italian, Syrian, Ar- menian, and Greek immigrants have been arriving within the past 10 to 15 years. The Italians are not employed in the mills to any large extent. They are chiefly from Southern Italy, and are engaged in construction work and outside labor. There are also about 500 Hebrew families in New Bedford, but only a few girls and unmarried men are in the mills. . Lowell. —— The pioneer operatives in the Lowell mills, as has already been pointed out, were of native birth and were chiefly girls from the surrounding farms and villages. Irish and English immigration to the community, however, began in 1827, 14 years after its establishment. The heavy tide of Irish immi- gration started about 1840, and by the year 1880 the total number of persons of Irish birth in the city was 10,670. This number had increased to 12,671 by 1890, and by 1905 the number of persons of Irish birth, or of Irish father, was 27,136. Among the English who came to the city in 1827 were Lancaster calico printers, and in 1837 a considerable number of English woolen-mill operatives entered the locality. With these early immigrants as a nucleus, the English portion of the population gradually increased until the year 1895, since which time it has slightly decreased. In 1905 there were in the city 4,335 English-born persons and 7,320 born of English fathers. The Scotch were among the early arrivals, but never attained to the same importance in numbers as the English and Irish. The immi- gration of the Scotch dates from 1829, and the State census of 1905 gave 1,058 born in Scotland and 2,284 native-born of Scotch father. A few French Canadians entered the community during the decade 1850—1860, and continued to arrive in increasing numbers during the Civil War period. After the year 1865 there was a rapid growth in the French Canadian population, extending until the close of the century. During the period 1900—1907, however, there was a falling off in the number of French Canadians, due to the textile strike of 1903 and the indus- trial depression of 1907. At the present time the French Canadian population of l 41] 42 STATISTICS or LABOR— 1912. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. Lowell, according to careful estimates is 21,500, including persons native-born of French Canadian fathers. Swedish and German immigration to Lowell has never assumed any large proportions, the cotton mill occupations not appealing to members of either of these races. Portuguese first entered Lowell from New Bedford about the year 1870, and constituted a very small proportion of the operating forces of the mills until the period 1895—1900. In 1902 the Portuguese population of the city was about 950, and at the present time it is estimated at 2,200, including 440 families and between 600 and 700 children under 12 years of age. The Greeks first sought work in the Lowell cotton mills in 1895, and since that year there has been a remarkable increase in the Greek colony, which at the present time is estimated to embrace 8,000 persons, of whom about 1,000 are women, 500 are children, and 6,500 are men. The Polish immigration, as in the case of the Greek, began after 1895, but has not increased so rapidly. The census of 1900 showed over 400 Poles, and at the present time (1909) there are estimated to be in Lowell 2,200 Poles. The Lithuanians in the city have practically all arrived during the past three [or] four years. At present there are about 800 Lithuanians in Lowell, including about 500 men, 175 women, and 125 children. Other races which have arrived during the past five years are represented in the city’s population by 300 Armenians, 800 Hebrews, 300 Turks, and between 200 and 300 Syrians. . . . (4) Length of Residence. —- [Of 8,024 foreign—born employees considered in the cotton mills in Fall River,] 21.7 per cent have been in the United States under five years; 19.7 per cent have been here from five to nine years; 12.7 per cent have been here from 10 to 14 years; 14.4 per cent have been here from 15 to 19 years; 31.4 per cent have been here 20 years or over. In other words, more than one-fifth of all the individuals have been in the United States less than five years, and more than one-half less than 15 years. . . . The percentages show that a very large proportion of the natives of Southern and Eastern Europe have been here less than 15 years, while the majority of the English, Irish, and French Canadians have been here over 15 years. Of the Irish, 70.0 per cent have been in the United States 20 years or over. . . . _ [Of the 6,610 foreign—born employees considered in New Bedford, 32.1 per cent have been in the United States less than five years, 24.1 per cent have been here from five to nine years; 12.4 per cent from 10 to 14 years; 14.1 per cent from 15 to 19 years, and 17.3 per cent, 20 years or over.] Of the employees [in Lowell] for whom information was secured, 37 per cent have been in the United States under five years; 17.3 per cent have been here from five to nine years; 9.3 per cent have been here from 10 to 14 years; 10.3 per cent have been here from 15 to 19 years; 26.1 per cent have been here 20 years or over. Of the foreign-born, 54.3 per cent have been in the United States less than 10 years. . . . [4'2] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 43 Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. (d) The Immigrant and Organized Labor.1 Fall River, Massachusetts, is the only distinctly trade-union locality in the industry in New England. Fall River rates of pay dominate the industry, and strikes and wages contests in that city have been numerous. In New Bedford, Lowell, and Manchester [New Hampshire], there are no union agreements, and where any labor organizations exist they are very weak. As a rule, each community has a number of operatives affiliated with trade unions, but such membership is usually general and not local. . . . Among the cotton-mill operatives in Fall River there are five unions, includ- ing the weavers, carders, mule spinners, slasher tenders, and loom fixers. The ring spinners, pickers, spoolers, and drawers-in have no unions of their own, but a few of the workers in these occupations belong to some of the above—mentioned unions. The teamsters and other manual laborers are unorganized. Of the total number of operatives in the city, not more than 9,000 are now active members of the unions, though at one time or another probably 22,000 to 24,000 of them have been members. Although not more than one-third, therefore, of the operatives are at present members of the unions, all the operatives are strongly union in their . sympathies and in case of labor troubles have stood with the union people. As a consequence, the manufacturers have had to deal with a fairly solid union senti- ment. . . . A I The unions have educated recent immigrants as they entered the industry as to what conditions they should expect and what rates of pay they should demand. When the Poles, Portuguese, and other recent immigrants enter the cotton indus— try in Fall River they are forced to take up unskilled work, or, in other words, they begin at the bottom in some such department as the picking room. Weav- ing and spinning are, comparatively speaking, skilled occupations and require a considerable time to learn. Foreigners, therefore, do not at once enter these trades. Many of them never advance beyond the unskilled work. These occu- pations are not organized, and the coming of the foreigner there does not concern the textile unions. Since the textile occupations themselves, which are unionized, are thus protected, by the long time required to attain proficiency, from any . sudden or immediate competition of unorganized foreigners, these unions are not strongly opposed to the immigrants gradually working into their trades. The process is bound to be gradual, and it gives the unions time to get control of the foreigner. Automatic or improved machinery might change this situation, and the coming of the immigrant might then be a more serious matter for the unions and might subject them to disastrous competition from unorganized workers accustomed to a lower standard of wages, but that is not the condition at present. When the immigrants do advance to such work as weaving and spinning 1 The reader should bear in mind that this matter relative to “ The Immigrant and Organized Labor ” was prepared in 1909. At the close of 1912 there were seven unions of textile workers in Fall River with a member- ship of approximately 4,500. —— Ed. [43] 44 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1912. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. the textile unions admit them to membership. The labor organizations often have to undergo more or less trouble and expense in inducing the immi- grants to enter the unions. In cases where there are operatives of the second generation they more readily take the union view of the case and gradually come in. They are then used to secure the foreign-born members of their respective races. In any case the union after the admission of the alien operatives, is said usually not to be so uniform, compact, and harmonious a body as before. As regards the attitude of the immigrants toward the unions, when they advance to the skilled, organized occupations, even if they do not join the unions, they do not oppose the organization or out under the union wages. As a rule they do not understand trade-union principles very well and often confuse the unions with socialistic ideas of their own, and consequently the unions not only have to spend time and money in organizing the foreigners but have to educate them in trade-union ideas. At the time of Strikes the recent immigrants come into the unions in large numbers, but often- let their membership lapse when the controversy is over. They do not yet constitute a steady and reliable trade-union class as do the English, Irish, and Americans. This does not apply to the French Canadians who have been in Fall River long enough to have become well Americanized and are strong trade-unionists. The ill effects upon the unions resulting from the presence in the industry of later immigrants, according to the statement of the union officials, is not their hostility to the unions but the retarding influence which they exert upon progress. Many, they state, have been accustomed to lower wages and poorer conditions abroad than they find in this country, and therefore consider themselves well situated here, although from the American viewpoint wages may be low, working conditions unsatisfactory, and the unions trying to improve them. This being the case the immigrants do not look forward so eagerly to bettering conditions. They are more easily satisfied, and, while they may resist a decrease in wages as energetically as any one else, they are not aggressively seeking their general bet- terment. Hence they act as a retarding influence and tend to make slower the accomplishment of better conditions. The union leaders realize that they must educate them to the demands of the organization, and claim that they really have to rely on the second generation for results. This is the chief objection of the unions to the recent immigrant as the matter now stands. It imposes additional burdens on the unions and retards their work. At present in Fall River there are foreigners of all the different races repre- sented in the local textile unions. The development of union sentiment among them is largely a matter of growth resulting from their association with unionized fellow-workmen. In times of strikes these foreigners have stood by the unions, even though previously they may not have been members. . . . [44] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. (e) Reasons for Employing Immigrants. The chief reason for the employment of immigrants has been the impossi- _ bility of securing other labor to supply the demand caused by the expansion of the industry. Without the immigrant labor supply, the development of the cotton-goods industry to its present status in New England and other North Atlantic States could not have taken place. With the exception of the skilled operatives from Great Britain, representatives of other races were’ at first em- ployed in the unskilled occupations of the industry, and a large number of the earlier arrivals from Canada and Ireland were employed in the construction of the mills. In Fall River, the English and Irish were originally secured because the mills were being rapidly put into operation and skilled operatives could not be obtained among the native Americans. On the other hand, the employ— ment of the French Canadians was due to a scarcity of labor for the rougher, less skilled work. The Portuguese, Poles, Syrians, Italians, and other races of more recent immigration supplied the demand for labor in the lower paid occu- pations resulting from the rise of the French Canadians and Irish in the industrial scale, and by a further extension of the industry. Special opportunities for the Southern and Eastern European to secure work occurred when a large number of operatives left Fall River during or after the strike of 1904. Practically the same developments, with one or two exceptions, have occurred in New Bedford, Man- chester, and Lowell as in Fall River. The comparatively large number of Bravas and Portuguese who secured work in the New Bedford mills, was obviously due to the presence of these races in the city on account of its importance as a ship- ping point and whaling-expedition center prior to the erection of the cotton mills. A local situation similar in character but of different import is afforded by the employment of Greeks in such comparatively large numbers in the Lowell mills, ' the influx of this race into that city being started by a fellow-countryman and the movement stimulated by subsequent labor dissensions between the mills and other races employed. . . . (f) General Progress and Assimilation. Whether or not the demand for operatives could and would have been met by native-born labor in the absence of any other is a question, but that there has been a continuous change in the working force of the cotton goods manufacturing industry, that one race has succeeded another for many decades, and that the present racial composition of the operative class has almost nothing in common with that of 80 years ago are indisputable facts. As to whether or not the expression “ crowding out” fairly describes the proc- ess of displacement there is a difference of opinion. Those who consider the gradual nature of the change which has taken place and the relatively peaceful history of the industry are inclined to soften the term. What ordinarily occurs [45] 46 STATISTICS or LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. is that a few pioneering members of a race secure employment in the rougher and less attractive grades of work and form the nucleus of a gradually increasing body of workmen of that race. The transition from one race to another, or the process by which one race is said to drive another out and up, is almost imper- ceptible. At any time representatives of many nationalities may be found in one occupation. The numerical proportion which they bear to one another, how- ever, is seen in a considerable period of time to have changed. All things considered, the expression commonly used is not too strong to describe what has actually taken place, but it must in fairness be added that the crowding out of natives and early immigrants has been supplemented by a process of withdrawal due to the additional opportunities afforded by the industrial expansion of later years. Almost invariably the race displaced rises in the social and industrial scale, not infrequently becoming the teachers and employers of the children of the succeeding operative class. An important consideration bearing on the displacement of labor is the discontent of American working people with the conditions in the cotton factories. The American girls who we're once found in such numbers in the mills are now in almost negligible minority; the daughters and granddaughters of native Americans may practically be left out of consideration in speaking of mill operatives. The Irish and French Canadian girls have begun to be affected with a discontent with mill work, though the latter still constitute probably the largest class of female operatives. Turning to the reasons which give rise to the foregoing facts, in the first place it is found that wages in the cotton mills are too low to be attractive to ambitious young people when native-born or Americanized; in the second place, education and the desire for work less mechanical and confining than the superintending of noisy and monotonous processes lead these young men and women to seek their fortunes elsewhere; and, in the third place, the fact that the mill occupations have passed so largely into the hands of immigrants has rendered such work in the eyes of the former operatives less worthy and respectable. The effect of the employment of recent immigrants upon the use of machinery is small beyond stimulating the invention of automatic devices. At the present time new mechanical devices for utilizing unskilled labor are being adopted. Each improvement in the direction of automatic machines or machines that leave less to the skill of the operatives hastens the advance of the lower skilled immigrants to positions now held by more skilled and better-paid workers and tends to increase the number of the recent immigrants in the industry. Some superintendents claim that the employment of large numbers of recent immi- grants will stimulate the invention and use of such machinery —— first, because they can be secured at lower wages, and hence there is a double lowering of labor cost wherethe machine has a greater output, as most have; second, because it is an open question whether these foreigners can ever become as skillful as the best English and Irish, and if not, better machines must be invented to meet the situation. ' [46] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. (g) Industrial Progress and Efliciency. The American, English, Irish, and French Canadians have in all localities advanced to the better paid and more skilled occupations. The Portuguese are also making progress slowly in the same direction, the greatest advancement of this race being in New Bedford, where they have been longest employed. The Poles, Syrians, Italians, Greeks, and other recent immigrants have not made much progress, but they have been in the industry only a short time and have not yet had sufficient opportunity to show how rapidly they will acquire skill enough to advance into better work. None of the recent immigrants have be- come foremen, for several reasons: (1) They have not been in the industry long enough to acquire the requisite skill and experience; (2) they could not be of sufficient value to the mills in securing operatives, for the reason that when there is a lack of employees the supervisors and second hands assist in procuring the help needed. For the most part they depend on their own races. Supervisors of the races of recent immigration would now be a failure in this branch of the work, because those of these races who are in skilled occupations in the industry are not numerous enough to furnish many, to draw from; (3) the appointment of supervisors of these races would drive most of the English and Irish workers and many of those who are of French Canadian descent out of the mills, and hence it would not be good policy as yet to appoint them even if they had the necessary skill. A representation of the general situation is afforded by one of the largest mills in New England, which employs a wide variety of races and has 75 over- seers. Of this number, three are Germans, three Scotch, two French Canadians, four Irish, one English, two Canadians, and the remainder Americans. Prac- tically all mill superintendents unite in the statement that recent immigrants will eventually work up to such positions, Portuguese first, probably, and others later. Because of the fact that races employed in one mill or locality are not em- ployed in another, it is difficult to secure any consensus of opinion from employers as to the relative progress of operatives according to nativity and race. A general estimate of the opinions and preferences of the mill superintendents and of em- ployers of the different classes of employees may be obtained by summarizing the opinions given in some of the representative localities. In Fall River and New Bedford, . . . the consensus of opinion of mill superintendents, regarding the various races employed by them, gives the following ranking according to the standards specified. 1. General Efiiciency. —— American, English and Irish, French Canadian, North Italian, Portuguese, Polish, South Italian, Syrian. 2. Progress. — Same as for efficiency, above. 3. Adaptability. -— American, English, Irish, French Canadian, North Italian, South Italian, Portuguese, Syrian and Polish. [47] 48 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1912. Immigrants in Cotton Goods Manufacturing. 4. Tractability. —— Portuguese, French Canadian, North Italian, American, Irish, English, Polish, Syrian and South Italian. 5. I ndustriousness. — Portuguese, French Canadian, North Italian, Ameri- can, English, Irish, Polish, South Italian, Syrian. The low ranking of American, English, and Irish racial groups as to trac- tability in the above summary is due to the employers’ objection to these races on the ground that they organize and take an active interest in labor unions. . . (h) School Attendance. In [Fall River] information as to nativity and race of father was secured for 13,926 pupils in public and 5,722 pupils in Parochial Schools. Of the pupils in public schools, 67.2 per cent were of foreign parentage, 32.4 per cent were chil- dren of native whites, and only three-tenths of one per cent were children of native negroes; while of the pupils in parochial schools 81.7 per cent were of for- eign parentage and‘ the remainder were the children of native whites. Among the foreign-born the English, Portuguese, French Canadians, Irish, and Russian Hebrews, in the order mentioned, have the largest representation in the public schools. In the parochial schools 58.1 per cent of the pupils were of French _ Canadian parentage, 10.1 per cent of Irish, and 6.7 per cent of English parent- age. . . . (i) Naturalization. [Of 863 foreign-born male employees in Fall River cotton mills who had been in the United States five years or Over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, 245, or] 28.4 per cent, are fully naturalized [and 74, or] 8.6 per cent have first papers only. Thus it is Seen that only 37 per cent have taken interest in becoming citizens, the remaining 63 per cent having taken no steps whatsoever toward naturalization. Comparing the diHerent races represented in the locality marked differences are noticeable. The Irish and English Show the greatest interest in becoming naturalized, nearly 75 per cent of-each race either being fully naturalized or having first papers. The Irish have 64.2 per cent fully naturalized and an additional 10.4 per cent with first papers, and the English have 58.1 per cent fully naturalized and 15.8 per cent with first papers only. The Poles and Portuguese show almost no interest in the matter of citizenship, each race having less than four per cent of their number who have taken any steps toward becoming naturalized. These comparisons show a much more active interest on the part of the Old immigrants than the new immigrants. The French Canadians, however, although old immigrants, do not approach the activity and interest shown by the English and Irish, only 11.5 per cent of this race being fully naturalized and 6.4 per cent with first papers. This may, perhaps, be explained by the ‘fact that the French Canadians are So near home and return there so often that they are not so likely [43] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. to look upon the United States as a permanent home as are the Irish and the English. . . . Among those who have resided in the United‘ States for 10 or more years the proportion of fully naturalized males is greatly in excess of the proportion of naturalized males in the previous period of residence group. Of the English with a residence of 10 years or over in this country 69.2 per cent are fully natural- ized, as compared with 13.6 per cent of the French Canadians and 4.1 per cent of the Portuguese; while of those who have secured first papers only, the English, 10.3 per cent, show the largest proportion, followed by the French Canadians and Portuguese, who report 6.1 and 2.7 per cent, respectively. . . . [Of 790 foreign-born males in New Bedford cotton mills who had been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,] 226, or 28.6 per cent, are fully naturalized, and 127, or 16.1 per cent, have first papers only, leaving 55.3 per cent who have taken no steps toward naturalization. There are only three races with 40 or more males reporting information. Of the three the English show by far the greatest activity in becom- ing citizens. Over 75 per cent of the 348 English reporting have taken some steps toward naturalization, 46.6 percent being fully naturalized and 29.9 per cent having first papers only. Only 10 of the 205 Portuguese, or a bare five per cent, have either first or second papers. As a race they may be said to have taken no interest in becoming citizens. The French Canadians report 18.6 per cent fully naturalized and two per cent with first papers. . In [Lowell] 21.4 per cent of the foreign-born male employees for whom in- formation was secured are fully naturalized and 6.7 per cent have first papers only. Of the races for which the percentages have been computed the Irish, followed by the English, have the largest and the Poles the smallest proportion of fully naturalized persons, and the English and Irish in the order named have the largest proportions of individuals having first papers only. . . . C. WOOLEN AND WORSTED Goons MANUFACTURINa.1 (a) Introductory. With reference to the growth of this industry the Commission states that “ During the past 40 years the manufacture of worsted and woolen goods in the United States has undergone a rapid development. . . . From the standpoint of recent and past immigration, the most signifi- cant fact in connection with the growth of the industry has been the ex- pansion of the operating forces which led to the necessity of recruiting employees from the members of immigrant races. The average number of woolen and worsted goods operatives in the United States in 1880 was 132,672, and in 1905, 179,976.” . . . In the course of its investigation of this industry the Commission 1 From Vol. 10 of the Report of the United States Immigration Commission. 149 l 50 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1912. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. collected considerable descriptive and historical material, obtained original data from 440 households and detailed information for 40,533 individual operatives. The investigation was confined to nine States, having 166,385 employees in the industry in 1905. The original data for individual oper- atives represented, therefore, 24.4 per cent of the total number employed in 1905. The bulk of this report consists of a “General Survey of the I/Voolen and Worsted Goods Industry in the North Atlantic States” but the report also contains a “Study of a Representative Worsted Goods Manufacturing Community”, and it is from this latter study that the matter here pre- sented has been, for the most part, selected. In the general survey, how- ever, two localities in Massachusetts were specially considered in the fol- lowing paragraphs: There were in the city of Lawrence, in 1900, 7,180 woolen and worsted mill operatives. Of these, 374 were native-born whites of native parents, 2,005 were native-born whites of foreign parents, and 4,801 were foreign-born whites. In other words, between 65 and 70 per cent of all the workers were foreign-born. It will be noted that among the employees having one or both parents born abroad those of Irish, British, German, and French Canadian parentage, in the Order mentioned, had the largest representation. The proportion of workers of N orth- ern and Western European, British, and Canadian parentage was thus much larger than the proportion of workers of Southern and Eastern European parent- age. . . . As early as 1853 foreign-born persons settled in Lawrence. . . . The first to locate were the Germans who were followed by the English, a large number of whom located here prior to the arrival of the Scotch and French Canadians, who came in 1865. From that time, and for a long period thereafter, the representa- tives of these races steadily increased in numbers. It was not, however, until about 20 years ago that the races usually considered as the more recent immi- grants began to arrive in this locality. The first were the Hebrews and Poles, who, like the representatives of those races previously referred to, have gained steadily since first they came. While several Lithuanians settled in this locality from 1885 to 1888, it was from 1894 to 1898 that they arrived in considerable numbers. The greatest increase in the number of Lithuanians, however, has occurred Within the last three years. Very few Italians settled in the locality prior to 1895, but from 1895 until the present, although many returned to their native country during the recent industrial depression, their number has rapidly increased. It was during this same year that the Syrians, Armenians, and French Belgians began to locate in this community. Most of the French Belgians, how- ever, have come in since 1905. A few Portuguese located here shortly after the close of the Civil War, but not until within the last 10 years has any considerable increase in their number been noted. . . . [50] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. The history of immigration to the town of Maynard, Middlesex County, . . . may also be considered as indicating the general racial movements to the industry. This locality has a population of about 6,000 individuals, of which about 84 per cent are immigrants. Of the total population, about 43 per cent are employed in the several departments of the woolen mill, which is the only industrial estab- lishment located in the town. The interests of the mill are the interests of the town, .and without the mill there would be no inducement for immigrants to settle in the locality. Prior to 1846 the inhabitants of the locality wherein is now located the town of Maynard were Americans and numbered not more than a few hundred; but in the year 1846 a small mill was established under private management which attracted a large number of English, Irish, and Scotch immigrants, who, with a few natives and French Canadians, both men and women, entered its employ- ment and furnished the labor with which it was operated up to about 1890. In 1871 the settlement was incorporated as a town with a population of about 3,300, with the Irish, native Americans, and English predominating. The population was slowly enlarged from year to year by small groups and families of English, Irish, Scotch, and French Canadians, until the early nineties, when the mill passed under the control of new interests and was greatly enlarged. Soon after the change was made in the mill management a large number of Finns, Swedes, and Danes entered the locality to secure employment, and by 1898 over 1,000 Finns, 150 Swedes, and 100 Danes were included in the town population. The number of Scandinavians, however, has decreased greatly in the last 10 years, while the number of Finns has been nearly doubled. In 1904 several hundred Poles, a few Lithuanians, about a hundred Russian Hebrews, and several families of Greeks settled in the town and found employment in the mill. A number of South Italians entered the community in 1905 as railroad laborers, and after the construction work was finished about 150 remained and entered the mill. There are also found a few families of Germans in Maynard who have been in the town for many years, and who, it is claimed, entered with the early English and Irish settlers. . . . (b) Study of a Representative Community. Although the general survey contained but little data. making specific reference to Massachusetts, the study of the representative community appears to be of distinct value in that it presents data with which may be compared similar data for those industrial cities in Massachusetts that are known to be distinctively woolen and worsted manufacturing centers. With reference to the purpose of this study the Commission states: As in the case of other industries, a study was made of a representative com- munity engaged in the manufacture of worsted and woolens, in which immigrants [51] 52 STATISTICS OF LABOR -—- 1912. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. of recent and past years have been employed, in large numbers, for the purpose of studying the industrial effects of immigration in greater detail and to verify the tendencies exhibited by the more extended tabulations. . Original data were secured in the course of the investigation for 17,787 industrial operatives, or 79.1 per cent of the total number in the community, and additional information was also secured by means of the family schedule used. (aa) Racial Displacements. (1) History of Immigration. -— A local newspaper analyzed the population of the town in 1848 as follows: American, 3,750; Irish, 2,139 ; English, 28; Scotch, 9; French, 3; Welsh, 2; Italian, 1; German, 1; and colored, 16; total, 5,949. This [analysis] is significant in that it Shows what is borne out by later censuses, that the large foreign-born population of the city is no new condition of things, but has existed continuously from the founding of the village. . . . The following citations describe briefly the racial displacements that have taken place in the community since its establishment: Irish. —— Irish population of Community A is as old as the city itself, there being no fewer than 1,200 of that race residing there within two years of the first settlement which occurred in 1845. . . . At the present time the Irish population of the community, that is, the population of the Irish Roman Catholic parishes, is about 21,000, or by'far the largest racial element in the population of the city. English and Scotch. —- About 1865 there occurred a heavy immigration of skilled textile workers from the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, England. A large number of English had entered the community previous to 1865, and in the decades which have followed additional emigration from the worsted districts of England has occurred as the worsted industry in this community has developed. During the past few years a number of English from the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire have immigrated to the city as in the earlier days, but the num- bers reached have not been very large. It is very difiicult to estimate the English population at the present time, for, unlike the Irish, the English are confined within no parochial bounds. They probably number about 9,000 or 10,000. The Scotch population is similarly mingled with other elements. It probably numbers between 2,000 and 2,500. French Canadian. —— In 1865 the number of persons in the community born in “British America” was 563. In 1875 there were 1,924 born in the “Do- minion of Canada.” French Canadian immigration appears to have progressed more slowly than to the more distinctively cotton towns of New England. . . . At the present time the French Canadian population numbers about 12,000. [52] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. During the industrial depression of 1907 possibly 2,000 returned to Canada or left the community for other places in the United States. Most of the people who went to Canada were waiting for better industrial conditions before return- ing to the United States, and in the meantime worked on farms. In times of industrial activity the seasonal immigration to Canada is not very large. It is noticeable in the community as elsewhere that after 15 or 20 years residence in this country the birth rate of French Canadians is much less than at the time of their arrival. The men realize the financial burden imposed by a large family and the women learn to prize a measure of ease and freedom. German. — . . . As early as 1853, . . . five German families had settled in Community A and the total German population at that time was not far from 40. In 1908 local newspapers estimated the German population at 12,000 and the German-speaking population, including certain Hebrews, Poles, and Russians, at 15,000. It is also maintained that, next to Boston, Community A is the largest German center in New England. The Germans of the community came principally from the textile districts of Saxony, Bavaria, and Silesia, and a large number of the weavers in the worsted mills are of the German race. Polish. —— Polish immigrants have been numbered among the population of the community only during the past 15 or 20 years. The census of 1895 showed but 15 born in Poland. In 1903 there are said to have been 600 Poles in the city. . . At the present time there are about 2,100 Poles in the city. Of these about two-thirds are from Galicia in Austro-Hungary, nearly one-third from Russia, and about two per cent from Posen, Germany. Portuguese. —— A small number of Portuguese immigrants were found among the foreign population of the city soon after the close of the Civil War. It is only within the past 10 years that their numbers have increased to any consider- able extent. . . . At present the Portuguese population is about 685. Hebrew. — Hebrew immigration to Community A has taken place mainly within the last 20 years. One of the oldest Hebrew residents in the city stated that in 1890 there were about 50 Hebrew families in the city, as compared with about 400 at the present time. Estimating six individuals to a family, this would give a Hebrew population at present of nearly 2,500. Many Hebrews enter the mills, but sooner or later pass out into some business venture of their own. Rather more than usual of their race are found employed as mill operatives, due perhaps to the fact that a part of the Hebrew population came from cities in Russia, such as Warsaw, which are seats of the textile industry. ‘ Italian. — The Italian population of Community A was very small previous to 1895. Since that time the increase has been rapid, due in part to artificial stimulation by the management of one or two of the larger worsted mills. . . . All but a few families are South Italians. From 1,100 to 1,500 went back to Italy during the depression of 1907. At the present time from 50 to 75 Italians are coming into the city each month. Syrian. — The census of 1895 was the first which showed any appreciable [53] 54 STATISTICS OF LABOR -— 1912. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. number of immigrants from the Turkish Empire. The majority of the 213 reported that year were no doubt Syrians. The greater part of the colony has come within the past 10 years. The total Syrian population at the present time is between 2,500 and 3,000. There are a large number of families, and about a fourth of the population consists of children under 16 years of age. . . . The greater part of the Syrian population is employed in the textile mills, . . . The Syrian population has permanent employment, and only a score or so of the race left the city during the panic year of 1907._ There is a tendency on the part of the Syrians to remain permanently in this country; . . . About 60 per cent of the Syrians are able to speak English, some of them having received training in American schools in their own land. . . . Armenian. — The Armenian population of the community numbers about 600, . . . Most of the Armenians work in the mills. Since constitutional government has been established in Turkey, egress from the Empire has been possible, and more Armenians have come to this country than formerly. This tendency is likely to continue, so that in time the Armenian population may equal the Syrian. Armenian immigration to Community A dates from about 15 years ago. Lithuanian. — The first Lithuanian came to Community A in 1885 and the second in 1888. . . . In 1898 the Lithuanian population numbered 300. . . . The population has about doubled within the past three years, and at the present time numbers about 3,000 persons. The Lithuanians have been drawn to the community by the opportunity for employment in the mills. Franco-Belgian. — These people are for the most part French-speaking textile workers from Belgium and the adjacent districts of France who have been coming to a number of American wool and worsted towns where they find employment as skilled operatives. The larger part are weavers. . . . (2) Present Foreign Population. —— [The racial composition of the city in 1905 has been estimated as follows: Irish, 21,000; American, 12,000; French Canadian, 12,000; English, 9,000; Italian, 8,000; German, 6,500; Lithuanian, 3,000; Syrian, 2,700; Hebrew, 2,500; Scotch, 2,300; Polish, 2,100; Franco-Belgian, 1,200; Portuguese, 700; Armenian, 600; Other races, 1,400; total, 85,000.] The proportion of foreign-born has varied but 4.1 per cent during [the period 1865—1905]. One important difference, however, between the earlier and later decades should be noted in judging of the community’s power of assimilation. In 1865, the 9,217 foreign-horn persons probably constituted by far the greater part of the “foreign” population, the native-born being largely of American stock, due to the fact that immigration had not been in progress for a long period. In 1909 the foreign-born population constituted a much smaller fraction of the “foreign” population; that is, a large native population of foreign antecedents has grown up between the American and the foreign-born immigrant. Thus, while probably not over half of the present population is foreign-born, approxi- [54] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. l Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. mately only one-s eventh of the population is American; that is, is not either of foreign birth or immediate foreign parentage. The result of this changed situation due to sixty years’ continuance of immigration, is both favorable and unfavorable to the assimilation of the immigrant population. It is favorable in that a large Americanized population is present to serve as a model and incentive to later comers, who of whatever race, may see fellow-countrymen who have learned American ways, and who have succeeded under the new conditions. On the other hand, the presence of a large semi-Americanized foreign population makes it less and less certain that the newly-arrived stranger will be brought into direct contact with the American influences and traditions. He may become assimilated not with American ways of thinking and doing, but with a hyphenated Ameri- canism which lacks some of the best elements of both its American and foreign sources. ' (3) Racial Classification of Employees Studied. —— The racial make-up of the operating force of the industry in the community at the present time may be readily seen from the following table showing the number and per cent of each race employed in the local mills. The figures are practically a census of the local establishments and the exhibit is representative of the racial classification of employees in the community. TABLE 10. ——Employees' for whom Information was Secured, by Sex and General Nativity and Race. N UMBER PERCENTAGES GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE. Both . Both Males Females Sexes Males Females Sexes All Races. 10,122 7,665 17,787 100.0 100.0 100.0 Native Born. 2,299 2,465 4,764 2.2.? 82.2 26,8 Native born of native father. . . . 690 550 1,240 6.8 7 ,2 7.0 Native born of foreign father, . 1,609 1,915 3,524 15.9 25 .0 19,8 Foreign Born. 7,828 5,200 13,023 77 .3 67 .8 73 .2 Armenian, . . . . . 127 3 130 1 .3 — 0,7 Canadian, French. . . . . 373 592 965 3.7 7.7 5.4 Canadian, Othe . . . . 69 195 264 0.7 2.5 1.5 English. . . . . . . 1,684 781 2,465 16.6 10,2 13.9 Flemish, . . . . . . 35 8 43 0.3 0,1 0,2 French, . . . . . . 261 185 446 2,6 2,4 2.5 . . . . . . 556 229 785 5.5 3.0 4.4 . . . . . . 49 3 52 0.5 _1 03 , Russian. . . . . 92 75 167 0,9 1.0 0.9 . . . . . . 564 513 1,077 5.6 6.7 6.1 North, . . . . 597 342 939 5 .9 4 .5 5 .3 . . . 1,543 1,012 2,555 15 .2 13 .2 14 .4 276 834 5.5 3.6 4.7 384 187 571 3.8 2 .4 3 ,2 56 69 125 0.6 0.9 0.7 174 141 315 a 1.7‘ 1.8 1,8 202 121 323 2.0 1.6 1.8 . . . _ . . . 370 318 688 3.7 4.1 3.9 (race not specified), . . 13 78 91 0.1 1.0 0,5 (race not specified), . . 70 41 111 0.7 0 ,5 0,6 . . . . . 46 31 77 0.4 0.6 0,4 1 Less than 0.05 per cent. [55] 56 STATISTICS or LABOR —- 1912. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. According to the above table the foreign-born constituted 73.2 per cent of the 17,787 employees for whom information was obtained, while 19.8 per cent were native-born of foreign father, and 7.8 per cent were native-born of native father. Of the total number of employees considered the South Italians constituted 14.4 per cent; English, 13.9; Irish, 6.1; Canadian, French, 5.4; North Italians, 5.3; Lithuanians, 4.7; Germans, 4.4; Syrians, 3.9; and Polish, 3.2. No other race contributed over three per cent of the foreign-born. The North and South Italians taken together as one race constitute 19.7 per cent of the entire number of employees considered. Among the foreign-born the males predominated, constituting 60.1 per cent of the total number of foreign born. Among the native-born, how- ever, the females predominated slightly, constituting 51.7 per cent of the total number of native-born. ' (bb) Economic Status. (1) Occupations before coming to the United States. ——~ A classification by occupation prior to immigration to this country of 6,054 male employees for whom complete data were obtained shows! . that 35.4 per cent of the male employees were engaged in farming or were farm laborers before coming to the United States, 26.1 per cent were engaged in textile manufacturing, and 13.8 per cent were in hand trades. French show 86.7 per cent who have had previous experience in their present occupations; Germans follow in somewhat small proportion, while 55.1 per cent of English were engaged in textile manufacturing before coming to this country. Scotch also Show comparatively large proportions, while only a small per cent of the other races had any previous experience in the industry under discussion. Lithu- anians, Poles and Russians show a higher per cent who were farming or farm laborers before coming to the United States and Scotch, Germans, English, and French very small proportions. Armenians show the highest per cent who were engaged in hand trades before coming to the United States, and Syrians the highest per cent who were in trade, while North and South Italians show larger proportions than the other races who were in occupations other than specified. . . The older immigrant races, those from Northern Europe, have had con- siderably more experience in the occupations in which they are now engaged than the more recent immigrants. . . . . Of 1,696 female employees reporting their occupation before coming to the United States, 49.6 per cent were engaged in textile manufacturing, 26.8 per cent were farming or farm laborers, 13.2 per cent were engaged in sewing, embroidering, or lace making, 5.4 per cent were in domestic service, while small proportions were in trade, and occupations other than specified. . . . [561 IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. (2) Weekly Earnings. —— Of the male employees 18 years of age or over from whom information was secured almost all earn $5 per week or over, 73.4 per cent earn $7.50 or over, 38.9 per cent earn $10 or over, 19.4 per cent earn $12.50 or over, 6.4 per cent earn $15 or over, and less than one per cent earn $20 or over. i The proportion of employees earning $7.50 or over, $10 or over, and $12.50 or over per week, respectively, is considerably larger for the native-born of foreign father and native-born of native father than for the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born the French, English, Germans, Irish, Scotch, and French Canadians have large and the South Italians and Syrians comparatively small proportions of individuals earning $7.50 per week or over, and the French, Germans, Scotch and English, in the order mentioned have large and the South Italians and North Italians small proportions of individuals earning $10 per week or over. The proportions for individuals earning $10 per week or over are largest for the Scotch, English, Germans and French Canadians, in the order mentioned. From the [data presented] . . . it appears that the individuals of the races of old immi- gration earn upon the average more than do the individuals of the races of recent immigration. . . . Nearly all of the female employees 18 years of age or over, for whom data were secured, earn $5 per ‘week or over, . . . 45.8 per cent earn $7.50 or over, . .' . 16.3 per cent earn $10 or over, and . . . only a very small propor- tion earn $12.50 or over. The proportion of individuals earning $7.50 or over is largest for the native-born of foreign father, second largest for the native-born of native father, and smallest for the foreign-born, while a considerably larger proportion of the native-born of foreign father than of either the foreign-born or the native-born of native father earn $10 or over. Among the foreign-born the Germans, French Canadians, Scotch, and French, in the order mentioned, have the largest proportions for individuals earning $7.50 or over per week, and the Germans, French, and Scotch, in the order mentioned, the largest proportions for individuals earning $10 or over per week. . . . Of the male employees 14 and under 18 years of age for whom information was secured all earn $2.50 or over, 98.7 per cent earn $5 or over, 13.8 per cent earn $7.50 or over, and only 2.1 per cent earn $10 or over per week. . . . . . . Of the female employees 14 and under 18 years of age for whom infor- mation is secured, all earn $2.50 or over per week, 98.5 per cent earn $5 or over, 19.1 per cent earn $7 .50 or over, and less than two per cent earn $10 or over. . . . ~ (3) Relation between Period of Residence and Earning Ability. — The- English, Irish, and Lithuanian are the only races that show any males who are earning less than $5 per week. Of each of the other races, 100 per cent earn that amount or over per week. Of the persons earning less than $5 per week, all of the English have been in this country five years or over, and all of the Irish have been here for 10 years or over. Of the Lithuanians earning less than $5 per week, none have been in the United States from five to nine years. In no case is the proportion [57] 58 STATISTICS OF LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. who earn under $5 per week greater than two per cent. None of the French or Irish who have lived in this country from five to nine years earn under $7.50 per week. The Syrians show the smallest proportion of males who earn $7.50 or over per week. Of those who have lived here under five years the proportion earning that amount or over is only 13.5 per cent and in each of the other periods of residence the proportion is less than 50 per cent. The English who have been in this country for 10 years or more show 17.3 per cent as earning $15 or over per week. This is the largest proportion for that specified rate. None of the North Italians or Lithuanians earn ' as much as $15 per week, and less than 10 per cent in any specified age group of the Irish, South Italians, Poles, and Syrians earn that amount. The English, German, Irish, and French are the only races that show any persons who are earning $20 or over per week. Of the English who have lived in this country for 10 or more years one per cent, and of the French 3.1 per cent, earn that amount. Less than one per cent each of the Germans and Irish whose residence here has been for 10 or more years earn not less than $20 per week. . . . (cc) W orhing Conditions. (1 ) Company Houses. — All of the important companies in the community maintain tenement houses which they rent to their employees. Mill N o. 4 has erected a number of modern tenements —— 78 altogether —— which are rented at very reasonable terms to its employees, chiefly second hands. It is considered desirable to have some of these living in the vicinity of the mill. Northern Europeans and Americans only are included among the tenants. These tene- ments rent for from $2.85 to $3.15 a week. Mill No. 2 maintains 42 tenements and eight boarding houses, erected a number- of years ago. They are occupied largely by Italians, Poles, Portuguese, and other foreigners. The mill authorities state that they are inspected for cleanliness every Wednesday. They rent at from $1.75 to $3.50 per week, according to size and location. Mill operatives, it is stated, are unwilling to live in company houses, as they dislike to be herded and classed and desire to live as they please. Some difficulty is said to have been met with in securing tenants for the houses of mill No. 4 in spite of the newness of the houses and the favorable terms upon which they are rented. Only two or three tenements are owned by mill No. 1, and these only because they ' were located upon property which the mill desired to buy. Somewhat closely related to ‘company houses is the company restaurant, maintained by mill N o. 4. Several hundred operatives secure their lunch in this way at a very small cost. The greater part of the operatives making use of this restaurant are English-speaking. Most of the recent immigrants either go to their homes during the noon hour, or, if they remain in the mill, prefer, for reasons of economy and privacy, to retire into some corner and eat the frugal lunch which they provide for themselves. It is probable that, if the immigrant oper- atives of the newer races should commence to patronize this restaurant in large numbers, the English-speaking patronage would fall off rapidly. 158] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 59 Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. lflill No. 4 has also provided a large and comfortable room with ample seat- ing accommodations, where women and children bringing dinner to men in the mill may wait for the noon hour, and where dinners may be eaten. There is also an elevator provided, which obviates a fatiguing climb to the upper floors of the six-story mill building. (.2) Night Work. —— [In two mills night work obtains in the carding and comb- ing departments] . . . At mill No. 1 the night work consists of five nights of 12 hours each, that is, the machinery runs continuously, but the men have a short time off for lunch. On Saturday at noon everything is closed until 6.30 Monday morning. The opinion was expressed by an official of this corporation that the trades unions will sooner or later succeed in having all night work in the State made illegal. Ten per cent higher rates of wages are paid the night force than obtain during the day for the same work. Wool washing is principally done at night. . . . (3) Regularity of Employment. -— . . . In general it may be said that a sharp reduction in the force employed took place after the panic in the Fall of 1907, that a gradual recovery followed, more rapid for some mills than for others, and that in May, 1909, there was little surplus labor unemployed in the community. During the industrial depression it was necessary to establish a system of public relief for recently-arrived immigrants who had fallen into destitution. Experi- ences of this sort confirm the fact that irregularity of work constitutes the most serious feature of millwork —- from the point of view of the operative. . . . (4) Reasons for the Employment of Immigrants. —— The expansion of the worsted industry and the relative scarcity of American or English-speaking operatives at the wages paid appears to account for the very heavy increase in the numbers of the races from Southern and Eastern Europe and the Orient employed in Community A. There is little inducement to ambitious young people to enter the mills, and English-speaking parents appear to be increas- ingly unwilling that their children should do so. The occupations in a woolen mill are, with certain exceptions, monotonous and rather poorly paid. Con- sequently they appeal only to persons who are willing to put ' up with the me- chanical monotony of the processes and whose standard of living is low enough for them to be attracted by the wages paid. . . . Strikes have not played as important a part in this community as they have in cotton-mill centers in bringing about the introduction of foreign operatives. Recently, however, a strike in the wool sorting department of mill No. 4 led to the employment of a considerable number of Italian girls, a very decided in- novation in worsted-mill operation. If it had been possible under the law, there is little question that the high degree of skill possessed by English weavers and other worsted operatives would have led to extensive efforts on the part of em- ployers to supply a larger part of the demand from this source. . . . (5) Methods of Securing Immigrants. — In Community A, as elsewhere, the channel of communication between the economic opportunity or labor demand [59] 6O STATISTICS or LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. in the United States and the labor supply abroad is ordinarily the oral or written accounts of immigrants who have worked in the worsted and cotton mills. In times of industrial prosperity, when increases in the labor force are made, or at other times, when a scarcity of native labor has resulted from causes which it is not necessary to go into, resort has apparently been had to various methods of encouraging the settlement of immigrant laborers in the community. Accord- ing to an official of mill No. 1, that corporation spent in the neighborhood of $1,000 in 1906 and 1907 securing labor. Competition for laborers was so spirited at that time that it extended to the very wharves, where an agent was main- tained. An agent was also sent to the Western part of the State to induce oper- atives to come to Community A. A permanent shortage of from 50 to 200 hands in the spinning department alone existed for a long time. Freight charges on household goods as well as the railroad tickets of prospective employees were provided for by the mill. If it had not been illegal, a high grade of skilled textile operatives would have been brought from the Bradford district, in England. A local priest states that he has co-operated with one of the largest mills in the community by writing letters to other clergymen of the same denomination in Vermont and elsewhere urging them to send laborers to Community A. The extent to which the mills have made attempts to induce immigrants to come to them from Europe is not so easily stated. . . . It is certain that some organized effort has been made to place the demand for labor in‘ Community A conspicuously before certain laboring populations of the Old World, in order to re-enforce the reports of returned immigrants and to increase the stream of foreign laborers destined to this community. (6) Relative Efliciency of Immigrants. -— It is not necessary to discuss the efficiency of the English-speaking races as worsted operatives, except to recall the fact that British operatives were largely instrumental in establishing that industry in Community A. Many Irish have been employed in the past and have made good operatives, although probably not greatly superior to the races employed more recently. Many skilled German weavers have made their home in the city and at one time mill No. 2 employed a large majority of these people. The French Canadians are found mainly in the cotton mills in Community A, remaining apparently in the industry in which. the earliest immigrants of that race found employment. The races which really figure in the situation to-day are the Italians, Poles, Syrians, and Lithuanians. The characterization of these races is in the nature of a summary of opinions expressed by a number of superintendents and fore- men with whom the matter was discussed and refers particularly to the situa- tion in mills Nos. 1 and 2. Of these races the Italians are the most numerous and have been most fully on trial. While opinions differ somewhat, there ap- pears to be a considerable uniformity of judgment as to their characteristics. They are said to be the race best adapted to spinning. While industrious, they are said to be impulsive, erratic, and quick to leave their position if they see any [60] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 61 Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. apparent advantage elsewhere. One mill superintendent stated that “they no sooner get a job than they want something better; they work in droves; dis- charge one and they all go.” Italians from the peninsula are preferred to Sicilians. It seems generally agreed that the Sicilians are less steady and less inclined to stick to a job day in and day out than other races. They will take a day off now and then whether they lose their positions or not. The Poles are the best liked of the recent immigrants in Community A. Aside from their intemperance, with its consequent fights, there seems to be no serious criticism passed upon them. They are not nimble, not good at the finer work, but for industry and steady, persevering effort all the year round they are rated well ahead of the Italians and‘in several departments at mill No. 1 are invariably hired in preference to any other recent immigrants. For example, it was stated that a few Poles had been hired in the top cellar because English-speaking people were hard to get and the Poles were thought to be the best of the foreigners. It appears that due to this practice at mill No. 1 foremen in other establishments who hold the same opinion have been unable to secure Polish operatives and have had to content themselves with Italians. . The Lithuanians are said to resemble the Poles in their industrial character- istics, but are thought to be less intelligent or, at ‘any rate. more illiterate. The Syrians are somewhat less definitely placed in the estimation of employers —— some speak well of them and others are critical. Many of them are very intelligent and possess considerable commercial ability; others apparently have a dif- ferent reputation. . . . (7 ) Efl‘ect of Employment of Immigrants upon Early Employees. —— In gen- eral, the simpler, cruder processes have been taken over by immigrants, as, for example, the spinning and drawing. In other departments, such as wool sort- ing, mending, and dressing, the number of immigrants is negligible. . . . Americans are given the preference whenever they can be secured, but the rate of wages in the presence of a large supply of immigrant laborers tends to decline, and for this and for social reasons American operatives are becoming more and 'more scarce in the mills. The French Canadians, who came a genera- tion or two ago to compete with the Irish, British, and Americans, now feel the competition caused by the presence of thousands of Italians in the city. . . (8) Changes in Wages. -- [An examination of the rates of wages paid at dif- ferent dates in 13 principal occupations in the two largest mills in the com- munity indicates] . . . an apparent increase of 19.65 per cent in ‘the rate of weekly wages in these occupations during the past 20 years. Weavers’ earnings would sh ow a still larger increase, it is said, but in view of the difficulties surrounding an attempt to secure average earnings at so many periods for piece workers of this sort, slight emphasis was placed-upon this item of information. Mill No. 2, however, enters the average earnings of weavers in 1889 as $6 and as $10.50 in 1909, an increase of 75 per cent. The hours, it will be noted, have been reduced from 60 to 58 per week during the 20-year period. [611 62 STATISTICS OF LABOR— 1912. Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. TABLE 11. — Statement showing Comparative Rates of Wages in M ill N 0. 1, 188.9 and 1909. [Compiled from a more extended tabla] JANUARY, 1889 JANUARY, 1909 (60 hours per week) (58 hours per week) OCCUPATIONS. Ce C nts ents Per Week Per H our Per Week Per Hour Wool Sorters, 511,00 1 - $14 ,20 i — Comb minders, 7,50 12,5 8,41 14,5 Gill-box minders, , 5 ,70 9,5 6,38 11,0 Finishing-box minders, 5 ,70 9 ,5 6,84 11,8 '1 e 60 11 i - - . .0 .5 . Dmvmg guls’ - - 1 6,30 10;5 L 8,12 14,0 7 .25 12.5 Spinners, , 5,70 9,5 7,83 13,5 8,12 14,0 Dofiers, 3,60 6,0 5,51 9,5 Loomfixers, , 13 ,20 22 ,0 15,37 26 ,5 Hander-in girls, 3 ,60 6,0 5,61 9 ,5 Warp dressers, _ 13,20 22,0 13,98 24 1 Burlers, 6.00 10,0 6,96 12,0 Beamers, , — — 16,17 1 - Perchers, , , 9,00 15 0 10,15 17 5 Dyehouse hands, 7,20 12 0 8,41 14,5 1 Piece—work. (dd) Salient Characteristics. (1 ) Literacy. — . . . The proportion of employees, both male and female, who are able to read and to read and write is considerably larger for the native- born of native father and the native-born of foreign father than for the foreign- born. Among the foreign-born the Scotch, followed by the Germans, English, Canadians other than French, Russian Hebrew, French, and Irish have the largest, and the Portuguese by far the smallest proportion of males who read, and the Scotch, followed by the Germans, English, Irish, Canadians other than French, and French Canadians have the largest, and the Syrians the smallest proportion of females who read only. The proportion of males who both read and write is largest for the Germans, followed by the English, Scotch, Canadians other than French, Russian Hebrews, and French, in the order mentioned, and the proportion of females who both read and write is largest for the Scotch, followed by the Germans, English, Irish, Canadiansother than French, and French Cana- dians, in the order mentioned. (2) Conjugal Condition. -— Of 14,207 employees 20 years of age and over 43.9 per cent were single, 51.9 per cent married, and 4.2 per cent widowed. The corresponding percentages for the native-born were 58.5 per cent single, 37.0 per cent married, and 4.5 per cent‘ widowed and for the foreign-born 40.2 per cent single, 55.7 per cent married, and 4.2 per cent widowed. The foreign-born, therefore, show a considerably lower percentage of single [62] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 63 Immigrants in Woolen Goods Manufacturing. persons than the native-born. Of the foreign-born races the French, with 79.9 per cent married, show a larger‘ proportion married than any other race. . . . The proportion of husbands reporting wives in the United States is 100 per cent for the Irish. With this exception the French Canadians, Canadians other than French, Germans, English, and Scotch, have the largest proportions for husbands reporting wives in the United States. The proportion of husbands reporting wives in the United States is very much smaller for the Armenians than for the individuals of any other race. . . . (3) Visits Abroad. —— . . . The proportion of foreign-born male employees in the United States under five years who have made visits abroad is largest for the Canadians other than French and much larger for the French Canadians than for the individuals of any other race. The French Canadians, followed by the Scotch, English, and Canadians other than French, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Syrians the smallest proportion of individuals in the United States from five to nine years who have made visits abroad, and thev Scotch, followed by the French Canadians, Canadians other than French, and English, in the order mentioned, have the largest proportion of individuals who have been in the United States 10 years or over who have made visits abroad. . . . (4) Age. —— Of a total of 17,757 employees, 19.9 per cent are from 14 to 19, 25.8 per cent from 20 to 24, 16.8 per cent from 25 to 29, 10.9 per cent from 30 to 34, 15.1 per cent from 35 to 44, 7.8 per cent from 45 to 54, and 3.7 per cent 55 years of age or over. . . . ' Among the foreign-born the Russian Hebrews, North Italians, South Italians, Portuguese, Russians, Lithuanians, and Syrians, report 50 per cent or more under 25 years of age. The English, French, Germans, Irish, and Scotch report 50 per cent or more 30 years of age or over. The Lithuanians show a comparatively high percentage from 25 to 29 years of age. . (ee) General Progress and Assimilation. (1) Citizenship. -— Of 1,702 males who reported complete data and who have been in the United States five years or over, 21.5 per cent are fully naturalized and 31.2 per cent have first papers only. Of those with a residence of from five to nine years, 9.2 per cent are naturalized and 18.2 per cent have first papers. In the group of males who have been in the United States 10 years or over, 29 per cent are fully naturalized, and 39.1 per cent have first papers. Of all males who have been in the United States five years or over, Irish show the highest percentage fully naturalized, followed by Germans in somewhat smaller propor- tions. South Italians, English, and North Italians show very small proportions naturalized when compared with the races first mentioned. English show by far the highest per cent having first papers only and North Italians the lowest. . . . [63] 64 STATISTICS OF LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. (2) Ability to Speak English. —— The proportion of foreign-born employees ' who speak English is 47.3 per cent for the males, 34.4 per cent for the females, and 42.1 per cent for all individuals. The Germans, followed by the French Canadians and Russian Hebrews, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the South Italians the smallest proportion of males, and the Germans, fol- lowed by the Russian Hebrews and French Canadians, in the order mentioned, the largest and the Lithuanians the smallest proportion of females who are able to speak English. . . . Information was obtained in this industry for 8,790 foreign-born employees, 42.1 per cent of whom speak English. Of those who have been in the United States under five years, 19.6 per cent speak English, as compared with 59 per cent of‘ those with a residence of five to nine years, and 83.5 per cent of those with a residence of 10 years or over; thus it will be seen that the length of residence in the United States materially affects the ability of the foreign-born employees to speak English. It will also be seen from the preceding table that the Germans, without regard to the length of residence in the United States, show a consider- ably larger proportion who speak English than do the French Canadians. The French Canadians, in turn, show a much larger proportion who speak English than do the Syrians, Russians, or French, and a very much larger proportion than do the North ‘Italians, Poles, Lithuanians, or South Italians — the last named reporting only 24.6 per cent. The males, it will be noted, in each period of residence group, Show a considerably larger proportion than do the females. . D. BooT AND SHCE MANUFACTURING.1 (a) Introductory. (1 ) Territory Studied. — In collecting data relative emphasis was placed upon different sections of the country according to the geographical distribution of the industry as indicated by the Federal Census of Manufactures of 1905. The operating forces of the factories were studied more intensively in Massachusetts and the other New England States because of the greater concentration of the industry in that section, but detailed data were also obtained from the shoe fac- tory operatives of Illinois and Missouri and other States of the hIiddle West in order to ascertain conditions and to have a basis of comparison with New England. ' (2) Contents of Report. — The report on this industry consists of three parts: I. A general survey of the industry in the United States, with sta- tistical data obtained from employees in all sections of the country; II. A general statistical survey of the East, with an intensive study of two repre- sentative boot and shoe manufacturing communities in the New England States; and III. A general statistical survey of the Middle West. Except 1 From Vol. 12 of the report of the United States Immigration Commission . [64] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. for a brief review of Parts I and III, the present discussion of the report on this industry will be confined to data appearing in the intensive study of one of the two representative New England communities, as the facts pre- sented will afford a basis of comparison with similar facts for boot and shoe manufacturing communities in Massachusetts. (3) General Survey. — The general survey was based on information obtained for 19,946 operatives in all sections of the country. Of this num- ber 72.7 per cent were native-born and 27.3 per cent foreign-born. The percentage who were foreign-born was only 11.1'for the lVIiddle West as compared with 37.2 for the East. The number of males employed in this industry far out-numbered the females, the males constituting nearly two- thirds of the entire number of employees considered. The races most highly represented among the foreign-born are South Italians, Russian Hebrews, French and other Canadians, Greeks, Slovaks, Irish, North Italians, Germans, and English. In no case, however, did any of these races of foreign-born constitute more than 3.4 per cent of the total number of employees con- sidered. A study of 2,753 foreign-born shows that 41.4 per cent have had experience in shoe manufacturing before coming to the United States, 29.2 were farmers or farm laborers, 7.4 per cent were in hand trades, 8.3 per cent in trade, ' 5.0 per cent in manufacturing other than shoe'manufacturing, 3.1 per cent in general labor, and 5.6 per cent in other occupations. The South Italians and Germans show over 60 per cent employed in shoe manufacturing before coming to the United States. Although the general survey contained but little data making specific reference to Massachusetts, the study of the representative community appears to be of distinct value in that it presents data with which may be compared similar data for those cities in Massachusetts that are known to be distinctively boot and shoe manufacturing centers. As in the case of other industries, studies were made of representative communities engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, and for one of these communities data have been presented in the following paragraphs. (b) Study of a Representative Community. (aa) Racial Classification. Original information was obtained for 463 households with 2,337 mem- bers, and detailed information was also secured for 4,959 operatives in the community. In this review attention will be directed principally to the matter having reference to the 4,959 operatives. [55] 66 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1912. Immigrants in Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. The racial classification of the operating forces of the boot and shoe fac- tories in this community is shown in the following table: TABLE 12. —-Employees for Whom Information was Secured, by Sex and General Nativity and Races. NUMBER i i PERCENTAGES GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE. - Males Females Total Males Females Total Totals. ' 3,310 1,649 4,959 100.0 100.0 100.0 Native Born. 1,877 1,155 3,032 56.7 70.0 61.1 Native-born of native father, . 1,181 677 1,858 35.7 41.1 37 .4 N ative—born of foreign father, . 696 478 1,174 21.0 29.0 23.7 Foreign Born. 1,433 494 1,927 43.3 30.0 38.9 Armenian, . . . . . 51 5 56 1.5 0.3 1.1 Canadian, French, . . . . 203 72 275 6.1 4.4 5.5 Canadian, Other, . . . . 151 137 288 4.6 8.3 5.8 English, . . . . . . 74 34 108 2.2 2.1 2.2 Greek, . .' . . . . 88 7 95 2.7 0.4 1.9 Hebrew, Russian, . . . . 247 ' 74 321 7.5 4.5 6.5 is . . . . . . 85 67 152 2.6 4.1 3.1 Italian, North, . . . . 103 16 119 3.1 1.0 2.4 Italian, South, . . . . 226 27 253 6.8 1.6 5.1 Swedish, . . . . . 66 11 77 2.0 0.7 1.6 All others, . . . . . 139 44 183 4.2 2.6 _ 3.7 (bb) History of Immigration. . . . Since 1875 there has been a marked increase in the proportion of foreign- born inhabitants. The first immigrants to come to the city in any number appear to have been the Irish. There were 1,857 of these people in the community in 1855, and 2,307 in 1865. From 1865 to 1895 the Irish population increased rapidly, but the figures for 1905 show a slight decrease. Even in 1905, however, the Irish are present in larger numbers than persons of any other European race. Canadian immigration to Community A has been heavy since 1875. Many of the persons of Canadian nativity are from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, and many others are of French descent. English and Scotch immigration, while not so heavy as the Irish and Canadian immigration, has been regular since before 1855. Since 1885 there has been a limited Scan- dinavian immigration. The immigration of persons of Southern [and] Eastern European nativity was very light until after 1895. By 1905, however, persons of Polish, Russian, Italian, and Austrian birth had come to the community in considerable numbers. ‘ The foreign-born constituted 38.9 per cent of the total number considered, while 23.7 per cent were native-born of foreign father and 37.4 per cent were native-born of native father. The 10 leading races represented among the foreign-born were: Russian Hebrew, 6.5 per cent of the total number (4,959) considered; Canadian (other than French), 5.8 per cent; French Canadians, 5.5; South Italian, 5.1; Irish, 3.1; North Italian, 2.4; English, [66] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. 2.2; Greek, 1.9; Swedish, 1.6; and Armenian, 1.1 per cent. The males of each race specified exceeded the females, the excess being particularly largev in the following races where the relative numbers were: Armenians, 51 males, five females; Greek, 88 males, seven females; North Italians, 103 males, 16 females; South Italians, 226 males, 27 females; and Swedish, 66 ‘males, 11 females. In the case of the native-born the excess of males over females was not so large as in the case of the foreign-born, the native-born males num- bering 1,877 and the native-born females numbering 1,155, as compared with 1,433 foreign-born males and 494 foreign-born females. (cc) Economic Status. (1) Prior Occupation of Immigrants. —— Before immigrating to the United States, 60.8 per cent of the 863 foreign-born males were employed in shoe manufacturing, 5.6 per cent in manufacturing other than shoe manufactur- ing, 11.6 per cent as farmers or farm laborers, 1.5 per cent as general laborers, 5.7 per cent in hand trades, 10 per cent in trade, and 4.9 per cent in other occupations not specified. Over 88 per cent of both North and South Ital- ians were engaged in shoe manufacturing. The French Canadians show 36.9 per cent who followed farming or farm labor before coming to the United States, whereas less than three per cent of any of the other races reported were so occupied. The Russian Hebrews showed 24 per cent engaged in trade, and each other race showed less than five per cent. The following table shows by general nativity and race the number of male operatives reporting, the average wages per week, and the percentage who earned specified amounts each week: I TABLE 13. -— Weekly Wages of Male Operatives 18 Years of Age and Over, with Per- centages Earning Specified Amounts. PEBCEN'I‘AGES EARNING SPECIFIED Number Average AMoUN'rs PER WEEK GENERAL N Arrvrrr AND RAcE. re-_- Earnings porting per week $5 or $10 or $15 or $20 or $25 or over over over over over Totals. 2,424 12.85 99.7 75.2 37.6 4.8 1.1 Native Born. 1,312 13.71 99.7 88.8 47 0 5 .9 1.4 N ative-born of native father, white, . 831 13.85 99.6 85.6 48.3 6.5 1.8 N ative-born of foreign father, . . 477 13.48 99.8 80.9 44.7 4.8 0.8 Foreign Born. 1,112 11.83 99.6‘ 64.9 26.4 8.5 0.6 Canadian, French, . . . . 160 13.29 100.0 78.8 41.9 4.4 1.3 Canadian, Other, . . . . 101 14.33 99.0 86.1 50.5 11.9 2.0 Hehrew, Russian, . . . . 195 10.93 99.5 59.0 17.9 0.5 0.0 Italian, North, . . . . . , 88 10.92 98.9 59.1 13.6 0.0 0.0 Italian, South, . . . . . 205 10.38 100.0 51.2 11.2 1.5 0.0 All others, . . . . . . 363 1— 1— 1- 1- 1— 1- 1 Not computed. [ 67 'l 68 STATISTICS OF LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. (2) Weekly Earnings. —- The average earnings per week of the 2,424 male employees 18 years of age and over were $12.85, the average for the native- born being $13.71 as compared with $11.83 for the foreign-born. Of the several races of foreign-born specified, the Canadians (other than French) averaged $14.33 per week (a rate higher than that of $13.71 for the native- born); the French Canadians, $13.29; the Russian Hebrews, $10.93; North Italians, $10.92; and South Italians, $10.38. Of the 2,424 male employees considered, 75.2 per cent earned $10 or over per week, 37.6 per cent earned $15 or over, 4.8 per cent $20 or over, and only 1.1 per cent as high as $25. The Canadian (other than French) ranked highest among the several races of foreign-born with respect to the percentages of the total number receiving the higher rates of wages, the percentage receiving $10 and over being 86.1 for this race as compared with 78.8 per cent for French Canadians, 59.0 per cent for Russian Hebrews, 59.1 per cent for North Italians, and 51.2 per cent for South Italians. The percentage receiving $10 and over, $15 and over, $20 and over, and $25 and over was even higher for the Canadians (other than French) than for the native-born. In the case of the female employees 18 years of age and over the average weekly earnings of the native-born were $8.42 and of the foreign-born $7.79. Of the 1,026 female employees considered, 96.6 per cent earned $5 or over; 63.4 per cent earned $7.50 or over; 22.2 per cent earned $10 or over; and 2.2 per cent earned $15.00 or over. (3) Annual Earnings of Male Heads of Families. —- Of 393 male heads of families selected for study, 90.8 per cent earned under $1,000 per year, 78.6 per cent under $800, 57 per cent under $600, 31.3 per cent under $400, and 4.8 per cent under $200, the average earnings being $618. The foreign-born Show a larger proportion than the native-born earning each specified amount and consequently lower average earnings -— for example, 64.6 per cent of the foreign-born earned less than $600 per annum as compared with only 33.3 per cent of the native-born. Of the French Canadian male heads of families the average annual earnings were $759 as compared with $756 for the foreign-born English and $718 for the foreign-born Irish. The average annual earnings for foreign-born Lithuanians and Greeks were $407 in each case, for the Armenians, $416, and for the Polish $420. (4) Annual Family Income. —— The earnings of the male heads of families are usually supplemented by incomes derived from various sources. Thus the average annual family income of the 430 families studied was $813 as compared with the average annual earnings of $618 by the male heads. The yearly income was less than $1,500 for 91.6 per cent of the families, under $1,000 for 74.7 per cent, under $750 for 55.1 per cent, under $500 for 30.9 [68] IMMIGRANT POPULATION or MASSACHUSETTS. 69 Immigrants in Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. per cent, and under $300 for 7.7 per cent, this latter group being composed entirely of families whose heads were foreign-born. (5) Wires at Work. —— Of 430 wives, 9.8 per cent were at work, the per- centage of the native-born wives being 11.2 and of the foreign-born wives, 9.3. In the case of the foreign-born English wives, 34.8 per cent were at work, while the next highest percentages were 13.9 for Lithuanians, 13.6 for South Italians, and 12.2 for French Canadians. None of the 21 foreign- born Irish wives were at work. ' A large proportion of the wives add to the family income by taking boardersv or lodgers in the home so that when this source of income is taken into consideration it is found that 44.2 per cent of the foreign-born wives and 28.9 per cent of the native-born wives add to the family income either by working outside or by taking boarders or lodgers in the home. (6) Sources of Family Income. —— From a study of 430 families it was found that 69.4 per cent of family income was obtained by the husband, 3.3 per cent by the wife, 13.7 per cent by the children, 8.4 per cent from boarders and lodgers, and 5.1 per cent from other sources. Larger propor- tions of the total income was obtained by native-born husbands than by foreign-born husbands, the relative percentages being 76.4 and 66.1. The foreign-born children contributed 14.8 per cent of the total family income as compared with 11.2 per cent for the native-born children, while the pay- ments by boarders and lodgers constituted 10.1 per cent of the total family income of the households having foreign-born heads as compared with 5.0 per cent for the households having native-born heads. The largest contribu- tions by children were in the households whose heads were foreign-born Irish, the percentage of the total income being 54.1 and the next highest per cent was 22.6 for foreign-born Hebrews. Payments by boarders and lodgers consti- tuted 16.3 per cent of the income of the Lithuanian families, 14.9 per cent in the case of Polish families, 11.4 per cent for foreign-born Hebrews, and 10.2 per cent for French Canadians. - (dd) Working Conditions. (1) Regularity of Employment. —- Of 716 male employees for whom in- formation was obtained, 98.7 per cent had employment for three months or over, 91.5 per cent for six months or over, 67.6 per cent for nine months or over, and 30.4 per cent for the entire 12 months. The native-born were found to be rather more continuously employed than the foreigneborn and of the foreign-born the Greeks, Armenians, and South Italians were the races less continuously employed. [69] 70 STATISTICS OF LABOR —— 1912. Immigrants in Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. (2) The Immigrant and Organized Labor. — Of 641 male employees studied, 41.7 per cent were affiliated with trade unions, the percentage for the native-born being 37.8 as compared with 42.9 for the foreign-born. Among the foreign races, the English showed the largest proportion affili- ated, namely, 73.5 per cent, while the Polish showed the smallest, 13.2 per cent. ~ , (ee) ousing and Living Conditions. (1) Rent in its Relation to Standard of Living. — For 385 households pay- ing rent and reporting the amount it was found that the average monthly rent per apartment was $14.70, the average rent per room was $2.97, and the average rent per person was $2.89. For households whose heads were foreign- born the average rental per apartment was considerably lower than for households whose heads were native-born, the relative average rentals being $16.21 and $13.88, but the rentals per room and per person were less in the case of the households whose heads were foreign-born, the relative rates being respectively $3.26 and $2.88 per room and $3.89 and $2.62 per person. Of the Several foreign-born races the foreign-born English showed the highest rental per person, namely, $4.35, and the Polish the lowest, $1.23. From a study of 463 households it was found that the average number of rooms per apartment was 4.97. Of the households having native-born heads, only 9.4 per cent occupied apartments of three rooms or less, while of the households having foreign-born heads, 15.6 per cent occupied apartments of three rooms or less. (2) Size of Households. —— The average number of persons per household was 5.05, for the households having native-born heads, 4.15, and for the households having foreign-born heads, 5.35. Of the households whose heads were native-born 36.8 per cent consisted of five or more members each, while of the households whose heads were foreign-born, 62.7 per cent consisted of five or more members. (3) Congestion. —— Of the households having native-born heads, 42.7 per cent were found to have two or more persons per sleeping room and 16.2 per cent with three or more persons per sleeping room, while for the house- holds having foreign-born heads, 67.6 per cent had two or more persons per sleeping room and 21.7 per cent had three or more persons per sleeping room. In the case of the households having foreign-born Greeks as heads, 14.8 per cent had four or more persons per sleeping room. Some ‘congestion of this character was also noted among South Italians, Hebrews, and Polish. [70] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants in Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. (if) Salient Characteristics. (1) Literacy. — Nearly all (98.9 per cent) of the 4,670 employees studied could read and 98.5 per cent could read and write. Of the foreign-born 97.3 per cent could read and 96.6 per cent could read and write. Among the foreign-born the North and South Italians, Greeks, Russian Hebrews, and Irish furnished the smallest percentages who could read and write, the low- est percentage being 91.6 per cent for the North Italians. (2) Conjugal Condition. — Among the employees 20 years of age and over for whom information was secured, 61.9 per cent of the males and 36.7 per - cent of the females were married, and 4.7 per cent of the males and 12.9 per cent of the females were widowed. A somewhat larger per cent of the foreign-born (36.8) were single than of the native-born (30.7). (3) Wives Abroad. —— A considerable number of the foreign-born male employees left their wives abroad upon immigrating to the United States. Thus, out of 734 male employees considered, 12.3 per cent reported wife abroad. The percentages for certain races were as follows: South Italian, 34.2; North Italian, 26.4; Russian Hebrew, 8.3; English, 4.4. None of the wives of Irish orCanadian (other than French) employees were abroad. In the case of the South Italians, 94 out of 117 who reported wives abroad had been in the United States for five years or over. (4) Visits Abroad. — Of 425 employees considered, 30.5 had made at least one visit to their native country since first coming to the United States. For the South Italians the percentage was 21.1. (5) Charity. —— Of 1,431 persons who received charitable assistance in this locality 45.4 per cent were native-born and 54.6 per cent were foreign- born. The Irish constituted 18.4 per cent of the total number thus assisted. (gg) General Progress and Assimilation. . (1 ) Ownership of Homes. —— Home ownership by families the heads of which were of foreign birth may be considered as a strong indication of inten- tion to reside in this country permanently. Of 525 families for whom in- formation was obtained 14.1 per cent own their homes, the percentage for the native-born being 15.5 and for the foreign-born 13.6. The highest per- centage for the foreign-born was that for the Irish, 54.8. (2) School Attendance. —— Information as to general nativity and race of father was obtained for 9,583 pupils in public schools and 2,959 pupils in parochial schools. The proportion of pupils of foreign parentage is 44.2 per cent in public schools and 68.4 per cent in parochial schools, while the [71] ' 72 STATISTICS OF LABOR ~—— 1912. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. proportion of children of native whites is 54.7 per cent in public and 31.6 per cent in parochial schools. I (3) Citizenship. —-— Of 320 foreign-born male employees who had been in the United States for five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over on arrival, 30.6 per cent were fully naturalized and 20.9 per cent had first papers only. (4) Ability to speak English. — A study of 1,051 foreign-born persons six years of age and over showed that 68.2 per cent could speak English. Of the several races represented, the French Canadians showed the highest percentage, 93.5; Syrians, 90.7; Hebrews, 76.0; Armenians, 70.2; South Italians, 69.0; Lithuanians, 52.0; Greeks, 51.8; and Polish, 45.7. Of the total number of foreign-born males 77.6 per cent could speak English and of the females only 55.7 per cent. The inability of the females to speak Eng- lish was particularly marked among the Greeks, Lithuanians, and Polish, the respective percentages able to speak English being 26.7, 28.0, and 37.5. Some progress in acquiring the ability to speak English is indicated by the fact that 93.6 per cent of those who have been in the United States 10 years or over can speak English, while for those who have been in the United States less than five years the percentage is only 50.5. 4. IMMIGRANTS AS CHARITY SEEKERS. A. METHOD AND SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION. In order to determine to what extent immigrants are the recipients of charity, the Immigration Commission planned an extensive investigation covering this phase of the immigration question. In addition to the original investigation the Commission has compiled existing federal statistics relative to immigrants and pauperism. This compilation consists of statistics from the United States Bureau of the Census and the United States Bureau of Immigration and Natural- ization, covering the period from 1850 to 1908. . . . A schedule or form was drafted on which information was to be entered for each member of the family at home for each case, native or foreign-born, receiving assistance during a period of six months, from December 1, 1908, to May 31, 1909. The report for Boston . . . however, includes only the new cases assisted during this period. The information required for each case was apparent cause of need and aid given, and for each individual was race, sex, age, conjugal condition, occupation, and country of birth, and for the foreign-born individuals the addi- tional information of years in the United States, ability to speak English, and political condition. No account was made of a case unless some assistance was given. The information required was entered on this schedule by an employee of the society, usually the registrar, and for this service a small payment was [72] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. ‘ Immigrants as Charity Seekers. made by the Commission. A representative of the Commission visited these societies, with the exception of those in the far West, giving instructions as to the use of the schedule. . . . As a part of its investigation the Commission made a study of the work done by charity organizations during the six months from December 1, 1908, to May 31, 1909, in 43 cities in the United States. Five of these cities, namely, Boston, Lynn, Malden, Springfield, and Worcester, are in Massa- chusetts, and for these five cities data have been selected for consideration in this Bulletin. The summary table which follows shows for each of these five cities the number of cases1 reported, classified according to the general nativity and race of the head of the case. TABLE — Number of Cases Assisted in Specified Cities: By General Nativity and Race of Head of Case. GENEEQLHIZ‘EIQEYC‘KL‘; RACE Boston2 Lynn Malden Springfield Worcester _ All Races. 1,010 394 83 197 220 Native Born. 390 182 36 163 99 Native-born of native father, . . . . 342 156 33 156 59 Native-born of foreign father, . . . . 48 26 3 7 40 Foreign Born. 620 212 47 34 121 Armenian, . . 1 11 — — 4 Canadian, French, 7 7 — 1 15 Canadian, Other, . 119 42 8 — 1 English, . . 51 10 2 12 6 German, . 11 4 6 6 - Hebrew, 23 28 13 - 1 Irish, . . 174 76 12 8 48 Italian, North, . 6 - — -— 3 Italian, South, . . 97 — - 1 5 Italian (not specified), 24 10 - 3 - Negro, . . . 16 4 — - - Norwegian, . 5 - — - - Polish, . 13 4 — - 5 Portuguese, 5 - 1 - - Russian, 9 — 1 — - Swedish, 13 6 3 2 14 Syrian, . ' . 6 - — - 2 All other races, 20 6 1 - 15 The total number of cases for which information was secured by the Com- mission in .43 cities was 31,685. The head of the case was foreign-born in 38.3 per cent of the total number of cases. As compared with this showing, the percentages foreign-born in the Massachusetts cities were as follows: Boston, 61.4; Lynn, 53.8; Malden, 56.6; Springfield, 17.3; and Worcester 55.0. 1 Each individual or family asking assistance is called a "case.’’ No case is reported unless some assistance was given. Where a case consists of a family, “head of case” is the husband, if living at home, or the wife, if a widow or deserted. _ 2 In this city new cases only are included. [73] 74 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1912. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. ‘B. BOSTON.1 (a) General Nativity and Race. . . . The total number of cases assisted by the society reporting data was 1,006, and the total number of persons involved in these cases was 3,482. Of the 1,006 cases, 616, or 61.2 per cent, were cases in which the head of the case was foreign-born and 390, or 38.8 per cent, were cases in which the head was native-born. Included with the native-born are 48 cases, or 4.8 per cent of the total number, in which the head was native-born of foreign father. . . Of the total number of persons, 2,266, or 65.1 per cent, were persons involved in cases in which the head was foreign-born, and 1,216, or 34.9 per cent, were persons involved in cases in which the head was native-born. Included with the native-born were 188 persons, or 5.4 per cent of the total number of.persons, involved in cases in which the head was native-born of foreign father. The greatest proportion of assistance given any single race was to the white, native-born of native father, with 308 cases assisted, or 30.6 per cent of the total number, involving 926 persons, or 26.6 per cent of the total number of persons. The Irish, Canadian, other than French, South Italian, English, Italian (not specified), Hebrew, and Scotch are the foreign-born races assisted by the society and showing percentages ranging in the order named from 11.8 to 2. The negro, native-born of native father, shows a percentage of 3.4, and the Irish, native- born of foreign father, 3.2. . . . (b) Apparent Cause of Need. . . . Lack of employment or insufficient earnings alone, or along with other causes, was the apparent cause of need in the greatest proportion of cases, having 46.5 per cent of the total number so reported. The cases in which the head was foreign-born report lack of employment or insufficient earnings as a cause of need in 44.7 per cent of their number and the native-born in 49.2 per cent. . . . Neglect or bad habits of breadwinner includes desertion by husband, incar- ceration of breadwinner, intemperance of breadwinner, and neglect by bread- winner. This class of causes alone, or along with other causes, was reported in 20.1 per cent of the total number of cases, involving 23.3 per cent of the total number of persons. Of the cases in which the head was native-born, 22.6 per cent are so reported, and of the foreign-born 18.6 per cent. Old age was reported as a cause of need in 5.7 per cent of the cases in which the head was foreign-born and in 5.1 per cent of the cases in which the head was native-born. . . . 1 The report furnished by the Associated Charities of Boston includes only the new cases assisted by that Society from December 1, 1908, to May 31, 1909. I741 IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. (c) Aid Given. . . . Food or meals were given to 45.4 per cent of the total number of cases, medicine or medical assistance to 27 per cent, fuel to 20 per cent, employment secured for 13.9 per cent, cash to 12.1 per cent, and clothing to 9.4 per cent. . . . (d) Persons per Case. . . . Of a total of 1,006 cases, 425, or 42.2 per cent, consisted of from two to four persons, which group contains the largest proportion of cases; 276, or 27.4 per cent, of from five to eight persons; 274, or 27.2 per cent, of but one person; and 31, or 3.1 per cent, consisted of nine or more persons. . . . (e) “ Type” of Case. . . . . The tables show that 471 cases, or 46.8 per cent of the total number, consist of husband and wife, with or without children. Of this number 175 cases consist of husband and wife with one or two children and 174 cases consist of husband and wife with from three to five children. The cases consisting of widow, with or without children, are 236, or 23.5 per cent of the total number. Of this number 106 cases consist of widow with one or two children. The term “widow,” as used in this table, includes, besides the widowed, deserted, or divorced, those wives whose husbands are residing else- where and unmarried mothers living with their children. The cases consisting of widower, with or without children, are 67, or 6.7 per cent of the total number, and of this number 56 cases consist of widowers alone. Cases in which there are persons other than husband, wife, and children and cases in which there is neither husband nor wife, have been classed as “ others.” Cases under this class numbered 232, or 23.1 per cent of the total number, and of this number 142 cases consisted of but one person. . . The report for Boston contained 47 cases, or 7.6 per cent of the total number consisting only of husband and wife. . (7‘) Age of Persons Involved in Cases Assisted. . . . Of a total of 3,339 persons involved in the cases assisted reporting age, 1,598, or 47.9 per cent, were under 16 years of age; 1,172, or 35.1 per cent, were from 16 to 39 years of age; 424, or 12.7 per cent, were from 40 to 59 years of age; and 145, or 4.3 per cent, were 60 years of age or over. . . 1,480, or 44.3 per cent of the total number reporting age, were children 13 years of age or under, and . . . 754, or 22.6 per cent, were children less than six years of age. . . . (g) Conjugal Condition of Persons Involved in Cases Assisted. . . . Of the 1,575 persons 20 years of age or over reporting conjugal condition, 1,019, or 64.7 per cent, were married; 306, or 19.4 per cent. were deserted, I75] 76 STATISTICS OF LABOR— 1912. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. separated, or widowed; and 250, or 15.9 per cent, were single. The foreign-born have the larger proportion of persons married, and the native-born the larger proportion of persons deserted, separated or widowed, and single. The large proportion of single persons among the native-born of foreign father is undoubtedly due to the fact that over one—half of such persons are between the ages of 20 and 29. The South Italian show the largest proportion, or 73.5 per cent, married, and the white, native-born of native father, the smallest, or 60.2 per cent. . . . The total number of cases in which the wife is the head of the case and re- ported deserted, separated, or widowed is 250. Of this number, 171, or 68.4 per cent, are widowed, and 79, or 31.6 per cent, are deserted or separated. The cases in which the head is a widow represent 17 per cent of the total number and those in which the head is reported deserted or separated represent 7.9 per cent of the total number. . . . (h) General Occupation of Children. . . . A total of 829 children, Six and under 16 years of age, were involved in the cases assisted. Of this number 87.7 per cent were at school, 8.9 per cent were at home, and 3.4 per cent were at work. . . . . . . The proportion of foreign-born children at work was 3.2 per cent, native- born of foreign father 3.7 per cent, total native-born 3.4 per cent, and white, native-born of native father 2.7 per cent. The Irish and South Italian, native-born of foreign father, Show the largest proportion of children at school, 95.3 and 94.3 per cent, respectively. . . . (i) Years in United States. . . . The foreign-born heads of cases reporting years in the United States numbered 522. Of this number, 20.7 per cent have lived in the United States less than five years, 42.5 per cent less than 10 years, and 73 per cent less than 20 years. . . . (j) Ability to Speak English. . . . Of the total number reporting,_74.9 per cent speak the English language, with 77.4 per cent of the males and 72.7 per cent of the females. Of the foreign- born, 67.4 per cent speak English, with 71.3 per cent of the males and 63.8 per cent of the females. Of the native-born of foreign father, 98.8 per cent speak English, with 100 per cent of the males and 98 per cent of the females. The proportion speaking English of the Hebrews is 75 per cent, South Italians 54.4 per cent, and Italian (not specified) 61.2 per cent. . . . (k) Citizenship. . . . Of the 127 [foreign-born males over 21 years of ageon arrival, who have been in the United States five years or over] reporting citizenship, 63, or 49.6. [76] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 77 Immigration and Crime. per cent, were either fully naturalized or had their first papers; 56, or 44.1 per cent, were fully naturalized; and seven, or 5.5 per cent, had first papers only. Of the three races included in this table, 69.7 per cent' of the Irish were fully naturalized, 55 per cent of the Canadian (other than French) were fully natural- ized, and 21.4 per cent of the South Italian were fully naturalized, and 7.1 per cent had first papers only. 5. IMMIGRATION AND CRIME. A. INTRODUCTORY. The data here presented, having reference to Immigration and Crime, have been taken from Volume 36 of the Reports of the Commission. The following paragraphs summarize the principal results of the study of the statistics 011 the subject to which the Commission had access: No satisfactory evidence has yet been produced to show that immigration has resulted in an increase in crime disproportionate to the increase in adult pop- ulation. Such comparable statistics of crime and population as it has been possible to obtain indicate that immigrants are less prone to commit crime than are native Americans. The statistics do indicate, however, that the American-born children of ' immigrants exceed the children of natives in relative amount of crime. It also appears from data bearing on the volume of crime that juvenile delinquency is more common among immigrants than it is among Americans. There are, how- ever, two factors affecting these conclusions. First, immigrants are found in greater proportion in cities than in rural communities, and the criminality of the children of immigrants is largely a product of the city. Second, the majority of the juvenile delinquents are found in the North Atlantic States, where im- migrants form a larger proportion of the population than in any other section of the‘ country. This excessive representation of immigrants in the population of that group of States which reports the largest number of juvenile delinquents makes the percentage of immigrant juvenile delinquents1 in the country at large greater than it would be if the immigrant ‘population were more evenly distrib- uted throughout the United States. ' Is the volume of crime in the United States augmented by the presence among us of the immigrant and his offspring? is the question usually asked first in con- sidering the relation of immigration to crime. In natural sequence to it is the further question, If immigration increases crime, what races are responsible for such increase? N 0 one has satisfactorily answered these questions; no one can answer them fully without ‘a machinery far greater than that which the Immi- gration Commission has had at its disposal. In order even closely to approximate accuracy in answering these questions, 1 Juvenile delinquency differs greatly in the several sections of the country, being very largely determined by local conditions such as the existence of children's courts and reformatory institutions. [77] 78 STATISTICS OF LABOR —- 1912. _ Immigration and Crime. at least the following facts are necessary: The age, sex, race, and offense of every offender committed to a penal institution during a definite period of time, and the age, sex, and race of every person in the general population on a date falling within that period of time. Such facts have never been ascertained. Without them all conclusions regarding the relative amount of crime committed by im- migrants and natives must be largely conjectural. Such figures as are presented in the Census reports indicate that immigration has not increased the volume of crime to a distinguishable extent, if at all. In fact, the figures seem to indicate a contrary result. Immigration has, however, evidently made changes in the character of crime in the United States. Whether these changes are for better or for worse must be left to individual decision. The determination of the nature of these changes has been the chief work undertaken in this investigation of immigration and crime. From the data gathered it is evident that immigration has had a marked effect upon the nature of the crimes committed in the United States. This effect has been to increase the commission of offenses of personal violence (such as abduction and kidnapping, assault, homicide, and rape), and of that large class of violations of the law known as offenses against public policy (which include disorderly conduct, drunkenness, vagrancy, the violation of corporation ordi- nances, and many offenses incident to city life). It is also probable that immi- gration has somewhat increased offenses against chastity, especially those connected with prostitution. That certain offenses of pecuniary gain, such as blackmail and extortion and the receiving of stolen property, are more common now because of immigration is likewise possible, but it can not be said that the majority of the gainful offenses. have increased because of immigration. Indeed, the data analyzed in this report appear to indicate a far greater commission of such offenses by Americans than by immigrants. Some of the changes in the character of crime may be traced to immigration from specific countries, although the difficulty of obtaining data regarding race has rendered the determination of racial influences almost impossible. The in- crease in offenses of personal violence in this country is largely traceable to immi- gration from Southern Europe, and especially from Italy. This is most marked in connection with the crime of homicide; of all the various race and nationality groups appearing in the data collected, the Italian stands out prominently as having the largest percentage of cases of homicide among its crimes. Abduction and kidnapping likewise have evidently become more prevalent because of Italian immigration. The increase in offenses against public policy is perhaps more due to the growth of cities and the resultant increase in the number of forbidden acts than it is to immigration. To immigration, however, some increase in the commission of these acts is evidently due and may be largely traced to immigra— tion from Ireland, Scotland, Italy, Greece, and Russia. The Irish and Scotch immigrants are notable in penal records for intoxication, the Italian for offenses of violence against public policy, and the Greek and Russian for the violation of [78] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 79 Immigration and Crime. corporation ordinances in large cities. Such probable increase in offenses against chastity as appears due to immigration is chiefly of crimes connected with pros- titution, and has evidently been largely caused by immigration from France and Russia. . . . B. CHARACTER AND ‘SCOPE or THE INvEsTIeATIoN. . . . The investigation was . . . confined to a determination, in so far as possible, of the changes in the character of crime in the United States which had resulted from immigration and of the crimes peculiar to various immigrant races and nationalities. . . . . After a general survey of the possible sources of criminal statistics in this country, the following were selected as affording the greatest amount of data for the purpose of the Commission: I. Court records; II. Records of penal institutions; III. Records of arrests by the police of various cities. . . . From these sources records of 1,179,677 criminal cases were obtained. The dissimilarity of the sources, however, detracts from their strict comparability, and the figures from each source must be subjected to separate analysis. [Of these three classes of records the commitments to all Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909, constituted 31,653 criminal cases considered and a digest of these data having reference to Massachusetts is herewith presented] C. COMMITMENTS To MAssAcHUsETTs PENAL INsTITUTIoNs. From the data of commitments to Massachusetts penal institutionsl, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909, five immigrant and five second-generation groups have likewise been selected for comparison with persons native-born of native father. No separation, however, of the white and negro constituents of the latter group is possible. . . . Furthermore, the Massachusetts records do not contain any classification of the foreign-born by race, nor of the native-born by race of father. The classification is . . . by ‘country of birth. Thus, in the following discussion the term “ nationality” is used to indicate the country of birth of the foreign-born, and when reference is made to the “ second generation” it should be interpreted as meaning the American-born children of the designated “ na- tionality.” For example, by first-generation Canadians are meant persons born in Canada,‘while by second-generation Canadians are meant persons born in the United States whose fathers were born in Canada. . . . Only one of the five second-generation groups shows, in the date of com- mitments to Massachusetts penal institutions, a persistent deviation in the character of its criminality from the corresponding immigrant group in the direc- tion of the native-born of native father. This group is the second-generation Irish. 1 Excluding the State Farm. .0. , [791 ‘' o‘, 80 STATISTICS OF LABOR —— 1912. Immigration and Crime. (a) Classes of Crime. The four general classes of crime occur among the 11 groups of oHenders selected for analysis as follows: TABLE 15. — Classes of Crimes, First and Second Generations Compared: Massachusetts Penal Institutions, October 1, 1.908, to September 30, 1.909. Number. Ga-nf 1 Offenses gigging‘? Offenses Unclassi- CLASSIFICATION. Totals Ofil u of Personal Pg blii Against fied eases Violence ‘1 . Chastity Offenses Policy Native born of native father, . 5,288 1,090 278 3,598 203 119 Canadian: Immigrant, . . . 2,675 308 134 2,038 134 61 Second generation, 1,176 220 52 831 43 30 Englis : Immigrant, . . . . 1,036 78 55 848 29 26 Second generation, . . . 529 76 23 400 12 18 German: - Immigrant, . . . . . 155 30 12 104 5 4 Sicond generation, . . . 200 36 8 138 5 13 Is : Immigrant, . . . . . 6,351 232 189 5,718 70 92 Second generation, . . . 7,278 726 260 6,074 113 105 Scotch: Immigrant, . . . . . 439 37 12 376 8 6 Second generation, . . . 271 38 4 212 9 8 Percentages of Total Number. Native-born of native father, . 100.0 20.6 5.3 68.0 3.8 2.3 Canadian: Immigrant, . . 100.0 11.5 5.0 76.2 5.0 2.3 Second generation, 100.0 18.7 4.4 70.7 3.7 2.5 Englis : Immigrant, . . 100.0 7.5 5.3 81.9 2.8 2.5 Second generation, 100.0 14.4 4.3 75.6 2.3 3.4 German: Immigrant, . . 100.0 19.4 7.7 67.1 3.2 2.6 I Sipond generation, 100.0 18.0 4.0 69.0 2.5 6.5 1'18 : Immigrant, . . 100.0 4.4 3.0 90.0 1.1 1.5 Second generation, 100.0 10.0 3.6 83 .5 1.6 1.3 Scotc : Immigrant, . . 100.0 8.4 2.7 85.6 1.8 1.5 Second generation, 100.0 14.0 1.5 78.2 3.3 3.0 Other tables are presented in the Commission’s report showing in further detail the distribution of crimes for four groups of offenses characterized as “gainful,” “personal violence,” “against public policy,” and “against chas- tity,” together with ‘a group of five tables showing “the relations of second generation to immigrant groups and to the group of persons native-born of native father.” There are also appended seven general tables which pre- sent in elaborate detail by offenses and by nativity and race of offenders, the information obtained from the Massachusetts penal institutions. ‘- [801 O O 0' a o to . o ’ a IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 81 Immigrant Population Statistics — 1910. III. POPULATION STATISTICS ——- CENSUS OF 1910. 1. INTRODUCTORY. The composition and characteristics of the population of Massachusetts in 1910, as determined by the Federal Census of that year, are considered in the second population bulletin for Massachusetts issued in March, 1913, by the Bureau of the Census of the Federal Department of Commerce. In explanation of the method of presenting the statistics of population the following paragraphs were included in the text accompanying the statistical tables appearing in the bulletin: On account of the wide differences in characteristics among the different classes of the population, the statistics on each subject are shown according to race, and for the whites according to nativity and parentage. Classification according to nativity and parentage is scarcely necessary for the other races, since nearly all negroes and Indians are native born of native parentage, and nearly all Chinese and Japanese either foreign born or of foreign parentage. The white population is divided into four groups: (1) Native, native parentage — that is, having both parents born in the United States; (2) native, foreign parent- age —— having both parents born abroad; (3) native, mixed parentage —— having one parent native and the other foreign born; (4) foreign born. As the second and third classes do not differ greatly in characteristics, they are combined in some of the tables; in a few cases all three native white classes are combined. Since marked differences often exist between urban and rural communities with respect to the composition and characteristics of the population, it is desirable that the two classes be distinguished in presenting census data. The Bureau of the Census has undertaken to do this by classifying as urban all incorporated places of 2,500 - inhabitants or more. In New England, however, where many villages of considerable size are not separately incorporated, it was deemed best to classify also towns of 2,500 or more inhabitants as urban, although this classification is not very satisfactory because such towns generally include more or less population that is essentially rural. For our present purpose the more important data bearing upon the sub- ject of immigration to Massachusetts have been selected for publication in this article, some re—arrangement of the tabular matter having been resorted to in order to conserve space and to secure uniformity in tabular makeup. Particular reference to color, nativity, and foreign nationality has been made in the Census Bulletin in the paragraphs reprinted herewith: Color and Nativity. . . .—- Of the total population of Massachusetts, 1,103,429, or 32.8 per cent, are native whites of native parentage; 1,17 0,447 , or 34.8 per cent, [31] 82 STATISTICS OF LABOR —-— 1912. Immigrant Population Statistics -— 1910. are native whites of foreign or mixed parentage; 1,051,050, or 31.2 per cent, are foreign-born whites; and 38,055, or 1.1 per cent, are negroes. The corresponding percentages in 1900 were 36.8, 32, 29.9, and 1.1, respectively, the proportion of native whites of native parentage having decreased during the decade. In 8 of the 14 counties more than one-fourth of the population is foreign-born white, the maximum percentage —- 37.6 -— being that for Bristol County. In 10 counties the population is more than . one-fourth native white of foreign or mixed parentage, the maximum percentage —— 38.2 — being that for Suffolk. Of the urban population, 30.8 per cent are native whites of native parentage; of the rural, 58.6 per cent. The corresponding proportions for native whites of foreign or mixed parentage are 35.7 and 22.5 per cent, respectively. The percentage of foreign-born whites is 32.3 in the urban population and 17.6 in the rural; the percent- age of negroes, 1.1 in the urban and 1.2 in the rural. . . . Foreign Nationalities. . . . —— Of the foreign-born white population of Massachu- setts, persons born in Canada represent 28.1 per cent (those of French parentage 12.8, and all others, 15.3); Ireland, 21.2; Russia, 11.2; England, 8.8; Italy, 8.1; Sweden, 3.8; Austria, 3.4; Germany, 2.9; Scotland, 2.7; Portugal, 2.4; all other countries, 7.4 per cent. 0f the total white stock of foreign origin, which includes persons born abroad and also natives having one or both parents born abroad, Ireland contributed 28.5 per cent; Canada, 27 .2 (French stock, 13.3, and all others, 13.9); England, 8.3; Russia, 7 .9; Italy, 5.9; Germany, 3.5; Sweden, 3.1; Scotland, 2.5; Austria, 2.4 per cent. TABLE 16. —— Color, Nativity, and Parentage of the-Population of Massachusetts. NUMBER PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL CLASSES OF POPULATION. 1910 1900 1890 1910 1900 1890 The State. 3,366,416 2,805,346 2,238,947 100.0 100.0 100.0 White, 3,324,926 2,769,764 2,215,373 98.8 98.7 98.9 Negro, 38,055 ,974 22,144 1. 1 1.1 1.0 Indian, 688 587 428 1 - 1 - 1 - ' Chinese, . 2,582 2,968 984 0.1 0.1 1 - Japanese, . . . 151 53 18 l - 1 — 1 - All other (Hindu), . 14 — — 1 - - - Total native, . . 2,307,171 1,959,022 1,581,810 68.5 69.8 70.6 Total foreign born, . 1,059,245 846,324 657,137 31.5 30.2 29.4 Native white, total, 2,273,876 1,929,650 1,561,870 67.5 68.8 69.8 Native parentage, 1,103,429 1,032,264 955,430 32.8 36.8 42.7 Foreign parentage, 846,820 650,694 462,493 25.2 23.2 20.7 Mixed parentage, . 323,627 246,692 143,947 9.6 8.8 6.4 Foreign-born white, 1,051,050 840,114 653,503 31.2 29.9 29.2 1 Less than one-tenth of one per cent. [89] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 83 Immigrant Population Statistics -— 1910. TABLE 17. —— Foreign White Population of Massachusetts in 1.910, with Comparative Figures for Foreign-Born White Population in 1900: By Nationalities. WHITE PoPULATIoN or FOREIGN BIRTH 0R FOREIGN PARENTAGE, 1910 Foreign- FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN ToTAL FOREIGN-BORN NATIVE born wnrcn BoRN, on, IF NATIVE, IN Plgh‘llg WHICH PARENTs WERE BORN. P t- P t- I)Botht POne tilzm ercen ercen aren s arent ' N umber ages N umber ages Foreign— Foreign- 1900 born born All Countries. 2,221,497 100.0 1,051,050 100.0 846,820 323,627 840,114 Atlantic islands, 19,622 0.9 11,128 1 .1 7,219 1,275 4,100 Austria, . . 53,711 2.4 35,455 3.4 17,313 943 12,931 Belgium, . . 2,162 0.1 1,74 0.2 276 141 509 Canada — Frenc 295,282 13.3 134,659 12.8 111,952 48,671 134,387 Canada -— Other, 308,487 13 . 9 160,972 15 .3 61,275 86,240 156,898 Denmark, . 6,07 0.3 3,403 0.3 1,706 963 2,467 England, . 184,347 8.3 92,465 8.8 45,220 46,662 82,303 Finland, . 16,170 0.7 10,744 1.0 5,244 182 5,104 France, 9,909 0.4 5,916 0. 6 2,026 1,967 3,901 Germany, . 77,728 3.5 30,554 2.9 34,142 13,032 32,926 Greece, 12,416 0. 6 11,413 1 .1 907 96 1,843 Holland, 2,881 0.1 - 1 ,592 0 .2 901 388 993 Hungary, . 3,129 0.1 1,996 0.2 998 135 926 Ireland, 633,022 '28 . 5 222,862 21 .2 315,425 94,735 249,903 130.57 7 5 .9 85,056 8.1 42,607 2,914 28,784 3,007 0.1 1,751 0.2 765 491 1 — 8,370 0.4 5,432 0.5 2,170 768 3,334 41,431 1 . 9 25,445 2 . 4 13,800 2,186 12,811 176,499 7. 9 117,260 11.2 56,962 2,277 37,919 55,482 2 . 5 28,411 2. 7 14,602 12,469 24,328 68,468 3 .1 39,560 3.8 25,149 3,759 32,189- . 2,408 0. 1 ,341 0 . 1 508 559 1,277 in Asia, 15,805 0.7 12,546 1.2 3,099 160 } 2 893 Turkey in Europe, 3,943 0.2 3,592 0.3 315 36 ’ Wales, . . 3,228 0. 1 1,513 0 . 1 55 1,163 1,676 All other, 3 87,341 3.9 4,239 0.4 2 81,687 1,415 5,712 1 Included with Canada. 2 Includes native whites whose parents were born in different foreign countries; for example, one parent in Ireland and the other in Scotland. TABLE 18. —— Native and Foreign-Born White Population of Massachusetts in 1910: By Age Periods. NUMBER PERcENTAeEs FOREIGN-BORN FOREIGN-BORN AGE PERIoos. NATIVE WHITE WHITE NATIVE WHITE WHITE Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females All Ages. 1,109,359 1,164,517 524,128 526,922 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under 5 years, 160,138 156,732 4,220 4,237 14.4 13.5 0.8 0.8 5 to 9 years, 136,136 133,735 11,030 10,969 12.3 11.5 2.1 2.1 10 to 14 years, 126,612 126, 14,622 14,627 11.4 10.8 2.8 2.8 15 to 19 years, 114,163 116,806 29,980 32,560 10.3 10.0 5.7 6.2 20 to 24 years, 94,073 102,356 60,745 64,057 8.5 8.8 11.6 12.2 25 to 34 years, 151,679 166, 136,245 129,926 13.7 14.3 26.0 24.7 35 to 44 years, 127,184 135,688 117,957 112,029 11.4 11.7 22.5 21.3 45 to 64 years, . 152,807 164,812 118,232 120,817 13.8 14.1 22.6 22.9 65 years and over, 45,303 60,896 30,308 37,237 4.1 5.2 5.8 7 . 1 Age unknown, 1,264 823 789 463 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 - 1 Less than one-tenth of one per cent. [83] 84 STATISTICS OF LABOR —— 1912. Immigrant Population Statistics — 1910. TABLE 19. —- School Age and Attendance of Native White and Foreign-Born White Population of Massachusetts in 1910, with Percentages. N UMBER1 PERCENTAGES ATTENDING SCHOOL NATIVE WHITE NATIVE WHITE AGE PERIODS. F _ Ftiareigm- F _ Frgeign- Native reign or or.“ Native Omen or or.“ Mlxed White Mixed White Parentage Parentage parentage Parentage 6 to 20 years, inclusive, . . 278,717 459,778 133,312 78.7 70.3 39.8 Males, . . . . . 139,173 228,856 64,481 73.1 70. 2 41.6 Females, . . . . . 139,544 230,922 68,831 74.4 70.4 38.1 6 to 9 years, . . . . 75,349 138,415 18,347 91.7 91.3 85.3 10 to 14 years, . . . . 93,355 159,342 29,249 95.6 94.6 89.9 15 to 17 years, . . . . 55,075 87,143 27,714 60.7 41.9 25.9 18 to 20 years, . . . . 54,938 74,878 58,002 24.9 12.9 6.8 Urban Population. 6 to 14 years, . . . . 147,663 284,088 46,036 , 94.0 93.1 88.1 15 to 20 years, . . . . 96,983 155,197 82,534 42.9 28.4 13.1 Rural Population. 6 to 14 years, . . . . 21,041 13,669 1,560 93.4 92.1 88.3 15 to 20 years, . . . . 13,030 6,824 3,182 42.3 30.8 9.1 i 1 Includes all persons within age periods specified, whether attending or not attending school. TABLE 20. —— Number and Percentage of I lliterate Persons Ten Years of Age and Over in Massachusetts in 1910: By Nativity and Color. NUMBER ILLITERATE PERCENTACES or TOTAL NATIvE WHITE NATIvE WHITE CLASSIFICATION. - Foreign- - Foreign- Native offfieixfgelé born Negro Native Inga-lg?! born Negro Parent— Par t White Parent- OP me White age en - _ age arent- age age The State, . . . 3,428 5,735 129,412 2,584 0.4 0.7 12.7 8.1 Males, . . . . 1,944 2,647 61,402 1,286 0.4 0.7 12.1 8.2 Females, . . . 1 .484 3,088 68,010 1 ,298 0.3 0.8 13.3 8. 1 Urban Population, . 2,698 5,179 122,924 2,086 0.3 0.7 12.6 7.1 Males, . . . . 1,483 2,331 57,668 959 0.4 0.6 11.9 6.7 Females, . . . 1,210 2,848 65,256 1,127 0.3 0.7 13.2 7.4 Rural Population, . 735 556 6,488 498 0.6 1.5 15.6 22.7 Males, . . . . 461 316 3,734 327 0.8 1.7 16.6 25.0 Females, . . . 274 240 2,754 171 0.5 1.3 14. 5 19.4 134] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 85 Immigrant Population Statistics —- 1910. TABLE 21. -— Marital Condition of Persons 15 Years of Age and Over in Massachusetts in 1910: By Color and Race. Nrmmml PERcENTAeEs NATIVE wm'rn NATIvE WHITE MARITAL CoNmTIoN. - Foreign- - Foreign- Native Ofiohrfilxgra born Negro Native goifgra born Negro Parent- Pawn? White Parent- P a White age - age aren age age Males, 15 years of age and over,1 . . 388,440 298,033 494,256 14,237 - - - — Single, . . . . 140,370 174,172 157,136 5,941 36.1 58.4 31.8 41.7 Married, . . . 221,584 115,191 310,195 7,391 57.0 38.7 62 .8 51.9 Widowed, . . . 23,076 7,548 25,379 . 753 5.9 2 .5 5.1 5 .3 Divorced, . . . 2,503 878 859 87 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.6 Females, 15 years of age and over,1 . . 418,954 329,011 497,089 14,576 - - - - Single, . . . . 148,497 178,439 133,251 4,783 35.4 54.2 26.8 32.8 Married, . . . 206,461 131,046 299,648 7,232 49.3 39. 8 60 .3 49. 6 Widowed, . . . 60,210 18,192 62,623 2,447 14.4 5.5 12.6 16.8 Divorced, . . . 3,487 1,077 1,299 100 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.7 1 Totals include persons whose marital condition is unknown. [35] 86 STATISTICS OF LABOR -— 1912. Immigrant Population Statistics — 1910. TABLE 22. — Population in 1910 of Cities and Towns in Massachusetts Having Popula- tion of 10,000 or Over, by Color and Race, with Percentages of Foreign-Born Whites to Total Population. Percent- NATIvE WHITE age (CPITIIIIE A_Nn 'If‘qwNs PToffitlar F _ Foreign- N 1 All F‘forgrlin op ation 0 0,000 o - oreign orn egro 2 - or over). tibn gig; or Mixed T owl White Others WTfégglto age P816111)“ Popula_ age tion Adams, . 13,026 2,597 5,323 7,920 5,097 4 5 39.1 Arlington, 11,187 4,279 4,078 8,357 2,758 67 5 24.7 Attleboroug 16,215 5,942 5,669 11,611 4,453 ' 138 13 27.5 BEVERLY, . 18,650 9,124 4,795 13,919 4,661 51 19 25.0 BOSTON, 670,585 157,870 257,104 414,974 240,722 13,564 1,325 35.9 BRocKToN, 56,878 23,008 17,882 40,890 15,425 531 32 27.1 Brookline, 27,792 11,615 7,587 19,202 8,345 221 24 30.0 CAMBRIDGE, 04,839 25,615 39,794 65,409 34,608 4,707 115 33 .0 CHELSEA, . 32,452 6,969 11,460 18,429 13,748 242 33 42.4 CHICOPEE, 25,401 4,626 10,726 15,352 10,036 7 6 39.5 Clinton, 13,075 2,497 5,762 8,259 4,798 12 6 36.7 EVERETT, . 33,484 11,048 12,017 23,065 9,607 795 17 28.7 FALL RIVER, 119,295 15,858 52,125 67,983 50,874 355 83 42.6 FITCHBURG, 37,826 9,745 14,415 24,160 13,611 42 13 36.0 Framingham, 12,948 5,531 4,182 9,713 3,156 69 10 24.4 Gardner, 14,699 4,277 5,070 9,347 5,312 34 6 36.1 GLOUCESTER, 24,398 8,206 8,675 16,881 7,484 12 21 30.7 Greenfield, 10,427 5,568 2,877 8,445 1,918 . 61 3 18.4 HAvERnILL, 44,115 19,472 13,061 32,533 11,153 397 32 25.3 HOLYOKE, ,730 9,141 25,286 34,427 23,238 45 20 40.3 Hyde Park, 15,507 5,158 5,804 10,962 4,442 87 16 28.6 LAWRENCE, 85,892 11,699 32,553 44,252 41,319 265 56 48.1 Leominster, 17,580 7,063 5,546 12,609 4,875 91 5 27.7 LOWELL, 106,294 20,703 41,942 62,645 43,457 133 59 40.9 LYNN, 89,33 33,180 27,994 61,174 27,344 700 118 30. 6 MALnEN, , 44,404 14,618 15,849 30,467 13,430 486 21 30.2 MARLBOROUG , 14,579 5,279 5,924 11,203 3,344 26 6 22.9 MEDFORD, . 23,150 10,187 7,391 17,578 5,126 431 15 22.1 MELROsE, . 15,715 8,237 4,264 12,501 3,091 110 13 19.7 Methuen, . 11,448 2,830 4,106 6,936 4,501 11 - 39.3 Milford, . 13,055 3,741 4,953 8,694 4,331 28 2 33 .2 NEW BEDFORD, 96,652 ,738 32,336 51,074 42,625 2,885 68 44.1 NEWBURYPORT, 14,949 7,688 4,154 11,842 3,007 98 2 20.1 NEWTON, . , 39,806 16,282 11,830 28,112 11,191 467 36 28.1 NORTH ADAMS, 22,019 ,293 8,588 15,881 6,046 88 4 27.5 NORTHAMPTON, 19,431 7 .856 6,614 14,470 4,880 75 6 25.1 Peabody, . 15,721 4,884 5,469 10,353 5,341 21 6 34.0 Plymouth, 12,141 4,806 3,466 8,272 3,722 145 2 30.7 PITTSFIELD, 32,121 13,778 11,243 25,021 6,744 320 36 21 . 0 QUINCY, 32,642 9,289 12,404 21,693 10,875 45 29 33 .3 Revere, 18,219 5,334 7,508 12,842 5,331 33 13 29.3 SALEM, 43,697 13,504 16,453 29,957 13,539 163 38 31.0 SOMERVILLE, 77,236 29,573 26,632 ,205 20,751 217 63 26.9 Southbridge, 12,592 2,876 5,379 8,255 4,315 17 5 34.3 SPRINGFIELD, 88,926 35,732 28,656 64,388 22,999 1,475 64 25.9 TAUNTON, 34,259 11,930 12,246 24,176 9,779 297 7 28.5 Wakefield, 11,404 4,434 3,809 8,243 3,128 31 2 27.4 WALTBAM, 27,834 10,313 9,747 20,060 7,683 62 29 27. 6 Watertown, 12,875 4,067 4,702 8,769 4,057 44 5 31.5 'Webster, . 11,509 2,140 5,238 7,378 4,096 16 19 35.6 Westfield, . 16,044 6,449 5,147 11,596 4,401 40 7 27.4 Weymouth, 12,895 6,773 3,779 10,552 2,312 26 5 17. 9 Winthrop, . 10,132 4,947 3,040 7,987 2,093 47 5 20.7 WOBURN, . 15,308 4,714 6,308 11,022 g 4,039 242 5 26.4 WORCESTER, 145,986 41,421 54,751 96,172 48,492 1,241 81 33.2 1 Principally native-born. 2 "All others” includes Indians, Chinese, and Japanese; of the Indians nearly all were native-born and of the Chinese and Japanese, nearly all were foreign-born. [86] IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 87 Immigrant Population Statistics -— 1910. TABLE 23. -— Number and Percentage of White Persons of Foreign Birth or Foreign Parentage in 1.910, in Cities Having a Population of 100,000 or Over: By Countries of Birth or of Parent Nativity. Boston. WHITE POPULATION OF FOREIGN BIRTH OR FOREIGN PARENTAGE — 1910 Foreign_ FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN TOTAL FOREIGN BORN NATIVE ‘2211111; ‘WHICH BORN, OR, IF NATIVE, IN , P0pu1a_ WHICH PARENTs WERE BORN. P t— P PBotht POnet tion ercen ercent- aren s aren ’ Number ages Number ages Foreign— Foreign- 190° born born . All Countries. 1 497,826 100.0 240,722 100.0 195,422 61,682 194,958 Atlantic Islands, . . , . . 355 0.1 155 0.1 2 78 210 Austria, . . . . . . 3,742 0.8 2,413 1.0 1,114 215 1,269 Belgium, . . . . . . 875 0.2 682 0.3 53 Canada — Frenc . . . . 5,997 1.2 3,098 1.3 1,686 1,213 2,895 Canada — Other, . . . . 83,406 16.8 47,097 19.6 ’ ,48 18,821 46,656 Denmark, . . . . . 1,577 0.3 1,031 0.4 4 212 England, . . . . . . 26,125 5.2 13,601 5.7 5,364 7,160 13,163 Finland, . . . . . . 644 0.1 455 0.2 1 11 221 France, . . . . . . 1,938 0.4 1,073 0.4 501 1,000 Germany, . . . . . . 23,031 4.6 8,700 3.6 10,480 3,851 10,738 Greece, . . . . . . 1,668 0.3 1,497 ‘0.6 3 28 2 Holland, . . . . . . 883 0.2 486 0.2 295 102 391 Hungary, . . . . . . 734 0.1 426 0.2 238 70 0 Ireland, . . . . . . 177,631 35.7 66,038 27 .4--' 88,099 23,494 70,142 taly, . . . . . 49,753 10 .0 31,380 13 .0) 17,311 1,062 13,738 Newfoundland, . . . 876 0.2 463 0 .2 2 152 '4‘ — Norway, . . . . . . 2,738 0.5 1,914 0.8 645 179 1,145 Portugal, . . . . . . 2,417 0.5 1,225 0.5 967 225 8 Roumania, . . . . . 493 0. 1 373 0 .2 114 6 Russia, . . . . . . 64,238 12.9 41,891 17.4’ 21,328 1,019 18,370 Scotland, . . . . . . 9,207 1.8 5,062 2.1 2,246 1,899 , Sweden, . . . . . . 11,256 2.3 7,122 3.0 3,554 580 5,541 Switzerland, _ . . . . . 706 0.1 415 0.2 147 144 400 Turkey In Asia, . . . . 2,709 0.5 2,088 0.9 585 36 } 600 Turkey In Europe, . . . . 753 0.2 623 0.3 121 9 Wales, . . . . . . 621 0.1 315 0.1 70 236 306 All others, . . . . . 3 23,453 4.7 1,099 0.5 3 22,028 326 1.246 Cambridge. All Countries. 74,402 100 0 34,608 100 0 29,478 10,316 29,924 Atlantic Islands, . . . . 25 4 — 16 4 - 8 1 57 Austria, . . . . . . 240 0.3 156 0.5 60 24 93 Belgium, . . , . . . . 35 4 - 22 0.1 8 5 16 Canada — French, . . . . 3,297 4.4 1,445 4 .2 1,265 587 1,480 Canada —- Other, . . . . 15,428 20.7 8,447 24 .4 3,391 3,590 9,268 Denmark, . . . . . 155 0.2 89 0.3 40 26 129 England, . . . . . . 4,033 5.4 1,954 5.6 918 1,161 1,937 Finland, . . . . . . 106 0.1 72 0.2 30 4 36 France, . . . . . . 239 0.3 130 0.4 31 78 91 . . . . . . 1,817 2.4 728 2.1 756 333 857 110 0.1 102 0.3 4 4 6 46 0.1 18 0.1 15 13 20 154 0.2 102 0.3 48 4 19 28,907 38.9 10,636 30.7 14,743 3,528 11,233 2,359 3.2 1,546 4.5 753 60 277 9 4 - 11 4 - 6 2 2 - 392 0.5 244 0.7 113 35 226 3,075 4 . 1 1,857 5 .4 1 ,095 123 698 73 0.1 64 0.2 7 2 1 5,195 7.0 3,663 10.6 1,454 78 704 1,598 2. 1 809 2. 3 391 398 799 2,955 4.0 1,797 5.2 1,026 132 1,584 _ _ . . . . . 56 0.1 34 0.1 6 16 35 m A818,, . ~ . . 0- 6 ' 1 . 1 1 in Europe, . . . . 53 0.1 50 0.1 3 — . ~. . . . 133 0.2 53 0.2 20 60 59 a 3,455 4. 6 199 0. 6 4 3,205 51 199 1 The white population of Boston of foreign birth or foreign parentage in 1910 constituted 74.2 percent of the total population of the city. . 2 Included with Canada. 8 ncludes native whites whose parents were born In difierent countries: for example, one parent in Ireland and the other In Scotland. 4 Less than one-tenth of one per cent. [87] 88 _ STATISTICS OF LABOR'— 1912. Immigrant Population Statistics — 1910. TABLE 23. — Number and Percentage of White Persons of Foreign Birth or Foreign Parentage in 1.910, in Cities Having a Population of 100,000 or Over: By Countries of Birth or of Parent Nativity — Continued. Fall River. WHITE POPULATION or FOREIGN BIRTH OR FOREIGN PARENTAGE —— 1910 F C Hg‘eign- OREIGN OUNTBIES IN orn WHICH BORN, OR, IF NATIVE, IN TOTAL FOREIGN BORN NATIVE White WHICH PARENTS WERE BORN. P t P t PBotht Pone P2511112.- ercen - ercen - aren s arent ’ Number ages Number ages Foreigm Foreigm 1900 ‘born born All Countries. 102,999 100.0 50,874 100.0 40,373 11,752 49,961 Atlantic Islands, 1,304 1.3 956 1 9 340 8 1,094 Austria, . . 3,953 3 .8 2,614 5. 1 1,329 10 405 Belglum, . 23 1 — 16 1 - 7 — 10 Canada — French, 32,033 31.1 15,277 30.0 13,567 3,189 20,172 Canada — Other, 1,929 1.9 961 1.9 341 627 2,329 Denmark, . 83 0. 1 40 0. 1 25 18 47 England, 22,598 21.9 10,995 21. 6 7,191 4,412 12,268 Finland, 60 0.1 39 0. 1 21 — 15 France, 171 0.2 144 0.3 22 79 Germany, . 533 0.5 234 0.5 202 97 248 Greece, 138 0.1 130 0 . 3 6 2 13 Holland, 6 1 - 3 1 — — 3 — Hungary, . 6 1 — 3 1 - 1 2 Ireland, 15,104 14.7 5,194 10.2 7,310 2,600 7,316 Italy, . . 1,624 1 . 6 1 ,025 2 .0 576 23 280 Newfoundland, 12 1 — 6 1 — 5 2 - Norway . 69 0.1 . 47 0.1 11 11 26 13,334 12 . 9 9,365 18 .4 3,765 204 2,805 52 0.1 34 0.1 18 — 5 3,467 3.4 2,143 4.2 1,285 39 1,286 1,732 1 . 7 863 1 . 7 504 365 1,045 171 0.2 102 0.2 43 26 104 . 19 1 - 10 1 - 1 8 6 in Asia, 351 0.3 320 0. 6 31 — 35 Turkey in Europe, 189 0.2 164 0.3 25 — a s, . . 227 0.2 96 0.2 51 80 102 All others, 3 3,811 3.7 93 0.2 3 3,700 18 267 Lowell. All Countries. 85,399 100.0 43,457 100.0 31,702 10,240 40,915 Atlantic Islands, 55 0.1 39 0.1 15 1 168 Austria, . . 2,806 3 .3 1,948 4. 5 849 9 511 Belgium, . . 180 0.2 174 0.4 3 3 16 Canada — Frenc 23,208 27 .2 12,291 28.3 8,517 2,400 14,674 Canada -— Other, 7,423 8.7 4,049 9.3 1,332 2, 4,483 Denmark, 56 0.1 36 0.1 6 14 14 England, . 8,264 9.7 4,568 10.5 2,054 1,642 4,446 Finland, 66 0.1 46 0.1 20 - 2 France, 170 0.2 100 0.2 40 30 67 Germany, . 500 0.6 205 0.5 189 106 165 Greece, 4,113 4.8 3,782 8.7 322 9 1,203 Holland, 19 1 - 9 1 — 5 5 12 Hungary, . 1- 24 0.1 8 1 13 Ireland, 26,164 30.6 9,983 23 .0 12,800 3,381 12,147 Italy, . . 417 0 .5 259 0 . 6 25 57 Newfoundland, 6 1 — 5 1 - - 1 2 - Norway, . 163 0.2 98 0.2 43 22 71 Portugal, . 2,095 2 .5 1 ,449 3 .3 595 51 314 Roumania, 21 1 - 16 1 — 5 — - Russia, 2,592 3 .0 1 ,840 4 . 2 733 19 543 Scotland, . 2,098 2.5 1,139 2.6 584 375 1,099 Sweden, 1,126 1.3 638 1 .5 417 71 599 Switzerland, 6 1 — 4 1 - 2 - 7 Turkey in Asia, 661 0.8 546 1.3 115 - } 84 Turkey in Europe, 99 0.1 91 0.2 8 - Wales, . . 67 0 . 1 44 0 . 1 9 14 48 All others, a 2,991 3 .5 74 0.2 3 2,898 19 172 1 Less than one-tenth of one per cent. 8 Includes native whites whose parents were born in different foreign countries: for example, one parent in Ireland and the other in Scotland. 2 Included with Canada. [881 IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 89 Immigrant Population Statistics '— 1910. TABLE 23. -— Number and Percentage of White Persons of Foreign Birth or Foreign Parentage in 1.910, in Cities Having a Population of 100,000 or Over: By Countries of Birth or of Parent N ativity — Concluded. Worcester. WHITE POPULATION OF FOREIGN BIRTH OR FOREIGN PARENTAGE 1910 Foreign_ FOREIGN COUNTRIEs IN TOTAL FOREIGN BORN ‘ NATIVE $.23” WHICH BORN, OR, IF NATIVE, IN P ullle WHICH PARENTS wERE BORN. P P t. PBoth POne gifina’ ercent- ercen arents arent ' N umber ages Number ages Foreign- Foreign- born born All Countries. 103,243 100 0 48,492 100 0 41,699 13,052 37,528 Atlantic Islands, . . . . 17 1 — 9 1 — - 8 11 Austria, . . . . . . 507 0 5 362 0 7 122 23 147 Belgium, . . . . . . 33 1 - 17 1 — 2 14 20 _ Canada — Frenc . . . . 14,259 13 .8 5,010 10 . 3 5,725 3,524 5,203 Canada — Other, . . . . 6,314 6.1 3,377 7 .0 979 1,958 3,154 Denmark, . . . . . 377 0.4 205 0.4 151 21 153 England, . . . . . . 6,221 6.0 3,113 6.4 1,548 1,560 2,613 Finland, . . . . . . 2,218 2.1 1,452 3.0 -754 12 1,143 France, . . . . ' . . 218 0.2 123 0.3 36 59 88 . . . . . 1,574 1.5 580 1 .2 723 271 656 83 0.1 83 0.2 - — 13 42 1 - 16 1 — 7 19 8 41 1 — 20 1 — 12 9 4 31,468 30.5 10,535 21 7 16,534 4,399 11,620 4,264 4.1 2,889 6 0 1,298 77 595 11 1 — 7 1 — — 4 2 - 536 0 5 358 0.7 154 24 269 24 1 — 8 1 — 8 8 2 59 0.1 44 0.1 15 - 15 13,015 12. 6 8,767 18.1 4,099 149 2,521 1,729 1 .7 870 1 .8 492 367 714 . . 14,347 13.9 8,036 16 . 6 5,858 453 7,540 _ . . . . . 31 1 — 23 1 - 6 2 _ 21 Asia, . . . . 2,705 2.6 2,056 4.2 628 21 614 in Europe, . . 444 0.4 413 0.9 29 2 . . 92 0.1 29 0.1 29 34 40 A11 3 2,614 2 .5 90 0.2 8 2,490 34 364 1 Less than one-tenth Of one per cent. 2 Included with Canada. 3 Includes native whites whose parents were born in different foreign countries: for example, one parent in Ireland and the other in Scotland. [39] 9O STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1912. Immigrant Population Statistics — 1910., TABLE 24. —- White Population of Foreign Birth or Foreign Parentage in Specified Cities in M assaeh'asetts in 1.910. 1 FOREIGN BCOUNTRIES B k H L N S S _ IN WHICH ORN, 03, IF roc - aver- _ aw- ew om- prmg— NATIVE, IN WHICH ton hill Holyoke rence Lynn Bedford erville field PARENTS warm BORN. Total Population. 56,878 44,115 57,730 85,892 89,336 96,652 77,236 88,926 Foreign-Born White. 15,425 11,153 23,238 41,319 27,344 42,625 20,751 22,999 Atlantic Islands, . . 8 4 — 6 8 6,467 88 - Austria, . . . 43 313 2,396 1,450 264 1,837 143 1,357 Belgium, . . . . 4 3 30 314 4 89 8 10 Canada — French, . . 917 2,568 8,035 7,698 2,369 12,241 587 3,078 Canada —- Other, . . 2,662 1,873 552 1,800 7,511 933 7,493 1,453 Denmark, . . . . 49 41 42 11 66 ' 41 81 39 England, . . . . 1,026 599 1,365 5,659 1,920 9,410 1,538 1,433 Finland, . . . . 49 1 3 36 49 8 20 112 France, . . . . 23 15 391 788 74 333 63 83 Germany, . . . . 110 106 1,565 2,301 350 777 412 975 _ Greece, . . . . 149 442 181 171 958 172 75 213 Hungary, . . . . 14 14 80 28 25 13 25 32 Ireland, . . . . 2,891 1,895 5,246 5,943 5,153 2,583 5,320 5,679 Italy, . . . . 986 1,063 368 6,693 1,354 666 1,777 2,915 Newfoundland, . . . 7 - 2 126 20 2 Norway, . . . . 85 21 10 8 157 73 143 61 Portugal, . . . . 40 5 - 389 29 3,834 335 11 Roumania, . . . . 20 13 5' 34 14 4 13 33 . . . . 3,178 1,574 1,684 4,366 3,880 1,707 794 2,916 245 1 1, 4 1,336 661 704 901 2,608 64 95 121 1,399 279 710 1,076 . . . 8 6 23 7 25 36 16 ' 73 Asia, . . . 122 189 34 1,986 610 157 157 351 Europe, . . 86 135 59 91 213 197 4 86 Wales, . . . . 31 10 14 26 24 32 31 24 Other foreign countries, . 64 25 34 52 101 126 112 79 Native White: Both pa- rents born in — . 12,640 8,945 19,311 25,472 18,829 25,111 18,183 20,352 Austria, . . . . 19 104 1,089 508 93 963 71 512 Canada — French, . . 1,157 2,365 5,781 4,996 1,655 7,581 472 2,817 Canada — Other, . . 955 657 274 454 2,491 288 2,980 541 Denmark, . . . 5 8 11 2 18 14 47 23 England, . . . . 491 334 515 2,455 859 3,555 818 841 France, . . . . 12 4 72 68 26 51 22 54 Germany, . , . - 149 94 1,466 1,995 400 491 562 1,177 Ireland, . . . . 4,784 2,992 6,981 8,279 7,741 2,915 7,660 8,330 Italy, . . . . 545 654 154 1,657 688 228 1,140 1,599 Norway, . . . . 22 9 7 1 37 23 66 7 Russia, . . . . 1,358 767 732 1,650 1,437 1,189 530 1,459 Scotland, . . . 107 105 617 630 310 270 398 498 Sweden, . . . . 1,940 15 59 75 745 136 496 612 All others of foreign par- entage,z . . . 1,096 837 1,553 2,702 2,329 7,407 2,921 1,882 1 For cities in Massachusetts having population of over 100,000 see Table 23. 2 Includes native whites having both parents born in countries other than specified, also those having both parents of foreign birth but born in difierent countries. [90] PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS. I. REPORT ON THE STATISTICS OF LABOR. (Public Document No. 15.) The publication of the Annual Report on the Statistics of Labor began in 1870, the Labor Bulletin in 1898, and Special Reports have been issued from time to time as Occasion required. Upon the completion of the 43d Annual Report on the Statistics of Labor for 1912, the publication of separate series of (2.) Parts of the Annual Report on the Statistics of Labor (Public Document No. 15), (b) Labor Bulletins, and (0) Special Reports, will _be discontinued, and beginning with 1913 a Labor Bulletin will be published at irregular 1n- tervals and each number will contain matter devoted to one subject, concerning labor or the condition of the wage-earning population or questions of general economic or social interest. These Bulletins will be numbered consecutively, as issued, beginning with o. 94 and will be dated as of the date when the copy for same was despatched to the State Prlnters. The Bulletins issued during each fiscal year (ending November 30) will thereafter constitute the Annual Re ort on the Statistics of Labor, Massachusetts Public Document No. 15, for the year. list of the Reports and Bulletins issued since January 1, 1912, will be found below. A list of the Reports and Bulletins issued prior to January 1, 1912, will be fur- nished on application. Persons or organizations desiring to receive the Labor Bulletins as issued will be placed upon the mailing list upon making application to the Bureau on a form provided for this purpose. . The following is a list Of the Parts of the Annual Report on the Statistics of Labor issued by this Bureau since January 1, 1912. Those indicated by an asterisk (*) are now out of print; those which remain in print will be mailed to applicants upon receipt of the amount indicated to cover the cost of mailing. 1911. ‘Part 1. 12th Annual Report on Strikes and Lockouts, 1911 — ‘Part II. 4th Annual Report on Labor Organizations, 1911 — Part III. Collective Agreements between Employers and Labor Organizations (6 c.); bound in cloth (15 c.). _ 1912. Part I. The Immigrant Population of Massachusetts containing (I) 8th Annual Report on Immi- grant Aliens Destined for and Emigrant Aliens Departed from Massachusetts, 1912; _(II) Immigrants 1n Cities and Industries, an abstract of the Report of the United States Immigration Commission; and (III) Foreign- born Population of Massachusetts, an abstract of statistics of population of the 13th Federal Census, 1910 (5 c.). The following is a list of the Labor Bulletins issued by this Bureau since January. 1, 1912. Those indicated by an asterisk (*) are out of print; those which remain In print will be mailed to applicants upon receipt of the amount indicated to cover the cost of mailing. No. 88, January, 1912. Homesteads for Workingmen (2 c.). No. 89, February, 1912. 17th Quarterly Report on the State of Employment, Decpmber 30, 1911 (1 c.). *No. 90, March, 1912. 7th Annual Report on Immigrant Aliens Destined for and Emigrant Aliens Departed from Massachusetts. 1911. _ _ _ . (3 No. 91, April, 1912. Time-Rates of Wages and Hours of Labor 1111 Certain Occupations on October 1, 1911 c. . . No. 92, June, 1912. Labor Legislation in Massachusetts. 1912 (4 c.). The labor laws of years prior to 1912 were published In Labor Bulletins Nos. 67 (‘6 c.) and 84 (5b.). _ . _ Ho. 93, August, 1912. 11th Annual Directory of Labor Organizations in Massachusetts, 1912 (3 c.). No. 94, March 1, 1913. 12th Annual Directory of Labor Organizations in Massachusetts, 1913 (3 0.). II. REPORT ON THE STATISTICS OF MANUEACTURES. (Public Document No. 36.) The publication of the Annual Report on the Statistics of Manufactures began in 1886, but all reports prior to 1903, and issues for 1905 and 1910, are out of print. Each report issued prior to 1907 contained comparisons for identical establishments, between two or more years, as to Capital Devoted to Production, Stock and Materials Used, Goods Made, Persons Employed, Wages Paid, and Time in Operation. Beginning with 1907 the comparisons for identical estab— lishments were omitted, and all returns made to the Bureau included the tabulations. A few , reports for the following years are still available for distribution, and will be sent to any address, on receipt of the amount specified in postage: — 1903 (10 c.); 1904 (5 c.); 1906 (5 c.); 1907 (5 c.); 1908 (5 c.); 1909 (5 c.); and 1911 (5 c.). ‘ _ 3051907. and A .the work of the offices, and will be sent on receipt of 5 cents each to cover the cost of mailm? ' Principal are being‘ Made (2 0.). a III. REPORT ON THE STATISTICS OF MUNICIPAL FINANCES. . _- (Public Document No. 79.) . v I Containing statistics pertaining to the cost of municipal government in Massachusetts, rev-i “ enue, maintenance, interest payments, and municipal indebtedness. . ;A . . - . . ~. _ _ _ -.'2 f The first report was issued in September, 1908, and covers mumclpal fiscal years endlng between Novembei ; 30, 1906, and April 1, 1907. (Out of print.) ~ _ .8, . y‘ a: The second re 11} November, 1910, and covers municipal fiscal years ending between Novembe‘ pni, 7 u_o_prm. _ ' “a” The third report covers municipal fiscal years ending between N member-39, 1908, and Apnl 1, 1909. It W11; . be sent upon receipt of 9 cents to cover‘eost of mailing. , iv The fourth report covers municipal fiscal years ending between November 30, 1909, and April 1, 1910. It will > I be sent upon receipt of 11 cents to cover cost of mailing. _ ‘ , ' REPORT ON THE FREE EMPLOYMENT OFFICES. (Public Document No. 80.) Free employment ofices are maintained under the jurisdiction of this Bureau in Bosto Springfield, and Fall River. . - _ - _ The annual reports contain numerous statistical tables and descriptive matter relative ti g‘éielréegglorts are issued in'January of each year, the'first one covering ‘the year ending Novembe “Wwmrm ‘a “*d “:2...” ~ mm'mgm’“ " ‘1. ~ ' " - W - ‘ ~ e" L“ , ‘ J ._ v ' ' ~4 ~ I, x V. THE LABOR BULLETIN. See under I. ' Report on the Statistics of Labor, on 3d page oi‘co'ver. W“ ‘W ' W 914..‘ u-uni-s mm VI. THE MUNICIPAL BULLETIN. , Containing matter relating to municipal afiairs, especially finances, and intended to promoi a sound and efi’icient administratlon of city and town government in Massachusetts. Copi4 will be mailed upon receipt of the amount indicated to cover the cost of mailing. m” m 7M ' p a"- ‘aw-.1- 0.. m um Ivar-“- . l m 6 No. 1. January, 1910. A Uniform Classification of Municipal Receipts and Payments Prescribed for tli Cities and Towns'of Massachusetts as a Basis for aStandard System of Accounts and_Reports (3 c.). " 19‘ o. 2. July, 1910. Recent Legislation relative to Town Finances and Municipal Accounts (1 0.). R0. 3. January, 1911. The Issue and Certification of Town Notes Under the Provisions of Chapter 61? of the Acts of 1910 (1 c.). _ _ _ _ ' . ' No. 4. March, 1911. Outstanding Indebtedness of Certain Cities and Towns of Massachusetts Again which no Sinking Funds are being Accumulated or for the Extmguishrnent of which no Annual Payments m l v .1 ~ “W O ‘H m um um‘.- W v11. SPECIAL REPORTS. g- a Special reports will be mailed upon receipt of the amount indicated to cover the cost 1' mailing. '_ v is . _ .- } January 4, 1911. A Special Report on the Cost of Retirement Systems for State and County Employ ' in Massachusetts (4 0.). _ _ I _ _ _, , ' January 6, 1911. The Population of Massachusetts as Determinedby the Thirteenth Census of the Umtl ; .3 r i States, 1910 (s c.). _ ' _ _ ' \ i I April 15, 1912. Report of a Special Investigation relative to the Indebtedness of the Citles and Towns 1 the Commonwealth (8 c. . . _ , _ _ _ _ _ March 5, 1918. Report of a Special Investigation relative to the Sinking Funds and Serial Loans of the (his; and Towns of the Commonwealth (2 c. . i' _' I,‘. z._ 5!‘ -‘ VIII. THE DECENNIA‘LX CENSUS. , " The Decennial Census of the Commonwealth for 1905 was published complete in four 'v_ .e-r-q-lwi-ui-v‘nmgma' fl-'.. IT“ v _ ‘i ‘ . _. ' times; now ,out of print. - v 4 k v J. (“0... ‘II. a, ,_._.,-._ u o. l-l- ‘mu’. ;'-,4~:-‘.-Y-W.W- . fivrli-P‘ffgmw . 4i“ _. _, 0M“.- .._ n.‘ _~ ‘W L ‘as’ 3...." at.” -- - UNIVERSITY OF MlIAN 073382049 ». and”! refine... .3“. @a-Wwd ‘Bros.- , . 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