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BUILDING -
AMERICAN MILITARY CAMPS
A NATIONAL ARMY CANTONMENT
A NATIONAL GUARD-CAMP
AVIATION CAMPS
A
STONE &WEBSTER
NEW YORK BO STON CHICAGO

Copyright, 1918
• by
STONE & WEBSTER
MERICAS war preparation has included some
remarkable examples of construction work
carried out for the housing and training of the
soldier. Notwithstanding a serious shortage of labor,
crews of workmen numbering thousands were imme-
diately gathered, and provisions made for housing and
feeding them. Despite traffic congestion, millions of
dollars' worth of material and supplies were bought
and quickly assembled. Cities sprang up on lands barren of
habitation and were completed and populated in a few weeks.
Of leading interest from the construction standpoint, as well
as to the country at large, were the sixteen National Army
Cantonments accommodating from 35,000 to 45,000 men
each, with complete lighting, water and sewer systems, laun-
dries, stores, bakeries and social and religious centers; in
fact, all of the essentials of a modern city.
Only less important were the sixteen National Guard
Camps quartering from 27,000 to 30,000 men each. Though
of semi-permanent nature, these camps paralleled the National
Army Cantonments in many features, and may be said to
have involved the management of possibly 70 per cent as
much construction detail.
Differing in type from either of the above, the Aviation
Camps are notable for their large hangars, machine shops
and buildings devoted to study and class rooms. The han-
gars have wide roof trusses and, while of permanent con-
Mesquite growth covering the 1,200-acre site, early July
struction, the buildings are portable and the members may be
“knocked down" and shipped.
In the early summer of 1917 the Stone & Webster organi-
zation was selected by the Government for the construction of
camps of each of the three types. Work was begun on
July 13, and before the first of October, or mithin a little
more than ten weeks, our forces had completed and turned
over to the Government accommodations for upwards of
80,000 troops of the National Army, the National Guard
and the Aviation Service. -
The variations which the National Army Cantonments
presented from a construction standpoint were small. Sites
varied from level farm lands to rolling land covered by second
growth and underbrush. The soil largely permitted trench-
ing machines for the excavation for water and sewer lines.
The Government followed the plan of assigning to each
contractor a job where he would be at home, and in several
cases the cantonment sites were in the immediate vicinity of
the contractor's headquarters offices. To Stone & Webster,
of Boston, was assigned the building of Camp Travis at San
Antonio, Texas, over 2,000 miles away. The organization
was at home in this territory, having maintained a branch
office in Texas for many years and having worked in all the
important cities of the state.
The problem was to gather together down there, an army
of workmen, including many thousand carpenters and show
progress during the hottest months equal to forces working in
northern latitudes with abundant industrial population.
Part of 1,200-acre site in August
–
º:

Constructing the Bakery School
Camp Travis
AMP TRAVIS, built to accommodate 43,000 men, is
among the larger of the National Army Cantonments.
It was ready to receive troops on August 25, five days ahead
of the time requested by the Government and seven weeks
and three days from the time ground was broken. The Camp
contains about 1,400 buildings and occupies a 1,200-acre site
on the outskirts of San Antonio. To the south and west lies
the city overlooked by Fort Sam Houston, one of the long-
established posts of the regular army; to the north and east
stretch the gently undulating Texan plains.
A standard system of grouping has been generally fol-
lowed in all the Cantonments. The officers' quarters are to
the front, the administration buildings in another line, then
medical department buildings, and back of these the bar-
racks of the enlisted men with the post exchange, stables
and shops in the rear. The various Cantonments naturally
show different arrangements and groups, according to the
local topography. At Camp Travis there are 18 administra-
tion buildings, 17 medical department buildings, aside from
the hospital unit later referred to, and 1872-story barracks
43 by 140 feet, and 44 smaller barracks. The upper floors of
the barracks are dormitories, and the lower floors contain the
mess halls, kitchens and lounging rooms. Adjoining each
barrack is a lavatory with concrete floor, 10 shower baths,
hot and cold water and sewer connections. There are 70
single-story officers' quarters, 7 division storehouses 80 by
One of 6 Divisional Y. M. C. A. Buildings
168 feet, with concrete piers and foundations, 17 school
and assembly buildings, 23 shops, 28 buildings for the sup-
ply and ammunition trains and 37 regimental storehouses.
There is a bakery school of 7 buildings, a laundry, 3 fire
department buildings equipped with motor apparatus, 23
guardhouses, 254 stables and 39 wagon sheds. At the
northern end of Camp Travis there is also a remount depot
which provides a shelter for more than 12,000 horses and
mules for the artillery supply and ammunition trains.
The hospital unit northwest of Camp Travis consists of 56
buildings, with a total of 1,000 beds. Twenty-nine of the
buildings are wards and the remainder are barracks, lavato-
ries, storehouse, kitchen and mess, post exchange, chapel,
mortuary, etc. The medical department buildings near the
barracks serve as a relief hospital for the less serious cases
and care for 33 men each. They are two stories high and
contain kitchens, mess rooms, examining and operating
rooms and dispensaries.
The construction of Camp Travis required 12 miles of new
tracks connecting with the Southern Pacific Railway, and
over these tracks 3,000 carloads of material were brought
to the job. Some of the items of freight received and han-
dled were: 35,000,000 feet of lumber, 150 acres of roofing
material, 118,000 pieces of hardware, 4,000 kegs of nails,
1,200,000 feet of wire for light and power, and 20,000 40-watt
incandescent lights, in addition to street lights.
Camp Travis contains 25 miles of surface-treated streets.
There are 90 miles of water and sewer pipe in trenches.
Erecting the Boilers for the Laundry

The water supply is by direct connection to the mains of
San Antonio, and about 200 fire plugs are scattered about the
Cantonment, affording ample fire protection. The sewerage
is carried in 24-inch mains to a disposal plant, where it is
dumped into the municipal sewer outfall.
For construction purposes the Cantonment was divided
into six divisions or sections, each with its own superinten-
dent. The labor forces at the height of the work reached a
total of 10,000 men. At job headquarters there was erected
a large bulletin board and here was posted daily the progress
of each division in the race and the status of the entire work.
The rivalry for construction speed was further incited by
posting reports received of the progress from the other Can-
tonments leading from time to time in the national race.
Finally, on September 13 there was published by a prom-
inent news service in the East the following despatch from
Washington:
à
-
I
Quartermaster General's office at Washington has produced
a keen rivalry among the contractors building the sixteen
National Army Cantonments by posting periodical bulletins Camp MacArthur
º ºff.jº"; . t Th; ſº }. "ſº AMP MACARTHUR is one of the sixteen National Guard
;" º º ºf th e ster *. al e nea a o e Camps scattered throughout the South and was designed
1st u)1 10 per cent of their myork done. to care for 35,000 men. It lies adjacent to the city of Waco,
Tex., and covers a tract of approximately 1,250 acres.
Of the sixteen National Army Cantonments, Camp Travis Stone & Webster were represented in the construction by
was lowest in total cost. It compared with the average cost the Fred A. Jones Construction Co., a subsidiary organization.
and the highest cost as follows: The work began July 25, 1917, and the first troops arrived
Construction of Base Hospital Consisting of 56 Buildings


Part of the 30 Miles of Sewers
August 19. Camp MacArthur was occupied initially by the
32d Division, made up of Wisconsin and Michigan troops.
During October this division was reorganized and its training
in America completed.
The Camp included wooden buildings of various types for
mess halls, bathhouses, latrines, storehouses and miscellaneous
service, the number of some of the more important structures
being as follows: 310 mess halls, 316 shower-bath houses, 38
warehouses, 7 office buildings, 1 postoffice, I telephone and
telegraph office and 1 pump house. Later a complete hospital
unit similar to that at Camp Travis was added to the construc-
tion, and also a remount station for 15,000 horses and mules.
When the construction of Camp MacArthur began the
nearest point on the St. Louis & Southwestern Railroad was
5 miles away, so a connecting line was begun and carried
forward as speedily as possible. In the meantime, however,
it was necessary to organize temporary transportation. Few
trucks could be secured, and the transportation of material
from the railroad in the earlier stages was done largely with a
force of teams.
Upon completion of the railroad the greatest difficulty in
the way of rapid construction was the securing of a sufficient
working force to handle and erect the inflowing material, but
although Camp Travis, using 10,000 men, was not far away,
and other military camps of various sorts were in progress in
other parts of Texas, the labor shortage was successfully
met.
Construction Headquarters and Staff Automobiles
For the construction of Camp MacArthur 700 carloads of
material were used, including the following items: 16,000,-
000 feet of lumber, 30,000 pounds of nails, 80 acres of roof-
ing, 1,200,000 feet of electric light and power wire, 2,500
electric light poles, 20,000 Tungsten lamps and 32 miles of
water pipe.
Connection was made to the water service of the city of
Waco, and duplicate water service was installed at each unit
in the Camp, connecting with the mess houses, bathhouses
and latrines. A pumping plant with a capacity of 100 gal-
lons per minute was installed, and two elevated tanks of 100,-
000 gallons each were erected as a reserve for emergency use
in case of fire. The main water supply lines totaled 16 miles.
A complete electrical lighting system was installed, including
street lights and provision for supplying each tent, and all
mess houses, bathhouses and latrines were equipped with
40-watt Tungsten lamps.
The base hospital comprises 59 buildings, with complete
water works, sewerage and lighting systems. The capacity is
1,000 beds. There are also 14 regimental infirmaries in the
Camp proper, similar in construction to the base hospital
buildings.
The remount station includes 48 buildings and 32 stables,
with about 50 acres of corrals. The combined length of the
stables is a mile and a half. Six miles of fences surround
ºl. and there is over a mile of feed troughs and
racks.
Divisional Observation Post

Going to Work
Additional construction was ordered in the fall to meet the
new divisional organization and also to equip the Camp as
winter quarters. At the same time the following permanent
structures were added: 190 stables, 33 blacksmith shops,
| guardhouse stockade and 4 ordnance magazines. The mess
houses were fitted with shutters and windows, the bathhouses
with doors, windows and interior sheathing, and arrangements
were made for providing hot water heaters in bathhouses, and
stove heaters in mess houses. Divisional reorganization also
made it necessary to rewire the greater portion of the tented
area. Three rifle ranges and a machine gun range, requiring
19,000 cubic yards of earth, were built in September on the
Bosque River, not far from the Camp.
Camp MacArthur was among the lowest of the National
Guard Camps in both total and per capita costs.
Kelly Field Number Two and Rich Field
ELLY FIELD, six miles southwest of San Antonio, is one
of the largest aviation schools in the world, and the
finishing school for 22 smaller training schools. The Camp
was first established in a more or less temporary way as Kelly
Field Number One, and Kelly Field Number Two is an out-
growth of permanent buildings erected according to a com-
prehensive plan. In Kelly Field Number Two there are two
similar units, each consisting of 12 large hangars and numer-
Heating Plant
ous attendant buildings. Work was begun by the Stone &
Webster forces on July 25, 1917, and the first buildings were
occupied by troops on September 7.
Rich Field is located at Waco, adjacent to Camp Mac-
Arthur, and consists of one unit like the two of Kelly Field
Number Two. In the construction of Rich Field, the Stone
& Webster organization was represented by the Fred A.
Jones Construction Company.
Kelly Field Number Two was designed to accommodate
2,500 officers and men, but its roster, combined with Kelly
Field Number One, is several times this number. In Kelly
Field Number Two there are provisions for 144 airplanes,
including hangars, repair shops and testing sheds. There
are also quarters for officers and men, headquarters buildings
and class rooms and study halls. In all there are 207 build-
ings, covering a 720-acre site and having a total content of
1 1,700,000 cubic feet.
The construction material for Kelly Field Number Two
amounted to 1,340 carloads and included the following
items: 1,800,000 feet of lumber, 5,610 doors and sashes,
53,000 pieces of hardware and 4,500 electric lights.
A flying field of 680 acres was cleared and grubbed, and
many miles of road and walk were laid. The buildings con-
tain 312,000 square feet of concrete floor, which required
6,000 cubic yards of concrete.
In both camps the buildings are of a high type, approach-
ing the standards of permanent building notwithstanding the
speed of erection.
Construction Mess Hall
Paying Off

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