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THE
HISTORY
OF THIS
IRON AGE:
VVherein is fet dovvn the true ftate
of EUROPE, as it was
in the year 1500.
ALSO,
The Original, and Cauſes of all the Warres,
and Commotions, that have happened:
Together with
A Deſcription of the most memorable Battels,
Sieges, Actions and Tranfactions, both in Court and Camp,
from that time till this prefent year 1656.
Illuſtrated vvith the lively Effigies,
of the most renowned Perfons
of this preſent Time.
Written Originally by J. PARIVAL, and now
rendred into Engliſh, by B. HARRIS, Gent.
LONDON,
:
Printed by E. TYLER, and are to be fold by J. Crook,
S. Miller,and T. Davies,at the Ship, and at the Starre,
in Pauls Church-yard, 1656.
DAG
le
A
$
ΤΟ
THE HONOURABLE
JOHN RUSSEL Efquire,&c.
Brother to the Right honourable,THO MAS,
Earle of Bedford, &c.
Honourable Sir,
S the Sun, by the circumfufion of
bis corruscant beames, doth not
onely extrinfically discover the
vaft extent of the Univerſe, but
intrinsically foment, and nou
rish all the particular productions
thereof, by the infufion of beat; the fame doth
Mobility, and Vertue in great Perfons, the re-
putation of whose worth, and merit being carried
through the World, by the nimble, and happy wings
of Fame, makes them not onely known, but engen
ders an Admiration of their vertues,and a certain
kinde of reſpect alſo,and reverence to their Perfons,
even in fuch as never saw them
This, Noble Sir, is the principal motive, which
not onely animates, but inftigates me, to confecrate
A 2
this
The Epiftle Dedicatory.
this Tranflation to you,with as much affurance of your
benigne acceptation, as if Fortune had been as
favour-
able to me, in making me knowne to your most
worthy Perfon in England, as Fame hath been
liberall, in making me participant, of the report of
your high Birth, and Qualities abroad. Wherefore,
being upon the matter, a kinde of halfe-ſtranger to
my Country, (not to the Idiom thereof) to whom
Should I addreffe the first fruits of my fmall labours,
after my late return into it, but to fo worthy a Branch,
of the most illuftrious, and Heroick Stock of the
Ruffells? And to whom should I dedicate a Hi-
ftory, which contains the most renowned Exploits,
and the moſt remarkable, and moſt imitable Actions,
Tranſactions, and Examples, both in Court and
Camp, of the bravest Hero's of Europe, for fo long
a Series of years, but to him, the reputation of whole
invincible Courage in war, and whofe incomparable
Courtefie in Peace, together with his fingular
Generosity, Clemency, and Benignity to all perfons,
of all conditions, and in all occafions in generall,
gives me fufficient ground to hope, that he will not
onely vouchsafe to patronize the Worke, but par-
don the prefumption of the Workman, whose live-
ly zeale, and respect, is the onely caufe of his am-
bition?
Be pleaſed therefore, Moft noble Sir, to
embrace it as propitiously, as it is prefented to you
humbly; and excufe the in-elegancie, and rough-
neffe of the ftile, in regard that (besides that the
Subject is an Hiftoricall Relation) my occafions
Suffered
The Epiſtle Dedicatory.
Juffered me not to attend, nor correct the Preſſe.
If you meet with any Paffage in the Booke,
upon the reading whereof you may thinke fit to en-
tertaine your noble Thoughts, in fome of your va
cant hours (as doubtleffe you will, there being
great variety of all kindes of humane Actions,Paf-
fions, and Accidents) it will not onely be an object
of prefent Contentment, but a fubject alfo of fu
ture Encouragement to me, to fpeake my felfe in o-
ther, and better Language, what the height of my
Ambition makes me aſpire to be,
Honourable Sir,
Your most humble, and
moft devoted Servant,
B. H.
:
To
TO THE
READER.
Dear Reader,
ဒ
Have one Requeſt to make thee, which
thou wilt have much ado to refuſe me;
and it is, That thou wilt be pleafed to
ſuſpend thy judgement, till thou fhalt
have maturely weighed my Work, that
fo nothing may fall from thee, which
may be too præcipitate, or too paffio-
nate. Thou wilt finde fome things which will pleafe thee,
and will make thee pardon fuch, as will be more for other
mens palats then thine.But above all,I conjure thee by Chri-
ftian Charity, that I have ſpoken according to my opinion,
without any flattery at all; and if thou findeft fome things,
whereof thou art better informed then I, thou wilt do me
the favour to remember, that being in a private Condition,
and not having been admitted into the Cabinet, I am not
the firſt, who hath erred through ignorance. I praiſe not
vice, by praifing vicious perfons; but the vertue which is
found in them, as a Diamond upon the Dunghill: and if I
ſpeak not all I know, underſtand, that there is more dan-
ger to utter all, then profit to filence all.
I call this Age, the Iron Age, in regard that all the Evills,
and Prodigies, have happened in groffe, which were in
præcedent Ages, but in retail. For if diſorders were then
great, in fome corners, they are ſo,now,every where. If thou
laugh at my opinion, Noah was alſo mocked, for having
exhorted the people to Repentance,and began the Ark,about
a hundred years before the Deluge.
No body knowes, when the Great Judge will come; but
the Prodigies advertiſe us to keep our felves ready, that fo
we may not be found as in the dayes of Noah, Eating, and
drinking, without care. Farewell.
A TA-
:
A TABLE
Of the Chapters:
PART. I, BOOK. I.
CHAP. I.
He State of Europe, towards the end of the precedent Age.
THES
CHAP. I I.
*
Page
1.
Of the war of Hungary, The Mutiny of the French, rigorously punished.
The Duke of Mercoeurs death whence came the Inhabitants of Tranfylvania.
CHAP. I I I.
Of Ruffia, or Muſcovia: the Religion, The Hiftory of Demetrius.
CHAP. IV.
३.
5+
Of Poland: the Government: the Religion, Henry Duke of Ainioü elected
King, and afterwards Sigifmund of Sweden, and Maximilian of Auftria, who
was taken priſoner in a Battail,
CHAP. V.
6.
Of Sweden. The diforder, which happened between King Sigifmund, and his
Uncle Charles, and why? The fucceffe of their Arms.
CHAP. VI.
CHAP. VII.
of Denmark; the deſcription thereof.
Of great Britain. The Hiftory of the Earl of Gowrey.
CHAP. VIII.
CHAP. IX.
Of Italy, Lorrain, and Savoy.
9.
II.
12.
13
The jealousies between the two Crownes,and why? The House of Burgundy. 15
CHAP. X.
A relation of the evils which have happened in France, under the minority of the
Kings, and by the diverfity of Religions. The jealoufie, about the power of the
Guifards, or the House of Guife.
CHAP. XI.
17.
Commotions in the Low-Countries, and why? In fine, the Peace of Vervins
followes. The Donation of the Low-countries, to the Infanta,
CHAP. XII.
18
The Arch-Duke goes into Spain, and the Admirall into the Dutchy of Cleve-
land. The death of King Philip. His admirable
patience.
CHAP. XIII.
21
The difference which happened between the Counts of Freezland, and the town
of Embden. The States put in a Garrison.
CHAP. XIV.
22.
Of the changes which happened about matter of Religion, in the precedent Ages,
a.
and
The Table.
and motives for our defign, drawn from thofe revolutions. Luther writes against
the Pope. The Rebellion of the Peasants in Germany.
CHAP. XV.
24.
The Anabaptifts at Munfter. The Reformates in France. A change of
Religion in England, by what means? The King repudiates his wife. The Queens
Speech. He makes himself Head of the Church. Luther writes to him. His mi.
Serable death.
CHAP. XV I.
10.
Queen Elizabeth banishes the Catholick Religion out of England again, by de-
grees. The Proteftant Religion goes into Scotland, under the Bastard Murrey,
who swayes the Scepter. It is called the Congregation; fortified by Queen Eli-
zabeth; and the Hughenots of France.
CHAP. XVII.
29.
Religion gives divers pretexts; cauſes jealoufies. The Latin, and Greek Re-
ligion.
32.
THE SECOND BOOK.
CHAP. I.
He Queen, and the States refufe peace. The Arch-Duke returns from
TSpain,
Spain. Henry polishes his Kingdom, makes war upon the Duke of Savoy.
CHA P. II.
34.
King Henry gives his fifter in marriage to the Marquis du Pont. Marries
Mary of Medicis; wages war against the Duke of Savoy. The Enterprife of the
faid Duke, upon Geneva,
CHAP. III.
35.
The Jubily. Biron put to death. The Battail of Flanders. La Burlotte killed.
Rhinbergh yeelds.
CHAP. IV.
37.
The Siege of Oftend. Maurice endeavours to ſurprize Boiſleducq, beſieges
Grave, and takes it.
CHAP. V.
38.
Peace between the Spaniards, and the English. King Henry eftablishes the
Jeluits. Father Cotton hurt. The war is carried on about the Rheyn. 41
CHAP. VI.
The difference which happened between Pope Paul the fifth, and the Republick
of Venice, and why? the peace is made. The Duke of Brunſwick endeavours
to furprize the town. The King of Denmark goes into England. The continua-
tion of the war in the Low-Countries.
CHAP. VII.
42
The taking of Ringbergh. The muting of the Spaniards .The Siege of Grol
raised by the promptitude of the Marquis. The first overture for a Truce
rejected,
44.
CHAP.
The Table.
CHAP. VIII.
The defeat of the Spanish Armada. The Enterprize upon Sluce failed.
The continuance of the Treaty. Spinola arrives at the Haghe. The Treaty
being broaken again, is renewed at Antwerp, where the Truce is made for
twelve yeares.
CHAP. IX.
46.
The State of France. The King goes to Sedan. Troubles in Auftria, and Bo-
hemia. A Conjuration difcovered in Spain and the Mores banished.
CHAP. X.
A brief defcription of the King domes of Spain, and France.
CHAP. XI.
á
48.
50.
The King of France arms. The Spaniards do the fame. All is full of joy, and
fear. He is killed. His education.
CHAP. XII.
53.
The difference which happened, about the Dutchy of Juleers, or Gulick, Tea-
lousie between the Catholicks and Proteftants, why? A tumult at Dona-
werdt an Imperiall town, about a Proceffion. Gulick besieged by Prince
Maurice, and the French, yeelds. The Princes will not admit of a Seque-
ſtration.
CHAP. XIII.
56.
A tumult in Poland, and why? They fuddenly arme. The Swedes, and Muf-
covits ferve themſelves of this occafion, against the Polanders, who loofe Smo-
lensko. Treafon difcovered in England. The troubles at Paris appeafed. Ro-
dolph dies.
CHAP. XIV.
58.
The war between the Danes, and Swedes; the reasons why? Colmar ta-
ken. Charles dies. The Queen-Regent purchases a double marriage in Spain.
The town of Aix taken, and Newburgh fuccoured by Spinola,
CHAP. XV.
60.
The differences which happened in the United Provinces. Barneveldt is be-
headed, and the Religion of Arminians condemn.d. King Lewis humbles the
Hughenots, and reduces Bearn.
62
T
THE THIRD BOOK.
CHAP. I.
He Prodigies which preceded the wars of Germany. A defcription of the
Kingdom of Bohemia. Ancient differences about Religion. The warres of
Zilca compared to this,
CHAP. II.
66.
The Bohemians take Arms, and why? All the Princes intereft themſelves in
this war. Ferdinand elected Emperour.
CHAP. III.
69.
The following of the war of Bohemia. The Battel of Prague. Frederick
flies, and for fakes the town, together with his people.
CHAP, IV.
71.
War against the Hughenots, and why? A new difference betwixt the House of
Auftria, and the Venetians.
a z
80.
CHAP.
The Table,
CHAP. V.
The War of Auſtria, of Lufatia, of Moravia, and of the Palatinat.
CHAP. VI.
76.
The War of Transylvania. The King of Poland treacherously wounded. War
between the Poles, and the Turks.
CHAP. VII.
78.
War in the Palatinat. Tilly beaten, takes his revenge, and defeates the Mar-
quis of Baden. The Bishop of Halberstadt makes himselfe known in Weſt-
phalia, is beaten, paffes with Mansfeldt through Lorraine, and incamps before
Sedan.
CHAP. VIII.
73.
The continuance of the war betwen the Polanders, and the Turks. The Tra-
gical end of young Olman, The Death of fome Lords.
CHAP. IX.
82
Sadneſſe in the United Provinces, for the ill fuccefs of Fredericks affaires.
The war begins again between them, and the Spaniards. Gulick, and Pape-mutz
yeeld themselves. Count Henry fufpected, and why?
CHAP. X.
83.
Berghen is besieged. Mansfeldt and his Bishop beaten by Cordua; come
to fuccour the Hollanders. The Duke of Bouillons death, and a Summary of
his life. Spinola quits the fiege, Mansfeldt goes into Freezland. The third war
in France.
CHAP. XI.
85
Of the Swiffers, and Grizons, and their Government. The fall of a Mountain.
Soubize breakes the Peace. The death of the Great Priour, and of the Marshal of
Ornano.
CHAP. XII,
88.
Mansfeldt feeks fuccour every where; puts an Army on foot again. The mar-
riage of the Prince of Wales, with a Daughter of France, after his returne
from Spain.
CHAP. XIII.
The siege of Breda. Enterprises upon Antwerp.
91.
93
THE FOURTH BOOK.
CHAP. I.
Hewar of Denmark, The Allyances of the Kings of England, France
and Denmark, as alfo of the States of Holland, against the Emperour, 96
CHAP. II.
The profecution of the fecond war against the Hughenots. The Peace is made
by the interceffion of the King of England, the Venetians, and the Hollanders.
War between the English, and the French, and why? The beginning of the
third, and last war, against the Hughenots. Cardinal Richelieu makes
himselfe known, admired, and feared. The fiege, and reduction of Ro-
chell.
CHAP. III.
99.
The following of the war of Denmark, unfortunate to the Danes, Wallen-
ftein
The Table.
ftein befiedges Stralfund in vain. The peace is made.
CHAP. IV.
The war of the Peasants, or Country-people of Auſtria.
CHAP. V.
103.
105.
The death of Prince Maurice, and of the King of England. The fiege of
Groll. The state of Lorraine. The Jubily at Rome. Bethleem Gabor
makes war against the Emperour; and obtaines peace.
CHAP. VI.
106.
Guſtave King of Sweden attacks Brouffia, or Pruffia. The Imperialists fuc-
cour the Poles, Truce is made for fix years.
CHAP. VII•
108.
The fiege of Boifleducq, or the Boffe. The Imperialifts under Montecuculi,
joyne with the Count of Bergh, who enters the Velaw. The taking of We-
fel.
CHAP. VIII.
IIO.
The following of the last war against the Reformates in France. The Duke of
Rohan makes his peace. All the Townes ftoop, and throw down their Forti-
fications. The end of the Party.
CHAP. IX.
112.
The death of Bethleem Gabor. Ragoski bis Succeffour. The marriage of
Ferdinand thethird, with the King of Spaines Sifter.
CHAP. X.
114.
The War of Italy, for the fuccefsion of the Dutchy of Mantua; wherein the
Emperour, and the two Crowns intereſſed themselves.
CHAP. XI.
115.
The continuance of the war of Italy. The Venetians beaten. Pignarola raken.
Mantua taken, and pilladged. The peace is made with reftitution, on bath
fides.
CHAP. XII.
117.
Cardinal Richelieu makes peace with the Engliſh; ſtudies new Allyances, to
attack the House of Auftria.
CHAP. XIII.
119.
A defcription of the state of the Empire. The Election of the King of the Ro-
mans.
CHAP. XIV.
A defcription, of the three States of the Empire. The Hanle-Towns.
CHAP. XV.
The principal motives of the decline of the Empire.
CHAP. XVI.
121.
123.
125.
The Emperour redemands the Ecclefiaftical Lands, and Goods, taken after the
Compofition of Paffavia. Alteration amongst the Protestants.
CHAP. XVII.
125
The Affembly at Ratisbone, where Frithland is exauctorated, or diſmiſſed
from his Charge.
CHAP. XVIII.
128
The King of Swedens entrance into Germany. His reasons why? Those of
the Emperour. Allyances with Bogiflaus, He blocks up the Sea towns. Tilly
retakes the Generalate, against his will.
a 3
12.9.
CHAP.
The Table.
CHAP. XIX,
The Siege of Magdeburgh. The Duke of Lawenburgh beaten, and taken
near the Elbe. The King Gultave takes Francfurt upon the Oder, and beates
the Imperialists.
CHAP. XX.
131.
The Proteftants make Allyance with Guftave. Magdeburgh taken by
force.
CHAP. XXI,
The Battel of Leipfick; the flight of the Imperialists.
CHAP. XXII.
134.
136.
The Cardinal pries upon the affaires of Germany; abafes the Duke of Lor-
raine. Papenheim retakes Weftphalia; fuccours Magdeburgh, and beats
the Swedes.
CHAP. XXIII.
139.
The taking of the Fleet of Shallops near Berghenup-zoom. Wallenftein
retakes the Generallat, with Conditions of too much advantage. An Earth-
quake at Naples. The Mountaine of Soma v omits fire.
CHAP. XXIV.
J41.
George Landgrave of Darmstadt obtaines Newtrality, and why? Horne
beaten by Tilly. The King makes his entry at Nurembergh. Tilly retires.
The King takes Donawerdt: paffes the Leck: makes Tillies troops retreat
with confufion. Tillies death: his Elogies. The Siege of Ingolftadt. The
taking of Ratisbone. Divers Inftruction of the Embajadours of France. The
Eagle in danger, fuccoured by whom?
CHAP. XXV.
143.
The Count of Bergues, difgufted at the Kings fervice, goes fecretly to the
Haghe. The Siege of Maftricht. Papenheim being repulfed, returns into
Germany. Limburgh followes Maftricht; and the Deputies, the Prince to the
Haghe.
CHAP. XXVI,
146.
Wallenftein drives the Saxons out of Bohemia, drawes towards Nurem-
bergh. The Tragedy which hapned at Roftock. Gallaffo, and Holck, in
Milnia. The King goes out of Bavaria, and incamps before the faid town:
fends for all his Forces. Papenheims fucceffe.
CHAP. XXVII.
148,
The Armies are incamped before Nurembergh. The Skermishes. They de-
part from thence. The Battel of Lutzen. The death of Guftave. Papen-
heim, and Frederick.
CHAP. XXVIII.
I 50.
The Electour of Trevirs takes the protection of France. Monfieur enters
the Kingdome with an Army. The brave Duke of Montmorancyes
death.
CHAP. XXIX.
152.
The King of Sweden regretted, and by whom? Wallenftein caufes fome
of his Officers to be executed. John de Werdt makes himſelfe known. The
Battel f Hamelen. The cruelty of Conquerours. Brifack fuccoured by the
Duke of Feria. War in the Archbishoprick of Colein.
CHAP. XXX.
153.
The Siege of Nancy. Rantzow makes himselfe known, at the encounter of
Haguenaux, and at the Siege of Andernack.
156.
CHAP.
+
The Table.
CHAP. XXXI.
Wallenſtein defeates the Swedes in Silefia. The Inhabitants of Colcin,
retract the Agreement made before Nancy. The tragical death of the faid
Wallenftein.
CHAP. XXXII.
156.
The Siege of Smolensko raifed. The King of Poland forces au Army of a
hundred and twenty thousand men, to have recourfe to his mercy. He makes peace
with the Mufcovits. Chaftifes the Turks, The Infanto's death. The taking
of Rinbergh. Aitona puts the Milttia in good posture, and takes fome Lords
prifoners.
CHAP. XXXIII.
160.
The Siege of Ratisbone. The taking of the towne. Aldringers death. The
Cardinal Infanto joynes with the King of Hungary. The Proteftants recollect
all their Forces. The bufineffe of Nortlinghen. The Victory of the Imperalifts.
The Cardinal Infanto goes into the Low-Countries.
THE SECOND PART.
THE FIRST BOOK.
CHAP. I.
162,
THe peace made at Prague, after the reduction of many places, and (mall
States. The complaints of the Swedes.
The Answer to the complaints
Colein. The States refufe fuccour.
The Princeffe Nicoll at Paris.
Nancy.
CHAP. II.
165.
of the Swedes. The Cardinal will besiege
He feeks to ruine the House of Lorraine.
Prince Francis carried to the Cittadell of
CHAP. III.
167.
The Imperialists waft in the Dutchy of Wirtembergh. The French come to
fuccour the Swedes. Philipsburgh taken by a prank of war. The Cardinal
Infanto enters Bruffels, and the Duke of Orleans departs.
CHAP. IV.
169.
The King of France declares war against the Cardinal Intanto, and why?
The Spaniards are beaten. The taking of the Fort of Schenck.
CHAP V.
170.
The Imperialists beat back the French into Lorraine, Oxenfterne paf-
fes into France. Bannier begins the war again, and beats the Saxous. Hats-
feldt gives fuccour. Magdeburgh renders it felfe. The Battel of Witſtock.
Leiplick fuccoured.
CHAP. V I.
172.
Coloredo taken. The Spaniards paffe into Picardy. John de Werdts
Exploits. The Siege of Dole raiſed. Gallaffo enters into Burgundy. The
war against the Duke of Parma, who makes his peace. The truce prolonged
Pruffia.
CHAP. VIL
in
175.
Ferdinand the fecond dies, after the Diet of Ratisbon, where his
Sonne
The Table.
Son had been elected King of the Romans. A Recitall of his life. Bannier makes
new progreffe. Many Princes take Newtralities, and then, the Party of the Swedes.
The Arch-Duke Leopold Generaliffimo, or chief Generall
CHAP. VIII.
178.
The Duke of Weymar repaffes the Rheyn, and befieges Rhinfeldt, John de
Werdt, beaten, and taken. The Duke of Rohans death. Duke Bernards many
victories. He takes Brilack, his death.
CHAP. IX.
180.
Breda yeelds it felf to the Prince of Orange, Venlo, and Rurem, and to the
Cardinal Infanto. Landrecies taken. The French beaten from before Saint
Omers, and Fontarrabie. The Queen-Mother goes into England, returns to
Colein, and dies, The Defeat before Theonuille. The Defeat of the Hollan-
ders before Callo. The ruine of the Spanish Navie. The revolts of the Nor-
182.
mans.
CHAP. X.
The revolt of Catalunia, and Portugal. The taking of Arras. The Spani-
ards beaten before Carall. The Hollanders beaten before Hulft.
CHAP. XI.
186
The prudence of the Cardinal-Duke. The Duke of Lorraine goes to Paris,
and why? the Count of Soiffons, the Dukes of Guife, and Bouillon, retyres them-
felves to Sedan; where they and Lamboy beat the Marſhall of Caſtillon. The
taking of Ayre. The Cardinal Infanto retyres to Bruffells. His death. 189.
CHAP. XII.
Whether the House of Auftria afpire to an univerfall Monarchy, and whether
the reasons be fufficient, which accuse it of aspiring to it. Why France retaines
Lorraine.
CHAP. XIII,
191.
Piccolomini raiſes the Siege from before Wolfenbottel with ioffe. Torften-
fon arrives from Sweden with a fupply. Lamboy beaten, and taken prisoner.
The progreffe of the Swedes in Silefia, The Imperialists defeated before Leipfick,
recolle themselves, after having punished the flackneffe of the fouldiers, and raife
the Siege of Friburgh. The Battail of Honcourt. The Exploits in Catalunia.
The death of Monfieur le Grand. The death of the Great Cardinal. An Epi-
tome of his life.
CHAP. XIV.
194.
The death of Lewis the Iuft. The Battail of Rocroy. The Battail of Dudling.
The Swedes enter into Holftein.
CHAP. XV.
Of the war of Denmark, with all the circumstances thereof.
CHAP. XVI.
198,
200.
Gallafforetyres out of Holftein,and is ruined by Torftenfon at Magdeburgh.
The Battail of Lankewitz. The Exploits of the French in Alfatia, under the con-
duit of the Duke of Anguien. The taking of Philipsburgh.
CHAP. XVII.
303.
The deplorable state of the obedient Low-Countries. The taking of many of the
strongest townes in Flanders.
CHAP. XVIII.
The war of England, The Tragical death of the King.
206.
208.
CHAP.
The Table.
CHAP. XIX.
A continuation of the Exploits in Flanders. The Battail of Lentz.
CHAP. XX.
212;
The Peace between the King of Spain, and the Confederated States. The remar
kable fiege of Brin. Torftenfon quits the Generalate.
CHAP. XX I
213.
The difference which happened betwixt the two Families of the Landgraves. The
Battels of Mergendal, and Nortlinghen. Generall Mercy's death. 216.
CHAP. XXII.
The Exploits of the Swedes, upon the Fronteers of Swifferland, alarme the
Cantons. Gallaffo's death. Melander Generall of the Imperiall Ar-
mies.
CHAP. XXIII.
219.
The taking of Swinsfort, and Eger. Lamboy, and Conninxmark incamped
before Rene. The taking of Retschin. The fiege of Prague.
CHAP. XXIV.
222
The breach of the Truce with the Duke of Bavaria. A tempeft upon the Elbe.
Melanders death. The Peace of Germany. The death of the King of Denmark,
and of Uladinaus of Poland. Cafimir fucceeds him.
CHAP. XXV.
Pope Urbans death. The wars of Italy and Catalunia.
223.
226:
THE SECOND BOOK.
CHAP. I.
T
He tumults at Naples began by Thomafo Aniello, and why? The hiftory
of Conradin Prince of Swaveland; his death; the Sicilian Vefpers,or Even-
longs. The hiftory of Catenefa, and of the Tragedies, which happened at Naples.
CHAP. II.
230.
The war of the Turks and the Venetians, and why? The taking of Canea,
The Knights of Malta take a great Booty; a great number of Gallies, and the
young Sultaneffe, with her Sonne. The Venetians obtain fuccour, but are
beaten.
CHAP. III.
234.
The troubles which happened at Paris. The City is befieged, The Arch-Duke
comes to fuccour it. The Siege, and taking of Ypers. Cambray besieged in vain.
Hennauit ranfacked.
CHAP. IV.
237.
Tumults in the Province of Luke, or Liedge. The Election of a Coadjutor.
Tumults at Trevirs. The Lorrains in the Kingdom of Aix, and in the Dutchy
of Gulick, beat the Peafants. The war is kindled again at Naples.
CHAP. V.
239.
The Jubily at Rome. The Princes imprisoned. The Princeffe of Conde,
the Duke of Bouillon, and other Lords, retyre themselves to Bourdeaux.
b
The
The Table.
The Dutchess of Longueville, and the Vice Count of Turenne, to Stenay. The
Allyance is made. The Duke of Orleans in Flanders, and a digreffion upon that
Subject.
CHAP, VI.
244.
Containing what paffed in the Summer of this year of 1554. The Offers of the
Portugal Embaſſadour. The Fleet in the Indies does nothing. The Princes.com-
plaints. The Siege of Amfterdam. The Imprisonment of fix Lords, carried to
Louveſtein, The Prince of Oranges death. Has praifes.
CHAP. VII.
247.
The deplorable death of the valiant Earle of Montroffe, The war of the Polan-
ders, against the Coffacks,
CHAP. VIII.
250.
Blakes Fleet in Portugal. Chaties Stuart in Jerſey. The Kings Goods
fold. Charies Stuart goes into Scotland. The English go thither with an Army.
The Scots are beaten. The continuance of the War in Candy. The war made with
the Pen. An Embaſſadour from Spain, at London. The Chineſes, or people of
China, become Chriftians.
CHAP. IX.
254.
The Coronation of the Queen of Sweden. The dammage at Paris, by the
River. The diliverance of the Princes. Mazarin being banished, departs out of
Fance. The Great Affembly,at the Haghe. The arrival of the English Em-
bafsadours at the Haghe. The war against the Coffacks. The King of Scots
enters into England with an Army; is beaten at Worceſter, and flyes dif-
guifed.
CHAP. X.
256.
The Coronation of Charles King of the Scots. His entry into England. He
loofes the Battel near Worceſter. The miferable condition of the Scots. Cha les's
marvellous efcape. He arrives in France. The difference between the Electour of
Brandenburgh, and the Duke of Newburgh. The peace made.
CHAP. XI.
258.
Cardinal Mazarins retreat into the Province of Liedge. The Princes make
entrance into Paris. The joy for the one, and the other. The Dutchefs of
Longueville, and the Marshal of Turenne returne into France. The Prince of
Oranges Baptifm, and the dispute for his tutelage. The Bank broken near Wag-
hening. Ulefeldt accused of having intended to poison the King. Berghen
St. Winoch, taken by the Spaniards.
CHAP. XII.
260.
The Cardinal returnes into France. The Lords, who had been prifoners, rE=
fored to their Charges. The Prince of Conde retires to Paris. The King declared
Major. Prodigies feen at fea. The beginning of the troubles between England
and Holland, and why? Spirings death.
CHAP. XIII.
262
The miferies at Sea caufed by Pirats. The prefent ftate of Norway, Den-
mark, Sweden, Poland, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Spain, and France,
o
CHAP. XV.
254.
The Prince of Conde comes to Paris. The King attacks Eftampes, The Duke
of Lorraine being to fuccour the Princes, receives fome money of the King, and
returnes. The Arch-Duke fends back an Army to Paris: takes Graveling, and
Dunkerck, The Engilfh beat the French Fleet, The Cardinal of Retz induces
the
2.
The Table.
the King to come back to Paris. The Prince of Conde retyres into France. Car-
dinal Mazarins praifes. The Cardinal of Retz carried to the Bois de Vin-
cennes.
CHAP. XVI.
267.
The Engliſh attack the Convoy of Fishermen. Tromp returns to Sea, findes
Blake, a tempest separates them, and he comes back into Holland. De Ruyter
attacks Afcue. Van Galens victory before Ligorne. Tromp conducts the Fleet
Safely into France. Divers Combats. Tromps death. Cromwell, and his Ex-
ploits. The Affembly at Ratisbone. The Election, and Coronation of Ferdi-
nand the fourth King of the Romans.
The Continuation.
275.
275.
Reader, The Corrector to the Preffe intreats thee to amend with thy Pen
thefe faults, which have eſcaped his eye.
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b 2
THE
..
..
JAC
1
AG
3
THE
HISTORY
OF THIS
IRON AGE.
THE FIRST BOOK.
CHAP, I
The State of EUROPE towards the end of the
precedent Age.
the
HE Romane Empyre enjoyed a profound
Peace, France, Italy, Spaine, Lorraine, and the
Gallicane or French Provinces of the Low-Conn-
tries, began to refpire by the Peace of Vervie
All the Partialities of the League grew to be
fmoothered by the prudence of that Gaulish HENRY the
Hercules. The Romane Catholicks, and they of Fourth.
the Reformed Religion, with an agreeable har-
mony (to one anothers grief) teftified their fide
lity to their magnanimous Prince,and to pleafe
him the more, beftowed all their hatred upon
his fervice, and their grudges, upon the glory of their Country. The Ger-
mans, under the government of Maximilian, Nephew to the Emperour
Charles, and Rodolph his fon, (both meek Princes) no more remembred the
calamities, which they had fuffered through the difference about matter of
Religion: Nor knew they now, what belonged to war, but by hear-fay and
report: for if by accident they faw any fouldiers lifted, they were appoin-
ted for France, or the Low-Countries. The Forces of the Dukes des deux Ponts,
of Prince William of Orange, of Cafimir, and of the Duke of Brunswick, were The Battell of
feen, the one to be cut in pieces by the Duke of Gnife, and the other, after Anolt.
having committed great extravagances, and made fhamefull compofitions,
to return with confufion,This part whereof only, which came into the Bi-
fhopprick
B
2
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Frances mar-
ried fair Agnes
of Mansfeld.
fhoprick of Colein, to interrupt the 'marriage of their Electour, proved not
defpifable, and had almoft kindled a great fire: but it paffed not over the
Lifiere, and was quenched in the waters of the Rheyn, by the valour of the
Duke of Parma. And ſo, by a good underſtanding of the Members with
their Head, there returned a Calme: I mean, of the Electours, and Prin-
ces, with their Emperour. Fear was taken away; but diftruft, (which
cafts her roots every where amongſt pleaſures caufed by abundance) was
not rooted out. This hath fmothered the good Corn (as we ſhall here-
after ſhew) and dried up the fat of theſe rich Provinces; and that Ger-
many, which was fo formidable to the whole world would not have fince
been ſeen ſo nuiferably torne in pieces, if ſhe had known how to keep her felf
in unity, and concord.
Now, this defirable Aurora had chaſed away the darkneffe of the night;
this Peace had lulled afleep the better part of Europe, and the War was re-
tired towards the extremities, or uttermoft ends thereof; as that at Sea be-
tween the Spaniards and the English, the Poles, and the Swedes; the Hungari-
tries the Acade- ans, and the Turks. But it was principally in the Low-Countries, where it had
my of the Wars. fixed its Seate and Schoole. It was (I fay) in this little corner near the Sea,
The Low-coun-
amongſt great Rivers, and inacceffible Fennes and Marishes, where it fet
up its Academy, fo to render the Dilcipline thereof immortall. In effect,
great fpirits not being able to live at home in floth and idleneffe, and infla-
med with a laudable defire of making themſelves famous in Arms, for the
acquifition of glory, haftened thither from all parts, there to make their Ap-
prentilage; and fome following the humour of their Prince, and others the
intereft of Religion, ranged themſelves on that fide, to which their zeal ad-
dicted them.
Now, becauſe from the knowledge of the Revolutions of the precedent
Age, are drawne the trueft caufes and motives of the bloody and terrible
Tragedies, which are yet a playing in this of ours; we will reprize our Dif-
courſe from the head, and having reached the fource, follow the brooks,and
rivers, till we come into that Sea of calamitics and miferies, wherein we fee
poor Chriftians ingulfed at this day; who cannot truly call themſelves any
more the Diſciples of their Mafter Jefus Chrift, fince they have extermina-
ted Peace, and brought confufion, diffentions and diforders upon them-
felves.
It is therefore this abominable Age, whereof the Scripture fo clearely
ſpeaks: This is that Kingdome of Iron, which fhivers and fubdues all
things. The feven Angels have powred down their Vials upon the earth, which
is filled with blafphemy, maffacres, injuftices, difloyalties, and infinite other
evills, almoſt able to draw even the very Elect to murmuration. We have
feen, and yet fee, Kingdome againſt Kingdome, Nation againſt Nation,
Plagues, Famines, Earthquakes, horrible Inundations; fignes in the Sun,
Moon, and Starres; anguiſhes, afflictions of whole Nations, through the
tempefts,and noiſe of the Sea. And whereas the Trees,by thruſting forth their
buds, give us affurance of the approach of Summer; in like manner, will I
be bold to ſay, that fince thoſe things are come to paffe, which have been
foretold us, we ought not to make any difficulty to believe, that the End is at
hand, and that the Son of man is coming in a Cloud, with Power and Ma-
jeſty. O Great God! Inexhauftible fource of goodneffe, and mercy! guide
thou my pen, to the end that it fay nothing but what is modeftly true; to the
confufion of Atheiſts, and the confolation of the Ele&. Let us therefore be
gin at that miſerable Kingdome,the better part whereof, which makes the
extremity and bound (as it were) to Europe, groanes at this time under the
tyranny of Turks and Infidels.
CHAP.
PART.1.
3.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
CHAP. II.
of the Warre of Hungary. The Death of the Duke of Mercoeur.
From whence came the Inhabitants of Tranfylvania.
NOW
JOw fince we muſt kindle our Torch in the age paft, which is to light
us in the labyrinth of this of ours, I will take notice by the way of the
chief exploits,and will begin from the Kingdom of Hungarie,the Theater,or
Stage of the Warre of the Ottomans. This kingdome is moft fertile in all the
blefings of the earth, as in Corne,in moft excellent Wines, in Gold, Sil- The fertility of
ver, and all other mettals: In fuch fort,as that fome Authors have prefumed Hungary,
to prefer it before all the rest of Europe. At prefent, the greateft part of it
acknowledges the Turk; another is grown defert by the infolencie of the
Souldiers; and that which lies next to Germany obeys for their King Ferdi
nand the fourth, Son to the Emperour Ferdinand the third.
This Kingdom being tormented by the Arms of the great Turk, had re-
courfe to the Emperour Rodolph, and he to the Princes and States of Ger-
many but they blinded by the profperity of peace,and plunged in the delights
which the fruits thereof produce; flighting the danger which moft neerly
concerned the houſe of Austria from abroad, flackly promiſed relief;
which yet was retarded by the jealoufie of fuch, as could not by any
meanes brook the glory of that Family, and paffionately wished the de-
cline, or rather the utter ruine thereof, Rodalph in the Diet,or Aflembly at R4-
tifbone, made a remonftrance, how Amurat the Sultan had broken the
Peace of the year 1591, and taken many Towns,and Places of ftrength, but Peace of the
he reaped nothing but winde; for, it is in vain to preach to fuch as will not year1591.broa
hear. He dyed in the year 1595.and his Son Mahomet fucceeded him;againft
en by Amurat
whom the Chriftians had neither good luck, nor bleffing. For, Agria was
loft becauſe the fuccour came too late, as being delayed by the raines; and
the Army appeared not till fome dayes after it was taken; howloever there
firft grew fome skermiſhes, and afterwards a Battail, wherein the Turks
were routed,and their Canon taken, But the Conquerors cafting themselves
too foone and too inconfiderately upon pillage, made them who fled
regain their courage; in fuch fort as that they rallyed, and defeated an Ar-
my of fixty thousand men, however they durft not purfue them.By means
of this memorable enterprize, the lot fell upon the impregnable Town of
Raab, which iffued very happily for the good of Chriftendome to the ho-
nour of the Count de Swartsbourgh,and Monf.de Vaubecour, (a Lorraine- Gen-
tleman)together with theFrench, Lorrains, Low-burgundians,and Walloons. The
Duke of Mercoeur,having taken leave of the moſt Chriſtian King, and recol- Mutiny of
lected the fragments of the League,went thither,for the fervice of Chriften. the French.
dome but his Troops not having an equal zeal with that of their General,
fell to mutinie in the Fort of Pappe neer Raab, chaſed away their officers,
and indeavoured to fell the faid place to the Turks. The Count de Swarts-
bourgh offered them their pay, and conjured them to forbear that trea-
fon, but they being obftinate in their wickedneffe, delivered to the In-
fidels, (in earnest of their perfidie) of men, women, and children above
fix hundred Chriftians: and this by way of recompence for fome Pro-
vifions.
:
The Place was inveſted, and the Turks could not fuccour it; and the brave
Earle of Swartbourgh killed. Thefe detettable Muriners,after having made
many defperate fallyes,and fought long againſt Famine, (the gate of favour,
and pardon being fhur to them, who had fo wickedly betrayed the Chriſtian
B 2
*
party)
4
PART.I
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The death of
the Duke of
Mercoeur.
Party,) were at length almoſt all caught and punished, according to the
greatneffe of their treaſon. Canifia was taken by the Turk, and Stoul-Veſſem-
bourg by the Duke of Mercoeur,where he atchieved fo much glory, that the
great Turk untreated Henry the fourth to call him away. This war was fi-
nifhed about the end of the year 1606. The Emperours Souldiers muti-
ned for want of pay, and committed a thouſand robberies, which cauſed
rebellions and great famine. The Duke of Mercoeur, defirous to go viſit his
native country,began his journey full of victorious palms, and paffed through
Vienna where he was very well received by his Imperial Majeſty, and
the whole Court: But Parca, envious of his happineffe, cut off the thred of
his life at Noremberg.
Tranfylvania is a part of the aforefaid Kingdome of Hungary,and is much
peopled, and moft fertill: The Inhabitants (peak a language much like to
that of Low-Saxony; and it is alfo very credible, that they fprang from
thence: but when or how is very uncertain. Some Authors recount that
a certain Quack-falver,or Mountebank not being fully fatisfied by the Citi-
zens of Hamelen (a Town feated upon the River of wefer) according to their
promiſe made him, (for freeing them from the trouble of an innumerable
multitude of Rats, which he drew out of the faid Town with the found of
his Pipe) revenged himſelf after this manner. He gathered together all the
children of the Town, or, (to fay better) he charmed them fo well with the
found of his faid inftrument, that he going out, and they following to a cer-
´tain mountain not farre off, the ground cleft, and (wallowed them
up,
as foon as they were entred, clofed up again: and fometime after it was
and
publiſhed and believed, that the faid children were tranfported into Tran-
Whense came fylvania: And even to this very day, there are fome at Hamelen who write
the Inhabitants in these terms; fuch a year, fince the departure of our children. The Kingdom
of Transylva
of Hungary for the most part, followes the Romane Catholick Religion;
though yet both the Reformed party, and the Lutherans (especially in Tran-
fylvania) have likewife their Churches. But the ftepping in of theſe latter
created a great deale of diftruft; the infeparable companion of contradicto-
ry opinions: The Soveraign authority hath loft part of her vigour; and
her power is fo much diminished, that the Hungarians could not fubfift but
by the Majefty of the Eagle. Let us fummarily, and without deviating from
our path, fpeak of the glory of the ancient Hungarians; of the vertues, and ill
habits which are found now amongſt them; and of the troubles which
they fuffer, or ftill apprehend amongſt themſelves by the neerneſs and vi-
cinity of the fworne enemy of Christendome,
nià.
"
Hungary, (anciently called Pannonia) is a Kingdome moſt abundant in
all which Nature covets for her contentment. She is watered with moſt
fair and great Rivers; which would make her moft flouriſhing, if he had
not the Turk in her bowels: But the hath an ayer a little too rough for
ftrangers. She hath produced a huge number of great Emperours; moſt
Religious Kings; moft holy Perfons, and men moft learned in all kinds of
faculties. Atilas, that ſcourge of God, came from them with his Huns, for
the affliction of Europe; and many other Tyrants, who have often rended
Germany, and made the Emperours pay them tribute a long time, to ſave
their Country from the fury of their arms.
But vice reigns there now with ſo abſolute an Empire, as it renders the
Hungarians very odious, and defpicable. Ambition made them loofe a
King, a faire Army, and Buda, the capitall City of the Kingdome. Avarice
hurries them blindfold upon all wickedneffe; and makes them fometimes
fell the Chriſtians prifoners to the Turks and Tartars; without fparing fo
much as their own neer kindred, when the infatiable hunger of mony hath
yayled the eyes of their underſtanding.
Their
PART.1.
5
The History of this Iron Age.
Their Kings have had frequent experiments of their perfidie; the Turks of
their loofeneffe; and the Germanes of their cruelty, treachery, and hatred;
dangerous both to the one and the other, as having made many Fields un-
fruitful, and brought much profit to their enemics. The Hungarians (faith
an old Biſhop, writing to the Emperour Frederick the firſt) have ugly faces,
bollow eyes, low of ftature, and barbarous both in manners and speech. And yet
it muſt be avowed, that there alſo dwells vertue amongſt them, as well as
amongst other Chriftians; that they defend Chriftendome; and that their
bodies are fuch Bulwarks,as theOttomans have not hitherto been able to leap,
and which they must first caft to the ground, if they intend to affayle Ger-
many. They are almoſt alwayes on horfe-back, and upon prey with them,
and they ferve themſelves of calamity for an aliment to their vertue. And
indeed that of the valiant Count de Serin amongſt fo many others, fhined
with fo much glory, and conftancy at the fiege of Sigot, that it purchaſed
him everlaſting praife.
The Hungarians with their Light Horfe do more hurt to the Turks, then
to the Germanes; and in this laft Warre of Bohemia they offended more by
furpriſes, then by ſtanding Fights. In the Battel of Prague not being able
to fupport the rough onfet of the walloons, and Germanes, they quickly gave
ground,and fo were partly the cauſe of that remarkable Defeat.
CHAP. III.
of Ruffia, or Mufcovia: Their Religion.
The Hiftory of Demetrius.
The Greek Re-
ligion.
His Province, which ſtretches it felf to the Icie Sea, is of a very large
extent, governed by an Emperour, or Great Duke, with moſt abfolute au-
thority, (after the manner of the Eastern Countries) however it lye very
near the North. The Mufcovits follow the Greek Religion, under a Patri-
arch; though yet it be mingled with very many fuperftitions, which will ne-
ver be corrected, becauſe the Great Duke fuffers none of his fubjects to tra-
vel, and fee other Countries. This people is much tormented by the Turks
and Tartars. They have likewife waged great warres with the Poles and
Swedes; but with many loffes. They were very tyrannically governed by
their Prince John Bafil, who was fucceeded by his fon Theodore, a Prince of
fmall fenfe, for, he let both himſelf and his Country be ruled by his wives
brother called Borits Fedorits. He died without children, and his Brother-in-
law was Great Duke after him. He had a brother named Demetrins,who (as
many Authors worthy of credit have written, with great apparences of The Hiftory of
truth) was ſtolne away in his infancy, lo to be faved from the evident danger Demetrius,
wherewith he ſeemed to be threatened by the authority of the faid Borits;
and another very like him put in his place, was expofed dead to the view of
the people.
Now, this Demetrius being brought up in Poland, with the Palatine Sande-
mir, after he had travelled in Germany and Italy for the ſpace of twenty
yeares, gave himſelf to be known for the fon of Bafl, Brother to Theodore;
and by the affiftance of the ſaid Palatine, the Jefuits, and the favour of the
King himſelf, he entered the fecond time into Muscovy,well accompanied by
Germanes, Poles, and Cofacks. Borits raiſes a molt puiffant Army to oppoſe
him, but the infidelity of his people, together with fome loffes, deprived
him both of courage, and defire of life: And fo he died the 13th of April,
in the year 1605. not without fufpicion of having voluntarily prevented his
misfortune by defpaire. His fon was received by fuch as were of his faction:
B 3
Bus
*
PART.I.
6
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
But the City of Mofco, together with all the Country, having admited De-
metrius for their Prince, he was forthwith caft in priſon.
Now Demetrius had no fooner made his entry into the faid City,but they
began to murmure and fay, that he was not the true Demetrius. The Lord
Bafil Chimouskie, for having faid that he had cauſed the right Demetrius
to be buried, brought his head upon a fcaffold, which yet, by fpecial favour,
he brought back again to weare the Crown, and fucceed the unfortunate
Demetrius. Oftrange effect of Fate!
The averfion of the people from poor Demetrius appeared yet more,
when they underſtood that he had acknowledged the Pope, and introduced
the Jefuits,to work-about a Reformation. He married the daughter of
his Fofter-Father, who made her entry into the head City the 26 of April,
in the year 16.06.
The perfidy of this treacherous people was clearly difcovered a moneth
after;namely,the 27 of May,and their rage began its firft effect upon the Poles
and other ftrangers, (who yet fold their skins dear enough) and others
paffed on to the Court, there to finish the laft Act of the Tragedy. The
Prince hearing of the tumult, left the company of his wife (with whom he
then was) got away, and leapt down from the top of a Tower, through a
window, at the foot whereof (being found yet alive) he was forthwith dif
patched. This was done under the pretext of Religion.
He was a Prince of a great wit; a lover of hunting and warre, he had
read much, was very ambitious, and went much in queft of the allyances of
the Kings of Europe; and nominatively of that of the Great Henry of France.
Thus unhappily ended Demetrius his dayes, in the very April of his age, and
the cruelty of the barbarous multitude continued even upon his dead body,
which they tore in pieces: fo violent is hatred ſtirred up by Religion,againft
fuch as endeavour to change it, when fury has gotten the upper hand.
He was accuſed by a Declaration, to have been a Monk, an Heretick,
and a Witch; and to have endeavoured to change the Religion of Russia;
fupplant the Nobility of the Country, and introduce that of Poland; to have
layen with his wife in the prefence of an image of our Lady,and many other
things, which are tedious to rehearse. A memorable example of the infta-
bility of Fortune, who when the moft fmiles is then moft ready to fhoot her
inevitable ſhots of Her irradicable hatred againſt ſuch as love vertue and
conftance. It was neceffary to recount this for the greater knowledge of
what we are to publifh concerning Mufcovy, which hath felt the tragical ef
fects of Bellona, as well as the rest of Europe, whereof fhe is a good part.
CHAP.
IV.
of Poland. The Government; and Religion thereof. Henry Duke
of Anioú choſen King, and afterwards Sigifmund of Sweden,
and Maximilian of Auſtria, who was taken
prifoner in a Battell.
TH
His Kingdome was governed by Sigifmund of Sweden,and had no other
enemy at that time then the Swedes, for the intereft of their Prince
But before we give an account thereof, we will ſpeak of the manners, and
Origin of the Country. ex
Poland is of very vaft diftent, and takes her name from the great Fields
which produce a huge quantity of Corn. The great Dukedome of Lithuania,
is a part of this Kingdome; which is bounded on the one fide by Mufcovy;
and
PART.I.
7
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Fennes.
The ftory of a
and on the other, Hungary, Germany, Livonia, and Prussia, or Borussia, to
the_Baltick Sea, there are many Fennes, Lakes, and huge Forrefts; as Poland full of
there likewife are through all the North, where, in the Trunks of Trees, is Forrests and
often found great ftore of hony, whereof they make a certain Drink (chiefly
in Lithuania) which is moſt delicate, and yeelds not awhit in goodneſs to
Spanish wine. Now here, well deferves to be inferted, the ftory of a certain
Peafant or Countriman, who being fallen by accident into one of the
Trunks, which was full of hony, ran great hazard to be drowned, without
an almoft miraculous fuccour, which came to him by chance: And it was, by a strange
a Bear approaching the ſaid place, to lick the hony (whereof theſe crea- accident.
tures are very lickorifh) the poor man layd hold of his tayle; and the beaſt
violently endeavouring to run away, drew the man out of this fweet, but fa-
tall precipice. The winter is there very long and fharp; against the rigour
whereof, the Inhabitants (who have no want of wood) ſerve themſelves of
ftoves, and good furred gownes, as all the Northern people do.
The Nobility is very ftudious of Warre, and defirous of Travell, and in
fhort, of an huinour much like that of the French. They exprefs their gal-
lantry in the beauty of their Cloathes, Weapons, and Horfes; in the fump-
toufnefs of Feafts, Weddings, Funeralls, Chriftenings; and in numerous
Trains of fervants too, when they go a woing. They are very ftout, and
decide their quarrels for the most part by encounters: fo that there are
more Fights, then Duels. They are very good fouldiers, whereof they have
given frequent teftimonies against the Turks, whom they oppofe not with
Fortifications and Bulwarks, for the defence of their Kingdome, and all
Chriſtendome; but with their Bodies, in the Field. The Tartars do them
much hurt by furprizes; who as foon as they have done their feat, and find
the Poles advancing, betake themſelves to their heels with their pray, and
fell their prisoners to the Turks, by whom they are made flaves.
The Polanders, (anciently called Sarmats) were very redoubtable to the
Romans, and contemned their power, they embraced the doctrine of the
Golpel, and fince learning and fciences have been in Vogue amongst them,
they are extremely civilized; as all other nations likewile are, which have
changed the darkness of ignorance into light, and their brutish manners
into amiable fociety. The Latin tongue is fo common amongſt them, that
there are very few Gentlemen who do not ſpeak it. The cuftome of draw-
ing a ſword, when the Prieft recited the Golpel in the Maſs, is now aboliſh-
ed, for fome misfortunes which happened thereby: however by this zealous
action, they fignified themſelves to be willing to loofe their lives for the de-
fence of the Gospel, and for the ingrandizement and propagation whereof
they have often fought againſt the Pagans, and do protect Christendome to
this day against the puiflance of the Infidels: Though yet, they were mo-
ved by this very zeal, both inconfiderately and perfidioully to break the
fworne Peace with the Great Turk; and were conſequently all cut off, to-
gether with their King Vladislaus, near Varne. They are very ſtrong and
tall, and have faces able to imprint the figure of feare in the countenance
of the moſt confident. They flight the rigour of the cold, and all other ob-
ftacles which may hinder them from a glorious death. Yet is it allo
very true on the other fide, that vice hath placed its dwelling there,
as well as elsewhere; and that the contempt of the Lawes is not leffe
amongſt them, then in any other part of Europe. They who travell through
Poland and Hungary, carry their beds with them; yea, and fometimes their
victuals too, to fhunne the hazard of an ill fupper, and a hard lodging,
Theſe two Nations have a faſhion of cloathing almoſt alike, which doth
differ very little, and they both weare furred Bonnets. The Romane-Ca
tholick Religion is the chief; however there be other alfo permitted, and
freely
Peaſant ſaved
8
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Duke of
King.
freely exerciſed amongst them; as namely, the Arrian, and many other old
Herefies which are ſtill croaking there: befides, the Greek Church hath alfo a
great number of adherents there.
The Kingdome of Poland is Elective,and when the King is dead,the Arch-
biſhop of Gefne takes the Government of the State, and aſsembles the Senate
and the Nobility for the election of another. During the Interreign, or va-
cancy, there is committed great ftore of murthers and infolencies, which
moves fuch as love the publick Quiet, to fpeed the Election. The Nobility
hath moſt high priviledges, whereby the Kings authority is much bridled
and retained within the Lawes of the Kingdom whereof in a word they
are ſo jealous,that they alwayes miftruft their Prince, and imagine every
moment, that he will either take their lawes from them, or at lealt diminish
them, to make himself more abſolute.
Murthers are not forigorously punished here as in other parts of Chri-
ftendome. For,a Gentleman ſhall be quit for killing of another with one
years impriſonment, and if the perfon murthered be of a mean condition,
for a ſmall forfeit.
The Ecclefiafticks have huge Revenues,for which they are much envied.
The moſt eminent dignities amongst them are to be Senatours, whom they
call waiwodes, Chatellans, and Starofts, which are charges of Captains. In a
word, they are all equall, like Brothers, not enduring any fuperiority
at all.
The Kingdome being vacant by the deceaſe of Sigifmund, Queen Kathe-
Anioüelected rine de Medicis, fent the Bilhop of Valence thither for the Duke of Anies her
fon, who was choſen with applaufe; and the eloquence of the faid Bifhop,
prevailed much therein. The magnificencie of the Dukes Reception, made
the French fee that the Polanders skorn to fall fhort of any in gallantry.
But his Reign proved not very long: For, hearing of the death of King
Charles, and preferring the Hereditary Crown of France before the Elective
of Poland; three months after his arrivall, he fecretly departed; leaving the
Polanders the repentance of having chofen him, and the trouble to chooſe
Stephen Bato- another, who fell out to be Stephanus Batorius Prince of Transylvania. He
rius fucceeds. reigned ten yeares, reduced Dant fick to her obedience, kept the bordering
places within their duty, and rejoyned Livonia to the Crown. He governed
the Kingdome both happily and wifely,died in the refolution he had taken
to ſubdue Muscovy to Poland;left great grief for his fo fudden death amongſt
the Poles, and a good odour of his vertues to pofterity.
The Polanders, after the deceaſe of King Stephen, found themſelves in a
dangerous fickneffe, by a divifion which threatned utter ruine to the Crown.
The great Chancellour Samotskie, the Biſhops, and many other of the great
Lords, elected Sigifmund of Sweden fonne of King John, and Queen Katherine
of Poland, daughter to Sigifmund of Jaguellonne.
The other party had chofen Maximilian of Auftria, who entring into
Poland with an Army made up inhafte, befieged warfam; from whence be-
Maximilian ing repulfed, and recruting his forces in Silefia, he was the fecond time de-
forces.
feated and taken prifoner by the Great Chancellour aforefaid.
After theſe two victories was crowned Sigifmund in the year 1587. and
called by the name of Sigifmund the third. He married Anne of Auftria,
who brought him a fonne named Vladislaus, who afterwards was King of
Poland. And this is that which we thought very fit to recount, and which
muſt ſerve us for the prefent Hiftory of this Age.
Let us now paſſe into Sweden, and hear what the Swedes alledge againſt
the Polanders, with the reaſons and arguments both of the one and the
other.
CHAP.
PART.I. The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
9
CHAP. V.
of Sweden. The difcords happening between King Sigifmund, and bis
Uncle Charles, and why? The fucceffe of their Arms.
Igismund King of Sweden, endeavouring to put two Crowns upon his head,
loft the Hereditary one. See how all paffed,
This young Prince had been brought up in the Roman-Catholick Re-
ligion, though yet he were the fonne of King Erick who embraced the Con-
fefsion of Ausbourgh, and introduced it into his Kingdome. This Erick was
fonne to King John, and Nephew to Charles Duke of Sudermanie, whom
he left in Sweden to govern that Kingdome in his abfence, in the quality of
Vice-Roy.
Now it often chances, that Princes who have more then one kingdom,
grow by little and little to looſe the affections of their remote fubjects, and
their authority comes alfo by degrees to be eclipfed, in regard that their
faid fubjects are not warmed by the heat of their favour, and prudence ;
and fo others grow infenfibly to take place, as well becauſe their pre-
fence winnes the affections of the faid fubjects; as alfo for that rea-
fons are never wanting to fuch as have no will to obey And befides,
every one ſtands in fear of forraine Rule. But the moft powerfull argu-
ment of the coldnels of fubjects towards their Soveraigne, is diverfity of
Religions; which caufes a change in State, and alters and fhakes it fo, as
that many Princes for the ftrengthening and fixing of theirs, have believed
that they neither could, nor ought to permit any more then one.
King Sigifmund hearing many complaints from Sweden, and conceiving Sigifmund goes
fome jealoufies of his uncle Charles, refolved, with leave of the States of Po into Sweden.
land, to tranſport himfelf thither with fome Polish and German forces. He de-
parted from Dant fick with a fleet of fixty Sayle, and was well received by
the Governour of Celmar; from whom he went to fee his ſiſter at Ste-
bourgh.
Duke Charles haftened towards him from Finland, with an Army to de-
fend the kingdome against the King himſelf; who (as it was published) came Sigifmund
to take the Vice-King prifoner,and change the State by fubverting Religion. beaten.
So there occurred a fierce skirmish, wherein the Vice-King had the better,
and Sigifmund the King was forced to retire himself towards the Confines of
Denmark. In fine,he was beaten again near Lincopin,and his Fleet taken.Upon
which, feeing his Uncle thus courted by Fortune, through the mediation of
fome Lords, he was fain to make peace with him under certain conditions,
by vertue whereof his Fleet was restored to him to go by Sea to Stockholm; Makes Peace,
and Duke Charles (in whoſe hands were put the prime Lords of Sweden,
who had been to fetch the King in Poland) went thither by land.
Sigifmund instead of going to the Affembly of States at Stockholm, went fe-
cretly out of the kingdom, which he thereby loft, and regained Dant fick. He retires out
Some Authors have written, that he had been advertifed of fome ill defign of the kingdom.
of his uncle Charles againſt him: and a certain perſon who was then at
Stockholm affirms, that he fighed for his having let flip the bird which he
had in his hand. However, thofe Lords were beheaded, and their heads
fet upon ſtakes, which were fince taken away upon the requeſt of a great
Warryer.
Duke Charles quickly recovered thofe places of ftrength, which were in
the Kings poffeffion; chaftifed the Citizens of Lubeck, who had favoured
him, cauled the States to approve of all his actions, and ranged the Finlan-
ders (who held the King's party) under obedience to himfelf." Some months
C
after,
.
PART.1.
10
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Charles loofes
the Battel.
after, the States depofed the King by a publick Decree, declaring him fallen
from the Rights he had in the kingdom, and renouncing all fidelity to
him;though yet ftill they were ready to receive his fonne Vladislaus for King
of Sweden,in cafe he would forthwith ſend him thither to be bred in the Re-
ligion and cuftomes of the Country.
But theſe conditions not feeming receivable, were not accepted by the
King, and the proceedings of the States of Sweden cryed down by the Poles,
who refolved to take an account of them with the (word.
This is the fumme of what is known of that difference, which is yet re-
maining between the Heires of these two Princes, and which is debated by
very contrary reaſons, according to the predominancy either of Paffion or
Religion, and according to the knowledge alfo of the Right of the Parties
concerned.
The Polanders reproach the Swedes, for that without any available reaſon,
and upon fome ill-grounded fufpicions only; yea,even against all Right both
Divine and Humane, they took the kingdom from Sigifmund, to give it to
Charles. To which the Swedes anfwer, that the King againſt his promife
had endeavoured under hand to bring in the Jefuits, fo to replant the Ro-
man-Catholick Religion, and ftrangers to check and curb them; and many
other arguments there are both upon the one fide, and the other, which I
let paffe in filence, and which are found at large elſewhere. Now
had the words, take alfo fome effects of their arms.
you have
Duke Charles, after the reduction of Finlande, went into Livonia, where he
gained fome advantage upon Samouskie; beſieged Riga, but in vain, and re-
turned into Sweden in great danger to be drowned. When he had gotten
the Crown upon his head,he gave the reaſons thereof to all Chriſtian Kings
and Princess juftifying his proceedings the beſt he could, and fecking the
allyance of his Neighbours, and chiefly that of the States Generall, Samouskie
the Great Chancellonr aforefaid writ against him, and cried out upon his
ambition, which greatly offended him, and gave fubject of great grudges
between them, which grew at length to implacable hatred.
Fortune frowned upon him at Riga: for, his Army being much stronge
then that of Poland, was rooted by General Cockevietz, who having fent
four hundred of the Livonian horſe over a River, to attack the Swedes in the
Reer, wonne the Battel by this ftratagem; and fo Livonia came to be un-
der the Polanders,till the Reign of the Great Gustavus Adolphus, who redu-
ced it to his obedience. All Livonia hath embraced the Lutheran Religion
as well as Sweden, where it is held for one of their Fundamentall Lawes, as it
alſo is almoſt through all the North.
Sweden is the biggeft of all the Northern kingdoms,the Head-City where-
of is Stockholm, a Town (the Suburbs and Sea-ihore, or ftrand compriſed)
of great diftent. There are many huge Mountains, Rocks, and Forreſts,
where are fometimes heard great illufions, and phancies, as there likewife
are in the water, which are very troublefome and terrible both to men and
horfes, which paffe that way. The country is not much inhabited, and the
chief Provinces are Weft-Gothland, Eaft-gothland, from whence (as alfo
from the reſt of Sweden) according to the opinion of fome Authours) came
the Goths, who lo much vexed the Romane Empyre. This kingdom is full of
Copper and Iron Mines. The Swedes are good fouldiers both by Sea and
Land, and have given incredible examples of their valour both in Germany
and Denmark, they are of a ſtrong Complexion, and fit to endure hard-
neffe and labour. The Nobility is very mild and frank; loves learning and
languages, but especially Latin, and French; travels much abroad, is very
dexterous at exercifes, and honours and feeks learned company. Yea, and
they have this vertue above all other nations, wherewith I have converfed,
that
PART.1.
11
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
that they heartily love one another out of their own country, hide the vices
of their Compatriots, and ftand much for the honour of their nation.
The Pealants, or Country people fend their Deputies to the Affemblies
of the States, to the end that nothing be concluded there, to the prejudice of
their priviledges. King Guftave, and Queen Chriftine his Daughter now
reigning, created much new Gentry, (which in fome fort is difdained by the
ancient Families) in regard the Nobility of the kingdom was almoſt
exhauſted by the Warres.
D
CHAP. VI.
of Denmark. The Defcription thereof.
Enmark is a kingdom,the best part whereof confifts of Islands; as name-
ly, Zeland and Fionia, The Province of Scania reaches up to Sweden,
and Jutland to Holstein.It was peacefully gouerned by the prudent conduct of
King Chriftian the fourth, fucceffour to Frederick the fecond his Father,and
Duke of Holftein. During his minority he had four Counſellours, to help
him to bear the charge of the Government, He was crowned the 29th of
August, in the year 1596.
The principal ftrength of this Kingdom confifts of good and ftately
ſhips, whereof the King hath a confiderable number,as well for the defence
of his faid Iſlands, as for that moſt important paſſage of the Sownd, which is
the ftreight that ſeparates Scania from Zeland, and which is of huge advan
tage, by reaſon of the infinity of fhips which muft paffe over it to go into the
Baltick Sca: in the fame manner, that thofe of all the Havens of the faid
Sca, and bound for the Ocean, are forced to paſſe that way.
The Nobility of Denmark, as alſo that of Holſtein, is much more inclined
to warres then learning; zealous for their liberty and Rights, and makes no
allyance by marriage with the common people; a maxime much ob-
ferved through all the North, Poland, and Germany. They refufe Ecclefia-
ftical Honours as below their condition, defend their priviledges, and make
no efteem of others, thougby their experience and knowledge, they may
merit the beſt Offices and Employments in the Country.
The Government is not much unlike that of Poland, in both which Ele-
Etive King domes the Kings undertake nothing of importance, without the
confent of the States and Nobility. The Gentlemen are all equall, and as it
were of one Family; there being neither Earl nor Baron. The Officers of
the Crown, and Counſellours of the kingdome, have the preheminency,
and affist the King in the most weighty affaires of the Countrey.
Norway (an Hereditary kingdom) oppoſite to Great Britain, or England;
It is very big, but very defert, and hath no confiderable Towns, but ſuch as
are near the Sea-fide. It yeelds great ſtore of fiſh, wood, boards, and good
skins.
Theſe three kingdomes were heretofore under the government of the
King of Denmark: But the Swedes not being able to fuffer the tyranny of
Chriftian the fecond, divided themſelves from his obedience,
They all follow the Lutheran Religion; and the Capitall City of Denmark
is Coppenhaghen; a very fair town, fituated upon the ftreight of the Sownd
near the Baltick Sea; a paffage of about four leagues, moſt pleaſant and re-
creative, by means of a Forreft which borders upon the Sea from Coppen-
haghen to Elfener of which paffage, becauſe it is fo much envyed, we will
hereafter Ipeak more at large.
C 2
The
12
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Peafants of Denmark and Poland are treated almoft like ſlaves; for,
the greatest part of the Nobility licentiously abufing their liberty, defpifes
all who are not Gentlemen: A fault which hath drawn ruine upon many
Families, which boafted of the of their Anceſtours. But it is not enough
to be born a Gentleman, unleffe it appear by vertuous, laudable, and generous
actions.
CHAP. VII.
of Great Britain. The History of the Earl of Gore.
Ngland is a moft fertile, and moft potent Ifland, as well for fcituation,
as men and fhips. There reigned Queen Elizabeth, a Princeffe as hap-
py in her allyances, fuccefs of arms, and love of her fubjects, as ever was.
She was Daughter to Henry the 8th, and Sifter to Mary and Edward. She
changed theReligion, & declared her felf Head of the Church. She was alwaies
well ferved: She fent ftrong fuccours to the King of Navarre,and her fubjects
wonne many victories by Sea from the Spaniard, against whom the continu-
ed her hatred, even till her death, in favour of the United Provinces of the
Low-countries. She was afworne enemy to the Roman-Catholick Religi-
on, and feemed to have made it her task to deſtroy that, as well as the had
the King, who bears the furname of it.
Scotland is a kingdom which makes a part (but not the better part) of this
Inland. There reigned as King, James Stewart; a Prince efteemed very wife,
who refented not at all the death of his Mother Mary, who was beheaded in
England, preferring the hope of fucceffion to the faid kingdom before revenge,
courting the favour of the Queen, and treading all other confiderations un--
der foot. But heaven left nothing unpunished, which often revenges inno-
cence upon the Innocent themſelves, to chaſtiſe them who have not re-
venged it.
d
He married Anne Sister to Chriftian King of Denmark, and lived in
peace which yet was difturbed by dreadful confpiracy of a certain Earle
called Gore, whofe Father was beheaded in the of the faid Kings mino-
rity. Now this Gore returning from travel, fent his brother to the King as
he was hunting, whom when he had made believe, that there was a certain
man who had found a great pot full of gold, he led him into his faid bro-
ther's Cabinet, or Cloſet, where, had he not been fuccoured by his follow-
ers, he had been unhappily murthered. The Tragedy was afterwards acted
upon them, who intended themſelves to have been the actors thereof, and
the murtherers were juftly murthered. In this tragedy, they who were cu-
rious, found fuch myfteries, as their modeſty kept in filence. The Scots are
held good fouldiers, but they were never very fortunate againſt the
English.
Ireland is an Iſland both big and fruitfull, between Spain and England;
where the Engliſh have exerciſed great power and authority, as well in re-
fpect of Religion, as for the Rebellion of the Irish againſt Queen Elizabeth,
& calling the Spaniards to help them.But they grew at length to be
red, and have long been governed fince by Deputies, or Vice-Kings, under
conque-
a moſt auſtere Difcipline, which hath conftrained fome of them to flye to
the main Land,and others to retire themſelves into the Woods and Forreſts,
amongſt the wild beafts, to feek their liberty, after their own fashion.
This Inland was heretofore conquered by the Saxons, and a long time af-
& live
ter by the Norman under William the Conquerour. Their lawes have fome
reſemblance
PART.I.
13
The History of this Iron Age,
reſemblance to thofe of Normandy, and Guienne, which they had fome ages
in their poffeffion; where the Eldeft fonnes take almoſt all the fucceffion of
their Parents, leaving but very little to their Brothers, and Sifters. A very
rough Law, and almoſt quite contrary to that of Poland; where when the
Eldeft hath divided the faid fucceffion, the younger takes the firft Portion,
and after him the other; fo that the laft of all is left to the Eldeft.
The English are good Souldiers both by Sea and Land, not in valour and
courage inferiour to any one Nation whatſoever,and are more apt to offend
by temerity, and overmuch forwardneffe, then cowardiſe.
The Nobility is generally very courteous, and chiefly fuch as have travel- Inghilterra,
led. England (layes a famous Italian) is a good Country, but the Inhabitants are bona terra
very bad. The English are little affected to other Nations, and cfpecially to mala gente.
the French, from whom they have a great averfion; nor can the French or
Scots on the other fide endure the incompatible humour of the English.
After they had loft what they poffeffed in France, and all the intelligence
they had there, they fell for a long time to Civill Warres: But fiace, under
the reign of four Kings, and two Queens, they have feen various perfecuti-
ons, not only about Religion, but for matter of State too, whereof we will
fpeak in the fequel of this Hiftory.
The women are incomparably beautifull, and confequently have a great
influence upon the men; yea, the Queens have commanded there more
abfolutely,and have been much better obeyed and refpected then the Kings.
They treat their fervants and horfes very roughly; which gave birth to
the Proverb, That England is Heaven for Women, Purgatory for fervants, and
Hell for horfes.
King James, to fmother the hatred and partiality which had alwayes
been between the people of theſe Iſlands, by laudable advice, entituled him-
felf King of great Britain.
The Title of King of France, which was poffeffed by many Kings of Eng-
Land, hath alwayes checked the Salick Law, which excludes the Heyres Fe-
mall of France from the Crown: fo that though the English poffeffed almoſt
the whole kingdom of France, it was more by the right of Arms, then by
that of the Lawes and Cuftomes.
Let us now leave Great Britain,and look upon Italy, where there are many
States and Republicks, whereof we fhall make but little mention, to fhun
fuperfluities, and keep our felves within the limits prefcribed in this
Hiftory.
3
Pope
CHAP.
VIII.
Of Italy, Lorraine, and Savoy.
Ope Clement the Sth held the Chaire, and by the prudent adminiſtration
of him, the Venetians, and the Great Duke of Tuskany, there flouriſhed a
Peace throughout all Italy. Every one preferved himſelf within his own in-
terefts; nor could any little jealouſies take root, to the loſs of the publick
Quiet: but it was fuddenly ftrangled in the Cradle, by wife conduct, and
moft fubtile policy.
The Popes, as well by donation as other practifes, have not onely
augmented the Patrimony of St. Peter, but drawn alfo all the Soveraign Au-
thority to themſelves, by removing the Emperours from the knowledge of
the Affaires of Italy.
The Faction of the Guelphes for the Popes, the Gibelins for the Empe-
C 3
rours,
14
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron ÅgeAge,
.
rours, reigned there long, and was not confopited or quieted, but by eclip-
fing almoſt the whole Majefty of Emperours by endeavouring to conftrain
them to receive the Crown from their hands: A difference not quite ex-
tinguifhed yet. Befides, that they have ever been unhappy enough in pur-
fuing their Right by Arms, the Italians cutting them out work enough
amongſt themſelves, and often hindring their coming out of Germany; fo
that all the ſplendour of the Empyre remaines there, and is no otherwife
known throughout almoſt all Italy, then only by name,
Under the Reign of Valentinian, the Weſtern Empire was much tottered
by the Barbarians, which forced moſt of the principall Families near the Sea,
to retire into the Iflands of the Adriatick Streights,and there lay the Founda-
tions of that moſt puissant City of Venice, and of that molt Serene Republick,
which hath encreafed, maintained,and conferved her felf thefe twelve ages,
by an unparallelled bleffing; by the moſt perfect obfervance of the Lawes,
and by a policy worthy of admiration. This gives juft caufe to judge, that
they who began her, were of the moſt elevated and prime of all Italy; and
not flaves, as they were who laid the firft ftone to the Common-wealth of
Rome
In the Peace which was made between the Emperour Charlemayne, aud
the Emperour of Conftantinople, it was concluded, that that Common-
wealth which had already ſtood more than three ages and a halfe, fhould
ferve for a bound and gate to the two Empyres. They had for a long time
in their poffeffion the kingdom of Cypres, which the Turks have now taken
from them. They have had many enemies, and have often by their great
prudence diverted the ftorms which have been ready to fall upon them, and
by the dexterity of their mannagements, regained that which they had
loft by the fate of Arms. That mad League of the Pope, the Emperour, and
the Kings of France and Spain, would have invaded any other State but
theirs: fo much amazement did it ftrike into thofe Areopages; who yet, by
their rare induſtry were able to untangle this fatal conjuncture,and fave their
Common-wealth from the fhipwrack wherewith fhe was much threatned.
In fine, after that peace which they had made with the Turk, and which
followed cloſe upon the glorious Battel (but with fmall fruit) of Lepante,
they finiſhed that Age and began this prefent, in good intelligence with
their Neighbours.
The King of Spain enjoyes in Italy the kingdomes of Naples and Sicily,and
the Duchy of Milan, upon which States the French have alſo their pretenti-
ons, which often caufe frequent warres between the two Crownes, whercof
we ſhall ſpeak towards the end of this Treatife, in the revolution ofthole
laft tumults,
The Grand Duke of Tuskany, the Dukes of Mantua, and Parma, keep their
Seates in peace, and the Common-wealth of Genoa hers, tyed faft (for her
profit) to the interefts of Spain. Charles Emanuel Duke of Savoy, a Prince as
fubtle as inconftant;(but yet unlucky enough) for, having feized upon the
Marquifat of Salluces, found himſelf forced to put on his harneffe, and to
leave his reft in the first year of this age, as we fhall hereafter fhew; neither
his journey to Paris, nor all the politick craft he could ufe, being able to war-
rant him from this check. The Dukes of Savoy are very potent, and often
feen to make the skale hang towards that Crown, to which they leane.
France feeks their friendship to have the gate open into Italy, in the intrigues
whereof the finds her ſelf paffionately concerned.
Lorraine was governed by Duke Charles, a milde Prince, who ftill com-
plained of the wrong which the enemies of the League (whereof the
Princes of that houſe were the chief) had made him fuffer. This Province
(which divides Germany from France) is very fruitfull, and takes her name
from
PART.1.
15
The History of this Iron Age.
from the Emperour Lotarius and her Princes, their Deſcent from Charle-
magne. They have alwayes been great Warriers, and Godfree of Bouillon,
through zeal of piety, went and conquered the Holy Land.
The Dukes of Lorraine, for jutereft of State, keep good correfpondence
with their Neighbours; and the laft misfortune which happened in this
Duchy, was cauſed rather by the decline of the Emperours Affayres, and
the ambition of him who thought all lawfull to him, then by the fault of the
Prince, who could not fhelter himſelf from that ſtorme, which had already
fhivered both Mafts, Sayles, and Helme,
Thele States aforesaid, in regard they never knew any Religion but that
of Rome, fuffer not any other fo much as to bud, or fpring there, and if per-
adventure there be any one found in Lorraine, who hath embraced the Pro-
testant Religion, he retires himself to Metz, or Geneva, and they of the Coun-
try of Luxenbourgh to Sedan. Diversity of Religions parts hamours, gives de-
fire of motion to fuch as are ambitious, and makes a Prince very little loved by them
who are not of the ſame opinion.
We have already gone round about Europe, therefore let us now enter in-
to the middle, and fpeak of thofe great Monarchies, which by their moti-
ons have fhaken all other States, as being governed according to the influ-
ences thereof, and accommodating their intereſts to the ballance of their
greatneffe. For fince Warre hath been declared between Spain and France,
very few Princes have ftood Neutrall; fome having joyned their forces to
the party moft neceffary for them, and fome others (though but fpecta-
tors) have not yet forborne to poife more to the one fide then the other.
But none have been willing to have either of theſe Crowns fuppreffed by
the other, for the apprehenfion and fear wherein they all are of a Generall
Monarchy.
CHAP, IX.
The jealoufies between the two Crownes, and why?
The House of Burgundy.
Ow to get entire knowledge of the interests of theſe two Crownes,of the
Caules which ſo often arm them, to the great detriment of Chriften-
dom, and the apprehenfions which they give of aſpiring to a general Mo-
narchy, though by unequall and different wayes, we muft goe up to the
fource, and fo come quickly down again, drawing from thence a true ex-
planation for our ſubject, which we will follow as our guide, to the end of
our Courſe.
France being delivered from the warres with England, and wholly refto-
red to her felf, as well by the help of forren, as the help of her Neighbours,
and even the very Spaniards themſelves, with whom the had a clofe friend-
fhip at that time. Having (Ifay) thaken off the yoke of the English, who
were expelled from Guyenne, aud Normandy; he became the moſt puissant
Monarchy of Europe.
雀
​King Charles the 8th went to feaze upon the kingdom of Naples, which
was no fooner got then loft by his departure thence. Lewis the twelfth ha-
ving made an Alliance with Ferdinand of Caftile, for the recovery of the
kingdom enters Italy, furprifes Milan, and the unjuft ufurper Sforce, and fo
retakes the faid kingdome of Naples. But it fometimes happens, that the
fharing of ftakes makes friends foes; for,thefe Allyes fell to oddes, and
Gonfalve having in many Encounters routed the French, fetled the king-
dome
16
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The first reason
of the hatred
between the
Spaniards,
and the French.
The second rea-
fon.
dome upon the Caftilians: and the power and reputation of the Spaniards
encreaſed much, by the valour of the great Captain.
Francis the first, having broken the Swiffers in a great Battail, eafily made
himselfMafter of the Dukedome of Milan and confequently of the kingdom
of Naples. But Fortune fmiled upon the French only to betray them: For,
the fuddenly turned to the Spaniards, who took King Francis prifoner, and
eſtabliſhed themſelves in the ſaid kingdome, and in the State of Milan: Now
from hence proceeded the hatred between the two Nations, which hath
fince been augmented according to occurrences of State-jealouſies,and other
confiderable accidents, whereof we will here give a ſhort hint.
But there is a fecond and a more pregnant reaſon, for which not only
France, but the neighbouring States alfo have conceived apprehenfions of
jealoufies, which is that of the Union of Spain by marriage with the houfes of
Auftria and Burgundy, and the latter of theſe began thus. Philip de Valois,
Lame to John the fixth King of France, for having well defended his Father
in a Battail against the English, was by marriage made Duke of Burgundy,
and Prince of the Low-countries, and Iohn his fonne fucceeded him not onely
in all the Provinces of his Parents, but in the hatred alſo which he bore to
the Houfe of Orleans. Now, this young Prince going with a great force
of the Nobility of France, and the Low-countries into Hungary, againſt the
Turk, fell into the hands of Bajazet, who would have caufed him to be be-
headed, as well as the rest ofthe prifoners, had he not been adviſed to put
him to a Ranſom, and fend him home; and this becauſe it was diſcovered
in his phyfiognomy, that he fhould one day become the Authour of much
diſturbance to Chriſtendome : which afterwards proved true. For, he
cauſed the Duke of Orleans to be maſsacred, which raiſed a huge warre
between theſe two illuftrious Houſes, to the great advancement of the Eng-
liſh affaires in France, But now, for the remedy of all thofe evills, a Peace
was made, and Duke John afsaffinated in a Conference in the preſence of
the Dolphin. Now this difmal chance, this unfeaſonable revenge, and this
mad Counſell was the cauſe why the English affifted by the Burgundians and
Flemmings, made themſelves mafters of almost all the kingdome of France.
For, Philip furnamed the Good, joyned with the English, to revenge the death
of his Father againſt Charles the feventh.
In fine, there happening a civil warre in England between the Houses of
Lancaster and York, the white and Red Rofe, and Duke Philip drawing
his ſtake out of the play; the English came by degrees to looſe all they had
gotten in the ſaid kingdome. This good Prince inftituted and eſtabliſhed
the Order of the Golden Fleece in the year 1430, and tyed fo by fucceffion all
thofe Provinces into one body, to which Charles the Combatant annexed the
Duchy of Guelders fold to him by Duke Arnolt, for the fumme of 92 thouſand
Crowns. The pretenfions of the Duke of Juliers, or Gulick, were alfo gran-
ted by confent ofthe Emperour Frederick in confideration of the fumme of
eighty thouſand Florens in gold.He left one only Daughter named Mary of
Valois, who was a very vertuous Princeſs, and was married to Maximilian of
Auftria;and her death proved fatall to the Low-countries in refpect of the war
which followed there. Her fonne Philip having renewed his alliance with
Henry the feventh, went into Spain and married lane of Caftile, who brought
him Charles of Austria. And thus, theſe Provinces being bound firſt to the
Houſe of Burgundy, and then to that of Auftria, came laft into the pofseffion
of that of Spain; which by the difcovery and conqueft of the Indies (happen-
ing almoft at the fame time) is become moft puissant and terrible, as well
to other States and Princes,as alfo to theOttomans themselves; who feeing the
Romane Empyre governed by a Prince of this Family loaden with fo many
Crowns,and fo many potent States,take no ſmall pleaſure in ſeeing ſo many
Schifmes amongſt the Chriftians.
Charles
PART.I.
17
The History of this Iron Age.
Charles being chofen Emperour, had Francis the firft for his Competitor,
which kindled great Warres between them. The fuccefs whereof was, that
Francis being taken prifoner, promifed (though he performed not) to re-
ftore the Duchy of Burgundy and renounce the Rights which the Kings of
France had had in fome Provinces ofthe Low-countries,fand Italy: fo that the
Heyres of Charles remained a long time in the quiet and peacefull pofseffion
of them; France being enough embroyled at home by the tender youth
of three Kings (all fonnes to Henry the ſecond) and by Civil Warre, with-
out looking back into old quarrels. And here we may fee how by marria- The House of
ges and Navigations, the House of Auftria is both amplified and elevated; Auftria encrea-
which hath maintained her felf by arms, given jealoufies to the Princes of fed by Marria-
Europe by her victories,and ftruck fear and hatred into the foules of the Pro- ges and Navi-
teftants; who have made Leagues to uphold themſelves, and put a flea into gations,
the care of France; which hath abandoned the interefts of Religion to
make her felf great, and check this formidable power. From this Knot or
Tye of fo many Crowns, and great States together, (wherewith the King
of Spaine's head is burthened,) fprang that ticklish, and indiffoluble diffe-
rence of precedency or preheninency, which the Kings of France by the title
of (Eldeft fonnes of the Church, and most Chriftian Kings) have alwayes attri-
buted to themſelves.
CHAP. X.
A Relation of the mifchiefs happened in France under the
minority of the Kings, and by the diversity of Religions.
The jealousie about the power of the Guifards.
Rance by the deplorable death of Henry the fecond, grew in a very fhort The Evils in
Fipace to link into calamities, which dured to the end of the halt Age, France brough
The evill began in the minority of Francis the fecond, and under the State-jealousie.
Regency of Katharin de Medicis; through a jealoufie which thruft it felf in
amongſt the Princes of the Blood, the Conftable Montmorency, the Counts of
Chattillon, and Andelot, Admiral Cafpar de Colligny, and other Lords on the
one fide; and the Dukes of Guife, the Princes of the Houſe of Lorraine, and
other Noblemen on the other. The Princes complained of the Guifards, or
them of the Houſe of Guiſe (whom in mockery, and to make them odious,
they termed ftrangers) had the mannagement of all the Affaires of France in
their hands. They almoſt all embraced the Reformed Religion, which
at that time began to encreafe much through the whole kingdome, where-
of they declared themfelves Protectors.
Hatred be
The chief motive of hatred betwixt theſe two moſt illuſtrious and anci-
ent Families, grew from a jeft which the Admiral de Colligny caft upon the
Duke of Guife, concerning the taking of Theowuille. A prick of a Lance,which
drew fuch a deluge of blood, as no Chirurgion was able to ftench. The
greatest part of the Ecclefiafticks, and the moft zealous of the Romane Ca- tween these twa
tholicks took the Party of the King, and the Guifards. Many Battails were Houſes for a
fought, many Siedges of Townes laid, and many Peaces made, and no foo- jeſt.
ner made then broken. In fine, under Charles the ninth, at the Wedding
of the King of Navarre at Paris,upon the Eve of Saint Bartholomew, hapned
that abhominable Maffacre fo much, and fo juftly exclaimed against by the
Proteftants, and blamed even by the Romane-Catholicks themſelves. In
the Reign of Henry the third was made a League, called the Holy League,
for the exclufion of Henry de Bourbon from fucceffion to the Crown, as being
D
ھے بے کلام میں سے
an
18
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
an Heretick, whereof the Duke of Guife, (a Prince of courage and high
efteem) was the Head, who having routed the Reyters, or Germane Horſe,
ented Paris in defpight of the King, where he was received by the Citizens
with exceſs of honours; and when the fhowes of joy were ended, they rai-
fed certain Barricadoes, which made the King retire himſelf to a place of
fafety. A Fatall Honour to all fubjects, how innocent foever they be.
For redreſs of theſe diſorders, there was a Peace endeavoured betwixt
the King and the Duke. The place of Treaty was Blois, where the King (con-
trary to his Royal Word given him) cauſed both him and the Cardinal his
Brother,to be treacherouily murthered. His Children were faved by the
Queen-Mother; for, the King had refolved to extirpate the whole Race,
thereby to prevent the danger of revenge.
Paris revolted, and in imitation thereof, many other Townes befides :
The King applied himself to the Huguenot-Party, and fent for the King of
Navarre, which rendered him ftill more odious, and caufed him to be pub-
liſhed for an Heretick. He befieged Paris, but was unhappily ſtabbed by
a Monk, whereof he died, having already declared Henry of Bourbon for his
true fuccefsour, and Heyr to the Crown; to whom he alſo left a third Dif-
pute for the kingdome of Navarre. This ftab extinguifhed the Race of the
Valois, ended the life of the Prince, and therewith alfo the defire he had to
inflict a rigorous chaſtiſement upon the City of Paris,
CHAP. XI.
Disturbances in the Low Countries, and why? The Peace
of Vervin followes. The donation of the Low-Countries,
to the Infanta.
He King of Spain was in no leffe trouble about the Low-countries, for
the confervation whereof, he fpared not his Treaſures brought him
from the Indies; nor followed leffe the Counfell of Cardinal Granvel, then
the Roman Catholicks of France did that of the Cardinal of Lorraine. But
the Prince of Orange affifted by the Proteftants of Germany, eluded their care,
in fuch fort, as that neither the wife conduct of the Ducheſſe of Parma, nor
the rough proceedings of the Duke of Alva, nor the very prefence of King
Philip's Brother himself, no nor the inimitable valour of that Great Italian
Alexander, was able to prevaile fo farre, but that feven Provinces untied
themſelves from obedience to the King, and formed a potent Common-
wealth amongſt themfelves, by the change of Religion; without which, it is
very probable, that neither the fituation, nor the Rivers, nor all that which
could hurt the Spaniards, would have been able to ſecure or defend them
againſt the potency of Spain.
But now from whence came all thefe diforders? Who laid the firft ftone,
and fixed the foundation of fo diſmal and fatall a Warre? There are many
cauſes, and divers pretexts thereof to be noted. We will therefore go to the
fountain, fince the ftreams are fufficiently known. Under the General Title
of Low-countries, are compriſed feventeen Provinces; fo rich, fo well peo-
pled, fo full of fair Towns, and big Villages, together with the fituation and
ftrength of the Inhabitants, that if they were united together, I know not
who would prefume to attack them, how powerful fo ever he were, either
by Sea or Land. But plenty doth not more difunite people then want, and
the winde of ambition raiſes not lefſe ſtorms then ill-taken zeal in Religion.
Theſe
PART.1.
19
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Theſe Countries have been almoft a whole Age the Theater of a moſt fad,
and dreadful Warre, caufed by the two aforementioned Paffions, which
have brought them to this ftate, wherein they are feen at prefent. They had
every one their Prince or Governour apart; but by little and little, as well by
Marriages, and Succeffions, as other means, they grew to be devolved un-
der the Houfe of Burgundy, and afterwards under that of Auftria, as we
have noted already. For, during the Warras of the Emperour Charles the
fift, and Francis the firit, they were governed by the Queen of Hungary,
Sifter to the aforefaid Charles. In fine, this good Prince having with an un-
parallelled example of refolution, transferred all his States upon his foune
Philip, and the Empyre upon his Brother Ferdinand, foto retire himſelf into
a private condition; the faid King Philip his fonne before his departure,
gave the government of the aforefaid Provinces in generall to his Sitter,
and in particular, to fome certain Knights of the Golden Fleece, who had
faithfully ferved both his Father and himſelf in the Warres against France.
Now the Order given to pluck up the tender plants of new opinions in Re-
ligion, was by fuch as hunted after a Change in State, interpreted for the
Spanish Inquifition, and the retardment of the forraine Militia for the main-
taining thereof. The introduction of new Bifhops made a double operati-
on, by giving an Alarme as well to the Clergy, as to them who had embra-
ced the profeffion of a Religion, which excluded both Old and New.
The Governelle (notwithstanding the coldneffe of fome prime Minifters)
Itopped the diſeaſe with agreeable nutriment, and a fleight bleeding; and
fo rendered a fuperficial kind of health to this Body, fo much ftuffed with ill
humours. But King Philip irritated by the contemp of his authority,and com-
mandments, had recourfe to the arms of Juftice; which by violent procced-
ings, applies both Sword and Fire; amazes the Good, repreffes the audacity
of others; inexorably punithes the bad, and by demanding the tenth pen-
ny reverfed or overthrew all that, which was no more then haken
before.
Thus have you the feeds of the Evills which gave birth to thofe long
warres, which have had divers qualifications and various fucceffes under
many Governours; who like unskilfull Phyfitians either performed not their
cure, or elſe preſcribed all things contrary, becauſe the Diſeaſe was incura-
ble. Some make William Prince of Orange Authour of all thofe troubles; and
others impute it to the cruelty of the Duke of Alva. But be it what it will,
this People (being very intenfe upon the confervation of their priviledges,
and moft prone to jealoufie, motion, and furprife) was more agitated by the
paffion of others, then by their own, fo that Ambition urging them to act
under the pretence of priviledges and liberty of confcience; and rigour fal-
ling upon them, to make them unfeaſonably ſtoop to the commandments
of their Mafter, urged them to fly tothe Sword. Infomuch, as fometimes,
neither naked Juſtice, nor Treaties of Reconciliation, were able to foften
their exasperated and irritated Hearts: And fuch of thefe Provinces as are
nearest the Sca, fhewed then another kind of countenance both to the
Church and Government; and being fuccoured by their jealous Neigh-
bours, continued this warre with much advantage.
.
fanta his
The King therefore being tired with fo prolix a warre,made over all the The King gives
the Provinces to his Daughter fabell; but it was, after he had fent Alexan- the Low coun-
der twice into France, to relieve the Leaguers, or Confederates, which much tries to the In-
advanced their Affaires, and gave them meanes to lay about them, for the Daughter.
ſettlement of their Common-wealth. And this was the ftate of things in
the Low-countries, towards the end of the Age.
Now Cardinal Albert was fent from Spain to govern the aforefaid Pro-
vinces, who brought the Prince of Orange with him, and failing in his Enter-
D 2
priſe
20
PART 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
prife upon Marſeilles, through the vigilancie of the Duke of Gnife, he took
poffeffion of his aforefaid Government, by the refignation of the Conde de
Fuentes, who had not long before feiled upon Cambray and Dourlens. Albert
hearing that La Fere was ftreightned by King Henry, reſolved to make a di-
verfion, which might either be able to raife the fiege, or at leaſt to recom-
pence the loffe of the faid place, in cafe it were taken. Wherefore, he ſent
Monfieur de Rofne, to befiege Calis, which he quickly took, together with the
Town of Ardres, notwithſtanding the fuccour from England and Holland.
La Fere rendred it felf at the end of feven months fiege; and that which hap-
pened afterwards of moft importance for the good of the Crown of France,
was the Reconciliation of the Duke of Mayenne, and the reft of the League
with King Henry.
Albert reſolved to make the united Provinces alſo feel the ſtroake of his
Arms: And fo he prefented himfelf before Oftend, (an Apple not yet ripe)
and afterwards before Hulet, which after many Affaults, he at length carri-
ed. But the Marshall de Rofne had his Head taken off by a Canon-Buller,
and more then three thouſand fouldiers were alfo flaine. The year follow-
ing, Prince Maurice had his revenge near Turnhawt, where he cut off the
Troops of the Count de Varax.
In the month of March of the fame year, Hernantello Governour of Dour-
lens, like a Fox furpriſed Amiens by a ftratagem, to the great aftonishment
of all France, and the King retook it like a Lion, after fix moneths fiege. He
paſſed thither with ftrong forces, and thought to have given a juft retaliation
to the Spaniards by ſurpriſing Arras; but he was repulfed by the young Count
of Buquey, who afterwards rendred great and remarkable fervices to the Em-
perour, as we ſhall ſhortly fhew.
During the time of thefe changes, the Pope forbore not to repreſent to
the King the misfortunes and mifchiefes which this long Warre brought
upon Chriftendome; and befeeched him to hearken to a good and firm
Peace with the King of Spain; efpecially, being invited thereto by the difor-
ders of his own kingdome, and the fear of a new Revolt, more dangerous
then the former. There was none but the Queen of England, and the Con-
federated States who endeavoured by advantageous offers to divert him,and
keep him on horfe-back: Though yet he diffembled their reproaches, and
anſwered, that the Queen was a gainer by this warre; but for his part,
that his people was exhaufted, and that he received many and great dam-
mages from the Spaniards, who promifed by this Peace, to render all they
had gotten in France. That he was obliged as a good King, and a good
Father, to folace and refreſh his poor fubjects. So that all their offers, and
many more, were not able to hinder this holy work, which was concluded
Vervin. *598. and eſtabliſhed at Vervin in the moneth of May, 1598.
The Peate of
The King of Spain alfo for his part was urged to make Peace, as ſeeing
himſelf crazed with age, and having a young Prince, and a Princeffe (his
children) to marry, and Fortune very often against him: Befides three ene-
mies upon his back; as France, and the Confederated Provinces, which threa-
tened him with the utter loffe of the Low-countries;and England, which either
deſtroyed or spoyled his Fleets upon the Ocean, endangered thereof the
Indies, and put him to great charges to fecure it; and laftly, their taking of
Cales, the prime key of the kingdom, and other Places.
Now by vertue of this Peace, the places were reftored: But the pretenti-
ons, which each of thefe Kings hath to fome certain Demaynes of the
other, were not taken away: From whence fprang the feed of new Warres,
which were one day to fmogther the promiſes of arming no more, even
though there ſhould be occafion for it. The Peace was received by the poor
people with fuch fhowes of joy, and teares of tenderneffe, as cannot be com-
prehended
PART.1.
21
The History of this Iron Age,
prehended but by fuch as have fuffered, and almoſt loſt all.
The States in the mean while, let not thefe occafions flip, by the great
diſtance of the Cardinals forces. For, Prince Maurice marched into the
Field, took Bergh, Grol, Oldenfeel, Lingen, aud fome other places; which
progrefs purchaſed him the reputation of a very great Captain, and of un-
derſtanding the profeffion of the Militia, as well as any man of his time.
After the publication of the Peace, Philip the ſecond by his Letters Patents
dated at Madrid the 6th of May, 1598, conferred all the Low-countries, to-
gether with the Duchy of Burgundy upon the Infanta Ifabell his Daughter;
to which the Prince her Brother confented, and confirmed it both by oath
and writing; upon condition, that if the faid Princeffe came to die without
children, the faid Provinces fhould return to the Dominion of Spain; be-
fides many other Claufes, too long to recite.
Now, forafmuch as the actions of great perfons are examined, and either
approved or diſapproved, according to every ones paffion; this which I here
note, was not forgotten by the contrary party. All things are profitable; yea,
Lyes themselves (provided they last four and twenty hours) are of utility and ad-
vantage.
CHAP. XII.
The Arch-Duke goes into Spain, and the Admirall into the
Duchy of Cleveland. The death of King Philip.
His admirable Patience.
He Allyes of both parties were invited to the Peace of Vervin; but the
Queen of England not being able to induce the States to it, refolved to
joyn with them in warre, under conditions of more advantage to her then
before. This gave the Arch-Duke fubject to complain of her, for continu-
ing a warre with ſo great ſtomack and grudge upon him, by whom ſhe had
never been offended.
But he having now received the Procuration of the Infanta his Wife, was
acknowledged, and received for Prince of the Low-countries, and he wrote a
Letter to the Confederated States, but received no Anſwer. He departed for The Arch-Duke
Spain with the Prince of Orange, and paſſed through Germany to conduct goes into Spain.
Queen Margaret of Auftria, nominating for Governour during his ab-
fence Cardinal Andrew; and the Admirall of Arragon for Captain Ge-
neral; who led a ſtrong Army into Cleveland, and Weftphalia, where
he took Rinberg, and many other ſmall places; and made his Winter-Quar-
ter there, notwithſtanding the complaints of the Lower-Ceroles. He fent La
Bourlette to the Ifle of Bommel, took Crevecoeur, laid fiege to Bommel, which
he was forced to raiſe; and ſo after he had built the Fort of St. Andrews, he
retreated into Brabant, where his fouldiers began to mutiny for want of pay.
The Ceroles had raiſed another Army, which was disbanded for want of
order; fome of them being for the Spaniards,and the other for the States. It
is in vain to lead great forces into the Field, without a good pur fe to maintain them,
and good counfell to encourage them.
!
King Philip lived not long after the conclufion of the Peace, which he allo The death of
wifhed both with the English and Hollanders,as being defirous to die inPeace. King Philip.
He was long tormented with a feaver, and two impoftumes; and in fine, his
whole body was fo wafted,that it was pittiful to behold. But more admirable
was his patience,to fuffer all as he did without murmuring. He commanded
D 3
like
22
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
like a great Prince, and died like a good Chriftian. In the beginning of his
Reign he was happy, but in the decline of his age, he faw the loffe of one
part of the Low-countries, and received many other dammages from the
English. He was much blamed for not coming himſelf in perfon into Bra-
bant, and for proceeding too roughly with that people, which had been fo
affectionate to the Emperour Charles, and in fine, for conftituting two Ge-
nerals over the Fleet,furnamed The Invincible,
The Father ſtripped himſelf of his States two years before his death, to
attend to pious exerciſes; And the Sonne two years before his was affli-
Єted with grievous pains and torments, which he fuffered with fuperlative
patience. Some Writers, who take pleaſure in looking back into the Cau-
les of fuch accidents, within the fecrets of the Almighty, have prefumed to
publish that it was a punishment from heaven, for the cruelties which his Go-
vernours had practifed, as well in the Low-countries,as in the Indies. Others of
more moderation have believed, that God had a mind to fhew in the per-
fon of this potent Prince, that all the Greatnefs of this world is nothing but
duft and vermin.
There is nothing conftant in this world, but the constant order of Change and
Viciffitude. The Tunderbolt strikes none but the highest Towers, and loftiest
Mountaines.
By his endeavouring to fuccour the League in France, he loft the confede-
rated Provinces: And in the defign of invading England, he loſt a moft
powerfull Navy, and armed enemies againſt his States, who gave him much
difpleaſure and trouble.
Town,
CHAP.
XIII
The differences which happened between the Earls of
Freezland, and the Town of Embden. The States
put a Garrison there.
The knowledge of the difference of the Town of Embden, with the Earls
thereof, is to be joyned to that of the Low-countries; and ſo by conſe-
quence, it is convenient to mention it here. When Townes grow strong, they
ordinarily looſe their will to obey; for which they never want either examples
or pretexts, whether it be of Religion or Priviledge; yea, and to accuſe the
weaker party of injuftice too, if they get a good iffue in it.
Now this Town whereof we are fpeaking being very much encreaſed
and enriched by the great number of people which repaired thither, there
to ſeek (as it were) a fanctuary, from the rigorous execution of the Placarts
of the Duke of Alva,against all fuch as had licentiously, (and perhaps by old
priviledges) broken Images, and thrown down Altars; as alfo for the con-
veniencie of the Haven, which was held then, and ſtill is, one of the beft of
the Low-countries, and of the North Seas,
In the first place, the Citizens began to murmur againſt their Count; lay-
ing, that he would clip their priviledges and Religion: That he had already
introduced a new one into his own Houfe; That he raiſed fouldiers under-
hand; That he forbad the Confiftorial Aſſemblies, and the like. A bold, and
licentious pretext.
Tumults in the Now,their humours being thus prepared,there wanted nothing but a hot,
fury and zealous Preacher to fet them a work, who alfo was quickly found in
the perſon of one Mentzo Alting (a man odious to the Count for fome im-
portant
}
PART.I.
23
The History of this Iron Age,
portant reafons) who got up into the Pulpit, defplayed his Rhetorick, cry-
ed down his Mafters actions, foretold the ruine of the Town, endeavored to
excufe himfelt of what was impofed upon him, protefted to be gone with
the content of the Townlmens however he were content to ſtay with his
Flock, and live and die with his theep, and the like. Words no leffe audacious,
then those of the Priests (whom a certain learned per fon called Baals elsewhere) for
the League in France. It concerns not Church-men to blow the Trumpet,
nor fuch as thruft their noles into State-matters through paffion of Religi
on, to excufe in fome, what they accufe in others.
Iliacos intra muros peccatur, & extra.
Theſe reaſons were as welcome to the people (which loves Novelty in
State, provided it be preached) as a draught of water uſes to be to a thirſty
perfon. In fhort, they arm, they choofe fix Collonels amongſt the Citizens,
they invoke that Great God, who hears and fees all; and at length, they
turn their Ordnance upon the Counts Pallace. O brave proceeding! Ó
true forms of Juftice! The Count asks the reaſon of this novelty, and whe-
ther they difowned their obedience to the Emperour, the Empyre, and
himself? They answered, that they had taken arms for Religion, and their
own defence, againft many falfe accufations: That they made no difficulty
to acknowledge the Emperour and him as their Lords, and whatever elfe
fhould be reaſonable. In thefe Conteſts they ruſh upon his Houfe, making
themfelves Mafters thereof by force, and difpatch their Embaffadours to
the Haghe, as the Count alfo did his; he to complain of the infolency of his
fubjects, and they to juftify their actions. The effect of thefe Embáfies was,
that they put themfelves under the protection of the States, and took a Gar- A Garrison of
rifon of a thouſand men into the Town, to the diſadvantage of the faid the States in
Count; who at laft was fain to ſuffer his Houle to be thut up, and ſome other
extremities, which have much weakned and skattered his authority- The
Townefmen embraced the Reformed Religion, yea, and they threw the
Bowle yet farther: For, by a more ancient priviledge they had a grant of a
Religion, conform with that of Ausbourgh. See Emmanuel de Merten.
From this difordcr fprang much good to the united Provinces, by fecu-
ring to themſelves this fo advantageous Port, which otherwife by thefe di-
vifions might have fallen into the hands of their enemies.
But this agreement being made in haft, could not laft long, and fo there
happened fome difturbance; which is an ordinary thing, when any one par
ty gets too much intereft. The Count complained to the Emperour of the
faid Town, by which he was accuſed to have had fome intelligences there,
fo to make himſelf abfolute Lord of it: But thefe complaints; as well as that
which followed afterwards for the Traffick in Spain, were quickly patched
together with a weak thred. In the mean time Count Edzard died, and left
five lonnes; Enno,Guſtave, John, Chriftopher, and Charles, the Eldeft whereof
reconciled himſelf to the Town. Chriftopher went to ferve the Arch-Duke,
and was afterwards Governour of Luxenbourgh.
the Town.
In the year 1602. Count Enne propped by fome Gentry, (as_Cuiphanfe, The Count
and others) endeavoured to repayre his authority by impofing Taxes, for will repaire his
cing the fmall Townes, and nourishing a faction in Embden. And fo he rai- authority.
fed fouldiers,under pretext of going againſt the Turk; gave his Daughter to
his Brother John, who married her by a difpenfation from the Pope, and
embraced the Roman Catholick Religion; and fortified fome villages to
block up the River. The States of Holland (moved more by their own in-
tereft, then by the complaints of the Town) fent to oppoſe him, drove him
out of the Villages (who retyred into Germany) and juſtified their proceed-
ings by fufpicions, and informations, which they ſaid they had received from
Bruffels, that the laid Count acted for the Spaniards, and would bring them
into the Town,
Now
24
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The Peace
made 1506.
Now he had remonftrated before both to the Emperour and Empyre,
that it would be expedient to exerciſe an Admiralty upon the River of Enis,
fo to prejudice the neareſt Inhabitants with reaſons ſtrong enough to
move that great and dull Body, (if it could be moved) which fo many Dy-
ets have had ſo much adoc to awaken.
In fine, whatſoever is profitable in matter of State, feems lawfull: But what
we do our felves, we ought not to condemn in others.
The fufpicion daily encreaſed, and that chiefly becauſe Count John of
Ritsbergh was become a Roman Catholick. But at laft, by the interceffion
of the King of England, and the States-Generall, the Peace was made at the
Haghe, in the year 1606, as alſo that of the Chriftians and Turks, and all jea-
loulies which could come from thence, quite take off.
1
Pope Julius the
fecond.
CHAP. XIV.
Of the Changes which happened in precedent Ages about matter
of Religion, and the motives of our Deſign, drawn from theſe
revolutions. Luther writes against the Pope.
He
The Rebellion of the Peasants
of Germany.
The differences which have happened amongſt Chriſtians upon the di-
verfity of Religions, the diftrufts which have fprung from thence, as
the fire from the flint; and the reaſons of State (precious covers for manifeſt
wickedneffe) have proved the caule of the greateſt part of all our preſent
miſchiefes, and languifhments. Therefore let us feck out the true root of it,
and leave paffion to fuch as cannot receive any other impreffions, then thoſe
by which they are utterly blinded. My purpoſe is not to dyve into questions
of Divinity, but only to fearch in Hiftory after the caules of fo many altera-
tions, and fo much hatred drawn from fo holy and innocent a fubject.
We will therefore begin with Pope Iulius the fecond, who died in the
year 1513. This Pope more carefull of the Temporall then of the Spiritual;
and more ftudious of propagating the Jurifdictions of the Church, then the
kingdom of God; made an Allyance with the Emperour, and the Kings of
France and Spain, to the utter ruine of the Venetians. But he quickly chan
ged his Cards, forfook the Allyes, reconciled himſelf with his enemies,
animated Henry the Eighth, King of England againſt the French; and
Ferdinand againſt the King of Navarre, whom he fpoyled of his kingdom, for
He embroiles refufing him paffage. He alfo diffolved the Allyance between the Emperour
and the King of France; and called the Swifsers into Italy, to drive the French
out of the Milan. In fine, having funk all Europe into inexplicable confuſi-
ons, and fcandalized his Flock, he made place for Leo the roth, a man who
loved reft, and was leffe a fouldier then Iulius, of whom is written this great
praiſe, that he once caſt ſome Keyes into the Tyber, faying, that St. Pauls
Sword should have more power, then the Arms of St. Peter. The duty of a good
fhepherd is to keep his fheep in peace, and feed them; and not ſcatter them,
and fend them to the ſhambles.
Europe.
Whileft thefe warres laſted, which ruined the Publick and Human Laws,
the Divine ones were alſo very ill kept. The ignorance of the Prelates, cau-
fed fuperftitions; and their loofe and vicious lives, together with their great
and vaſt poſſeſſions, the hatred of the people. The learned defired a re-
dreffe in the Ecclefiaftical Policy, as well as Peace required in the
Secular. But have we must not another evil, wch part o
yt
Divorce
causa
Divore's,
PART.I.
25
The Hiſtory of this Iron Age. ·
Divorce, which continues to this day, with as little apparence of Reuni-
on, as there is of fecing the Rivers run back to their fprings. And it is, that
the Pope publiſhed a Iubily for the collection of monies to relift the Turk,
which was moft neceffary at that time. But the inpudence of a certain
Monk called Tetzel, exceeded fo farre, as to prefume to fell the Indulgences
or Pardons, for the finnes committed, and to be committed (I have horrour to re-
cite this cheaterie, the companion of fuperftition, ignorance, and avarice)
and forthwith to draw foules out of Purgatory. Martin Luther, Doctor of Di-
vinity at Witembergh, and Monk of the Order of St. Auſtin, briskly oppofed
this Impoftor; made a Thefis or General Pofition, which he dedicated to
the Pope himſelf, to teftify the will he had to relye upon his definition: Buc
through excefs of indignation, he paffed the limits of Chriftian modefty,
and Catholick Truth: Infomuch, as that at length he grew to write againſt
the Pope's authority, wherein he was impugned by a Divine called Eckius.
See Florimond of Remond.
Martin Luther
oppoſes Tytzel.
Now Pope Leo, defirous to quench this fpark, excommunicates Luther: He is excom-
but that was to caft oyle into that fire, and put poifon to the wound. For, municated.
Martin raiſes his Batteries againſt him, and calls him Antichrift; which the
Pope too much flighting, applyed all his thoughts to warre. Thofe enemies,
who are most defpifed, are very often most hurtfull. But the God of Peace drove
him out of this world, to make room for another more worthy, and more
vertuous, (though leffe politick) then he: However Policie be a very con- ·
venient Science for fuch, ás govern great States and Empyres.
Pope Adrian,the Preceptor or Tutor to Charles the 5.was born at Utrick,
and promiſed to bring a wholeſom Balfom to the diſeaſes of Chriftendome.
For, he had already elevated the hopes of the Good, by abolishing Simony,
puniſhing fins against nature, and not alienating the poffeffions of the
Church: But his too fuddain death declared, that God had otherwiſe diſ-
pofed of him; that his two Predeceffors had too much embroyled the Flock,
that the fickneffe muſt have its courſe, and that the Body was filled with too
many bad humours, to be cured by one fingle purge, or one Blood-let-
ting onely.
Now Luther's doctrine paffed from Saxony into Sweden, King Guftave,and His do&trine in
Frederick of Denmark being leagued together, again!t Chriftian, who de- Saxony.
ferted by his people, was fled; and they alfo forfook the Pope, as well as
their King, and much, ranged the authority of the Bishops, of their king-
domes. And as Luthers Doctrine grew to be received, fo diffidence and ha-
tred grew equally up with it; together with a defire alfo to maintaine it,
againſt all who endeavoured to fupprefs it. There was befides, another ac-
cident, which very much troubled the Church and it was, that Charles the
Emperour, and King Francis the firft, had very often entreated the Pope
and Cardinals to call a General Councill,for the reformation of abuſes,in the
Church and Clergy: But this fong was little leffe unpleaſant, then the op-
pofition of Luther. And fo thefe two Princes laying afide that care, they
being too nearly tyed to their own interefts, meditated nothing but warre
upon each other.
Pope Clement fucceffor to Adrian, feeing the King of France prifoner,
made fpeedily a fecret Allyance with his own fubjects, and almoſt all the
Princes of Italy, fo to put a limit to the power of the Emperour; who in re-
venge thereof, abrogated his Authority in Spain; furprifed Rome, and took
him prifoner; who was very ill treated by the Germans, as being for the moft
part Lutherans. Now theſe two Monarchs,being the chief Pillars of Europe,
ought to have favoured a Reformation, and hindred a feparation. But
what? The impiety of the people whets the fword of the Almighty, who
comes flowly to vengeance, though his ftroakes be heavie; and the
E
juſtice
26
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
ted.
juſtice of his wrath will reduce this wretched world into duſt.
In Germany, they who laboured to revive the Goſpel, fell to oddes prin-
cipally about the Sacrament of the talt Supper. It is cafier to pull down an
old Building, then to fet up a new one. Erafmus of Rotterdam, (that great
Wit) flourished at this time, and contented himſelf only by coffing the
Monks, without medling with the party of the Reformers: For, he well
knew,that the abuſes came from men, and manners, and not from the truc
Doctrine,heretofore taught by the Church.
The horrible Rebellion which aroſe about this time, did not a little de-
form Doctor Luther's new-born Doctrine. For the Peaſants thinking all
things lawfull to them for the liberty (fo called they this new Reformation)
of the Goſpel, took arms, and afsayled the Church-men, Cloifters and
Gentry. Their number was growne to be a hundred thouſand men, and
their chief leader a Miniſter, called Muntzer. The holy Scripture teaches
us to obey our Magistrates, and not to exterminate, and caft them out. But am-
bition dwells both in Cabans, in Churches, and even under ragged
Cloakes.
They are defea- They were routed in three diftinct Battails; the firft, by the Lord Truc-
fes; the fecond,by Philip Landgrave of Haffia; and the laſt, by Anthony Duke of
Lorrain, who cut them off when they were endeavouring to enter France,
where they hoped to play Rex,by meanes of the Confufion which they ima-
gined they fhould find there by the King's captivity, who was carried
into Spain.
Charles en-
deavours to
humble the
Now the greatness of the Emperour Charles being reconciled to the Pope,
and counfelled by him to reduce the Proteftants(for fo were the Princes and
States termed, who had received Luthers Doctrine) into the lap of the
Proteftants: Church,either by threats,or force;gave no fmall apprehenfion to the German
Princes: And he being glad of any fubject, to eſtabliſh his power in Germa-
ny, was not willing to lofe this fair occafion. So the Armies marched into
the Field; and Francis the firſt, after him his fonne Henry were requeſted to
give relief for the maintaining (as they ftyled it) of the German liberty, now
like to be loft under the Spanish Domination: which was granted by the
French for State-intereft, though they were enemies to the Religion. But
neither Arms, nor Victories,nor Difputes,nor the Majefty it felf of the Em-
perour, was able to deracinate or root out this Doctine; and fo in fine, it was
permitted by his Authority at the Diet of Ausbourgh,
exadicate
Now, it was not Luther alone, who rofe againſt the Popes authority:
For a certain Revolted Monk called Menno,began alfo to preach a Doctrine
different enough from his;and his Adherents were called Anabaptifts. Befides,
that learned man Iohn Calvin, carried on that Reformation much farther
then Luther,as well in France,as elſewhere, and fixed his Chayre at Geneva.
They agreed well about combating the Pope, and fome other points; but
yet fince they remained not in perfect unity of Doctrine: In fo much
that this party, and that of Luther, are very little better friends amongst
themselves, then either of them is with the Roman Catholicks, as we fhall
fee in the fequel of thefe Tragedies.
› as
CHAP.
PART.I. The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
27
CHAP. XV.
The Anabaptists at Munfter. The Reformers in France.
The Change of Religion in England, and by what meanes. The King
repudiates his Wife. The Queens Speech. The King makes
himself Head of the Church. Luther writes to him.
His unhappy death.
N
Ow we have ſeen the Lutherans eſtabliſhed in Germany, let us fee what
the Anabaptifts do at Munster, an Epifcopall Town in Westphalia,
which was to be the Head of a Chimerical Kingdom,and ferve for a preci-
ous teftimony of the wrath of that great God, which for a time füffers his
Word to be abufed, and the wicked to cover their pernicious Defignes un-
der the Cloak of Religion, and the mask of Hypocrifie, Oh Lord! Thou
doft hourely admonith us by fo many prodigies, and monftrous accidents:
but our eyes are shut, our eares ftopt, and our hearts hardened.
Munſter.
John of Leiden by trade a Taylor, and his adherents, feized upon the John de Lei-
aforefaid Town, and he was made King thereof, and fought long against de King of
the Bishop; by whom they were at length fubdued, and chaftifed according
to the meaſure of their crimes. The extremity of their rigour was againſt
the Churchmen; a clear argument of the indignation of God againſt them,
becauſe they had deviated from their duty, and were lulled afleep in igno-
rance, idleneffe, and pleaſures. They likewife defclaimed the Authority of
the Pope, and brake down the Images, without fparing the very Pictures of
the Church-windowes. A zeal too violent to proceed from the Holy Ghost, and
of little conformity with that of the Primitive Chriftians. Theſe infolencies being
once repressed at Amfterdam returned there no more. The Anabaptifts which
are now in the united Provinces, and the Confines thereof, difown the pro-
ceedings of the former, and count them in the number of Hereticks.
Now the Doctrine of Martin Luther paffed into France, under the reign of The Reformed
Francis the first; though yet it could not take faft root enough there; as well
Religion in
France.
becauſe of the perfecutions,and the Kings averfion from it, as alfo for that it
was too far diftant from the Author, and Teacher thereof. And fo it quick-
ly grew to be transformed into that of John Calvin, and his Difciple Theodore
Beza, and fomuch encreafed in few yeares throughout the greatest part of
the Country, during the troubles cauſed by Envies of State, and the League;
that the Kings,after many bloody Wars,were conftrained by various Edicts
or Proclamations, to grant them free exercife of their Religion through
all the Kingdom. King Francis was a great perfecutor of the faid Doctrine; Obtains free
and made open proteftation, that he would not fpare even his own Arm,
exercife.
if it were infected with Herefic. And yet the jealouſie which he had con-
ceived againſt the profperity of Charles the Emperour, moved him neverthe-
leffe to fuccour the Proteftants.
King Heary fucceeded in his Fathers hatred to them, but being fent to
his grave by the thruſt of a Lance,they began to refpire;faw the end of their
perfecutions, loft the ſmell of the Fagot, and propped by fome Princes of the
Blood, rendred themſelves at length no lefs confiderable in France, then the
Proteftants are in Germany.
Let us now make a step into England, and fee how the Proteftant Church The Proteftant
hath fowen her firft feed, fupplanted the ancient Doctrine, and eftablished Church in
her felf as Miftrefs there. King Henry the eighth, for writing a Book England.
againſt Luther in defence of the Roman Church, and her feven Sacraments,
was honoured by the Pope with the Title of Defender of the Faith. His prime
Miniſter,
E 2
28
PART 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The story of
fey.
O!
Miniſter, was that great Cardinal Wolfey, who ruled all. So that it is not only
from this day that Cardinals have introduced themselves into States,to have the total
administration of them. This man being eminently ambitious, hoped to come
to be Pope by the recommendation of the Emperour: But fecing himfelf
Cardinal Wol- fruftrated of his expectation, he turned his hate upon him; whiſpered the
King in the ear, that his marriage with Katharine of Spain, (Aunt to the laid
Emperour) was incestuous, becauſe ſhe had formerly been married to his
Brother. Ó! How great is the wickedneffe of fuch as have forfaken God to ferve
their ambition and revenge? This Prelate, who ought to have framed the re-
formation of abuſes, and oppoſed Herefies, (fince himſelf held for ſuch all
the Doctrines which checked the Pope) was not content with fo much ho-
nour and wealth as he enjoyed, without feeing the Emperour thrown down,
and buried under the very ruins of that Church, the Religion whereof he
profeſsed with ſo great Majefty, and under the Purple of fo great lufter.
The King intangled in love with a young Lady newly come from the
Court of France, and difgufted with the Embracements of that molt vertu-
ous Princeſs his Wife; was glad of this fcruple, and follicited the Pope to
grant him a Divorcement upon the aforementioned reafon. But the Pope
temporizes, and fends in fine his Legat to examin the matter. The King
and the Legat fit; the Queen being fummoned, appears; and in prefence of
the chief of the Kingdom,makes a Speech in Latin,to the King,which is able
to move a very rock to compaffion.
The King
How is it poffible Sir (layes (he) that after having lived almost twenty yeares
together in great concord,and having had so many children as we have had, it should
now come into your thought to repudiate me? Your Brother Arthur fell fick the ve-
ry first day of our marriage, and fome dayes after dyed. I take the great God and
your confcience to witness, that you found me a Virgin. And if you are refolved
to feparate me from your Bed, expect at least fa long, as till I may have advertiſed
my Nephew Charles thereof, to the end that I may know how to behave my felf in
this affliction; fince I can hope for no fupport in the equity of my cause here, where
you are Abfolute King. If i have offended God fince I have been your wife, it has
been in being a little too curious to please you. Ah Vertue! This is not the first time
that thy adversary endeavours to suppress thee. Thy lufter is too bright, not to dazi:
the eyes of the wicked.
This poor Princeffe in this tribulation had this imperfection, that in re-
gard Nature had been ſparing to her of her rich gifts of beauty, the had had
recourfe to innocent Art, thereby to draw her Husband from the levities to
which he was too much inclined, as well by his own naturall Paffion, as by
the attractive Charms of his fair fubjects. Her Speech being ended, (which
produced but faint pitty in the foul of the King, and fome of the Auditory)
The retired her felf, together with her Daughter into a private Houle, where
ſhe ſpake thus to this ambitious Cardinal, who came to her in behalf of the
King, to intreat her to yeeld to his will. It is thon (faid the) O wicked and dif-
loyal Minifter,who returneft us this recompence To my Nephew, for not advancing
thee to the Holy Chayre; and to me, for not being able to fuffer thy impudicity and
naughtineffe
The King divorced himself from the Church of Rome, becauſe the Pope
would not condefcend to his demand; and from his Wife, (by whom he
had alwayes been fo refpectfully loved) to conjoyn in publick marriage with
Anne of Bolein. The Cardinal died in the year 1530. being not long before
leaves his Wife deprived of all his employments, and fallen from the favour of his Prince,
which he had preferred before that of his God,as he teftified by thefe words,
full of chriftian and holy repentance, which iffued out of his dying mouth,
Ah! I would to God (faid he) I had taken fo much pains to ferve my Creatour, as
I have done to ſerve my Prince!
and the Church
of Rome.
He
PART 1. The History of this Iron Age:
2.9
He put into the Letanies, From the tyranny of the Pope, good Lord deliver us;
whoſe authority was abrogated thorowout the whole kingdome, and the
King by Act of Parliament declared, Head of the Church of England.
He feized upon the poffeffions of the Church, by the advice of Cromwell,
and fome others, who all ended their dayes unhappily.He alſo beſtowed part
Takes away
thereof upon the nobility, for fear of commotion. He hanged fuch as refuſed
the poffefsions
to fubfcribe, that he was Head of the Church, as aforefaid; and condemned of the Clergy.
the proteftants to the fire. In fine, after having cruſhed the Church, and lived
like a tyrant, he died miferable,and little regretted by his people. Sir Thomas
More, that great Heroe,fell under the rigour of his command, and fo did an
infinite number of other noble perfons.
Luther feeing him in ill tearms with the Pope, and encouraged by the
King of Denmark, very humbly befecched him,by a letter which he wrote to
him, to embrace the doctrine of the Gofpel: but he received fuch an anfwer
as he little expected, namely, that he thould forfake his apoftacie, and his
wife, and return to his Monaftery.
Luther writes
to the King,
and receives ap
affrent.
Now the Church of Rome feeing her head diſclaimed, and his authority
baniſhed out of England, felt her felf much fhaken, as well by Peter Martyr,
as other Proteftant minifters: in fuch fort as that Edward, fon to the faid Edward efta-
Henry, having taken the reines of the English Monarchie, had no great blishes the Pro-
trouble to throw her quite out, and fixe the Proteftant. But he dying very teftant Reli
young, and Queen Mary fucceeding him, fhe had an intention to pluck up
this tender plant, and re-establisheth the old doctrin,which yet could not re-
cover its full ftrength before it was exterminated again. Young trees by being
re-planted get vigour, but old ones wither and dye.
gion.
CHAP. XVI.
Queen Elizabeth banishes the Romane Catholike Religion again by
degrees. That of the Proteftants paffes into Scotland under the
baftard Murrey who fwayes the Scepter. It is called the Con-
gregation, and is fortified by the abovefaid Queen,
and the Hugenots of France.
Ucen Elizabeth (who,during the life of her fifter Mary,feigned her felf a
Roman-Catholike, and was like to lofe her life, by giving fome fufpi-
cions of her being a Proteftant) being raiſed to the royall Throne, forthwith
unmafqued her felf, and began to treat of the meanes how to annull the one,
and revoke the other; which was cafie to be accompliſhed. For, the igno-
rance of the Pricfts was great; the defire of their poffeffions greater; and
the curiofity to check a Religion full of ceremonies, which few could folid-
ly defend, greareft of all. It was reprefented to the People both here and
elfewhere, that the doctrine was falfified, and in no wife congruous with
that of the four Primitive ages that Lay men were forbidden to read
the holy Scriptures, that fo they might remaine in darkneffe, and not fee the
light of evangelicall truth, &c.
The Queen affembled a Parliament, which acted to aboliſh what Queen
Mary had done, by the authority of the Pope, and againſt the Proteftants:
The Bishops and fome fecular men alfo oppofed it. A fpecious conference
was offered, in which there was forced upon them a Judge who was an ene-
my to their Caule. They complained of this proceeding, and faid, that
they were very hardly dealt with, and that they had been advertiſed of the
E 3
Thefes,
30
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Reformation in
England by
degrees.
And in Scot-
Thefes, or Argument but two days before. In fine,not being able to agree about
the form of the Diſpute,the Proteftants,before the combat, cried victory;and
the other,When fhall we be assured of our Faith,if there be always leave to doubt,and
difpute? Some of them were fo much moved, that they would have excom-
municated the Queen: But others being better adviſed, alledged, that the
difpofal thereof muſt be left to the Pope. See Cambden.
The Queen proceeds to a change by degrees. She prohibits to fpeak ill of
the Sacrament of the Altar, and fuffers the Communion to be given under
both kindes. A little while after, both Maffe and Pictures were banifhed out
of the Churches, and then the Oath of fuperiority was tendered to the Bi-
fhops and other Roman-Catholicks, and in cafe of refufal, they were dif-
miffed from their charge. All this paſſed without any tumult, and hitherto
the Reformation was carried on very conform with the Confeffion of
Ausbourgh.
About the end of the year 1558.theProteftant Religion began alfo to fpring
land under the up in Scotland, and the Authors of it, ftyled themſelves the Brethren af
Bastard Murrey the Congregation. They carped at the Kingly Authority, as much as they
who weildes the did at the lives of the Pricfts, and the abules of the Church. They refuled to
Scepter.
pay their duty to the Queen-Mother-Regent, a moft wife and inodeft wo-
man. The Head and Ringleader, was James Priour of St. Andrews (fince
called Earl of Murrey) natural Brother to the Queen, who gave very great
fufpicions of his intending,by favouring thefe changes,to make himself Ma-
fter of the Scepter of Scotland.
They wanted no pretext to cloak their Defign. For James protested, that
he fought nothing but the glory of God, and the liberty of the kingdome,
oppreffed by the French, and the Queen-Regent, who was daughter to the
Duke of Guife. Hammelton, and divers other Gentlemen raiſed by the Pof-
feffions of the Church,ranged themſelves in their Party. Complaints against
Religion are ordinarily accompanied by thofe of the violation of Priviledges.
They draw up theirs, (For, there will never be wanting ſuch as ſeek their ad-
vancement in the change of the State) and implore the affiftance of the Queen;
who alwayes attentive to her profit, and fearing the power of France,under-
takes the defence of the faid Congregation; promiſes to expell them out of
Scotland, and by confequence the Roman Faith with them. Whileft this
was in agitation, the Queen-Regent died, and her Daughter Mary, Widow
to Francis the ſecond, departed from France towards Scotland. Her Brother
aforefaid (who was a meer Baftard both in blood and heart) counſelled
Queen Elizabeth to furprize her at Sea,fo to ſecure both her perfon and Reli-
gion. But the being arrived at Edenbourgh, made no change at all, but ex-
preffed great clemency towards her fubjects, thereby to give the lye to thofe
falfe reports, which thofe Rebels had difperfed of her, and to convince
them alfo of cruelty and treachery.
But the Queen of England ftopped not there: For, fhe made a Law, by
which all were declared guilty of High Treafon, who refufed to make Oath
that ſhe had full power,and abfolute authority in all fpirituall things, and
over Ecclefiaftical perfons. O good God! How little comparifon is there
between thoſe times, and theſe? Was not this to force mens confciences >
The Hugenots of this prefent Age would be afhamed to accept fuch a Law
as was received with fo much alacrity, by thefe firft Reformers. The Scots
during theſe Interludes, caft the Archbishop in prifon, for faying Maffe, and
affronted another Prieft for the fame ſubject, even within the Court, and
before the very face of the defolate Queen; who nevertheleſſe with teares in
her eyes, took them out of the hands of their enemies : though yet all
her clemency mingled with ſo many ſweet charms as accompanied her Ma→
jeſty, was never able to ſoften the hearts of theſe mutiners; who never left,till
the
PART.1.
31
The History of this Iron Age,
ſhe had her Head cut off from her fhoulders, as we ſhall hereafter fhew,
together with a part of thoſe misfortunes which have fince happened to her
pofterity.
Now Queen Elizabeth, who thought not her authority fure, unleſs fhe put
her helping hand to the fupplantation of the Roman Catholick Religion in
Scotland,as well as in England; ftrengthened fo well the party of the Con-
gregation, that the Queen,no longer able to endure fo many indignities, nor
to difintangle her felf from the fnares, which the perfidious Crue had laid
for her, was fain at length to betake her felf to flight. She alfo did for the
Hugenots in France, that which hath been fo much condemned in the King
of Spain. For fhe took them into her protection, affifted them with men
and money; and fhewed her felf every whit as zealous for the exaltation of
her Religion,as the Catholick King did for his. So that the rendred her felf as
odious at Rome, and to the Roman Catholicks, as he did in the Low-coun-
tries, amongſt the Calvinifts and Lutherans.
tries.
#
The Confeffion of Ausbourgh entered on the one fide into the Low-coun- The Reforma-
tries, and the Reformed Religion from Geneva, from the Palatinate, and tion came into
from England on the other, the one by the communication of German foul- the Low-coun-
diers, and the other by that of the Nobility which had travelled, the Mini-
fters who came from France, and the Merchants who daily arrived at the
Iflands oppofite to it. It flipped in at firft very fecretly, found favour in the
Houles of fome great perfons, and affection in the hearts of fome people.
But being at length diſcovered, and the Inquifition of Spain intervening, it
grew to be much thwarted. But Fire and Sword cannot extinguifh a do-
arine nay rather, the patience of fuch as fuffer Racks and Torments, be-
gets compaffion to them, and hatred to their perfecutors. In fine, both par-
ties arm,and ambition being the one half of the game, the Spaniards regain-
ed ten of the Provinces,by the fword: the others,who vaunted themſelves to
have had recourfe to thefe extremities,by the violence and cruelty of the Spa-
niards,for their priviledges & liberty of confcience; embraced through all the
Towns and Villages the Reformed Religion,as it is taught at Geneva,in fome
Cantons of Switzerland, in the lower Palatinate, and in the Diftinct of Haf-
fia. The Roman Religion was fent packing, contrary to the firft Agree-
ment: and even they, who either out of compaffion, fair promiſes, or hate
of the Inquifition, had born arms for them, were deprived of the free exer-
cife thereof. The generall complaints of all fuch, as fought againſt the
Church of Rome, were grounded chiefly upon thefe points.
First, They difclaimed the too great Authority of the Pope, that he medled too Were grounded
much in Secular Affaires; They blamed the diforders of the Court of Rome; Pray- upon theſe
ers made in an unknown language;and maintained,that every one was to be per-points.
mitted to read the Bible: They cried out againſt Purgatory, Maſſe, Invocation
of Saints, the fuperftition of good Works, and the like.
Theſe were demands ftrong enough to amaze and aftonifh them, who
were not verſed at all in the Scriptures, and underſtood not even their own
Belief, but by rote.
During thefe emborrafments,fprang up the order of the Jefuits, who have The order of the
made it their bufineffe ever fince to defend the Pope,and the Rom. Religion; Iefuits begins in
to repaire the lofs of Erudition and Sciences,and awaken the fluggiſh Monks, the rife of the
Reformation.
and encounter in fine theſe new Champions; But they have met with great
repugnance and hatred, as well from the adverſe party, as amongſt the Ro-
man Catholicks themſelves; though not peradventure with fo much reafon
from thefe latter. They are made pafs for murtherers of Kings, for having
a Doctrine difcrepant from that of the Catholick Church; and to perfecute
the Monarchy of the whole Univerfe, for the Houfe of Spain. Yet they
leave not for all this to hold up their heads,and defpife the calumnies and re-
proaches
32
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
proaches of their Adverfaries. And indeed, their Diſcipline in the Schools
is both laudable and profitable: In their Difputes, they are Ariftotles, and
in their Pulpits Cicero's. In fine, without them (I fpeak out of the mouth of
Reformats) the Roman Church would be quickly beaten dowa: And ſoit
is to be feen amongst them, painted, under the form of a ftooping Tower,
propped by the ſhoulders of the Jeſuits, for fear left it fall. The Authour and
Founder of their Order was a Spaniard, and it was very neceffary to ſpeak a
word of them by the by, because they are made pafs for Incendiaries, Plot-
ters of all Sedition, and Treafons, ofmany perfidies, and wickednesses. Yet
God howfoever hath ferved himself of them, for the converfion of the Indies,
and China; for the reftauration of learning,and for the illumination and illu-
ftration of Sciences, wherein they are looked upon with admiration.
and divides
humours.
CHAP. XVII.
¡ Religion affords divers Pretexts; caufes jealoufies.
The Latin, and Greek Religion.
1T
Twas expedient for me to make mention in this Treatife of the Religi-
ons, which exiſted in the precedent Age, and of the Changes they cauled;
the fatal effects whereof are refented even in this of ours. We have allo ad-
ded thereto the ambition of many, who endeavoured to throw all things
toply-turvy,thereby to afcend to the greatnes which they propoſed to them-
felves, and which it was moſt facil to acquire by thefe Religious Pretexts.
O God! How are the hearts of poor mortals overwhelmed in darkitefs,under the ap
parence of Religion? And how many are there in the world,who whileft they are plot-
ting mischief, hide themſelves under the maske of devotion?
Religion indeed was wont to reign in the foules of many, as Miftreffe of
the State, and was a juſt cauſe of taking arms; but at prefent, fhe is little bet-
ter then the ſervant thercof. True it is, that fome years fince, the hath done
wonders both in Germany and France: But the concluſion bath manifefted,
Religion ferves that this pretext hath ſerved for the moſt part,but for intereft of State, and to
for a pretext. cover the martial humour of Princes; who incited by the infatiable hunger
of honour, for the ingrandiſement of their power,
have very
very craftily made
ufe of the cloak of confcience.
This therefore is that, which cauſes jeaulouſie, diſtruſt, averfion, and ha-
Caufes hatred, tred, and chiefly amongst the people, who cannot penetrate into the ambi-
tion of Potentates. This I fay it is, which caufes violent fufpicions, and di-
vides humours in the fame nation, in the fame Parentage; yea, and in the
very felf-fame Family too. For if it have had force enough to arm particular
perfons againſt their own Parents, no marvail if it make all that, which de-
pends upon humane ftrength and fcience, contribute to the fuppreffion of
any Party, of a different opinion; and if Princes have occafion to make ule
of it, to cover their irregular appetites. But this hatred, which proceeds
from the diverfity of opinions,is repugnant to the word of God, which com-
mands us to pray for our Brethren, and not to perfecute and vex them. We
muft let the tares grow till the time of Harveft, for fear of plucking up the
good corn with them. Now let us briefly turn back,to feek out the motives,
which feem to have caufed thefe diverfities, which have proved fo dam-
mageable and pernicious to chriftian charity; as fore-runners to the wrath
of God, and moſt undoubted marks of the latter day.
In the beginning of the fifteenth Age, there were in the whole uniuerfe
but two chriſtian Churches; namely the Latine, then under the authority of
the
PART. I.
33
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
the Pope, and the Greek, under that of certain Patriarcks. The difference
(unworthy of fuch a divifion) was, and even yet is, about ambition and pre.
ference, contrary to the advertiſements of our common Mafter; and becaule
the Greek maintained that the Holy Ghoft proceeds but only from the Fa-
ther. For all the rest is moſt calie to be rejoyned, and reconciled. Now the The Latine
Latine, being received throughout all Europe, there have happened from Church under
time to time very many complaints againft abuſes, fuperftitions, and the ill the Pope,and
difcipline of the Priefts; yea, and against the Popes themſelves, who too Grek under
much bufied with the warres, and intrigues of the world, have forgotten Patriarchs.
that command, which fayes, Feed my Sheep: Feed my Flock: whereof they
are yet apt enough to ferve themſelves againſt the checks of their ene
mies. There was no memory left of the Waldenfes and Albingenfes; nor The Waldenfes.
yet of the dangers, into which the Bohemians had brought all Germany, by
the doctrine of witcliffe, and the ſo prodigiouſly victorious Arms of Zifca. Witcliffe
For inſtead of opening our eyes and eares to the admonitions of Iohn Hus,
we reduced him into afhes. Charles the 8. King of France declared his dif-
contentment,and fo did ſome other Kings his Predeceffors. But it was held
for a crime fufficient to convince all men of Herefie, who ſpake of a Refor-
mation by a General Councell. So that fuperftition being (wolne big, and
the world kept in moſt exceffive ignorance, (as a very great and Orthodox
perfon writes) for the space of three hundred yearcs by the Francifcans and
the Dominicans; as alfo by the carelefneffe of the Bishops, there ftarted up a
German Doctor, (whom we have fo often mentioned) and a French one Calvin,
likewife, who firft preached against thofe faid fuperftitions; and then ven-
tured to fet up their Standards against the Church her felf, with fo univerfal
applauſe, that in a few years even whole kingdomes grew to feparate them-
felves from the communion of that Body, which acknowledged the Pope for
the Supreme Vicar of Iefus Chrift.
Luther and
Now at the fame time (as we have formerly fhewed) (prang the Iefuits, The Iefuits op-
and armed themfelves to quell theſe valiant fouldiers, who skipped out of poſe.
their holes fo openly to attack a power, which all the States of Christendom
held in fo much veneration.
They ſtopped the courfe of this Torrent, which neither Fire, Perfecuti-
ons, nor ftrict Prohibitions were able to effect; and they have united to
the Body, a good part of thoſe people which had untyed themſelves from
it. It is not by fire, but by force of Doctrine; and not by words, but by ex-
emplary life, that a remedy muſt be put to all theſe diſorders,which happens
amongſt Chriſtians. Now this Society could not but meet with envy
enough amongſt the Clergy, which felt it felf fo reprehended and pricked
by fuch new men. For Admonitions and instructions,how neceffary and profitable
foever they be, leave not to imprint fome harshneffe upon the foul of the receivers.
An exact Captain is difpleafing to lazy fouldiers.
In fine, recourſe was had to fuch violent remedies, as fo fharpened and Violent reme-
ftung the parts affected, that there will never be meanes to introduce dies ferved for
a reconciliation; unlefs perhaps it fall out to be by ways full of fuavity, and nothing.
charity. For intereft took this powerful occafion fo faft by his fore-lock, and
theſe Diviſions are grown fo firmly rooted, that it is probable, they will not
finish but with the world. And this is the principall fource of the evils, which
we have feen,and yet daily fee happen; to the grief of all good men in this
laft Age. And thus we have fhewed about what, when, for what reafons,and
by whom began thefe Reformations: Nor muft we wonder at the monftrous
effects, fince they could not be more noble,then their Caufes. If we would re-
flect often upon it, we fhould find Minifters and inftruments enough there-
of. The holy Scripture fayes,that there muſt be ſcandals, but curſed be they,
who ſhall give them.
F
THE
34
PART.1.
fuck
cococo cocolococococococo!
Elizabeth and
the States re-
fuſe Peace.
Albert goes in
THE HISTORY
OF THIS
IRON AGE
THE SECOND BOOK.
CHAP. I.
The Queen of England, and the States of Holland refufe Peace.
King Henry of France polishes his Kingdome, and makes War
against the Duke of Savoy.
HE Peace of Vervin filled with joy, not only the
fubjects of the Kings, but alſo all fuch as acknow-
ledged the See of Rome. The Proteftants invited to
the faid Peace by Henry the Great, fhut their eares
to the Propofitions, and ftudied only how to make
moſt ſtreight Allyances for their prefervation.
Where Diffidence gets the mastery, Reafon is not under-
ftood, unleffe it be ushered in by strong and irrefutable af
furance. It was impoffible for the Arch-Duke Al-
bert, to bring the States to a very advantageous
Peace (as the Miniſters faid) for them, fince the arguments of King Henry
could obtain nothing from them. For his offers were as flints, out of which
they drew fire to kindle the warre, with fo much the greater animofity.
They fent their Embaffadours into England, where they found the Queen
moft difpofed to receive theirs; fo that it was moft facil to draw her to their
opinion.
In the mean while, the Arch-Duke receives a Procuration from the In-
fanta,his future Spoufe, in vertue whereof he was generally and folemnly re-
ceived; and nominatively at Antwerp, where the oath of fidelity was payd
him by the Deputies of the obedient Provinces.
And fo he went into Spain; but before his departure, he fignified to the
to Spain.1598. confederated States, that he went to marry the Infanta, and that he had the
Low-conntries for Portion with her, and was already acknowledged Lord
thereof: Therefore he conjured them to affociate themfelves to the other
Provinces, in reſpect that the King had divided them from his other De-
maines; and that thus all diftrufts being taken away, he withed nothing
more, then to fee that Body entire, and in peace under his Government:
But all in vain. For Religion and liberty were too charming fubjects to be aban-
doned; and they who are growne to be Maſters, abhorre to fall back into fer-
vitude.
He
PART.1.
35
The History of this Iron Age,
eth his King-
dome.
He
He began his journey in the moneth of September, in the yeer 1598, lea-
ving Cardinal Andrew his cofin,for his Lieutenant, and fent his army to-
wards the Rheyn,which,at his return he found full of confufion and revolt,for
want of pay. He was received in all places where he paffed (together with
the Princess Margaret of Auftria,fpoule of Philip the third,whom he conducted
in his company) with honours due to the greatnes of their quality. He ſtayed
not in Spain; but as foon as he had married the Princeffe Clara Eugenia, he The King of
brought her into the Low-Countries, and they made their entry into Braf- Francerepolish-
fels in the moneth of September, 1599.
King Henry of France,having given his fubjects a peace, made it all his care de brings the
to repoliſh his kingdom,much depraved by the prolixity of the civil warrs, to Infanta, 1599.
revive the laws ftrucken dumb,by the licentioufnefs of the fouldiers, to place
good order every where; and in fine, to eftablifh two Religions in very
good union,afwel for his own fervice,astor the repofe of his people: Where-
as King Philip,on the other fide, in his, would have but one. But fome per-
fons of very great experience, have conceived, that if he had embraced the
fame Maxime, he migl.t have preferved the feventeen Provinces, though
others have beleeved, that he would rather have loft them all, as being too
far diſtant from them, and confequently unable to accommodate himſelf
to all occurrences, which required a diverfity of temperaments.
But this Prince (namely Henry)had been educated in the reformed Religi-
on, and fo knew the humours, & the forces of that party not to be contem-
ptible. He was Son to Anthony of Bourbon, who was flain at the fiege of Rouen.
The Prince of Conde being flain in the battell of Jarnac, and the Admiral
remaining Generall of the Hughenot- army, he advised them to nominate
for their Generall Henry of Bourbon,a young Lord, who had ever defended
their party; and fo he being turned Catholick, and upon that made King
of France, had alwayes a particular care to uphold them, as a people, from
which he had received great fervices. But there was very great danger of
taking from them that, which had been promiſed them by fo many Procla-
mations or Edicts, nor did they indeed forbear to cry up their fervices, and
bragg,that it was they only who put the Crown upon his head.
Now the Royall race of the Valois being extinguifhed by the death of Henry the 3.
Henry the third,fon to Henry the fecond,he fucceeded to the Crown,though at King of the
with much difpute, and repugnancie: but his juſtice was accompanied by race of Valois
his valour, and ſo by rejecting that, which was moſt prejudiciall to hin (to
wit, the reformed Religion) he quieted all his fubjects, and reduced them to
their duty.
CHAP. II.
King Henry gives his fifter in marriage to the Marquis du Ponts
efpowſes Mary of Medicis, and wages warre with the Duke of Savoy.
The enterprize of the faid Duke upon Geneva.
He King not content with giving the Hughenots all they had ever defi-
TH
Henry gives
red, intended befides, to obliege the houfe of Lorraine, by allying the his fifter to the
Princes thereof with his own. And fo he matched his fifter to the Marquis Marquis du
du Pont, who retained the exercife of the reformed Religion; lived in moſt Pont:
perfect amity with her husband, and deceaſed without iffue.
The Kings marriage being declared null, and Madame Gabriell,by whom
he had many children, (the eldeſt whereof is the Duke of Vandofme) ending
F 2
her
36
PART. 1.
The History of this Iron Age.
ap
of Medicis.
Marries Mary her dayes by fuddain death,he married Mary Medicis,filter to the grand Duke
of Florence, who arrived in France in the moneth of December, being the laſt
of the precedent age.
Savoy.
Upon the delay of the Duke of Savoy, to reftore him the Marquifat of Salu-
ces, he prepared himſelf for warre: And the Duke to divert the ftorm,came
to him at Lyons, with ftore of prefents, and promiſed to render him the faid
Makes war up- Marquifat, or elfe the County of Breffes, within the term of fix moneths:
on the Duke of But the effect thereof not following, the King quickly made himfc.f mafter
of all Savoy. There is no amusing or retarding a potent creditor, who hath both
will and meanes to make himself payd. In fine, by the mediation of the Pope, a
peace was made, whereby the Duke remained in poxcffion of the Marqui-
fat, and the King of the aforefaid Country of Breffes. Through this peace
Italy was delivered from a great appreffion, and fo the Troops of the Conde
de Fuentes marched out of the Duchy of Milan towards Flanders.
wehension
Geld.
The City of
Geneva.
During the civil wars,a little before the terrible execution at Blois,the afore-
faid Duke cafily recovered the faid Marquifat,by vertue, (as it was believed)
of Piftolls. He cauled money to be coined, with a Centaur,treading under his
fect a Gawlish Hercules, with this Motto,Opportune. But Henry after his Con-
queft, and the accomplishment of his Pretenfions, ftamped another fort,
repreſenting a Gawlish Hercules,treading upon a Centaur, with this,
Opportu-
nius. We must never let our hearts be too much puffed up with prosperity, but confi-
der that the conquered,grow often to be Conquerours.
We will not leave Savoy, till we fhall firft have ſpoken of the enterprize
which the Duke had upon the City of Geneva. She is fituated upon the Abine,
neer a great Lake, and was before that reformation, the Seat of a Biſhop.
She changed her Religion in the yeer 1535, fince when,no Romane Catho-
lick (as it is publiſhed) is tollerated there above three dayes.
Now Charles Emanuel, the aforefaid Duke, attempted to make himſelf
Lord of her by furprize. He fecretly lifted twelve hundred men, under the
command of Monfieur d' Aubigny, who by meanes of great ſtore of ladders,
and other inftruments, got to the number of two hundred into the Town,
whileft the Duke was following with fome Regiments of recruit. But being
diſcovered,and theCitizens running to their armes,they were ftrucken with
terrour, and returned the fame way they came, without having been able
to feize upon fo much as one of the Gates, to let in the forces, Thus this great
defigne, fo long premeditated, fo fecretly carried, fo well begun, and al-
moft compleatly executed, at laft failed: But whether through the valour
of the townfmen, or the cowardlineffe of the Savoyers, I know not: they were
fo nettled by this fright, that Father Alexander, a Scottish Jefuite, with all his
remonftrances and exhortations, could never infufe any courage into their
hearts. But this hot Camifado or affault, made them of Geneva ftand upon
their guard,for their own prefervation; and to this effect, they raiſed fome
fouldiers, and implored the affiftance of the King, who declared them com-
prized within the Peace of Vervin, and gave them a penfion: fince which
time they have kept themſelves in peace.
The Princes of the aforefaid family affirm, that the faid City is feated
within the diſtrict of Savoy, and confequently belongs to them. But that
which cannot be gotten by force,will not be acquired by allegation of right.
CHAP.
PART. 1.
37
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
CHAP. III.
The Jubile. Biron executed. The battell of Flanders.
La Bourlotte killed. Rinberg taken.
The first ycer of this age, Pope Clement celebrated a Jubile at Rome, whe- The Iubile,
ther there flocked an infinite number of people from all parts, fome out
of curioſity, and to fee Italy, and others out of devotion, and to gaine the
Indulgences.
But let us now return towards the Low Countries, in regard that France
grew to be even fteeped in delights (the fruits of peace)and no body in moti-
oo, but Marefchal de Biron, who attainted and convicted of the crime of Biron beheaded
high Treafon, for having kept correspondency with a forraigne Prince, was
beheaded in the Court of the Baftill. Indeed, that infinity of brave actions,
which had crowned his head with lawrell, ought (methinks) to have faved
him from this ftroake.But what? Fortune had elevated him very high,ſo to
tumble him down headlong into this precipice.
The Archduke Albert, feing it was but labour loft to folicite the States of
Holland to a reconciliation,and that all the exploits of the Admiral did more
fharpen the bordering provinces, then fright the confederates, and that the
enterprize upon Bommel proved as fruitleffe as that of La Bourlotte, upon
fome places thereabouts, yea, and that one part of his forces mutinied, and
had taken up their quarter apart, under the conduct of one Eelito, he began The mutiny of
to lay about him,to find money to content them, and reduce his Militia to a the Spaniards.
good difcipline : but he could never be brought to pardon them, who fold
the Fort of St. Andrew.
Any
The States upon the other fide,and Prince Maurice,having fhut up their
Common wealth, by the taking of fuch places as gave them enterance to
the enemy,and by confequence deprived him of all meanes of drawing con-
tribution out of the faid Provinces,refolved to keep one foot in Flanders (the
moft fertile Province of all) thereby the more to incommodate the Arch-
duke, who hearing that the Prince was entered with a puillant army neer
Newport, made his troops march with all ſpeed, cut off feven or eight hun-
dred Scots, who kept the Bridge,and being prowd upon this happy encoun-
ter, advanced to affront his enemies, without granting his fouldiers, who
were tired with their long march,fo much leifure as to breath. But Maurice,
having drawn back his fleet into the main, thereby to hinder his fouldiers
from flight, and oblige them rather to die honourably, then to ſeek a The Battell of
ſhamefull retreat; made a generous refiftance, and won a glorious victory.
The Mutiners gave a remarkable account of themſelves, and almoſt all loft Cotten by Mau-
their lives in the difpute. The Admirall was taken prifoner, and many Of rice, and the
ficers of note. And this was the first battell of this age, which proved fa- first of this Age.
vourable to the Hollanders, who conferred all imaginable honours upon
their victorious Prince, by fhouts of joy, Bonefires, &c.
The Archduke, having tafted the bitter fruits of bad counfell, forthwith
reinforced his army, and fent troops into all the forts about Oftend, in fuch
fort as that Maurice, finding no gap of advantage, imbarqued his foot, and
repaffed into Holland.
Flanders.
killed.
Collonell La Bourlotte, going to defend Fort Iẞabell, was killed there by La Bourlotte
mufquet-fhot, and his death much regretted by the Archduke, he having gi-
ven great characters of himſelf,in divers actions and occafions of his fervice,
as the taken of many towns, and fighting of many battels. He was a Gentle- His life.
man born in Lorraine, afcended to very high military charges, by his huge,
courage,
38
7
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
PART 1.
Rhinbergh ta-
ken by agree
ment.
courage,efteemed one of the greateft Captains of his time. Henry the fourth
endeavoured to difingage him from the ſervice of the Arch-Duke, in cafe
there happened a good agreement: but he being too paffionate for the fer-
vice of the Houſe of Auftria, would not hearken to it at all.
Now the warre was continued by enterpriſes, which for the most part
iffued to the dammage of the undertakers; and almoft ever, of the Treaties.
The greatest incoveniences were by Sea, where the Dunkerkers, who were
fnapt, were hanged without mercy; who likewife often repayed the fame
coyn to the Herring-Fiſhers, and others.
The Zelanders continually complained of the milchiefs they received
from Spinola's Gallies at the Sluce, which indeed were neither fmall nor infen-
fible. But this thorn was quickly taken out of their fides, and the faid
Town taken by famine, whileft the Spaniards were engaged at the fiege
of Oftend.
Rinbergh was befieged by Prince Maurice 1601. and well defended by
the Garrifon, which was ftrong: But the relief coming too late, and find-
ing the Hollanders well intrenched, durft not venter; and fo the Governour
D'Avila was conftrained to yeeld up the place (not without having per-
formed the action of a valiant Captain) upon honourable conditions, about
the beginning of August the fame year: And Meurs likewife followed the
victorious Chariot of Prince Maurice.
The fiege of
Oftend begun
the 5. of July
160 1.
CHAP. IV.
The Siege of Oftend. Maurice attempts the ſurpriſe of
Bois-le-Ducq; and befieges, and carries the Grave.
A
Lbert, importuned by the States of Flanders, to free them from their ill
neighbours, and thofe Birds of prcy at Oftend, in regard that the Forts
thereof could not ſtop their occafions, nor hinder them from fixing their
cluches in the flat Country; fuffered himself to be induced to that high and
moft difficult enterprife: partly to draw Maurice from Rinbergh, and ani-
mated alfo,partly by the vaft fumme of monies, which the faid States under-
took to furniſh,at different terms for this work. For their intereſt urged them
to unneſtle thoſe enemies; and it belonged only to the Eagle to make fo high a
flight. But a place, which hath alwayes one Gate open, and where fo many
neighbours pretend an intereft, is not fo foon gotten.
The faid Town was ever very carefully conferved and kept, as well by the
Queen of England, as by the confederated States; fo to draw great contribu
tions from it. It was before the troubles, but a very fmall paltry place, a
Retreat for Fiſhers; but very well known fince by the most famous and me-
morable ficge that ever was.
It was invefted,as much as poffibly it could be,in the year 1601 upon the 5.
of July;and firſt revictualled afterwards by an English Knight,called Veer, and
above three thouſand fresh fouldiers of his country,fent by the Queen. In the
month of September, Admiral de Varmont, came with a hundred and feventy
Sayl of Ships,loaden with all kinds of Munition,both for war and mouth, for
the winter; fo that all was better cheap there, then even in Holland it felf,
This made the Prince refolve about All-hallow-tide, to go and attack Bois-
le-Duc: And the Arch-Duke well knowing the importance of the place,
ſent an Army thither, and put fome colours into the Town. But the cold-
nels
PART.1.
39
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
nefs of the weather proved the ſtrongeſt enemy, and forced him to pack up
his Baggage, and march another way.
*
In the moneth of September aforesaid, the Queen of Spain was delivered
of a Daughter, and the Queen of France of a Dolphin; who by a happy de-* The title of
tiny were afterwards joyned together in marriage, as we thall fhew in fit the eldest fon of
place.
Prince Maurice,finding his enterpriſe upon Boifleduc croffed, and that
the Spaniards continued their fiege, railed more fouldiers the year following,
and towards the end of Iune, with a terrible train, he marched down into
Brabant. The Arch-Duke, informed of his great preparation, enabled by
fome money from Spain, and the reafons for the continuation of the fiege, in
which the Honour of the Houſe of Auftria was engaged, and all difficulties
well ballanced by that moſt cautelous and adviſed nation, refolved for his
part,to make a great defence. It is in trouble,that vertue shines with most luster.
He fent the Admirall into Brabant to ſtop the progreffe of the Princes, who
having fome Italian Regiments with him, intrenched himſelf near Tirle-
mont, a Town grown famous fince by her deplorable misfortune, and buried
in her own aſhes.
the Crown.
The Hollanders, not being able to draw the Spaniards, (who were yet
mindful of their loffe received before Newport) to a generall decifion, diver-
ted their courſe, and incamped themſelves before Grave; which Town be-
ing well fortified, was two moneths after furrendred upon conditions: And Grave yeeld
the Admirall not able to raiſe the ſiege, was conſtrained to retreat: neither upon agreement.
could he hinder the disbanding and mutinies of fome of his Souldiers, who Mutiny.
feazed upon the Town of Hoochftrade, and began a new policy amongſt feaze upon
themſelves.
The Spaniards
Hochitrade.
The Arch-Duke haftens thither; and the Admiral drawes his ſtake out of
play, and retires himſelf into Spain, But Albert inftead of water, caft oyle
into the fire; and, contrary to the advice of the States under his obedience,
profcribes them, and declares them Rebels, Traitors, attainted, and con- Maubin-
victed of High Treafon in a fuperlative degree, &c. But it is in vain to be an-
gry without ftrength; and the weak Lawes, yeeld to the unjust violence of Armes.
The Squadron of Mutiners remained not mute, and the interceffion of the
Nuncio proved fruitleffe; the Arch-Duke being refolute, and they re-infor-
cing themſelves with men and mony, by the near neighbourhood of the
confederated Provinces.
Now thefe Revolts gave advantage to the States, and meanes to go in
execution through all the Country of Luxembergh, and fuch as refufed con-
tribution, had the grief of feeing their houſe fet on fire. This Cavelcada, or
Inroade was finished in leffe then a moneth, and without any refiftance at
all. During thefe interludes, the Mutiners governed themſelves in form of a
Republick, obferving a moſt exact diſcipline; and amongst other Lawes,
forbidding Cards and Dice. They were beficged in Hoochftrade, and fuc- Are besieged
coured by the Prince upon certain conditions: which done, he returned and fuccoured
again before Boifle duc: "But this Conqueft was referved for his Brother, as Maurice.
we ſhall hereafter fhew.
The Arch-Duke, notwithſtanding ſo many inconveniences, mutinies, ve-
xations and loffes, ftood as firm and immoveable, as a Rock againſt the
greatest ftormes before Oftend, though to his no fmall difpleafure, faw it of
ten relieved. And Prince Maurice not yet fatiated with fo many victories
both by Sea and Land, refolved to vanquish his contumacie by a more fen-
fible diverfion. The expences of this fiege could not chooſe but be great;
but the people liberally confented without grudging. So pleasant is victory,
how dear foever bought.
*
by Prince
The arrivall of Marquis Ambrofe Spinola with the Golden Fleece was a Money.
wholeſome
40
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Spinola came
into Flanders
with mony.
wholeſome Balfom to cure the diſeaſe of the mutinied Squadron;for it made
them return to the Arch-Duke's fervice, and haftened the rendition of the
Town, by the order of continuall mining, which was given by the faid Mar-
quis. The Prince in the interim was not afleep,for he departed in the moneth
of April, with a huge number of Boats,took many Forts,befides the Towns of
Ifendike and Ardenbergh; and incamped himſelf before the renowned Town
Sluce taken by Of Sluce, which, with fome Gallies, was rendred three moneths after, by fa-
mine, though Spinola acted all the parts, which could be invented by the
moft fubtle wit, and uſed all the force,which the moſt valiant and refolute
fouldier could manifeft, to relieve the befieged: But his enemies were too
well intrenched, and his provident Rivall, kept himſelf too much upon his
guard.
famine.
Oftend taken
1604.
The Siege laft-
ed above three
years.
The taking of Oftend 604, followed clofe upon the heels of that of Sluce,
and the compoſition made by the befieged, was very honourable. There
marched out, of divers nations, about three thouſand men, the number of
the dead,as well on the one fide, as the other,furpafled the beleif of man; and
the iffue of this fiege, kept all the power of Europe in fufpenfe. This Age,
which was to be all Iron, fire, blood, and flaughter: This Age (Ifay)
which was to be the totall ruine of Chriftendome, together with that of
Faith and Charity; could not begin better, then by ſuch a ſiege. This was
the moſt famous Schoole of warre, that ever was before, as where all the
Martial Spirits reforted, to learn Diſcipline, and to put it in practice (as they
have done fince) in their own Countries. The French, the English, the Ger-
mans, and the Scots, together with the Hollanders, defended this place about
three yeers,through the a ages and commodities afforded them by the
Sea. The Spaniards, Ita Falloons, Burgundians, and other Germans,
tacked it with all the for
invent. All fuch as we
induſtry the greateft courages were able to
prefent at this bloody excrcife, but remained
mute at home, at the not of fo much blood-fhed; expected the dubious iffue
of fo hazardous a fiege upon which the Monarchy of the whole world feem-
ed to depend. Yea, even the Great Turk himſelf, raviſhed with joy by the
ruinc of the Chriſtians, was not a little glad, to fee fuch an obftinate refolu-
tion on both fides.
Let us here take notice of the Divine Providence, which (like another Ju-
piter) laughs at the folly of Mortalls; who like other Gyants,will needs make
themſelves maſters of all, and endeavour to outbrave the very Elements
themſelves. The fierceft enemies to mankind are War, Plague, and other
Infirmities: The Reward of victory a morfell of earth, and houſes buried
under their own foundations. And now, if courage and generoſity egged
on many to this; certainly pitty moved infinitely more, there to be-
wayle their friends, buried under the ruines of this fecond Troy, and view
a little piece of ground, which had coſt ſo much pains, fo much ſweat, ſo
much time, fo much blood, and fo much mony. All the induſtry of man
was let on work there on both fides; and the Arch-Duke,and Arch-Dutches,
had both the trouble,and the charge of repairing this place, and putting it in-
to that ſtate, wherein we now fee it.Neceffity cauſed this fiege (at firft judged
eafie) to be begun, Reputation to be continued, and power (in defpight of
intereft) by the induſtry and valour of Spinola, brought it to an end.
CHAP.
PART.I.
41
The History of this Iron Age,
CHAP. V.
Peace between the Spaniard and the English. King Henry
of France re-enablishes the Jefuits. Father Cotton hurt.
TH
Ware about the Rhein.
He Spamards, having ficiently tried the great hurt done them by the Peace made be-
English, during the life of Queen Elizabeth, as well in Spain it felf, as by tween the Kings
Sea, and in the Low-countries; yea, and at the Siege of Oftend allo; and find- of Spain and
ing,that all fatisfaction endeavored to procure from them, either in Ireland, England.1604.
or England, had not any kind of good fucceffe; began to think, that a peace
with thefe infulary people,would prove neceffary for the State. Nor had
they much trouble to obtain it; King James being cafily inclined to it by
fome certain jealoutie, which had taken root in his foul. The Arch-Duke
and his Dutcheffe were comprehended in it, and it was concluded the very
fame day,that the Garrifon went out of Oftend.
£
France, through the enjoyment of feven yeares peace, was fo well refto-
red, that there feemed not to have been any warre in more then half an age
before, King Henry,being a great husband of his Finances, or Exchequer;
made a journy to Metz, where two Jefuits caft themſelves at his feet, be-
feeching him with a very elegant (peech, to vouchfafe to re-eſtabliſh them
through all the kingdome. The Parliament of Paris, and the Sorbon oppo-
fed them;but the King,by fpecial grace admitted them, and demolished the The Jefuits re
Pyramide, which had been erected againſt them,for that one of their Schollars established in
had hurt the King in the mouth; And the Mines, which the Hughenots
France,
fprung againſt their Society, were either difcovered or deſpiſed: At leaſt,
they wrought no effect. But Father Cotton,going once to the King, was at-
tacked in the Losure by a great number of Lackies, who after many quipps Father Cotton
and fcoffes, very dangerously wounded him, and would have killed him, if a burt by Lackies
Count had not haftened to the ſtirre, and taken him out of their bands. His at the Loture,
Majeſty ſeemed much diſpleaſed hereat, and all iffued to the confuſion of
the one, and the glory of the other.
The year following, Prince Maurice had an enterpriſe upon the Dike of
Antwerpsirom whence he retyred with remarkable loffe,before the Cattle of
Wowde, which he took by capitulation. The Arch-Duke on the other fide,
difgufted at the loffe of Sluce, and defiring to keep Flanders free from
contribution, fent Spinola to the faid place, whofe credit was already much
augmented amongſt his enemies, as well as amongst them of the Spanish
party. But Maurice,having prevented him, and put all things in good order,
he found himſelf tain to feek the fame way, which the Count de Bacquoy had
taken, with a flying Camp, towards the Rhein; which he paffed, and took
Oldenzeel, and Lingen; and if he had profecuted his bufinefs with the fame
ardor and promptitude,wherewith he began, it was very probable, he might
have fealed upon Coeverden, Groening; yea, Embden itſelf, and ſo have taken
footing in Freez land; in regard that he would have found no great refi- Warre about
ftance, for want of men; efpecially coming upon an exploit, both unforeſeen the Rhein.
and unexpected. There was yet another very dangerous encounter towards
the Rhein, where Prince Henry had incurred great hazard of being killed,
or taken, if he had not been feconded by his Brother; wherein he was more
happy, then in the enterpriſe of Guelders.
The Defignes upon Grave,and Bergh upon Zoom, were hurtfull to the un-
dertakers, and ferved for an advertisement to them, upon whom they were
practiſed, to keep themfelves upon their guard.The Count de Bucquoy quickly
G
brake
42
PART.1.
The Hiſtory of this Iron Age,
The birth of
Philip the
fourth King of
Spaine the 5
of April.
brake the garriſons of Wotchtendone, and Cracaw; and ſo winter was as a
trumpet which founded a retreat, to both armies.
The morning is never fo fair, but that there appears fome cloud upon
the Horizon, before the day be quite fpent. France is never ſo well at reft,
but that there is fome ftir, either in one corner or other, or in the middle.
For they are people of a fiery fpirit, and enemies to quiet. The confpiracy,
which was diſcovered in Provence at that time, and the author whereof was
a gentleman of that Country, (who was appreheded at Paris, together with
the Secretary to the Spanish Embaſſador) cauſed the the faid Embaſſadour
to complaine, and reproach, that the Peace was not well kept: to which the
King anſwered by other objections, which were the feeds of the contrariety
fince, between theſe two nations, who yet by different wayes, ſeem to have
both, but one object for their end.
This very yeer 1605, upon the 8th of April,was born Philip the 4th. who
holds the Spanish Monarchie at this day. And the fame year, died Pope Cle-
ment the 8th. and Theodore Beza, and the year following, Justus Lipfius, Pro-
feffour of the Univerfity of Lovain.
The difference
CHAP. VI.
The difference which happened between Pope Paul the fifth, and
the Republick of Venice, and why? The peace made. The Duke
of Brunſwick endeavours to take the Town. The King
of Denmark goes into England. The conti-
nuation of the wars in the Low-
Countries.
Hiles the war was thus hot in the Low-Countries, there happened
a fpark of divifion in Italy,between the Pope,and the Venetians,which
if neglected, might have cauled an emborafment no leffe perilous then that;
the one, (namely the Romane Catholicks) miniftring all kiudes of means,
and reafons to quench it; and the Reformates, all forts of invention, to kindle
it. The knot of the controverfie was, that the faid Republick had made
a Law, prohibiting all the Ecclefiafticall perfons, to buy, or receive by
Will,or Teftament,any immovable goods, or other inheritances. This Or-
der,being ill taken at Rome, caufed a Bull, which was published against the
faid Republick, with the thunderbolt of excommunication, in cafe it were
not revoked within the tearm of four and twenty daycs; interdicting the
Priests to fay Maffe, under paine of the fame excommunication. The Se-
nate proteſts againſt it, and ſo from words to blows. Italy was inftantly in
armes. The King of Spaine offers affiftance to the Pope, and Henry the fourth
as much, but under condition, that he being eldeft fon of the Church, his
Holincffe would receive no ayde from any other but himſelf. This propoſi-
tion,together with the information which he had, that the King of England
and the Hollanders (enemies to the holy See) had preſented all kind of help
to the Venetians, and being alſo moved by his own prudent goodneffe, and
the evident danger, to which the Catholick States would be expofed) cauſed
him to hearken to the perfwafions of the two Kings, and take off the cx-
Taken away by communication, whereby the bufineffe was appeafed, and all the Ecclefia-
the interceffion fticks, who were gone out of the City during this fogg, had leave to return,
except onely the Jefuites, who carried the whole burthen, and were baniſh-
between the
Pope and the
Venetians.
of the two
Kings.
ed
PART 1.
43 **
The History of this Iron Age,
ed for perpetuity; nor have all the interceffions, and addreffes which have The Jefuites
fince been made in favour of them, by the King of France, and many other banished out of
Potentates, ſerved for any thing, but to renew the faid order of baniſhment wealth of
againſt them.
The Proteftants (their capitall enemies) have not failed to ferve them-
felves of this occafion, as alfo of many other sto cry them down every where
by accufing them of fome confpiracies againſt the faid Common-wealth,
whereof yet there is no clear mention made at all. For they make profeffion
to be forbidden by their rule to meddle with State bufinefs.But a good Game,
good Gaine. They are not without fellowes, for England furnishes them like-
wife with matter enough.
the Common-
Venice.
Now thefe animolitics being appcafcd, there returned a calm to all Italy,
which we will now leave to come back into Germany and Holland: For here
it is that men are alwayes in action both by Sea and Land, whileft the reft
of Chriſtendom are at reft. It is true that the Duke of Brunſwick ſccing Spi-
nola with a great army neer Lingen, took a pretext to raiſe one to, but it was
in effect to attack the chief town of the Dutchy. His forces feized upon one An attempt
of the gates, and the wall, without much trouble; but they weakly de- upon Brul-n
fended thoſe advantages, which they had gotten, and fo were ſhamefully
beaten off. He befieged the town twice, but the Emperour interpofing
his authority, all was quickly accommodated. Enterprizes never fucceed well
but by the courage of the undertakers.
wick.
Denmark goes
into England.
The King of Denmark went to lec his brother in law King James, and his The King of
fifter, where having been regaled the fpace of a moneth, he returned to-
ward his own Kingdom; not without admiring the pomp, and magnifi-
cence of the English, and giving marks of his royall greatneffe, to that glori-
ous nation. The principall motive of this enterview could never hitherto be
truly diſcovered; and whatfoever hath been laid thereof,hath been ground-
cd onely upon conjectures, fufpicions, and miſtruſts.
In the fpring of the yeer 1606 Marquis Spinola returned from Spain, and Spinola comés
brought a vaſt ſum of moncy with him, which is the true finew of war, and from Spain,
and takes
the most excellent oil to anoint the dull armes of the fouldiers; and having Gro
therewith, put the Militia in good difcipline,he fent the Count de Bucqnoy to-
wards the Rheine, himſelf following fhortly after: but the continuall rains,
and the vigilancy of Prince Maurice, made him lofe the hope of re-gaining
any access toGroening,and the other places of ftrength on the way.The Count
de Bucquoy staying behind,attempted to paffe the chal, with Pontons and final
Boats,by the favour of a battery,but he was repulfed.But Spinola took Lothem,
and feeing then,that amongſt fo many enterprizes,none of them all profper-
ed fo, as to get over the Rivers, either neer the Soul, or elſewhere, he turned
his armes againſt Grel, which by furious attacks, he quickly compelled to
yeeld, notwithstanding the Garrifon were ftrong enough. And not yet con-
tent with this Town,he caufed the Count de Bucquoy to inveft Rhinbergh, who
could not hinder Count Henry from putting fourteen Colours into the place,
and feme Cavalrie befides, together with many French Gentlemen
Voluntiers.
The complaint
The Spaniards and the moft zealous Romane Catholicks of Europe, have of the Spaniard
very often accuſed the French of levity, and efpecially fuch of them as are against the
Catholicks, in regard that, being of the fame Law with the Spaniards, and French Ca
in peace with them too, they (contrary to the Treaty of Vervin) embraced tholikes:
the other party, not onely to ftrip their matter of his Demaynes, but the
towns alſo themfelves of the exercile of theCatholick Religion. If there went
none but Spaniards, out of our States (faid the obedient Towns) the paffion of
the French would be in fome fort lawfull,but,fince our Religion is banished,together
with their government, they can alledge no receivable excufe, to exempt them from
G 2
injustices
44
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
injustice and blame. The Pricfts maintaining, that it was a matter of confci-
ence, refuſed to give abfolution to the fouldiers, as favourers of Hercfie, and
enemies to the Church. But they, alwayes covered themſelves under the
cloak of policy, and made the fame anfwer which Henry the fourth their
Mafter did, to the Spanish Embassador, that it was not a war of Religion, but of
State. The complaints often enough made by the Archduke and Dutches,
upon
this fubject, had no other fatisfaction, then that there might likewife
be found enow, in their Armies; and that it was free for every one,to choofe
what party he pleaſed. But the French, followed rather the inclination of
their Prince, then ſcruple in Religion, laid more to heart the weakening of
the Power of Spaine, then the ruine of Hereticks; and the intereft of their
Malter, then that of the Catholick faith. So that the Proteftants made ule
of them, and have prevailed much, by the jealoufie of State, which reigus
betwixt theſe two potent nations.
CHAP. VII.
The taking of Rinbergh. The mutiny of the Spaniards.
The fiege of Grol, raised by the promptitude of the
Marquis. The first overture for a
VV
Trace received.
E left Spinola fo well intrenched at Rinbergh, that the Princes cou-
rage was cooled to attack him, who bethought himſelf a little
too late, of fending his brother to Venlo, ſo to make a powerfull divertion,
For the Town being battered, by a rough, and fmart affaulter, and defend-
Rinbergh ren- ed by refolute men, was at laft, forced to render; and fo the Garrifon, to
dered.
the number of three thouſand diflodged, the fecond of October, Now the
taking of fo important a place, juft at the nofe of fo ftrong an Army, produ-
ced ſuch diſcourſes, as blinde paffion dictated, to men of blinde judgement;
and the Marquis, as victorious as he was, was not yet able to divert fome
mutinies in his Army for want of pay: and therefore, confidering the huge
inconveniencies they fuffered, by fo many marches, ficges, enterprizes, and
the harſhneſſe of the feafon, he thought fit to refresh them, in the County
of Gulick.
Now, the Prince, who defired to put nothing to hazard, but be ever pry-
ing upon occafions, met at length with this. He cauled Lochom to be be-
Maurice befiges fieged, which quickly fubmitted, and then went to attack Grol. But the
Grol. Spinola unexpected arrival of Spinola, made him change the vexations of that ſiege,
rayfes him
(which bred fo many diſeaſes in his army) into a moft adviſed retreat, and
thence, and
fend his fouldiers into their winter quarters. It is the part of a good Pilot, to
gives Diet to
the mutiners.
take his measures well, amongst the rocks; and of a good Generall, to accommodate
himself to time; and not to struggle against the barfbneffe of the feafon; but make
his retreat, to fave his army, the confervation whereof is as laudable, as the hazard-
ous gaining of a battell, The Marquis having furmounted many inconveni-
ences,to deterr his enemies from the continuing the fiege, and made them
at length diflodge; endeavoured befides,to fweeten the mutiners, by grant-
ing Diet, for their winter-quarters, where we will leave them, and follow
him to Bruffels, to contrive the first propofitious of the Truce.
Never was there fo much trouble to decide a bufineffe of importance, as
there was to bring the confederated States,to hear of any overtures of Peace,
or
PART. 1.
45
The History of this Iron Age.
or Truce. It ſeemed more cafie, to make an agreement betwixt fire and
water, and all the mettals together, then to reconcile thefe two parties. Bac
indeed, the diſtrut was too great, the hatred too mich rooted, and fortune
too favourable, And whereas other Countries,grow poor by war; this, moſt
rich, moft potent, and moft flourishing. For, on the one fide, the enemies
army could not enter, in regard of the frequencie of great rivers, and on the
other, they are guarded by the fea, in fuch fort, as that by trafique, they
are rifen to fuch a height, that every body courts their friendthip.
Many affemblies, and mediations for Peace, and accommodation were
made, bu: all vaniſhed into fmoak, and ferved rather for a fpur to war, then
a balfom, to mollific the ulcerated wounds, of fuch as make their profit by
Alarms. For this was the common talk; There is no trust to be given to the
Spaniards, or the Papifts; for they teach, that they are not to keep their faith with
Hereticks: The fowler fings sweetly to draw the birds into his Nets and many
other fuch reaſons, which ferved onely to deſtroy all propofitions of Peace.
Nay, even the Empaffies of the Emperours, lo often reiterated, were able
to reap nothing but ceremonies, and thofe of other Princes, yet leffe: The
complaints of the neighbours endanımadged and oppreffed by the fouldi-
ers, were not heard, or at leaft requited, with excufing the neceffity of
times, and affaires. For the fea was too much agitated by the windes, and
hatred of them, who would have this potent houfe, in obedience to the
feeble commands of this* Eolus, In brief, they who fpake to the States of
Æolus.
peace, were as welcome at the Haghe, as they were at Venice, who ſpake ving by the
for the Jefaites, notwithſtanding their propofitions were jult, and equitable, windes and
and could not be rejected,but upon meer diftruft. But what is impoffible to man, waters.
is facil to God; and all fruit growes ripe in time. Let us now ſee the reaſons of
this refiftance.
* The United
Provinces li-
The States could not imagine, that the King of Spaine would ever re-
nounce the Soverainty, of fo many,and fo illuftrious Provinces; and again,
they who were become Maſters, had loft the will of returning to obedience.
They were grown powerfull, by the allyances of France, and England, by
the trafique of the Indies, by the picoryes, or fpoiles which they had made
upon Spain, and the obedient Provinces, with which they offered to make
an agreement, and allyance, by excluding the King, and his heirs, but by
no means, with his Majeſty; whereto the other could not liften, as to a
thing impoffible and fhamefull, and which checked the oath of fidelity
which they had taken. The fummons, which the Infanta gave them of her
arrivall at Bruffels, moved them not at all, either to acknowledge her for
Lady, or induce them to peace, or truce. In fine, in the yeer 1607. (me-
morable for the great ftorms, which happened throughout all the Low-
Countries towards Eafter) this refiftance began by little and little, to grow
warm, and this ice to thaw. For, they opened their cars, to the charming
perſwaſions of that worthy Prelate; and their hearts, to the great fucceffes
of Spinela, who furpaffed,or equaled all his Predeceffors, in military fcien ce.
So that the reverent father Iohn May, Provincial of the order of the Franci-
fean Friers, was a worthy inftrument, of this holy work, who, by his infati-
gable care, and moft painfull journeys, fometimes from Bruffels to the
Haghe, and fometimes from thence into Spaine by Bruffels, brought the two
parties, to a truce of feven moneths, which grew afterwards to be pro-
longed.
G;
CHAP.
Great forms'at
Efter. 1607.
46
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Fleet bea-
ten at Gibe-
laltar.
The enterpriſe
upon Sluce fai-
led for want of
courage.
* An Engine to
force Gates.
CHAP. VIII.
The defeat of the Spaniſh Armada. The Defign upon Sluce
failed. A continuance of the Treaty. Spinola arrives at the Hague.
The Treaty again broken, was renewed at Antwerp,
where the Truce was made
for twelve years.
Uring theſe goings and comings to and fro, Admiral Heemskerk went
to attack the Spanish Fleet defigned for the Indies, which he defeated in
the Streights of Gibelaltar, to the great amazement of the Spaniards, to fee
that people which they had fo often beaten, and fo otten deſpiſed, come to
affault them even in Spain it felf: a ſtrange quipp of Fortune. Times have
their turns, And to the firſt fruit which Spain tafted of a Celsation of Arms,
was the calling home of the Ships of the faid Common-wealth,which much
incommodated her Cofts, and lay as inares to ſnap the Gallions coming from
the Indies, with fome whereof they very often met; flighting the dan-
ger for the advantage of the booty. But before we fheathe our ſword, and
hang it upon the naile, let us ſpeak a word of that memorable Enterprile up-
on the Town of Sluce, which was in the year 1606.
The Spaniards being advertiſed by two fouldiers of the State of the Gar-
riſon, of the Gates, and of the Wall of the aforeſaid Town, fent three thou-
fand fix hundred men, with that renowned French Gentleman Du Terrail,
who was fince beheaded at Geneva, for having but fo much as thought of
an Enterpriſe upon the City. Now this valiant Cavallier had promiſed the
Arch-Duke either to deliver him the place, or die in the Attempt. And fo
he marched with his Troops through the Drowned Lands, without being
diſcovered; approached the Town, fet three* Petards on work about the
Gate, the laft whereof got it open; but the hearts of the fouldies grew fo
cold, that they durft not venter in. Never was there an Enterprife of im-
portance more cafie to be effected, without either danger or refiftance; and
never was there any which more loofely fayled for want of courage, and
good command: fo that it proves moſt true, that a Coward can never do a
good action. Du Terrail not having authority enough to animate theſe Cow-
ards to enter the Town, was conftrained to retyre with them, and ask leave
to withdraw himſelf from them, to a Nation which never failed in any oc-
cafion for want of courage, as being more apt to offend inthe other extreme.
Befides that, danger urged him away in refpect of the execution of three
Captains, who paid the fcore dear enough for all the rest. Thus God dif-
poſes of all things contrary to the expectation of man. Let us now come
back to the begun Treaty.
The arrivall Spinola, Richardot, Mamicidor, Father Iohn Nay, and the reft ofthe De-
of the Arch- puties arrived at the Hague, and were received there with many comple-
Dukes Deputies nients, and treated according to the dignity both of their employments, and
at the Hague. their perfons; and chiefly at the Court. The Prince, and the Lords of
prime quality, went to meet them at Riswick; where after the ceremonies
were performed, the Marquis went into the Princes Coach. A strange
Metamorphofis; to fee the two chief Captains of the world,most bitter enemies a lit-
le before, court one another now with true respect, and draw the eyes of the people to
admire them. Perfons of honour and glory may be hated by the wicked, but vertue
never. Now, becauſe it is not my defign, nor can this Hiftory permit me to
particularize all along, upon what paffed in this illuftrious Afsembly; I will
content
PART.I.
47
The Hiftory of this Iron Age..
content my felf with faying, that the demand of the faid Embaſsadours con-
cerning the forbearance of Traffick to the Great Indies, and the reduction
of the exerciſe of the Roman Catholick Faith, had almoft broken off this
Treaty.
In effect, fome advices from other parts, and the retardiment of the Pro-
vinciall aforefaid in Spain, moved the States to let forth a Proteftation, con-
taining their finall intention: And the Embaſsadours of the Princes who
were Mediatours between them, counſelled the States, to hearken at leaſt
to a Truce, fince there was yet no room for Peace.
America.
But they, ſticking faft to their refolution, and the Embaſsadours of Spain They retiré
likewife perfifting within the limits of their Commiffions, there was no
means at all to make them joyn,or come to a conclufive Definition, And fo
in fine, they parted from the Hagbe, not without Proteftations on both
fides, of the fincerity of their intentions for the good ifsue of the faid Treaty,
cach cafting the fault upon the other. But after their departure, the States
were advised by the Kings of England and France, (with both whom they
had made a moſt ſtreight Allyance,for the maintaining of the Peace, in café
it were concluded) to renew the Treaty of a Truce: And to this effect it
was again taken into deliberation by the faid Embafsadours at Antwerp in The Treaty re-
the moneth of March, whether the States likewife fent their Deputies; name- newed at Ant-
ly, Count William of Naffaw, and the Lord of Brederode, the 25. of the fame werp.
moacth, and they concluded a Truce for twelve yeares, upon the ninth of
April 1609, which cauſed great rejoycing every where, as well amongſt the
Neishbours, as the Parties themfelves concerned; and the Embafsadours Truce made.
were regaled, and honoured with great preſents.
During this Treaty, many libels were made and diſperſed; ſome with
realons, to countermine this (weet Peace; and others to advance it. Birds of
mischief feek the dark, and like Owles, blame the light as hurtfull, and difcovering
their actions: And fo their fluttering was defpifed.
And here we fee the end of this war for a while, which ſprung up at the
beginning of the reign of King Philip the fecond, and that upon divers pre-
texts, as namely, that of liberty of confcience, and priviledges; and under
various Governours, of different humours; fomented by ambition, Religi
on, and diffidence,under the Princels of Parma,the Duke of Alva,Den Lewis,
Don Iohn of Auftria,on the one fide, and Prince William,and the States-Gene-
rall, on the other, the latter whereof made a ftrong union amongst them-
felves at Utrick, the Articles of which (namely, for the free exerciſe of the
Roman Catholick Religion) have been much altered. They formed their
Common-Wealth under the Arch-Duke Matthias, and the Duke of Alen-
fon: under the Prince of Parma, they begged the affiftance of the King of
France, and the Queen of England: They continued the Warre with much
fuccefs against Count Mansfeld, and Cardinall Andrew: They repaired
what was amils in their Republick, by the factions which aroſe under the
Earl of Leicester: They valiantly defended thermtelves againſt the Arch-
Duke Albert, and the Brave Spinola, even till the very publication of the
Truce. We will now ftay awhile, and repofe our felves in the reft of the
Low-countries; which we fo much defired, as being the part where the War
was fo long time carried on with ſo much expenſe, and no leffe induſtry,
then good difcipline; though it were often difturbed, by the frequent ani-
tinies of the Spaniards, for want of pay, from whence the Confederates knew
how to draw moft confiderable advantages.
CHAP.
48
The Hiftory of this Iron Age. PART I
The Low-
countries.
The death of
Charles Duke
of Lorraine.
Army.
#
CHAP. IX.
The State of France. The King goes to Sedan. Troubles
in Auſtria, and Bohemia. A Conjuration discovered in
Spain; and the Mores banished thence.
THe haft we had, to fee an interruption of the misfortunes, wherewith
the Belgick Lion had been tormented above fifty years together,and his
roaring heard throughout the whole Univerfe,to the aftoniſhment of all the
greatcit States of the world; aade us flight the reafons of them, who, partly
out of hatred to the Houſe of Austria, and partly for the Roman Catholick
Faith (the utter abolition whereof they paffionately defired) endeavoured
to hinder the Truce. We will therefore turn back a little towards France,
which flouriſhed now, as if there had never been any warres at all. Courte-
fic,the eſſential vertue of that Nation, together with the Beauty, Bounty,
and Fertility of this kingdome, founded upon moft excellent Lawes, fine
Sciences, and laudable Exercifes, attracted the Nobility of all Europe thi-
ther, as to a School of vertue and glory. In effect, there was no remarka-
ble Commotion, able to give any apprehenfion or difturbance to the
Publick Reft: For the Warte of Savoy, and the confpiracy of the Mar-
fhall Biron, were almoſt as foon fmoothered, as known. It was a kind of
Terreftrial Paradiſe, where they who were enemies about the difference of
Doctrines, lived in friendship,by the authority of their Mafter, who main-
tained peace both abroad,and at home. Charles Duke of Lorraine, a Prince
loaden with age, adorned with fingular vertue and piery, left his Sonne
Henry his Heyre, to retire himſelf to the Caeleftiall Ierufalem, in the
yeare 1608.
The King of In brief, the fruits of Peace were molt delicious, when the King fuddenly
France goes to raiſed a great Army, and conducted it to Sedan, For there were fome mil-
Sedan with an underſtandings between him, and the Duke of Bellon, which were taken
away,by the interceffion of the forrain Embaffadours. However, this Ca-
valcada gave no fmall jealoufic to the Spaniards, who found them elves obli-
ged thereby to put ſtrong Garrifons through all the country of Luxemburgh;
and the Confederates reaped great profit from it. For it made men believe,
that it was but a fiction, or rather a prelude of that huge preparation,
which we ſhall ſhortly relate. However, much talke there was of it, and
great indagation into the reafons thereof, by men of curiofity. The Duke
of Bouillon, feeling the pulle of the Proteflant Princes,his neighbours, judged
it not neceffary to draw blood yet: and that which was differred, fhall be
found in fit time.
ings amongst
the Princes of
house of Auftria.
Misunderstand We are now revoked into Germany,to ſee what palled in Auftria, amongſt
the Princes of that Family. Hungary was in diforder, becauſe the Peace
was not confirmed with the Turks; which was redreffed by the Arch-
Duke Mathias, and fo a peace was concluded for twenty years, upon condi-
tion, that Achmet fhould call the Emperour Father, and the Emperour him
Son: and that fince they were both Emperours, they fhould renew their
amity every three yeers, by reciprocal Prefents. He remedied the difafters
of the faid kingdom, by granting liberty of Religions, and Tranfylvania, to
Botskay; after whom fucceeded Stephen Ragotskie, who transferred it upon
his Coufin Bethleem Gabor, of whom, as having been a great Inftrument of
many troubles, we fhall make frequent mention hereafter. Now,the Em-
perours brother Mathias, by this fo neceffary a pacification, gained the
hearts of the people, ftrengthened his Authority, came into Bohemia, in-
camped
PART.1.
49
The History of this Iron Age,
it
camped himselfe before Prague; granted the fame liberty to the Bohemians,
made his entry into Vienna, received the Oath of Fidelity, was Crowned
King of Hungary, married his Kinfwoman, and at the requeſt of the Duke
of Saxony, and fome Hungarian Lords,granted the Excrcife of the Confef-
tion of Auxbourgh, throughout all Auftria: Which licence wonne him
the affections of the Proteftants, who were ever fpying after fome
meanes, to put divifion into the faid Family; but on the other fide,
gave no fmall offence to the Pope,the Emperour,and the King of Spain,though
yet all were appeafed in thofe parts for fome yeares. But hereupon there
was very great difficulty to reconcile Rodolph with Mathias; for he com-
plained that all this was done out of contempt of his authority. Yet in fine,
by the fubmiffion of Mathias, and the interceffion of the Pope and Princes,
it was brought to a temperament, and the Emperour declared him his
Succeſsour in the Crowne of Bohemia, in cafe himſelf came to die with-
out iuc.
Now thele divifions between Brothers,and Coulin-Germans of the ſame
Houſe, were taken (by fuch as meddle not a little to pick out the actions
therect) but for artifices, or tricks, and men faid, it was the only right way
to preferve Hungary, Moravia, Bohemia, and other Provinces depending
upon the faid kingdome, from falling into the hazard of a new Election:
A conjecture, grounded upon probabilities of confideration enough.
Spa'n in the mean while, looked not only upon the troubles of the Low-
countries, and means to bring them to an end; but ſhe had likewiſe a parti-
cular care, to fteer her Indian Flects into a good Port: For, as for the reft,
there had in fome years pafled nothing, which could difturb the tranquility
of that kingdom. But in the year 1609. there was diſcovered a Conjurati-
on, which, had it taken effect, would have involved it in a totall ruin; fup-
planted Chriftian Religion, and reduced the King to fly for Sanctuary elle-
where. But the greatest ftorms are thofe, which often do leaſt hurt, and are
diverted by flight caufes: Yea, a gentle rain often allayes the most furious
windes. The More s implored the affiftance of the Grand Signior, and other The Conjurati-
Mahometan Princes,the Doctrine of whom they followed in effect,though in on of the Mores
apparence Chriftians: and they had alfo for a long time been heaping up difcovered in
Arms, and with the flight fuccour of twenty thousand men, (titey being al- Spain.
ready at the leaſt a hundred thousand in Spain combatants) they promiled
themſelves to bring all Spain under their fubjection.But being detected,& the
King of France having refufed them his ayde, they were all embarked in the bed into Africa.
kingdom of Valencia, and tranfported into Barbary,by the Kings command.
Now this expulfion of them, together with fo many Colonies, as the Spani-
ards have in the Indies, and an infinite number of other Islands, hath much
difpeopled the Continent of Spain,and greatly retarded the progreffe, which The cause of
this Warlike Nation might otherwiſe (peradventure) have made upon difpeopling
her enemies. And this was very well forefeen by a certain Spanish Don, who Spain.
told King Philip the fecond, that the tranfportation of the Natives, would
one day be the ruine of Spain. But before we paffe any further, let us fpeak a
word of this kingdom, the power whereof is fo great, that it gives jealoufic
to all the States of the Univerfe.
They are bani-
H
CHAP.
50
PRT.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The Goths enter
into Spaine
168.
Sby
CHAP. X.
A brief difcription, of the Kingdoms of Spain and
France.
Paine is feparated from France, by the Pirenean hills; and from Affrica,
by the Levant,or Eastern Sea,which communicates it felf,with the Ocean,
by that confiderable paffage, called the ſtreights of Gibelatrar. The Romans
made two Provinces of Spaine; and in thofe two defperate fieges of Segun-
gum, and Numantia, as well they, as the Affricans, tryed the conftancy, and
courage of the Spaniards; from whom they received great fervices, in their
armies. So that it is not now onely that they are valiant fouldiers.
The Goths, Sweves, and Vandals, after they had ranfacked the Empire,
made choice of Spaine, for the feat of their domination, as being very pro-
per, to command both Europe, and Affrica. They entered about the yeer
168, and remained in poffeffion thereof, more then four hundred, that is, till
Rodrigues, with almost all his nobility, was defeated by the Saracens, who
were brought in by a certain Eail, in revenge of the honour of his daughter,
whom the King had ravifhed. Vengeance is against Chriftian Religion, and yet
this young Lady made her own nat ve Country a prey to the Barbarians. They
maintained themſelves there, above leven hundred yeers, as well againſt
the French, as the Spaniards themſelves, who endeavoured to expell them.
In precedent ages, there were numbered about twelve Crowns, or King-
doms, which were all reduced to one, by Ferdinand, and Ifabell, in the yeer
1474.except that of Portugal which being fubjugated by Philip the fecond,
both by armes, and right of fucceffion, hath been peacefully poffcffed, by
him and his heirs, till the yeer 1 540, when the Portugezes withdrew them-
felves from obedience to Philip the fourth,and chofe for their King,the Duke
of Braganfa, under the name of John the fourth, It was in the reign of the
aforefaid Ferdinand, that the Indies, and many other Iſlands were found out,
out under Ferdi- the riches whereof hath much augmented the potency of Spaine, and made
nand of Caftill, her afpire (as her enemies fay) to the Monarch ie of the whole world.
TheIndies found
The Spaniards
great Catho
licks.
Spaine, in fome parts, is very fertil; as for example, in Andaluzia, which
Province, as well for plenty of all bleffings of the earth, as for the pleatures,
and delights of the fields, is a meer terreftriall Paradife. The horfes which
the produces, are fo fwift in courfe, that they leem (according to the pro-
verb) to be engendered by the winde. She feeds an infinite of theep, almoſt
every where; but chiefly, in Caftill, where there is made moſt excellent
cloth; and the wooll, for the fuperlative fineneffe thereof, is tranfported,
into the Low-Countries, and ftore of cloth wrought in this very town of
Leyden, which is much fought for by the French, and other nations. But
in fome parts alfo, there is barren enough, through the lazineffe (as it is re-
ported) of the inhabitants, who love much better, to put their hands to the
fword (to walk with it by their fides) then to the plough. The wines which
grow in Spaine, are much efteemed in England, and the Low-Countries,
and through all the North. The Spaniards are much commended, for their
fidelity: they are very zealous for the Church of Rome; very devout, and
carry fo great refpect to the virgin Mary, and the reliques of Saints, that it
cauſes them to paffe, amongst them of the reformed Religion, for hypo-
crites and idolaters: They are both melancholy and cholerick; very fober,
and content with little; they fpend more upon the back, then the belly.
They
PART. 1.
51
The History of this Iron Age.
They are very ambitious, and good Souldiers; for they know as well,how
to ufe victory, as to gaine it, and are much more exactly obfervan: of difci-
p.ine, then any nation of the world. Above all, they do wonders in places
belieged, both by rejecting attacks, and patiently induring the inconveni-
ences of a fiege. They are enemies to all fuch, as follow not the doctrine
of the Romane Church, upon whom they have exerciled great cruelties,
whereby they have made themſelves very odious. But, as the Germans are
wont, with much importunity, and unfeaſonableneffe, to require their pay,
juft upon the paine of a battell; fo do the Spaniards, by fedition, after they
have fought, which corrupts the fruit of their victory. They faithfully ferve
their King, but they will have their priviledges kept. The Kingdome is Spaine an bere-
hereditary; and for want of an heir male, it falls to the Diſtaff.
ditary Kingdom
Now, befides the reafons aforementioned, why there are ſo few inhabi-
tants in a Country of large extent, there is yet another, which is this. Ferdi-
nand and Iſabell, having finished the Warr with the Moors, refolved to ex-
pell the Jews allo, out of the territories under their obedience; who tranf-
ported them elves into Affrica, Italy, the Levant, and Portugal, from The Jowes ba
themſelves
whence they were likewife chafed fome yeers after. And befides, the wo- nished out of
men are fterill enough; efpecially towards the fouth; and again, the Spaine, and
Portugall.
warrs, which their Kings have ſo long had, in Germany, Italy, France, and
the Low-Countries, not forgetting the infinity of Garriſons, which they are
obliged to keep, to containe their people in their duty) have ſo much ex-
haufted Spaine, that the King hath given great freedoms, and immunities to
fuch as have five or fix male Children Yea moreover, ftrangers are invited
to come and dwell there, under profitable conditions, provided ftill, that
they be Romane Catholicks; for the Inquifition fuffers no other Religion
then that.
Now, this Inquifition, fo much cried down,and reviled by other Nations,
was inftituted at the firit, for the rooting out of the Mahometifme, and fu- The Inquifition.
dạiſme, though it now extend it felf, upon all fuch, as give but the leaft fufpi-
cion, of not adhering totally, to the definition of the Church of Rome. If the
faid Kingdom were as well peopled as France, the King would have made
farre greater conquefts then he hath, and would not have been forced, to
expole his money, and his armies, to the infidelity of fome ftrangers. In
fine, the King of Spaine hath fo many Kingdoms, fo many Provinces, and
fo many Iflands, in all parts of the Univerfe, that it was with good reafon,
that a certaine great perfon, in the yeer 1624. refuted Sleidan, concerning
the four Monarchies, in thefe tearms. Philip the fourth, who now reigns (faith
he) upon whose lands the funne never fets, is more potent, then was any one of those
Monarchs for the continuance of neer four score yeers together.
This nation walks flowly to conqueft, but he keeps well what the hath
gotten: She is tardy to refolve, but fhe ftoutly purſues what is refolved;
She is not frighted at the encounter of any difficulties, and accompliſhes her
ends, for the moſt part, by pertinacy, and obftinacy. She forefees afar off,
and never looſes,either patience, or hope; howbeit, that length of expecta-
tion, makes her often loofe good occafions. She doth marvels, under an
Italian Generall; which was obfervable, in the Prince of Parma, Marquis
Spinola, and others.
This proud Nation better underſtands the art of governing, then all The Spaniards
other; and fhe hath in her, fome witts fo fubtle and acute, that her very conftant and
haughty.
enemies themſelves, who hate her, are fain to praife her. And now, let us
come back againe, over the hills, to take notice, of the complexion, of that
brisk Nation her rivall, which hath often ſtopped her victories, in the
heigth of their courfe, both in the Low-Countries, Germany, and
Italy.
H 2
France
52
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
France most
populous.
France is a moſt large, moft rich, and moft populous Kingdome, divided
from Italy, by Savoy and the Alps; from High-Germany by Lorraine; from
England by the Sea; and from Low-Germany by Luxemburgh, Hennault, Ar-
toife, and French-Flanders.
The Romans who fubjugated the Gawles, and diftributed them into Bel-
gick, Celtick, and Aquitanick, were beaten out (by the opinion of fome
Authors) by Cleis, the firſt Chriſtian King, about the year 500.
The Francks paffed the Rhein under Pharamond the firft King. Clodion
went not beyond Cambray, and was forced to return by Stilicon. Atius cut
off his Army, made him repaſs the Rhein, and hurried him back in Francony.
Merone laying hold of the advantage of the confufions of the Empyre, took
Trevers, paſsed into Campagne, from thence to Paris, and then to Orleans;
and fo then, and there began to eſtabliſh the French Monarchy; giving to
Gawl takes the Gawl which he had conquered, the name of France.
name of France.
Brefport.
The French
This kingdom by fucceffion of time, hath been beea very much augmen-
ted, and hath foon raiſed to the Throne Royall, two and twenty Kings,
of the firſt Family, and thirteen ofthe fecond; the firft whereof was Pepin,
Father-in-Law to Charlemagne, Hugh Capet, the firſt King of the third Fa-
mily, by the excluſion of Charles Duke of Lorraine, through force of Arms,
and the favour of fome of the Grandies, got the Government of the French
Monarchy, about the year of our falvation, 993. Lewis the fourteenth, who
reigns at prefent, is the thirtieth of that Family. This kingdom is compoled
of four and twenty Provinces, wherein there are fifteen Arch-Bishoppricks,
ninty icven Bishoppricks, ten Parliaments, fourteen Univerfities, and four Orders
of Knighthood, that of the Starre was eclipſed under Charles the fift: that of
St. Michael, now little valued; and the third, and that which hath moſt
lufter, is of the Holy Ghoft, inftituted by Henry the third: The fourth is not
much purfued. In ancient times, there were but twelve Peers of France; fix
Ecclefiafticall, and fix Secular, and they were, the Arch-Bishop of Rheims, the
Bishops of Laon, Langres, Chalons, Noyon, and Beauuais: The Dukes of Burgun-
dy, of Normandy, of Guienne, and the Earles of Flanders, Tholofe, and Cham-
pagne. But the number of Dukes and Peers, is now very very much encreaſed,
as alfo that of Marshals and the Rights of both, very much diminished.
The French arefo naturally inclined to Arms, that the Proverb fayes,they
inclined to ams, aro born Souldiers, nor can they indeed ftay long at reft; for if they have
no warre with their Neighbours, they quickly make it amongst themlelves,
by the ambition of fome Lords or other, as alfo by the Martial humour
wherewith they are tormented. Points of honour make them runne into
the Field, as to a Feaft; in fuch fort, as that the greateſt part of the Nobility
unhappily falls in Duels. They are very impatient, and enemies to the Spa-
niards,by maxime of State; whom, by all means poffible they oppofe, to the
end that they may not arrive, to the Univerſal Monarchy; or elfe, that, under
this pretext, they may atchieve it themselves. They go like Thunderbolts,
to Combats, and Conquefts, and reverſe whatſoever oppugnes them; but, as
foon as this heat growes to be a little cooled, they turn their backs, and fud-
denly looſe what they had gained with fo much reputation. It is no leffe Lau
dable to keep, then to get, which the Spaniards know very well. Profperity ea-
fily makes them flight their enemies,and jeer their Allies,to whom they ren-
der themſelves fufpected,by the vanity of their tongues; in fuch fort, as this
kind of levity does them much harm. The French are more then men (fayes
the Proverb) at the beginning of a Fight, and leffe then women, towards the end.
But, they have given a contrary account of themſelves in many Battails in
Italy, and the Low-countries; where, after they been repulfed or routed,
they have rallyed, and carried away many glorious victories, as we fhall
hereafter fee.
Befides,
PART.I.
53
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Befides, it muſt be confefsed, that the French Cavalry is the touteft, and
beft of the whole world. There is alfo a laying, that the Frenett are wife after
the bufineffe, and the Spaniards before it. In effect, they are rath; yea, and they
have very often wonne Battails,by this very Paffion. Their generolity is re-
markable,in regard they grudge not to give praiſe to the vertue even of their
enemies, when they deferve it: They are of fo gentile an humour, that they
make themſelves admired by ſtrangers: but they agree fo ill, out of their
Country, by occafion of petty envies,and fhamefull detractions, that they are
generally blamed every where for it,and make themſelves difefteemed by it,
The Clergy, the Gentry, and the People, are the three States, upon which the Three States,
Monarchy refts, the Priviledges, and Liberties whereof, if well maintained,
would make it the moſt flouriſhing in the World. But let us now fee, what
passed there,during the Peace; for it is not our fcope, to make a moſt ample
relation of the particulars of every kingdom.
CHAP.
XI.
The King of France arms. The Spaniards do the fame.
All is full of joy, and fear. The King killed.
his Educacion.
KWarre, even during the Peace: For which effect, he had alwayes afpe-
Ing Henry having too generous a heart, to be long idle, was meditating Croupir.
cial care, by the admirable oeconomy, or ſtewardship of the Duke Sailly, to war in France.
Preparation of
mannage and husband his Finances, or Exchequer, and accumulate great
treafures. On the other fide, he faw a brisk Nobility, which longed for no-
thing more, then the occafions to exprefs their Martial courage, under the
conduct of fo great and valorous a Captain. He therefore refolves to raiſe
an Army,for the execution of fome huge Defigne, which he kept private to
himſelf, to give exercife to his warlike People. The pretext was, the Warre
of the Princes, Heyres to the Dukedom of Gulick, Cleveland, and Bergues. Under pretext:
But, becauſe the truth, of the principall motives of this arming of his, could of the war of
never yet be known, we will only note fuch conjectures thereof, as are Jaiers,or Julick.
grounded upon very receivable probabilities.
He would not fo eafily have pardoned the Heads of the League, for the
Imothering of the Civill Warres, had it not been, to revenge himſelf one
day upon the Spaniards,, who had to powerfully traverfed, or thwarted his
lawfull fucceffion the Crown. He faw himfelf cheriſhed by his fubjects, fea-
red by his enemies, loved by all his Allyes, and chiefly by the States Generall
of Holland, Morcover, the intereft of the Crown feemed to invite him, to
reduce under his States, all fuch Provinces as fpeak French, and confequent-
ly, the greateft part of all the Low-countries, which had formerly been of the
Demaynes of France; as namely, the Counties of Flanders, and Artoife, the
Dutchy of Luxemburgh, and many other, which would not have been able
to clape his ambition. The flight of the Prince of Conde, cauled this fpeedy
Arming; and the honourable,and Chriſtian protection,which he found in
the States, as well of the King of Spain, as in thoſe of the Arch-Duke in the
Low-countries, feemed likewife, to give fome colour of juftice, to the moſt
Chriſtian King, irritated againſt a Prince of his own blood. This Prince,
when he wastwo and twenty years old, married Margaret, Daughter to
the Constable Montmorency, a moft beautiful,and vertuous Princefs, whom he
fecretly carried to Bruffels, fo to quench the fire, which her Charms had
H 3
kindled,
$4
PART. I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
>
kindled in the heart of the King. But Love holding the Empyre, over the
Reafon of this generous ander commanded him to recover by
force, that which vertu: fo juftly denied him. In fo much, as that, for
this chaft Helen of France, all Europe was like to be caft into moſt dan-
gerous troubles.
Now the Princes of Germany weary of fecing the Empyre, fo long in the
pofseffion of the House of Auftria; as alfo of the prolix rcft they had enjoy-
ed, together with the encreaſe of their Treafuries; would not have been
offended to fee the Imperial Crown, upon the Head of King Henry: And
he, feeing the diſorder which happened in that Family, and ftrengthened
Pala ige de- by the friendship of fome Catholick Princes, as well as moſt aflured, of
manded of them that of the Proteftants; leaned vifibly that way. The Magiftrates of
of Colein. Colein, being intreated by his Deputies, to grant Provifions for mony, and
paffage for his Army, were fain to avow, that it would be temerity
to oppofe fo great a King, who had been alwayes victorious; Befides the
noifes which fome fcattered up and down, that he would allow and main-
tain three Religions; to wit, the Roman, the Lutheran, and the Refor-
med. In brief, his Defigne feemed to be, to extend the bounds of the
French Monarchy, at the coſt of the Houſe of Auftria, aud fome neigh-
bour-Princes.
The Arch-
Duke puts an
Army on feet.
Amazement
every where.
In the mean time, the King Don Philip ſtood not with his arms a croſs,
at the newes of this terrible Preparative, which rejoyced all ſuch as were
enemies to his States. The Arch-Duke Albert contracts all his old for-
ces, raiſes new, and fends a ſtrong Army towards the Confines of
France, under the command of Spinola, who intrenched himſelfe near
Gambray. In fine, men talk of nothing but Armes and Horfes, in
the Countries of both Crownes; and the Pope fends his Nuncio to
divert the King from his Defigne; but he was dispatched to
Alouzon.
Now all Europe ftood amazed, and the Princes of Italy, feeing the
Duke of Savoy in allyance with Henry, by meanes of the marriage of his
Sonne, with the Daughter of France; begin to think of their preferva-
tion. The King, in the interim, confirms his Intelligences; gives the
Rendezvous of his Troops in Campagne; and after having extraordinari-
ly courted the Embaffadours of the United Provinces, conjures them, to
to fend Prince Maurice with fome Troops to attend his coming, at the
The joy of the fronteer of Cleveland. The Proteftant Princes could hardly diffemple their
Protestants and joy and the Catholick ſtrangers their fear, at the approach of fo formi-
fear of the Ca- dable an Army. Infine, both friends and enemies, were ballancing or
tholicks. ftaggering,in apprehenfion, joy, and uncertainty; and every one in pain,
to know what he was either to hope, or fear.
It came to farre, as to be published, that the King was to march with
an Army of forty thousand men, and leave as many to guard the king-
dome, whereof he declared the Queen Regent, after her Coronation.
But he was treacherously murthered, in his Coach, the fourteenth of May,
1610. and this fatall blow put all France in mourning, his Corps into the
Tomb, and his great Defignes into Smoak. Above all this misfortune
was impatiently taken by them of the Religion, as alfo by the greateſt
part of his Allyes, amongſt whom his Arms had not as yet moved the
leaft jealoufie. The moft generall opinion was, that after having eſtabli-
thed the Princes in the poffeffion of the Dutchyes of Galick and Cleveland;
he was to go for Germany. And indeed, the House of Austria had reafon
to keep her felfe upon her guard, as well knowing how much this Prince
was affected to her oppofers.
His
PART.I.
$5
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
His death gave matter enough every where, for men to inform them-
felves, of who might be the Authour; and the Jefuits were not forgotten to
be called in queftion oy the Proteftants, nowever Ravillias never confet-
fed any fuch thing. This King was brought up in labour and toyle, and
nourfed in the the Civil Warres. His firft wife was Margaret of Valois, His Life.¦
whom when he was come to the Crown, he repudiated. He had been
Head of the Hugenots, and woude many Battails, against them of the
League. When he was become Catholick, and after the reconciliation
of the Dukes of May anne, and Mercoeur, all ftooped, and layd down their
arms. He had a quick wit, brave thoughts and exceffive high points of
judgement; had in fine fuch eminent qualities, as would have ranged
him in the number of the greatest Kings, that ever wore a Crown, had he
not been too paffionately inclined to handſom women; a vicious habit,
which is familiar to Princes. He alwayes loved the United Provinces of
the Low-Countries, and affifted them with men, money, and counfell,
Rotwithſtanding the complaints of the Arch-Dukes. He was the Reſto-
rer of the French Monarchy, which was horribly tottered; and obtained
by generall confent (in regard of his heroick actions in arms) the furname
of Great. He was beloved, feared, and redoubted; and amongſt all his
Kingly vertues, none thined more brightly then his Clemencie. Many vvhy ſuſpected
were in doubts of his Religion; for the Hugenots believed him of theirs, to be a Huge-
and tome others alfo befides, in refpect of the favour he fhewed to the not.
Proteſtant Party: and for that it was imputed to him, to have ſaid, that
the Crowne of France was well worth a Maffe. It is onely God who can
judge of the Confcience of Soveraigns; and therefore men must be filent, and
bey. However it were, he much loved Conferences, and Difputes;
as it appeared by that of Cardinall Peronne againſt Du Pleffis
Mornay.
>
The Confederated States had good reafon to love him
of the care he alwayes took to conferve them; though their feeing him
in regard
expected by Prince Maurice, with the forces of the Low-countries near
Wefel, and a Letter written by him to the Princeffe Dowager of Orange,
intimating, that he would come and vifit her at the Hague, not as a
King, but as her kinſman, thruſt a flea into their care. The faid Prince
of Orange, above all, impatiently took this ftrange and unexpected ac-
cident. But indeed, his death freed a good part of Europe, from a great
terrour; filled the other,with fadneffe, and amazement; gave way to
the Prince of Conde, to return into France, with his wife; and fo the Armies
to retire to reft till another feafon, and another conjunture, which after-
wards prefented it felf in the Warre of Gulick.
CHAP.
1
56
PART 1.
The Hiftory of this Age.
I
Death of the
Duke of
Gulick,
Difference for
fucceffion.
CHAP. XII.
A difference happening, for the Dutchy of Gulick. Jealofie
between the Catholicks, and Proteftants, and why? A
Tumult at Donawert, an Imperiall Towne, about
a Procession. Gulick befieged, by Prince
Maurice, and the French yeelds,
VVE
The Princes will not
admit the Seque-
ftration.
E have already fhewed, how the pretext, of the Arms of Henry
the Great, was the fuccour promiſed to the Princes of Branden-
bourgh,and Newbourgh;therefore let us now look upon the juftice of theCom-
petitors,fince the quarrell is not quite confopited yet. Some weeks before the
the conclufion of the Truce, deceated John William, Duke of Cleveland, and
Gulick, leaving no Children by the Counteffe of Baden, his former wife; nor
yet by the fifter of the Count of Vandemon, his later. Now, this Princeffe,
paffing through Colein, was received by the illuſtrious Magiſtrates, and Ci-
tizens of that ancient City, with great magnificence, acclamations, and
wishes of fertility in this match; and all this for their interefts, which
are viſible enough in themſelves, without any need at all, to ſpeak
thereof.
Mary Eleonor, her eldeſt fifter, was married to Albert Frederick, Duke of
Pruſſia, who died without iffue male, and left four daughters behinde
him.
Anne, who was the eldeft, was given to John Sigifmund Duke of Branden-
bourgh, and Elector of the Empire.
The fecond, to the Old Elector.
The third, to the Duke of Courland.
The fourth, to Duke John George of Saxonie, brother to the E-
lector
The fecond filter of the ſaid Duke,called Anne, in the year 1 574. married
Philip Lewis, Duke of Newbourgh, in which marriage the brought Wolfgang
William, who kept his Court at Duffeldorp, and died in the moneth of April,
in this year of 1653.
The third, who was Magdalen, was made wife to the Duke des Deux-
Ponts,
And Sibill, the fourth, was bestowed upon Charles Duke of Auftria, who
had no childe,
Now Duke John William, dying without children, Iohn Sigifmund Elector
of Brandenbourgh, who married Anne, (as we have already faid) eldeſt
daughter to the eldeft fifter, of the faid laft Duke, prefented himſelf to be
received by the States of the faid Dutchy, wherein he was oppoſed, by the
Duke of Newbourgh, ſon to the ſecond daughter Magdalen, who was then,
yet living.
The Dukes of The Elector of Saxonie, and the Duke of Neners, declared themſelves alfo
Brandenburgh heirs: fo that the Emperour Rodolph, fummons the Parties to appear before
and Newburgh him: endeavours to fequefter the Dutchies, and to that end, diſpatches the
Arch-
PART. 1.
57
The History of this Iron Age.
Archduke Leopold, Bishop of Strasbourgh, who makes himfelf mafter, of Newburgh re-
the Town, and Cattle of Gulick. Whereupon the two fi ft prefumptive fufe the feque-
Heirs, upon fome articles of governing the Country, made an agreement
between themſelves, and in ftead of addreffing themtelves to Prague, before from France.
demand relief
the Lord of the Fief (wao is the Emperour) had recourfe to the King of
France. O ! How great is the strength of distrust, which tyes the hands of justice,
and gets authority over her? They obtained a promife of ftrong relief. The
other Princes, both Proteftants and Catholicks, yea, even the Emperour
himfelf, fent their Embaladours likewiſe to Paris; where the King found-
ed them all, one after another. In the mean time, they take Arms, make
Excurfions, awaken the Neighbours: The Germane Proteftants receive the
Alarm, and affemble themfelves at Hal: and the Catholicks, on the other Germany
fide, at Wirtsburg, there to provide for their fafety, propofe the Election of a takes the
new King of the Romanes, and bring the faid Proteftants, to a more ftrist ob- Alarm.
fervance of the accord of Paffavia.
Thefe, are the firft feeds, ofthe divifions; which,being come to maturity,
will quickly fill all Germany, with horrible diſturbances, as being watered by
ftrangers, (for fear leaft they perifh) with moisture, or humanity drawn out
of the eflence of Religions, as we fhall briefly fhew, in fit place.
Atumalt at
Donawerdt,
which is pro-
Scribed and
The bufineffe of Donawerdt, which had already irritated the Proteftants,
paſſed thus. Some Religious or Conventuall men dwelling in the towne,
and endeavouring to make a Proceffion, were defired by the Magiftrates to
defilt, for fear of fome tumult. But they answered, that they would not quit forced by the
their Rights, which depended upon the Emperour. In fhort, they make a Duke of
Proceffion; the people falls upon them, and affronts them. The Emperour Bavaria,
informed of the infolence, demands an exemplary puniſhment; wherein
being difobeyed, he profcribes the Towne, and gives the execution thereof
to the Duke of Bavaria, who by a fiege forced it to fubmit. Now this pro-
ceeding very much difpleafed the Proteftants; and principally fuch, as were
grieved, to fee the Empire fo long, in a profound Peace. But the enmity was
not yet grown fo ftrong, for it thortly after brake out, to the ruine of all
this great Body. But let us returne to the Country of Gulick,
3
The Princes exceffively afflicted at the death of the King of France,follicit- Gulick befie-
cd Prufce Maurice, to betege Gulick; which he did, and by the afſiſtance ged and taken.
of the French Army, under the conduct of Marſhall de la Caftre, constrained
Leopold, to render the faid place into the hands of the faid Princes, upon an
honourable compofition. Now it is to be obſerved,that they would not ad-
mit of a fequeftration, nor the decifion of the Emperour,to whom it belongs
by right,but it looks as if they all endeavoured, to weaken the Principall
head of Europ. And fo, the Princes were reproached, for having ejected the
Garriton of Gulick, with forraine forces, which was immediately to con-
temne the Imperiall authority; and that they had thereby, given caufe to
the Emperour, to arme against them.
The Duke of Saxonie, beares alſo the title of Duke of Gulick, Cleveland,
and Montagnes, and draws his pretentions from Sibill, Aunt to John William,
and Daughter to william, who was given in marriage, to lohn Frederick,
Elector of Saxonie, who loft the Electorac, for having taken arms, againſt
the Emperour Charles. He was admitted by the two Princes, to govern the
Country till the definitive decifion of the difference. It feems, that diffidence
and fufpicion, in affairs of State,authorize the taking up of Arms, without any other
forme of Iuftice, and that it is no more lawfull,to the Lord of the Fief to dispose of his
Right.
CHAP.
58
PRT.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
:
Tumults in
Poland.
CHAP. XIII.
A tumult in Poland, and why? They arme. The Swedes and
Muſcovites, ferve themselves of this occafion, against the Poles,
and loofe Smolensko. Treafon difcovered in England.
The troubles appeafed at Paris.
Rodolph dies.
VVE
E left the King of Poland very bufic, about recovering his King-
dome of Sweden, and the expulfion of the Swedes, out of Livonia:
and now, we finde him as bufie to maintaine himſelf in the Elective, after
having loft the Hereditary. Fortune never ceases to trouble Vertue, and one
difafter comes not without another. The begining of the troubles, was by a lit-
tle blaft, or flaſh, which kindled a fire, that carried it felf, to the very higheſt
loft, or ftory of the building. The ſcholars of the Jefuites, through an impi-
ous zeale, ruſhed one day upon the Church, of the Proteftants of Pofen, and
fet it on fire. Prince Radzivil, and fome other Ranting blades of the Party,
took arms, for the defence (as others faid) of their liberty, and to revenge
this injury, under the vaile of Rakozians. Fortune fmiling upon them at
firft, and they puffed up with a ſmall victory, endeavoured to expell the
King, and chooſe another,unleffe he would fubfcribe to fome certaine infup-
portable articles propofed by them. Ill intentions grow to be discovered, by good
fucceffe. In a word, the Warr was kindled in good earneft, and the cloak
The Rakozians of Religion not forgotten. The Rebels, or Rakozians being defeated, and
vanquished, returned to be friends, and good fubjects. But fome fpace after,
the wound having been dreffed by too milde a Chirurgion, opened and
gangroened, and could not be shut up, without ftrong falves, and fresh
bleedings.
being beaten
make Peace.
The Siege of
Smolensko.
King Charles of Sweden, having crowned himſelf, and renewed the War
in Livonia, made ufc of this inteftine fedition: Sigifmund made a brisk oppo-
fition, as well to him, as to the Swedes, and Mufcontes allo, whoſe Empire
was then full of factions. He befieged Smolenske and after two years fiege,
carried it. This was a fecond Oftend, if we confider the length of the fiege,
and the number of the dead, which, if thofe authors who gave us the de-
ſcription thereof, be worthy of credit, anounted to more then twenty thou-
fand men. There was another Polish Army, imployed, to force the head
City called Mofco, whileft the reft of the Troops got huge victories, and
took the Town of Novogrode, and the great Duke Suiskie, together with his
two Brothers,prifoners. The the great Cham of Tartarie,aftoniſhed at ſo ma-
ny high Victories, offered to fubmit himſelf, to the King of Poland. But
Sigifmond returned, and the confederated Muscovites, to be payd their Ar-
reares,followed hin; and being ſatisfied,they were a further meanes to get
The Muſcovites yet more Victories, upon the adverſe Party. In fine the Muscovites, tyred,
reject Uladif- and vexed by a forraigne Rule,rejecting Vladeflans,whom they had former-
ly chofen, clected a new Emperour, and endeavoured to compote their dif-
ference with Sigifmund, but in vain; for,they were chaſed away from before
Smolensko, and payed for their perfidie.
laus.
Now the King of great Britaine, being the fpectatour, and very often the
Arbitratour, of the Controverfies of his Neighbours, lived in peace, and
his fubjects of the Romane Catholik Profeffion, were reduced to fome di-
ftreffe, upon the diſcovery of that abominable confpiracy, againſt him,
England dif- his chidren, and the whole Parliament. For it feemed not enough to ex-
Treafon in
Covered.
tend
PART.I.
59
The History of this Iron Age,
tend the puniſhment upon the guilty, who received it according to their
merit; but all the whole body of them alfo, muſt be made feel it. It was
then, that the dotrine of the Iefuites was carped, and reviled, and their Or-
der brought into horrour,through the whole Ifland;as it was inFrance,upon
the death of Henry the g eat, though yet they could not be convinced,of ha-
ving any hand in that, as they evidently were in this. But what fhall we
fay of the English Puritans, whom King James hunfelf accuſed,of having at-
tempted to ftifle him, in his Mothers womb? I know, there are alſo fome,
who make the Iefuites the cauſe of the Tragicall death of King Charles; fo
great an averfion hath the contrary party, from this Society. Ineither accule,
nor excuſe any, but onely make a plaine, and fimple relation, of what is pal-
ied, and blame the rath judgement, of fuch as are too paffionate.
Whileft other Kings were in extream jealoufie of their interefts, King
James amules himſelf with playing the Philofopher, and the Divine, by
compofing books of controverfies againft Cardinall Perronn, and Monfieur de
Coeffetean, Bishop of Marſeilles. And fince he had no warr with any body
elle, he railed one, againſt the Puritans, and the Iefuites; as making decla-
mations againſt them both, and their Doctrine; which he faid, was moft
pernicious, to the Potentates of Europe. Take heed, my fox, (fayes he, in his
Book intitled, tac Royall Prefent) of thefe Paritans meer Plagues both in the
Church and ſtate; a race not to be obliged by any benefit, nor tied by any
Oath, or promife; breathing nothing, but feditions, and calumnies. And
a little lower. You will not finde, amongst any High-way Robbers, more ingrati-
tude, or more lyes, and perjuries, then amongſt theſe Fanatick Spirits, &c. The
Duke of Savoy demanded his Daughter Elizabeth, for his eldeft Son,
and offered him his for the Prince of Wales: but in regard of the difference
of Religions, it was honourably refuted. Fate had referved this Princeffe for
Prince Frederick, Palatine of the Rheyn, who arriving in England, married Frederick,
her, and carried her to the Palatinat,through Helland,where they were recei Prince Pala-
ved, and regaled all along their paffage, being accompanied by Prince Elizabeth
Maurice, as far as Colein, 1614.
tine marries
Princeffe of
The never fufficiently lamented death of Henry the great, one of the bra- England.
veft Princes that ever wore the Crown of France, was like to put Paris, and
all France into great tumults; for the prevention whereof,the Queen-Mother
was declared Regent of the Kingdome, and Lewis the thirteenth fucceeded
him, at the age of nine yeers,being confecrated at Rheims; and all this great
preparation for war, was diffipared, either becauſe the Kings defign was
not known; or c.fe, to fay better, becaule it could not be executed, except
the referve of ten thousand men, who were fent into the Dutchy of Gulick,
under the command of Marfhal de la Cateres, as we have lately expreffed.
Now, fome time after all theſe embroiles, and perturbations, both in Bo-
hemia, and Auſtria, were paft; the Emperour Rodolph,either through vexa-
tion and trouble, or otherwiſe, (for death bath alwayes a cause) departed out Death of the
of this fraile life, to the immortall one. He was fon to that good Em- Emperour Ro-
perour Maximilian,whoſe ſteps he followed. He was a lover of ſciences, and
chiefly of the Art of Painting. He paffed his time much indiftilling, he was
fearfull, and by confequence little undertaking, and little feared by his ene-
mies; who knowing his nature, did many things to the diminution of the
Imperial Authority. He died at Prague, in the year 1612. upon the 20th. of
January. The Empire had no need of a diftillator, but rather of a good Operatour,
to act powerfully, against the ill plants, which cast forth strong roots, both under
him, and his fucceffour, and which have given fo much pains, and troubles to the
Empire.
I
Į 2
CHAP.
dolph the
twentieth of
January. 1512.
60
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Charles Duke
of Sudermain,
CHAP. XIV.
The Warre between the Danes, and Swedes; the reajons why?
Colmar taken. Charles dies. The Queen-Regent purchaſes
a double Marriage in Spain. The Town of Aix, or
Aquifgrane taken, and Newburgh
relieved by Spinola.
Harles Duke of Sndermaine took the Crown away from Sigifmund his
Nephew, and poffeffed his States quietly enough: but there rofe a huge
and afterwards warre between him, and the King of Denmark, who very much diſturbed
King of Swe- his reft, and whereof (in his complaint of King Chriftian) ne takes the Jefu-
den, fends an its for the Authors. They are the Atlafes, who must bear upon their shoulders
Embaſſadour
into Holland.
all kinds of Calumnies, and Detractions: They must swallow down the faults of
others. He had had many conflicts with the Polanders, and had tried the va-
rious effects of Fortune: But this of Denmark, touched him fo much to the
quick, that they two came from complaints, to brawles and reproaches; and
thence to the lye: yca, and at laft to defie one another. A strange thing, that
men disapprove in others, what they do themselves. Charles a little before, had
fent an Embaffadour to the States-General, to beltech them to make a cloſe
Allyance with him,againft his Nephew,the Spaniards, and the Jefuits (for it
was upon them, that he chiefly aymed, and whom he fo much miſtruſted,
who yet peradventure, dreamt not at all of him) and demanded a fpeedy
fuccour,before the Poles had quite fubdued Mufcovie.He allo men.ioned the
quarrell between him and the King of Denmark, offering to referre it to
them, or any other Neutrall Princes, and to acquiefce in their Dec
fion. The States alfo fent theirs to him, but he was able to effect nothing
with him.
The King de-
clares a warre
upon him,
Colmar taken.
Fonce.
The death of
Charles.
•
In the moneth of April, 1611. King Chriftian declares a Warrc, founded
upon four points: The firft, upon the Fishing of Lapponia, or Lapland, the
third part whereof he pretended to appertain to himſelf. The fecond,a com-
plaint, formed upon Charles his having fortified Guttemburgh, to the dilad-
vantage of the Sound: the third, was the redemanding of the Ife of Oefel,
held by the Swedes: And the laft, that Chriftian would not fuffer him, to put
in his Arms, the three Crownes, nor the Title of Lapland, and North-land.
Kings have never any better reafon to make Warre, then that which is offered them
by accafion. It is a Royal thing (ayes a Difciple of that fo much difclaimed Ita-
lian) to a tempt the Poffeffions of others.
The Danes ſeized Colmar, the prime key of the kingdom of Sweden, and
befieged the Caſtle, both by Sea and land; which, unleffe it were famished,
was held impregnable, by reafon of the fituation: Neither was it taken
how by that way; but yeelded up by the levity of the Governour, who went
to fix his habitation in Denmark. That which cannot be digged by Iron, is often
done by Gold,
The King of Sweden found work enough to do,with two fo potent enemies
upon his skirts; but that which most troubled him was, that he could not
bring the Danes to any Compofition, fo that in fine, having loft Calmar, with
above a hundred pieces of Canon, fix fhips of Warre, the Ifle of Bornholm,
and fome other,alfo forced to bow to old age,and afflictions (caufed by theft
lofses) he fell fick, and coming to die, made way for that great Captaine
Guſtavus Adolphus, the very relation of whofe victories makes the world
tremble.
Charles
PART.I.
61
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Charles was a Prince of great courage, and lover of his Law, for the only
defence whereof, the Swedes affirm, that he accepted the Crown; and not
through any ambition he had to be a King. He inclined a little towards the
Reformates, and could not endure to have prayers made in Latin. He was
1peechleffe fome time before his death, and was much more prone to rigour,
then moderation;yca,even to Tyranny it felf; which is a vice much obferved
in the fucceflours of Erick, after they are paft forty years old.
The Danes, fayling with the winde in poupe, took many fhips near Elf-
burgh, together with the Caftle it felf. But the Swedes were fully revenged
upon them, by taking their meaſures well, as it will appear in the continua-
tion of this Hiftory, with patience allthings are effected. In fine, a Peace was Peace made.
made, and Colmar, upon agreement, of fome barrels of Gold, reftored to the
Swedes: The Kings were friends, and afterwards an Enterview, and an Al-
lyance both Offenfive,and Detentive,concluded againſt the King of Poland,
But let us go back to the South.
Italy produced no feed of fedition at all, every one keeping himſelf within
his own jurifdiction; but the Duke of Mantua being taken out of his by
death, without fons, his Brother fucceeded him; who, affifted by the
Spaniards, waged a long warre againſt the Duke of Savoy, who was fuppor-
ted by France.
Since the Truce in the Low-countries, and the expulfion of the Mores,
there paffed nothing in Spain worthy of memory, but fome Fights at Sea,
againſt Pirats, who were defeated by the Spaniards, and the Hollanders.
Queen Mary of Medicis, willing to keep her ſubjects in Peace, during her The match
Regencie, and prevent all occafions of diforder, mediated a double match fought in Spain
with Spain; that is, of her Son, and Daughter, with Prince Philip, and the
Infanta, his Sifter; but the marriages were differred, in regard of their too
tender age; though yet, this good newes caufed great re joycing through-
out all the Territories of the two Crowns, with Tilts, and Turnaments,worth
admiration, wherein the French Lords expreffed,as well the agility, and fine
difpofition of their bodies, as the gentilneffe of their mindes.
Duke of New-
burgh,and the
Let us now draw back to the Low-countries again, which obferve the
Truce; out let not their fouldiers reft,in favour of their Neighbours, For,the
Dukes of Brandenburgh, and Newburgh (this being grown a Roman, and that
a Reformat)renewed their old unhappy quarrel;either for want of a right and
mutual underſtanding, or elfe for being the object of the ambitious paffion
of fome other Princes. The Arch-Duke had fent Spinola into the Field, to
execute the fentence given upon them of Aqu fgrane, who had incurred the Aix or Aquif
disfavour of the Emperour, by expelling the Roman Catholick Magiftrates grane yeelds.
The Spaniards
out of the Town; and their fudden fubmiffion, gave the Spaniards conve- fuccour the
niency to haften to the relief of the Duke of Newburgh, by whom they were
expected. They took wefel, and ſome other ſmall places and Prince Mau-
rice on the other fide, who was fent by the States to fuccour the Electour,
took and fortified Emmerick, and Rees. It is most dangerous, to have a Neigh
bour stronger then ones felf; for his fuccour is alwayes dammageable, to him who
accepts it. Thefe two Princes know it, as well as any others. But what?
Paffion very often prevailes over Reaſon, and the errour of the Hunters, gives the
Hare opportunity to escape. But let us reprize this Webbe contrived of many
threds of different colours,and woven by divers Weavers, The Emperors Au-
thority proving inefficacious, and his threats, as it were, out of breath, and
faint, (as coming from fo great a diftance) with thefe two Princes; who
proud of the affiflance of two Kings, and ſhouldered by a ftrong Common-
Wealth, equally ſhared the Government of the Dutchy, for fome time, ma-
king their Rcfidence together at Duffeldorp. But,by means of fome ſmall jea-
loufies, were quickly dilunited; and the Marriage of the Duke of Newburgh,
I 3
with
Hollanders, the
Duke of Bran
denburgh.
62
PART I'
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
.:
<
!
:
with the Duke of Bavaria's Silters, awakened as great ſuſpicions, in the
Duke of Brandenburghs breaft (being a Reformate) as the Allyance of the uni-
ted Provinces, in that of the Duke of Newburgh, who was become Catholiek.
The Defign upon Duffeldorp, had no fucceffe; and that which was to pro-
fperously executed upon Gulick, by the Governours meanes, manifefted to
the Arch-Duke (a peacefull Prince) that the Reformates in a fair occafion,
want no boldneile, no courage. The Spaniards took the Allarme fo much
the more powerfully, as the Treaties went on flowly, and as the French fcem-
ed to favour the Duke of Brandenburgh, morc,to put an obftacle to the Arms
of Spain, then for any other confideration. Brief, the Army marches into
the Field, under the conduct of Spinola. Aix, or Aquifgrane ftooped, and
the Romane Catholick Magiftrates were re-established. Mallem was batte-
red down, and Otroy taken; belides many other places, where there was
no Garriſon of the united Provinces, for fear of a breach. The taking of We-
fel, feemed to countervail that of Gulick, Iwelled the hearts of the Spaniards,
and made thoſe people know, that their Maſters ſhould have but a feming
Government, as long as thefe puiflant forces ftayed in their States. But if
they had relyed upon the judgement of the Emperour, it is likely, that theſe
misfortunes had not happened. At that troublefome and vexatious Treaty
of Santen, all the Princes layd open their Intereſts, the Leaven of partialities
about Religions began to fwell, the Deputies went away difcontented, lea-
ving the Bufineffe imperfect, the occupated Townes retained their Ghefts,
and the two Princes learnt (to their own coft) what many other had tryed
before them.
CHAP. XV.
The Differences which happened in the United Provinces.
Barnaveldt beheaded, and the Religion of the Arminians,
condemned. King Lewis humbles the Hugenots,
and reduces Bearne.
The Peace without the united Provinces, had ſhut up many turbulent
and feditious humours within them; which not being able to get out,
Commotions in hatched fome very dangerous tumults. The precious names of Peace and
the united Pro- Reft, were both odious, and inſupportable to them. We often flye from that,
vinces.
which is advantageons to us, and follow that, which is hurtfull. The firft was at
Alcmar, the fecond at Liewerden; and the third,and moft perilous, at Utrick,
where fome of the bolder fort of the Mutiners, fortified by a huge crew of
their Caball,conſtrained the Magiftrates to abdicate their charges,and chofe
others in their places; who were moſt of thein, the Heads of their ſedition.
But this fickneffe requiring a more violent remedy, then the first Lenitives,
and the Town threatned with a ſiege, all grew to be appealed,and the Gar-
rifon augmented.
Disputes about
Yet this was nothing, in reſpect of that miſchief which aroſe, from a con-
Predestination. troverfic in Divinity concerning Predestination, and fome other Articles an-
nexed to it; which, like a thick Fogge, fo blinded all the Inhabitants, that it
left not any uſe of light at all to any, but to fuch as ferved themſelves there-
of, to their own profit. The two Champions, who by their Sermons, and
Difputes, divided all Holland into two Factions, were Arminius and Goma-
rus. Such as followed this latter, who ardently maintained the faid Prede-
ſtination, were called Contra-Remonftrancers; and the other, Remonstrancers,
or
PART.1.
Ŏ3
The History of this Iron Age.
or Arminians, who were faid to profeffe a Doctrine, difagreeing from that
of John Calvin. This was too high,and difficult a paffage to be comprehended
by the common people, and fo it brought with it nothing but confufion.
Yet, the Difpute ended not with the life of Arminius, but was more and more
kindled by his Diſciples, and chiefly by Vorftius; who, upon the Recom-
mendation of the Remonftrancers, was made Profeffour. From Difputes,
came Factions, and Vorftius was depofed, by the threats of the King of
Great Britain. In brief, every one takes arms, for his own defence. They of
Harlem, Leiden, and trick, by the counſell (as was reported) of Advocate
Barnaveldt, raile forces. Prince Maurice haftens,furpriſes Vtrick, diſarms the
Citizens, and changes the Magiftrates (a remarkably action) as he allo did,
at Harlem, and Leiden (where they had barricaded the Town-Houfe)and im-
prifons the chief of the Arminian Faction, But the Minifters, notwitſtanding
all thefe proceedings,ceafed not to difpute,nor the Printers to fet forth Books,
concerning this controverfic. Wherefore, there was a Synod convocated at
Dort, where the Arminian Doctrine was condemned; the Minifters who per-
fifted in it, imprifoned, and fome were banished, and fought their abode in
Holftes, and other places.
The great States-man Barnaveldt, formerly much cheriſhed by King Barnavalde
Henry A France, and greatly renowned for his fervices done to the Common- beheaded.
Wealth (and chiefly for having drawne out of the clutches of the English,
the three places engaged to Queen Elizabeth, as alfo for having made di-
vers Embaffies, and fweated under various burthens of State) finished his
life by an infamous punishment. This man,being about feventy two yeares
old, was accused of being Head of the Arminian Faction; of difturbing the
tranquility of the Townes, and checking the authority of the Prince; whole
power le wifhed indeed, to fee leffened, thereby to fecure the publick Liber-
ty. In fine, there was a rumour ſcattered, that he thould have had a defign
to turp the Government of the Common-wealth. They who were of his
party, for proof of his innocence, reprefented the greatneffe of his fervices
and cares, to maintain the power of the States. And yet howloever, all his
friends, melted (as it were) like fnow before the Sun, of the Princes Autho-
rity and one of the moſt famous Writers of this Age, fayes, that he was
condemned in the name of the States, but by the practices of King James,
and Prince Maurice. There is nothing fure in this world, and the greatest for
tunes, are very often those, which are upon the flippery top of their precipice. If all
they, who are ambitious to go out of their condition, to get up to another
more clevated, and high, would but reprefent to themfelves, the difafters
and misfortunes, which we fee fall upon thofe great perfons; they would
have no other defire,then toftay where they are. The Treaty of the Truce,
which by his advice,was made for twelve years,against the reafons of Prince
Maurice (who being a fouldier, and for his own intereft, endeavoured to
break it) purchaſed his disfavour; and his very great credit, his hatred: be-
fides his diffwading the Warre of Bohemia, together with what we have juſt
now faid, and many other acculations, abbreviated his life for fome dayes.
When Jupiter chides, all the rest of the Gods are filent,
Hugo Grotius, went to keep company with the other Minifters, who were
prifoners at Louweftein, though by the prudent counfel of his Wife, he brake
quickly off from it afterwards.
Thus,was this miſt, which threatened the Common-wealth with a dan-
gerous convulfion, difpelled; the Churches employed by the Contra-Remon-
francers only; and the Arminians reviled, and difclaimed, as no better then
half Traytors, by the very dregs of the People. But really, the blamable
treafon of the children of Barnaveldt, who breathed nothing but
of their Fathers death was the cauſe why many retired themselves
•
revenge
from
64
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The troubles in
France appear
fed.
from this Party, which, for a time was much difcredited.
If King James, on the one fide, ardently profecuted his deftruction: King
Lewis follicited his deliverance as hotly on the other and would icarce give
car to the multitude of excufes, which was brought by the Embaffadours,
for fo paffionate an execution. Howtoever, all thefe changes, were not able
to change the happineffe of thefe Provinces; the popular Tumults, growing
by little and little to flacken, to the great good of the whole Country.
But now, the women had alſo a minde to fhew, that they likewife knew
how to handle their arms, and gave an experiment thereof at Delpft, about
fome Impofts,or Taxes,where they fo ftoutly affailed the Town-Houfc,that
it was neceffitated to fend for both Souldiers, and Counfell from the Hague,
to make them retire to the diſtaffe. Perhaps, there were amongſt theſe,fome
of them, who had beaten the Francifcan Friers out of their Cloyfter:
great a reputation of courage have the good wives of Delft. And theſe are
all the perturbations, and whatfoever clfe of note,happened in the confede-
rated Provinces, during the Truce,
Before we contrive our Difcourfe of the Warres of Germany, we will re-
turn a little towards France, which is the kingdom, where Fortune, by her
varicus effects of mutability, feems rather to have eſtabliſhed the Empyre,
then elſewhere. The nature of the Germans is fuch, as not to fuffer them-
felves ſo eaſily to be induced to take arms; for it cofts much trouble,to bring
them to it, and they walk with leaden heels: but having once taken them
up, they lay them not down, till they be able to bear them no longer, and
till all be brought to the extremity of defolation. But the French, on the
other fide,both cafily take them up,and more cafily lay them down; in fuch
fort, as their Warres are very often finiſhed, and pacified, before it be
knowne, that they were in arms. After the confecration, or unction of
King Lewis, during the fix firft years of his reign, there were rather Tu-
mults,then Wars. The Malcontent;the Complaints as well of the Princes,as
of the Hugenots;their ill-grounded diftrufts,and jealoufies,exercifed the mind
of that great Queen; who diffipated their bad defignes, ſometimes with
money, and augmentation of Penfions, and new Governments; and fome-
times alfo, by making them exatly obferve the Edict of Nantes; an intereft,
which the faid Prinses are accuſtomed to take, during the minority of their
Kings; foto adde to their own power, what they take away, from that
oftheir Mafter. The Moon,and the Starres, endeavour to weaken the light
ofthe Sun, by borrowing a part thereof of him. But that which is to be la-
mented,is, that all this is done at the charge of the poor people. In effect,
the great care of this wife Queen,difpelled many mifts, and no leffe prefer-
ved the kingdom for her fon; then the fucceeding Minifters, who have la-
boured to augment it.France,having (mothered with the blood of the Mar-
quis d' Ancre, all the grievances, both of the Princes and people, faw like-
wife the end of that,which the Prince of Conde gave the King, by the obſta-
cles which he was refolved to put, to the confirmation of his marriage.
The Duke of Guife conducted the young Princeffe of France, to the Con-
fines of Spain, and reconducted the Infanta of Spain; and the Prince of France
was lodged in the Battail. The Conſtable Luynes became the fubje&t of a
new Commotion, and his great favour, the object of hatred, to ſome Gran-
dces,who abfented themselves from the Court, under pretext of defending
the Queen-Mother; who was extremely exafperated againſt Laynes, for
that he being the Counſellour, of the ruine of the Marshall d' Aucre, had ta-
ken poffeffion of his Place, and gotten his fpoyles; and fo fhe retired her felf
to Angoulesme, to be fecured by the Duke d' Efpernon. Now this fire, being
kindled, by the juſt diſguſt of an afflicted Queen, begot an opinion, that it
would be fcattered through all France, For men began to be active and bufie
already,
PART. 1.
63
The History of this Iron Age.
already, as well at Metz, as within the very middle of the kingdome: and
the motion being in a fronteer Town, gave caule to fear, left, perhaps, ftran-
gers might put themfelves into the dance. For the Duke d' Efpernon depar-
tea from Merz, to go ferve the Qucen-Mother, to whom he was reconci-
le 1, by the common neceffity of an equall Banishment: The Nobility, and
the Armies, began already to march, all was full of fear, and fury; and fuch
as loved novelty, leapt already for joy. But the King,affifted by the Counfell
The Prince of
of the firft Prince of the Blood, (who was now reconciled to him) inftantly Conde.
feafed upon the Caftle, and Town of Caen, went and beat the Queenes
Troops, before the Malcontents joyned with theirs, and reduced them all
to a neceffity of fubmitting to his Grace. From thence, he conducted his
Army into Bearne, and by his prefence, effected that in few dayes, upon the Reduction of
Minifters, and chief of that Country,which the Edict of the year 1617. had Bearne
not been able to obtain.
He reduced the whole Province under his obedience, re-eſtabliſhed the
Excrcife of the Roman Catholick Religion; rendered the Ecclefiafticall
Benefices, put other Garrisons into the places of ftrength: and four months
after, returned to Paris, where he was received with an univerſal applauſe,
though he left behind him, an immortall difguft, amongst the most zea-
lous of the Hugenot party, by the re-eſtabliſhment of a Religion (without
ftriking ſtroake) which in fixty years before, was not ſo much as knowne
there, but by calumnies and reproaches, and matter alfo for a new warre,
with fuch ftomack, and animofity, as wanted nothing but the occafion, to
draw the fword.
In the mean time, the Cardinal of Savoy, arrives at Court, to thank the The Marriage
King, for the care he had vouchfafed to take, of the preſervation of his Fa- of the Lady
thers Dominions; as alſo to mediate a Match, of the Lady Chriftine of
Chriſtine of
France, with
France, with his eldeſt Brother. He was made very welcom, and obtained, the Duke of
in fine, a favourable grant, of all he demanded. We will now give to the Savoy.
Hugenots of France, leafure to ſtudy away,to revenge themſelves, of fo fen-
fible a difpleafure,and ftop the King, from getting thenceforth,any fo great
fucceffe, as might encreafe their diffidence, and bring a detriment upon
their Religion. Let us now pafs on to a Warre, of much more horrour, and
larger extent; for we can no longer forbear, it being high time to fpeak of
it; we cannot, I fay, withdraw our felves, it furniſhing us with matter
enough to believe, that the Age wherein we live, is the most unhappy of all
Ages; yea, the very fink, and laft of all,
K
THE
66
PART.1.
無綫
​bok
THE HISTORY
OF THIS
IRON AGE.
THE THIRD BOOK.
CHAP. I.
The Prodigies, which preceded the Warrs of Germany. A di-
Scription, of the Kingdome of Bohemia. Old differences about
Religion. The wars of Zilca, compared to thefe.
A
Abhor, to begin the diſcourſe, of the longeſt, and
moſt cruell Warr,that ever was in Chriſtendome,
and which drew more blood, more altered the
Chriſtian Faith, and cauſed more ruine and defo-
lation, then all that ever were in Europ. Let no
man tell me, of the Exploits of Atilas, with his
Huns, for he did but paffe like lightning. Let there
be no compariſon made,of the Warrs of the Goths,
Vifigoths, Daces, and Vandals, who came altogether,
to dilmember the Romane Empire, and the Franks,
and Burgundians, who drove the Romanes out of Gawl. For thefe People,ha-
ving expelled the old Ufurpers, by the fucceffe of a battel, or two; leagued
themſelves forth with, with them whom they had freed from the yoke, and
inftantly laid the foundations, of a new Kingdome. But this Warr,
which we are now going to defcribe, involved all Europ; and there is
not fo much as one Province, which doth not reſent it; yea, that which
is more deploreable, is, that we fee not the end of it yet; for, for
my part, I am of opinion, in this wicked age, Men will fooner be
wanting, then Will, to fuch as are ambitious, to continue this bloody
exerciſe.
The Prodigies, which both went before it, and happened during the con-
tinuance of it, like waves of the fea, have two much informed us, that it
would ingulf all the Provinces of Chriftendome, one after another, and
fuch as thought to be exempted from it, as well for the advantages they had
upon their enemies, as for the impoffibility of introducing the Babes of Mars
amongst them, by reafon of their fituation; feel, at prefent,the ſcourge,with
as much fharpneffe, as the former.
That fatall Torch, which appeared towards the end of the year 1618,
with a long, and formidable tayle, feemed to announce to us the wrath of
God
PART.1.
-67
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
God; thereby to prepare us to repentance, or elfe patiently to fuffer the
evils, which we could not avoid. Thofe fights, which were teen in the ayre, Prodigies hap
in many places, thole Tempefts, thofe exundations of Rivers, thofe difru- ned in Europe
ptions, or thiverings of Barrs, by the mercileffe Ocean; thofe earthquakes,
and inundations, thofe monftrous Productions, thofe water's turned into
blood, thole impetuous windes, which have overthrown fo many Towers,
and rooted up fo many trees; thote bloody raines,and fo many other fuper-
naturall accidents, are the meflengers of Divine indignation, to fuch as are
obftinate in their wickedneffe. Fools, who fay in their hearts, there is no God,
have defpifed theſe advertiſements, and lead a life, worse then that, of the people, of
the t me of Noah.
The debawches
Germany, by a Peace of ſo many yeers durance,being grown extreamly o-
pulent, the Princes potent,and the Towns much elevated;began to withdraw
The State of
her felt, by little and little, if not wholy from fervitude, yet at leaft, from Germany.
duty. The Courts were full of debaucheries, and the exceffe of drinking,
was recompenfed, with a Crown of victorie; the Tables loaden with meat,
were fometimes overturned,with brutall infolence; and that, which could
not poffibly bring any good,was,that the greateft part of theGrandees there,
left the management of their affaires, to their Chancelours, or their Favour-
ites, whileft themſelves were plunging in delights, luxuric, ranting, and fu-
perfluities, together with the pleafures of the Court, and the Chafe. The
Emperour Matthias, who was Crowned in the year, 1612, made not his
Authority in the Empire, thine a whit brighter then his Predeceffours had
done; in fuch fort, as that the State was fallen (as it were) into a Palfie,and
languiſhment.
Prognosticatio
Notwithstanding all theſe voluptuoufneffcs, and debauches, diftrufts
were grown fo high, that it was impoffible, for the Banks or Damns, to ftop
thefe Torrents, without letting fome part of them loofe. The chil-
dren were then marching in Troops, and Bands, through the ftreets, with
Arms, Drums, and Colours; and the old men fighing and crying out, We
Shall quickly feel the effects of a cruell Warr. That, which arrived at Donawerdt, ons of Warrs.
brought fome of the imperiall Townes to a league, to which they invited
the Electour of Saxonie; but not receiving fo good an anfwer as they hoped,
threats remained without effect, and all ſtayed in apparent enmity (the one
party cafting the fault upon the other) till the occafions which we are going
to recount. But let us enter upon the War of Bohemia:
Bokemia, is a little Kingdom, but very fertill, in Corn, Wine, Mines of
Gold, Silver, Tinne, and all which is neceffary for the life of man. The
King is ranged in the number of the Electours; and his Vote,or fuffrage, is fo
neceffary, that when the Parties are equall, he who receives it, is elevated to
the Imperiall Throne. This faid Kingdome, is almoft quite invironed by
Germany; and it ftretches, on the one fide, to Moravia. The Inhabitants
fpeak the language of Slavonia, though yet the High-Dutch be as common
there, as the French is, in the Low-Countries. The Metropolitan City
is Prague, which is watered by the ftream of Moldaw. The Country is
very great, most populous, and adorned with a most famous, and moft an-
cient University, wherein, for a time, were numbered above thirty thouſand
Scholars. Now,becauſe the first controverfies about Religion,which cauſed
the feparations, and hatreds amongft Chriftians, proceeded from thence; it
will not be out of our way, and much for the contentment of the Reader,
to take notice of the fource, and Origin thereof. About the year of Grace
1400. John Hufs, having found, and read the Books of witcliff,betook him- John Hufs.
felf publickly, to teach a doctrine much like that of the Waldenfes, condemn
ed by the Church of Rome, as much checking the Points, and Tenets there-
of received: as namely, the authority of the Pope, Purgatory, Worship of Ima-
K 2
ges,
68
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The Councell
ges, and the like; God permitting a diverfity of Doctrines, during the
Schilmes of the Church for the difputes of the Popes, gave fubject, to
attack the Points of Faith, exhibited by them, and their own Authority.
A Councell was aflembled at Conftance, whether Jerome of Prague, and
of Conftance. John Hufs,were invited,under a fafe conduct,or paffe,from the Emperour Si-
gifmond: But for allthat they perfifted in theDoctrine of witcliff,and maintain-
ed, that the Churches diffuled up and down the world, were deviated from
the traditions of the Apoſtles; they were both contrary to publick Faith,
and the Emperours Paile, given them, fentenced to be burned, and their
afnes caft into the ayre. And from thence came the Axiome, fo often and
fo juſtly chanted, and iterated, by the Proteftants, and whereof they ſerve
themſelves to quicken their diftrufts. Faith must not be kept with Hereticks.
The difciples of
John Huis
take arms.
They affault
the Images.
Zilca tames
Bohemia.
His death.
The Fathers of the faid Councell, were moved on by a too inconfiderate,
yea, and unjuſt zeal; which (if we may have leave, to deduce the confe-
quence of the effects thereof which have followed) very much diſpleaſed
the Father of Truth. The Romane Catholicks difprove of this Maxime, and
the Emperour, Charles the 5th. exprefled,that he was no friend to it,by keep-
ing his word fo truly,wth Doctor Martin Luther,at the Aflembly at Wormes,
Now, the difciples of the aforefaid John Hufs, being very impatient at the
death of their Maſters, and not content with the Churches which were
granted them, took arms, under pretext of defiring more. But I find the
zeal of all them,who have withdrawn themſelves from the Church of Rome,
and taken up their Quarters apart, to be very different from that of the Pri-
mitive Chriflians, amongst the Pagans, and Gentiles, thofe remaining in
the Predicament of Paffion onely; and thefe, adding alfo that of Action.
True it is, that ambition, and defire of novelty both in the one and other
State, have been the efficient cauſes of theſe great changes. If they, who
have cried out with a loud voice, for the reformation of manners, had been
heard, as well as they, who have called in doubt many Maximes of Faith ;
we ſhould really now live in the Golden, and not in the Iron Age.
The first warr they made, was upon the Images, the Prelates, the Cloi-
fters, and the Magiftrates, who oppofed their unbridled licentioufneffe. A
Truce was made, and no fooner made, then broken. Zifca that famous
Head of the Faction, made himſelf Maſter of Bohemia, and commanded
all the Churches dedicated to the Saints, to be battered down; alleadging
for his reaſon, that they muſt be confecrated onely to God. He defeated all
the Armies, that oppugned his Defignes; like a Torrent, which carries a-
way, and deftroyes all, whiles Fate made him loofe that one eye,which was
left him. He marched into Auftria, and quite blinde as he was, left not ne-
vertheleſs to cruſh his Enemies; and arrived time enough to chaſtize the Citi-
zens of Prague,who were revolted from him,becauſe of the demolition of the
Churches, and Images. In fine, Fortune by an occult myſtery of the great
God, averted the Prelates, from their duty, and humbled the Emperour
fo far, as to bring him upon his knees, before this blind man ; yea, and con-
ftrained him moreover, to offer him the Government of the Kingdom, and
the Militia, But that Eternall power, having ferved himſelf fufficiently of
this fcourge, drew him out ofthe world, by a contagious fackneffe, though
even at his death, he fignified his martiall humour, and the paffion he yet
had, to further mifchief; for he commanded, that after his deccafe a Drum
fhould be made of his skin, laying, that his enemies would fly, at the very
found thereof. Let Divines difcourfe upon these mysterious chances, where they
will finde work enough to entertaine themselves.
The Huffits continued the warr, under the orders of a certain perfon cal-
led Procope, at the very report of whom, whole armies were fuddainely ter-
rified; yea, fourty thousand men, being entered into Bohemia, and having
taken
PART.I.
69
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
works miracles
taken lome towns; through a certain panick, or phantaftical fright, threw
down their arms, and betook themſelves to their heels,to fave their infamous zea's skin
and cowardly lives,even before the Bohemians appeared.Perhaps Zifca's skin
wrough all thefe miracles,and would have merited a Temple, if he had not
demol thed thofe,which were dedicated to the Saints. It is therefore no won-
der, it in this laft Age, there have haped fuch ſtrange changes, proceeding
from caufes fo little forefeen,or wholy contemptible; in regard that a hand-
full of men at that time, rendered themſelves Mafters of a Kingdome, and
beat the forces of the Emperour, as often as they durft encounter them: be-
fides that their meer reputation, put their enemies to flight,as much as their
arms, Athifts,open your eyes,& confefs,thefe changes proceed from an infinite power
The Turks, a barbarous, and defpicable people, have fubdued a great part
of Afia,and deſtroyed the empire of Greece. Tamberlaine,trom a fhepherd,be- Tamberlaine,
ing become a fouldier, was the inftrument, whereof God ferved himfelf, to
abate the pride,of that great Emperour Bajazet. These are revolutions, the
reafons whereof are not diſcovered to man. It is lawfull to feek the causes of
them by probable conjectures; but not to pronounce a definitive fentence, or conclufi-
on upon them, I was willing to relate a part of thisHiftory,becauſe I find there-
in,a great fimilitude or relemblance, with that of our Agc, as well in order
to Cauſes, and effects (though not fucceffes) for a proof, of this inftability,
of the things of this world.
:
CHAP. II.
The Bohemians arme, and why? All the Princes intereft themselves in
this Warr. Ferdinand choſen Emperour.
NO Otwithſtanding the licence granted to the Bohemians, by the Fathers of
the Councell of Bafill, to receive their Communion under two Forms, or
Species; there ceafed not ſtill, to be Factions amongst them, againſt the au-
thority of the Pope, and tavour to fuch as oppugned it.
Now, becauſe the greateſt Rivers draw their Origin, for the moſt part,
from fome imall,abftrufe,and unknown fprings; juft fo,this deplorable war of
Bohemia, which being once kindled, and diffufed,in that Kingdome,grew to
skatter, and fly up and down like wilde fire, throughout all Europ, and is not
extinguiſhed even yet, began at firft, from fo contemptible a fpark, as might
have been quenched by one fingle tear, had it but chanced to fall right upon
it; But it must needs draw deluges of blood,and general deftruction of Chri-
ftendom. Where Sirs are great, Repentance must be proportionable.
In the year 1616, the Huffits layd the foundations of a Church, at Bru- And why ?
naw: The Abbot, who was Lord of the Place, oppoſed them, and complain-
ed to the Emperour Mathias; who commanded the Magiftrates to ap-
pear before him,and to fufpend the building,till the Caufe were decided; but
in vain,for the Church went on,and was finished, without anſwer;as if it had
fuffiled, that it pleaſed them, who loved novelty, to build it.
Whileft this paffed, Mathias, finding himlelf without iffue; by the
confent of the Houſe of Auftria,adopted his Coulin Ferdinand, and Crowned
him King of Bohemia, with the generall applauſe of the Bohemians. Which
done,it was fhewed to the abovefaid Huffits,that the States onely had power,
and authority to build Churches; and fo they were all condemned; and fuch
as prefumed to refift,impriſoned,and their Church demolished. And this was
the first motive of this war;and this the leaven, which hidden, for two years
together, under the Paſt of ambition, of the chief of that Kingdom, made it
rife,and ſharpen fo much, as that there was nothing expected, but onely the
hour to put it in the oven.
K 3
The
70
PART.1,
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
3
:
The Lutherans
Jubily.
All tends to
Warre.
Death of the
The year following, the Lutherans by way of a generall thanksgiving to
God, for having already preferved their Religion the space of an hundred
yeares, made a Tubily; as they alfo did fome Leagues, amongſt themſelves
at Heilbron, againſt the Roman Catholicks, which proved advantageous to
the Bohemians, as feeming (as it were) to give them the Signe, or Watch-word,
to which all their humours were difpofed and prepared for in regard that
after ſo many Books compoſed, and fo many Diſputes held, there could be
no Accord made,ini matter of Religion; there feemed a neceffity, to try the
ftrength of their Arms, and come from words to blowes. The demolition
of the aforefaid Church, was of hard digeftion to the Huffits, and fo it cau-
fed murmurations, Monopolies, or private Confpiracies and in fine, open
feditions. The Emperour being bufic, about the Coronation of his Coulin,
caufed his Embaffadours to rebuke the principall of them; as namely, the
Prefident Slanata, Tariflae Bazite, and Philip Platore; who, without the know-
ledge or confent of his Imperial Majefty, had convocated fuch an Affembly.
But they having (having by-like forgotten the rank and quality they held,
or elfe defiring warre) tell upon thele perfons, who were facred by their
Commiffions, tumbled them down from the top of a Tower through the
windowes, expelled the Iefuits,difmiffed the Kings Officers from their char-
ges (which was to attack both Church, and State) and took up arms, a-
gainft all fuch, as fhould endeavour to impugne this infolent kind of pro-
ceeding.
The Emperour labouring, both by Letters, and fair Propofitions to
remedy theſe diſorders, was already gone very farre in it, and it is likely
would have accompliſhed it, had not the defpaire of fome, withdrawne the
moſt moderate perfons amongst them, from continuing the Work. But in
the interim, the Emperour died, leaving it to Ferdinand, to untangle this in-
Emperour Ma- tricate, and troubleſome bottome. This Prince had worne the Imperiall
Crown about fix hundred yeares; he had fometime governed the Low-
countries, though with fmall authority, but as it were only by form, and
more in title, then in effect: He was religious and gentle,and beloved by all
fuch, as loved the peace and quiet of the Empyre.
thias.
Ferdinand
elected Empe-
Your.
The beginning
of the warre.
of Bohemia.
The Ele&tour
Palatine cho-
Sen by the
States of Bo-
benia.
Now the Electours met at Frankefurt, and chofe Ferdinand to bear the
moft illuſtrious, but moſt painfull burthen of the whole Univerſe. And
therefore let us fee him go, weakly enough accompanied, to finifh the War
of Bohemia; the caule and pretexts whereof we have already demonftrated.
The Bohemians, under the Counts, de la Tour, and Mansfield (Natural fonne
to Count Erneſt, ſo well known in the Low-countries) raiſed very puiffant
Armies, contemn Ferdinands Remonftrances, deprive him of the Crowe, as
a Tyrant (For fuch are all they, whom powerful factions have a mind to fuppreffe)
give out, that he was not lawfully Elected; and fortify themſelves with Al-
liances, and fuccours. On the other fide, the Pope, Italy, Spain, and Poland,
will not fuffer Ferdinand to periih, whereof he feemed to be in imminent dan-
ger by this tempeft, without fpeedy relief;for Iis fhip leakes on every fide,and
the wind of this Conjuration will infallibly fink both him, and the Catholick
Religion with him, if he be abandoned by his Allyes. The Arch-Deke Albert
fends him the Count de Bucquoy, attended by the flower of the Walloon, and
Luxemburgh Gentry.
The Bohemians, though amazed to fee fo many potent States intereft them-
ſelves in the preſervation of Ferdinand, lofe not yet their courage, and refolve
to adde politick craft,to open force: They draw to their party the Silefians,
and Moravians, keep their Intelligences in Auftria, and all Germany; prefent
the Crown to the Duke of Saxony, and then to the Duke of Bavaria, though
with vifible diffimulation, and refulable conditions; and laft of all, to Fre-
derick Prince Palatine, who by the advice of fome Lords (who yet bafely de-
ferted
PART.I.
71
The History of this Iron Age.
ferted him afterwards) accepted it. Since he had married the Daughter of a
King, he might very well take a Crown, which was fo freely offered him,
and fo he was Crowned, with his Sonne, at Prague.
CHAP. III.
The profecution of the War of Bohemia. The battail of Prague.
Frederick flyes, and forfakes the Towne,
together with his People.
Hus, we fee the Match made, and the Game a playing, between Ferdi-
nand, and Frederick, the Houſe of Auftria, and the Palatin, and the
Chriſtians divided. For, almoſt all the Roman Catholicks, either in incli-
nation, or effect, elpowſed the Party of Ferdinand; and all the Reformates,
and the moſt zealous Lutherans, that of Frederick. Theſe, after their prayers
to God for the defence of the Goſpel; and thoſe, to the fame Authour of all
good, and to all the Saints, for that of the Church. The King of France was
follicited by both parties; but he contented himself, with fending thither
the Duke of Angoulefme, to mediate a reconciliation. Let us note here, fuch
as declared themſelves for King Frederick. The united Provinces of the Low-
countries, by the follicitation of Prince Maurice, who difpofed the States
to this Alliance, contrary to the opinion of Barnaveldt, who wilhed
them was not to meddle at all with it. And it is held, that this oppofition of
Barnaveldts, lo greatly offended the Prince, that he ever afterwards,looked
upon him as his enemy; and fo at length, it grew to be partly,the cauſe of
his fall. It is alwayes dangerous to check the Grandees, and to crack nuts
with them. Chriftian, Duke of Anholt; Jobn Frederick, Duke of Wittembergh;
Maurice, Landgrave of Haffia; John Erneft, Marquis of Ansbach,and feme Im-
perial Towns allo; together with the people of England: for the King could
never be induced to help his Son in Law, alleadging that he had no right to
that Crown.
For Ferdinand,beſides the aforementioned Allyes,were leagued the Dukes
of Saxony,and Bavaria; together with the Ecclefiaftical Electours. Sould.ers
were lifted every where, and the Rendezvous, Bohemia; the Theater of this
fatall warre. The principall Heads, were the Duke of Bavaria, with Mon-
fieur de Tilly, his Lieutenant Generall; the Count de Bucquoy, and Generall
Dampiere: On the other fide, the Duke of Anhelt, the Counts de la Tour, and
Mansfieldt. Now thefe latter being fooner prepared then the other, and
having fubjugated almoſt all Bohemia; marched into Auftria, and belieged
the Emperour in Vienna. Bucquoy haftens thither, routs Mansfeldt, and for- Vienna beſie
ces La Tour to raiſe the fiege. Dampiere enters the City with the Horfe, in- ged.
tending to chaſtiſe the infolence of the Citizens towards the Emperour their beaten.
Maſter, who yet vouchsafed to pardon them.
The Count de la Tour faced about, aud marched towards the Capitall
City of the kingdom, to divert the ftorm which threatened it. But,in fine,
after fome encounters favourable to the Emperour, and the Duke of Bava-
ria, being entered with his Army into Bohemia, and having reduced fuch as
were gone aftray into the right path of obedience: the two Armies met,and
refolved to finish the difference by a generall Battail, the price and reward
whereof, was the kingdom of Bohemia.
Anholt pitched his Camp upon the White Mountain near Prague, in-
trenched himſelf, and performed the charge of a great Captain. The Impe-
vialifts,
Minsfeldt
72
PART. 1.
The History of this Iron Age.
Prague re
cerves the
Conquerours;
rialiſts, inflamed by the Remonftrances, and Exhortations of Father Demi-
nick a Carmelit Fryer, flighted the dangers and difficulties which there were
to come to an Onlet, in regard of the fituation. The Poles and wallons be-
gan the skirmiſh, which was followed by the whole Army; and the Hun-
garians, not able to fuftain, or withitand their attack, bafely gave ground,
and difturbed the Orders of the Generals, in fuch fort, as that the Camp be-
ing fuddenly ſtaggered, after the refiftance of fome Regiments, the whole
as alfo all the Body fell into confufion, and fuch as could fave themſelves, got into Prague.
There periſhed more by water, then by the fword; and the terrour was fo
univerfall, that there was no other thought left for the conquered, but to
flye towards Silefia. King Frederick, not daring to truſt himſelf in the Places
of ſtrength which remained, nor yet to his new Subjects neither; retired
feedily towards Breflaw, where, entring into conference with the States of
the Countrey, and finding neither forces, nor fafety to ſtay there, he put
himſelf upon the way towards Holland.
Kingdom.
This Generall Decifion fell out upon the eigth of November 1620. the
very day, upon which was read the Gofpel of Give Cafar that which is Cafars;
and God, that which is Gods. And indeed, it was manifefted by the Augures,
or Signes from heaven, to whom Godthad determined to give the victory.
The number of the flain and drowned, was very great; as being related by
fome of the most moderate writers, to have amounted to fix,or feven thou-
fand. The Conquerours loft but very few of theirs, but Count Godfree of
Papenheim was found lying amongst the dead, fo extremely wounded,
that he could hardly declare his own name. But his hour was not yet come,
as being referved for exploits, which were to fill the whole diftent of the
world, with his glory.The number of the prifoners was not equall,to that of
the dead; the City being near enough, for the retreat of fuch, as were timely
fpurred on by fear.
Prague, being abandoned by the principall Heads of the Party, remai-
ned the price of the Victory. The neft was there, but the Birds flowne.
The Duke of Bavaria, after this Maſter-blow, retired himſelf to Mun-
neken, leaving the Command of his Army to Monfieur de Tilly, and
the rest of the Bufineffe, to the Conquerours, who quickly brought all the
Places of the kingdome, to the Emperours obedience. One, and the
fame cauſe, often produces very different Effects. The Bohemians, being
of the race of them, who had defeated fo many Armies, not only with
the fword, but even with the very noyſe of their names; fighting now
for the fame Caufe, and upon the fame pretexts, obtained not the
fame good iffue. It is true, that thoſe others, had to do with peo-
ple, who, in refpe&t they had lived long idle in peace, had not any
knowledge, or underſtanding of armes and thefe here, with men,
who came out of a School, where Mars præfided; where the best
Leffons were taught: and where experience, had made them Cap-
taines, Let us now return into France.
CHAP
PART.1.
80
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
;
CHAP. IV.
Warres against the Hugenots, and why? A new difference,
between the House of Auftria, and the Venetians.
A
He Hugenots, not being able to digeft the reduction of Bearne, which
was performed more by the venerable lufter of the Kings Majeſty, then
by that of the fword, which remained unfheathed; and fearing to be one
day overwhelmed, by his good fucceffes, through the inftigation of their
good friends the Jefuits; difcovered their diftruft, by Affemblies in divers fecond warre
parts of the kingdom; and laft of all at Rochell, where all the Churches against the
met, to confult, and provide for their Bufineffe. The King being informed, Hugenots.
that this Generall Convocation of theirs without his knowledge, and per-
miffion, too viſibly checked his Authority; that that which he had granted
them at Loudun, proved prejudicial to him, and that it was to his Grace, and
not to Arms, that they were to have recourfe; gave them to underſtand his
Royall Will; which was,that they fhould feparate themſelves within a few
dayes, under pain of the crime of High Treafon: But in vain; They whoſe
courages are so inflamed, by the clattering of Arms, as to hold it for pleaſant muſick,
are not to be terrified by threats. They tend their Deputies to Paris, to make
proteftation of their fidelity, and excufe the neceffity of their affaires. But,
the King required nothing but obedience, and fo he advanced his Troops
towards Saumur, which was delivered him up by Monfieur de Pleffis, Saint
John d' Angeli, after having fuffered fome Attacks, implores the Kings par-
don, Benjamin Duke of Soubife comes, and cafts himſelf at his Royall feet, and
promites him, o wear his fword no more, againſt his fervice, though after-
wards he quickly forget that promife. The Walls were demolished, upon
which the choler of Lewis the juft was stopped; and his clemencie extended,
upon the Inhabitants. This good fuccefle made him refolve, to march into
Gascony, nor did a whit difanimate the Gafcens, who had determined on
the other fide, to fell their liberty at as dear a rate as they could. Many
Townes were conſtrained, to humble themſelves, to the victorious Arms of
their Prince. The women were often feen, moft defperately fighting upon
the Breach of the Walls; and really, if the chief of the Party had flewed as
much ſtability, as the Common people did zeal; the prize had not been got-
ten fo good cheap, nor their Republick (the foundations whereof they were
fufpected to have already laid) ſo eaſily deſtroyed.
The profperity of this vertuous Prince, together with the promptitude he
uſed to furpriſe the Hugenots, before they could have meanes to put any con-
fiderable forces into the Field, facilitated to him, that which could not be de-
nied to his juſtice; and fince hath declared that his will was, to command
his Townes, and not the confciences of his People; for the Hugenots who put
all their confidence,and fecurity,in the fortifications of theirs, were at length
conſtrained, to rely only upon his Royall Word.
His exploits, against his Subjects of the Reformed Religion, are amply de-
fcribed by many Authours,and therefore it fuffices me,to take notice only,of
the courſe, or Current of them, inſert the misfortunes; briefly follow my
way, and return with him to Paris; there to hear his victories fung by the
and fee the diſpleaſure done, to the other.
one,
$
The fiedge which was laid before Montaubane (a Town of fuperlative The ſiege of
ftrength) at the beginning of Autumne, was raiſed, by the great refiftance Montaubane.
of the Befieged, feconded by continuall raine, and difeafes, which much
afflicted, and diminiſhed the Kings Army: not without the loffe of many
L
brave
:.
-
74
PART 1,
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Duke of
Mayenne kit
led,
The death of
the Marquis
✔ Ancre,
brave men; as,the Conftable de Luynes, and the Duke of Mayenne,who was
lamented moft of all. Now thefe two Lords,who had moft excellently acted
their parts upon the Stage,or Theater of France,and danced a Gig & Round
molt different in cadency to one another; as they were of a very contrary
humour, to had they likewife a very diftinct death. And in regard that all
the moſt tragical, and most memorable accidents which happened, are
found annexed to their lives, we will fuccinctly paffe through them. The
Caſtle of Amboife gave the beginning,and the Birds laid the foundation of the
Relation of the fortune of Monfieur de Luynes. His credit glittered, by the death of the Mar-
life of the Con- quis d' Ancre, and by the return of the Princes.leagued against the faid Mar
Stable Luynes, quis; and bis greatnels, by that, of the unfortunate wife, that unhappy Favor
rite, whofe Poffeffious and Goods were liberally bestowed upon him, by
the King. He was killed by his Majefties command, and by the counfell of
this new Miniſter, juft as he was entring into the Loure; and his Body torne
in picces, by a peopic, which thought it felf going into a Golden Age, after
And his VVife. this Execution. His wife, who had been the companion of his Greatneffe,
was like wife to be fo, of his difafter and fall. She was ca ft in prifon, and not-
withſtanding ſhe baffled, and cluded the vanity of the witneffes, who accu-
fed her of magick, or witchcraft; fhe was nevertheleſle condemned to ful
fer a fhamefull death, upon the Market-place of Greve, Her Exccution cau-
fed pitty, in the foules of fome; contentment in others, and amazement to
Arangers, the eyes of whofe underſtandings were nor dazled, by the clowds
of paffion. For it was a ſtrange thing, to fet a Lady, upon a bafe and infa-
mousfcaffold, who had been but a little before, with fo much power and
greatneffe, at the Court. Ah falfe, and treacherous Fortune! How much
gall doft thou hide, under thy honey? and how many treacheries, under
thy favours? No marvel, if thou deſtroy, what thou haft made, fince thou
overturneft even Kings,and Kingdomes themfelves, which had taken their
foundations, from the hands of the Almighty himfelf. This tragical Begin-
ning being brought to his defired iffue, Luynes counfelled the King, to banish
his Mother from the Court, whom he knew to be in implacable indignation
againſt him. Her Exile (which was taken for a Retreat) the advancement
of his two Brothers, companions of his fortune,and the total and entire dif-
poſal, of the favour, of the good King; caft him into the hatred of the peo-
ple, which he could not faile to inherit, as well as of the Queen; and into the
averfion of the Princes, who took his government for a pretext, of their dif
contentments, and for a cloak, to diſguiſe their interefts. From the quality
of an ordinary Gentleman, he rid Poft (as it were) to honours, and was cre-
ated Earl,and Viceroy of Picardy, Duke, and Peer of France; and within a very
fhort time after, Conftable. In fine, all (miled upon him;every one adored this
Golden Calfe; yea, even they, who if they could have gotten him in their
power, would have cruthed, and fhivered him to pieces. To fecure himfelf
from the Queen-Mother, he procured the deliverance of the Prince of Conde:
but common neceffity,obftructed the courfe of his greatnefs,though it hardly
extinguifhed the hatred, which all the French bore him,and left him but two
friends,who caufed his miferable Body to be fecretly interred,for fear,left he
fhould receive the fame treament of him, whofe place he had taken. O fhort
felicity! full of troubles,difquiets,cares,and vexatious apprehenfions! O vain
Glory! fo much hunted after, fo much envied, and to dearly and painfully
bought? how deceitful is thy end? O vain Honours! How are you fteeped,
and drenched in gall? And how different from thofe, which are prepared by
Eternity for us? On the other fide, Prince Henry was beloved, almoſt
throughout all France, as well for his great vertue, as for the open hatred he
carried to the Conftable; ended his dayes upon the bed of honour, before
Montauban, for the Catholick Faith, and for the reftauration of the Autho-
rity
PART.1.
75
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
1614.
*
1520.
His manners.
rity of his King, and the whole Kingdom. He was fon to the deceaſed Duke His life.
of May enne, fo well known, in the Hiftory of the precedent Age; to whom
France had this obligation, that the was not difmembred, and crippled, du-
ring the fury of the cruell Warres. Whileft he courted the Widow of the
Count de Soiffons, the moved both him, and the Duke of Nevers, to this perni
cious Warre; to whom the Prince of Conde, and the bufie Duke of Bon llon
joyned themſelves alfo;which kindled by foxe certainPrincefs,who refpired
nothing but vengeance, and terminated, by the prudence of that moft wife
Queen, at Saint Menehout. He retired from the Court, for the hatred he
bore to the Conftable, and followed the party of the Queen-Mother, toge-
ther with other Princes:in regard of the ill treatment the received. His choler
cauſed him to commit a great fault, before Moiffac in Quercy, whereof the
King ferved himfelf,for the confufion of the Leaguers, or Covenanters. He was
of a frank,and open humour, without diffimulation; fuch as is fit for a Prince,
and not for a Courtier. He was alfo free to fpeak, and deliver his opinion,
and very courteous to his inferiours; much more intenfe, upon the ruine of
the Hugenot Party, then upon prolonging the Warre, as many have done,
for their own proper intereft. In fine, a Bullet fent him to his grave, puc
the Army in diforder, France into mourning, an end to fo many brave ex- The mourning
ploits, which which will caufe him to be eternally hurt, to the fiege of Mon- of all France
taubanc, and to the fear of the Hugenots, who called him the great Butcher: for his death.
and the tears interrupted by ſobbes, expreffed the true love, which all the
Orders of France really bore him; and which was befides, moſt amply de-
clared,by the elegant Orations made at his Funerall. The newes of his deathi
being divulged at Paris, fo much moved the Common-people, that they
caft themſelves upon the Reformates, and fired the Church of Charenton, yea,
and the mischief had yet gone further, had it not been prevented, and ſtop-
ped, by the Queens, and the Lords of the Parliament. Some dayes after,
the Pontan Change(in English,the Exchange Bridge)and the Pont des Orfebures,
(in English, Goldsmiths Bridge) were likewife fet on fire, with inestimable loſs;
for which the Reformats were much fufpected by their enemies, thereby to
revenge themſelves of the affronts which had been done them; for venge-
ance is fweet. But much more diligence was ufed, to finde out the riches,
which was fallen into the River, then the cauſe of two fuch difalters. How-
ever it be, the Warre grew hot the next year after, and the King made
himſelf Maſter of the Ifles St. Martin, d'Oleron, and Brouage. After fome
ſmall victories gotten upon the Duke of Rohan, and his Brother, the
Peace was concluded at Montpeillier; by which the faid Towne (more
peillier. 1622.
by force, then by inclination) returned to her duty; and all the party, A Tumult at
which had been attacked by many Armies throughout all the Provin- Paris against
ces, after frequent loffes, began to refpire, and fhewed, that it was no them of the Re
more invincible. This Peace feparated the Navies, hindered the Duke ligion.
of Guife, from prevailing upon his advantage; and the Fort Lewis built made.
upon the Haven of Rochelle, gave fubject to renew the War, as we ſhall
hereafter fhew.
The Peace
made at Mont-
The Peace
1617.
The Venetians, to procure reparation of the dammages received from the
Croats, in the year 1617. found themſelves obliged to arme, against the
Houſe of Auftria. And they entered by force into the Territories of
the Arch-Duke Ferdinand, from whence they were repulfed. Then, The Venetians
they made an Allyance with the United Provinces, and received fuccour again the
from them, under the conduct of Count Iohn of Naffeam: But both
House of Au-
par- tria.
ties, having had experience of the mutable lot of Armes, they return-
ed into their former good intelligence. At the fame time the Warre
began again, between the King of Spaine, and the Duke of Savey. Ver-
selly was taken by the Spaniards; and the Savoyers entred into the Dutchy
L 2
of
76
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
of Milan. But this Difference was quickly appeaſed, by the interceffion of
the Pope, and the King of France. When Fortune is equall, and humours capable
of reafon, Peace is quickly made. Let us go now to Vienna.
The War of
Auftria.
Baudiffa
burneth.
CHAP. V.
The wars of Auftria, Lufatia, Moravia, and the
Palatinat.
WE
E left Ferdinand, ill enough accompanied on his way to Frankfurt,
and the Landgrave, William of Darmstadt came to meet him, and
conducted him into the Town, where he was received, and faluted Empe-
rour; though he eafily marked a fufficient averfion in that people, from the
Princes of his family. What cannot Religion effect, upon weak, and ill-informed
mindes ? It begets a blind zeal, which being grown big, produces as much mischief
as it can poſſibly effect; and hearkening to nothing but Paſsion, thinks it does well,
whileft it does ill.
Whileft the Emperour was detained by the reception of theſe honours,
they of his Party were in daily action with their enemies, and that often
with advantage; But this war was terminated the year following, 1620,
by the Battel of Prague. A notable obfervation, that one onely Battel purchafed
the Conquerours a whole Kingdom.
Auftria was allo exerciſed, by a revolt no leffe dangerous, then that of
Bohemia; chiefly, becauſe it chanced at the fame time, and for that it de-
prived Ferdinand of all fafe retreat.
The leagued Mutineers took arms upon this captious pretext; That the
Archduke Albert was their Lord,and not the faid Ferdinand. How bad foever
the Caufe be which the Lawyer pleades, he forbeares not yet to speak aloud. He onthe
other fide alledged the donation made him by Albert, inviting them to
renounce the League, and pay him the Oath of fidelity; which they refu-
fing, he proclaimed them out-laws, and gave the execution of the Profcri-
ption to the Duke of Bavaria, who reduced them to reaſon, time enough to
come to fuccour the Count of Bucquoy.
Lufatia, depending upon the Kingdom of Bohemia, was the allyance,and
muft needs,forfooth,have her finger in the Pye. This Province was recom-
mended,to the Electour of Saxonie; who choofing rather to proceed by way
of accommodation, then prefently to fly to extremities,made the States ac-
quainted with his Commiffion; thewed then the danger of perfifting in ob-
ftinacy; and would have certainly have perfwaded them, had not the Mar-
quis of Lagerendorp broken the negotiation by force of arms, and brought the
Negotiatours away prifoners. This impertinent action much difpleafed the
Electour; who finding that they had violated the Law of Nations, refolved
to tamper no more with them. The Town of Baudiffa, firft felt his cholar,
and the violence of his arms, which after ſhe was almoft wholly reduced to
aſhes, at length yeelded her felf up; and all the reſt followed her example.
This exploit made the Duke of Saxonie very odious, to the Proteftant Party;
but, the Emperour, for recompence of his fervices, and to keep him faſt in
his friendship,made him a prefent of both the Lufatia's It is impoffible to please
all, and especially two contrary Parties, filled with acrimony, and hatred, through
the zeal of Religion.
Auſtria,
PART. 1.
77
The History of this Iron Age.
Asstria, Bohemia, and the two Lufatia's, were no fooner under obe-
dience, then there was a neceffity to turn the fword another way; as name-
ly, to Moravia; which was undertaken and quickly accompliſhed by Moravia.
Bucquoy. Favour wheels about with Fortune, and Envy lies in wait for it.
The town of Iglaw forthwith ſtooped; Swam followed, and Generall
Spet, being returned to his duty, brought all the other Towns alfo (partly
by force, and partly by inclination) to theirs; and to that warr which feem-
ed by the animofities thereof, as if it would have lafted whole ages, was The Silefians
ended, for fome time in all thofe Provinces. The Silefians, fearing the victo- make peace.
rious Duke of Saxonie, who added threats to reafons, and had already lifted
up his hand to ſtrike, chofe rather to hearken to a friendly Compofition,
then run the hazard of being forced to it, to the ruine, both of their Country
and Priviledges: and confequently,they fent their Embaffadours to Dresden,
where the Peace was concluded, all forgotten, and all pardoned, upon con-
dition, that they ſhould pay three millions of money,and renounce the afore-
faid allyances: whereupon they took the Oath of Fidelity to their Maſter
and he granted them free exerciſe of their Religion. Let us ftep back
towards the Palatinat.
The Houſe of Auftria, not content with having extinguiſhed the fire at The war of the
home, carried it into the Territories of the Prince Palatine. Now the Prin-house of Auſtria
ces of that great Union; to wit, the Marquis of Anupach, the Landgrave
Maurice of Hafsia, the Marquis of Donrlarch, the Duke of Wirtembergh, and
fome Imperiall Townes, had contracted great forces, for the defence of the
Palatinat. It is most facile, to re-kindle new quenched firebrands, put together by
meanes of the heat, which remaines in them fome hours after. Spinola went to ſe-
cond them, and Prince Henry Frederick, who was fent by Prince Maurice,
with a Renfort or Supply of fome Horſe; not finding a perfect harmony
amongſt them, nor being able to put fuch an one as was needfull, retyred
himſelf into Holand, leaving the Peace to be treated by thoſe Princes; after
they had bafely fuffered almoftall the Country to be taken by the Spaniards: Upon which
And fo, this great and needleffe ftir, vanished into fmoak, and melted, like the Spaniards
a great Coloffe, or Pillar of fnow, before the Sun-beams; for the Principall feized.
Heads, having promiſed not to affift the Palatine, either with men, or mo-
ney, betook themſelves to reft, after they had finifhed fo fine a Maſter-
piece as this, which merits, to be inferted in Commentaries; namely, that
Spinola, with an army of eighteen thousand men,went and took a Province,
which was guarded by thirty thouſand,and many Princes befides. Dif-united
Strength is eaſily broken.
Some Heads of the Hughenot Party, endeavoured to reprefent to the King
the intereſt he had, to hinder the progreffe of the Houſe of Austria, upon
his Allyes, their brethren; but in vain; he well enough remembring the
fuccour formerly fent them from thence, which failing them now, diſabled
them from refifting, againſt his triumphant Arms. Let us now fee, what
the Hungarians did, whileft thefe Tragidies were a playing. They are
Neighbours to the Germans, and have the Croffe on the one fide, and the
Half-Moone, on the other.
CHAP
L3
78
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Polen.
Is declared
CHAP. VI.
The Warre of Tranfylvania. The King of Poland
treacherously wounded. Warre between
the Poles, and the Turks.
Ethlem Gabor,having made an allyance with Frederick,and feeing Ferdi-
Brands forces employed in Bohemia, began to confider, not onely of ma-
king a powerfull diverfion, but alfo of winning a Crown. We have Ambition,
and we ſhall also quickly find Religion. He railed a great Army, under very
abftrufe, and farre-fetch'd pretexts, thereby to puzzle, and baffle fuch as
had power to refift him. This man, for a fine beginning, oppreffed Gabriel
Batorius his Lord, by the affiftance of the Turk; and fo being grown Mafter
of Transylvania, and propped by the Ottomans, he poffeffed it, in the quality
of Prince thereof. He made a League with the Archdukes; but feeing
them entangled in dangerous Wars, he pricked up his ears, and raiſed a po-
tent Army,to ſeize upon the Kingdom of Hungarie, Convenience moves men
to break allyances, as well as necessity; and good fucceffe covers the injustice of the
Cauſe; or at least, urges the doubt, that if Right be to be violated, it ought to be
War of onely to winne a Crown. In fine, he fecretly armed, took occafion by the fore-
Tranfylvania. lock, and cloathed the Lyon, with a foxes skin. He got poffeffion of Caffovia,
before the people thought themfelves in danger. They, whofe affections
he enjoyed, were diſcovered by their Religion: The Romane Catholicks,
and fuch others alfo, as had any refentment of their duty, being frighted,
Gaber takes fome armed, and others fled. He took Pafen, under the title of Prince of
Hungarie; marched to Vienna,and joyned with the Confederates to beſiege
the Town. But the Polanders, having defeated his Troops, which remained
King of Hun- in Hungarie, made him return, and mould his bufineffe after another form;
fo much did he ftand in awe of the King of Poland: though he went back-
wards, onely toleap the better: For he obtained a Truce, which he quick-
ly brake, proclaimed himſelf King by them of his Caball, entered again in-
to Auftria, and if Fortune had not turned her back upon the Confederates
in Bohemia, it is very likely, he might fully have accompliſhed all his preten-
tions, and ruined the faid Houſe of Auftria it felf. There is fomething wanting,
we rife, either too early, or too late. The Emperour was fhut up in the Town,
and conſtrained both to hear, and fuffer the infolency of fome feditious
Citizens, which was repreffed by the Count of Dampiere, who departed not
long after towards Pofen, with intention to furprize it; but he was killed
by a Musket-bullet. He was by birth a Lorrain; had done the Emperour
many moft confiderable fervices, and was much deplored, by the whole
Party. Bethlem finding this thorn out of his foot, and having bought the
amity of the Turk with money, brake the Truce, but his Letters, by which
he invited the Tartars, and wherein he gave them teftimonies of what fer-
vices he would perform to the Grand Signier, at the cost of the Empire, and
all Chriftendome, by allying himſelf with the Turk, being intercepted,
he difobliged the prime Lords of Hungarie, who caft themselves into the
Emperours armes,and fell upon Gabors forces, and handled them almoſt as
ill, as the Polanders had done the year before.
garie.
Dampiere
killed.
The Count de
Bucquoy in
Hungaric.
Hereupon the Count de Bucquoy entered into Hungarie, took many
Townes, and amongst others, Pofen it felf and the Tartars, coming to
relieve Gabor, were cut in pieces, by the Poles, under the command of that
great Captain, Cotqueviets,
The
PART.1.
79
The History of this Iron Age,
İs killed.
The Emperour had rua great hazard of loofing the Kingdome of
Hungarie, (had not Fortune faved it) by the death of the brave Count of
Bucquoy; who attempting to repulle the Hungarians, when they fallyed
out of Newhewfel, was layd upon the ground, with no leffe then fixteen
wounds. He could not more generoully furrender his foul, nor finde a
more illuftrious bed of honour, to crown the greatneile of his actions, had
not his fouldiers fo bafely forgotten their duty, and disbanded themfelves His Army dis-
bands it felf.
fo ignominiouſly. For they might, by carrying the body of this Mars,
with as much reafon, have expected to winne Vitories, as the Spaniards
did, by that of their Rodrigues, but after the loffe of their General!, they
found themſelves without pulfe, life, and motion. And fo, we may catily
think, how fenfible a loffe this was, to the Emperour,and all his family, to
whom he had rendered fo potent fervices.
Thus by the death of this one brave Captaine, Fortune changed, and
the Conquered became Conquerours. They, who before, were reduced,
to a meer feeble, and fearfull defenfive Warre, regained courage, and re-
turned to befiege the places which they had loft. But Forame, lighter then
the winde, made Bethlem know, how neceffary it was for him, to make
Peace; and Ferdinand, defirous to remedy fo many evils,as furrounded him
on every fide, eafily fuffered himſelf to be induced to it, by his own naturall
inclination: And fo, upon the reftitution of the Crown, and the relin-
quifhment of the Title of King, the Peace was made, and Arms laid down,
for a while; though Gabor never caft off the defire of moving, nor the ha-
tred, which he carried to his Lord, the Emperour.
Now, fince we are gotten fo neer Poland, let us deliver that which hap- The King of
ned there, in the year 1620, The King being at Wart fawe, where the Diet Poland hurt.
was held; and going into the Church upon the fifteenth of November, a
Gentleman gave him two blows with a Pole-axe upon the head and ano-
ther on his shoulder, which very much endangered his life: But the Parri-
cide received his reward, and the King was heard by the ftanders
by with a faint and feeble voice to pronounce theſe words: What
(faid he) do the Polanders learne of the French to kill their
Kings?
Let us go hence, till we ſhall firft have related the fubject, for which Of
man the Emperour of Turkie with an Armie of above four hundred thou-
fand men, attempted to fwallow up all this puiffant Kingdome, which
was this.
TheWay wood of Walachia being revolted from the Grand Signier,and calling
in the Poles to relieve him, was attacked by the Tartars, and Turks; who,
in the first fight, having the worst, and in the laft, the beſt of the day,
the Waywode was killed, and the Polish Nobility defeated: and this Victory
fo much inflamed the heart of the Great Turk, that he fhamefully banished
the Poland Embaffadour from his Court, and declared a war upon the
King, Fortune, is the Miftreffe of young Princes, for by good fucceffes, she fills them Olman at-
with temerity, to destroy them.
tacks Poland.
CHAP
篮
​73
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Mansfeldt uses
deceit in the
Palatinate.
CHAP. VII
The warre in the Palatinate. Tilly beaten, revenges himself,
and defeates the Marquis of Baden. The Bishop of Halberstadt,
makes himſelf known in Weftphalia, and is beaten ;
paffes with Mansfeldt, through Lorraine,
and incamps himſelf before Sedan.
every
The
to
He profperous progreffe of the Emperours Generals, repaired, and rai-
fed his Authority, to fo much fplendour, that every body defired to
keep himſelf faft with him, and gaine his favour; there remaining none
who durft openly act for Frederick, but ſuch as were droven by defpaire.
For, the Duke of Anholt,finding the gate open to a reconciliation, ftooped to
get in; and many Townes alfo did the fame. And the Landgrave William,
fonne to Maurice of Hafsia, who finding Bellona too hard, and rigorous a
Miftreffe, betook himſelf to the fociety of the Mafes, followed the example
of the former, and was received with the fame benevolence; yea, and ador-
ned with a new Title of Honour befides, We are forced, in a ftorn,to make a good
Part, which,when the danger is paft, we do not value.
Mansfeldt recollected fragments of the Armies, found means to repair
his loffes, and grew likely to reſtore things, to the point from whence they
were fallen. In effect, not being able to get into Bohemia, he wheeled about
towards the Palatinate: where, by the taking of fome places, and fighting
fome profperous skirmishes, he raiſed the courage of his fouldiers, and ftruck
aftonishment into his enemies. But,the Duke of Bavaria,feafed upon the up-
per Palatinate, reduced him to fuch extremity, that,upon the condition of a
fumme of mony, and fome very high title of Honour, he was content to
feck Peace with the Emperour; however it were intended by him, but onely
to fave his Army, and fo to kill two birds with one ftone. Foul play, or
cheaterie, when it fucceeds well, paffes for a gallant piece of warlike craft; and
wickedneſſe never ſeeks long, before it findes an occafion. For as foon as he arri-
ved in the Lower Palatinate, he threw off his Vizard, broke his word, took
Takes Hage- many Towns (which ferved for a Fee to his hunger-ſtarved fouldiers) fack-
ed Alfatia, and furprized Hagenaw.
naw.
Frederick, upon the noife of thefe fucceffes, left Holland, paffed incognito
through France, and not without huge paines,and danger,got to the Army.
The Bavarians. There happened a furious Encounter near Wloch, where the Bavarians loft
about above two thousand men, a great number of Colours, and four Field-
Pieces; which were teftimonies, that the victory was not contemptible.
beaten.
puc
But Tilly was not long, before he found meanes to revenge himſelf of this
affront. It is good to lend to fuch,as are alwayes read to render. For, having joy-
ned his Troops with Don Cordocia, and being informed, that the Marquis of
Baden was feparated from Mansfeldt, he followed him ſo cloſe, that he over-
took him neer Wimpfen; where, after a ſtubborn fight of fome hours, he
the Cavalry to flight. But the Infantry, or Foot, finding themſelves aban-
doned with a maſculine refolution, mingled with deſpair, and defire of an
honourable death, fought very valiantly, and made Tilly know, that he
fhould not have their lives at fo cheap a rate, as not to wrangle ftoutly for
them; howbeit, by an unlucky chance, they were deprived of the meanes,
Vidory of the though not of the will, to continue it, For, by the perpetual playing of the
Imperialists Ordnance, the fire got into the powder, which fprung the Waggons with fo
near Wimpfon. unfortunate hurt, that all the Foot fell into diſorder, and was cut in pieces:
They have
their revenge.
And
PART.1.
8,
The History of this Iron Age.
And eight and thirty Pieces of Canon; a great deal of Baggage, and mo-
ncy, with fix fcore Coulors falling into the hands of the Conquerours, made
the Conquered confefe, that they received a huge, and molt fenfible loffe.
The Field was firewed with dead Bodies, and the perithing of fix thousand
men upon the place, gave caufe to count this, for one of the greatest Bat-
tails of this Age.
The Bishop of Halberstadt in the interim was not aſleep; but having con- The cruelties
tracted great forces, he went ravaging and pillaging all Weftphalia; fparing of the Bishop of
neither Monkes, Nunnes, nor Ornaments of the Church it felf, to fatiate his Haibentadt in
cruelty, leachery, and avarice. Indeed, the fcandall he gave, was too great; Weftphalia.
for his proceedings were blamed, even by them of his own Party: and he
purchafed the name of the Mad Bishop. But the Catholicks were too much
tyed to the Emper curs fervice, and therefore he thought fit to chaftife them,
ince there was no other means, to hurt their Victorious head; and beſides,
the difguft of their fo often finging Te Deum, was too fharp and hot to be en-
dured. At Paterborne, he took a Statue of Saint Liborius, of maffive Silver,
and melted it into Rex Dollars, which he figned, with an Arm stretched out,
and a ſword, with this motto, A Friend to God and an Enemy to Priests. The
youthfull infolencies, and unreaſonable actions, which he committed in a
certain Cloyster of Nunnes, muſt be buried in filence; for the like could not
happen, but in a corrupt Age. This Army caft the greateſt bulk of the war, Warre again
upon the Ecclefiafticks; nor can there be imagined any kinde of facriledge, the Ecclefia-
which was not perpetrated by them; neither went they in fine, very farre, sticks.
before they received the Crown of their works. For being coafted, or over-
taken by the Count of Anholt, who was now joyned to Tilly, they were ftre-
nuously affaulted, near the River Maines and endeavouring to pafle in
confufion, the Bridge brake, and made fine fport for the Imperialifts, who
cut off fuch as were ftopped: and the River confpiring to their deftruction,
thruzled a great many more, fo that only they who could fwimme efcaped,
and through their great diligence made a ſhift at length to reach the Avant-
guard of the Army, where their Biſhop marched, and foranged themſelves
under the wings of General Mansfeldt, fo that the River ſhared ſtakes with
the Imperialifts, in the honour of this victory, as having drowned about
three thouſand of them. Frederick after this fo rough a check, having no
means at all left to maintain his forces any longer, disbanded them, and re-
tired himſelf back to the Hague, there to expect the iffue of the Treaty at
Bruffels, by which Frankendal, with the confent of King Lames of England,
was fequeftred into the hands of the Infanta.
Tilly went afterwards,and took Heidelberg by force, and Manhein, by
Heidelbergh
compofition; and that great renowned Library, was tranfported to Rome raken, and the
(for the Pope would have alſo his part of the booty) to the great trouble of Library carri-
all the Electorall Family: but, who can resist against Fate? Mansfeldt, and ed to Rome,
his Biſhop,marched on towards Lorrain,through which they paffed,without
any repugnance, the Duke being furprized by their unexpected approach,
and ſtayed fome weeks at Sedan; and Cardeña, who was at their heels, in-
camped himſelf at Ivoy. We will leave them there, to plot new Defignes
with the Duke of Boullon, and return into Poland, to fee what great body
of Nobility march fo briskly on, to face that potent Emperour Ofman,
M
CHAP.
Sz
PART 1,
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
They make all
the Nobility
march, to fuc
cour Ulad.flaus.
The Peace
made.
Ofman ftrang-
pha elected in
his place.
CHAP. VIII.
The continuance of the warre between the Poles, and the Turks.
The tragicall end of young Ofman. The death of fome Lords.
im-
He Polanders, being refolved to revenge the affront done their Embal-
fadour, received befides fome kind of check in Moldavia; but Prince
Vladislaus hafting thither with a puiffant Army, defeated the Turks in a
ranged Battail; which kindled fo great fury in the young Emperour Ofman,
that he swore he would be revenged, and deftroy the kingdom of Poland,
with that terrible Army, whereof we have (poken already. King Sigifmund
received the Alarme, and fent his Embaſſadours to all Chriftian Kings,
ploring their affiſtance againſt the Common Enemy. King James aforefaid
lent five thousand men, whom the King of Denmark would not fuffer to paſs,
in relpect of the Allyance between him, and the King of Sweden. In fine, the
Polanders finding nothing, but excufes every where, were fain to get all on
horfe-back,together with theirKing, and go to deliver their Prince,who was
fo ingaged,that he had almoft no means left him to cfcape evident danger. It
was a worthy object, to fee a King march at the Head of two hundred
thouſand Gentlemen: whercof the Grand Signar being advertiſed, ſent to
offer a Peace to the Prince, who embraced it, as an Embaffie come from
heaven; becauſe the third part of his Troops of fixty thouſand men, which
were left to defend the Confines againſt this uge multitude, was quite con-
fumed,partly by continual attacks,and partly by difeafes,as having been com-
pelled, for want of victuals, to eat many of their own horſes.
The Turks, after having wanted half their Army, made their retreat;
which, together with the Peace, was about the moneth of October, 1621.
Let us follow them to Conftantinople, where we ſhall ſee the tragical, and pi-
tifull end of their Prince.
Ofman, the aforefaid young Prince, by fome deportments of his, gave fu-
fpition to the Ianifaries, of his having a mind to transferre both the Trea
fure, and feate of the Empyre, from Conftantinople, under pretext of making
a pilgrimage to the Sepulcher of their Prophet Mahomet, Wacreupon, his
fhips were ftopped, his Favorites maffacred in his prefence,and himſelf, after
having endured a thouſand indignities from the Souldiers, ftrangled by
the command of his uncle, whom they had drawne out of his Hermitage,
to fucceed him. But he did not long enjoy thoſe honours, whereof indeed
he was unworthy. Happy are they, who live content in the lownesse of their Con-
dition, and are not exposed to the blowes of the Thunderbolt; as thofe Captaines alſo
are, who for fake the Armies, to return to the Plough, without lftening to the voyce
of the charming Syrens of ambition. But it is not only here, that we have feen
unheard-of changes.
Now theſe fatall Tragedies were advantageous to the Chriftians, who
The Count de la were fo divided by the two fo often mentioned Paffions, that there was no
Tour obtaines appearance left to reunite them. The old Count de la Tour, and the Marquis
Succour of the of Lagerendorf, were knocking at the Grand-Signors Gate, and diſplaying
Tuik.
both their Rhetorick, and their Preſents, feconded by the Embaladours of
the inconftant Gabor;fo much were they feazed by defire,to ruine the Houſe
of Auftria, which almoſt all Chriftendome banded together, hath not been
able to effect hitherto; no, nor fo much as to deprive it, of the Imperial
Crown. However, they obtained fome fuccour, fackaged Moravia, and
joyned with Gabor; but the Turks were defeated, and their Mustapha com-
pelled to yeeld up his place to Amurath, Brother to Ofman. And thefe Tra-
Sacks Mor 2-
via.
Is beaten.
gedies
PART.I.
82
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
gedies were the cauſe of the warre, which chanced between the Turks and
Per fians, to the great good of Christendom; and gave occafion alſo to the
Goffacks to make a Cavalcada, or Inroade, to the very Gates of Conftantinople. The Coffacks
For, after they had paffed many great Forrefts,and vaft Deferts,the Alarme at the Gates of
grew fo hot, that if the faid Coffacks had not ſpeedily retreated with their Conftantino-
the poor Chriftians in the Town had had their throats cut, inregard
that it was published, that they had intelligence with them. Let us now take
leave of the Countries, of the Half Moon, for many yeares, and return by The Turks.
the Mediterranean, into thofe of the Croffe, which being momentarily The Roman
1prinkled with blood, cannot chooſe but multiply abundantly.
prey,
*
ple,
*
*
Catholick
The Venetians were very attentive to the fucceffes of the Bohemian warre, the Mediterra-
and being more propenfe to their own intereft,then their Religion, occultly nean Sea.
favoured the Bohemians. But the reft of the States of Italy, leaned more to
the other fide; however Peace remained amongst them, juft as they did in
Spain, where they received the newes of a great victory, upon the King of
Maroco, and faw (after the expiration of the Truce) fome Holland Vellels
brought into their Ports, which came from Venice, and were taken in the
Sreights of Gibelaltar. This year 1621. in the moneth of March, deceaſed
Philip the third, King of Spam, and was followed fome moneths after, by the The death of
pious Arch-Duke Albert, who left the Country to his Ifabel, and the Com- Philip the
mand of the Militia, to the Marquis Spinola. That famous Cardinal Robert third King of
Bellarmin, ſo well known by the Books he left written, both againft the Re- Spain,and of
formats, and others, paid likewife his tribute to Nature, this very year, being Albert, and
the Arch-Duke
above fourfcore years old.England continued in Peace; and therefore we will Cardinal Bel-
ftep into the Low-Countries.
larmine.
CHAP. IX.
Sadnes. in the Low-Countries, for the bad fucceffe of the Affaires
of Frederick. The Warre begun again, betwixt them, and the
Spaniards. Gulick, and Papemutz furrendred.
Count Henry fufpected, and why?
Olland was full of loy, upon the termination of the Domeſtick Diſor-
HOLLA
ders, and the condemnation of the Arminians; a great part whereof
withdrew themſelves out of united Provinces; fome others embraced the
doctrine of the confeffion of Auxbourgh, and the reft fought fo long againft
their Croffes, that they furmounted them at length, by obtaining in many
Towns free Exercife of their Faith. But this joy was quickly turned into
mourning, by the arrivall of the newes of the unhappy fucceffe of King Fre-
dericks Arms; and the loffe of his Kingdom, which he had already had,
fome moneths in his poffeffion. Though yet the Gazers fung alwayes of his
victories, and of the decline of the Emperours Affayres: yea, and the Pain-
ters reprefented him already, fitting in the Imperial Throne; Ferdinand, on his
knees before him; and the Eagle all peeled, and debilitated. It was allo The Eagle
publiſhed,that the Battail before Prague, was wonne by him;and the contrary
tidings contemned, as fufpects, and given out by the Papiſts; till himſelf ar-
rived, and brought the naked Truth with him, and fhewed in fine, that all
was loft. There are many perfons fo paffionate, that they cannot endure to hear truth
Spoken, if it be contrary to their expectation; and others preferre, before the infamy
of lying, the unsteady profit which comes from it.
Prince Maurice had often enough bid the Generalls of Bohemia, have a
M 2
care
peeled.
84
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
care of themſelves, for that they had to do with a great Captain, full of cou-
rage, and experience. Many have believed, that it was his defigne, to make
Frederick, be railed to the Imperiall Crown; neither were the means there-
of fo difficult, had not God difpofed otherwife of it. They of Brabant, on the
other fide, by way of equall return to the Hollanders, pictured the Emperour
in his Throne, elevated on high, with a King fallen at his feet, and the Eagle
with feathers. loaden with feathers, plucking the Crown off his Head. But Painters, and
Poets have alwayes been permitted,to fet forth their fancies; and the Com-
mon People feed themſelves with them, as with folid food.
Loaden with
Maurice chan
ges the Magi-
Arates.
The nature of
the Hollanders.
Now, the Contra-Remonftrancers, as well by means of the Synod of Dort,
as by the company of the Prince (who declared himſelfe of their party)
having wonne the Day, ftayed not there. For, Maurice, by the advice
of fome Lords, having changed the Magiftrates in many Townes, as I
have hinted already; put in their places, fuch as he liked, and fuch as
approved of the faid Synod: Intuch fort, as the Arminians were fain to leave.
the Cuſhion against their wills, and were ill treated too,infome parts,for ma-
king too free ufe of that, which by vertue of their birthright, and the fuc-
ceffe of the Armes of the Common-wealth, they conceived, could not be
denied them.
Thefe changes begat many Libells, and gave ground to the Politicks, to
make fine obfervations,upon thofe proceedings, which remained ſecret No
definitive fentence can be pronounced, upon what may be done, but upon what is done.
Now, as mens humours which were agitated, began by little and little, to
relent,or flacken; and partialities, partly for fear, and partly for want of nou-
riſhment, to be choaked in the defire repofe; juft fo did the Truce draw to-
wards an end. And it must be noted, that thefe people, how much foever
divided in faction, return forthwith to a coherence, when they apprehend
any forraine Enemy: For really, common danger hath fo great a power
upon their minds, that it makes them fpeedily reunite, to relift the attempts
of ſtrangers: and if that come once to faile, farewell Liberty; for they will
never want private enemies; and their pride is growne too high, not
to be envied by many. Their vertue is accompanied by envy,but their Power is too
confiderable, to be eafily, and openly attacked. One of the greateft wits of our
times,adviſed the King of Spain,to make a Truce with them,if he had mind
to tame them. For they are (faid he】 like oxen, which joyne together, to repell
the Wolves; but as foon as the danger is once past, they fail to oddes amongst
themſelves.
The Arch-Duke founded them, to fee if they would hearken to a Peace,
and acknowledge him for Soveraign, under fuch terms, as feemed to divide
the Soveraignty; but they bore a deaf ear,and would not hear of fo much,
as a prolongation of the Truce: and the Embaffadour paffing through
Delph, was entertained by the dregges of the people, with durt and mud,
and moſt unworthily treated, before it could be remedied. An Embaſſadour
cannot be welcome, where his Master is hated. This affront was dilsem-
bled; Spinola being returned out of Germany, went, and incamped himſelf
near the Rhein, whileft Count Henry of Berghen, blocked up Gulick,
which furrendered it felf for want of food,in the moneth of February, 1622.
The fame year Papemutz (in English, Priests-Cap) was likewife taken,
by meanes of the huge quantity of Granades, which were caft into it. This
was a Fort fo called, feared upon an Ifland, in the middle of the Rhein,
built during the Truce, to exact Contributions of the circumjacent Coun-
tries, and to incommodate the Boats, which could not paſs without being
examined, and vifited by it; and it was facrificed to the vengeance of
the Priests, becauſe it carried both the name, and figure of their Quadran-
gular Bonnets.
Count
PART.I.
85
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Count Maurice, by the deceaſe of Philip of Naffam, his eldeſt brother (who
died like a Catholick at Breda, a little before the expiration of the Truce)
being become Prince of Orange, and Heir by will, to all his faid brothers
goods; fent his other brother with four thousand men, to eater into little
Brabant, and force the Contributions. This furprize very much amazed The Hollan-
Spinola, caft the Country people into defpair, to fee their houses fired; and dees in Brabant
moved the foul of the Infanta (who beheld this fpoil from the wals of Bruf-
fels) to compaffion. The Citizens would have marched out with their arms,
to revenge this wrong; but Spinola, commanded the Gates to be kept fhur,
and would not fuffer them, to go, and expofe themfelves to flaughter, and
an inevitable defeat. The inhabitants of a Town do enough,when they defend their
own walls; for the Field is fatall to them, against old Bands and trained Souldiers.
Count Henry of Bergues arriving too late, to hinder the return of the Hollan-
ders (which he might have effected, either with his forces, or by ſtopping
up the River of Demer) grew to be fufpected, of intelligence with his Kint-
men. He was reproached, that he might have come fix and twenty houres
fooner; and that, if he had ufed all requifite diligence, the enemies could
not have cfcaped: But he excufed himſelf the beſt he could; and ſatisfied
moſt of the Councell, though not all; and after his retreat, it was all more
maturely examined, and confidered by the moſt judicious men. The Em-
The complaint
of the Spanish
baffadour of Spaine complained once to King Henry of France, for his endea- Embaffadour,in
vouring to difingage the faid Count from his Maſters fervice; to which the his behalf.
King anfwered, that he was by birth a Germane, and no fubject of the King
of Spains. And thus paffed this complaint, together with many more, which
the ignorant people imputed, to the hatred, which the Spaniards (according
to their faying, and belief) carried towards him,
CHAP. X.
Berghen befieged. Mansfeldt, and his Bishop being beaten
by Cordoua, come to fuccour the Hollanders. The death of the
Duke of Bouillon, and a fummary of his life.
Spinola quitts the fiege. Mansfeldt paf-
TH
fes into Friezland. A third
Warre in France.
He burning of many fair villages, in the fight of the Court, cauſed fo
much fpite in Spinalas foule, that he ftudied nothing more, then the
meanes of revenging himself of it.He kept his defigne fecret; and affembled
a great Army,one part whereof he affigned to Don Lewis de Velasco,and con-
ducted the other (which was far the greateft) himſelf. He made a fhew to
draw towards the Rheyn, thereby to amule the Hollanders, whileft the faid
Don Lewis had order to march with all fpeed, to Berghen op Zoom, and to
feize upon Emblee, the Haven, and the two Forts, which defended it; but,
whether out of jealoufie, or otherwife, he went, and took Steenbergh; gi-
ging the Hollanders time, to re-inforce the Garrifon, and fecure the Ifle of
Tertellen. The Marquis nevertheleffe arrived, and befieged the Place; but Berghen be
not being able to gaine the poffeffion of the faid Haven, he wafted a good fieged.
part of his Army about it.
Weleft Mansfeldt, and his Biſhop, at Sedan,in confultation with the Duke
M 3
of
86
PART.I
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Minsfeldt at of Bouillon; and let us now call them from thence, fince we are fure to learn
Sedan.
nothing of their private conferences, but onely by conjecture. The King
of France was then before Montauban; and fearing left they might ſerve
themſelves of the fair occafion, to make a ſtrong diverfion, in fauour of the
Hughenots, who were very much weakened; he commanded the Duke of
The Duke of Newers, to taife fpecdily a Body of an Army in Champagne, and entertaine
the laid Mansfeldt with Treaties, till his Troops were in condition, to hin-
der his paffage. He alſo wrote to Den Cordona, who promiſed him to come,
and relieve him, in caſe the Germans made but the leaſt fhew of moving a-
gainſt his fervice.
Neuers.
Mansfeldt
nots.
Now this propofition of fuccouring the Hughenots, being found most dif-
dares not fuc- ficult, and of too dangerous a confequence, and the meanes of returning the
cour the Hughe- fame way they came, taken from them; they refolved to traverſe, or paffe
through Brabant, and go to fuccour Berghen, which Spinola attacked both
with Mines, and Affaults, as he had done Oftend; and this fo much the ra-
ther, becaule they were invited thither, by the States Generall, and the
Prince of Orange. And fo they marched, and by their departure, freed
Campagne, from the great oppreffions, wherewith they had very ill treated
the Lifiere. Cordona, and Anbelt followed them; and having overtaken
them near Fleury, compelled them to ftop, and face about. The battail be-
gan hotly; and Cordoua was in danger of lofing it, if the enemies horſe had
ftood faft, and better feconded the fo. t, which was almoft all cut off by the
Canon. But five hundred Pealants of the Province of Liege, who prefumed
to fet upon them, were cut in pieces, and facrificed, to their difpleaſure;
which yet, was quite forgotten, as foon as they came to the Hollanders
Camp.
Is beaten by
Cordoua.
The Bishop
lofes his arme.
The death of
the Duke of
Bouillon.
The Mansfeldians excufed their loffe, by the neceffity they had, to get the
paffage; which, fince they had obtained, by the fword,the Imperialeffs (faid
they) ought not fo much to boast of their Victoric. The Bishop was hurt in
the arme, which was forced to be cut off; which gave the Romane Catho-
licks ground to publifh, that, that arme which made warre againſt the
Priefts, had deferved to be ftruck off. It is very likely,that if the Proteftants
had not feared to alienate the King from their Party (of whole favour they
hoped one day to feel fome effects) they would have made no difficulty at
all, to let the Hughenots upon their feet again: in fuch fort,as that the King
could not lay hold of a more opportune feaſon to humble them,then during
the decline of the affairs, of the Proteſtants in Germany.
The Duke of Bouillon, after the departure of the Germans, being quite cra-
zed with age, payed his tribute to Nature: and it concerns us, to fpeak brief-
ly of his lite, that fo we may come both to the knowledge of his experience,
and exploits, and of his right alfo to Sedan, Religion, and Nature tied him
faft to his Kings fervice, whofe fecrets, and favour he enjoyed for a long
time. His first wife was the Princeffe, who was heireſs to Sedan; and not-
with ſtanding that the died without Children, and that there was another
His life. heir of the fame Houſe, he left not toretaine the faid Principat, by the fup-
He marries the port of the Kings favour. In his fecond marriage, he had the daughter, of
heireffe of Se- Prince William of Orange, by whom he had begat two fons, who grew very
dan. He keeps famous afterwards; and by this Allyance, he acquired a moft ftreight cor-
the Principate, refpondence with the States Generall of the united provinces. He much mo-
and paffes to
lefted the Dutchies of Lorraine and Luxenburgh by arms, wherein he pur-
chafed great reputation. He went and furprifed the Citt dell of Stenay, the
very day of his wedding, and was alwayes redoubted by his neighbours,and
Germany, 1509 in moft high efteem with the Princes of Germany; and it is believed, that it
was chiefly he, who counfelled the Prince Palatine, to take the Crown of
Bohemia. After his defigns,and Communications with the Marthal of Biron,
the fecond
marriage.
Beloved in
Surprizes
Stenay.
were
PART.1.
87
The History of this Iron Age.
were blown up,he kept himſelf alwayes clofe in Sedan,till the King at length,
came to awaken him. But his peace was quickly made, in confideration of
the good, which he was to perform, and of the high enterprizes, whereof
he was both the moſt worthy, and principall inftrument. After the fad
death of Henry the Great, the Prince of Conde, being returned into France,
he uſed his utmoſt endeavour, to tye him to the interefts of the Hughenots,
Ly defcribing his to him, quite otherwife, then they were to be under- He embroils
ftood; which were in effect, to embroil the Kingdome. But the Prince France.
would not revenge the injuric, which he pretended was done him, to the
detriment of Religion, and the deftruction of the poor people; which yet
not long after he did, against his promife to the Queen: though yet that
promife were quickly diffipated, as well as many other, which came out of
the fhop of his breft, more for his particular advantage,then that of the Pub-
lick, which he alwayes pretended. Now, howbit, he had been brought up
in the civill wars, and factions,he yet refuled the generalfhip,of all the Hugher He refuses the
not Armies, which was offered him, by the Affembly of Rochell; and that Generalfhip of
upon very reaſonable reafons: as firft, his age: then the Gout, wherewith the Hughenot
he was much tormented; and laftly, for the difficulty, which he was likely Party, 1621.
to find, to govern fo many Heads, as compofed that popular State. Let us
return to the fiege of Berghen.
Spinola finding his enemy recruited with fo great a Body of Horfe, and
his owne Army much diminished with toyle, affaults,ſickneſſe,and disband-
;
Why?
ings; fpeedily raifed the fiege, for fear left the way fhould be ftopped, and Spinola raifes
went, and encamped him elf three leagues fhort of Antwerp; where the fiege.
having put himfelt in pofture, and fent away his fick, and wounded men,
he offered the Prince Battell; but he contenting himself with having fuc-
coured the Place, made anſwer,to fome French Lords, who adviled him to
accept the offer that it was better to make a golden Bridge for his enemies,
then engage them in fight, which is often gained by dipaire: And fo he
retyred to the Hague, where he was well received by the States. Mansfeldt
fhewed himſelf likewife there, and the Biſhop grew to be known, and hated,
and was ſometimes in danger of being well rubbed, for his former infolen-
cies. But thefe two guefts, after fome confultations, quickly diflodged, for
Mansfeldt, having received five thousand men from France, was fent into Minsfeldt and
East-Freezland, for fear leaft Tilly ſhould come,and take up his quarters there: the French in
and the Biſhop returned into Weftphalia, where living after the old faſhion, East-Freezland
he was fnapt neer Statloo, and moſt baſely defeated.
The Bishop de-
feated, in the
year 1623.
neer Statloo.
With much more reafon, might that have been faid of Tilly, which the
Emperour of Turkie, faid of the French, when he heard the newes, of the
huge Victorie gotten by them, upon the Venetians: namely, That they had to
do with Calves. Six thoufand Imperialifts,cut off an Army of eighteen thou-
fand men; and the Bishop, in ftead of retyring himself to his Bishoprick,
returned ſpeedily into Holland, with the nimbleft runners of his broken Ar-
mie, to take new counfeil, and recollect his fcattered Troops, in the Fron-
teer Towns. There were about fix thouſand of his men taken prifoners; and
the Spanish Garriſon of Grol,contributed no fmall matter to this entyre Victo-
rie, in the year 1623. If the Bilhops Souldiers ufed great cruelties,the Manf
feldians did not much better in Freezland; in fuch fort,as that good Country,
which was able to maintaine above fifty thousand men, in good order, for
fifteen years together, was exhaufted in leffe then feven moneths; and the
Count of Oldenbergh found reafon to complainc of them befides,as bad neigh- These two Gene-
bours, for making excurfions upon his lands, But they got not all off; and
of five thousand French, there returned not twelve hundred into France, to
revile their Generall, and relate the good treatment, which they had both
given,and received, in thefe parts; all the reft being knocked in the head by
the
rals return into
Holland.
88
PART. I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
the Pealants. Mansfeldt being rejoyned to the Bishop, with the fragments
of both Armies, performed no great exploits; but being beaten againe ar
Frifoit, they both went back againe into Holland, where they plotted new
defignes againſt the Houfe of Austria. But now, let us go vifit the Swiffers,
in their Mountaines,for they will give us matter alfo, to difcourfe of them.
CHAP. XI.
Of the Swiffers, and Grizons; and their Government. The
fall of a Mountaine. Soubife breakes the Peace. The death of the
great Priour, and of the Marſhall Ornano.
Description of BGrifons, we will firft thew, that the Swiffers are a People of Germany, divided
we enter upon the motives of the Wars, which happened in the
the Cantons.
The first League
into thirteen Cantons; of whofe valour, Julius Cafar, in his Commentaries of
the Gawlish War, makes very honourable mention. They are fhut up with-
in Mountains, and great Lakes, which make their Countrey inacceffible.
The Tyranny of fome Governours, cauſed them to flake off the yoke,both
of the Houfe of Auftria, and their owne Nobility. Their firft League was
made between three Country men, or Pealants, who within a fhort time
after,grew much augmented,by the averfion of the People,from the above-
faid Government. Let no man trust to his own power, and maintaine it by rigour;
for enemies often come, from whence they are least expected. They have, upon the
one fide, the States of the Republick of Venice, and the Dutchy of Milan; and
Burgundy, Alfatia, and the Dukedome of Wirtemberg, on the other. They
were long in peace, and reft, being protected by their Hills, and their pover-
ty; till Charles Duke of Burgundy, at length, ftirred them up, to his own con-
fufion. For, having a defire to extend his domination as far as Italy,he (not-
withſtanding all their humble fupplications, for peace, and liberty, and of
fers to ferve him) brought a war upon them. Irregular ambition prepares her
felf a fall. For, their humility being turned into difpair, they fell to the ufe
of arms, which they had almoft forgoten; and defeated his Army, with-
out fo much as almoft any fighting for it, and glutted themfelves in fine,
with the ſpoiles, both of the Burgund ans, and Flemmings. Since which time,
their Allyance hath been fought, by the Popes, Kings, and Princes of Europ;
Their allyance, and eſpecially by France, which by keeping her felf faft with them, through
a yearly penfion, hath drawn no fmall advantages from them. Let us fpeak
a word alfo, of their beginnings, which are worthy confideration. They
were heretofore, wont to receive their Governours, from the Emperours,
Their beginings by whom Juftice was adminiftred, and their Priviledges maintained: fo
that they lived in peace with the Ecclefiafticks; upon whom, by donation
of the faid Emperours, if not all, yet a great part of them at leaft, de-
pended.
Charles of
Burguudie
beaten.
In fine, they being a people of a ſtrong nature, and lovers of Liberty (as
all fuch as dwell within the mountains are) found themſelves contemned by
the Nobility (which, through delights,produced by great riches,was grown
infolent) and from contempt, drawn into fervitude; and therefore, laying
hold of the opportunity, of the confufions of the Empire, they affaulted the
faid Nobility, and expelled it by force of Arms,and fo redeemed themſelves
from the Yoke.
The Emperour Albert, having a great charge of Children, endeavoured
to
PART.I.
89
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
to joyn alſo that, which immediately depended upon the Empyre, to what
he held there already, as well by inheritance, as by donation, and purchaſe;
but in vain: wherereupon he turned his defires into threats; but ftill in
vain: For his Governours had ufed tyranny, and brought this people to feek The Gouernours
entyre Liberty, by way of revenge, of fome crimes committed, and fome af- Tyrants.
frouts done to fome particular perfons; the firft whereof was to him, who
had alwayes diff waded them, from putting themselves under the yoke, of
the Houfe of Auftria: The fecond and principal,was for having attempted
the chaſtity of a woman, a vice, which caufed the Kings to be expelled from
Rome; the Infidels, to enter into Spain, and whole nations,to go out of Con-
quered Countries: The third was a moſt abfurd, and ridiculous Com-
mand; namely, to do reverence to the Hat of a Governour, which was at
the end of a perch,when they paffed by it: And it happened once, that a cer-
tain fellow being brought before the Governour, for having flighted this or-
der, he commanded him to fhoot a Apple from his childes head with an
arrow, which he performed, to the great amazement of all fuch as were
prefent.
Now, in revenge of theſe, and the like cruell proceedings, a fecret League The first League
was made, amongſt three Husband-men; the number whereof being quickly of three men.
encreaſed,they cunningly feazed upon the Caſtles, of the faid Governours,
and drove them out of their Country,in the year 1307. Within a short ſpace
after the Emperour Albert was alfaffinated,and his children,being more buſie
about revenging his death, then punishing the proceedings of the Switzers,
left them long enough in peace. In fine,Germany being divided,by the Electi-
on of two Emperours, Lewis of Bavaria,and Frederick of Auftria,they(chiefly
out of the jealoufie they had of the faid Houfe, which they had offended)
conftantly adhered to the Party of Lewis, notwithstanding he were excom-
municated, and made no account at all of the Ecclefiaftical Counfell, which
followed Frederick.
Leopold, fonne to Albert, being puffed up by fome Conquefts, and by a Leopold bea
fair Army, together with the motives of the expelled Lords; led his forces ten.
againſt the Villages, but they were defeated in the Mountaines, near Mor-
garten. And this victory of theirs, produced the perpetual Allyance of the
three Villages, which take their names from the woods; to which the reſt
have likewife adjoyned themfelves fiace, for caufes, which would be too
long to recite: yea, and very many Imperiall Townes near them, have allo
leagued themſelves with them; in fuch fort, as that now they have no ene-
my at all to fear.
Now, it muſt be avowed, that the Phyfick wrought too much, and ex- The phyfick tou
ceeded the bounds of duty and juftice. But ordinarily in Civill Warres,
when ſubjects exaſperated againſt their Governours, grow to get the upper
Strong.
hand, they break through all fear, and paffe to another manner of Policy,
as egged or,by the ambition of fome particular men. Hatred furnished Arms,
fury gave victory, and fear of chastisement, made them shake off the yoke of their
Prince, whom they accused of having violated their Priviledges. Ambition is the
moving caufe, and foule of tumults, Revolts, and Changes of State; and injuries
done to particular perfons, are the pretexts.
Their Republick is compofed of three Claffes, or Orders; the Villages The form of
to the number of thirteen; the Affociates, or Confederates; and the Towns, their Common
which depend upon their direction. Now, thefe Cantons have divers forms wealth.
of government: for that of the Villages, is Democratical: and that of the
Townes, Ariftocratical. In fuch fort, as that this whole, being contrived of
Parts entire, of variours humours, and conditions, may well be called a mixt
Common-wealth, which is kept in unity, by the onely care the hath of her
own prefervation,
N
At
90
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Their fidelity,
and their ver-
tue in arms.
At their Affembly, which is made by a general Convocation, to trear of
Warre, Allyance, Peace, and other affaires of importance; the Emballa-
dours of every Town are to meet: A form, much like that of the United
Provinces, which took Arms againſt their Governcurs, and framed their
Common-wealth, by the advantage of their fituation, as well as they; the
Sea, and the great Rivers being the fame to thoſe, which the mountaincs
are to thefe.
They ferve their Allyes, with much fidelity; but if their wages once fail,
they take their leave, from whence that Proverb fo much quoted in France,
No mony, no Switfers. They are accufed of being clownish, and fimple; but
in requitall thereof, they are not ftained with enormous vices (except onely
drinking) as fome other nations are. Above all, they deteft cheatery; and
their fidelity hath been much efteemed, in all times; their veraue in Armes,
very remarkable, as much furpaffing that of the reft of the Germans; the one
appearing about their Prince, and the other in the Field: however, at pre-
fent (all being fubject to change) it doth not much catftrip that of other na-
tions, and Francis the firft, made them know, by a huge rout in the Dutchy
of Milan, that they were not invincible, as themselves alfo manifefted at the
Battail of Pavia, where they could tell how to leave Play, when the Game
did not pleaſe them.
Their Government (as we have already faid) is in fome parts Democrati-
cal; and their Alliance, amongſt themſelves incorruptible, though it proceed
rather from a common neceffity of their own prefervation, then from per-
The Religion. fect amity: Their Religion, in fome of the Cantons is only, and purely,
Roman Catholick; in other,Reformed: and in fome again, mingled. This
Age of ours,being the moſt fatall,and moſt martiall,that ever was,hath not
fpared them; bloody Mars having as well skip't over their Mountains, as
through the Seas, the Deferts, and yaft Forefts.
The story of the
year 1618.
Pleura over
thrown by a
Mountain.
A tumult in
The fame year that that fatall fcourgc-bringing Torch appeared, there
happened an accident to the Grifons, which fufficiently teftified, that there
is no place fecure from deftruction.
For, upon the fourth of September, 1 618, towards the evening, one of the
higheſt Mountains,fell down by means of an Earthquake,and overwhelmed
a Burgh, or little Town called Pleura, and cruſhed the Inhabitants in fuch
manner, as that neither their cryes, nor groanes could be heard; no not fo
much as any trace, or figne at all, left of the place.
Two yeares after, the Inhabitants of Valteline, being very ill treated by
the Valteline, the Grifons, in the Exerciſe of their Religion, confpired againſt them, and
by the help of Rodolph Plante, killed a great multitude, and beat the reft out
of the Valley; and being fuccoured by the Spaniards (for the advancement
of their own intereft) made many Fortreffes, for their own defence.
The Venetians
jealous to fee
the Spaniards
there.
Who are at-
But, the Venetians, jealous of their intereft, and laying afide that of Reli-
gion, were terrified by ſeeing the Gate of Italy thut up and the King of
France alſo, advertiſed by them, of the common danger; declared his in-
tereft, by an Embaffadour, whom he fent to Madrid, the fruit of
whole negotiation produced a Promile of reftitution, provided that
the Roman Catholicks were entyrely affured of ther Exercife. For, the
Policy of the Spaniards, is, to tye the intereft of Religion to that of
State, as many other Princes towards the North, alfo do: and upon theſe
grounds,cold, and difinterefsed Catholicks, endeavour to make them pafs
for Hypocrites, and perfwade all the world, that under this Cloak, they will
ftrip all Pinces of their States.
The Grifons, loofing their patience, in the long expectation of the depar
tacked by the ture of the Spaniards, fell upon them, and were fhamefully repulfed. The
Arch-Duke Leopold, and the Duke of Feria, haftened thither, who compel-
Grifons.
led
PART.1.
91
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
led the poor Grifons to a peace, and thereby acknowledge, that themſelves
alone, were not able to expell fuch Gueſts as thefe, who were fo advantage-
outly lodged.
:
Yet, this was not enough; for the Spaniards, though well intrenched, for
they could not remain there, without continual fear and fo the quarrel
was renewed, and Allyances made, to force them our Upon which the
Marquis de Cocurre entred with fome Troops, and rooted them out of their
Holds.
*
On the other fide,the Savoyers, joyned with the French, under the con-
duct of that famous Conftable, de l'Edigniores; brought a warre, into the
State of Genoa, took many Towns, and gave an Alarme to all Italy. But
this fine appearance,being ftopped by a misfortune, made the Troops return,
as being deftinated for a fupply,against the Duke of Soubize, and obliged the
King, by the requeſt of the Pope, to give pace to Italy, and fequefter the Val- The Valteline
teline into his hands; fave only that both the Kings, were to have their paf- in the hands of
fage with their forces that way.
About the fame time,there was difcovered a Confpiracic against the King
of France, and the Duke of Vandofme his Brother, the great Priour, the Mar
ihall d' Ornano, and many others put in prifon, where the two laft ended
their dayes, without much noife; and the Count of Chalois, by the hands of
a Common Executioner, Thefe accidens railed much hatred upon Cardinal
Richelieu, and produced many Pafquils against him. Envy and Hatred,
are ever companions to the vertue of great Minifters; and their actions are
never free from blame.
the Pope.
CHAP. XII.
Mansfeldt hunts every where for relief, and Jets an Army on
foot. The Marriage of the Prince of Wales, with a Daughter
H
of France, after his return out of Spain.
Annibal, was no fooner out of his infancy, then he vowed the ruine of
the Romanes, and being revoked from Italy, after he had domineered
there the pace of leventeen yeares, to fave Carthage, he there ran his fhip
a ground, which had been loaden with fo many victorics, against the great
Scipio. But now, what did he, when all the ftrings of his Bow were bro-
ken? He made to his wits, for new ones. He remembred his Oath, begged
fuccour, animated the Kings of the Eaſt, againſt the infatiable ambition of
the Romanes, and continued his hatred, even to the very laft gap of his
breath.
Mansfeldt, and his Biſhop feemed to have taken the like Oath, againſt
the Houfe of Auftria, and by confequence, for the continuance in action
againſt it, they muſt have new forces. Holland could furnish them with
matter, conveniency, money, and hatred enough; England, with
defire enough, to ſee Frederick again in the Palatinate; and France, with jea-
loufie enough, in regard of the growth of the aforefaid Houfc.
There wanted no bellowes to kindle this fire; mens humours being alrea
dy difpofed that way, by diverfity of Religions, hatred, envy, felf-ends, and
Maxime of State; a Cover, which is never, either too long, or too fhort, and
ftronger then even Juftice it felf.
But now, as thefe Captains had not fo much trouble to perfwade, as that
Great Affrican fo had they notwithstanding to do, with people of much bet
ter underſtanding, then thofe Barbarians. They went into France, where
N 2
Mansfeldt
92
PART 1,
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
in France.
Mansfeldt received fome affronts, from fome particular perfons, for ill treat-
Mansfelde de- ments given the French in Freezland. However, he obtained his demand:
mands fuccour namely, fome Force; the Miniſter, who then began to climb the Hori-
zon of favour, being now no more mindfull of the fervices both asked by, and
granted to the Imperialists, before Sedan, in cafe of neceffity. Maximes of
State are more forcible then obligations, and Miniſters turn their Ally ances that
way, which their paſſions carry them.
寨
​Now, King James, though by the negotiations with Spain, he had diſgu-
fted many of the Reformed Religion, thewed himſelf nevertheleffe willing
to have as good intelligence with the Catholick States,as the King of France
had, with the Proteftant, and fo he fent Prince Charles his Sonne into Spain,
to efpouſe the Infanta Mary: but,after the loffe of much time, he came back
into England, and demanded in France (through which he had paffed dif-
guifed) the Kings Sifter, who was more eafily granted him.
Men have laboured, to penetrate into the Mystery of this Treaty; but
all, by conjecture only. The Roman Catholicks of England, who began al-
ready to feel fome warmth of the bufineffe, were extremely afflicted, at the
breach of the aforefaid Match; and the misfortune which befell them, was
a teftimony of the perpetuall' Croffe, which was ordained for them, in the
A misfortune Britannick Ilands: for, being met in a private Affembly at London, to hear
maffe, the Loft, overburthened by the multitude, funk down, and bruited
near a hundred perfons, together with the Prieft.
at London.
The Spaniards
When the aforefaid Prince had married the Daughter of Henry the
fourth, and fifter to Lewis the thirteenth, he, and his Father, undertook the
care of re-eſtabliſhing his Brother-in-Law, in the Palatinate: In fuch forty as
that Mansfeldt had no great difficulty to tranfport ten thousand English into
Holland, who almoſt all of them perifhed at Gerthrudenbergh, and lerved for
bait to the Fiſh.
The French Cavalry,confifting of three thouſand, did likewife, no very
long fervice: for, the Generalls marching towards the Rhein,and torment-
ing the Arch-Bishop, after their old fashion, their Army diminished much,
by disbandings;and themſelves fell into a quarrel,which had almoft brought
them to a Duell: though at laft, they returned into Holland, and went from
thence to the North, to warm thofe people againſt the Emperour.
Upon the ſeventeenth of February, 1624. the Spaniards palled upon the
paffe the Ifel. Ice, over the River Ifel, and caufed a terrour, as faire as Holland. Whercup-
the Prince was conftrained again to lay about him, and päls to Vtrick: and
the States, to command the Country-people to break the Ice of the River
of Vecht,
But Count Henry expected neither his enemies, nor the thaw, which
would have made him to be caught in a Pit-fall; but retyred himfe'f much
fafter then he came, and many of his fouldiers found their graves in the Ri-
ver of Welaw. His defigne was, to fright the Pealants, and not to hurt the
States.
CHAP.
PART.1.
93
The History of this Iron Age,
S¹
CHAP. XIII.
The Siege of Breda. The Enterprizes upon
Antwerp.
Pinola was every moment devifing, how to wipe off by fome no-
table enterprize, the affront he had received before Berghen.
He marched into the field, fent Count Henry towards the Rheyn,
who made a fhew of befieging Grave; and Count John of Naſſaw,
with the Horfe towards Breda; who, at his arrivali, took a great
multitude of Boats, loaden with Provifions. Himfelf followed with the
Foot: and in his Councell of War, there was found no more then one
Colonell, who thought fit to begin the fiege; and that upon the fame The fiege of
reaſons, whereby Spinola himself was moved to it.
On the other fide, the Prince of Orange, glad to fee his Rivallen-
gaged, before a place fo well provided of all neceffaries, as alfo of
aftrong Garrifon, did not fo focn difpofe himſelf to fuccour it, but gave
the Spaniards leifure to entrench themſelves, and they him to repent him-
ſelf of it.
But he hoped, by the fucceffe of his defigne upon Antwerp, long be-
fore premeditated in his thoughts, and held by him infallible; to un-
neftle them from thence, and calt their ſtate into an irremediable con
fufion.
He was well informed, that there were but very few Souldiers in
the Cittadell, and they, for the most part, difmembred, and cripled.
Wherefore, he fent fome Troops, which made a fhew of coming from
the Camp before Breda, as carrying the fame. Motto's and Colours,
which Spinola carried; they arrived undifcovered, to the very Mote.
applyed their Ladders; and fet all their rare Engynes on work, to ren-
der themſelves Mafters of the Place; whereof they could not have fail-
ed, had not their own hearts failed them firft. For, one who goes there of the
Sentinell, followed by the difcharge of a Musket, made theirs fall
out of their hands, and left them no more
and left them no more courage then onely
to fly.
It was thought,that he had a mind to beftow the honour of this cxpediti-
upon the Hollanders, whom he onely employed in it; and that if he had
mingled any of the other nations with them, the bufineffe would have iffued
to his contentment,
This newes ftruck the Marquis almoft into a feaver; and fent the
Prince loaden with Melancholy, to the Hage, where towards the end
of the winter, he died, leaving his Army to his brother Henry Frederick,
and Spinola before Breda; who,feeing no meanes to take it by force, refolved
to familh it.
Breda.
The extérprize
upon the Caftle
or Cittadell of
Antwerp.
The aforefaid Prince, had had a former enterprize, upon the ſaid A former enter-
Cittadell, and held himſelf fo fure of it, that he told the Burgoma- prize upon the
fters of Dort, at his departure, that none but God could hinder it :
Same Cittadell
And indeed, he was no fooner embarked, but there aroſe fo violent, and ſo
N 3
extreamly
8.6
PART.L.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Ulad flaus
Prince of
extreamly cold a tempeft, that it put both his life and his Fleet in danger;
and fo he was forced to return.
God hath put limits to Victories, which cannot be paſſed by humane
wifdome.
Spinola, having fufficiently learnt, how needfull it was to be vigilant,
with an enemy who flept not; reinforced the Garrifon of the aforefaid
Cittadell kept himſelf faft in his trenches before Breda, expecting
the confumpfion of the Provifions of the Town; and made magazin
for the Winter; and being advertiſed befides, that the Enemy was
affembling fome forces, and that four Kings had interested themselves.
in this Siege: He fent for fome Regiments, from the Empe-
rour.
Prince Vladislaus, fince King of Poland, came to fee this famous
Pol ni before fiege, and was received by the whole Army, with fuch military
honours as were due to the Sonne of a King, and a very great
Captaine.
Brede.
A Magazin
burnt.
Breda capi-
tulates.
The Swedes
take Riga.
And mock at
the complaints
of the Poles
•
The King of Spaine having foreſeen this tempeft, which was contrived
againſt his Low-Countries, and being unwilling, to hazard the whole, for
one piece thereof; wrote to his Aunt, that it was better to leave the fiege,
then obftinately to perfift, in the impoffibility of taking the Towne, with
the loffe of all her States.
This favoured well with the Emulators of the faid Marquis, as Don Lewis
de Velasco, &C.
There happened alfo another misfortune, which was, that the Hollander,
fired a Magazin, which would have ſtaggered any other Generall, but fuch
a one as he; who quickly requited this loffe, and by his vigilancie, repulfed
the English, who with a moſt martiall courage, went to attack a Quarter of
his Camp.
In fine, after a Siege of ten moneths, Breda was yeelded; and it happen-
ed the very fame day that the Kings Letters arrived, with his abfolute com-
mand,todraw off the Army.
We left the King of Poland, with his Nobility, marching against the
great Turk; and therefore let us now look what the Swedes, in the mean
while, are doing. Gustavus laid hold of that occafion; paffed an army into
Livonia; and after the fiage of five weeks, to the great trouble of the Citi-
zens, took Riga.
The Polanders hereupon, made loud complaints of him, for beginning the
Warre, juft when they were bufied, againſt the Common Enemy: and for
breaking the Truce; in the articles whereof it was comprized, that the
one of the Kings fhould not enter into the Lands of the other, without ha-
ving denounced the War, three moneths before,
To which, the Swedes made anfwer, that they had ſent their Embaffa-
dours; and that they were not able to diſpatch their Commiffions any
fooner, being hindered by windes, and tempefts, which were to be accufed,
and not they: a trick of War, which muſt be made paffe for good, accord-
ing to the Maximes of this Age.
In fhort, this occafion was favourable to the Swedes, who cared as
much for their reaſons,as Monfieur de Montmorancy did,for thoſe of the Ma-
giftrates of Metz, when he was gotten into poffeffion of their Towne. This
War was finished by a Truce, whereby the Swedes were obliged to return
by Sea, after they had well fortifyed Riga, with intention never to reſtore
it againe.
Now, the Electour Palatine, after being ſpoiled of his States,was deprived
alfo of his Dignitics, and his Electorat transferred upon the Duke of Bavaria,
his Cofin, 1623. which much augmented hatred, against the Emperour,
Duke
PART.1.
95
The History of this Iron Age.
Duke Maximilian, and all the Catholicks; and caufed, in fine, many new
Allyances to be made,which put ſpurs to the War we are going to difcribe,
in this next Book.
This Prince was crowned King of Bohemia, the fourteenth of November, The Electour
1619. in the moneth of January following, he made his Allyances; and Palatin spoiled
in the fame year allo, he loft his Kingdome, and his States, was profcri- of his States,
bed by the Emperours Edit, and his Coronation declared Null. He who
and banished.
grafps much, holds little; and it often falls out, that whileft we are in purfute of
other mens good, we lose our owne.
THE
96
PART.1.
THE HISTORY
OF THIS
IRON AGE.
THE FOURTH BOOK.
CHAP. I.
The Warre of Denmark. The Allyances of the Kings of
France, England, Denmark, and the States
of Holland against the Emperour.
Eneral Mansfeldts arguments, had as much ef-
ficacy in the North, as they had towards the
South; becauſe the dangers, which feemed to
threaten that Country, were grown greater, and
befides, a Prince which becomes potent, makes
himſelf both feared, and hated. Tilly wintered
in Hafsia, in defpight of the Landgrave Maurice,
nor were the States of Low-Saxony a little trou-
bled,to fee the Imperiall Eagles fluttering up and
down upon their ironteers; and that not without
giving them great incovenience; befides, that they feared, left they ſhould
peradventure come to replant their old authority there.
The King of Denmark, together with many other Princes, and States
thereabouts, were moved to much impatience, by the ruine of Frederick; as
apprehending, left thefe Gueſts ſhould come, and take up their lodging
amongst them. Wherefore being advertiſed by common danger, and by
that, which themſelves,perhaps, would have dons, if they had had the fame
power, and right which the Emperour had, they made a League for the dc-
fence of the Circle of the Lower Saxony, into which entred the Kings of Eng-
land, France, and Sweden; together with the States Generall, and the King of
Denmark himſelf was the Head, as being General of the faid Circle. The
gainst the Em Dukes of Brunswick, Mekelenburgh, and Holstein; the Adminiftratour of
Magdeburgh,and the Bishop of Bremen,fubfcribed alfo to it.
A League a-
perour.
Tilly in Haflia.
The Emperours forces, in the mean while, grew ftrong, and Tilly began
to ſmell, that under the mask of amity,there were fome new defignes a brew-
ing; however they protefted,that they were doing nothing against the Em-
perour. But he anſwered, that the Embaffadours of the States of Holland,
were not there, to thred pearles; and that he was fure, that nothing was
treated to his Maſter's advantage, where they had any credit; and confe-
quently, for a greater teftimony of his diffidence, he fent for walleftain, with
an
PART.1.
97
The History of this Iron Age.
an Army, to come and fuccour him. Caufes lye hidden, under pretexts drawn
from neceffity, and justice, but they are easily discovered, by people of the fame
profeffion.
Many Prodigics preceded the fatall warres; as Armics fighting in the
Ayre, raining of B.ood, great Tempefts, bearing down Trees, Houles, and
Dammes.
But that, which was by all interpreted for an ill Augure, or Token, was,
that the King going one evening to walk upon the Rampars, or Walls of The Prodigies.
the Town of Hamelen, to vifit the Sentinels, his horfe ftumbled at a plank,
and threw him into the Mote or Ditch, out of which he was drawne two
houres after, and conceived to be dead, for more then three dayes to-
gether.
In the mean while, they who laid moft to heart, the love of their Coun-
try, and Reft, employed all diligence, to find a means to reconcile this Dif-
ference, thereby to divert the misfortune, wherein all Lower Saxony was
likely to be involved. To which effect, a Treaty of Peace was held at Brunf-
wick, and it was already agreed, that the Armies fhould be licenfiated, by They treat of
Regiments; to wit, that the King thould cafheer the firft, Tilly the next, and peace in vain.
to confecutively by turnes, to the end. But this Treaty was broken off by
ambition, and fo, fuch advantages as could not be reaped thereby, were
fought by way of Arms. The Gamefter is more willing to hazard another man's
money, then his own.
I will note only the principal actions of the warre, and content my felfe
with faying, that it is very probable, that the Emperour had a defign, to
make his Authority, and Religion flouriſh afreſh, in thofe Countries, where
there was no more left, then a faint,and languiſhing knowledge thereof; and, The ayme of the
that mingled with coldneſs, contempt, and hatred. But as for the contrary League.
Party, they endeavoured, not onely to repell the aforefaid Gueſt, but also
by vertue of the Allyance, to reſtore the Prince to his States, by force of
Arms, fince it could not be done by interceffions; and fo, in fine, deliver all
the Princes, from the jealoufic which was given them by this Houfe, puffed
up with fo many victories.
The King retyred with his Army, as farre as the Biſhopprick of werden,
and thereby gave the Imperialifts opportunity to feaze upon many places:
But Fortune varied at Nemburgh, from which Town, after the loffe of a ve-
ry great number of their men, they were conſtrained to retreat, though yet
the faid loffe, were repayred fhortly after, by the taking of Calembergh, and
the defeating of fome companies of Dragoons.
Wallenftein followed the River of Elbe, and Tilly, that of wefer, who having Tilly followes
occupated the Biſhopprick of Hall, entred the Dutchy of Anholt, and forti- the River of
fied the Bridge of Daffaw. Mansfeldt attacked this Fort, and being repulfed, Weler, and
joyned with the Adminiftratour of Hall, to befiege that Town. Wallenftein that of the
Wallenftein,
haftened thither; fo they fell to work and the Fight, as well through Elbe.
the valour of the fouldiers, as the experience of the Generals, was long
time dubious enough, but at laſt, the Horſe giving ground, the Foot found
themfelves reduced to the neceffity of doing the fame; and fuch as could
not fave themſelves by flight, were either killed, or taken,
law.
In this memorable Battell at the Bridge of Daffaw,all Mansfeldts glory was Mansfeldt
buried; howfoever he loft not his courage by fo furious an overthrow, but beaten near the
having gotten on foot, a fresh Army of fixteen thousand men, (for Germany, bridge of Dal-
and the Septemtrion were yet full of brave Souldiers) he drew towards Sile-
fa, took in fome places, paffed thence into Tranfylvania, where he gave up
his Army to the Duke of Wimar; and accompanied by fome of his principall
Officers, put himſelf in the way towards Venice; but a Dysentery, or Bloody
Flux, or rather (according to the opinion of fome) a Potion, topped the
Q
courſe
98
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
His death.
Obertrawt
killed.
The death of
the Bishop of
Halberstadt.
courfe of his journey, defignes, and life, altogether; and delivered the
Emperour from a troublefome Enemy: and the Duke of Wmar alfo a fhort
fpace after, followed him, not to Venice, but to the other world. Thus end-
ed the life,ot this famous General,who had been fortunate enough in raiſing
Armies, but not in fighting Battels.
Wallenftine,having ftifled the War of Transylvania,marched back intoSile-
fia,diffipated Wimars Troups, and retook the occupated places: And Baudis,
and Holck, being ſent to joyne with the ſaid Duke, were cut off by Merode,
and Beckman: So that Wallenstein, having put an end to all their diforders,
returned towards Brunſwick.
Tilly being intent upon the occafions of hurting his enemics, went, and
unexpectedly attacked a Quarter commanded by that Valiant Souldier
Obertrant; who, together with one of the Dukes of Anholt, and fome hun-
dreds of Souldiers, was flaine in this encounter; and when Tilly went to
vifit, and comfort him, he anſwered him, Monfieur de Tilly, in fuch waters, are
taken fuch fish.
Now the King finding himſelf in great danger, by the loffe of Mansfeldt,
and the Bishop of Halberstadt, (who died at the fame time, at Wolfenbottel,
after he had vomited up a Worm of about four ells long) did not yet lofe
his courage. Nature shews her strength in despair, and Vertue hers, in extremity.
He ſaw two Armies upon his skirts, to be oppofed by him, and therefore he
refolved to attack the one of them, being more inflamed to vengeance, by
the lofle of Munden, which he flighted, and the furious blow, which was gi-
ven his Cavalrie,hy Count Furftembergh. But,he was a little too tardy,in going
to drive Tilly from the fiege of Gothing Befides that he ſtayed at Luther,
againſt the advice of his Lieutenant Generall Fucks and Tilly, thereby to
make himſelf as glorious as Wallenftein, defired nothing more carncitly, then
to fight.
I fine, the Battell was given with fo much obftinacie, that the old Bands,
Battell of Lu- which had been accuftomed to vanquish, began almoſt to ſtagger towards
ther the twen- flight; but their time was not yet come, and the puiflant Genius of their Ge-
ty Seventh of nerall, had a great advantage upon that of the King; who perceiving his
Augnft, 1626. Horfe fly, and not being able, either by his pretence, or exhortations, to de-
taine them; was compelled to abandon his Foot, to the mercy of the Ene-
my, and retyre himself as faft as he could gallop, to Wolfenbottel. This
was a great and bloody Fight, and the Imperialifts remained entirely vi-
The Victory of
the Imperialifts
and the death
of Generall
Fucks
The Duke of
Brunswick
quitts the
League.
Єtorious in it.
Brave Generall Fucks, who had diffwaded the Battell, loft his life in this
occafion, and gave the King fufficient teftimony, that it was not through
bafeneffe of heart or cowardize, but upon ſtrong arguments, that he deſired
him not to precipitate. Many other Officers were alſo flain, together with
above fix thouſand Souldiers: Thirty Pieces of Canon, three thousand Pri-
foners, fourfcore and ten Colours, adorned the Conquerous Chariot; and
all the booty was given to the Souldiers, in recompence of their Va-
lour.
This was that famous Battell of Luther, which happened upon the 27th.
of August, whereby the Emperours authority, and the joy of his Allyes
was much augmented, and their Enemies fear redoubled and after this
there followed a continuall thred of Victories, and taking of Towns, even
to the very ſea-fide. Favour flatters Fortune, and when there is no more meanes
left, to make open resistance against the ftorme, the failes muſt be taken in, or the
Veffel steered for fafety, to the shelter of fome Wood, or Rock.
The Duke of Brunſwick followed this Maxime, by making his Peace,and
renouncing the League with Saxonie. Tilly loft no time, feized upon Rotem-
burgh, and many other places; whileft the King recollected the fragments
of
PART.1.
99
The History of this Iron Age,
of his Army, and put it in Equipage, during the Winter, but to no purpoſe,
For this veffell was too much tottered, to do any more fervice at all.
In conclufion, Tilly having taken Nontheen, drew neer the River of Elbe,
which was alfo to be conquered, after the conqueft of fo many enemies. But,
we leave France too long in Peace, which yet was not all this while quiet.
CHAP. II.
The profecution of the fecond Warre against the Hughenots.
The Peace made, by the undertaking of the King of England, the
Venetians, and the Hollanders. Warre between France, and
England, and why? The beginning of the third, and last
Warre against the Hughenots. Cardinall Riche-
lieu makes himself known, admired,
and feared. The fiege, and reduti-
on of Rochell.
VV E have already fhewed, how the Peace was made in Italy, as well The Duke of
upon the request of the Pope, as to put a remedy, to the inopinated Soubize takes
Invafion of the Duke of Soubize; who againſt all expectation, and in full ſome ſhipps.
peace, launched with a Fleet from Rochell, came before the Port of Blavet,
and feized upon fome ſhips, which he found there. But, the Duke of Van-
dofme, who was Governour of the Province,tranfported himſelf thither,with
fo much promptitude, that he hindred the aforefaid Duke from making any
tarther progrefle, and forced him to retyre, with two or three great Veffels,
and fome of a midale burthen. In fuch fort, as that by this invafios, the
Peace, which was made in the year 1622, before Montpellier, was broken,in broken.
that of 1625, and the Duke of Rohan his brother, recommenced the Warre
in carneft, both in High,and Low Languedock, under pretext that the Trea-
ty of Peace had been ill obferved.
The peace is
This furprize fo much diſpleaſed the King,that he forthwith fent all thoſe The King fends
Troops which were deftinated for Italy, towards Brittany, and an Embaffa- an Embaſſadour
dour to the Hague, to fummon the States,to his affiftance, with twenty fhips, to the Hague.
according to the tenour of the Allyance made betwixt them. But, the Em-
baffadour found fome repugnance in the Colledge of the faid States, in re-
fpect of Religion; though yet, when he had remonftrated to them, that
the bufineffe was onely to humble the Kings fubjects to their obedience, and
threatened them alfo with a breach, in cafe of refufall, they granted his de-
mand. My Mafter (layes he) is of the fame Faith with the King of Spaine, and
yet, he maketh no difficulty to affist you against him. And will you in a Warre of
State, expreffe an inconfiderable zeale of Religion?
Soubize being
Hereupon, the States difpatched Admirall Hautain, who being joyned He obtaines
with the Kings Navic, carried himself like a Mediatour of a Reconciliati- twenty fhipps.
on, and obtained a Truce of three dayes, which yet, was ill enough kept by beaten retyres
Soubize, who hoped to draw fome advantage from it, but his Fleet was de- into England
feated, and he forced to retyre into England, with fix or ſeven vellels, and
to the French took the Ifland of St. Martin, and built two Forts there.
The King, upon the interceffion of the States, pardoned them of Rochell,
but the Zelanders did not pardon Admirall Hautain, who had for his recom-
02
pence
%
100
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The Peace is
made by an al-
lyance against
the Emperour.
King James a
peaceful Prince
The English
enter the Ile
of Ray 1637.
pence, his houſe demolished, by the people, which were mad at the loffc of
the faid Place. But thefe were ruled by the paffion of Religion; and thofe,
by that of the preſervation of the State. The reaſon why Monfieur de Sou-
bize, brake the Peace, was, becauſe the King had differed the demolith-
ment of Fort Lewis, raifed near Rochell, which ferved for a bridle to the
Town, and a Profpective to the Townlmen. But the Governour in-
dced, refuſed to do it, upon fome informations which he had received from
the Town of fome finifter defignes.
In fine, the Fort ſtill remained entyre, for all this, and was to prove fatall
to the Party, illuftrate the Kings Majefty throughout all France, and cut
off the root of all Religion: It was believed, that the Duke of Rohan, had
begged fuccour from the King of Spaine, in this difcord of the Reformates,and
his own, and his brothers difafter; but being preffed by the King of England,
the Venetians, the Hollanders, and the Savoyers, he expected not the return
of his Embaffadour, and fo upon the inftance of the aforefaid King and
States, who could not indure the ingrandifhment of the Imperiall Majesty in
Germany, the Peace was renewed, the fame year that it was broken, and
the League was knit up in Denmark (as we have lately faid) in the year
1625. But before that warre,which was fatail to the Danes, was finished, be-
gan the diſorders, which thrult themſelves in,between the French and English:
the reaſon whereof, as alſo of the third warre, which confummated the
ruine of the Reformed Party, you fhall forthwith underſtand.
King James, jealous of his Royall authority,and more prone to ſtudy thần
fight, could never be induced, to affift the Hughenos in France. But after
his deceaſe, King Charles his fonne,by the reafons of Monfieur de Soubize,and
his Favourite, the Duke of Buckingham, ſuffered himſelf to be perfwaded to
it; manifefting thereby,in imitation of his Brother in Law,that that Friend-
ſhip, which grew from the allyance of marriage, was weaker, then that of
intereſt.
There wanted no pretexts, as well of Religion, as otherwife; and the
Engliſh being already pricked against the French, and theſe againſt them,
for the bad treatment of the Priefts, and Officers of the Queen, they were
cafily brought to break, as well by the arguments of Soubize, as of the whole
Body together: and fo the English Flect, made a defcent, or diembarkment
in the Ifle of Ray, in the moneth of July, of the year 1627, and befieged the
Fort of St. Martin, which was not yet quité finifhed.
This Warre, which in outward appearance, had no other fcope at all,
then that of Religion, with many other petty punctilios, which merited
Are beaten off not ſo much as an ill look from either to the other, proved fatall to the Eng-
with shame." lish, and glorious to the French, by the enterance which they made into the
Rochell.
Íſland, and the chafe they gave their Enemies, from thence: but yet more
glorious to Monfieur de Toiras, who defended the Fort neer four moneths,
both againſt them and famine; and moſt glorious, to the Marthal of Scho-
enbergh, who put in the fuccour, and forced them, after they were luftily
beaten, to retyre to their ſhips. So that, upon the matter, the English went
away with the fhame, and the Rochelers ftayed, with the loffe. And this
warre, helped to forward the King of Denmarks ruine, in regard that theſe
Kings gave him not the affiſtance they had promiſed him, by the Contract,
and fo he ftruck a ground,
The Confederated States, after the reduction of Rochel, were faine to hear,
as well the reproaches, and calumnies of the whole Body of the Hughenots
of France, as the taunts, and raylings of the English. Where blinde Paffion rules,
there is no roame for Reafon. For, it was not their fault, that this difference was
not decided by fome other meanes, then that of armes. But let us now note
the fuccefle of this fiege
Rochel
PART.I.
101
The History of this Iron Age.
Rochell, is a Town fituated in the Country of Afins, which is grown to
have great traffick, and riches, through the convenienie of the Haven, and The growth of
by confequence infolent, against the Kings authority.
The Inhabitants mutined, under Francis the firft, but as foon as they faw
him in Arms, and that he would be obeyed, their audacity quickly turned
into humility.
After they embraced the Reformed Religion, they became by little
and little, to powerfull, and fo confiderable, that the Kings through
that the neceffity of their affaires, were often obliged, to make a
fhew, not to fee, or connive at that, which was not invifible to any.
When we cannot correct Vice, we must seem to be ignorant of it.
For, having the principall Key of the Kingdome, they made them-
felves chief of the Party, and all fuch as for any difcontentment,
abfented themfelves from Court, and bent themſelves against the
King, and his Authority, could never faile to be welcome unto
Rochell.
the Towne,
They were once befieged by Monfieur, who was afterwards Henry It is befieged
the Third but, upon requeft of the Embaladours of Poland, the by Henry the 3.
fiege was drawn off, juft at the time when they were in hazard of being
tamed.
But, ince that,their ftrength, together with their Intelligence,both with-
10,and without the Kingdome is fo much augmented; they have relyed up-
on their fortifications, and have fubtracted themſelves from the yoke, nor
more nor leffe, then the Imperiali Towns have done, from that of the
Emperour,
Cardinall Rechelen, having gotten full poffeffion of the Kings favour,
for having diffipated fome tumults, and found out the Mine (whereof the
Count of Chalais payd the whole fcore, as a Complice, for all the reft)
had no more left to do, then to acquire allo that of the Clergie, and Peo-
ple, by fome remarkable ſervice to the State, whereof he could not faile, by
the reduction of Rochell.
Now, the King being informed, of the defcent of the English in the Ifle And then by
of Ray, commanded his Troops to march, and as ſoon as he was recovered Lewis the 13.in
of a dangegous fickneffe, which he had at that time, he made them alfo in- the year, 1627.
trench, and advance all the fhipps of France, to ftop the Haven, even the
Spaniards themſelves, comming to take poffeffion of the place, which
the Hollanders had left, under a fpecious pretext of mending their
Vellels.
The Damme being perfected, and the fhipps funk, in the deepeft, and hol-
"loweft place of the Channell, the befieged were reduced to a famine, which
exceeded that of Jerufalem.
All their hope was in the English; and Buckingham made all the haſte he
could to fuccour them, who had furnished him with victualls for his Army,
and now with moſt inſtant, and urgent fupplications, begged fome back a-
gaine from him: but he being affiffinated by a certaine Englishman, called Buckingham
Felton, who went exprefly out of Holland,to facrifice him to the hatred of the killed by
People, the Fleet was retarded.
This murderer committed this fact, by the meer, and onely impulfe of
zeal, to the Religion, and fo, by thinking to forward the bufineffe, he hin-
dered it.
We very often afpire, to that which is against us, and reject that which is
for us.
This Duke of Buckingham, had entirely difpofed of King James, and was
no leffe in the favour of the King his Sonne: though neither his good coun-
tenance, nor his gracefull carriage, nor his liberality, nor his courtefie, was
O 3
ever
Feicon.
102
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
ever able to winne the People, who held him ſtill, for the Authour of all
The Reaſon of imaginable mifchief to the Kingdom.
State, whereby
Now, the King of England being in fome misunderſtanding with his
Princes main Brother in Law, the King of France,fent the Lord Montague,to the Dukes of
Lorraine and Savoy, to animate them to a powerfull divertion, thereby to
withdraw him from this fiege.
taine.
The Damm.
What cannot reason of State work upon Princes, who ought to have a care to pre-
Serve their interefts,by all rationall meanes ?
By this fame reafon, have the Kings of France maintained the Hollanders
and the Protestants.By this,might it feem lawful to theſe two Princes,to paſſe
by the confideration o. Religion: By this do the Swiffers, and the Venetians,
uphold themſelves. And the two aforefaid, knew well enough, that
the French having faftened this pinne, would not faile to trouble their
Neighbours, upon the very firft occafion, fince there wanted no pretext; be-
fides that perfwafion, whereby fome flatterers will needs make them be-
lieve, that all Europe belongs to them.
The Cardinall, to whom all the fe plots, and practifes were not unknown,
as having his Penfioners in Ergland, as well as elſewhere, provided him-
felf for them.
The Equinoctiall brought the Fleet, which was to break the Damm,and
put fome food into the famifhed Towne.
The Nobility pofted thither, to ferve their King, and purchaſe glory. All
was hemmed in with Artillery and Souldiers and the paffage fo ftopped,
as well by the faid Damm, and variety of Engines, as alfo by the
Veffels; that the English not feeing any meanes to penetrate, re-
tyred.
The Rochelers, of whom there was not above the tenth part left (ſo much
were they wafted with hunger) rendered themſelves into the hands of their
Rochell being King, who took them into his mercy, and granted them the free exerciſe
Starved yeelds. of their Religion: but he diſcharged his juft choler, upon the Bastions, and
Works', which he cauſed to be thrown down.
Never had the Hughenots a more fenfible loffe then this, nor ever had
the Catholicks a more gratefull Victorie. Nor was the Cardinall with-
out his fhare thereof; the French every where finging his praites, raifing
him to Heaven; making him their Angel Guardian, and even a God upon
earth.
But, this love was quickly changed, and this ſecond Tiberius made them
feel, that he was a Fox, and governed himself meerly by the Maxims of
Machiavell
CHAP.
PART.1. The History of this Iron Age,
103
CHAP. III.
The prosecution of the Warre of Denmark, unfortunate to the
Danes. Wallenftein in vain befieges Stralfund.
The Peace made.
S
Ince we have left Tilly near the Elbe, let us march on with him, and ſee
Tilly paffes the
what reſiſtance he findes. The terrour was fo univerſal, that every body Elbe.
fled: yea, the fouldiers themſelves forfook their Canon, Forts, Arms, and
Baggage,at the very name of this great General. Only the Marquis of Dour lac
prefumed to face about; but the Count of Slick quickly made him turn his
back, and ſtick to his heels. The number of the Gunnes, and Colours, much Dourlac, Ca-
illuftrated this victory. There were no more left, then the Generals Calem- lembergh and
Slick, Nell are bea-
bergh and Nell,who being found intrenched, were inveſted by the fai
and having no hope at all of fuccour, ycelded themfelves to him. Tarce ten.
thouſand horſe, and two Regiments of Foot took part with the Conquerors.
But,the Generals having gotten poffeffion of Helftein, and I. land, there re-
mained yet fome Townes to be fubdued; fo that it was necellary to divide the
forces, to accomplish the work. Papenheim was before Wolfenbottel, which
after it been long blocked up, opened him the Gates.
There chanced yer another misfortune in the Countrey of Bremen, which
Nerbrot defea
drove the Allyes quite out of the Field: and it was, that General Nerbrot ted by Anheit.
was attacked, and without fcarce having fought for it, utterly routed by
Anholt; 10 great power had fear, upon fuch as were ſtaggered by the pu-
iffant Genius of victorious Tilly; and the fouldiers being delerted by their
General, forgot their duty, and embraced that party, to which Fortune
moſt inclined. What ſtrange felicity had this man? yea, even higher then
that of Iulius Cafar himſelf, fince he could more clearly and truly fay,
came, I saw, and I overcame.
I
lifts.
The Armies finding now no more Armies to combat, were employed Townes besieged
about the taking of Towns; by the refiftance whereof, many fouldiers, and by the Imperia-
much time was loft; and leaſure given the King, to fortify himſelf in the Ifles
of Funds, and Zeland. Stade, after a huge oppofition, ycelded to Tilly; and
Newburgh to the Duke of Brunswick. The Imperialists attempted feverall
times to paffe to the Islands, but were repulfed with loffe, God had put
bounds to their victorics, and would not fuffer this generous Prince to be
quite difpoyled of his kingdom.
The Dukes of Meckelenburgh took part with the King; for,Fate, it feems, The Conquerors
would needs involve them in the fame difafters: But, at the arrivall of the in Mechelen-
Imperial Troops, all gave way, all ftooped; the Towns opened their Gates, burgh.
to receive Garrilons, and their purfes, to fweeten the infolencies of the vico-
rious fouldiers. A hard condition,for that poor people, who had ſo long en-
joyed the fweet fruits of Peace! But who can refift against the cruel lot of
Deſtiny?
Having recovered fome fhips, they tryed for the laft time, to paffe, and
re-inveft the poor King; but were foundly cudgelled, and compelled to
make towards Pomerania, which was already conquered, except Stralfund,
and Steene: the former whereof being a Maritime Town, was befieged by
Arnhem, upon the command of his General. And here it was, that For-
tune made the imperialifts confeffe, that if they could domineer by laud; Wallenftein
their enemics could do as much, upon the water, For Wallenftein thought to befieges Stral-
terrify the beficged, by frequent Affaults; but not being able to hinder the fund in vain.
entrance
104
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
entrance of the fhips, he loft an infinity of good fouldiers, his own labour,and
fome part allo of his glory. There was a rumour fcattered, as if he had van-
The King beated, that he would take Stralfund, even though it were hurg in the ayer,and
tyed with Iron chaines,
ten again.
Peace made.
1529.
The King regained courage, and footing in Pomerania, but found ftill,that
Fortune was yet but his Step-mother; as fuffering him again to be beaten
near Wolgaft; fo that he could do no more, then re-inforce the befieged,
who were ready to yeeld, and retyre himſelf into Denmark.
Canipo was forced by lamin; and there it was, that the French, who came
to fuccour the King, manifefted their valour. Geiucftat, a ftrong place upon
the River below Hamburgh,was long time beleaguered in vain by Tilly,who
loft both his time, and his labour, about that ; as Wallenftein did his, before
Stralfund.
In fine, a Peace was treated; and a Warre finished in five moneths, which
had lafted five yeares. The King abandoned by almoſt all his Allyes, (who
had work enough at home) with a Royall and indemptable heart, employ-
ed all his abilities, and induſtry, not only to defend his lands, but alſo to
expell his enemies out of Holftein. But the peace concluded at Lubec, put a
period to all his troubles; diflodged the Imperialiſts (fince they had loſt
the hope of conquering the whole Kingdom) out of his Territories; and
freed all the North, from the danger whereby it was threatned; of a change,
both in Church, and State.
By this Peace (which a certain French Writer terms flameful for the
Conquerours, as being with intention to difpoffefs a Catholick Prince of his
lawfull fucceffion) the King renounced the Provinces of Saxony, aud fothe
amity between the two Princes was renewed. The Emperour writing to the
King, told him formally,that their quarrel proceeded from nothing, but the
craft and practiſes of fome certain Merchants.
The States Generall, being fearful,left by fo many loffes heaped together,
and the felicity which accompanied this valorous Count, the Imperialiſts
The Hollanders fhould gain Zeland, and make themſelves Matters of that famous Streight,
will defend
the Sound.
Meckelen-
which is of fo much confequence; offered to defend it with their fhips.
But the moſt de fired newes of the Peace, and Retreat, ftifled all thefe ap-
prehenfions. Whatſoever was paft, was funk into the gulph of oblivion;
all ferled, is it had been, before the Warre; and the Emperour gave fuffici-
ent teſtimony, that he knew as well how to reſtore, and pardon, as to van-
quifh; and that he had taken aimes, to defend the Majefty of the Empyre,
and his own Authority; not to ſtrip the King of his kingdoms.
This Peace was received by all the Subjects of the King,as a ſpeciall grace
fent them from God: but that, which was deplorable in it, was, that he was
forced to abandon the caufe of his Coufins, the Dukes of Meckelenbergh;
who, for having embraced his, and followed his Party (or rather, for having
The Dukes of Conjoyned their armes with all the members of the Circle) were proclaimed
Out-lawes,and their Dutchy ingaged to Wallenftein, who was afterward put
bergh excluded in poffeffion thereof as true Duke, by the Emperour. This proceeding, as be-
from Peace.
Their Dutchy ing very rigorous againſt Princes, of fo ancient, and fo illuſtrious a Family,
given to Wal- and totally contrary to Ferdinands clemency, made the Houfe of Austria
fuspected, not only of intending to cftablish her Authority in the North,but
of making alfo the very Empire it felf Hereditary, and to go yet farther
too, if occafion were offered. And this, upon the matter, was partly the cauſe
of the Swedish warre, as we fhall fhortly demonftrate. But let us go into Au-
ftria, where we fhall find very fine houſe-keeping.
lenftein.
CHAP.
PART.1.
105
The History of this Iron Age.
CHAP. IV.
The Warre of the Peasants in Auftria-
Hileft all the North trembled at the Imperial Eagles, and that
Hileft all the North trembled at the
nothing but the falt ayer of the Ocean was able to ftop, either their
flight, or their victories: behold a little fpark in Auftria, both con-
temptible, and contemned, raiſed within a few moneths, fuch an embaraf-
ment, as frighted that invincible Monarch, at the fame time that all the
Princes began (with good reaſon) to apprehend him, through the conftant
felicity of his Generalls. Thefe diforders were cauſed by diverfity of Reli-
gion, and the Politicians, together with fuch as afpired to change, moved
them on to that point, which we are now going to defcribe.
Revolt of the
Ferd nand, being a very zealous Prince, thought it his duty to draw, either The cause of the
by fair meanes or foul, al his Subjects to the Roman Catholick Religion; Peasants.
and his Councell alledged, that his Authority would ftill be wavering, as
long as there thould be any Hereticks in his States. And fo it was facil to
perfwade him,to a thing which he conceived to depend upon his confci-
ence. Whereupon he commanded all his Subjects, cither forthwith to em-
brace the Catholick Religion, or depart out of Auftria, within a certain
term preſcribed them. A bold reſolution, and found ftrange oppofition. He
declared in his Letters Pattents, that Herefie, under the pretext of Liberty
of Concience, and Priviledges, hatched nothing in her bofome,but Re-
volts, Sedition, and Devices to thake off the yoke of Soveraigns, and law-
fuli Magiftrates. Princes look upon the intereft of State, and the People, that of
Religion which once loft, farewell all refpect with it. The Peaſants must there-
fore be ftirred up, to try if luck would turn, and whether Fortune would be
alwayes fixed with a Diamant-Nayle, Complaints were rejected; Count
Hebersdorf, the inexorable executor of this importunate and unſeaſonable
Command, was firſt chaled away with ſtones, and afterwards fury affoar-
ded other weapons. For the faid Pealants, to the number of ten thouſand,
cut off his forces, feazed upon many Caſtles, and ſmall Places; and being at
lenth, re-inforced by forty thousand men, and forty Peeces of Ordnance,
pillaged all Auftria, fparing neither Priest, Monk, nor Gentleman. The
Clergy bath ever ferved as Fee, or prey to the feditions.
The Emperour wrote to them; but they, endeavouring to obtain by
force, what was denied to their fupplication, difdained to anſwer him. Up-
on which, he diſpatched other Embafadours, to endeavour to reduce them
gently, to their duty; but they retained them, and fent fome from them-
felves to Vienna, to demand free exercife of their Religion: difmiffion of the
fouldiers, and a generall pardon for what was paft: All which they had ob-
tained, had not their profperity, by the defeat of fome of the Duke of Ba-
varia's Troops, made them undertake more. If any grow blind by happi-
neffe, it is chiefly the abject fort of the vulgar, which waxes temerarily bold,
when it thinks it ſelf feared. But the Town of Lintz, which they befieged,
cowed their courage,and ípeeded the punishment,which they had deferved,
by their rafh Rebellion. They aflaulted it often, but were ftill repulfed, with
huge loffe: fo that Papenheim, who was appointed to chaftife them, effected
it not with fo great facility, as Trucfes, and fome other Generals had done,
that of the like feditious Rabble, above a hundred years before. For he was
fain to combat them at leaſt ſeven times, before he could vanquish them; fo
chearfully and ftoutly would they rally, and defy their victorious enemies,
even in the fight. The Romans found themſelves once in great trouble by
P
the
106
PART.I
The History of this Iron Age,
t
the revolt of their flaves,and yet they more cafily quenched that fire, thougli
it were even within the Walls of Rome; then the Imperialiſts were able to do
this, becauſe here was more combuſtible matter. But under what Heads or
Their Generals, Leaders, did this defperate Crew fight? A Schollar,a Shoomaker,and a Smith.
With what weapons? Sticks, Stones, Whips, Forks, and Muskets. And
Shoomaker, and what more? Potion, and Enchantments. To what end? If we muſt judge
a Schollar, a
a Smith.
They are at laſt
defeated in
many Encoun-
ters, by Papen-
heim.
Effects by their Cauſes, it was for the exerciſe of Religion, and to beat
out their Soveraign Magiftrate.Who were thofe Aolufes,who letting looſe
the windes, diſturbed the Calm, and raiſed their ſtorms? It is more cafie to
conjecture, and believe, then to prove.
After the laft defeat, the moft mutinous of them ran away; and the reſt
pent up at home, like flocks of ſheep.
Thus ended this dangerous warre; which teaches us, how perilous a
a thing it is, to endeavor to command mens confciences. We muſt con-
tend with the word of God, and not with the fword; or, to fay better, we
muſt pray with charity for one another, and not perfecute our felves with
arms, unleffe we be commanded by Politick neceffity. The holy Scripture
Mayes, Let the tares grow, fear left you root out the good corne. Papenheim acqui-
red no leffe glory, nor merited leffe to Triumph, then the two other Gene-
rals. And thus was the Emperour delivered from a moſt apparent danger,
by the remoteneffe of his Armics. Let us now make a leap to the Low-
Countries, and fee what pafled there, at the beginning of the year 1625.
The death of
Maurice 1625.
And of King
James, a peace
full Prince.
CHAP. V.
The death of Prince Maurice, and of the King of England.
The Siege of Groll. The State of Lorraine. The Jubily
at Rome. Bethleem makes warre upon the
Emperour, and obtains peace.
PRing
Rince Maurice being returned to the Hague, expreffed no more then a
certain penfiveneſs, and melancholy, proceeding from age, and (as it
was believed) from the errour committed, in that memorable Enterprie
upon Antwerp; which grew to augment his faver, and brought him at
length to his grave. His reputation is too much known, to fpeak much of
him and the United Provinces would have had caufe to be infinitely af-
flicted at ſuch a lots, had he not left them that worthy Brother, and that
ſtrong Atlas, who forth with took the burthen of the Government upon his
fhoulders. This was he who firmly fixed this reeling Common-wealth, by
his Arms; took many Townes in Freezland,Overyfell, and Guelders, with
fmall charge, few men, and little bloodfhed: in fuch fort, as that he
merited to be termed, as he was, the Father of the Souldiers.
In the fame fpring alfo,died King James; a Prince,who much loved Peace
and learning. After he had the Crown of England upon his Head, all the
difafters, and misfortunes of his Houc, begun upon his Prædeceffours, were
ſtopped by him, as water is by the oppofition of a Dam, or Bank; fo to gulh
out with the greater violence,upon his children, and fuccefours, as we fhall
hereafter fhew. But, who can penetrate into the fecrets of Gods Judgments?
He governed his kingdom in peace, and maintained his Subjects in riches,
and delights: but there grew up a little Venim, which wrought afterwards,in
fit time. The evills which we fee often happen,draw their cause fometimes, from
afarre off.
Prince
PART.I.
107
The History of this Iron Age,
money
Mole, 1526.
Prince Henry, having payed the laft duties to his magnanimous Brother,
departed from the Hague, to hinder the defigne which the Spaniards had, to The Spaniards
joyn the Rhein to the Mofe; and by the erection of many Forts, keep the Hol- will joyne the
Landers from paffing over;an Enterprife, winch unprofitably exhaufted their Rhen to the
and made them feem able, to make no more then meerly a Dufen-
five warrs. Jupiter langled at the Gyants who would fcale Heaven. Time hath
declared the inutility of this work,and to what intention alfo that advice was
given: For the Hollanders are Matters of that liquid Element, and paffe it
when they will. There chanced nothing worthy of note, in that roylfome
March; fave only that Count Henry of Bergues, beat up the Horfe-Quarter,
brought away the Count of Stirum his Coutin prifoner,with fome Horfe; In Count Stium
revenge whereof,the Prince fent Count Erneft,to unneftie the Spaniards from prifoner.
Oldenzeel, and deſtroy the neft.
In the year 1627. he laid fiege to Grol, a fmall, but ftrong Town, upon the Siege of
the Confines of Weftphalia, which he carried in lefle then a moneth, in the Grol.
fight of a puiffant Army. Spinola, in the mean time,was bufie about the for-
tifying of Sandfleet, a Village between Antwerp, and Berghen op Zoom,
which was a defign of more advantage, and confideration, then that of uni-
ting the two Rivers.
By this exploit of the Prince, it was judged, that his Government would
prove happy; and the veffels loaden with mony, which were brought out of
Holland by Peter Hein, moved him to undertake the ficge of Boifleduc, which
was begun the firft of May, and ended the feventeenth of September; a fatal
day to the Houſe of Austria.
Lorraine was peacefully governed by the wife conduct of Duke Henry, fon
The death of
to Duke Charles; but his term was but of fixteen yeers. He departed to a the Duke of
better life, the twentieth of Inly 1624. and fhortly after him, the repofe, Lorraine.
and tranquility of all that Country, by the ambition of her Neighbours.
He left but two Daughters; the elder whereof was married to the Count of
Fandomonts fonne, her Coufin-German.
The year following, the Salick Law having regained vigour, and Francis The Salick
of Vandemont being next heir by the laid Law, which excludes Females; fur- Law in Lor-
rendred his right in that Dutchy to his fonne Charles; which was approved raine.
by the States of the Country; and fo Charles Duke of Lorraine, made his en-
try into the good City of Nancy, and took full poffeffion of the whole
Dukedome.
Now, fome have written againſt this faid Law, as if it were to be obſer-
ved no where but in France, as coming thither with them, out of Franconie.
But moſt Writers affirm, that the ancient Franks eſtabliſhed their habitation
from the bank of the Rhein, to the River of Loire; in ſuch ſort, as that Lør-
raine being compriſed therein, and having been alſo a parcell divided from
that kingdom, it followes, that the Predecessors had the fame intention, to
eftablifh it as well in the kingdom of Auftrafia, as in that of France, and that
it hath been tacitly, and quietly obferved, without any difpute. Befides, that.
it is proved by the Teftament of Renè of Ierufalem Duke of Lorraine, and Bar,
made in the year 1406, by which the Male are called to Succeffion, and the
Female excluded, as it further appears alſo by experience it ſelf.
This year of 1625. Pope Urban celebrated an univerfall Jubily,at which A Jubily át
the Prince of Poland,coming from the Low-Countries, was prefent; and the Rome.
fame year,the Emperour Ferdinand Crowned his Son King of Hungary; in-
vited thereto, by the States of that kingdom, to be defended by fo great and
Powerfull a Prince, againſt the perpetual ambushes,and fnares,of the incon- The Crowning
ſtant Gabor. Nor was it enough, that he had one Crown; for that of Bohemia of the King of
was alfo refigned him by his Father, with the accustomed Ceremonies.
Let us not leave the Danub, which was yet all red with the blood of the
Peasants,
P 2
Hungary.
108
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Gabor breakes
the peace.
Pealants, till we ſhall firft have feen that of the Tranfylvanians, and Turks,
ftream alſo there, together with the motives of that Warre.
This Gabor, being fwolne with pride, by the Allyance of one of the moſt
illuftrious Houſes of Germany; honoured at his wedding, by the preſence of
the two Emperours, befides thofe of Kings, and other Princes; found him-
felf tickled, by a new defire to Reign: and the occafions were to fair, that
they ftifled the Peace fo often worne, and fo oiten broaken. For the Ar-
mies were drawne towards the Baltick Sea; and the Bavarians, and Paben-
heim, had work enough, with the revolted Peaſants. Whereupon he paſsed
out of Hungary into Moravia,and took many Townes; the fear of to unfore-
feen an evill, making the people have recourfe rather to God, then Armes.
But Mansfeldt having redrefsed his Army, after being cudgelled in Saxony,
marched out of Silefia, into Hungary; and Wallenftein traced him: affronted
them all together, and defeated them. Upon this he called the Tartars,who
paſsed through Poland to his affiſtance; but they being loaden with pil
lage, were fo hotly charged by the Poles, that they were fain to lay down
both their packs, and their lives; in fuch fort, as that there remained not fo
fo much as one alive, to carry the newes: fo that there were only the Turks,
upon whom to look now; and them he invited: but it was only to augment
And the Turks the Triumph of Wallenstein, who beat them, took their Canon, and pillaged
their Camp, which was full of riches.
The Tartars
beaten.
by Wallenftein.
and obtaines
peace.
The Grand-Signor, defirous to keep the Peace, called back his Troops,
Gabor repents, and their departure gave Gabor,both difguft, and repentance, for having fo
often offended the Emperour, who was loaden with victorious lawrel: and
therefore he fent his Embafladours, who found Ferdinand as ready to par-
don, as their Maſter had been light to offend; and fo he was content to ac-
cept all the conditions propofed to him by the Conquerors, figne the Peace,
and be quiet. The Hungarians rejoyced hereat, becauſe thofe difturbances
held them in continual Alarmes. And this was the end of the warres of
Hungary,and Auftria, be prinkled with the blood of the Peasants, and Bar-
barians. Let us now fuffer them to rcpofe fome years, and return again to-
wards the Septentrion.
CHAP. VI.
Guftave King of Sweden, attacks Boruffia, or Pruffia.
The Imperialiſts fuccour the Polanders.
A Truce is made for fix years
Eace being made being made, between the Emperour, and the King of
Denmark, the Imperialifts departed out of Holftein, and all the other oc-
The Stralfun- Cupated places, and difperfed themſelves throughout all Meckelenburgh,
dians under the and Pomerania, The Citizens of Stralfund, grown fturdy, and proud by ha-
prote&ion of ving eluded the Attacks of Wallenftein,put themfelves by content of the King
King Guſtave, of Denmark, under the King of Swedens protection. This action much dif-
who enters into pleafed Ferdinand; begat the most dreadfull warre of this Age, and opened
the paffage to the Swedes, to come and ufurp a good part of the Empyre,
after having troubled it all.
Pruffic
Gustavus Adolphus,having made himſelf Maſter of Livonia,endeavouredto
do as much with Prussia, where he had powerful Correſpondents,when there
there is not ſtrength enough, recourse must be had to shifts. He entred unrefifted,
with a puiffant Navy, took, and fortified the Plaw; paffed to Elbing, which
yecided
PART.1.
109
The History of this Iron Age.
yeelded out of affection,as alſo many other Places. Onely Brunsbergh, a Ca-
tholick Town,durft make defence, and was taken by conftraint. All trem- Takes many
bled, between hope and fear, love and hate, and the defire of novelty feem- Towns.
ed to prevail over ancient duty.
We defire (laith the Poet) alwayes that, which is denyed us, and labour to ob-
tain that which is forbidden us.
I have heard fome men of that Country, worthy of credit, affirme, that if
the King had drawn neer Danfick, with the fame boldneffe, and refolution
that he did before Elbing, it is very probable, that the Citizens would have
made their accommodation with him. But opinion, is as much ſubject to
falfhood, as truth.
The River Wiftule, parts it felf into branches, the one whereof bathes
Elbing, and the other paffes through Danfick, and a little below it, fhoots it
felf into the fea.
The King loft no time, but gained the Point, and built a Fort there, like Makes a Fort
that of Schenck, at the feparation of the Rheyn.
at the separa-
The River being thus bridled, the Polanders who were wont to bring tion of the
their corn to Danfick, in certaine long Boats, which they call Canes, chofe River.
rather now, to let it moulder, and perith at home, then carry it, at a moft
vafte charge, through their Enemies Quarters: which caufed a dearth in
Holland, and incommodated the Traffick fo much, that had this Warre
lafted any long time, it would have done the Spaniards bufineffe
there.
The Polanders, who boafted, that they could eafily drive out the Swedes,
made no great hafte to put their Army into the Field: but were much ama- The Polanders
zed, to fec ſo many Trenches, and the Townes which were loft, half forti- flight their
fied in a trice.
There occurred many ambiguous Fights; but the matter was never
brought to a generall decifion.
The Swedes made Warre, aiter the Holland fashion, and the Poles, after
the French; and thefe, were beaten before Strasburgh, and thofe, be-
fore Torn.
Generall Arnhem came to fuccour the Polanders; but he brought them
more hurt, then good.
enemies.
In fine, by the intervention of the Count d' Anarx, Embaffadour of France, A truce made
and thole of the States Generall, a Truce was made for fix years,to the great for fix moneths
contentment of the Hollanders, who were full of joy before, by the gaining
of Boifledu; which, how it came to be taken, the ftrength thereof making
it held impregnable, I will forthwith declare.
King Guftane, being fortified by the relicks of the Polish Army, marched
back into Sweden, to deliberate of the Germane Warre; which was underta-
ken not by any Right, but ufurpation: and more for conveniency and jea-
loufic, then any juſtice at all.
Whatfoever other Princes do, is lawfull, merits praiſe, and is put into
the neceffity of their affaires :onely the House of Auftria is guilty, and culp-
able: She muft endure all, and if the Lot of Warre favour her, againſt ſuch
as prefume to fhook her, the muſt not refent it, but make a stop to her Victo-
rie, to avoyd the being acculed of ufurpation. The Empyre hath been too
long in her poffeffion, it must be torn out of her hands, though it were to be
done, by the deftruction of the Catholick Religion, and the fundamentall
Lawes.
But great Preparatives call us back into Holland: there is fome huge De-
figne, to which they are invited, by the diforder of the Spaniards.
P 3
CHAP.
110
The Hiftory of this Iron Age. PARTI.
*
Ours, or of
our Party,
all which
were called
Gueules.
The Siege of
Boifleduc.
Henry of Bergh
General of the
Army.
CHAP. VII.
The Siege of Boifleduc. The Imperialifts under Mon-
tecuculi, joyne with the Count of Bergh, who enters in Velaw.
The taking of Weſel.
*
THe
'He Hollanders, well knowing the Situation, Fortification and Impor-
tance of Boifleduc, were wont to fay, as by a common Proverb, to de-
monftrate the fmall apparance there was of taking it, I will pay you, when
Boifleduc is Guenfe;that is to lay, I will never pay you But the event hath ma-
niteſted the contrary; this Town having cloicly followed Rochell, which
was conceived to be unbefiegable, in regard of the Haven. But in this de-
teftable Age, there hath been nothing found impregnable, for wickednelle
being every where,the Sword enters every where, all gives way to Injuftice,
-and Impiety. Nothing is able to refift infolence, nothing fo facred, but it is
prophaned, nothing fo folid, but it is moved, and nothing ſo firme, but it is
broken.
The Prince of Orange, feeing the Emperours forces employed in Den-
mark, and Auſtria, and thofe of Spaine a ground, by the taking of the
Indian Silver Fleet, and carrying it to Amsterdam, egged on from abroad.
and inflamed alfo, with defire of taking this place, by the very difficulties
there were in it, refolved, after having maturely picked out all the circum-
ſtances, to go a Maying there, the laft of April 1629. His Intelligences,both
within, and without the Town, were not Imall, and the obftacles, which
offered themſelves in bulke, very great. But confidering, that the greater
the difficulties be, the more lufter they give to Vertue, he flighted all. For-
tune forwards the ftout, and hinders the tim d. He invelled it with an Army
of thirty thousand men, and fpeedily finished his Trenches, and Lines of
Communication, whileft they were diſputing at Bruffels, who fhould com-
mand their Army. Count Henry was chofen, but he marched fo flowly,
that he found the Prince too ftrongly intrenched for his defence, to be pof-
fibly forced out.
For, he had dammed up the Rivers, and brought them round about his
Fortifications, in fuch fort,as it was like a broad Sea. And on the other fide,
Adry Summer. the Summer was fo faire, and to dry, that it looked, as if heaven had enter-
ed into contract with the Prince, to give him the fruition of the Victory.
For had it chanced to be moiſt, and rainy (as it is ordinary in that climate)
their mills of fo rare workmanſhip, would have proved uſeleſſe, and Nature
would have jeered Art out of countenance.
The Spaniards
in the Velaw.
The Spaniards indeavoured to fuccour it in vaine which made them
paffe the Rheyn, at wefel, to joyne with the Imperialifts; and the paffage of
the Ifell being open, and maintained with the word, gave them a fair
prize,together with the defeate of fome Companies which followed. But,
the Prince drew out part of his Army, which fo well coafted the Spaniards,
that they made no remarkable progreſſe at all.
many
Never had they Fortune fo favourable, and never did they looſe ſo
men, as in that field,not by the ſword,bu: by other inconveniencies: Where
as had they gon forward at firft,they had found no kinde of refiftance,all the
Country being full of fear, and confternation.
The Prince ftood fo faft before Boifleduc, that he could not be periwaded
by the States of Guelders, Overy fel, and Utrick, to quit the fiege, though it
were
PART.I.
} I {
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Take Amerf
were to fave the Country; bidding them, by way of anfwer, to have pati-
ence, and put all in good order, &c, that the enemy would give them more
tear, then hurt. All which proved true: for, the Hollanders, having ta-
ken breath, and done all which was neceliary for the defence of their
Country, with fome of the licenfiated Troops of the King of Denmark, put
the Armies to a fudden ftand, without either Counfell or courage, upon the
dry lands of the Velaw. Yet howloever, they were bold enough to attack
Amersfort, which not being tenible, was forthwith yeelded, and ſome fort
other ſmall paltry places near the South-Sea, were attempted, and not ta-
ken, in regard their defign was difcovered, before it was fit to be executed.
Befides, to encreaſe the misfortune of the Enemies, upon the nineteenth of
August,being a very fair morning, Wefel was taken, and the booty of the Im- Weld being
perialifts fapt: which forced them to draw out of the Velaw fafter, then they furprised,
went in, with out naving to much as feen Amfterdam, which was alwayes in makes the Spa-
their mouthes. But the grapes were fower, because the Fox could not nords draw
reach them.
Count Henry retyred not to Bruffells, but to his Government; and could
not fo well clear himfelf, but that there remained fome fufpicious greatly
difadvantageous to his reputation, in the foules of the more clear-fighted
men; which were verified, by the open retreat he made, grounded upon
flight and frivolous excufes only, concerning the Kings fervice.
out.
In fine, Boladuc was rendered; the Imperialifts returned into Germany,
much lighter then they came; and the Spaniards into Brabant, almoſt half Bo fiduc
of them wafted, by hunger, fickneffe, and disbanding, not without loud naur-yeel's for want
muring, and plainly curfing their General. Count Iohn of Naffiaw left the
of powder
paffage of the Ifel, and the Prince went into Holland, where he was re-
ceived by all, with marvellous acclamations of joy, and unparallelled
applauſe.
This Place, being one of the most important the King had, was taken for
want of powder, and a fufficient Garrison; and the Prince,on the other fide,
having no want of mony, commanded a Bank to be railed from Holland,
overthwart the Fennes, or Marishes, which coft the United Provinces much
treaſure,and much haftened the taking of the Town:befides,that to fay truth,
the Magiſtrates of Amfterdam, were not backward to advance money, to de-
clare the zeal they had,to the preſervation of the Common-wealth. Never
did Fortune fmile more upon the Spaniards, with a more unhappy iffue; and
never frowned more upon the Confederates, to give them a more glorious
victory. The loffe of this moſt important place, fruftrated the Spaniards the
hope of regaining Holland,and ferved for an invincible Claufure to the Com-
mon-wealth for the future, if we look npon the outſide of it; but it is ſubject to
corruption,in regard of the abundance of ill humours, wherewith it is ftuffed
within,as rifing from the fenny grounds about it, which yet calily are voyded
by weak and flight phyfick, as will ſhortly appear. But let us now go fee
the conclufion of the Warre in France, against the Hugenots, and the ruine
of that Party, which gave the King means afterwards to fhock the Houſe of
Auftria,and afflict his Neighbours.
CHAP.
112
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Two reasons
Cour.
CHAP. VIII.
The prosecution of the last warre,against the Reformats in France.
The Duke of Rohan makes his Peace. All the Townes humble
themselves, and threw down their Fortifications.
The end of the Party.
thele
Uring the fiege of Rochell, that two Brothers (namely, the Dukes of
Rohan, and Soubiſe) did all they could to fuccour the Center of their
State; moving even Heaven and Earth, with the mcft zealous of the Party,
to fave the Place from the fhipwrack whereof it was in danger. The one
made infurrections every where,faying,that if the Town were taken, all they
of the Party would be maffacred: bu. the Prince o. Conde, and the Duke of
Montmorancy charged him fo often, and fo cloſely, that he had almost ever
the worſt.
The other encouraged the English, and urged them to make haſte, before
the Damme were finished, about which the French wrought with great ar-
dour, and good fucceffe. Two rcafons in my opinion, retarded the fuccour
retard the fuc- fo long: the one, that they could not imagine, that the faid Damme (at
which they laughed) would be able to hinder their pallage; and that being
ftronger by Sea then the French, they thould caliv break all obftacles. The
other is, that they would not relieve the Town till it were in extremity; to
the end that(the Townefmen being for the moſt part flarved, or debilitated
with hunger) they might make themſelves malters thereof, and place a
Colony of their own nation there; to be ready at all times, to incommodate
France, and awaken their old pretenfions. They who ask reliefe, have one de-
figne, and he who gives it, another. Befides, that it is alſo very credible, that
the Cardinal (who was not ignorant, of how great his credit would be, after
the reduction of this Place, (which was judged impregnable) had corrupted
the chief of the Counſell of England, with mony, that fo the fuccour, which
was haſtened by zeal, might be delayed. Whatever it were, neither the
great Arsenal, nor the ftrength of the Bastions, nor the Purfe at Porrette, nor
the defperate refolurion to die, and to hang him who fhould firft fpeak of
yeelding; ferved to any other purpoſe, then to make the conftance of the
Town(men admired, augment the ftory of King Lewis the Inft, and elevate
that of the Cardinal, above the Stars. A very great, and moft acceptable Vi-
Atory to France, had the remained in the fame liberty which the enjoyed,
during the potency of this Town. A moft damnable victory to the Houfe of
Auftria, which the French themſelves accufe of having then forgotten her-
intereft. A victory, which ruined, and brought to a full ftand, or Non-plus, all
that Party,which divided the Kings Authority. A Victory,which gave that
great Cardinal one half of his honour; and upon which he founded the high-
eft, and moſt conſtant power, that ever any Minifter had; to the ruine of
many moſt illuſtrious Families, and old Priviledges, the confufion of all
Chriſtendom, and even of his own great Benefactreffe her felf.
The Duke of
Rohin de-
mands fuccour
in Spain.
Now fince the English had rather hindred, then furthered the Party, and
were accuſed of being the caufe of this irreparable loffe; a refolution was ta-
ken to ſeek to fome other fupport elſewhere: and ſo an Embaſsadour was
diſpatched into Spain, to reprefent to that King, that intereft he had to keep
this Party; and to befeech him to fend mony only, and to remember the
King of France's Allyance with the Hollanders, whom he maintained with as
much heat and zeal, as if they were his own fubjects, and of his own Reli-
gion,
PART.1.
113
The History of this Iron Age.
gion. Whereupon the Spaniards, by the permiffion of the Counfell of Con-
fcience, refolved upon it; thereby to give as many vexations to the King
of France, within his kingdom; as they received from him in the Low-coun-
tries. But the faid Embaſsadour, or Neceffitator, though a fubject of the The death of
King of Spaines, was taken and condemned to death, by order of the Parlia- the Negotiatour.
ment of holof; his innocence, founded upon the action of a publick Minifter,
ferving him for nothing; however this Decree were cenfured by fuch as
had not their eyes vailed by paffion, and who could (peak freely of it with-
out danger.
King Lewis diſcovered all their plots, and prevented them, by the pru- Makes his
dence of the Cardinal; and having made but a flight peace with the faid peace with the
Duke, he fell with his Army upon the Vivaret, furpriſed Privas, and took it King, and all
by open force; chaſtiled infolence, by putting all to fword: treated well the obey.
Townes which fubmitted, and afsured them of the free exerciſe of their Re-
ligion. Upon this, the Duke had recourte to his clemency,and he gracioufly
embraced him, and augmented his Penfion. Caftres, Niemes, and fome
other places, which might have given a long trouble, alſo fuomitted, with-
out any other punishment inflicted upon, then the demolishment of their new
Fortifications which Commandment was of hard digeftion to them of
Montauban, who were nevertheleſs difpofed to obedience by the Cardinals
prefence, and the force of his eloquence, who alledged that the King could
not endure any fortified place in his kingdom, Andio in fine, they ftooped,
and with regret enough brake down that, which gave the jealoufie; which
could not be obtained from them, by violence, and the noile of the Canon.
Time ripens all things; and that, which in the precedent Age was judged impoſsible,
hath been found feasible,in this.
This was the end of the Hughenot Party in France, which had given fo The end of the
much labour and toyle, to the Kings, and fo divided their jurifdiction. It Hughenot
took birth, from the aotrine of Luther, and Calvin; paffed infancie, under Party.
Henry the fecond: got vigour,and ſtrength,under Francis the fecund; grew
to ftrong youth, unde. Charles the ninth, and Henry the third, through the
favour of the Princes of the Blood, enemies to the power, and authority of
the Dukes of Guife, and by the valour of the King of Navarre. It obtained
free Exercife, and fome Townes offafety, under Henry the fourth; and re-
mained quiet, and without commotion, out of refpect and reverence, to fo
great a Prince, But, under Lewis the thirteenth, finding it felf abandoned by
fome of the principall Heads, it began to ſtagger; and at laſt vaniſhed quite
away; in fuch fort, as that though the Religion be ftill there, there is yet
no formed party, and the root of the ambition of the Grandies, who under
the thadow of Religion, did very often difturb honeft people on both fides;
is quite cut off, Their diftruft (which is called, the companion of fafety,
which they conceived, they fhould not be able to find in the Kings word)
made Queen-Regent, and the marriage with the
Infanta of Spain (a Nation which they abhorre above all other) made them
joyn to the Prince of Conde, to hinder it; which much haftened their
dilgrace.
Sten importune t
The King,being declared Maior, recovered Bearn, more by veneration,
then by force; and more by the brightneffe of his Majefty, then by that
of his word. He was the prelude of the firft warre, fpeeded by their Af-
fembly at Rechel, and counſelled by Father Arnour, who was preferred by Father Arnour.
the Duke of Luynes, to the direction of the Confcience,and partly alfo, of the
favour of his Majefty. But as the faid Luynes made the Fortune of this able
Jefu.t;ſo did he alſo ſoon unmake it,thereby to free himſelf from the jealouſie
1
it gave him. Saumur, Saint Jean d'Angeli,and a great number of other Towns, The taking of
Burghs, and Villages fortified, were taken, with incredible fucceffe. There Townes.
Q
was
*
114
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Edignieres.
was no more left then Montauban,which forced the Conquerours to retreat,
and in fome fort, dimmed their Triumph. The year following produced the
Kings conftant refolution to be obeyed, and to punifh the revolted Towns;
the reduction of Montpeillier, and the Peace which followed, by the counſeli
of the Conftable d' Eaignieres. This Lord being of a mean extraction, grew
to be elevated to the higheft Charge of France, through all the degrees of a
fouldier, and had heaped up a huge deale of treaſure. Notwithſtanding his
Belief,which was the fame of the Reformates, he alwayes kept his faith invi-
olable with the King,and was by confequence, but little loved by the moſt
Makes himself zealous of the Party. A little before his death, he embraced the Roman
Catholick Religion; as having promiſed it in a frollick to Urban, as foon
as he ſhould come to the Pontificat.
His life.
a Catholick
The fecond warre made the Hugenots looſe the Lordſhip of the Sca.
The third, being begun with the affiſtance of a ſtranger, was confummated
by the direction of that potent Cardinal, and fo the whole conduct of that
great Veffel, was restored into the hands of the juſt, and milde King
Lewis. Let us go into Hungary, to ſee the end of the fickle, and buſy
Gabor.
CHAP. IX.
The Death of Bethleem Gabor: Ragoski his Succeffour.
The Marriage of Ferdinand the third, with the
King of Spain's Sifter.
The death of Bandem Gained him.elf in amity with the Emperour, till the coming in
Ethleem Gabor,growne wife by fo many loffes, inviolably kept the Peace,
maintained
Gabor,
of the King of Sweden; who being his Brother-in Law, would eaſily, with
his arguments, have perfwaded him to take up Arms again, had he not
been prevented by a dropfic, which drowned all his fmoakie ambitions, to-
gether with his life, and deprived the aforefaid King, of a man,who would
yet according to occafions have much tormented the Empyre; and whole
life deſerved no more admiration, then his laft Will and Teftament did.
His Teftament. For he bequeathed the Emperour forty thouſand Ducats, and a brave ho:fe
with a faddle embrodered full of Pearles, and precious ftones: to his fonne
Ferdinand the third,as much;to the Emperour of Turkie, as much; to his wife,
Katherine of Brandenburgh, a hundred thouſand Rix-Dollars, and a hundred
thouſand Florins, befides three Provinces. The Execution of the ſaid Teſta-
ment, was recommended by him to the Grand Signor; the widow, and
Tranfylvania, to the Emperou:. And this was the end of that Gabor, who
was fo much renowned; who lo often re-incouraged them of the Party,
when they groaned under the Emperours forces; and who was to foon bea-
ten down by his own inconftance,or rather,by the unhappineffe of the ſaid
Party,
Ragoskie, having bribed the Embaffadour whom the widow ſent to Cen-
ftantinople, was created Duke of Tranfylvania. She oppoſed him, and called
her Turour,the Emperou,to her affiftance, who fent her the Palatin of Coſto-
His Succeffour nia, Ragoskie brough an Army into the Field, which was defeated, and he in
by deceit is of-
great trouble to raile another,which had the fame fucceffe of the former, as
ten beaten.
wel as which followed. Thus finding the Crofs too ftrong for him,he looked to-
wards the Moon Three Bashaws came to fuccour him,whowere all beaten,one
after
PART.1.
115
The History of this Iron Age,
after another, by the aforefaid Palatine. In fine, fince he had no better ifsue
by Arms, then his Predecefsour, he was fain to have recourſe to the fame
Practifes,and follow the fame fteps. Wherefore,he defired peace with Stephen
Gabor, brother to the aforefaid Bethleem, and made him Governour of the
Province, restored the widow her Treatures, and ferved himself of their me-
diation, which was not infructuous to him; for he obtained peace, and Tran-
fylvania remained under the Emperours protection. Let us now go to the
wedding of Ferdinand the third.
Make peace.
This Prince being deftinated to wear the Crown of the Empyre, as well
as that, of the Kingdomes of Bohemia, and Hungary, ſent to demand the In-
fanta Mary, Siſter to the King of Spain, who was granted him. The
King her Brother, accompanied her to Barcelona, where the embarked for
Italy, paffed by Naples, and made her entry at Vienna, with fo great pomp, The marriage
and gallantry, that there could nothing more be added, to augment the of Ferdinand
fplendour thereof. Before her arrivall, her husband was Crowned Empe-
rout at Ratisbone; fhortly after, at Pofen. Let us leave them with all the joyes
of the Court at Vienna, and return into Italy, to fee'a warre of Catholick
against Catholick.
the third.
CHAP. X.
Warre in Italy, about the fuccefsion of the Dutchy of Mantua,
wherein the Emperour, and the two Crownes took part,
T
He difference, which chanced about the fucceffion of the Dutchies of The warre of
Mantua, and Monferrat, embaraffed all Italy; awakened the ambitious Italy, for the
jealoufics of thole two potent nations, and fo much exerciſed them in warre, Dutchy of
that it proved partly the caule of the entyre breach, and defolations which
followed.
In the year 1627. the twenty fixth of December, Duke Vincent deceafing
without Children, the fucceffion fell to the Duke of Nevers, who received it,
and præcipitated his inauguration or invefture, without the knowledge of
the Emperour, who is the Lord of Fief, or Supreme-Hereditary thereof.
The Spaniards, more through jealoufie, then by right, or title, took Arms;
as the Duke of Savoy alio did, for an old pretenfion; he feazed upon many
places in Montferrat, and they befieged Cafal. O intereft of State, thon Idol'?
how powerful art thou, and how many mischiefs doft thou caufe? The apprehen-
fion,which the Spaniards had of the Dutchy of Milan, made them undertake
this warre, and haften the Peace in the North,
The Duke of Nevers,put good Garriſons into the moſt tenible places, and
joyned with the Venetians, who could not endure, that the House of Austria
fhould make any further progreffe in Italy, and ſhut up the gate to the
French,
Mantua.
The Emperour,defiring to extinguish this fire, by a remedy juſt enough, Ferdinand
though a little too fufpect; fent his Embaffadours, to injoyn both Parties to commands them
lay down Arms; and in regard that the Duke of Nevers had not firft de- to lay down
manded his invefture, in due form; to remit the faid Dutchies, by way of Arms, but is
not obeyed.
fequeftration, into his hands, that fo he might proceed therein, according
to Right: But he was obeyed here, juft as his Predeceffour was, at Gulick,
For, the Duke rejected the conditions; endeavoured to fuccour Cafal, and
cut in pieces the forces,which oppofed his generous defigne.
The King of France, in the mean while, was bufie at the fiege of Rochell,
Q 2
which
*
116
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
which ſeemed long to the poor Duke, who found himſelf oppugned in his
Succour from lawfull fucceffion by the Spaniards, the Savoyers,and the Imperial fts; and that,
without hope of any ſtrong relief from France. The King difpatched away
Marshall of Crecquy in Autumne,and he went into the Field two moneths after
the reduction of the Town, which was in the heart of Winter.
France.
The Duke
agrees.
The Spaniards
continue the
fiege at Cafal.
The King of
France paffes
by force through
Savoy, and
makes them
rife.
Mantua in
The Duke, who conceived that the faid Marshall marched too flow-
ly, and that he would buſie himſelf about the taking of the Marquilat of Salu-
ces, and make a warre in Savoy; changed his maxime, promiled the Empe-
rour to obey him, and to receive his Garrifons, into the Townes; and con-
fequently, fent his fon,the Duke of Duke of Rhetell to Vienna, to make pro-
tellation of his obedience, and innocence. The Spaniards, however much
harafled, and tyred, by the frequent fallies of the beficged, the length of the
Siege, and inundations of the Po; dilapproved this Treaty, and (to their
own dammage) continued the faid Siege. The Emperour fent other Em-
baffadours, to command obfervance: But Don Cardina, who curing theſe
intrigues, hoped to carry the place, prefled it hard, lent a deaf ear to the
Emperours order, and difpatched a Envoy,or Meflenger-Exprefs,to Madrid.
Nevers, being irritated beyond meaſure to find him felf thus treated,
and that that the equity of his Caufe was combatted with fo much inju-
ſtice, and animated, on the other fide, by feeing his King flight the
rigour of the feafon, to come and ayd him, turned all his thoughts
to warre.
The Duke of Savoy refufed the King paffage, but he got it by force, de-
feated his Troops, affured himself of the Pafle, or Streight of the Suze;
and compelled the Spaniards to raise the Siege: wherein he was better obey-
ed, then the Emperour himself. But the fhort durance of the Peace with
the Hughenots in France, obliged him to returne, and humiliate
them.
It is now time to fend part of our forces from the Baltick Sea, to carry
the Eagles thither, where they firft commanded.
Ferdinand, to uphold his Authority,difpatched thither an Army of twen-
ty thouſand men, under the conduct of the Generals Altring, and Galafſo;
who, having feazed upon the Paffage of the Grifons, effufed themfelves into
Italy, and got into their clutches the whole Dutchy of Mantua, with as much
The Imperialifts good luck, as the French did that of Savoy,except only the Head City,which
in Italy befiege they alſo befieged: but the jealous Venetians, endeavouring to remove all
fuch, as might be able to give their State any cauſe of apprehenfion, were
not flack in fetting their hands ftoutly to work, for the Duke: though yet
the Imperialifts took Goite from them, and carried away all the booty, or
pillage thereof to their Camp. But the French coming in the nick, craftily
Inapt two Sentinels; entred into a Quarter, and put a huge number of
them to the Sword. So that the other finding the feafon improper, and the
fmall apparence there was of carrying the place, retyred themselves much
diminiſhed into Garrison.
vain.
፣
کانم
CHAP
PART.I. The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
117
CHAP. XI.
The continuation of the warre of Italy. The Venetians beaten.
Pignarola taken. Mantua taken, and pillaged, The Peace
made, with reftitution on both fides.
His retreat gave the Venetians a defire to retake Goite, but they were bro- The Venetians
T
ken by Gala affo, Whereupon, they re-affembled their forces, and ha- beaten by Ga-
ving recruited and ingroffed them, put themfelves again in a pofture of laffo
fighting, wherein they were the fecond time put to flight, and above fix
thouſand killed and taken,together with all their Artillery. This loffe much
amazed the Republick: But Fortune was more favourable to the French;
who (as we have already faid) after the taking of Rochel, fhewed them-
felves very hot, for the defence of the Duke of Nevers, Truc it is, that the
Kings dangerous ficknefs at Lyons, had almoft been the caufe of flackening
this generous ardour; and they,who looked afquint upon the Cardinals
tencye,
ſeemed to prognofticate, that his ruine was at hand. Envy still fol-
Lowe's the Charriot of a growing Power.
po
French.
The French took Pignarola, and were re-inforced by the Swiffers: and this And the S3-
loſs, which was moft fenfible to the Duke, was followed by many other. voyers by the
The Spaniards were beaten by Monfieur de Baffompiere; Cambery taken, and
Montmelian befieged. The Duke of Guife landed near Nice, to go joyne
with the Army. The King tent the Duke of Montmorancy towards Pied-
mont, and followed him.elf afterwards. Prince Thomas prefuming to dif-
pute his entrance with twelve thousand men, was beaten; the Colours
prefented to the King, being the honour; and all Piedmont
the re
ward of the victory. In fuch fort, as that the poor Duke of Savoy, who
had fo often ventured to conteft, fometimes with one of the Crowns, and
fometimes with the other; found himself quite fpoyled of his States. For ha-
ving nothing left but Turin, and not daring to fhut himself up there, he
reſolved to keep the key of the Fields, and let the Mountains oppote the vi-
&torious Party, by feeking to preferve his liberty in defert, and inacceffi-
ble places.
>
We muft,here take notice of the Martial generofity of the French; who, in
the beginning of warre are invincible, make all bow to their Armes, break
through ali oppofitions, and as foon take whole Provinces, as other Nati-
ons do Towns: but by the too fudden loſs of patience,on the other fide,they Their impati-
grew alfo to looſe whole Provinces, almoft as foon, as other Nations do ence.
Townes.
Warre.
Now Fortune favoured the Imper alifts every where, which they
made both the Venetians, and the Duke of Nevers feel. For they returned the
Siege upon Mantua, and took it at length, by a fine Stratagem. For the be- Mantua taken
fieged, by their frequent Sallies, being reduced to a very fmall number, by a trick of
demanded the fuccour of five thousand men, from the Venetians, and Letters
being intercepted, gave the Befiegers occafion to ferve themfelves of this
trick, to catch belieged. They lecretly drew into the field the number of
men demanded, who by a fight with powder without fhot, got near to one
of the Gates, which being forthwith opened by fome, who thought them to
be Venetians, they made themſelves Mafters of the Town, to the great afte-
hifhment of the Inhabitants, who were facked by their imaginary Auxilia-
ries; and the Duke yeelding up the Caftle by Compofition, was conducted,
together with his wife and children,to Ferrara.
Q 3
This
118
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Spinola before
Cafal.
The death of
Spinola, and of
the Duke of
Savoy.
The peace was
made by the
addreffe of
Cardinal Ma-
zarin.
Prodigies in
Italy.
The enemies of
Cardinal Ri-
chelien.
This victory fwelled up the fpirits of the Imperialifts, and made the
Spaniards continue the Siege of Cafal, under the command of Marquis Spi-
nola, who had acquired fo much glory in the Low-countries: and Toras,
who was all crowned with lawrell, for the honcur he atchieved, by
the defence of the Fort of Saint Martin against the English, defenced the
Cittadel. The French, making a fhew to go and atack the Dutchy of M-
lan, wheeled fuddenly about upon the Befiegers, the ftate whereof was this.
The Town and Caftle were already yeelded to the Marquis, and the Citta-
del had capitulated, that in cafe there came not fufficient fuccour to beat
them from thence, within a certain term, which was the fifteenth of Otto-
ber, Monfieur de Toiras was to march out.
The French Army appeared in Battaile array neare the Trenches,
and the Spaniards put themfelves in pofture to receive it. All feemed to
laugh upon the French, by the death of the Marquis, who was taken out
of this world by the Plague: and Charles Emanuel Duke of Savoy, being
being ſtripped of his States, and overwhelmed with grief and warre, payed
alfo his tribute to Nature.
When two great Bulls are ready to rufh together, and hock one ano-
ther, the whole Heard ftand ftill, and attend with trembling, the iflue of
the Combat. In the fame manner, was Italy the fpectatreffe of this furious
fhock, and had no caufe at all to rejoyce. But it pleaſed God, that by the
Popes interceffion, and Cardinall Mazarin's dexterity (who made himſelf
known by this fuft negotiation) the Peace being concluded at Vienna, was
brought to the Armies, juft when the Trumpets were going to found, to
draw the fword. A fair efcape: happy newes !
By vertue of this Peace, the French returned into France, and restored all
to the Duke of Savoy, except onely Pignarola, which had been privately
bought by the faid Cardinal. A politick fubtilty,to have the Gate into Italy,
alwayes open; mixt with Coufenage, as the Spaniards ſay; who rendred
Montferrat, as the Germans likewife did Italy, to go against the King of
Sweden. The Duke of Nevers was fain to ask pardon, and Inveſture;
which accordingly was performed, and peace and reft reftored to Italy.
How many combats,how much blood-ſhed was here,for a fume of ambition?
For Religion had nothing to do in the matter. But it is credible, that the
Spaniards would not fufter to potent a French Prince at the entry into Italy,
and ſo near the Dutchy of Milan, which they keep as tenderly, as the apple
of their eyes and that the French, on the other fide, would eftabliſh him,
and uphold him, without acknowledging the Emperour. God makes ju-
ftice appear, when men will throw it under foot with Arms.
This warre had been præmonftrated by many Prodigies, and Portents,
which præceded it; as namely, by Earthquakes in Apalia, whereby more
then fixteen thousand perions were overwhelmed; by dreadfull floods,
ftreams of blood, and the like. And really, thefe two Natious, after ha-
ving ftoutly wrangled, and by fword, famin, and contagious fickneffes, loft
above a million of mortals; came neither of them to the principal, but fe-
cret end,which they had propoſed to themſelves, and reaped no other fala-
ric, then that of vain-glory, drawn out of jealoufie of State. The Coun-
tries were deftroyed, the Neighbours oppreffed, Chriftian Religion con-
temned, and altered, and in the one of the aforefaid nations, by many per-
fons quite annihilated. The Minifters, who love to fish in troubled waters,
and blow the bellowes of their Mafters ambition, fo to carry them rafhly on
to warres, which might be diverted by one fingle conference; will one day
have much to aafwer, before the fountain of all Equity and Juftice.
But let us leave this point to be picked out by the Cafuifts, and return to
France where we ſhall diſcover, how the Cardinall falls as deep, into the ha-
tred
PART.1.
119
The History of this Iron Age.
¥
tred of the Grandies, as he is ftrong in the poffeffion of the Kings favour.
The Queen-Mother repented her ſelf of having promoted a Minifter, who
was to deſtroy her. Gaftion was vexed to fee the management of all the at-
faires of France in his hands, without participating therein. That devout
Prelate the Chardinall of Berulles, laboured to stop him from forging fome
defignes, as pernicious to the Catholicks abroad, as they had been to the
Hughenots in France. But Parca cut off the thred of his life, and deprived
Richelieu of a moft Religious Enemy, who furvived him, to accomplish his
end in other; yea, in all fuch, as gave any jealoufie: and the Hughenots
themfelves were grown to fing his prayfes, when many Catholicks had him
in horrour and execration.
CHAP. XII.
Cardinal Richelieu makes peace with the English, and devifes
new Allyances to attack the House of Auſtria.
VV He
Hen the Cardinal, by his great prudence, had breaken that puif-
fant Party, which in fome meaſure, both divided and fhocked
the Soveraign Power; re-establifhed every where the Catholick
Religion, and a freſh ſpringing Amity amongst the people; he perceived
himself in danger to be caft out of the Saddle. But, he had acquired fo
great an influence upon the mind, both of King and People, by the good
fuccefle of his Counfels, that he was not a jot moved at the puiffant factions,
which he ſaw growing against himſelf, at the Court; all which he furmoun-
ted afterwards, by a certain felicity, which alwayes accompanied him, and
which after the Peace of Italy, fhined with more force, and lufter. His de-
fignes feemed to be carried to a breach, between the two Crownes: for the The King makes
more cafic atchievement whereof, and to involve the Church in this perni- peace with the
cious warre, from which fome Grandies were averfe, by the intermiffion, or English.
mediation of the Venetians, he made peace with the English, whom he could
not attack by land; and thought of finding another enemy, whom he
inight lay aboard, when he would. His Mafter had deſerved, and poſſeſ-
fed the name of Juft, by humbling with great moderation, the Hughenet
Party, and there was no better meanes left to obtain it alſo amongſt the Re-
formates, who were yet very hot, then by poafting to the fuccour of the Pro-
tcftant, againſt the Emperour.
the third
The King of England, after the fall of the Hughenots, in whole defence he
had loft both many men, and much money, finding the lot of arms unfa-
vourable (which was to be alfo fatall to him afterwards) choſe to fit ftill in
Royall vacancie and repofe: He was unfortunate in the first Expedition he
made, when he ſent that Fleet, with the Admirall of Holland, who joyned
The first war of
with a great number of fhips,to furprile Cales. For after having fuffered ma- the Spaniards,
the King against
ny inconveniences,and loffes, it was fain at length to return; and the King of the Second
Spain remitted many prifoners into England,to be punished like Pyrats, be- against the
cauſe their King had not denounced the War.One affront was paid by another.
In his fecond undertaking againſt France, Fortune favoured him yet leffe;and againſt his
paid by another. French, and
his third and lati, was the ruine of his Family, as we will fhew, towards the subjects.
end of this Epitome. Suddenly after the reduction of Rochel,the Cardinal
prefsed hard for the fuccour of the Duke of Nevers, againſt the opinion of
fuch, as could not endure fo glittering a Purple,and who apprehended a
breach. But he began it, and ended it (as we even now ſaid) in the yeare
1633. The faid Duke fold his homage, and duty to the Emperour: which
gave contentment to the Duke of Savoy, and the Marquis de Guaftala, in re-
gard of their pretenfions to the aforementioned Dutchics,
Now,
120
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Now, having already diffipated the fmalleft and weakest enemies of his
Greatneffe, he crufhed that Party, which had been fo formidable to the
precedent Kings: and being confirmed by the affurances, which his Maſter
had given him, of covering him with his Crown, againſt all fuch asendca-
voured his ruine; he refolved upon this great defigne, againſt the houſe of
Auftria. A defigne I fay of huge danger; and which could not be un-
The Cardinal dertaken, and fet on worke, but by means of potent Allyes, for fear of incur-
diſpoſes the Pre- ring the hazard of deſtroying the State. Therefore he thought it fit, to a-
testants to War waken the Proteftants, all the North, and all fuch as hated the Roman
against the Em- Catholick Religion: nor were the Hollanders the laſt, though the Spaniards
courted them (in vaine) to a Truce.
perour.
:
The King of England was cafily difpofed to it, in regard of his Son in
Law, and fo great a Family,as wherewith both himeif, and the Hollanders
were burthened in a ftrange Country: however the Communion of Reli-
gion, and compaffion made this charge feem fupportable, and gentle. In
briefe, for the common intereft of upholding themfelves, and for the appre-
henfion which every one in particular had of this puiffant Houſe; they were
all refolved. A powerful Oratour cannot faile to perfwade; when he pleads the
Common cause.
But now,there wanted both a Captain,and Caufe fufficient, to cover both
this apprehenfion,and the ambition alfo of fome certaine people; the former
whereof they were refolved to finde quickly out, though they were for-
ced to goe feek him in the Ice, and amongſt the Deſerts of the North; and
as for pretexts, as well falfe as true, they could not be wanting; for fince
they were about play their laſt Game, they would hazard all; and if they
loft, the confequence would be an univerfal Monarchie.
In the Treaty of Peace at Vienna, the Embaffadours of France promiſed,
that the French (hould not meddle with the affairs of Germany; and yet there
was another Treaty at Stockholne at the fame time, about an Allyance, for
the quiet of the Empire, and a War againſt the Emperour.
But for the better underſtanding of what I fhall ſay, of that cruell fatality,
which hath made both Germany, and all the Provinces neer it, a kinde of a
Church-yard; it will very much import, to make fome fhorr mention;
Firft of the quarrells and pretenfions of the Emperours againſt France; and
then of the ſtate of the Empire it felfe,the Theater, of the molt deftructive,
and deplorable War that ever was. But there was a neceffity in it,to the end
that the Prophefies might be accompliſhed: nor is there any end even
yet.
Henry the fecond, feeing Germany in great combuftion, by jealoufies
drawn from the difference of Religion, and being invited into Germany by
the Proteftants in armes againſt Charles, and offered the protection of that
Party, and invited alfo on the other fide by intereft of State; fent thither
the Duke of Montmorency, with a puffant Army, who feized upon thoſe
three Bishopricks, by way of coriefpondence; and would have done the
fame to Strasburgh, if he had been able to get leave to march with his
Troops through the Town, as he had done at Metz. But the conclufion of
a Peace between the Emperour, and the Princes, ftopped the progreffe of
the French, and made them return; as Metz did that of the Emperour, and
forbide the Eagles any further flight.
Ferdinand the fecond,having triumphed over all his Enemies (whom the
The affront of
French by vertue of their Allyances, had fuccoured with Conneel, Men, and
the Bishop of Mony) and being irritated befides, by the affront newly done to the Bishop
Verdun, of Ferdun; feemed willing to require fatisfaction; ſo to give exerciſe to his
triumphant Forces, and make War with better conveniencie,and more ad-
vantage, in Lorraine then in Italy. Atleaft,the Cardinal was tearful left he
fhould
PART.1.
121
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
fhould take old quarrels into deliberation again, and fend his Troops to re-
place the Eagle at Verdun, which was beaten down to ſet u. the Flower de
luce.
upon
Wherefore, for the diverfion of this tempeft, and to make it burſt
Germany itself; he complotted, and projected with all his Allyances, hop- The utility of
ing the luck would turne, and take away that Party, puffed up with fo many thofe Allyances
Victories, redoubted for greatneffe, hated for the contributions, by which it through France.
exhauſted Germany; and execrated, for the redemanding of the Ecclefiafti-
cal Poffeffions,which was executed about that time. If this Dam were bro-
ken, but by one fingle Victory, of what a vaft profit would it be to France?
The people would fall upon the Imperialifts, as they formerly did
upon the
Lutherans; andfo all at Party would be in confufion. Lorraine and Alfa-
tia, would be but a Breakfaft; the three Ecclefiaftical Electors would in-
fallibly caft themſelves into the King of France's armes, thereby to thelter
themfelves from the fulminating fury of the Proteftants; and by confe-
quence,the Imperial Crown could not efcape the head of his moft Chriftian
Majefty.
The Spaniards being fhut up, and deprived of fuccour from Germany,
would be eaſily drøven out of the Low-Countries; and thus a certain le- The fecret Ai-
cret Allyance,which was diſcovered and mifcarryed fince that time, would Lyance,
one day be a plank, or foundation to the univerfal Monarchy.
This great Cardinal, fo admired, and glorious, after having broken the
Hughenot Party, fuccoured the Duke of Nevers in Italy, and trodden upon
the belly of the Savoyers; prepared himselfe (I fay) for this moft dange-
rous defigne; difpofed the Proteftants to it, by Father Iofeph, in the Affem-
bly at Leipfick; and laboured carneftly for the deftrution of the Houfe of Father Jofepla
Austria; as well knowing,that it was better to prevent, then be prevented, at Leiplick,
and in what credit he fhould be,amongst all fuch as fought the ruine of the
Roman Catholick Faith, and that of the aforelaid Victorious Houfe. But
let us ſpeak of the State of the Empire, before this horrible tempeft began to
bruiſe it.
CHAP. XIII.
A Difcription of the state of the Empire. The election
VVE
ᏙᏙ
of the King of the Romans.
1
Efinde in hiftory, that Charlemagne, King of France, Son to Pepin,
and Grand-child to Charles Marel, going to Rome to defend
Pope Leo, was faluted by him (to crown his merits, and recom-
pence his fervices) Emperour of the Weft. I will not here enter into the dif-
pute between the two Nations, of whether he were a German or no: But
fure it is, that he was King of France, before he was Emperour; and the
Germans themſelves affirme, that he transferred the Empire, upon their Na-
tion; yea, and that none can be elevated to that dignity, unleife he be born
a German: And fo Maximilian of Auſtria being dead, Charles was preferred
before Francis the firft, King of France,for that he was born at Gaunt, a City
of Low-Germany: and the arguments of the Elector of Trevirs, in the behalf
of Francis, were refuted and rejected. Others alleadge, that to fave the
Weft,which was expofed to the excurfions of the Barbarians,by that remote-
netfe, or flackneffe of the Emperours of the East; it was transferred by the
Pope upon the Gawles, or French; and that the race of Charlemagne coming
R
to
122
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
to faile, Pope Gregory the fifth transferred the Right of Election
upon the
Germans; abolished the Hereditary, and gave hope to Princes of vertue,
to be able to afcend to this charge, which is the moft glorious in the
World.
The Emperours have been more abfolute, then they are at prefent; and
in the contentions with the Popes, from whom they receive their Crown, or
at leaſt their Confirmation, they have been much difadvantaged.
Henry the feventh, coming to die in Italy, every ſeveral Town affumed
to it felfe, a peculiar principal; in fuch fort, as that the Emperours have had
little there fince, fave onely the bare Title. Befides, the fame Popes have
cauſed troubles in Germany, on purpoſe to leave the domination to them
there, and cut off the opportunity of coming to rub up old quarrels in Italy.
Our Saviour indeed faid, that his Kingdom was not of this world, and that his
Apostles fhould not reign. The Primitive Supreme Bishops declared it, by the
Crown of Martyrdom; but fome others fpurred on by ambition, have
wrangled for another, which both made them odious, and their Authority
deſpicable, in many places. And moreover, the peaceful nature of fome
Emperours, hath made them fecke reft, and neglect the Rights of Maje-
fty.
The Empire is not Hareditary, but Elective; and when the Emperour is
dead, the Archbishop of Mentz writes to the reft of the Electors,to affemble
The King of the
Romans is ele- themselves at Francfart, within three months, either in perfon, or elle to
Яed for great fend their Embaſſadours. During the Interreign, or Vacancy, the Elector
affairs. Palatin is the Vicar, or Lieutenant; and he who is elected King of the Re-
mans, is declared Heir. There three Ecclefiaftical Electors, and four Secu
lar. The Arch-Biſhops of Mentz, Trevirs, and Colein. The King of Bohe-
mia,the Prince Palatin, the Duke of Saxony, and the Marquis of Branden-
burg; who are not Kings, but may ftile themſelves the faid Kings Compa-
nions.
Being affembled at Francfurt, they make Oath to the Elector of Mentz,
they will chufe one, who fhall be capable of the Charge. They are obliged
to finish the Election within thirty dayes; and may not go cut of the Town,
till all be accompliſhed. If the voices happen to be equal, he who receives
the King of Bohemia's Vote, is infallibly proclaimed Emperour.
The King of the Romans is not chofen during the life of the Emperour,but
for great Affaires; and he cannot any way faile of fucceffion, as toon as the
Emperour is dead. All is obferved,according to the Golden Bull of Charles
the fourth. The King of the Romans is obliged to take Oath, that he will
not feeke to make the Empire Hæreditary to his Houfe; but that he will
maintain all the Rights, and Splendor thereof,
There are two Fundamental Laws, namely the Golden Bull, and the Im-
perial Capitulation; to the maintaining whereof he is bound by Oath.
Which makes me finde their opinion very weake who præfume to fuftaine,
that the Emperour is a Monarch; in regard that his Authority is fo parted,
and divided between him,and the Electors, that it looks, as if they were af
ſociated, to help him beare this heavy burthen. Befides, fince Germany hath
been ſo diſtracted by the diverfity of Doctrines, the Proteftants have in-
haunced ſo much of the Majeſty to themſelves, through the too timorous
bounty, and moderation of fome Emperours, fince Charles the fifth, that his
hath been but little more acknowledged, and adored, both in Germany, and
Italy. And therefore, it is no wonder, if the Eagles Triumphant by fo many
Victories, have endeavoured to look back, upon fome Rights which are
now ſo many years old; and if a general Confpiracy of the Neighbourse
the faid Proteftantes have been made, to hinder old Prætenfions, though
grounded upon very much equity, and juftice. But thofe forreign Princes,
who
PART.1.
123
The History of this Iron Age.
who have thruſt themfelves into this quarrel, have ftopped their eyes to ju-
ftice,opened them to intereft of State,and to the means, of either præferving
or ingrandifhing themfelves.
CHAP. XIV.
A difcription of the three States of the Empire.
The Hans-Towns.
Ince we have (poken as much as is neceffary to our purpose,of the Empe-
rour,and the King of the Romanes,his Vicar,or Succeffour; it concerns us
to ſay alſo ſomewhat, of the States of the Empire.
The firft,and prime State therefore,is that of the Electours, as being the The first State.
neereft to the Head,or Chief. They are the Fathers,and Senatours, and the
maine,and firme Prop of this Edifice. They affift with their prudence, the
Head which they have choſen, and are compared with the Kings of Eu
rope.
The Ecclefiafticks have the precedencie in this ranck; firft, the Archbi-
ſhop of Mentz; next, he of Trevirs;and then,he of Celein. The King of Bohe
mia,the Duke of Bavaria, who was advanced to the Electoral dignity,by the
depofition of the Prince Palatin;and then he of Saxonie,and he of Branden
burgh.
The fecond State is conftituted, firft, by foure Archbishops: namely, of
Magdeburgh, Salfburgh, Bremen, and Befanfow; after whom follows the great
Matter of the Tentonick Order.
And afterwards,there take place,one and thirty Biſhops, who are follow-
ed by ten, of eleven Abbots, with the Title of Princes,as the Abbot of Ful-
da &c. The fecular Princes are placed after theſe Ecclefiafticks,and are in
number,eighteen Families; the firft whereof,is that of the Archdukes of An
ftria,divided into two branches,namely of Germany,and Burgundy And this
Family hath of much præheminence above that of the other Princes, as the
Archbishops have,above the Bishops. Then,follows that of Bavaria,of Sa-
xonie, of Brandenburgh,&c. After which fit the Abbeffes,as there of Quedelem-
burgh, of Effon &c. Some whereof have both the effect,and title, of Princeſſes.
And lastly fit the Counts, and Barons, whereof there is a great number,
Reinking to whom I referre the curious, calculates about eight and fifty of
them.
The third state is compleated, by the Imperiall and free Towns, which
are fixty five in number, or thereabouts: and they are to be confidered two
wayes; the former, and more noble whereof, is, that they immediately de-
pend upon the Emperour, and have nothing at all to do with any body elie,
and the other, that thefe alfo depend upon the Emperour;but yet they owe
fome fmall recognitance, to the Prince, Lord, or Pralat, in whofe territories
they are feated however they leave not thereby to be free,and to enjoy the
rights of Royalty.So that thefe Towns poffeffe the ancient liberty;the privi
ledges of Princes;have their Seffion, and Vote in the Diets, and are tearmed
the Noble member, and Pillars of the Empire,wherein they are incorporated,nei-
ther more, nor leffe,then the Princes,and Prælats. They are divided into two
Benches. The foure firft,are Lubeck, Metz, Auxburgh,and Aix,or Aquifgra-
e. The other being in the quality of Subjects to Empire,are not called.
There is yet another companie of Towns,which by vertue of the union
R 2
arc
The Second
State.
The thirdState.
C
*
124
PART. 1.
The Hiſtory of this Iron Age.
The Hans-
Town.
The tenCercles.
are called Hans-Towns; which are compofed, partly of fuch as are free; and
partly Provinciall, and obnoxious. This faid company, or Vnions hath no
other ayme, or end, then that of commerce, and it was approved firft,by
Charles the fourth. It hath foure Claffes, or Metropolitan Cities, to wit, La-
beck, Cole:n, Brunswick, and Danfick; and they have an annuall Affembly
at Lubeck, where they have their Charters, or Rolls, But theire laft warrs have
much altered all the orders,which were formerly kept.
The German Empire is diftributed into ten Cercles; Franconia, Bavaria,
Auſtria,Swevia,that of the upper Rheyn; and that of the four Electours to-
wards the Rheyn, Weftphalia, Saxonie, Low-Saxonic,and Burgundy.
Now the Emperour,as he is head of the Romane Empire, is bound to fwcar,
that he will defend all the priviledges of the Empire, but that doth not at alí
derogate from his Majefty, in regard that all Kings,at their confecration do
the fame and he is alfo greater, then all the Members of the Empire, and
may command them, as having received homage from them: and if when
they be cited, or condemned, they refuſe to appear, he publiſhes and pro-
fcribes them, by commanding fome Prince neer hand, to execute his order
by arms: from whence it follows, that as he is obliged to defend, and pro-
teat both them,and their priviledges; fo are they also bound to obey him, by
Oath,and by vertue of the Fief he poffeffes. A happy Goverment, and a happy
Germany,when the Members agree with the Head.
The motives of
the Decline of
the Empire.
The Popes.
B
CHAP. XV.
The Principall motives of the Decline of
the Empire.
Efore we ſpark of the caules of this laſt warre, which put Germany into
that condition wherein we ſee her yet,and from which the begins by lit-
tle and little, to be repayred; our Subject requires us to give a brief hin, of
thoſe which have fo weakened this Empire, which all hiftory, both pro-
phane, and facred,tell us, is to be the laſt,
The Popes were the first, who weakened it in Italy, and gave matter
thereby, to the moſt ambitious of that Nation, to appropiate iome
States to themſelves,as being either vacant, or deferted, by the troubles, or
careleſneſs, of the Emperours: wherein they ferved themfelves of divers
pretexts; as either through zeal of devotion, and refpect; or for the punith-
ment of fome faults,which they imputed to the faid Emperours; or through
the immenſity of their own ambition; or elle,by favouring the factions, of the
Ghelphes, againſt the Gibellins,or Imperialifts:in fuch fort,as the Papal Autho-
ritic obumbrating, or overfhaddowing, the Imperiall, hath both now quite
away the heat thereof,as I have already faid.
Secondly, by the tranflation of the Seate of the Empire to Conftantinople,
The Tranflation and by the inundation of the Barbarians, which have come at certain times
of the Seates from beyond the Rheyn:and from the North.
The Barbari-
ans.
Befides,the Empire is much diminiſhed, by fome Provinces, and Towns,
The Kingdoms. yca, and whole Kingdoms alfo, which upon divers prætexts, have loofen-
ed themſelves from this great Body, which are mentioned in hiſtory, and
not for our purpoſe her, And moreover, fince the Germans have reduced
the Empire within the præcincts of their nation, and chofen the Emperours
amongſt themſelves, by the excluſion of all ftrangers;it is no wonder,if o-
thers
PART.1.
125
The History of this Iron Age.
thers have ſeparated themſelves from them, and erected particular Govern-
ments, according to the humour of theirs.
But let us now come to the principall fubject of all,drawne from the Ger-
mans themlelves:which makes the Empire fo weak,that any neighbouring
Prince very often dares brave and affront it and this is the diverfity of Re- The diverſity
igions; the over great potencie of the Princes, and States,and diftrult,in fine, of Doctrines,
of diffidence, mingled with ambition. For remedie whereof, the Emperour, and ambition.
and Princes have had many conferences;and it hath been agreed,& refolved,
that there should be but two Religions tolerated in Germany; as namely, the
Roman Catholick, & the confeffion of Ausburgh, which is the Lutheran.But
the difeafe being too great to be cured by fo gentle phyfick; and the houſe of
Auftria too powerfull, both in Spain,and the Low-Countreys, not to give jca-
louſie;diſtruſt,and ambition, (fickneffes of State) have alwayes peeped out
their heads, in the Diets,after much time loft in difputing for place, and præ-
cedencie. So that theſe being gotten into the
teriour of the firſt, and ma-
king little account of the languishing authoritie of the Emperours, have pro-
duced the hatred, feditions, and warrs, which we have related already, and
thofe alfo,which are now going to defcribe.
From this diverfity of Religions, fprang the warre, between Charles the
fifth;John Frederick, Electour of Saxonie, Philip Landgrave of Haffia,and ſome
other Proteftants, which rendred the faid Emperours lufter, more glorious,
and begat fuch a hatred in all the Proteftant States, as is now grown almoſt
i reconciliable.
Pallavia.
There was a temperament, or kinde of agreement in Religion
concluded afterwards, which was called The contract of Paffavia, which The contract of
yer, being taken again into deliberation,bath fince made a marvelous ope-
ration,as we are about to fhew. In this aforefaid Treaty,it was ordered,and
fetled,that the Proteftants ſhould enjoy all ſuch ecclefiafticall goods, and re-
venues, as they had formerly poffeffed; and that the reft fhould remaine in
perpetuity,to the Catholicks. For example, the Catholick Biſhops coming
to embrace the Lutheran Religion,fhould forthwith refigne the place, to be
occupated by another, who fhould make open,not feigned profeffion, of the
Catholick; and fo confecutively,of all the Cloisters, Abbies, and other digni-
ties: which yet,the Lutherans cannot deny but they have conterveened, and
contradicted, and that they retaine all fuch aforefaid goods, and revenues,
againſt the will of the Teftatours, and againſt all Rights, Juſtice, and E-
quity.
But we muſt not alfo let paffe in filence, the complaints which have been Complaints a-
made by many of the States of Germany,againf the house of Auftria, which gainst the House
hath uphold her felf about two hundred years,in the Imperiall dignity, as if of Auftria.
it were hæreditary: a fufpicion,ful of efficacic, which fhocks after a manner,
the elective right,and ſtrongly oppoſes the jufteft maxime of State. To which
it hath been anfwered,that the elections have alwayes been lawfull; and that
at prefent,This houfe by means of her two Kingdoms, ferves for a Bulwark
to Germany,againſt the Turk. Beſides that, their is hardly any one to be found
in the whole body of the Empire, who is able,with the revenues of one Fa-
mity,to fuftain,or uphold the greatneffe of the Majefty, wherewith Charles
the filth reproached thofe Princes, which were revolted from him. Were it
mot(faid hee) for my Low-Countryes, I could not maintain my Table: What profit
have I of your Empire, but a great charge,and perpetual troubles? Inferring there-
by,that the glory of this weighty burthen, was dear enough bought, with
our addition of difobedience.
After the deceafe of this invincible, and moſt vigilant Emperour,his fuc
ceflours,either through too much timidity,durft not make fhew,of feeing the
faults,and errours which were committed,or caft them off,to the following
R 3
Diets,
126
PART. I.
The History of this Iron Age.
Diets, which were often extinguished,in the very difpute of precedencie on-
ly,as I have faid already. And fo the impunity of Vice encouradging men
to fin,not only the Biſhops married,and kept their Bifhopricks; but the fæcu-
lar Princes alfo feazed upon other ecclefiafticall Lands, and Goods, as it
were for decencies fake,and every one in fine,would have his ſhare thereof.
The long poſſeſſion of a thing ill gotten, warrants not the propriety therein, nor ex-
cludes the true Owner from his lawful Right.But they who can defend it with
armes,either mock, or defy the ftrength of the Lawes.
The complaints
of the Catho-
licks.
CHAP. XVI.
The Emperour redemands the Ecclefiaftical Goods, taken
after the compofition of Paffavia. The alteration
fo
amongst the Proteftants.
Fter ſo many Victories gotten,by the Emperours Lieutenants; after ha-
Aving humbled the King of Denmark, and all the Proteftants of his Par-
ty: after having fo often chaft zed Bethleem Gabor,deſtroyed the dreadful re-
volt of the Peaſants of Auſtria,and pardoned tuch, as were too deeply inga-
ged in the Prince Palatines party,who was deprived of his States,and fled for
refuge,into Holland,and after the death of Mansfeldt,and his faithful Biſhop,
the Emperour refolved, to fatisfy the complaints of the Roman Catholicks,
who demanded juftice,upon fuch as by ufurpation, detained many Poffeffi-
ons, and goods, after the contract of Paſſavia. For being the Head of ju-
fticeshe could not deny them; and the Bifhops are as well members of this
great Body,as the other Princes: but it was to move a ſtone,which threatned
the fall of the whole building. It was reprefented to him,that the Protestants
had very ill obferved the Peace, and that the Catholicks had not difputed
with them,what was already granted them,by the faid contra; however it
were done by force,and for the eſtabliſhment of firme repofe : but that they,
not being glutted with thofe Prebendries, had leapt beyond their bargains,
and against the Signed Promile, violently ravaged, and taken many other.
But, we must not keep our word with Hereticks. Who must be upbraided with
this maxine;he, who fayes it,or he,who does it?
The Emperour,upon mature deliberation, finding the equity of the cauſe,
flighting the danger, which yet was moſt vilable;for he went about to ſhock
the Electours, Princes, States,and Towns of the Empire, who would not fuf-
fer fuch dainty bits to be plucked out of their mouths,without contefting,
and hazarding all; even though they were forced to call in ftrangers.
A command:• Wherefore upon the fixth of March 1629. he fent a moft expreffe com-
render all eccle mand from his good City ofVienna, to all the Princes,and Towns of the Em-
fiafticall goods, pire,forthwith to restore all ecclefiafticall Lands, or Goods, feazed,or occu-
taken after the
Contract of Paf. pated after the compofition of Paffaria,upon pain of loffe, of all Priviledges,
Rights, Immunities, and the Imperiall Excommunication. The Thunder-
bolt, which falls before the feet of the travayler, doth not fo much aſtoniſh
him,as this fentence did all the Proteftants. But, before we paffe to this dif-
afterous War, let us fee the motives, and reafons of both partyes.
favia.
I have already fhewed,upon what Right the Emperours command was
The reaſon why grounded the execution whereof was affured him to be facil enough, by fo
many victorious Armies, which it would be no less then evident temerity for
them to oppofe;fince he had already ventered to expel the Heriticks out of his
own
PART.1.
127
The History of this Iron Age,
own Hæreditary Countries, & had brought the fedition of the Peafants to a
good illue. But,the occult cauſes were,that he could not better fix his Autho-
rity, then by this way; in regard that, if he would be generally adored, and
root the Imperial Crown faft in his Family,he muft needs firſt reform,and re-
eftablish the Roman Catholick Religion every where. That he had a foot-
ing in the Bal ick Sea; and that fince he had fo well begun, he ought to pro-
fecute, and finiſh: That he was obliged to God, the Church, and the Holy
See; and that it ferves for nothing,to undertake,without perfeverance, and the Iron
must be struck whileft it is hot, &c.
Now the Proteftants found this Command, of as hard digeftion as the
Belgicks, or Low-country people did the exaction of the Tenth Penny, impo-
fed upon them by the Duke of Alva. Men fight fometimes (fayes a learned
Writer) with more refolution,for the Harth, then for the Altar. Wherefore, it
was held fit to oppoſe it,by fome Proteftation: and fo, they befeeched his
Majefty to fufpend the execution thereof, till it were decided, in a Generall
Diet. But, in the mean while, there grew murmuration, and grumbling
every where, the hatred for Religion was renewed; and a moft manifeft
averfion of the people, diſcovered.
A hard Pro-
pofition.
Pro arri &
focis.
The Emperour granted them a Generall Affembly at Ratisbone, and The Aſſembly
tranſported himself thither, at the ſame time, that the newes was brought at Ratisbone.
him, that the King of Sweden was entred with an Army into the Territories
of the Empyre. Whereupon, the Proteftant Embaſſadours, even raviſhed
with joy, required not only a Revocation of the ſaid Edict, or Command,
in order to the Ecclefiafticall poffeffions,but alſo that all might be reſtored to
the fame ſtate where in it was, before the Revolt. But Ferdinand would not
hearken to this; for either he must make himſelf obeyed, or leave to Com-
mand. Hereupon, the Embaſsadors fneaked away, and aſsembled them- And at Leip-
felves at Leipfick.
The Neighbouring nations feeing this alteration, were not a little glad,
to underſtand that there was a preparation made, to give this Majefty a ge-
neral check in the very foundation, and root thereof. In a word,Leagues and
Confœderations were concluded, and ftrangers, (who, by occult wayes,
helped to fabricate this fire) called in, and embraced; the ambition of
Spain not forgotten, which aymed at nothing but the Univerfal Monarchy:
the Inquifition canvafed, and the Jefuites, as Parricides, Incendiaries, Ene-
mies to peace, and Authours of all fedition, coupled: The Roman Antichrift
carried alfo his pack, by the writings of fuch, as whofe whole party was fup.
by the cruell lot of Armes; and in fine, by all the Proteftants: The Imperial
Majefty it felf was expofed to the rage of the people, which wifhed for no-
thing but a change. Yea, even the Imperial Townes, which fufpected that
Majeſty, and which, by the licence of the change of Religion, had appro-
priated to themſelves all the aforefaid Lands and Goods, thruſt on the
wheel, augmented the diftruft, and offered the profufion of their treaſures,
thereby to hinder the drawing of the principall fource thereof.
It was alfo alledged, that the Princes and States, had had ground and
cauſe to employ the Ecclefiafticall Lands, and Goods, to better ufes; and
that the Pricfts,and Monks,lived ill, fatted themſelves like hogges, and gave
fcandal,to the whole world. That they had peacefully enjoyed them above
fixty years, and that fuch of them, as were left them by their Anceftours,
might be retaken by them, to provide for their children. In fine,complaints,
reafons,and libels were not wanting: And after a great wind,commonly fol-
lowes rain: fo,all here being difpofed, they came from words to blowès.
CHAP.
fick,
128
PART.18
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
#
the Duke
the King of
France, 1630.
CHAP. XVII.
The Aẞembly of Ratisbone, where Frithland is diſmiſſed
from his Charge.
The Alliance of During aria, and Electour, made a League Defenfive, and Offenfive,
Uring the Affembly at Ratisbone, in the year 1630, Maximilian Duke
of
Bavaria, with with the King of France; whereby his Majeſty promiſed to maintain the
Electorat in the Houfe of Bavaria, and defend it againſt any, who might be
fo bold as to attack it, with an Army of fifty thousand men, and he promi-
fed the King to fuccour him, with four thouſand Foot, and fifteen hundred
Horfe,and he wrought fo much by his frequent fuites,and inſtances with the
Frithland dif-
Emperour induced thereto by Cardinal Richelien) that he procured the
miſſed from his Dignity of Generall to be taken away from the Duke of Frithland, who had
charge. alwayes fo well ferved him, though by his behaviour he were growne infup-
portable, chiefly to fuch as loved not the Houfe of Austria. Thofe powers
which are trayled by fo many puiffant Emulators together, run poft to deftruction.
This councell proved dam magcable to the Emperour, and yet more to him
who gave it; and he who invented it, was very likely to overthrow the
whole Empyie.
The King of
Swden invi-
ted to come into
Germany.
The King of Sweden,being advertiſed of all which paffed in Germany, invi-
ted by the Germans themſelves; incited by France, England, Venice, the
United Provinces, and by occafion (which he took up by the Forelock) as al-
fo by his own peculiar interefts, began to make his preparatives. There
wanted nothing for a potent League, but Cauſes, and Pretexts, whereof
there would be found enough, though it were no more,then every one's own
advantage apart, which is lo ftrong, that it ordinarily carries the ballance,
how full foever it be of reaſon and juſtice. Men of this Age adore it: either
is it without ground, that a certain learned perſon calis it, the Idoll of fe
times.
Towards the beginning of the year 1630, Europe was in a kind of Crifis,
war in Italy, Germany full of old fouldiers, who ftruck terrour wherefoever
they paffed. France, apprehending left this ſtorm ſhould fall upon her, and
that the Eagles fhould come and nestle again in thoſe three Townes, which
were taken from them (as I have noted already) hindred a Treaty of Truce,
by hindring the acceptation of the Propofitions,and fent to the very bottom
of the North, to awaken Gustavus Adolphus to a League. Nor needed there
much eloquence to perfwade him,who looked afquint already, upon thofe
puiffant Troops, upon the Baltick Sea, which draw near him. But, know-
ing how he had been caught by his Neighbour, he would not be content
with promifes, but required a furety at Amfterdam, before he would paffe
any further,
England, befides the gencrall intereft, had that of the Prince Palatine,
which the conuld not handfomely abandon, in fuch a conjuncture; and yet
was the alſo fain to give affurauce for moneys, before fhe could enter the
League of this great Captain.
The States Generall were much concerned therein, fince by the growth
of the Houle of Auftria, they forefaw their certain ruin, in regard of the
fuccour, which the would be able to give the Spaniards. And moreover,
they might well fear, left all the States of Germany humiliated, or joyned to
thoſe of the Emperour, he might come to redemand fome Townes amongſt
them, which are yet noted at the corner of the Eagle or Empyre.
The
PART.1.
129
The History of this Iron Age,
The Venetians, not warmed with the zeal of Religion, as the Proteſtaats
were, as being of the fame with this Houfe; found for the intereft of their
State, that it was neceflary, to put the faid Houfe into fuch termes, as
might not give fo much jealoufic. And fo, the Proteftants being inflamed,
and incouraged, by the Catholicks, which were intereffed, and defirous to
fec fome diforder fpring up in this powerful Body; undertook the fame de-
figne. And then it was, that the Empire was to be torne in pieces, fince
the Germans themſelves confpired her ruine,with her Enemies, and fubtra-
cted themſelves from her obedience, becauſe they could not endure her Ma-
jefty. The Houfe cannot faile to be burnt, when the very owners themselves, as
well as the enemies, help to fet it on fire. This unhappineffe was referved for the
latter times. Let us fee the King of Sweden come in; for he will dance bet-
ter then all who came before him.
CHAP. XVIII.
The entry of the King of Sweden into Germany. His reafons
why? Thofe of the Emperour. Allyances with Bogiflaus.
He blocks up the Sea Towns. Tilly takes the
Generalate, against his will.
VV
Here fhall I be able to finde tearmes, and Inke black enough, to
exprelle, and write tragically enough, the cruel, and difmal ef-
fects, of this fanguinary, and horrible War? Where ſhall I chuſe
words of energy, or force enough, to curfe the inhuman actions, and unna-
tural Tragedies, which have been acted in wretched Europ, and which are
not yet ended; and that, onely by the immenſe ambition of fome few per-
fons? It is lawful openly to blame Vice, but not fuch as commft it: It is
God onely, who must judge, and we poor Subjects muft bend our fhoulders,
and expect our deliverance from above.
About Mid-Summer, in the year 1630. the King of Sweden entred Ger-
many with an Army; having firft cleanfed the Isle of Rugia,and the borders
of Stralfund, from the Imperial Garrifons. The reafons which he publiſhed,
for his coming as an Enemy, were.
Firſt, becauſe his Embaſſadours had not been admitted, to the Treaty of
Lubeck.
Secondly, in regard the Imperialiſts came againſt him in Pruſſia.
And thirdly, for that fome Letters of his, which he ſent to Bethleem Gabor,
had been intercepted, in full peace. But thefe, were but pretexts: for the
truc, and moving grounds were theſe.
Firſt, becauſe the Emperour had deprived his kinſmen, the Princes of His reaſons.
Meckelemburgh, of their Dutchyes.
Secondly, for that he had built Forts, in all the Havens; and made Ships,
to render himselfe potent upon the Baltick Sea, with defigne to paffe one day
further into Sweden, then he was to expect, that the Eagles would be fuffe-
red to coast.
And lastly, in refpect there was fome apperance of extending his domi-
nation in Germany; and in a word, it is alwayes profitable to fish, in troubled
waters.
The answer to
The Emperour answered,that he himselfe had begun, by putting a Gar- the aforesaid
riſon into Stralfund, and that there could be no treating with him, without reaſons,
drawing it from theace.
As for his Letters, befides that all the plots, and practices, both of himſelf,
S
and
嘿
​130
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Tilly.
King Guſtave
leagues with
the Duke of
Pomerania.
He blocks the
fea Towns.
and his Allyes, were already diſcovered; it was impoffible, but they muſt
tend to his diſadvantage, being directed to a man, who had as often revol-
ted, as opportunity was offered him to do it; and who never kept his faith,
but when he wanted occafion to break it.
In relation to the Baltick Sea, he had at leaſt (being Chief, and Empe-
rour) as much to do with it, as Guſtavus had.
That the fuccour which he fent the King of Poland, was founded upon the
fame Maxims, upon which himſelfe had fuccoured the King of Denmark,
and Stralfund.
In order to the Dukes of Meckelemburgh,he objected,that he had nothing
to do,to controwl him in Germany; and that himfelfe would not take it well,
that he should medle with any of his kingdom.
That his eares were open to Interceffions, but not to Commands.
But, all thefe arguments ferved for nothing; there must be blowes. For,
the King was fure of his Allyes, and of the inclination of all the Proteftants,
whole Caufe, and Religion, he vanted, that he came to defend. More-
over, this generous Prince, being brought up in arms, was fure, that, could
he but once come to beate that old Captain, that victorious Rock, againſt
which all his Enemies had made fhipwrack; all the Lutherans would lend
him their hands, from the one end of the Empire, to the other; and then,
what honour, and what glory fhould he obtain? And if it hapned other-
wife, he might confolate himfelfe, with all fuch other Warriers, as had fuf-
fered the like difgrace; though yet ftill, with this advantage beyond them,
that his Enemies could not follow him, into his kingdom. In brief, he
wanted but the getting of one General Battel, to put into his hands the two
thirds of the Empire: and one more for all; and Italy in,to the bargaine.
Whileft he was treating the League with Duke Bogiflans (who received
him in Stetin) and driving the Imperialiſts out of Pomerania, and Meckelen-
burgh; being fortunate in many Encounters, and chiefly, in that which
was offered for the fuccour of Colbergb(where the Imperialiſts were knocked,
and Torquato Conty forced to incamp himselfe at Gartz) the Proteſtants ai-
fembled themfelves fecretly at Leipfick, from whence they communicated
with him, and amongſt themſelves, about the means of retaining the Eccle-
fiaftical Lands, and Goods in queftion; of maintaining their Religion; and
reducing, and reſtraining the Empire,to the fame ftate, wherein it had been
before the troubles. All kindes of defence are authorized, when there is
fear of the diminution of eftate, and State, together with that of Religion.
It ſeems,that in theſe times, men may diſpenſe with their faith or word gi-
ven, even upon meer doubts; and that it is lawful,upon meer apprehenfions
onely, though without any ground, to withdraw ones felfe from obedience.
But diffidence, and power to hurt upon occafion, have more weight in State-
intereft, then in Right; and they, who have not Peace, and Juſtice, for
the fcope of their armes, do not make War, but commit robberies; for the
end of War, ought to be Peace.
Now, the King fpent all the Summer,in blocking up the maritine Places;
railing new Troops; exciting the Inhabitants to expell their Guefts, and
receive their old Mafters; wherein they fhewed themfelves fo good Ser-
vants, that their fear effectively appeared in all parts. Bogiflaus wrote com-
plaints, and excufes to the Emperour; but they brought nothing back, but
reproaches, and condemnations.
In the meantime, the Imperial Army and that of the League,were with-
out a Head; becauſe the Duke of Frithland had obeyed the Emperours Or-
der; and General Tilly had a minde to fubmit to fome pious infpirations,
which commanded him to leave this Trade, and paffe the reſt of his dayes
in the fervice of his Heavenly Mafter: In fuch fort, as there was much
adoc,
PART.I.
131
The History of this Iron Age.
a doc, yea, and many great Divines were faint to difplay their eloquence, to
make him re-admit this Burthen upon his fhoulders. For he confidered,
that he had alwayes had Fortune as his Handmaid; that he had acquired
as much glory, as any one Captain in the World; and that all this might
change; that in a great Calme, a great Storme is to be feared; and that it
often happens, that the foundeft, and beft difpofed bodies, are thole, which
moft eafily fall into grevous ficknelles. No, no,( faid he ) let another younger
then I am, untangle this Web: It is a faire Field to winne the Lawrel; fince the
the
difpute is about Religion, and the Authority, of the Prime man of the World;
Caufe is just; and the more difficulty it hath in it, the more glory will it also have.
Sweat, and Duft mingled with blood, will alwayes revive, and quicken the Palmes,
and Bayes, wherewith his head shall be crowned. Mine begin to wax old with
and I will now confecrate them to the foot of a Crucifix.
me;
O how happy had he been, had he followed this confel, and put himſelf
ito a Monaftery, as he had projected! But his delights were to be raing-
led with bitterneſſe; his glory was to be obfcured; and he was to taſte the
condition of a Conquered, as well as that of a Conquerour. The Croffe,
which he had a minde to embrace in a Cloifter, was but exteriour, and vo- The praise of
luntary; but this was to be active, and effential. There were publiſhed of Tilly who re-
him, theſe three things; That he let no day flip, without hearing Maffe: That takes the Ge-
he had never touched a woman; And that he never loft Battel,
Let us leave him taking the charge, and care, of ranging the Souldiers
again into good order, and difcipline; and fee what paffed at Magdeburgh,
fince the year 1628,
neralate.
}
CHAP. XIX.
The Siege of Magdeburgh. The Duke of Lauemburgh beaten,
and taken, neer the Elbe. King Guftave takes Francfurt,
upon the Oder, aud beats the Imperialiſts.
M
Agdeburgh is an Imperial Town,in the Country of Saxonie, fituated
upon the River of Elbe, grown very rich,and puiſſant, and by conſe-
quence infolent, by the conveniency of Trade; It put Charles the fifth
to much vexation, and trouble, and he proclaimed an Outlawrie a-
gainſt it, and gave Maurice Duke of Saxonie the execution thereof;
who, either through collufion, or otherwife, forbore to take it; and
dance
from thence came the German Proverb: Metz and Magd refufed to Magdeburgh,
with the Empetour. After Luthers Doctrine was planted there, the Arch- the first di-
Bishops authority began to be much vilifyed, and confequently, that of the turbance
Emperour. But let us now come to the ftate of the controverfie.
This Town chofe Auguftus Son to the Elector of Saxonie, for her Ad-
miniftratour. Ferdinand confented not to this Election; and the Pope, de-
firous to reſtore his credit in that Country, together with that of the Empe-
rour; eſtabliſhed the Arch-Duke Leopold, who is at prefent Governour of
the Low-Countries, for the King of Spain. The Imperialists feized upon
fome places neer it, and extorted a fumine of money from it for their Solde,
or Pay and by continuing to demand a greater, provoked the averfions of
the Cittizens, and encouraged them to take arms, and chaſe them away.
They feized alfo upon fome Barkes, which went to the Country of
Meckelenburgh; fo that wallenftein at length was faine to come and revenge
S 2
this
tbereof.
着
​132
PARTI
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
A
ppeased by
Wallenftein.
that Commotion. Brief, the Town was invefted, temerity turned into re-
pentance, and arms into fupplications: in conclufion,all was pardoned, they
difpenfed with for a Garrison, and the Forfeit of a hundred and fifty thou-
fand Rix-Dollars, which was liberally remitted, out of refpect to fomne cer-
tain Princes though yet, all this made them not a whit better Servants, to
Ferdinand. Thus, was the firft bout paft; but there followed a fecond, which
brought an utter ruine, and that the moft miferable one, that ever fell upon
any Town; I will be bold to fay, then that of Troy, even though all
were true, which hath been written thereof by the Greeks, and then that
of Ierufalem, Saguntum, and Numantia: yea, of Sancerra, and Tirle-
mont. But we will deliver the motives thereof, and the Prodigies, which
præceded it.
The cause of the The Arch-Dukes Embaſsadours were fent to Hall, and Magdeburgh, to
disturbance. prefs the Inauguration, or Inveſture, re-demand the Churches, and dif-
mount the Evangelical Canonries. This infinitely diſpleaſed the Admini-
ftratour Christian of Brandenburgh, who could not brook, that fuch a dignity,
together with fo great Revenues (wherewith he could maintain himſelf ac-
cording to his quality) thould be forced from him: Nor was he ignorant, of
how the Electour of Saxony took this proceeding, with what eyes thefe new
Catholicks were looked on, and that Fortune did forward the valiant, and
hinder the timid: and therefore, he fell to work.
The Admini-
Stratour enters
into the Town,
and gaines the
people.
On that one fide, he perceived the Afsembly of Leipfick, and the inten-
tion thereof: on the other, the King of Sweden, who made great progreſs,
and who was expected by all,as a true Liberatour, or Deliverer, and in the
middle, all the people extremely affectionate to the Party, and defirous of
nothing more,then to be in action for it. We alwayes covet that which is
hurtful tous, and ask that, which we ought to fhun.
He entred into Magdeburgh difguifed, with Marshal Falkenbergh, and
brought things fo to pafs by his practifes, and fhifts, that he gained the
Principall of the Town privately; and they, the people publickly. He ask-
ed them, whether they would hold with the King Sweden, and with him?
To which they anſwered with a loud voyce, Yea. Ah! Blindpeople, what de
you? You tumble both your fortunes,and lives into a pracipice, by a fatality,which no
body can comprehend, and yet leffe,refift. You bave forgotten your fir ft fickneſſe, but
you will perish,in the relaps. You fee not any of the Prodigies, which admonish, and
threaten you: One part of your walls, and Bulwarks, tell you by their tottering, that
they are to be thrown downe, and that flaming fword, which appeared over your
Town five or fix moneths before your ruine, whilst you flept, announced to you, that
fire and fword should deftroy you. Prepare your felves to fuffer Armes, fince you
demand warre; he who loves danger, shall perish in it.
Now this was aMafter-piece for theKing ofSweden,as being one of the chief
Inſtruments,to ſmooth the way to his victories. For this Town retarded the
Armes of the Imperialiſts, and opened the paffage, to thofe of the Swedes;
who thereby got meanes to hunt them quickly out of all. Pomerania, and
Meckelenburgh, and terrified them, in fine, like an Earthquake, that they
knew not to what Saint to pray moft. They had their enemies within,with-
out, and on every fide. If they oppofed fuch as were before, they were bea-
The victory of ten behind: fofuch fort,as that the first year,Gustavus having made an Ally-
ance with Duke Bogiflaus, cleanfed Pomerania, and Meckelenbergh, by almoſt
and Meckelen- a general Infurrection of the people, and Generall Tilly's abfence, The Ma-
bergh. ritine Townes, as Colbergh, Rostock, Damitz, and Wifmaer, when they had
been very long blocked up, yeelded themſelves one after another, for want
of fuccour; and the King, having wedged up the Imperialifts, as far as into
Silefia, carried on the war, to the very bank of the Elb; but it was after the
deftruction of Magdeburgh,as we fhal forthwith fhew.He found a little repug
the Swedes in
Pomerania,
nance
PART.1.
133
The History of this Iron Age,
nance in Pomerania,from them,who knewFerdinands forces;but his violent ar-
guments made them bow,& his complaints moved the Electors alfo to change
their note, who had not qualified him,in their Letters, with the title of King.
He frighted the Ladies at Berling,and got Spawdan for his retrcat. In brief,they
who invited him, were conftrained to fe-joynthemſelves in apparence from
him, and make a fhew to apprehend, and fear him; though in their foules,
they adored him, as their deliverer: but this diffimulation cauſed the ruine
of Germany, and repentance in them, who fo dexterously ferved themſelves of
it. The Adminiftratour being glad beyond meaſure, to fee that his deſign had
fucceeded fo well, hoped to be very fhortly in a condition, not only to expell
his enemies, but to advance the war alſo, to fome other part. But Papenheim
poſting thither, fuccoured the Caftle of Hall, retook forthwith all all the ftens, and be-
Papenheim ha-
Towns, ſtopped up the Fox in his hole, and began the fatal Siege of this un-gins the Siege,
happy Town, the 18. of December 1630.
The King, feeing his enemies engaged in a long and tedious Siege, and
defirous to ferve himſelf of the advantage, thought of another diverfion;
and fo, he fent Francis Duke of Lauenburgh, with fome Troops, towards
1630.
the E.be.
the Elbe, to raile a great fire there; but Papenheim quenched it with their Chaftifes Duke
own blood; took the faid Duke prifoner in a fmall Bark, and feat him to Francis near
the Emperour, for not having kept his promife, which he gave him, never
to bear Armes againſt him. Having thus furiouſly diſpatched this Com-
miffion, he came back to the Siege, and Tilly having mu ered his Ar-
my, though he found it not fo great as he conceived, marched neverthe-Tilly in Mec-
kelenbergh.
lelle to Meckelenbergh.
Tilly returns
Gustave, the other fide, feeing his enemies melt before Magdeburgh, and
having performed very great Exploits, both in Summer, and Autumne,
marched in the month of December, up the Oder, to manifeſt thereby that he
was more vigorous in the winter, then the Summer. In effect, the Imperia- to the Siege,
lift durit not expect him at Gartz; but, after the loffe of many of their and the King
men, retyred themſelves in confufion, and madca ſtand again at Francfurt, beats the Im-
upon the fame River, though yet he returned, and intrenched himself, with-Perialists as
out hazarding any combat at all, or oppofing Tilly, who took Newbranden-
burgh, and put the Garrison to the fword, before his face. But he had his
revenge, and made Tilly return towards Magdeburgh, whileft himself took
Frankfurt, in the month of April 1 531. with incredible felicity,beat the Em-
perours old Bands; flew above three thouſand upon the place, and forced the
reft to double their pace, towards Silefia.
After having plucked out this thorne, he bent all his thoughts, to the
fuccour of Magdeburgh, where we will leave him, to fee what pafled at that
famous Affembly of Leipfick, where there was prefent that renowned Capu-
cin, Father Jofeph, to animate, together with the other Embaffadours, the
Proteftants, to warre againſt the Catholick League. But intereft of State is
more confiderable then Religion; the Body, then the Soule: this world,
then the other, and man, then God: If Right must be wronged, it must be
done, only to gain a kingdom; in all other other things, piety must be reverenced.
This proceeding had no other juftice, then reafon of State; and yet, the
Reformates will be fure,not to excite the Catholicks to the deftruction of any
nation, which purely followes their DoЯrine. When you (hall fee the abom na-
tion of defolation, fave your felves upon the Mountains.
The Affembly of Leipfick was convocated by the Electour of Saxony, as
Head of the Proteftants, thereby to hinder the reftitution of the Ecclefiafti-
cal Lands, and Goods; to fuccour Magdeburgh,and joyn with the Swedes,
to refift the Emperour, whofe potency was too formidable to them, And
this was the ground of their calling King Gustave into Germany, to be Cap-
tain Generall of all the forces; who, being fortified by the Allyances of
S 3
France,
Francfurs.
134
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
France, England, and the Confederated States of the Low-countries, promifed
himfelfe no leffe then the Empyre it felf, if he could winne but one
Battail.
CHAP. XX.
They arm every
where.
Complaints
against the
Emperour.
Refuſed by
other.
• Gold.
Tilly paffes
into Haflia.
The Proteftants make an Allyance with King Guſtave.
Magdeburgh taken by force.
VI
Hileft, the Embaffadours of the Princes, Imperial Towns, and Pro e-
ftant States, were treating an Allyance, and the King was grow
ing formidable; the Drummes were beating, and the Trumpets
founding every where; in fuch fort, as that the two Electours, in the mouth
of July 1631. feeing themſelves with an Army on foot of twenty thousand
men, threw off their vizard, wrote to the Emperour, as accufing him of ha-
ving broken his Oath, overthrown the Peace,and Liberty of Germany; and
in fine, of having taken away the bonds of Religion: And if he revoked not
that Edict for Reftitution of Ecclefiaftical Lands,and Goods, and that there
were not fome means found out to remedy thefe diforders,the whole Empyre
would go to rack. But it was now too late to talk of remedies; ftrangers be-
ing already gotten in, and Ferdinands honour too deeply ingaged. Nor did
their diftrufts, and jealoufies derogate one jot, from the juftice of the
Edict; no more then their poffeffion of fo many year es made them true,
and lawful Proprietaries: For, That which is differed, is not loft. And for
the præſcription, it ferved for nothing; it being as lawful for the Emperour,
to take the faid Lands, and Goods from them by way of Juftice, as it had
been for them to difpoffeffe the Ecclefiafticks thereof by violence, or to re-
tain them, against the agreement made, after they had withdrawne them-
felves from the ancient Church, to marry and fo much the rather, becauſe
he was obliged thereto by his Authority, Right, and Intereft. Befides, he
wanted not arguments to retort. For, he accufed them of deceit; for that,
under pretext of confulting, they had affembled theinfelves, to take Armes,
and joyn with Guftave: That it was they, who had long ago, auined the
fupports of Religion, and divided Germany by factions, and diftrufts, to the
detriment of the publick quiet; and that himself, as being the Head, was
bound to reftore all to the former fplendour, and good intelligence. So eve-
ry one pretended to have right on his fide; and the fword was to do
the office.
Now Tilly, who by the ftrength of * Ducats, had opened the confci-
ence, had purchafed the Pen of a Secretary, knew all that was treated
in the faid Affembly; and effectively faw, that there was neither Burgh,
nor Village under the jurifdiction of the Proteftants, where fouldiers were
not lifted.
Wherefore he pafled into Haffia, where he found the Landgrave William
much changed, as being far more mindfull, of what he had concluded at
Leipfick, then of what he had promifed the Emperour at Vienna: For, he
refuſed both Garrison, and Penfion,as alfo the cafheering of his forces; and
fhewed himſelf refolute; in fine, by the most manifeft figns of averfion he
gave, to defend himſelf, if he were attacked. Upon which, Tilly preparing
Returns to the himself to make him fing another tune,was informed, that the King advan-
Siege. ced towards the Elbe, and fo his menaces were but Chimera's; for he was
forced to return to the Siege.
The
PART.1.
135
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
5
The Count of Turftembergh, an old Souldier, ftood not with his Arms a- Count Turftem-
crolle; for there was work enough cut out already,without expecting any bergh in Swave
more. Wherefore, he was fent into, Swaveland, and Ulme, both which he and Wire-
quickly ranged, and from thence,into the Dutchy of Wirtembergh, where the
berg.
eleven thouſand men newly rayfed, were no: ftrong enough, to keep the
Duke within the League in fuch fort,as that thofe Provinces were contrai-
ned,to renounce the Proteftant allyance,almoſt as ſoon as it was known,that
they had (worne to it
All these commandments were profperous enough,in High Germany: but
the face of all things was changed,in Low-Saxonie, and the Maritine Towns
(the principal fubject of the diftructs) which had long been blocked up, and
put themfelves again,into King Guftaves hands.
andour
Tilly and Papenheim,being refolved rather to dye,then abandon the Siege,
diffembled their loles received, and continued it with fo much order, that
they quickly made themſelves mafters, of all the Forts and Out-works; All the Forts
fo that there remained nothing but the Town,which perifhed, more out of taken.
hatred,and by the induftric of wife Falkembergh, then by her own ftrength.
The Inhabitants were fummoned to render; the Mines were ready,
and the hand lifted up to ftrike: and yet, through their obftinacie
and blindneſſe, they would needs expect extremityes, which at length they
found. For Papenheim, irritated, as well by their flows, as by their con-
tumatious reſiſtance, entred first by force,and was repulled by the Valour of
the Marshal, who being killed by a bullet,the Inhabitants quickly retreated And the Town
into their houſes; the neereft whereof he comman led to be fired; and almoſt
by force.
at the very fame inftant, the fire was feen very far from thence,neer the Elbe, burnt.
and fo, in leffe then four hours,this fine Town was reduced into afhes, whi-
left the Souldiers were fighting with the Citizens, for plunder,without ta-
king any care at all,to extinguilh the devouring flames.
This was the end of that deplorable Town, the afhes whercof produced
fuch animofities amongst the Lutherans,and Reformates, against the Imperia-
ifts, that they cannot be highly enough expreffed; and principally againſt
Tilly, whole actions they carped,and faid,that he had ſtained all his gallant
Victories, with the fmoaky ruincs of Megdeburgh. What ever were in the
matter, true it is, that Tilly, after this ranfack, found fortune alwayes again't
him; and the Proteftants reproached him with the indignation, and
venge-
ance of God,for the fhedding of fo much innocent blood.
The Catholicks, on the other fide,retort the fault upon the infolencie of
the Burghers,or Townfien,who refufed honorable conditions, when there
was time for them: and whileft the gate was yet open to favour,and pardon:
and ſay beſides,that the Swedes,feeing the place loft,left it on fire, for feare
leaft it ſhould fall entyre,together with the Magazin,into the hands of their
enemies; alledging for proof thereof, that the fire was kindled, in many
parts of the Town, from which the imperialifts were very far off;though yet
indeed, when fouldiers are once gotten into a place by force, they make no
account at all of command. But really,had they been able to enjoy this vi-
ctory,by an honourable compofition,they would have been able by the con-
veniencie of the paffage, and the Bridge, to keep the warre alwayes in Meck-
clemburgh;luccour the places belieged,and have Weftphalia behind them: for,
a little before the taking of this Town, they had forfaken the Bridge of Daf
faw, upon information, that the King was coming thither, and for fear leaft
he thould ferve himself of the faid paffage. But however, thefe (parkles
incompaffed all Germany with a fire, which lafted till the year 1649. Change
of Religion, Commodityes, Allyances,Situation,and Traffick, had made this
Town very infolent, with impunity: but the pot goes fo often to the water, that at
length, it returns crackt. As long as the Relicks of St. Norbert refted there,
they
which is all
136
PART 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
they faved (according to the opinion of many)the Town from the thunder-
bolt;but after they were fecretly ftolne way, the wrath of heaven fell upon
it, and cruſhed it, Had not Ulyffes ftolne the Image of Minerva,Troy had not pe-
rished.
Magdeburgh, being left in her ruins, and the poor inhabitants buryed, or
burnt in their houfes,nothing was left to the conquerours, but a juſt diſplea-
fure,to fee the defolation thereof. Tilly marched with his army; entred into
Tilly goes into Saxonie; took many Towns; wrote to the Duke, and affured him, that if he
renounced not the League,he would compell the Emperour to call ftrangers,
into Germany,as well as the Proteftants had done,by inviting the Swedes,and
all the Princes, by chooſing Gustave,for head of the union, and Protectour
of the Interefts of the faid League.
Saxon ie.
Tilly beaten
neer Werben.
The Electour was extremly afflicted, to fee his countrey was become the
Theater, where all the Armycs were to begin the tragedie. But he was re-
proached,that it was the recompence of the fo many, and fo great fervices,
as he had done his Imperiall majefty; and that,as being a Lutheran,he ought
to be chafed out, as well as the reft. Wherefore, he befeeched the King to
make hafte; but he temporizing,and demanding Wittembergh for his retreat,
he offered him all his Country: by which franknefic,he gave him fo much
contentment, that he refolved to fuccour him, without any condition at
all.
Before this,Gustave worsted Tilly before the Fort of werben, for he fuffered
him to draw neer him, under prætext that his Canon was nayled, and Tilly
having fent fpies to his Camp, for this effect, and underſtanding that all was
quiet,conceaved that his enterprize would not failc to fucced ;and fo was re-
pulfed with much loffe;and a little after,he loft yet three Regiments morc;
whereby he was taught, that he had to do,with a man who was neither
Novice,nor Apprentice,and that he muft difpute luftily, to get any advan-
tage upon him.
But,he was not aware,that his mifortune followed him to cloſely,and that
his thirteen years Victorie was to be thortly contaminated,by the loife of one
only Battail: a Batrail,I fay,which overthrew the house of Austria; deftroy-
ed fo much,and fo great progreffe,and expofed the Catholicks, to great af-
flictions. Lansbergius foretold,There shall come a King from the North,who fhall
cauſe troubles in Germany. Oh Biſhops! (faid he),how much will you have to fuf-
fer? &c.
Leiplick the
17 of Septem-
ber, 1631:
CHAP. XXI.
The Battail of Leipfick. The flight of the
Imperialists.
ING Gustave being joyned to the forces of the Electours, a refolution
was taken,to goc,and face General Tylly: who having the wind favou-
rable,and taken the Town of Leipfick, incamped himſelf hard by, and ſtood
faſt, to expect the Armyes of the confederates. This Battail, wherein were
hazarded the Capps of two Electours,the liberty of the Princes of Germany;
the conqueſts of fo many years,and the whole hope of the Roman Catho-
licks, was very bloudy,and the old bands, which had never been feen fly,gave
ground here.
The Saxons began the Shock,or Onfet,whileft the king enlarged his Camp,
to
PART.I.
137
The History of this Iron Age.
to get the winde. But they withstood it not long, before they ran; and their
very flight made the King winne the Victorie.we are taught by hurt; and mif-
fortune it felfe is good,for fomething. There needed nothing to caule diforder,
for the Imperialifts purfued the Saxons lo far,that they gave the Swedes occa-
fion to gain, with little trouble,their Camp, their Canon, and the Winde;
and Generall Horne, flanking them in their purfuite, put them into fuch
confufion, that they knew not one another,and hindred them from re-
turning to their own Body, from whence they had more hotly, then
wifely unfaftened them felves.
Tilly, ſeeing this rowte,gave order for the Canon to be regained; where-
upon, Papenheim with his Horſe, gave the Swedes two fuch furious Charges,
as that had it not been for the prefence of brave King Gustave, it was likely,
that they,who had alwayes been accuſtomed to vanquilh, would alfo have
triumphed now. But he exhorting his men, both by his Majeſty, actions,
and eloquence; and a terrible execution,being done upon the Imperialifts, as
well by their own Canon,as by that of their Enemies; their Cavalrie began
to fly. Tilly followed, though he were wounded,and thereby gave the lye to
fuch as had impudently published; that he was invulnerable, by vertue of
fome certain Characters,or Charms.
If the Imperiall Horfe,had done their duty,as well as the foot theirs, the
The valour of
confederates had runne hazard to loofe all. But the Foot being abandoned, the Imperial
fought fo valliantly,that they were faine to turne the ordnance upon five Re- Foot.
giments, which were rallyed, and fortifyed a part before they could break
them. All the Baggage, Artillery,Munition,and fixſcore Coulers fel into the
Conquerours hands.
Now, who will have forward truft,to his own ftrength,and power? Who
will pretume to rely upon the number of his Victories? Who will beleeve
that fortune can be ſtopped,with a Nayle of Diamant? You ſee,that an Ar-
my of foure and twenty thoufand Captains (that is, all old Souldiers) were
broaken,in the plaine,and open Field. Was it for want of courage,or expe-
rience? By no meanes. By whom? By Souldiers,who underſtood it better
then they? Neither thall we finde the cauſe, in the Juftice of the Party?
Leaft of all: for every one thinks, he hath equity on his fide; and befides,
we muſt not judge of Right and Valour,by ambiguous, and uncertaine e-
vents. Moreover, we are taught by practice,that Fortune ranges her felf or-
dinarily with ufurpers, becauſe they are full of courage,and the Countreys,
they hold,of ill humours,factions,and partialities,
This bloody battail,which was the feventh of September, 1631. which
was called a Day of blood, by the famous Aftrologer Herlicius; and which
changed the countenance of the Affaires of Germany. And the news of this
victorie,(which got ſtrength by going) unfpeakably rejoyced, not only all
the Proteftants,but alfo all fuch,as to whom thofe glorious Eagles feemed
too proud, and fo much undertaking.
The number of the dead, was very great, by the obftinat refiftance
of the combattants; nor was that of the prifoners fmall; which amounted
(according to the opinion of fome Authors) to thirteen thouſand men. The
darkneffe of the night,fheltered fuch as fled; however they could not all ef-
cape the rage of the Peafants, who cut thethroates of three thousand of them.
Tilly retyred,by the way of Hall,towards the Wefer; paffed through Haffa,
conferred with the Biſhops of Wurtzburgh, and Bamburgh; whom he Tilly retyred
upbraided, with the contempt of his advice, which was, that they
fhould open their purfes, to raiſe a new Army,and not expect, till he were
oppreffed,by all the forces of Germany together. This done, he departed to-
wards his Mafter the Duke of Bavaria. And General Aldringer,hearing
of this defeat, and obferving fmall defire in his Army,to make head againft
T
the
himself into
Bavaria
138
PART.I.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
the Swedes, who were already reported to be invulnerable, by vertue of
certain Spells, or Characters; was forced to return towards Franconie, and
from thence, allo into Bavaria,
The King, having received the Congratulations of his victory, and pro-
tefting, that he would purfue the old Corporal (fo called he old Tilly) to
The King goes the end of the world; profecuted his point towards Franconie, took Coninx-
goes into Fran- hoff, and Wurtzburgh, after having reduced Halberstade, and Erfurt; (and
CORIE.
And the Duke
of Saxony, in
Bohemia.
this laſt voluntarily received a Garrifon from him, though it had flatly re-
fuſed any from Tilly) and from thence, he went to falute the River Mayne,
where Francfurt threw open her Gates, and Hannaw yeelded her felf to him.
This done, he divided his Army, fent one part of it towards the Elbe, let the
Duke of Saxony recover his loft places, and afterwards march towards Be-
hemia, with General Arnham, who took Prague, and Egner.
A little before this glorious victory, he received newes,that his Queen was
arrived at Stetin, with eight thousand men,which were come out of England,
under the conduct of Marquis Hamilton. Oh poor Germany? What miferies,
and mifchiefes are thou about to fuffer, all thy Provinces being full of foul-
diers? Fortune, by her inconftancy,courting now the one fide, and then the
other, will deftroy thy Townes,and Villages, and make thy great Empyre,
no better the a Church-yard! Thy fine Lands will become vaft,and favage,
there being no body left to culituate them! Famin will cauſe the dead to
be unburied; Contagion will fweep away fuch as eſcape the hand of the foul-
dier, and thy fields will grow white with bones?
The firſt Poſt, which arrived at Vienna, brought newes, of the defeat of
the Saxons; the lecond, that of Tilly, which difturbed the joy; and the third,
filled the whole Court with fadneffe, and made it think of a way how to re-
paire this great loffe. If the Affricans, being puffed up with ſo many victo-
ries, and with the ruine of the Romans, (whereof they held themſelves cock-
fure) were much amazed to fee them before Carthage; fo, to lay the truth,
the Biſhops, and the Roman Catholicks, were not a whit leffe, by the de-
ftruction of this Army, which had alwayes been victorious, and by means
mongst the Ca whereof, after the gaining of one Battail, they hoped to fee the Maffe, and
tholicks. the Imperial Authority, reftored, throughout all Germany.
▲ terrour a-
A flock of fheep is not more ſcattered, when it fees it felf environed by
Wolves, and without a fhepherd; then were the Ecclefiafticks by this acci-
dent; for terrour having thruft it felf in amongſt them, they betook them-
The flight of the felves all to flight; fome,to the other fide of the Danub: and others by the
Ecclefiafticks. Rheyn, to Colein. But that, which troubled them moft, was, that they were
fain to forfake their money, which they might better have employed for the
railing of an Army, at that time, when all the Lutherans took Arms. In fine,
the confufion of the one, & the joy of the other, was fo great,that it could not
be expreſſed, and the money of the Prieſts ferved for a bait to attack them.
Indeed,their avarice was ever blamed, and the great Revenues they pofsel-
fed, purchaſed them hatred: They were too much at eafe, it was neceffa-
ry to unfatten them a little. The hope of plundering upon them,encouraged
an infinite multitude to bear Arms for King Guftave; who never let them
be quiet, but kept them continually in action, thereby to diſable the Empe-
rour from recollecting himſelf. Thus luck turned, and Fortune took part
with the Swedes, whom we will now leave, in the honours which are done
them, and the shouts of joy, which the Lutherans make, for this glorious
victory.
Now,the King feeing himself thus adored by his own party, and ſo much
redoubted by his enemies, courfed them every where; imagining that from
thence forward, he ſhould eaſily find the way to the Univerfall Monarchy:
But in an allyance, every one hath his defign apart,as I fhall more amply de-
monſtrate.
PART.1.
139
The History of this Iron Age.
monftrate. France calls me now back thither. Ill newes ought to be fooner
carried to a Prince then good, that fo a more ſpeedy and prompt temedy
may be found for diſorders.
CHAP. XXII.
The Cardinall watches upon the Affaires of Germany; Abufes
the Duke of Lorrain. Papenheim retakes Weſtphalia;
Cardi
fuccours Magdeburgh, and beats the Swedes.
Ardinal Richelieu,having finifhed the Civil War of the Hughenots,as al-
o that of Mantua, found himtelf almoſt overwhelmed, by the plots
and practiles of fuch, as liked not that he alone fhould have the manuage-
ment of the Affaires in his hands. But he came moft gallantly off, by fhel-
tering himſelf under his Kings favour, in fuch fort, as that the faid Kings
only Brother, was fain to retyre himſelf from the Court, and paſs through The Duke Os-
Orleans into Burgundy; and then, to the Duke of Lorrain. The Queen- leans in Lor-
Mother alfo unable to ruine him, whom the had railed fo high, and to undo rain.
him, whom the had made fo powerfull; being fled from Campiegne (where
fhe was, as it were,guarded) retyred her felf to the Infanta at Bruffells. He Andthe Queen-
rade uſe againſt her, of that authority, which the had procured for him, Mother at
which the could not now take from him. Ingratitude amongst private per-
fons, is a vice; in buſineſſe of State,but a neceſſity; and fo all is paid with
excufes.
ſhe
The faid Cardinal was revoked from his baniſhment, to induce her (upon
whoſe minds he had a very great influence) to a peace, and give her fuch ad-
vice,as was moſt uefull to the King, and moſt dammageable to her ſelf;and
which ferved him for rongs or ſteps,to climbe to the top of that greatneſſe,
to which he had afcended. Thus deftroyed he her, who laboured to elevate
him, and who trufted wholly in him, and made him, in fine her prime, and
principall Miniſter. But, they who relate this proceeding, to fave him from
the attack of ingratitude, alledge forfooth, that the Kings Cauſe ought to
prevail, and that it is by no means neceffary to obferve, and keep a Contract,
which is made againſt the Lawes,and Rights of the kingdom. But,there was
peradventure, no other way to furmount the Eagle, then to thrust himſelf
into her feathers. Whileft the Queen-Mother, and Monfieur de Luynes, pol-
felfed the Kings favour,the fortune of the whole Court depended upon them
two; but he having loft his life, refigned it totally to Cardinal Richelieu On-
y, who moft abfolutely retained it till his death.
Kings Gustaves victory wonderfully rejoyced, all the Reformates, and all
them of the Cardinals Cabal; however the zealous Catholicks were afflict-
cd, and murmured much at him; blaming him as an impious man,and a fa-
vourer of Hereticks, but he was an immoveable Rock: and to having
fhaken off his Benefactreffe, and her faithfull fervants, he bent all his cares
to the direction of the Affaires in Germany, and to the meanes which was to
be followed, to arrive to a point of fo much difficulty, as he had præme-
ditated.
Bruffels
He conducted the King with fome Forces, into Lorraine, took Vic, and
Moyenvic; procured a Ceflation of Armes for fifteen dayes, between his Ma-rance Lor.
The King of
fter and the Catholick Electours, and laboured by moft fecret wayes, to in- rain, with the
duce them to ſeek his Majefties protection; wherein he fuceceded but little Cardinal.
better
T 2
140
PARTI.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Gustave angry
at the protectie
on given to the
Ele&tour of
Trevirs.
The Duke of
Lorrain layes
down Arms,
and gives three
Towns to the
King.
The Landgrave
of Hallin at-
tacks the
Bishops.
better, then they had done in the Embaffie, which they fent to the King,
to befeech him to divert the Arms of Sweden,from their Terriories, and from
the Catholick Countries. For, the Electour of Trevirs only, fought his San-
&tuary, in the Arms of Lewis, becauſe he could not hope for it, in thoſe of
Philip; and yet leffe, in thofe of Ferdinand.
King Gustave,unwilling to let his fouldiers coole, could not endure to hear
Monfieur de Carnaffe the French Embaſsadour, who befetched him to think
of a prolongation of the Truce, for a moneth; to whom, (being vexed at the
protection given to the Electour of Trevirs, and clearly perceiving the inten-
tions of France) he very cholerickly faid, that he came not to difmember the
Empyre, but to deliver it from oppreffion; or rather, to retain, and keep it en-
tyre: and that, if his Mafter angred him, he would go fee Paris, with fifty
thousand men. To which Carnaffe coldly replyed, that his Master would
free him from that trouble, by meeting him more then halfe way, with the
like Traine. But theſe little ſtings vanifhed in the common Cauſe, and
by the dexterity of the Cardinal, who judged, that it was not yet time,
to come to that; and that it was needfull to dally with the haughty hu-
mour of this Septemtrional Prince, fo to weaken, and attenuate the
Houſe of Austria yet more, by his Arms. It was too great an Oak,to
be cut down at one blow. They who laboured to exafperate them, did
but looſe their labour: for, they had to do with Politicians, who had
good nofes, and who would be fure, not to become enemies, but by
fharing the whole Prey.
The Duke of Lorraine had raiſed an Army of twelve thouſand men, to
fuccour the Emperour, and was already advanced as far as the Con-
fines of Hafsia: but he was conftrained to retyre into his Dutchy, and
promiſe the King of France, who was at Metz,not to meddle with the Affairs
of Germany; and for pledge of this promife, to put three Towns into his
hands, for the space of three yeares. A hard condition, for a Soveraign
Prince, who could not fee the Emperours ruine, but with his own. But
he was forced to yeeld, to a more potent then himſelf, for a time; for
there grew a change afterwards.
If the Proteftants had cauſe to complaine of the infolencie of the fouldi
ers; the Catholicks had allo their turn, and were no leffe trodden down,
then they; and efpecially the Prieſts, Monks, and Bihops; but above all,
the Iefuits carried the pack.
The firft, who caft himfelf upon them, was William,Landgrave of Hafſia,
who pillaged the Country of the Abbot of Fulda, a Prince of the Empyre:
from whence, he returned into westphalia, and to the Dioceſe of Colein, up-
pon which he caft irreparable dammages. But Count Papenheim came
Papenheim re- to Colein, to put a remedy to thefe mifchiefes; nor could there be a braver
mits an Army. man then he found out to do it, if it were within humane wit, to invent a
way for it; which he did, and brought it to fo good an iffue, that he me-
rited thereby, to be styled the Captain of Captains.
He began his march with Lamboy, recollected the ſcatterings of the
old fouldiers; and put them in difcipline together with the new ones.
Being arrived at Hamelen, he joyned with Groensfeldt, retook_many
the
places without the loffe of a man; and the more he advanced
bigger was his Army; fo great power hath the reputation of a Ge-
nerall, to draw forces together. He refolved to beat Bannier from
the Siege of Magdeburgh, to which end, he drew to himſelf the Gar-
rifon which was gone out of Wifmar, and with this fmall Body, and
much military ſcience, mingled with cunning, he fell upon the skirts
of the Swedes, when they thought him yet farre enough from them;
Beats Bannier. ſo that they retyred with confufion; and hee charging them in
the
PART.1.
141
The History of this Iron Age,
>
Beats Bannier
the Reere, put them into great diforder, and entred the Town, and Drawes out the
judging it not tenible, blew up the Rampar's, and the Church, and Garrison of
drew out the Garrilon, to the number of foure thoufand to do Magdeburgh,
better ſervice elſewhere: He continued his victory, drew contribution
from fuch Towns, as into which he would put no Garrifons, becauſe he
would not diminith his Army, ruined the Landgrave of Hafsia's Leavies,
and beat Bannier, who came to fuccour him. In a word, all gave way, again, as alſo
all ftooped. He charged the Duke of Brunswick in the Field, with fo much the Landgrave,
fury, that he had much adoe, to fave himſelf, with one only Regiment of the Duke of
Horle. He afflicted the Bishoprick of Bremen, as well as the Dutchy of Brunf- B uniwick, and
wick; and hearing, that Generall Jot had befieged Staden, he went, and
General Jot.
chafed him thence, with the loffe of above fifteen hundred men; drew out The exploit ef
the Garrison,and found himself,in a fhort time,at the head of a brave Army, the Welt-pha-
and crowned with many victories: He repaffed into Westphalia, which he re- lia.
ftored to the Emperours obedience, and came, in a word, very near King
Guftave, by the number of his great exploits. Let us now look back upon
the United Provinces where we fhall fee Bone-fires: but we mult
know for what a
>
CHAP. XXIII.
The taking of the Fleet of Shallops, near Berghen op Zoom:
Wallenftein takes the Generalat, with conditions of 100 much
advantage. An Earth-quake, at Naples:
The Hollanders
the Mountain of Soma vomited fire.
He Hollanders, amazed at the admirable progreffe of the King of
Sweden, conceived, that it would be for the intereft of all the Allyes, as
well as their own, for them to aflayle their enemies. They were Mafters by
Sea, without controverfie: And after the taking of the Money-Fleet, they
feazed upon the Bay, and Town of Todos los Santos, or All-Saints, where
the booty they got, was great enough, to excite their defire, to ſeek more.
But the King of Spain taking it from them again, obliged them to go
and attack the Town of Olinda, in Pharnambus, which deligne iffued well,
and all the Country thereabout followed quickly after, without much re-
fiftance. In fuch fort, as that the two Branches of the Houſe of Auftria,
tryed, almoft by turns, the cruel effects, of that inconftant Goddeffe;
however the have not ſtrength enough, to make them looſe their courage,
they having means fufficient to maintain, and uphold themſelves.
Now, the Spaniards were afflicted with fo many loffes both by Sea, and
Land; that they refolved to endeavour fome revenge. They fecretly pre-
pared a Fleet of Shalops, and vanted of great fecrets; yea, that there was a
certain Prieſt, who would make fouldiers go under the water, and fly in the
ayre, &c. The Hollanders were allarmed at this; and Prince Henry in-
camped himſelf in the Ifle of Tertollen, to watch the defignes of the Enemy.
The Fleet hoyfed Sayle, paffed through the mouth of Safting, and turned The Fleet af
ound about the Island: but for want of good Pilots to obferve the Tyde, the thirteenth
Shallops taken
and ſtaying for ſome Shalops, which were aground in the fands; they loft of September
the time, and gave it to the Hollanders to attack them, and take them, as it 1675. 76
were, in a field of corn; and that, without fo much as fighting: for,they
all rendred themſelves up to the mercy of their Enemies, and their Cavalry,
T3
which
142
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
:
An Earth-
which was come to the bank to help them, was fain to return, as it came.
There were more then four thousand prifoners, who were all pillaged, and
then put to ransom, by a fingular favour of the Prince of Orange; forthey
were taken, because they could not fly, nor walk under water, and in a place
where there was no quarter to be given. The truth of their defign was ne-
ver yet known: fome thought, it was upon Willemstadt: others, to make
Fortreffes, and feparate Holland from Zeland. This great victory happened
the thirteenth of September 1631, and that of the King of Sweden, tour
dayes after.
About two moneths after, there chanced a terrible Earthquake at Naples,
quake at N- and the Mountain of Soma, after many horrible bellowings, vomited out
ples. burning ftreams of fire, which tumbled into the Adriatick Sea, and caft our
a huge deale of afhes. This was renewed the year following, in the
moneth of February, with fo great hurt, and loffe, to the circumjacent pla-
ces, as well in houfes, men, women, children, and cattell, that it cannot be
cxpreſsed, nor comprehended.
The Hill of
Soma.
Wallenstein
Thole three aforefaid loffes aftoniſhed the Houſe of Auftria, which, to
put a powerfull ſtop to the impetuous torrent of the victories of King Ga-
stave, her molt dangerous Enemy, who was infeparably accompanied
both by Fortune, and Favour, caft her eyes upon the Duke of Frithland, a
moft happy, and moft experimented Captain, who, in the affront of having
been deprived of his charge, received an incomparable contentment from
Count Tilly's misfortunes: And fo Embaladours were diſpatched to miti
retakes the Ge- gate him, and offer him the Generalflip again, and with moſt ample
Commiffions, and a huge fumme of money. He fuffered himself to be
much intreated, and courted; covering his ambition, or rather his veu-
geance, with a thouſand diffimulations. But at laft, under' conditions,
which divided the Soveraign authority, he was brought to accept it,
and forthwith gave Pattents, for the railing of fixty thouſand men; and fo
there was an Army of forty thousand on foot,as it were,in the twinkling of
an eyc, as if with ftriking his foot against the ground, he had raifed foul-
diers; and he Generalifsimo, or Chief Generall, of all the Emperours Ar-
and Arbitratour of Peace and Warre. It often happens, that when we
endeavour to shuune one kind of Rocks, or Sand-banks we hit against
neralship.
mies,
another.
>
Neceffity ſeemed to command this extremity, and to remit the courſe
of affaires, to the Divine Providence: He did both good, and evill, and
received at length the Crown of his works.
CHAP.
PART.1. The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
143
CHAP. XXIIII
George Landgrave of Darmstadt obtains newtrality,and why?
Horne beaten by Tilly, The King makes his entry at Nurem-
berge, and Tilly retires. The King takes Donawerdt,
paffes the Leck; makes Tillyes forces retreat with confufion. Tillyes
death, his Elogies. The Siedge of Ingolftadt. The taking of
Ratisbone. Divers inftructions, of the Embaſſadours
of France. The Eagle in danger, fuccoured by whom?
He rejoycing which was cauſed by the Kings vitory before Leipſick, in
the United Provinces, to fee themſelves freed from great apprehenfion,
was very much; whereas,the other, as alfo all the fubjects of the Crown of
Spame,expreffed no leffe fadneffe,and cryed aloude, that it was high time to
arme,and ftop the progreffe of theſe Goths,left both the Empire, and all
Europ,fhould come to be deftroyed by them.
Between this joy,and fear of the people, King Gustave played not truant,
but having made his entry into Francfurt,like a great Conquerour,he recea-
ved the Embaffadours,and Congratulations of his Friends. His Armes had
droven his enemyes over the Rheyn,and thereforeshe refolved alfo to paffe it,
and the Spaniards, who ca me to relieve the Electour of Mentz,endeavoured
to hinder him; but they were not able to refift his happineffe, and fo they
gave way to force, though not to induftrie. He took Wormes, Spiers, and
Oppengeim; only Mentz, and Creutznach,made afhew of defence; but were
quickly compelled to follow the other; and the Spaniards, either to repaffe
the Mofell,or to be ſhut up in Frankendal, The King,having viſited the Seate
of the mouth of the Mayne, refolved to build a ſtrong Town, under his own
name,oppolite to Mentz,below Francfurt; and fo he fet men on worke about
it,and many great Lords built faire houfes there, but both this Town, and
the Victories of this great Prince,vanished away a few years after,as we ſhall
thortly fhew.
King Guckave
poffes the
Rheyn.
Guftave
burgh.
obtaines new
trality.
Amongst all the Princes of the confeffion of Ausburgh, there was none The Landgrave
but George Landgrave of Darftadt, who kept newtrality, and fidelity to the of Darmstedt
Emperour. He fent to demand it allo of theKing,by his Embaffadours,whom
he aufwered,that he wondered,that he came not himſelf in Perſon, fince he
was fo neer. Whereupon, the Prince affembled the principal Minifters of
his Countrey,and propofed to them, the Oath, which he had made to his Fa-
ther,never to bear Arms, againſt the Emperour,unleffe he forced him in his
Law,or Religion,and made war upon him,and afked them, whether in this
conjuncture,it were lawfull for him to break it,without any wrong done him
by the faid Emperour, or any dammage at all brought upon him, by his
Souldiers? They all held the Negative and with this fentence, he went to
the King at Francfurt,and ſo handſomly repreſented his reaſons to him,that
he obtained what he asked.
Whileft Gustave was in doubt, whether he ſhould go down the Rheyn,
(where all was full of fear,and trembling)to feaze upon Golein, he receaved
newes,that Tilly had beaten Horne in Bambergh, defeated foure thouſand of
his men, took twenty Pieces of Canon, a multitude of Coelers,and made a Horne beaten by
fhew,to attack Nuremberge. This was the laft favour Fortune did this Dar- Tilly.
ling of hers,whom the abandoned,to court another. Whereupon he inſtantly
marched
144
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Who repaſſes
the Danub.
Is repulſed.
His death.
His elogies.
Honours to
Guttave,at
Aukburgh.
marched with all diligence; and Tilly,not knowing what to doc,was conſtrai-
ned to retyre ſpeedily,by a ſtrong accident; which was,that his powder took
fire,did a great deal of hurt amonft the Baggage- Waggons, and drew this
complaint,out of the mouth of this old Souldier; Let us retyre (faid hee) For it
is high time, fince fortune turns her back to us. Indeed, he had reafon : for fhe
was preparing him a bed of honour, upon which he was quickly to re-
pofe.
He was followed by the King, who entred Nurembergh in Triumph, and
that illuftrious Senate prefented him with a Goulden Globe,as a Symbol of the
Monarchic, which they prognofticated for him. But he forefaw not the
milfortune,which he was to fuffer that Summer: For, being accompanyed
by King Frederick, who came from the Haghe, in the middle of Winter, to
fee his Countrey,and his Deliverer, and after compelments falling to treat of
bufineffe, the conditions difpleafed him, and changed the love which the
Princes bore him,into diffidence; which was fo much the greater; by how
much the leffe they durft fhew it. Oh! the inconftance, of things in this
world? Oh! how lubject is all to change?
He took Dondwerdt, and paffed the River Leck, in delpight of poor
Tillyes refiftance; who, though crazed with age,left not yet,to encourage his
Souldiers, till he was mortally wounded; and then they retyred a gallop,
(though with an orderly retreat enough,) to Ingolstadt, where this famous
Captain dyed of his wounds. He was by birth, a walloon, and a Gentleman:
He had alwayes been happy,til the laſt year,when he tryed the effects of the
inconftancic of fortune: He was one of the moft Valliant, and Profperous
Warryers,that ever bore Arms. He dyed on a bed of honour, for the de-
fence of the Church,and his Prince.
Rain, and Newburgh were yeelded to King Guftave; and the Citizens of
Aufburgh, opened their gates, finging his praifes,and exhibiting all the ho-
nours, and teftimonies of amitie, that could be given, to any mortall man;
Yea,I know,there were fome,who wore his Medall,with as much love, and
reverence,as the Roman-Catholicks doe their Relicks, or Agnus Dei. They
took the oath of Fidelity to him,asto their lawful Lord,and confented to the
deſtroying down of the faire Gardens about the Town,to begin the fortifica-
tions.
This done,he turned towards Swaveland, where the Lutherans, who make
The exploits of the biggeſt party in that Province, rendered themfelves to him,and received
Garrilons from him: nor was there ſcarce any but Lindow,a Town fituated
upon the Leck,which remained conſtant.
the Swedes
in Swave
The Siege of
of Ingolstadt
Ratisbone ta-
ken by the Ba-
varians.
t
Italy was allarmed,by the report of fo great profperitie,and Feria,the Go-
vernour of Milan, made an Army,to defend the entry. Some trembled;and
others, who defired change of State,and Money,rejoyced. But the mischief
went no further; the Italians had but the feare; for, their puniſhment was
able enough to fall upon them, without expecting it from the hand of ftran-
gers.
The King, having brought fo many faire Towns in Swaveland under his
Laws, whileft the Saxons afflicted Bohemia, and Papenheim domincered in
Brunswick; returned to the Siege of Ingolstadt (a fatal Town to the Prote
ftants) full of ſpight, to hear, that the Elector of Bavaria had craftily ſeized
upon Ratisbone, an Imperial Town, which he fortifyed, as being wholly his
own; and upon which depended the ruine of that, which he went to beliege
in vaine, The Letters, which had been written by the Inhabitants of the faid
town being intercepted, gave the Bavarians opportunity to enter, at a Gate
which was opened them, as thinking them to be Swedes. The traitours went
to pot, the town was faved from pillage, and the Inhabitants condemned
to a forfeit of Money, and to work about the fortifications. They had for-
gotten
PART.I.
145
The History of this Iron Age.
gotten their Oath to the Emperour,and the Empire; and novelty, and the
triumph of the Swedish Armies, had dazled the eyes of the Proteftants,
who like Ifrael, fung their deliverance.
Ingolstadt inthe mean while faw the principal forces of the Proteftants,
before her Walls; and if the yeilded, farewel Bavaria : But the King found
work here; and this,was the first town,which taught this great Conquerour,
that he was to have bounds to his Victories; belides, that he was very
ly to looſe his life, by a Cannon Bullet.
like-
The Elector feeling himfelfe fo roughly attacked, by an enemy whom he
had never offended(unleffe Princes take the occafion to hurt, for an offence)
feat the French Refident, Monfieur de Saint Etienne, to the King, to remon-
ftrate to him, that in regard he was fo deeply ingaged in the Allyance with
the King of France, he could not be affailed by him, without making him- A notable ob-
felfe his enemy. The Refident fpake confidently with him, and endeavour- fervation.
ed to divert him ſome other way: but the King interrupted him, and faid;
I know your Masters intentions better then you do; and for the reft, I pardon
your French liberty for, you are not fent to me, in the quality of an Embajadour.
But the Prefident followed his inftrutions, and Monfieur de Carnaſſe his; in
fuch fort, as that thefe two, being both Officers of the fame Mafter, fell to
difference, and were very like alfo, to come to blowes. This was not the
firſt prank of activity, which the Cardinal played in Germany; though it
were well obferved by the Elector, and would have been taken for couzen-
age, in another Age, but in this, for politick craft. Howfoever, he made
his profit of it; ftood faft with the Emperour; and fo neately, and dexte-
roully retorted the ball upon the French,that the Cardinal himſelfe was faine
to avow, that the Duke of Bavaria was the moſt cautious, and fubtile Prince
in Germany. When we have to do with Cheaters, we must take heed of all things,
and give them like for like, if we can. Indeed, when jealoufie, and miſtruſt
hath once taken root, in the hearts of the Germans, there is no means to
pluck it out.
The Confoederated Strangers, were almoft all refolved to make a Ca-
The defignes of
piratado, or Minct-meat, of the Imperial Eagle; but they could not agree, the Confede
about the fawce; for King Guftave would have it fower, and intended to rats.
eat it himselfe alone, as the Lion did the Stag, which he had taken, in the
company of the Wolfe, and the Affe: The King of France would have it
iweet, and prætended to both the wings at the leaft. The King of England
would have a fhare to his Brother in Law. The united Provinces defired not
her death; but onely to cut off her Tallan's, that fo the might not fcratch.
The Venetians were of the fame opinion with the Proteftants, who would
onely make her change her neft, and render her fo tame, and gentle, that Differences,
the might be no more to fierce, nor able to beck them. Every body endea-
voured to hurt her, and turmoile her; every one laid gins to catch her:
But, when the Princes faw, the King Guftave tormented her too much, and
handled her after fuch a faihion, as they liked not; and that the French be-
gan to pluck off her feathers; they apprehended both her ruine, and their
own too. She was not fuccoured by the Polanders, becauſe thy were moft
exact obſervers of the Truce, between themſelves and the Swedes. She got
but very fmall aide from Italy; for the Pope himselfe, preferring the odour of
the Flower de luce, before all other confiderations; feemed not to care for the
dangers, to which the was expoſed, together with the Church, whereof he
poffeffed the fupreme Dignity, And yet for all this, the defended her felfe
with great refolution, being fuccoured by the Spaniards, and the Obedient
Provinces; as alfo by the City of Colein, which was efcaped out of a moſt
evident danger.
The Catholick Electors fhewed themselves willing to die with her;
V
and
The Eagle de-
fended, and by
the whom.
146
PART. 1.
The Hiſtory of this Iron Age.
the Duke of Lorraine made no difficulty, to looſe his States, and hazard his
life, for her fafety, and prefervation. But, the Elector of Trevirs defpairing
of her health, and endeavouring to fave his own States from fhipwrack;
and charmed befides, by the eloquence of that great Cardinal; caſt himſelf
into the armes of France, as we fhall hereafter finde; though yet, he could
not escape the misfortune, which was prepared, both for his Arch-Bifhop-
rick and himſelfe. But let us return into Brabant, to the Sieg cof Mastricht.
The death of
three Kings,
CHAP. XXV.
Count Henry of Bergues difgufted with the Kings fervice, goes
fecretly to the Haghe. The Siege of Mastricht. Papenheim repul-
fed, returns into Germany. Limburgh followes Maftricht;
and the Deputies the Prince, to the Hague.
His year was memorable, for the death of three kings. Sigifmund of
Poland, who very piously departed the 29th of April. The King of
Sweden, who loft his life upon the bed of honour; and King Frederick, who
rendred his by fickneffe,at Mentz. The laft year, the Hollanders triumphed
by water; and they did it this, by land, as we fhall fee.
The Spaniards had fent the best part oftheir forces, to the Palatinat, and
left the Low-Countries, without men, mony, and counfel, and in great ter-
rour, for fo many loffes. Count Henry of Bergues, difgufted, by fome pre-
tended affronts, with the fervice of his Prince, whofe Armies he comman-
ded, and by whom he could not be made greater then he was; feeing the
huge progreffe of the King of Sweden, and the occafion moſt opportune, to
beate out the Spaniards; went to the Prince of Orange, at the Haghe, with
whom,together with Monfieur de la Tillerie,the French Embaſſadour there,
Count Henry he had a very fecret Conference; the effects whereof appeared the firft
of Bergues goes Field: and the Prince being at the head of his Army, marched the tenth of
to the Haghe.
Juse, from Grave, up the Moze, prefented himfelfe before Venlo (from
Venlo and Ru- whence the faid Count was already departed the fame day) and fummon-
remund, yeild.
The end of the ed it to render, upon fuch conditions, as he fent it, in Blanke. There was a
report publiſhed, that this Feild would produce an end of the War, and of
the Spaniſh Government (which was the onely thing aimed at ) with the
fafety of the Catholick Religion, and the Infanta's authority, and perfon.
The bird cannot chufe but be taken, if she hearken to the fowler.
Was.
Venlo was forthwith yeilded; none going out of the Town, but the Gar-
rifon, for the Priefts, and Monks remained: and the Reformats were con-
tent with one Church. Count Erneft of Naffaw went, with a part of the
Army before Ruremund, which defended it felfe; but through defpaire of
fuccour, yeilded at laft, upon the fame conditions that Venlo had done; and
Erneft of Naf- a fhot of a Harkebufe, or Gun ( which was the laft that was hot from the
faw killed.
Town,) ſtopped the courfe of the faid Counts life,retarded the defigne for
fome hours; and gave Count John of Naffeaw meanes, to put two and twen-
ty Colours into Maftricht,This recrute brake the neck,of all great defignes,
Savar into purchaſed the Count of Bergues,and them of his Cabal, much difreputation,
and blame: put the Hollanders in danger; and preferved the fucceffion, for
Philip the fourth King of Spaine, how bitterly foever it have been difputed
Ence.
Maftricht.
The Infanta, being fully informed of the faid Count Henry's intentions,
whom
PART 1. The History of this Iron Age.
147
whom he had alwayes loved, and fupported, against all fuch,as envyed
him; was at length induced to permit, that an Order might be fent to the
Governour of Guelders, to feize upon his perfon, and bring him with a good
Guard to Bruffels, fince he had refufed to come, of his one accord. But he,
having fmelt the defigne, retired himselfe forthwith to Liedge; where he The Count of
hboured to draw the Kings Army to him, by promifing them an end of the Bergues goes to
War; but none would follow him; even they who had accompanied him Liedge,
tht her, forfooke him: for the Souldiers defire not an end of War; becauſe
they have no other Trade to live. The Count of Warfuze, who was of the
Plot, got alfo thither; but the Duke of Arſchot, who was fufpected for it,
ftirred not at all, but remained firme in his duty.
And the Count
of Warfuz:
Maſtricht be-
Sieged.
As foone as the Holland Cavalrie appeared before Mastricht, Count
John marched out with his; in fuch fort, as that the Prince, not
being able to winne the Town with faire words, as he had done the o-
ther, was constrained to change his note, and keep meaſure with the Ca-
non: So that he intrenched himselfe before it, and gave the Spaniards lea-
fure, to put an Army into the Feild; who fent for their forces out ofthe Pa-
latinat, which beat the French, who endeavoured to hinder their paflage,
and joyned in a Body, under the conduct of the Marquis de Santa Cruz; The Spaniards
though fo late, as that it was impoffible for them, to drive away their Ene- come from the
mies. Papenheim being fent for, came with all poffible ſpeed; and though he Palatinat
found the Prince fo extreamly well intrenched, yet would he not return, be-
fore he had tried, whether the Hollanders could well withſtand the aſſault of And Papenhe
the Germans; wherefore he fell upon them at high-noon, with ſo deſperate im from Weft-
a refolution, that he made himfelfe feared; and had the Spaniards done pulsed.
their duty, as well as the Germans, it was very likely, that the Hollanders
would have runne hazard to be worsted: but he retired with notable loffe;
left a noble teſtimony of his bravery; and returned into Germany with a
generous difpleaſure, for having undertaken fuch a hard task, without be-
ing feconded.
phalia, is rem
Returns into
Germany, and
The Spaniards marched towards Brabant, not without murmuring againſt the Spaniards
their General, whom they accuſed, to have played away their money; and into Brabant.
one part of the States Army, towards Limburgh, which was furrendred up
to them, upon the fame conditions that Mastricht was. The Baron of Lede,
Commander of this Town, acquired great reputation, and was as highly
prailed by the brave, and amiable Prince Henry of Orange, as he was ho-
nourably recompenced by the King his Matter. Never was the aforefaid
Prince in greater danger; and if the people of Liedge had forfaken his
friendship, he had been in a poor condition, for want of Victuals. Let us
finish this Field,
The States General, and the Prince of Orange, invited the Obedient Pro-
vinces,to a Treaty of Peace; and theſe refolving to heare their Propofi-
tions, by the Infanta's advife, the Duke of Arfcot,che Arch-Bishop of Meck-
And the Prince
lin, the Abbot of St. Vaft, and fome other Syndicks, or Agents, went to the with the Depu
to the Haghe,
Haghe, where the Prince was received by all, with a multitude of prailes, ties for the
and benedictions; and where we will leave them in a Bufineffe, whereof Peace.
they will finde no end, and go fee the King of Sweden march out of Bavaria,
to fave Nuremburgh. But let us firft look, in what equipage General wallen-
ftein ise
V 2
CHAP.
148
PART.1
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
*
CHAP. XXVI.
Walleftein beats the Saxons out of Bohemia; and drawes
towards Nuremburgh. The Tragedy, which hapned at Rostock.
Gallaffo, and Holck, in Mifnia, The King goes out of Ba
varia, and incamps himselfe before the faid Town:
he fends for all his Forces. The fucceffe
of Papenheim.
at
Ll the World admired Wallenftein in his profperity; many lamented
A him,
him, in his diſgrace; and every body wondered, to fee him now, at
head of fo puiflant an Army, with fo much glory and Majefty. The firft
dart he fhot, was againſt the Elector of Saxony (and it was a Propofition of
Peace) the point whereof not being yet well fharpned, was quickly unru-
Willerftein fted, and cleanfed afterwards. The fecond he thot, had fo much vigour,
beats the Sax. that he diflodged the faid Electors Troops out of Prague, and all Bohemia,
ons out of Bo- and made them returne into Mifnia, leaving Gallafo behinde them, with
hemin.
fome forces. But he was not troubled at all, to fee the Duke of Bavaria
chaſtiſed by the Swedes, nor did he haften to beat them out of his Country;
in refpect of the hatred he bore him, for his having difpofed the Emperour,
by the advice of Cardinal Richelien, to deprive him of the Generalfhip. In
finc, after having been often befceched to come,he moved at lengh, towards
He joynes with the upper Palatinat, complimented the ſaid Duke, and joyned with him.
the Bavarians.
Gustave Horne was not idle in Alfatia, and by the affiftance of the Magi-
ftrates of Strafburgh (for fo many Imperial Towns, fo many little Armies
for the Swedes) he befieged the Fort of Benefeldt, which by the flackneffe of
Horne takes the Governour, he quickly took; and fo, by breaking the Irons, where-
with the Towns feemed to be bound, the Swedes forged other,to ftop them.
He took many Towns, and would have made greater progrelle, had he not
been called by his King, to fuccour him neer Nuremburgh.
Benefeldt.
Stirrs at Ro-
stock, and why?
The Dukes of Meckelemburgh were alſo ſtill in action, and had fo clean-
fed their Dutchy from the Imperial Garrifons, who were not expected to be
ever ſeen again in thofe parts. But there chanced a Tragedy at Rostock,
which was like to have deftroyed the Town, and the Inhabitants alfo with
it; and it was this. A certaine Burgher,or Townfman, having a minde,ac-
cording to the example of Iudith, to deliver the faid Town, from the oppref-
fion (as he faid) of the Imperialiſts; went to the Governour in his Cham-
ber, to defire a Paftport; and when he faw him bufie in writing it, he ftruck
him fo many blowes with a hatchet, that he cut off his head, and carried it
away in a bag, and threw it into the Cellar of another Burgher. This mur-
ther being diſcovered, gave an alarme to the Souldiers, who gave it allo ſo
hotly to the poor Citizens, that they thought no leffe, then to be all knocked
in the head, and plundered. But inquiry being made, the head was found,
and the murtherer fhortly after, who was examined, and made fuffer the
puniſhment of his Crime, for the difcharge of the innocent; and his ill feled
head flew off his shoulders, for an example, to fuch as fhould undertake,
falfly to imitate that aforefaid Lady, who was accompanied by the Holy
Ghoft.
The Duke of Wirtembergh, and all who had renounced the League of Leip-
fick, took arms again, with as much facility, as a Candel newly put out, and
yet hot, takes fire: All muſt be changed; there muſt be another Golden
Bull,
PART.1..
149
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
N½-
Bull, other Electors, and another Emperour; for they scoffed at this, and
all his defigues but as foon as the Armies were feen before Nurembergh, all
was huht, and every body ftood mute, at the expectation of a fucceffe,
which was to give the Law. When the King came out of Bavaria, he found
but onely Ingolstadt, which refifted him, and in revenge thereof, he dif-
perfed all his forces throughout the whole Country; and Minnecken, one of
the finest Towns in Germany prefented him her keyes; where he ſeized upon
a huge Treafure; and being informed,that there were many pieces of Ord-
nance buried under ground, he caufed them to be digged up, and found
them full of Ducats. In fine, being loaden with booty, and not able to ftay
there, he extorted three hundred thouſand Rix-Dollars more from the
Town, to fave it from plunder, as he did fome other, after the fame rate.
Many Villages were fet on fire, for a figne that the Enemy had been there;
who retired himfelic with ſpeed, letting the Bavarians take breath by his de-
partures and leaving Garrifons in three Towns onely, to affure them of his
returne, at his pleafure; and fo he went, and incamped himfelfe before Nμ-
rembergh; a place of much renown, for the induftry of the Inhabitants, and
for being one of the principal Imperial Towns befides. It is feated, almoſt
in the Center of Germany; hath alwayes been extreamely jealous of the Em-
perours happines, oppofed his defignes, by many direct wayes; as by Em- Nurembergh
baffyes to the Proteftants, and by Leagues which it hath made, with the contrary to the
Enemies of the Houſe of Auftria, Wallenstein refolved, to go thanke the Emperour.
Citizens of the Town, for the good reception they had given his Maſters
Capital Enemy, and by the fame means, to recall him to their fuccour.
The Armies drew neer the Town, and invironned it, together with the
King; who not being ftrong enough, to oppofe fo great, and terrible for-
ces, fent for all his Generals as Marthal Horne, the Landgrave of Haffia;
Duke Bernard of Wimar; Axel Oxensterne,and a multitude of other Officers,
with their Troops, who all arrived happily to his camp; fave onely Tupa- All the forces
del, who had three Regiments cut in pieces, and himfelfe taken prifoner. before Nurem
Upon the other fide, Gallaffo, and Holck gave the Proteftants like for like; bergh.
pillaged M fnia, and took all the Towns. Friburgh, to fave the Sepulcher Galafo in Mil-
of the Duke of Saxony, paid eighty thouſand Rix-Dollers: Leipfick, took nia.
Garrison, the fecond time, and faw them returne, whom it thought never to
foc again; and that fong was proved falfe, which faid, that the Emperour
was elcaped like a Theefe, and a Highway-man. But reſpect was loft, and
detraction praiſed. Oh depraved Age! Thou art full of injuſtice, and per
fidie.
Papenheim being repaffed the Rheyn,made all his Enemies forthwith know Papenheim is
of his returne; and all the Birds, fmelling the approach of the Falcon, hid Weſtphalia.
themselves. He tore fome in pieces, and made others fly from their nefts;
without letting any body take, either reft, or breath. Baudis, and the Land- His exploits.
grave felt the prickings of his tallons Duke George of Luneburgh,
who had befieged Wollfenbottel, found himfelfe oppreffed, before he knew of
his Enemies coming; and he was fo well cudgelled, that he could hardly
get fale to Brunſwick. This fucceffe ſo much inflamed the courage of this
brave Souldier, that he prefumed to attack the great Towns; and fo he
took Hildesheem, and Mulhufe, with three hundred thousand Rix-Dollars for
ranfom; and Erfurt was already mennafed by him, when he heard, that
the King was departed out of Franconie, and was coming towards Saxony,
there to finde his Tomb:And indeed he ſaid, a little before the Battel of Lut-
zen, that he ſhould not live long, becauſe he was too much loved, honoured, The words of
and respected by the people: which prediction of his proved true, as we Guftave,
fhall forthwith demonftrate.
V
CA
CHAP.
150
PART.!
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
CHAP. XXVII.
The Armies encamped before Nurembergh. The Skirmishes
They depart from thence. The Battail of Lutzen.
The death of King Guſtave, King
Frederick, and Papenheim.
Shal not mention all which paffed, between the two greateſt Armies,that
I
have been ſeen theſe hundred yeares, compoſed of fo many Generals, as
well as others. Every one laboured to excell his companion; and what-
foever art, and fubtilty, can be in Arms, was here fet on work.
The King,who boaſted,that he had to do with a Prieſt, which was Till
Tilly called
with a fouldier, meaning Papenheim; and with a Fool, which was wallen-
Prieft by the
King Papenftein, (who gave him more exercife then all the reft, not being able to draw
heim, Souldier, him to a generall Battail, offered him the Crown of Hungary; but that not
and Wallenfte- fucceeding, and the Impoftume, which wallenftein had in his foul, not being
in Foole.
yet ready to burſt, and vent the filth which was in it; recourſe muſt be had
to force. For the Imperialiſts were grown Hollanders, and ſerved themſelves
of the Spade,inftead of the Lance. But Guftave, longing to be Mafter of
the Empyre, refolved to unneftle him from thence, and affembled his
principallOfficers, to difpofe his Army that way: But finding them of a
contrary opinion, through the impoffibility of the Enterprize; he fell to
reproach them, and utter fuch injurious language againſt them, as had
Guftive abuſes not their intereft been tyed to his, and their averfion from the Houſe of
his Officers.
The loſſe of the
Swedes.
Auſtria, too great; would have made many of them disband. In fo much.
as that Duke Bernard rifing full of generous choler, anſwered him in theſe
terms. Sir, the Germans are not Cowards. But, the King appeafed him,
faying, that it was not he whom he taxed, and fo difpofed him, together
with the other Officers, to a Generall Attack.
The Swedes advanced;and the Imperialifts, covered with their Trenches,
withſtood them;and after a ſtubborn fight of many houres, and the loffe of
the Flower of their Army,repulfed them; There were aboue five thouſand
killed upon the place, befides hurt, and taken. Then, was the gold of great
Guftaves wildome ecclipfed, and appeared that it was neer an end. The Im
perialiſts loft about fifteen hundred men. And the King fearing, leaft he
Thould looſe the Electour of Saxonie,left a good Garrifon in the Town, to fe-
cure it, and marched with all his Army, towards Saxonie,to preferve that
Countrey for himself. But, whileft the Armyes were incamped neer Nurem-
bergh, and the circumjacent Countries for more then ten leagues compatte,
ruined,by the excurfions of ſo many men; General Arnem, domineered over
Silefia at his pleature, and being reinforced by fome Troops, conftrained
Holck,to caft himſelf into M fnia,with Galafſo.
The Mafters of Politick Science were of opinion,that if wallenstein had
had a mind to deftroy the King,he might have done it,without putting him-
felf in the danger of hazarding a Combat; had it not been upon very
great advantage; but that he let him pafle,fo to play his part the better.
Whatever were the matter,his actions were more neerly,and narrowly pryed
into afterwards, which, when the right fide of the Meddal was turned up-
wards,were diſcovered to be all criminal.
The King, not having been able to ruin Wallenstein, pafled to the Dutchy
of Wirtembergh, and fent General Bannier over the Danub. The Duke fepara-
red himſelf, to go and defend his Countrey; and Wallenstein followed the
King
PART.1.
151
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
King,but fuddenly changed his refolution,and marched into the Dutchy of
Saxonie, there to take up his Winter quarters. Gustave haftened thither:
Wallenstein ſpeedily fent for the Valliant Papenheim, The King, whofe genius
fecined to apprehend that of the Souldier, laboured to hinder this conjun&i-
on, and defired to defroy him, but could not; for the Souldier had too much
craft,and dexterity; and he was very well receaved by his General,who ſent
him, with ten,or twelve Regiments,to furprite Hall,and keep Galaffa, and
Holck with himſelf.
Lutzen.
Papenheim
The King being incamped before Nurenburgh, had notice from wallen-
fteins Camp neer Lutzen, of the departure of him whofe valour he fo much
The Battail of
elteemed; and being defirous to end the difference by a Battail,difpofed his
Army thereto with a fhort fpeech; And wallenstein,having diſcovered his
intenfion, fent fpeedily after Papenheim,and refolved to stand faft,and expect
the Enemy. The Shock, or Onfet was furious, and bloody: The Creats did
well enough, at the beginning, and the Swedes better; and if Papenheim had
itayed a little longer, the Imperialifts had fled. But, he came time enough, fain.
to redrefle the Army which already began to ſtagger,and to repulfe the ene-
my:but the fhot of a Falkon (a piece of Ordnance fo called)put a period to his
life,and all his glorious enterprizes. Germany hath produced but few fuch
Souldiers as he was for Valour, Felicitie and Courage; and the Emperour His elogies.
hath had few, who have equalled him in fidelity. He firft made himſelf
known,in the Valteline; and at the Battail of Prague, he was found amongst the
dead. He finished the Tumults of the Peaſants in Auftria,and above all after
the Battail of Leipfick,he redreffed his Maſters defperate party in Weftphalia.
He feemed to dye content, when he was told that the King was killed, and
it is held, that if he had lived yet fome years more, he would have reſtored
the Imperial Majelty, to the firſt ſplendour,
The Horfe bafely gave ground,as they had done in the firſt Battail. It is
beleeved,that the King was flaine, about the beginning of the Battail, ha-
ving reccaved five wounds, two whereof were mortal,but it could never be
learnt, by whofe hand he fell, and opinions were fo different,that the truth
could never be diſcovered. The Swedes have reported, that he was killed, by Guſtave flain,
a great Lord of his own Army; others, by Papenheim: but neither the
one, nor the other is very likely to be true. He was found amongst the dead,
fo trodden, and tumbled by the Army, which had paffed over his body,
that he was hard to be known. What fhall we fay of the potency of this
world, fince fo much glory, and merit is trodden under foot by horſes?
This Prince, who, like another Alexander, was grieved, and vexed to ſtay
fo long in Germany, and withed nothing more, then to go feek new Tro-
phics elſewhere; is borne down, and that fo venerable Majefty, fo much
refpected, and feared every where, is now reduced to duft: This great
Warrier, this invincible Monarch, the delight of the Proteftants, the ter-
rour of the Catholicks; the Darling of Fortune: loft his life in the middle
of Triumphs, and of Germany. His fall caufed fo much rage, and deſpaire,
in the foules of his fouldiers, that they choſe rather to die, then retyre; and
obliged the Imperialists, after they had fought till dark night, to make a
retreate, but little more modeft, then plain flight, towards Leipfick.
His praiſes.
Duke Bernard, and (niphanfe, gave great teftimonies of themſelves, in His life.
this bloody Fight; and the whole Army melted in teares, to fee the King
their Generall, without fenfe and motion. He was Son to Charles Duke of
Sudermain, who had taken away the Crown, from his Nephew Sigifmund,
King of Poland. It is reported, that he had made his Apprentiship in War
diſguiſed, and unknown,under Prince Maurice, and that even after he was
King, he made a journey into Germany, in the quality of an ordinary Horfe
man. His Governours fon hath told me, that he was in the war of Bohemia,
faw
152
PART.1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
faw the Count of Bucquoy's Army; diſcovered himſelfe to fome Princes;
and then ſowed the firſt feeds of his intelligence, in the Empire. He made
War in Livonia, and Pruffia, with a moft fingular odour of his great felici-
ty. His many Victories changed his fweet, and tractable nature, into a too
rough and auftere ſeverity; an hereditary Vice in the race of Erick, as foon
as they are paft forty years old. Thus gloriously ended Gustavus Adol-
phus his dayes; and Parca, by cutting off the thred of his life, made him tri-
umph, to manifeft, that if he had lived fome years longer, Europ would have
been too little, for the number of his Conquefts, and his glory. He pre-
fumed, againſt the content, and opinion of the Chiefe of his Council, to
come into Germany, with an Army of eight thousand men, to defend the
Lutheran Religion; and to check fo vaft, and formidable a Power, as that
of the Houſe of Austria; but he was fure of his Allyes, and of the affections
of all the Proteftants, in general: Allo that though Fortune fhould have
treated him, as ſhe had done others; he had ftill the means left, to fave him-
felfe in his own Kingdom, and draw up the Bridge after him. But ſhe was
too kinde to him, to break company with him fo foone; and his defignes
too high, to pleafe his Allyes.
Never was there Prince more regretted, and deplored, then he; andall
the North put on mourning, whileft the South, rejoyced at his fall; but it
felt the rough Attacks of his Generals, after his death; and the Swedes went
not out of Germany, till they got a Peace, the fpoiles, and a fhare of the Em-
The Battel of pire; a notable recompence, for having whipped it fo well. This Battel
Lotzen the hapned the fixteenth of November; fome dayes after, deceaſed King Fre-
fixteenth of derick at Mentz; a milde Prince, and much bewailed by his people. He
accompanied Guſtave into Bavaria, who was willing to reftore him to the
Palatinat, but under hard, and unreceiuable conditions. Let us fee what
The death of paffes in France.
November,
Frederick.
CHAP. XXVIII.
The Elector of Trevirs takes the protection of France. Mon-
fieur enters into the Kingdom, with an Army. The death
TH
of the brave Duke of Montmorancy,
'He fidelity of the Ecclefiaftical Electors was fo great, that they choſe
rather, to fuffer all the rigour, and extremity of Fortune, then untic
themſelves from the Emperour: fave onely, that the Elector of Trevirs,
The French fought to fhelter his Country, under the protection of France, and received
drive the Spa
a French Garrifon into Harmeftein, an inexpugnable place, neer Coblents.
where the Mofell cafts her felfe into the lap of the Rheyn. And he would
have done as much at Trevirs, if he had not been prevented by the Chapter,
which put a Spanish Garrifon in before; whereby the King was moved to
fend the Marfhal De'ftree, to diflodge it, and put in another.
niards from
Trevits.
Whileft the ſaid King and Cardinal were looking upon the affairs of Ger
many, Monfieur his Brother marched out of Brabant with an Army, and
publiſhed, that he would deliver France from the Tyranny of the Cardinal.
Monfieur en-
The Duke of Montmorancy ranged himfelfe with him; and it looked, as if
ters France. all were difpofed to Richeluis ruine. Many of the Grandees inclined allo
that way; being jealous, to fee the King of Sweden deftroy the Catholick
League in Germany, fhouldered by the Allyance of the Eldeft Sonne of the
Church, upon the fufcitation of this proud Minifter. The Marthal of Schoen-
bergh
PART.1.
153
The History of this Iron Age.
bergh followed this faid Army, with fome ordinary forces. There hapned
a Skirmiſh, wherein the Duke of Montmorancy would needs be nibbling,
and fo was wounded, and taken, and his Party ruined, by his temerity. It is
in a general Definition, and not in a particular fight; that a General ought to shew
his dexterity, and valour A Peace was made in hafte; and the ftrangers
who were ingaged with Monfieur, very ill handled; and he hoped to ob-
taine the aforefaid Dukes pardon, but in vaine: for he ended his life, by the
hand of an ordinary Executioner, and his Houle ended alfo with his life. Montmorancy
The Duke of
This brave Lord, who had performed fo many remarkable fervices, was beheaded.
facrificed, to the intereft which was taken in the Swedish Party, his averfion
from which was diſcovered by himfelte. It is great wisdom, to hide one's paf-
fions, and to lay open those of others; to hear much, and fay little. This violent
proceeding much amazed all the Lords of France; augmented the Cardi-
nals hatred, and gave Monfieur a good horfe, to be gone again, out of the
Kingdom.
Peace between
This very year, the Embaffadour of Spain arriving at London, brought
things fo to paffe, with his frequent pursuits and inftances, that he termina-
ted the difference, between his Mafter, and the King of England, notwith- Spain & Eng-
ftanding all the oppofitions which were made, and the thwartings which land.
were brought, by the Embaffadours of France, and the confederated
States.
Pope Urban, to purge himfelfe from the hatred, which was born him by
all the zealous Catholicks, for their ſeing him in fecret intelligence with the Pope Urban lit-
Cardinal, whom they made Author, of all the misfortunes, and miſchiefs tle loved, by the
fuffered by the Church, publiſhed a Jubile; but all that, was not able to zealous Catho.
wafh away the ill opinion, which was conceived of him; and in a Synod,
licks.
which was held in Spain, they treated of abrogating his Authority, in re-
gard they faw him favour them, who endeavoured to deftroy a Houſe,
which will never fall, but with the ruine of the Catholick Religion; Yea,
becauſe he appeared not abroad, at the publick rejoycing, which was made
at Rome, for the death of King Guftave, who had been fo much feared
many were heard to mutter, and fpeak fuch bad, and rafh words, as the
licentioulnes, and unlimitednes of the miferable Times produced, when
the Shepherd takes no care of his Sheep, the Wolves get fome of them very cheap:
Piety waxes cold; and the weeds grow at length, to stifle the good corne.
*
CHAP. XXIX.
The King of Sweden regretted, and by whom? Wallenftein
caufes fome Officers to be executed. John de Werdt makes him-
felfe known. The Battel of Himelen; and the cruelty of
the Victorious. Brifac fuccoured by the Duke of Feria.
He
War in the Archbiſhoprick of Colein.
The Body of this great Warrier was embalmed, and carryed into Po-
merania, and from thence to Stockholme, to be laid in the Tomb of his
Anceftours. He refufcitated the ancient glory of the Goths, and the retice noya
of his Army, ftruck both Europ, and Afia,into terrour. There was a report
given out, and beleeved by fome of them who were moſt affectionate to
him, that he was not dead; bur had fecretly tranfported himselfe into it is published,
Sweden, for ſome affairs of importance, and to diſcover the humour of the that Guftave is
X
Princes:
not dead
+
154
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
He left one
Princes: but this fiction, was grounded upon Maxime of Policie, and having
gotten fome Vogue, was not unprofitable to the Party. He was given,nei-
ther to wine,nor women: and he inexorably chaftized all fuch as fayled of
their duty. He much changed at laft,from what he had been,as his firſt en-
try into Germany and no marvail,fince his very Subjects themſelves,having
been as gentle as Lambs, before, were now become arrogant, by fo much
good fuccefs,fo many fpoyles, and the enjoyment of a Countrey, fo much
better and happier, then their own. The Princes of the Party lamented
him extrinfecally; but were in effect, glad enough, to be rid of fuch a Con-
querour, who had gotten a far greater poffeffion of the hearts of their Sub-
jects, then they had themfelves. But the King of France, and the Cardinal
were truly forry for him, becauſe they had not brought that Houſe low c-
nough, which they had a minde to ftrip of fome fayre States,as it hath fince
appeared, And now, in regard they had payd the charge, they prepared
to go to the Banquet,by buying the Towns, which the Sweeds had taken,neer
the Rheyn.
He left behinde him,only one Daughter, Heyrefs to her Fathers vertues,
Daughter only. as well as his Crowne;and he left his Lievtenants,and Allyes, the care, to fi-
niſh the worke,not yet perfected.
The Hollanders began, more to feare him, then love him; and by con-
fequence, exprefled no great refentment of his death; nor did they defire
him at all,for their neighbour; wherefore, they were not a little glad, to
fee him leave Colein,and march up into Bavaria.He will never be forgotten,
either by his friends, or his enemyes; and his memory will live,to the end of
the world.
The Hughenots
The Hughenots of France,for his fake,began already to call the Lutherans
cal the Luthe- their Brethren, and it is held for certain,that he was endeavouring to awa-
raas Brothers. ken the old quarrels in Italy,and elfe where. He was about two years and a
half in Germany, accompanyed by fo much happineſs(yea too much to laft
long)that his own very friends were amazed at it.
To declare to all the world, that he had obtained the Victory when he
The Swedes dyed, his enemies retyred into Bohemia and the Swedes made every where,
make the offen- the offenfive. The Duke of Brunswick,and the Landgrave of Haffia,brought
five every
War upon the Biſhops in Weftphalia, who had loft their Souldier: Gustave
where.
Horne,and fome others tranfported it into Alfatia, and Swaveland, and Ge-
neral Bawdits, in the diftrict of Colein: Duke Bernard cleanſed Mifnia; and
Arnem fubjugated Silefia. But what did Wallenftein, during all thele floods?
He cut of the Heads of many of his Officers. And why? for not having
performed their duty? Yea rather, to begin thereby to warp the web of
his treaſon, and put in execution what he had hatched in his Soule: and
therefore, he put to death, fuch as he knew, were moſt affectionate to the
Emperours fervice. Vertue comes upon the Scaffold, as well as Vice. There
was no remedy; for he had full power, without appeal: but the inno-
cent blood fpurted in his face, fooner then he thought for the cry
thereof, never findes the ears of the great God, ſtopped; it muſt be re-
venged.
Wallenftein
executés fome
Officers, and
why?
¿
Baudits defigne upon Tuits, a fmall town upon the bank of the Rheyn,
oppofite to Colein, iffued well; but he was beaten out again, and his
proceeding abhorred, for breaking the new trality. So that, he rety-
red to Siburgh, a convenient place, to incommodate the Archbishop-
rick.
General Aldringers Victory was greater neer the Leck, where he cut of
Aldringers the Troops of the Marquis of St. Andrew,and retook fome places in Sweve-
land: and John de Werdt did as much in Franconie; who grew by little and lit
tle,to make himſelf ſo formidable,that it was beleeved,he was another Pa-
Victory.
penheim,
PART.I.
155
The History of this Iron Age,
penheim, ſprung up out of his afhes. But, all theſe were but Skermifhes, in
compariſon of the huge Victory,gotten by the Haffians,and Luneburgians
neer Hamelen, in the moneth of July, 1633.They had befiedged the Town,
The Seventh of
and the others would fuccour it. Colein,the Mother of Armyes, quickly pro- July.
duced one. Bu, in ftead of Papenheim, there was nothing but difcord a- The defeate of
mongft the Generals: Souldiers there were enow; but there wanted a good, the Imperalifts
and perfect intelligence amongst their Leaders. However, they advanced; neer Hamelen
and General Merode thought,that in this occafion,the Commanders would 1633:
lay aſide all partiality,for the Publick good. The Foot fell on;but was de-
fcrted by the Horfe; and the poor Souldiers, who were almoſt all Walloons,
found themſelves that up in a dale, and cryed to them to ftand, and make
good their ground; but their cries and groanes were carried away by the
wind, to follow the baſe Cowardife of the Horfemen,and the flackneffe of
fome of the chief Officers.
General Aterode, and Baron Quad, a Souldier of merit, chofe rather to
dye with their Swords in their hands, then follow this infamy. The For-
raine Foot threw down their Arms, hoping for quarter; but they were all
maffacred without mercie, and fo above fix thouſand of them miferably
pe.ithed. Hamelen was rendred, and Bonichawfe took party with the
Swedes.
This Army was facrificed,to the hatred, which Wallenftein already car- The difcord of
ryed, to fuch as were able to hurt him; and therefore, being Generaliffmo, he the Generals
tent the chief command to Grondftfeldt, againſt the opinion,and advice of appeared.
the Electour of Colein. Had there been a good harmonic amongst them,
they had not only fuccoured Hamelen, but eafily brought the War alfo
into Meckelenburgh, and Pomerania. But it was to beat the Dog before the
Wolfe.
This check advanced the Swedish Party: favoured Frithlands defigue;
aflisted all the Archbithoprick of Colein; and put the French in mind, that it
was time to go iato Lorraine,to catch fome planks,of that ſhip,which threat-
ned to make ſhipwrack.
The Duke of Feria came, with an Army of Italians,to fuccour Alfatia, The Italians
where he had the fame vexations, though a little better end; for he fuccou- fuccour Brifat.
red Brifac, crolled Horns Progreffe; and made thofe Catholick Provinces a
little refpire but the poor Peasants had the worft of it; and the Italians being
much ranfacked, and waſted by diſeaſes,he was forced to returne the fame
way he came. Wallenftein would have had him obey his Orders,as Genera-
liffmo; but he made a deaf ear; however the other laid fo many ginns in
his way,that he had much adoe to eſcape them; and fo all Alfatia, fave only
Brifac, Luffered the Swedish yoke. But fince we are upon the Fronteer of
Lorraine, let us look what paffes there,before we take our flight to any other
place,
į
%
X 1
CHAP
156
PART. 1.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Duke of
Lorraine arms.
The Siedge of
Nancy.
CHAP. X XX.
The Siedge Nancy. Rantſaw makes himſelf
known, at the Encounter of Haguenaw,
and at the Siedge of An-
dernack.
Reat Princes are always obliged,to maintain their Stats, conferve their
Gsubjects
Subjects,and by the Maxims of prudence,and juſtice,divert the ſtorme,
before it fall,and overwhelme them.
The Duke of Lorraine, ſeeing almoſt all Alfatia fubdued by the Swedes,
and knowing, the danger could not be far from himſelf, when his neigh-
bours houſe was on fire, judged it more then time, to look about him.
Wherefore, he made levyes; whereat the King of France formalized, and
marched into the Field. A fad condition for a Soveraigne Prince, that he
may not be permitted to raiſe men, for his own defencel But, the weakeſt
muft to the Wall: For,neither were the reafons which they alledged,ſuffici-
ent to juſtify their proceedings; nor his ſtrong enough to fecure him from
fhipwrack.
The Cardinal of Lorraine went to meet the King,and endeavoured to
divert him,by acquainting him with his brothers intentions, which were all
good but all this was not able to ftop him. It was in vain to ſpeak; for
words are fruitleffe, to fuch as are already condemned. All Europe be-
longs to the Crowne of France, and by confequetice, Lorraine. See
Arroy.
The King befieged Nancy: The duke protefted,that he had defired no-
thing but peace, and good correfpondence with his Majefty. Whileft this
was a doing,the Princeffe Margaret made her efcape diſguiſed, and went
into the Low-Countries to her huſband, who came to meet her at Namurs,
and conducted her to Bruffels, where fhe was received by the Infanta, with
honour, agreeable to her quality.
They of Colein The Swedes,and their Allyes,having obtained fo great a Victory, as that
took the prote- whereof we have lately fpoken, with fo little loffe,entred into the Archbi-
&tion of France. fhoprick of Colein, and tormented it fo much, that the Magiftrates induced
by the arguments of their Syndick, and fome others,together with the ne-
ceffity of their affayrs; concluded upon the difpatch of their Embafla-
dours to the King of France,to implore his protection. They had recourse to
a Catholick Prince, to fhelter them from the infolence of Proteftants; and
that by confent of the Clergy; but the Citizens, being moſt affectionate to
their old Maſter,would not be fatisfyed by theſe reaſons.
The faid Embafladours were moft honourably receaved, at the Camp
before Nancy: where the Cardinal fpared none of his Compliments(the
holy-water of the Court) nor feates of cunning, and fkil, to accomplish fo
huge a Conqueft as this; which would be fure to draine all the Emperours
refources or fresh fprings about the Rheyn;hinder the Communication of the
Spaniards with the Empyre; and ferve for an infallible meanes to ſeize up-
on the Low-Countryes. But it chanced,that fome inopinated accidents, and
the good fucceffe of a Battail made them of Colein,repent; and this Bar-
gain mifcarry, to the faid Cardinals great difpleaſure.
Nancy rendred The Duke of Lorraine, found himself obliged, for the obtaining of peace,
to
PART.I.
157
The History of this Iron Age.
to yeeld up Nancy, upon the fame conditions that he had done the three
other Towns; being counfelled not to expect extremities, left peradventure,
he might thereby incur the hazard of lofing all his States. Wherefore, he
did it with much freedom,and fubmiffion: but it had been better for him, to
have fultained the fiege, and expected the worfts for his Country was not
reftored to him, nor ever will be, till his Enemies fhall not be able to keep
it any longer, and fhall have enough to do alfo to keep themſelves, in regard
of forrain revolutions.
They reproached him, that he had given his Sifter in marriage, to the
Duke of Orleans, against the lawes of the Kingdom; and that he had refu
fed to do homage to the King, for the Dutchy of Bar. The former of thefe,
was excuſed by the faid Duke of Orleans himſelf, upon the difference,which
was between him and the Cardinal: and for the Homage,he had offered to do
it, in his own name; but not his wives, according to the Maxims of the Sa-
lick Lawes, whereof we have fpoken already.
But theſe complaints, were but pretexts, to cover the defigne they had to
feize upon the Dutchy, which is upon the paffage into Germany, thereby to
get a footing there with more facility, fo that they might be hindered by
nothing, from conquering the better part thereof: For, if the Eagle could
not be taken whole, and alive; they were refolved to have fome of her fea-
thers at leaſt, and fo leave her without ftrength, and vigour.
After Nancy, quickly followed all the reft of the Dutchy under certain
colours, which offered themſelves, without being fought. And this Country And all Lore
being thus fubdued by his Eminences activity, nothing which was on that raine.
fide of the Rheyn, could efcape him. His wiſdom was divine; he difpofed, of
the influence of the Starrs, and of this lower world,at his pleaſure : but there
was a power infinitly juft, above him, which brought both him, and all he
had gotten by unlawfull wayes, into duft. Oh ye Flatterers, Plagues of this
corrupt Age; And you, Mercenary Pens, inftruments of all mifchief, who
have employed all your talents, upon the exceffive praifes, of one of the
greater perfons that ever wore the Purple? Why have you not been con-
tent, to repreſent his fine actions to the world, in a more modeft, and true
ſtyle, without mingling therewith, the contempt of the infinite Elfence, and
of Princes unjustly oppreffed? Why doe thou accufe of pride, and ambiti-
on,fuch as repell force by force; and feek revenge, after they have been at-
tacked ? Open your eyes, to what hath happened, and doth yet daily hap-
pen, and look upon the end? It is faid that the good Caufe fhall triumph at
laft; and you fhall agree with me, that afflictions will one time be Uni-
verfall.
The King of France having given order for the building of a Cittadell,
to a Town, which (in apparence) was but borrowed, put himſelf upon the
way towards Paris; and the Duke of Lorraine, towards Germany, to charge
the Swedes neer Haguenaw; where his Foot ran bafely away without fight- The Encounter
ing at all; as his Enemies Horfe alfo did, after a furious combat ; But he,with neer Hague-
his, was not able to force their Foot, which defended it felf bravely. It was naw.
here, & at Andernack,a Town feated upon the Rheyn,that Monfieur de Rant-
fan, a Gentleman of Holftein, gave a high account of himfelf; and this was
the firſt ſtep, whereby he afcended to the dignity of Marshall of France. But
let us go feck wallenftein, upon the Confines of Poland; and leave the French
the care, of difpofing of Lorraine, for the expences of their journey into
Germany; whereof, becauſe it is a Land of Conqueft, every one muſt have
his fhare.
X 3.
CHAP
158
The Hiftory of this Iron Age. PART.1
CHAP. XXXI.
Wallenftein defeats the Swedes in Silefia: The Colonians,
or they of Colein, retract the Accord made before Nancy.
vv
The Tragicall death of the faid Wallerſtein.
Hileft the Princes, and States, which were enemies to the Houſe
of Auſtria, rejoyced extreamly to ſee the Eagle loſe her ſtrength,
under their nofes; by the weakening of fo many Provinces; by
fo much blood-fhed; by the totall occupation, or feazure of all Lorraine;
and by fo many rubs, and traverſes, as the Hollanders gave the King of
Spame; (who yet like a good Phyfician defended her with his forces,
and fortified her, with his Aurum potabile, or liquor of life, from the
from the Indies. Indies) it ſeemed high time to that ambitious Generall, to hatch his perni-
cious defignes, for that by fo many brave actions ashe had performed, he
thought, he deſerved to wear a Crown, though it were at the charge of his
Maſters.
* His money
Behold here, the most ungratefull of mortalls, and the most dangerous of
all the Emperours enemies, who was likely to have effected alone, that
which all the reft together, had not been able to do. Defire of revenge,and
ambition, made him forget his duty; and cruelty, moved him to undertake
this deteftable Treafon.
He fent Generall Holck into Mifnia, who reduced many Towns, and
even Leipfick it ſelf, for the third time; but a contagious ſickneſſe ſtopped
the courfe of his profperity, and greatneffe. He was a Dane borne, and a
Gentleman, that had acquired reputation in Stralfund, whereof he was Go-
vernour; and after the peace was made, he obtained the honour of com-
manding an Army, in the Emperours fervice.
Galaffe paffed into Silefia,and Wallenstein,not being well fatisfied concern-
The Swedes de ing the conditions of Peace, followed him with the Body of the Army, and
feated towards employed fo much promptitude,and addreffe,that he furprized the Enemies
Stenaw the 18. near Stenaw; defeated the Horfe, (which was much in number) and fur-
of October,
1533.
rounded the Food, which yeelded, and put into his hands above fixfcore
Colours, with all the Baggage and Artillery. Whereupon all Silefia in-
ſtantly ſubmitted; and it was firmly beleeved, that he endeavoured to bring
back the war,to the mouth of the Baltick Sea, to recall the Swedes to defend
that paffage, by which they entred, and fent home their booty. But he,on
the other fide, did the direct contrary;and as if he had been vanquished,mar-
ched from Pomerania; and fent Generall Henry Count de la Tour, with Tu-
bal, and his forces, to take up their Winter quarters, in the Emperours He-
reditaty Lands.
Which proceeding amazed the Court at Vienna, gave the Swedes time,
and means to recollect, and difcovered to the whole world what he had
hatched in his foul.
None made any profit of this victory, but they of Colein, who were much
encouraged by its and confequently, they declared, that they could not ra-
tify the Treaty which they had made with the King of France, nor receive
any Garrison of his, into their City; but that he might put four hundred
men into Andernach, and as many at Zonts: founding their excuſes, up-
on the infolence of the people. In effect,the Citizens, being fingularly affected
made with the to the Emperour,menaced both the Magiſtrate,and the Clergy it felf,to beat
King of France. them of Town, if there were any more fpeech of changing their Maſter.
The Colonians
will not ratify
the Agreement
Set
PART.1.
139
The History of this Iron Age.
Let us now fhew the tragical end of the ungratefull Wallenstein; for fince
we have already ſeen the recompence of his fervices, let us alfo publish the
juft puniſhment of his crimes, and treafons.
Bron was advanced to the high dignity of Marthall of France, to crown
his vertues; and his head was ftrucken off by the publick Executioner, for
having plotted againſt his Mafter.
This faid Wallenftein (whom the Emperour had made Duke of Frithland)
collected his forces near Eguer in Bohemia, gave them three moneths pay,
and made them take an oath to himſelf, without mentioning the Emperour
at all. Thus the Impoſtume brakes ambition brought forth Rebellion: all
was diſcovered, and his practice with the Swedes, known. But what teme-
die for fo defperate a bufineffe? The Veffel could not chooſe but run Wallenftein's
aground,when the Pilot himſelf caft her upon the Sand-bank, and againſt deſigns diſco-
the Rocks. This Traitor had all in his hands; and the Emperour feeing vered.
that his own ſervants had refolved his ruine, implored the help of heaven.
However, it was thought fit, in this diforder, to fend money, to the Garrifon
of Prague,fo to be lure of that, as being the Capitall City of the Kingdom,and
to retain the King of Hungary, who was ready to march into the Field, with
too weak forces. Fruthland fent his Brother-in-Law Count Terskie to Prague,
but it was too late; for they made him underſtand,that they would acknow-
ledge none but the Emperour. Whereupon our deſign (ſaid he) is difco-
vered, let us pack away, and joyn with the Swedes.
Now this infamous treafon was known to Gordon, Leafly, and Butler; the
two former Scotch, and the laft an Irish Officer; but all the difficulty was,
how to stifle it in the Cradle; to which effect, they invited Terskie, Kinskie,
Illaw, and Newman, (all his Creatures) to fupper, where they took their Supper at E-
lives to pay the fcore, and fave their Mafter Ferdinands: And thus the Tra- guer.
gedie being begun upon them as the Members, muſt be ended upon him,the
deteftable Head; the Commiffion whereof was faithfully,and laudably un-
dertaken by Butler, who thruſting open his dore, and finding him up, fo
ſtaggered and hared him, that he could not make one word of anfwer to this Wallenftein
fatal falutation. Oh Traytour, to the Emperour, and Empyre, art thou there? massacred.
And therewith, run him through with his Partizan, fo that he fell down
dead,and an Iriſh ſouldier having cruſhed his head, with the But-end of his
Musket: took him by the heels, and threw him out at the window.
This was the end of this ungratefull Minifter, who from an ordinary Gen-
tleman, was rifen to fo much greatneffe, that he could climbe no higher,
without being a Traitour, and a Parricide. As he had done great fervices,
on the one fide, fo had he alſo received great recompences, on the other; his
Mafter having created him Prince of the Empyre, and made him fo potent,
that he had trouble enough to unmake him again;yea,and much adoe,to fave
both himſelf, and his Houfe,from his cruel perfidie. Never were Traitours feen to
make a good end, ambitious perfons fall into the precipice,which they intend for others.
He was very much hated, and that chiefly by the Emperours enemies;
and yet fome, to make the Prince odious, have prefumed to excuſe
aim, as if he had been wrongfully killed. Men, who are overballan-
ced by Passion, have no folid judgment. It is faid of him, that for having
only awaked him out of his fleep, he had caufed many to be hanged, with
this fentence; Hang that beaft: And yet I fay,he hath found pennes,which
have juftified his proceedings, and accufed the Heufe of Auftria of cruelty,
and ingratitude, But, that Polish Bishop,who hath defended him againft the
fenfe of the very Swedes, the French, and other of the Emperours enemies, Diafeck a Fe-
hath rather diſcovered his own antipathy againſt that Family, (which was liſh Biſhop.
then combatted by fo many Proteftants) then reaſons, and arguments fuffi-
cient to prove his innocence; nor are they indeed valued, but where blinde
paffion
1
160
Part.1
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
paffion prædominates: though yet ftill, this præoccupated old man hath
not failed to finde applauſe amongſt fuch of his nation, as diſapproved
the ſtreight Allyance of their King, with the aforefaid Houſe.
Whatever be reported of him, he was a good, and judicious fouldier, but
ambition,becoming the Miftreffe of his reafon, made him (according to the
opinion of almoſt all Authors) machinate, and contrive the death of his
Mafter, and his Children: by which cruell affect, he ſtained all his gallant
exploits, and rendred his name infamous to pofterity. The end crownes the
work; and it ſerves for nothing, to have well begun, unleffe we finiſh fo too,
The Polanders are in action; it is time to ſpeak of their vertue, which hath
produced miracles.
An unheard
of victory.
Peace made.
The Turks
beaten.
CHAP. XXXII,
The Siege of Smolensko raiſed. The King of Poland compells
an Army of a bundred and twenty thousand men, to have recourfe to his
mercy. He makes peace with the Mufcovits, and chaftifes the
Turks. The Infanta's death. The taking of Rhinbergh.
Aitona ranges the Militia, and takes
fome Lords prifoners.
Ladislaus the fourth, King of Poland, was, after the death of his brother
Sigifmund, by the cofent of the States and Nobility, preferred to the
Throne; and there fuddenly prefented it felf a fair occafion, to fignalize the
beginning of his Reign, and let the Polanders fee, that he would be the ter-
rour of his enemies.
The Muſcovits after having done much fpoyle in Lituania, befieged the
Town of Smolensko, the walls whereof are extremely thick. The King fent
his Army thither, and went himſelf ſhortly after, to command it. Great
skirmishes were made, but fmall means, to beat up a quarter: whereupon
he refolved to ſtorm two Fortreffes, or Holds, which were upon the
River, and would needs be there himſelf in perfon. The more difficult this
Enterpriſe was, the greater was the glory; for, more than fix thoufand Muf-
covits were put the fword. Upon thefe advantages he intrenched himſelf,
and not being able to unneftle them totally from thence, he cut off all their
Proviſions, in fuch fort, as they quickly found themſelves reduced to the ex-
tremity either of ſtarving, or rendring themſelves to his mercy. A terrible
thing, and not heard of before; that a hundred and twenty thousand men
fhould bring their Arms, and Colours, and caft them at the feet of this vi-
&torious Prince. This was not a victory, but a monster of a victory. He
pardoned them all; and made the ftrangers, (which were about fourteen
thouſand men) promiſe never to bear arms more, againſt the Crowne
of Poland. A while after, peace was made between them upon conditions,
that the King ſhould relinquish his Title, and prætentions, upon the Great
Dutchy, and the Grand Duke his, upon Smolensko and fome other
places.
The Turke, and Tartars, feeing the Polanders bufie, entred into Poland,
to make a diverfion, and give the Mufcovits breath. But the King had
done his work time enough, to come and put fire in their tayles; for he beat
them, and forced them to beg peace, which he granted them, upon moſt
honourable terms for himſelf. At the ſame time, the third part of the City of
Conftantinople
PART.1.
161
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Conftantinople was burnt to the ground, with incredible loffe. A prodigie,
which threatned the Turkes with that misfortune which is now befal-
ling them.
Let us now return into Holland, through Engiand, where we ſhall finde
King Charles as much in love with peace, and quiet, as King James his Fa-
ther was. He went into Scotland, and was crowned there the twenty fifth of
lune, 1633.
the Infanta.
We left the Deputies of the Obedient Provinces very bulie; about ſeeking
the end of their evills, in a happy peace; but there was a wind, which hin-
dred the ſprowting forth of this good feed. During the time of their negoti-
ation,the Infanta went to enjoy everlaſting beatitude with her husband, with The death of
whom ſhe had fo religiously lived. Her fubjects expreffed very great grief,
for the departure of fo good a Mother, by whom they had been fo gently
governed; and that which moſt afflicted them, was to forefee, that
thele Treaties would produce no good effect, as it was cafie to judge:
for the States ſtood faft upon impoffibilities; and theſe could not by any
means exclude their Mafter; befides, the Prince going to beliege Rhinbergh,
(which he took in three weeks) made them conceive, that they treated with
them almoſt no otherwife, then Conquerors ufe to do, with fuch as they
have vanquished. For, they offered them conditions of advantage enough,
to teftific, that their thoughts were very much inclined to peace: but the
wind of France, quickly cooled that pious heat. Charnaffe made ufe of the
two most potent wayes in the world, to make this Treaty infructuous; that
is, of Eloquence; and of that divine Mettall, which Iupiter knew to be the
ftrongeft. In fine, he effected ſo much by his diligent purſuits, and follicita - The Treaty of
tions that he brake off the whole match, and brought the States to take Peace vanishes.
Arms again, with his Mafter.
>
The Marquis of Aitona not having force enough to face the Prince before
Rhinbergh, was content to fortify the Ife of Saint Stephen upon the Moze,
whereby to have the paffage free. And the Prince, agitating in his mind a
greater exploit, then that of a Siege, went, and incamped himself be- The fiege of
yond Bofledne, or the Boffe; and having fent for eighteen or Twenty Troops Rheynbergh,
of Swedish Horfe: departed, with a multitude of Waggons of Victualls, and
marched directly towards Aitona; who (though he had alfo received fome
Horſe from the Imperialiits for his defence) kept himſelf upon his advanta-
ges, as judging it beyond the maximes of a fouldier, to put the Country into
a general joy, by hazarding the Battail offered him. For, if the Prince had
gained it, he had found no refiftance; but if he had loſt it, he had left the
Conquerours nothing but the glory of having wonne it, without any other
profit at all, fave only (peradventure) of a Town, or two, as Wenlo, and Ru-
remund
The Prince ſent a ſupply to Mastricht, and retyred himſelf fafter then he
came, which cauſed the disbanding of many of his men. And the Marquis
haſtened, with three thouſand horfe, to defend the Isle of Saint Stephen; and
thus ended the Field of this year of 1633. upon which the Swedes, who had
committed unknown infolencies in this Militia, and ſome diffolutions, which
fpoyled the Holland difcipline,repaffed the Rheyn; as the Imperialifts on the
other fide, alfo did. But let us fee the Field following, before we repaffe with
them.
Aitona, having received money from Spain, and ranged his Militia in a Some Lords pri-
good ftate of obedience, took fome Lords prifoners, who were fufpected of foners.
having complotted with Count Henry of Bergues. The Prince d'Efpinoy was
already fled into France, and the Duke of Arfcot, gone into Spain; and fo
this thick fogge being diffipated, and Count Henry's Caule tryed, he
marched with his Army towards the Moze, whether he had already fent
Y
the
162
PART.I
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
the Marquis de Lede, who took the ftrong Houſe of Argenteau, and retook
the Dutchy of Limburgh, and fo made a fhew of befieging Mastricht, to have
the paffage open into Germany. The Prince, to divert him from this defign,
went, and planted himſelf before Breda; but having received notice, that the
Spanish Army drew towards him,to diflodge him from thence,he retyred five
dayes after. Thus ended this Field, in the Low-Countries; let us go lee other
fport in the Empyre, much more bloody then this.
Ratisbone ta-
ken by the
Swedes.
CHAP. XXXIII.
The Siege of Ratisbon, the taking of the Town. The death of
Aldringer. The Cardinall Infanto, joynes with the King of
Hungary. The Protestants draw all their forces together again.
The Bufineffe of Norlinghen. The victory of the
Imperialists. The Cardinal Infanto paffes
into the Low-Countries.
The chief of the Proteftant Party had fo great cauſe to miftruft Generall
Wallenstein,whofe plots and practiles they knew,that it was no wonder if
Duke Bernard gave no credit to the promiſes he made, to haften a Con-
junction, the retardment whereof was fatall to him, and all his friends.
Duke Francis-Albert of Saxony, Lašemburgh, who was the inftrument cho-
fen, to tye theſe two mettals of a different nature together, proved not his
Crafts-mafter; and fo was carried prifoner for his apprentilage to Vienna.
Duke Bernard having taken Ratisbone by the good will of the Inhabitants,
and being affured (too late) of the intentions of the Duke of Frithland, was
advancing already towards Bohemia,when he received the newes of the juft
diſaſter, which was befallen him; whereupon he changed courſe. Iupiter is
patient; but when his goodneffe is too much abused, he darts his Thunderbolt, and
crushes all. It is alwayes dangerous to meddle with ones Maſter, and to crack nuts
with him. This great Symptome was advantageous to the Swedes, as giving
them opportunity to take Towns in Swaveland,and towards the Lake of Bre
gants; in ſuch fort, as that the terrour which King Gustave had caſt in-
to Italy, was now renewed more ſtrongly then ever.
The King of Hungary, having cured the Army with a ſweet ſhower of
Gold, and taken a new Oath from the fouldiers, made them march towards
Ratisbone. For,fince the fervant had betrayed the Father of the Family, it was ne-
ceffary, to fend the childe, who was received by all of them, with incredible
joy, and alacrity. I will not ftay upon the particulars of this famous fiege,
which coft very much blood; but content my felf, with only faying, that
newes being come to the Camp, of a notable victory gotten by Arnem, upon
the Imperialists in Silefia, and of his moving towards Prague; the King fent fo
ſtrong a ſupply, that the faid Armem, was conſtrained to raiſe the Siege,
by the Imperi- retyre himself into Saxony, at the very fame time that Ratisbone began to
parly, and capitulate, which was near the end of Iuly: and fome dayes be-
fore,the famous General Aldringer was flain, near Lanfhut. He was born in the
Country of Luxenburgh,and his vertue had drawn him out of the obfcurity of
his birth, to raiſe him to fo eminent a Charge. He had fought happily with
John de Werdt,and his death was much regretted,by the principal of his party.
Donawerdt followed Ratisbone, and the Cardinal Infanto, who had now
ftaid long enough at Milan, paffed, with the old Spanish, Italian, and Bar-
And retaken
alifts.
Aldringer
flain.
and
gundian
PART.1.
163
The History of this Iron Age.
熊
​gundian Bands,through Swifferland, into Germany,where they quickly taught
the Swedes, what it was, exactly to obſerve Military Diſcipline,
The Armyes joyned, and marched into the Durchy of Wirtembergh, after
which they fighed and longed, as the Children of Ifrael did, after the Land of
Promife: but they must first paffe the Red Sea, and winne a Town whole
Garriſon was ftrong, and required a Siege, before they could arrive to the
bank.
The Swedes fent for all their own forces, and thoſe of their Allyes: Horne
joyned with Duke Barnard, and argued againſt him, that it was better to let
go one Town, then hazard the Publick Cauſe; and that an occaſion for
fighting would be found in time, with more advantage. The Duke difputed
the contrary; alleadging, that the winning of this Battail, Auftria would The Siege of
be open, Bavaria a prey. and their Party, out of all danger: That they muft Northinghen.
venter it, before the Spaniards came. In fine, it was concluded, that it
fhould be the next day, being the fixth of September; and the proceeding of
that Imperiall Colonel, who asked to ſpeak with a Kiɛfman of his of the lame
Charge in the Swedish Army,upon the word of a Cavalleer (to whom he pro-
pofed an overture of Peace, in his Maſters name; which was rejected by the
Party) was taken by the Swedes, for a good augure. It would require a vo-
lume, to recount the particulars, of the moſt bloody fight that ever happen-
ed amongſt Chriſtians. The forces of the Duke of Wirtembergh, the Land-
grave of Haffia,and Count Cratz, (who left the Bavarians, when he faw that
his Treafon was difcovered, which was to deliver Ingolstadt to the Enemy)
were already arrived; fo that there wanted none, but the Rhingrave, who
was beyond the Rheyn, with four, or five thousand men. But they would not
expect him, for fear left the Imperialifts, who, had gotten to them the Ar-
myes of the Duke of Bavaria, and Cardinal Infanto, might chance to eſcape
them.
The Fight began in the morning, the moft furious fhock was given, for The Battail of
the getting, and keeping of a Hillock; and the Swedish Infantry received Nortlinghen.
great loffe, about the ftorming of a mined Fort. The Canon it felf being 1634. the fixth
hidden behinde fome thick buthes, did terrible execution, by piercing quite of September,
through all the fquadrons: and the Swedes, upon the other fide, amazed to
fee the grave motion of the Spaniards (who did not recoyle or ſtart back,buc
gently retreat,and advance with a fure difcharge) were constrained to fly; and
the Cavalry being purſued by the Duke of Lorrain,& Iohn de Werdt,(who gave The abfolute
a brave account of themſelves that day) was almoſt utterly defeated; and the victory of the
quarter given at Hamelen was exactly obferved, till the the King of Hungary Imperialists.
cealed the flaughter. All the Canon, to the number of eighty Pieces, and
three hundred Colours, were the irreproachable marks of an entyre victory,
which crowned the heads of both the Ferdinands. It is held, that there were
above twelve thouſand men killed upon the place, and near fix thouſand
priſoners, amongſt whom was that brave Generall, Gustave Horne, who
was received by the King,with fuch teftimonies of benevolence, as were fui-
table to the merit of lo courteous, and valorous a Captain.
Whereof the
first was a
peace.
The pillage was for the fouldiers,and the fruit of the victory,a peace,which
poor Germany enjoyed not long; for he was not yet enough drained, and
the had ſtill fome ill humours left within her, which were not fuffered to fet-
tle, by her Neighbours. But, if the Proteftants, and they who had mixed
their intereſt with them, received much joy, by the firſt Battail of Lepfick;
noleffe, were the hearts of all the Catholicks both in, and out of Germany, ac-
cumulated with alacrity and gladneſſe, by this. And the Generalls divided The iny of the
this great Army, into many fmall Bodies,as the Swedes had done theirs,after Catholics
the Battail of Lutzen, to carry an offenfive war, up and down, into many
places, whereof we will ſpeak as briefly, as our matter will permit us.
Y 2
Nortling-
164
PART.L
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Swedes
will have war
in their villo-
ry, and the Im-
perialists peace
in theirs.
Nortlinghen forthwith furrendred; the Dutchy of Wirtembergh, quicky in her
Enemies power; and the Duke, unwilling to be fpectator of lo pitifulla State,
got himself, together with the most prompt of his party, to Strasburgh.
The lufter of the Eagles Majefty, and of the glory acquired by her, as well
in Germany, as Denmark, had been much difcoloured, and obfcured, by the
happineffe of that great Septemtrional Mars; But now the fufficiently recove-
red it, by this memorable victory of Nortlinghen; and to fhew, that flie durft
follow her enemies, the contraried their proceedings. For, they would have
war, in the continuation of their Conquests; and the declares her defire of
Peace, in hers. They would carry away all, with violence, and extremity;
and the would reftore all, to the first order, and flate, by a moderate accom
modation. In effect, the King of Hungary offered it to the Duke of Saxony,
and the reft of the Princes, by whom it was accepted; but it lafted not long,
no more then the deceitfull favours of that variable Goddeffe did, by the pu
illant odour of the Flower de luce, as the drift of this Hiftory will fhew.
The Cardinal Infanto, after having embraced, and taken leave of his Bro-
ther-in-Law, departed towards the Low-Countries, whether we will let
him go, and ſtay yet a while in Germany, to note the carreer of Ferdinands vi-
&ories, in the diſorder of the Protestants.
THE
PART.2.
165
粉粉​粉
​Apps
THE HISTORY
OF THIS
IRON AGE.
BOOK I. PART II.
CHAP. I.
The Peace made at Prague, after the reduction of many places,
and ſmall States. The complaints of the Swedes.
.........
divide them-
felves,
LL the Towns of Swaveland, and the Lake of Bre-
gants, returned to the Emperour, their Lord. An The Imperialifis
burgh was taken by famine, and pardoned : Rain,
and Newburgh followed; Ulme, and Neuremburgh
were inveſted: but this Prince, who fought for no-
thing but Peace, and won it,for no other end,then
to give it fuch as would have it,received them into take many pla-
favour. The Caftle of Wurtzburgh held out a long ces
time,for fear of not being forgiven, Connixhof,after
a long Siege,was taken by Hatsfelt, Piccolomini plaj-
ed Rex in Turing,and Coloredo in Saxony;in fuch fort,asthat he compelled the
Elector to hearken to a Peace, from which indeed, as alfo from the Empe-
rour, he had no averfion at all, but onely his own intereft, and that of Reli-
gion: Which the King of Sweden very well oblerving, in the midft of his
proſperity, and knowing the amity,which was between theſe two Princes,
was fearful left it ſhould come to be renewed. I know, there were fome
who beleeved, that he was the first, who difcovered to his friend, and Ma-
fter the Emperour, the Treafon, which the Duke of Frithland had brewed
against him. However it were, the Peace was made at Prague, in the The Peate
moneth of May 1635. with advantage enough to the Ghofpellers; for their made at Pra-
Religion was fetled, and all reduced to the fame ftate wherein it was in the gue, 1635.
year 1627. and all fuch Ecclefiaftical Lands, and Goods, as the Proteftants
had appropriated to themſelves, after the agreement of Paffavia, confirm-
ed upon them, for forty years; and at the expiration of this terme, the dif-
ference to be compofed, in an amicable way.
But now, the moft zealous of both Parties, not being pleafed with this which displea
Peace, the Emperour perceived, that France was cutting out fome work for fes the most zea-
him; and that of the Empire being but roughly framed; he wifely con- lous.
fidered, that he who will make war abroad, muft make peace at home.
Such as would be compriſed in this Agreement, were obliged to give
their forces to the Emperour their Head, under paine of being declared
Y 3
Enemies
166
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Enemies to the Empire; and fo they refolved (though many of them
with grudging) to enter this holy Temple of Peace: from which yet (fince
they could not force it) many of them flinched afterwards upon the first
occafion, with greater animofities then ever, as we will fhortly demonftrate,
A Peace constrained, is like a rapid Brook, which may be ftopped for a
time, by a ſtrong Dam, or Siuce; though at length, it either peirce it, or
flow over it.
The Dukes of Meckelemburgh were pardoned, and re-invefted in their
Dutchyes: And all participated of this common Good, fave onely the
Lands which had been occupated, or feized on by the Swedes; and Duke
Duke Bernard Bernard, who not having been able to recover what his Anceſtours had loft,
goes into France, caft his eyes upon the Flower de Luce; whofe favour with that King, had
kindled a great jealoufie in the Electors Soul, which turned into hatred a-
gainst the Swedes, as it appeared in the continuation of the War.
red the Swedes,
The ſcatterings of this Army rallyed ncer Francfurt; and the Ryngrave,
who had had his finger in the pye, and faved himselfe by fwimming, was
there, with the Great Chanceller Oxenstern, who did all he could, to hinder
this Peace, or re-Union of the Members with their Head. For, he pre-
tended, that being the Queens Lieutenant, the direction of the Affairs be-
longed to him but neither his arguments, nor any fuch as founded like
them, could be heard. Indeed, if we muft feek the juftice of a Cauſe, in
good fucceffe, and argument; the complaints of the Swedes feemed, in fome
fort lawful, and the reproaches which they caft upon the Germans, procce-
ded from a ſtrong refentment. Is this the recompense ( faid they) of fo many
labours, and troubles as we have fuffered, and fo many Battels as we have hazarded
for your liberty? Do you make us this ungrateful payment, for the blood which we
have shed, and for the life which our King hath loft, to free you from the oppreffion
of the Spaniards, and fave your Religion? How will you endure to hear, that they
who have been your Deliverers,fhall be called your Enemies? Theſe notes rung
loude every where, and found both the eares, and the hearts, of a multitude
of Proteftants open, to produce a feed, the bitterneffe whereof was
foon tafted; however they had to do with a Nation, which was but too
grateful, and acknowledging.
The Elector of Saxony, both in his own name,and that of the whole Pro-
teftant Body, offered them a hundred thouſand Rix-Dollars for a reward,
▲ reward offe- and ordered them to withdraw; but they would have more, and ſtay'd
which they re hankering, and hunting after many difficulties; for they faw, that they had
fuſe. yet many good Towns, and Provinces; and that the whole Empire was
not able to beat them out of Pomerania. They had the Allyance of France;
the affections of the people; yea, and of fome Princes alfounder hand, who
had figned the Peace, but by conftraint, and with regret. And fo, in fine,
they took a firme refolution to ftand it out. There is collufion, and cheate-
ry, as well in Germany, as in other Nations; and Macchiavels leffons are
very much practiced there, in this Age.
A Veffel loaden
with Spoiles
makes Ship-
wrack,
The Chanceller Oxenftern, environed by a great number of Counts, Ba-
rons, and great Lords, kept his Court at Francfurt; but finding the ap-
proach of the Conquerours, he made a ſtronger Állyance with the King of
France; put Philipfburgh, and all that, which the Swedes held thereabouts,
into his hands, for a huge fumme of money, and retired himselfe, with
Rantzaw, through France, and Holland, into Sweden; having fent before
his departure, his Traine of a hundred and fifty brave horfes for breed, into
Pomerania which fell all into his Enemies hands.
;
We muſt here take notice of the fhipwrack, of a certain Veffel, which de-
parted with a faire winde,from Wifmar, fully loaden with the richeſt ſpoiles,
and principally, thofe of the Churches; for befides fome filver Organs,
the
PART.2.
167
The History of this Iron Age.
the twelve Apostles of Wurtzburgh, were all fhut up in this belly of wood:
But being neer her time, fhe was delivered, without a Midwife, and all was
loft, within a league of Sweden, fave onely one man, who escaped, to carry
the newes, and bid them not expect her. The Spoiles of the Church, produce
nothing but misfortune.
CHAP. II.
The answer to the complaints of the Swedes. The Cardinal of
Richelieu, will befiege Colcin. The States refufe fuccour. He
endeavours to ruine the Houfe of Lorraine. The Dutch-
effe Nicoll at Paris. Prince Francis carried pri-
foner, to the Cittadel of Nancy.
of the Germans
to the Swedes.
THe complaints of the Swedes had their answer; which was, that they
had had wages, and booty; that the Germans did not fend for them;
but that they joyned together amongst themſelves; and that the Princes The rebroaches
were not obliged to continue the war, to glutt their ambition, and avarice:
That they had obtained that, for which they took arms; That the recom-
pence which was offered them, freed the Princes from ingratitude: That
it was not lawful for them, to ſell, or alienate the Lands, and Goods of the
Empire; and much leffe, to draw the French (their old enemies) into Ger-
many. In briefe, that their pretexts were but illufions, to amufe, and baffle
the Plaicfends of the Germans. But, let us now bring the French upon the
Stage, who will peradventure, beat down this tottered Building, fince they
are invited to it by the Swedes"
That great Cardinal, the worthy Inftrument of all bloody Playes, and
principal mover of that furious Ball, or Revel, which was fo long danced
amongſt Chriſtians; was alwayes, either neer,or in Lorraine,to provide for
all occurrences, and remedy the fuddain changes of Fortune.
but in vaine.
He was fo extreamly angry, at the inconftance of the Colonians, or Citi- The Cardinal
zens of Colein, that he could not long diffemble it: And therefore, he fent demands fut.
to intreat the Sates-General of Holland, to affift him, in his defigne: and by cour of theHol
vertue of the ftreight Allyance, to fuccour the French Army (which he had landers, to be-
deftinated to befiege that City) with Victuals, Munition, and fome Shal-fiege Colein,
lops. But they answered, that they could not condefcend to it, for feare of
offending the Emperour,and Empire: nor did they ever render him any
other anfwer at all, to all his replyes; which gave him exceffive rancour,
and diſguſt, however he thought fit to make but little fhew thereof. Forit
was not, indeed, the feare of offending Ferdinand, which kept them from it
for, they had done that enough already by many oblique wayes; and efpe-
cially, by fending Cotonel Pinfen, with a ftrong Brigade, into Westphalia;
But it was, becauſe they had rather have for their Neighbour, a weak Bi-
Shop of Colein, then a ftrong King of France. It is Maxime of State which car-
ries it, above all obligations; and Allyances, how strong foever they be, are easily
broken in these times, if Interest command it. They fent General Bandits word,
that if he did not retire himselfe from thence, they would drive him away
by force. So that, theſe former circumſtances, and the utter route of the
Swedes, being motives to make the Cardinal differ his defigne upon Colein for
a fitter ſeafon for vengeance waits occafion)made him he fixed his thoughts
upou things of necrer concernment; as thus, He had already almoft ruined,
ΟΙ
168
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The House of
Lorraine af
fli&ted.
per-
or quite depreffed the branches of the Houſe of Lorraine in France, and
fecuted the Duke of Guife, even till his death; and therefore he refolved to
unroot the maine Stock, and deftroy the whole Family.
The Duke of Lorraine, after being ftripped of all his Places of ftrength,
and of Nancy it felfe, to get a peace 5 found, that France fought nothing but
his deftruction; and that when he refented any of the affronts which were
done him by the Cardinal, the King (who was often ignorant of the caufe)
was forthwith made beleeve, that he had broken his faith; and fo his law-
ful excuſes had no acceffe, where his enemies were ſtronger then he, we
very often judge ill, because we know not the principal Caufes. Wherefore, have-
ing no other relyance, then upon God, and his Sword, and not being able
The Duke of any longer to diffemble his juft refentment; he publiſhed a Manifeft; where
Lorraines Ma- in he declared, that being a Soveraigne Prince borne, and feeing that his
nifefto.
Enemies (whom he could not content) fought after his Country, and
his life; he transferred all his Rights, upon his brother; abfolved his Sub-
jects from their Oath of fidelity to himfelfe, and commanded them to o-
bey him. Which done, he returned into Germany, to ferve the Emperour,
whom the Cardinal ſtudied to ruine with him; from whom he received the
quality, of General of the Catholick Army, and paſſed towards the Danub,
with the Cardinal Infanto: And three, or four moneths after, the Princeffe
The Princeffe Nicoll his wife, made her entrance into Paris, where fhe was well received
by their Majefties, and entertained according to her condition.
Nicol. at P-
ris.
Richelieu, being well informed of all; and imagining, that this Tranf
port, or Deed of Gift, was but conditional, and for a time; and knowing
Prince Francis alfo, that the Cardinal, brother to the ſaid Duke, had fent to Rome, for a
marries his Difpenfation to marry his Coufin German, and render the Cap into the
Coufin; is im hands of his Holineffe; judged it expedient, to croffe this match; and fo
prifoned; retiers
fought to furprize the Poft; but in vaine; for he pafled through the Guards,
to Vienna.
and the fame evening, the marriage was confummated: But both hc, and
his Princeſſe were carried prifoners to the Cittadel; out of which they both
fecretly eſcaped, as alfo out of the Town, difguifed in the habit of Country
people; and paffing through Savoy, Florence, and Venice, arrived at length
at the Imperial Court in Vienna.
The Maid Jane
of Orleans.
It was indeed, in vaine, for him to attempt the extinction of this moſt illu-
ftrious, and most ancient Race, iffued from Charlemagne, and fo many other
Kings, who have performed fo confiderable fervices to Chriftendome; yea,
and even to France it felfe, in the Battel of Crecy, and during all the Wars
with the English. For God raiſed a young Maid of this Family, like a le-
cond fadith, to fave the Kingdom from the oppreffion of Strangers; and the
Cardinal after having deprived it of the lawful Prince, called in the Gothick
Nations, to ruine it. This noble Houfe I fay, hath afforded Princes, which
have defended and maintained the Catholick Religion, throughout the
whole Kingdom; and the Cardinal made the Lutherans flock to fubdue it.
Indeed, there are none but the Hughenot Party, who have any ground to
complain of it, fince it hath furnished many noble Lords, who have alwayes
fhewed themſelves enemies to that Doctrine. We muſt confeffe, that this
Dutchy merited better treatment, fince it had never offended France; That
it is a poor maxime of State, to oppreffe a Prince, who defires nothing but
Peace, and upholds himselfe in the juftice of his Cauſe. This proceeding
will produce much misfortune; for they who accufe him of having fo of-
ten falfyfied his faith, filence the cauſe thereof, either through malice, or
ignorance.
CHAP.
PART.2.
169
The Hiſtory of this Iron Age.
CHAP. III.
The Imperialift's waft in the Dutchy of Wirtembergh. The
French come to fuccour the Swedes. Philipfburgh taken by a
prank of War. The Cardinal enters Bruſſels,and
the Duke of Orleans departs.
Findirectly
Lor-
Rance, hitherto waged War against the Houſe of Auftria, obliquely, and
indirectly enough, though yet with advantage; and feized upon
raine, more like a Fox, then a Lion, as more by craft, then open force. But,
it was time, to throw off the Vizard, and lay hold of all Europe, fince it ap-
pertaines to it, according to the opinion of that famous Impoftour, who is fo
learnedly refuted, by Janfenius a Profeffour of Lonain; and a certain Spani-
ard, who argues thus. If the Empire belong to France, because it was governed
by Charlemagne; with much more reafon doth Languedoc, and fome other Pro-
vinces in France, occupated by the Goths, belong to the King of Spain, as he
is Succeffour of the faid Goths, who established their Alonarchy in Spain, and pre-
ceded the faid Charlemagne in time. But let us leave thefe old trifles, and fond
Commentations, and ſtay in our corrupt Age, where Might, amongſt ma-
ny, is more efteemed, then Right, and where, the moſt crafty Cheats, are
held the beſt Politicians.
Duke Bernard being eſcaped, with many other Officers, had recourſe to
the favour of France, where, being a German, he was judged capable, and
fit to beare the burthen of the War, together with Marthal de la Force. The French in
Such as are leaſt ſuſpected, and most interessed, as well in matter of Religion, as o- Germany.
therwife, are alwayes chofen, for the expedition of any great Enterprize.
There paffed nothing worthy of memory between the two Partyes, the Make a huge
Imperialiſts being grown flack and lazie by the abundance and fertility of Magazine at
the Dutchy of Wirtembergh; and the French making a Magazine at Philipf-
Philipsburgh
burgh, the like whereof was never heard; as being fufficient to pay, and feed
whole Armies together, for the entire Conqueft of the Empire. The more
judicious fort of men conceived, that it was to fall fuddainly, and unexpect-
edly upon Colein, the moſt important Town in Germany; thereby to have
communication with the Hollanders; take it away from the Spaniards with
the Empire; and fo ( this gate, together with that of the Sea, being fhut,
by the States Ships )beat them out of all the Low-Countries. But,an unforeſeen
blow, an unthought of thunderbolt; a ftrange accident, brake that, which
all the invention of man was not able to divert; and this it was.
Gaſper Bamberger, being advertiſed of the flackneffe, and careleinefle of
them, to whom this Golden-Fleece was recommended, and in whole cuftody
this Horne of plenty was; fent fome of his moſt faithful Officers, in the habit
of Peaſants, and a party of his Regiment, who paffed upon the Ice (for it
had frozen, and the Winter was one of the fharpeft of this Age) killed all
the Court of Guard, and with ſmall refiftance, grew Maſters of the place.
And this Enterprize quafhed all the faire advantages of the French; made
them take other refolutions; freed Colein from a moft evident danger; and
difpofed the rest of the Winter, together with the beginning of the Spring,
to a Treaty of Peace.
There were found two millions of Gold; above a hundred Braffe-Pieces
of Ordnance; above four hundred thouſand Sacks of Corne, Oats, Barly,
Peafe, and Beanes; twelve thoufand Sacks of Salt; an incredible Maga-
Z
zine
Which is taken
by craft.
170
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Cardinal
Infanto at
zine of Powder, without counting the riches of particular perfons, which
were brought thither, as it were to Jupiters feet; that is, to be fecured. It
was cafie enough to judge, by this preparation, of the greatneffe of their de-
fignes, and confidently to affirme, that it is in the difpofal of States, that the
great God makes his Divine Providence thine brighteſt.
The loffe of Philipfburgh was not fufficient, without the addition of that
of Trevirs, together with the Elector; the Town being taken the fix and
twentieth of March, 1653. and he carried to Bruffels, by the Garriſon of
Luxemburgh.
The Cardinal Infanto, having by this great Victory, cluded the ambu-
ſhes or fnares, of fuch as envyed that Government, made his entry in-
Bruffels, and to Bruffels, in the moneth of December. The Duke of Orleans, for fome rea-
the Duke of fons which were clear enough, would not be prefent at his reception; but,
Orleans retires by the advice, of Puilaurent his Favourite, retired into France, where he was
himselfe into received by the King, with the wonted teftimonics of affection; however
he caufed his marriage with the Princeffe Margaret to be declared Null,
in Parliament. This Puilaurent for this fervice, was proclaimed Duke, and
Peer of France, and married the Cardinals Nicce; but they raiſed him on
high, to make him catch a heavy fall.
France.
CHAP. IV.
The King declares war against the Cardinal Infanto, and
why? The Spaniards are beaten. The taking of the
Fort of Schenck.
TH
He King, being irritated by the loffe of this most important Place, and
for that his protection had not been fufficient to cover the Elector of
Trevirs; fent to re-demand him from the Cardinal Infanto, who anſwered
him, that he could not difpofe of fuch a bufineffe, without the knowledge,
and confent, of the Emperour, and the King of Spain: which anfwer not
pleafing him, and finding no hope of any other; he refolved to declare war
againſt the ſaid Infanto, under this fpecious pretext.
The King of Now, in regard that this War was derived, like a contagion, from that
France declares of Germany, by which, as by a great fire, all the circumjacent parts were fo
war upon the scorched, that they kindled with the firft winde we will returne again to
Spaniards. the Source.
The Civil Wars (as we have already fhewed) ftopped the motion of
thoſe old quarrels, and Henry the fourth was diverted from them, by a vio
lent death. But the Cardinal, having well weighed the ftrength of the Houfe
of Auftria, and the furious fhocks or foiles fhe had fuftained, conceived that
it was now time, to make her fall: for he was fully confirmed, that fome
Provinces (as that of Flanders, Artoife, and Luxemburgh) had formerly de-
pended upon France: howbeit King Francis had renounced his propriety in
them for all perpetuity, by way of Ranfome from his captivity; which the
French themſelves do not deny; but they lay,that the Kings cannot alienate the
Rights of the Crown. If fo, how can there be any firme, and fure Treaty
made? For, there may as much be faid, of the Emperour, the King of Spain,
and other Princes; and fo it will be a bufineffe without end. But it might
with more equity be alleadged, that in regard they loft thofe Rights
arms, a hundred years agoe, they may upon a faire occafion, endeavour to
recover them by the fame means.
Now,
PART.2.
171
The History of this Iron Age.
Now in theſe ſo confuſed embarassments, there might fome pretext be
found, which might, perhaps, be rendred jult by the lot of Arms and that
of the Elector made all the French murmure nor was there ever a fairer
opportunity, to beat out the Spaniards; and therefore it was not fit to neglect
it. However the Spaniards rejected it, and affirmed that they were puntu-
ally informed, that the King had figned the League for the Offenfive war
with the Hollanders, at the Lovire, upon the eighth of March, at leven of
the clock in the Evening: In fuch fort, as though they had not taken the
Elector, they were nevertheleffe fure of a War fifteen dayes after, as by
confequence they had.
They would not make mention, of many frontier Towns, which the
French had attempted to furprize by treachery, as Cambray, and Graveling,
to the Governour whereof they offered a hundred thouſand Piftols. All
which infractions they had prudently diffembled, to keep that part of the
Country in quiet, Neither was it the vanity of the Spaniard, which fought A French wri-
that war, ſo to make themſelves great by the loffe, and at the charge of ter accuses the
others: but their admirable prudence laboured to divert it, and their power Spaniards of
preferved it ſelf ſtill hitherto, in the Low-Countreys. But let us leave dif-
puting, and make the Armyes march into the Field.
vanity.
A brave Army
neer Sedan.
The French were to fcuffle with a Nation, which is not ftartled at noife.
The King contracted formidable forces, neer Sedan, under the conduct of
the Marſhals of Chaſtillon, and Brezè, and fent them to enter the King of
Spaines territories, at the fame time when the Herald arrived at Bruffels, to
denounce the war; they having begun their march three dayes before with
the braveſt Army that could be feen; A trick which couzened the Spyes, The Spanish
and proved to be of much advantage. Their order was, to joyn with the Spyes couzened.
Prince of Orange, and proceed under his experience, to the conqueft of the
whole Country,that fo it might be ſhared between them. The Skinn was fold
before the Bear was taken; and they who reckon before their Hoft,must reckon twice.
They curt of Prince Thomas's Troops, which prefumed to oppofe fuch an Prince Tho-
Army, as that; the Vant-guard whereof only, put them to flight; and mas his Troops
which was a terrour both to Friends, and Foes: yea, the Prince of Orange defeated.
himſelf,and the States when they beheld this fo gallant an Army,and above
feven thouſand Horfemen with fcarlet Caffocks were fo amazed, that they
would have made the figne of the croffe thereat, had they been accuſtomed
to it. But afterwards, diſtruſts, and jealouſies (the obſtacles to all brave ex-
ploits) wriggled themſelves in amongſt them, and continued till the end of
the Field.
The firſt prey was Tirlemount, famous for the ruine thereof; for, all imagi-
nable cruelties, and unnaturall actions were perpetrated, and executed, in
this unhappy Town. The Churches, and whatſoever the Catholicks held Tirlemount
in greateſt Veneration, was handled with leffe reverence, then if they had taken, and
been meer Tartars. All was pillaged, all violated, and burnt, and almoſt
all maffacred. A fine beginning, cannot choose but haue a fine end.
The Cardinal Infantos in the mean time, retyred, and incamped himſelf
before Bruffels, expecting fuccour from Germany, and gathering together
the forces of the Provinces; all which were not fufficient to ſtop this impe
tuous torrent, which carried all before it.
burnt.
Grsat cruel-
ties.
Lovaine be-
The Armies pitched their Camp before Lovaine, the feat of the Muſes,
which Mars ought to fpare; and by confequence he did nothing; for, Jupi
tor ſaved it. Grotendonck, with fix or ſeven Regiments, commanded in the
Town; and the Enemy ftayed in this Siege, about twelve dayes; but the
French at length, being better furniſhed with Piftolls then Bread, found fieged.
themſelves befieged by hunger, which caufed fierce muttering, and then
disbanding.
Z 2
The
172
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Is fuccoured,
and the Hil-
The Prince of Orange, fecing this diforder, and the relief came out of Ger-
under Piccolomini; concluded with the French Marshals, to make a re-
landers retyre, treat; and the Infanto, with his Supply, to purſue them.
And befiege the
Fort of Schek,
taken a little
before.
The French
Army much
diminished,
many,
They went and incamped neer Grave, and the Spaniards, neer to the Fort
of St. Stephen, where they ftayed not long; for the Prince, being advertiſed
that the fort of Schenck was furprized, haftened thither fpeedily, with three
thouſand men ; and the Armies followed him. This Fort ſtood upon a point,
which divided the Rheyn into two Arms or Branches; and was fo well
ftrengthened, and furnished, that it was not befiegeable. But Captain Een-
bolt, a native of thoſe parts, defiring nothing more, then a favourable occa-
fion to revenge the death of his Father, who was beheaded at the Haghe;
pryed fo well into matters, and layd fo fit hold of his time, that he got
with fmall trouble, and loffe, to the great coft of the United Provinces;
whole Army camped at Befaw, and the French, at Emmerick, and Rees,
it
The Spaniards, who vanted that they found the key of Holland, kept this
Fort nine months, but the Lock was changed; infomuch, as that they were
in deliberation of blowing it up. Thus Fortune played the wagge with them,
by giving victory fometimes to the one, and fometimes to the other.
This French Army, which was the luftieft and gallanteſt that had been
raiſed fince the beginning of this Age; being reduced to five or fix thoufand
men of forty thoufand which it was, felt the whole winter, the croffes ofír-
and afflicted. reconcilable Fortune; or rather, the effects of that great God, who was fo
much irritated by them: for the fouldiers were conftrained to fell their Hor-
fes, and Caſsacks, and go a begging. It was a pittifull thing, to fee Gentle-
men of good birth, dye of fickneffe in Hofpitals, and the fouldiers miferable,
by the expectation of the wind, which was almoft four months quite con-
trary. Thus paffed the firft Field, which looked at firſt, as if it would ſwal-
low, and devoure all, and fo both Parties were equall, Bur, if Fortune fmiled
upon the Affailants in the beginning; the did fo yet more, upon the Defen-
dants, who prepared themſelves, to attack the other the year following: and
fo the war grew hotter then ever, towards the Rheyn, in the Low-Countries,
and in France.
CHAP. V.
The Imperialifts beat back the French into Lorraine.
Oxenstern paßes into France. Bannier renewes the war ; and
beats the Saxons. Hatsfeldt fuccours them. Magdeburgh
yeelds. The Battail of Witſtock.
Leipfick fuccoured.
"Then offers it felffo much to be faid, in the carreer of this deplorable
war, which, (as ftreaming Rivers fwell bigge by receiving many
other brooks into them) embraces fo many other in it, and growes fo uni
verfall, that if I made any longer ftay, then only to pick out every one in
their particular circumftances, I fhould never come to an end, Wherefore,
having fufficiently declared the motives and prætexts, I will fpeak of them.
only in bulk, eſpecially fince we are now defcended to thofe, which are
known to all men; for the wounds thereof are bleeding yet, in the moft illu
ftrious Families, and the Villages ftill fmoaking; fome whereof have fo far
loft their form, that they are reduced as it were, into a certain Firft matter,
or Chaos,and ſerve for nothing but a retreat to Wolves and Scritch-Owles,
or
PART.2.
173
The Hiſtory of this Iron Age.
or Birds of ill augure, which advertife us, that it is time to afpire to fome
other place, fince this land is curfed, and defert; producing nothing but
nettles, and thiftles. The abomination of defolation is in the holy place; let us hope
for no amendment, but fly to the mountains.
This year of 1635.by means of a flood, which happened near Glucftat, An inundation
there were drowned about fix thouſand perfons, and more then fifty thou- in Helitein.
sand beafts. The like misfortune chanced in Catalonia fome years before,
and the Plague, which began in the North, paffed through Holland, and
carried away above twenty thousand mortalls, in the Town of Leyden oa-
ly; without counting fuch as were confumed in Amfterdam, and other The plague at
Townes: And this contagion feemed to be fomented by the famine, which
Leyden.
had been in Germany, where the very dead were difinterred, to be eaten, in
the Palatinat, and Alfatia.
Ge.many.
The French had no better luck at fighting in Germany, from whence they The French
were expelled with loffe of men, Canon, an Baggage; and Iohn de Werdt went beaten out of
beating them to Montbelgard; and Galaffo, having made them quit Mentz,
Guftaveburgh, and other places, went purfuing them in the Reer as farre as
Metz; in fuch fort, as that Weimar, and Cardinall de la Valette were compelled
to forfake all; and the Imperialists being tyred with following them, and
want of food were fain to return, and give them leave to take breath.
In other Ages, fuch revolutions as thefe, would have produced peace; but
in this, theſe loffes, were but as matches to kindle them to a continuation;
for he who got a great victory, hoped forthwith to fupprefs his enemy: and
if Fortune changed, defire of revenge fuggefted no lefs to the adverle
party.
Now, fince the French are driven almoft quite out of Germany, and the
Low-Countries, we will go fee, in what pofture the Swedes were, and how they
filently breath nothing but vengeance, by fpying out fuch as were affectio-
nate to them, and attracting by fair promifess them who were wavering, of
ballancing between both.
The Great Chanceller Oxenstern, one of the beſt wits of this Age, not be-
ing able, by his proteftations, to ftoppe the courfe of the Treaty for peace,
and not finding too much fafety at Francfurt (as we have alreadyfaid) went
into France, where he was received with fuch honours, as the King com-
municated to few. He conferred often with the Cardinal; and theſe two
great Starres never made any conjunction, but they caft fome ill influence
upon the Houfe of Auftria, and canvafed whatfoever was for their own in-
tereft. In fuch fort, as that they both having taken a firm refolution (the ef-
feats whereof we have already feen) he passed into Holland, where he was
generally honoured,and then retyred towards his Miſtreſs, from whence he
tirred nor afterwards.
In fine, Generall Bannier, after having wrangled, and huckled a long time, Bannier re-
received his Orders, and a ſupply from Sweden; began to lay about him,thake newes the war.
off his Extafte, and attack the Saxons: Hitherto, we have feen warres of Ca-
tholicks againſt Catholicks, and the Lutherans againſt the Catholicks, but
now we ſhall ſee Lutherans openly against Lutherans; and then the Refor-
mates, against the Reformates; in fuch fort, as the Papifts will now be reproa
ched no more, that if their Law were good, they would not tear one ano-
ther in pieces, fo like Wolves, as they do.
Behold here, the most irregular and extravagant warre that ever was,
wherein the moſt unbridled paffions of man had the Helm. Vengeance
produced licencioufnefs, and licentioufnefs, all the cruelty, and barbarity,
which can be imagined.
The County of Brunswick, felt the firſt miſchiefs thereof, for, defpaire gave Beats the Sa-
an Army to the Peafants; and military fcience victory', to the Swedes, xons.
Demits
Z3
174
PART.Z.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Domits was befieged by the Saxons; Bannier haftened thither, and charged
them fo fuddainly, and fo unexpectedly, that he brake them, before they
knew, that the Swedes were in the Field. This check abated the reputa-
tion of Baudits, but not the courage of the Saxons, who prefumed to engage
themſelves again in Battel; but were again defeated by Bannier. In the third
Paffes into Mi- fhock, he had the worft; but he, (who played his laft Game and ventured
all) caſt himſelfe into Mifnia, with fo much animofity, that he took many
Towns, and extorted fome hundred thouſands of Rix-Dollars: the great-
neffe of which fumme made many perfons repent themſelves of their faint-
heartedneffe, and ftiffled thofe complaints which rung too loude, and too
freely: We cannot with good confcience, make war against the Swedes, in regard
that they are of the fame Faith we are; and for that they have preferved us, and
Javed us from the Tyranny of the Papists &c.
fni.
The Elector of Saxony being fufficiently unfatisfied with his General, and
a part of his Subjects, found himſelfe not ſtrong enough to diflodge thefe
The Imperialiſts Guefts; and therefore he had recourſe to the Emperour, who difpatched
in the fuccour of him an Army, under the conduct of General Hatsfeldt. What a change
the Ele&ior of is this? It is not full four years, fince the Swedes came to chafe the Imperi-
Saxony, take
Magdebergh; alifts out of Mifnia; and now thefe are recalled, to chafe out them; which
are beaten neer they alfo did, and befieged Magdeburgh,even a place redoubtable in her ve-
Wiftock the ry afhes, Bannier made a fhew, of fuccouring it; but was met by Hatsfeldt,
fourth of O&o- and forced to retire, with great loffe, whereupon the Town yeilded, and
wel, 1536.
Leipfick befie-
ged,
Hatsfeldt went to feek his Enemy, whom he conſtrained to forfake Werben,
Tangermond, and the Field it felfe, to the Dutchy of Meckelenburgh, where
he flayed neer wiftock, and contracted as many forces as he could. The
Battel was fought the fourth of October, 1636; wherein the Swedes did more
then men, for at the firft, they had the worst of it; but towards the end,
they lo furiouſly charged the Imperialists, and Saxons, which were upon their
retreate, that they made them double their pace, and acknowledge the
Swedes for Victours, and themſelves for Vanquished; the proof thereof is
this.
Bannier returned in Mifnia, with refolution to do better then before, and
to make the poor Subjects feel the hatred which he bore their Maſter. He
took, pillaged, and fired Torgaw. He pardons now no more; for it is
the trick of base fellowes onely, to forget offences. This Age is all martiall, and
breathes nothing but blood, and flaughter. To be a good Chriftian (laid a
Gentleman of Holſtein ) it to have a faint, and cowardly Soul.
Leipfick ſtopped Banniers impetuous courfe,and the valliant Adolph Tranf
dorf made him gnaw his thumbs, by anfwering the Drummer, (who threat-
ned to put all to fire, and fword, if he did not render the Town) that he
fhould do his worft. It is not alwayes the Rampars, or Walls, but the va
lour of a Governour, which makes a Town ftrong.
William Landgrave of Haffia, feeing Fortune favour that fide which he
And Lámboy
beaten before loved, brake the peace of Prague, and went to furprize Lamboy, who had
Haguenaw, by blocked up Hanaw; defeated him, and freed the Town; for which fine
the Landgrave. action, he was proclaimed an Outlaw, and a Rebel to the Empire, General
Goetz being fent to follow him,took many Places from him, defeated Me- .
lander, aud fhut him up in the Town of Caffel.
Hatsfeldt, being declared General, of the Imperial, and Saxon forces,
made the Victorious Goetz come through Ice, and Snow, to fuccour Leip
Bannierdeparts fick: fo ready was the Emperonr, to manifeft his benevolence to the faid
from Liplick Elector.
trenches him-
1637.and in- Bannier being prepared to make them of Leip fick feel his choler, was ad
felfe neer Tor- Vertifed of this conjunction, and of his Enemies defigne, which made him
haften towards Torgan, a Town fituated upon the Elbe, below Drefden;
gaw.
where
PART.2.
175
The History of this Iron Age,
where he intrenched himselfe, and fhewed, that he would not willingly quit
his Country, whom he defired to deftroy. Never was Prince fo much cry-
ed down, as the Elector was, by the Swedish Party: There was not that
vice in nature, whereof they made him not the Slave; and it feemed to
them,as if their rage could not be fatiated, till this Prince were ruined.
Never could the Imperialiſts draw him to a Battel, he contenting him-
felfe with toiling, and tyring them: but having heard, that Gallafso, and
Marazin haftened with new forces to overwhelme him; he made a fhew of
going towards Erfort, and departed in the night, for Pomerania: They
followed him, and cut his Foot in pieces; but he made his Horfe ford the
the River Oder, and fled into the Ifle of Ufedom; no leffe proud, of fuch a
retreate, then the Duke of Mercoeur had been before Caniffe, in Hungary.
Hatsfeldt fell fick, and the Swedes being re-inforced, divided themſelves in-
to two Bands, or Bodies; the one, under Bannier, to go towards Silefia; and
the other, under wranghel, towards Marche; but this latter was met, and
defeated by General Bredam; which loffe obliged them to ſtay in Pomera-
nia.
Flies into Pc-
merania.
During this bloody knocking, where Fortune remained not conſtant ş
the Landgrave William, being advertifed of the retreate of the Swedes, began
alfo to think of his own; for Cafsel was not able to fhelter him; and fo he
retyred into Holland, with his Wife,and Children: himſelfe, and his Army, The Landgrave
put themſelves into Eaft-Freezland, to be fhouldered by the States, and the retires into
North-Sea; but Parca cut off the thred of his life, by a peftilent Feaver, and
left the Game to be played by his wife, who did it with much felicity. Let
us leave them forging new defignes; and paſſe to the other fide, towards
Lorraine.
Holland with
his Wife. His
death
CHAP. VI.
Coleredo taken. The Spainards paß into Picardy. John de
Werdts exploits. The Siege of Dole rayfed. Gallaffo enters into
Burgundy. War against the Duke of Parma ; who makes
peace. Truce prolonged in Pruffia.
D
Uke Bernard of Weymar, and Cardinal de la Valette, having, with very
much adoe,gotten loofe from their Enemies,by whom they were both
followed, and flanked, retired themſelves fighting to Metz; but with the
loffe of Canon, Baggage, and a great number of men, as well by the Sword,
as Famine: And John de Werdt, and Gallaffo tracing them,were alfo fo recei-
ved by this fcourge, and fickneffe, that after a good part of their Army
was confumed, they were forced to retreate; the latter, into Germany,
and the former, into the Province of Liedge. The defeate of young Coleredo
by young Crecqui in Lorraine, brought the war back again into Alfatia.
The Houle of Auftria, to make France feel what the had made het fuf- The Spaniards
fer in Germany, and the Low-Countries, refolved to carry the war into her in Picardy with
very bowells, and to the very Gates of Paris it felfe. The greatneffe of the a potent Army:
Spanish Nation was engaged herein, to make the French know, that they
had force enough to revenge themfelves effectively, and not by vaine rode-
montados, or ranting. For which end, the Cardinal Infanto was making huge
preparations all the Winter long: He entred by the way of Picardy, with
an Army of fixteen thousand Horſe, and fifteen thouſand Foot. The Im-
perialiſts were conducted by Piccolomini, and John de werdt; and the Low-
Country
176
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Country Forces by Prince Thomas. It was thought, that this Army would
have devoured all France, there being none but the Count of Soiffons, with
ten or twelve Regiments, to hinder their paffing the River of Some.
Take fome pla- Catalet, Capelle, and Corbie made fmall refiftance; and the other pla-
ces ferved but for pillage. Count Seiffons retyred with fome loffe; and
the ranfack which Iohn de Werdr made, together with the duft of his
Army, caft terror into the City of Paris. He furpriſed fome, beat others,
and went on with fo much ſpeed, that he compelled his Enemics, who were
very much ſtreightened, to keep themſelves upon their guard.
CUS.
Dole befieged,
1626. is fuc-
coured by the
Duke of Lor-
raine. Gallalo
retyred into
Germany.
Hermeſtein
blocked, renders
by famin the
Sixteenth of
June, 1638.
The King railed a puissant Army, and marched directly to his Enemies;
who, not being willing to hazard the Country by a generall Battail, rety-
red, and he, having after fome weeks fiege, retaken Corbie, and finding the
the winter near at hand, did the fame. But the Hollanders, upon the other
fide, not enduring to fee the Spaniards, in the Fort of Schenck, after a ficge
of nine moneths,conftrained them to change their lodging.
Let us pals into Burgundy, and fee in what condition the Prince of Conde
is there.
The Burgund ans fay, that he attacked them, contrary to his own word
given them, and that a Prince who breaks word, can never have good luck.
He laid Siege before Dole, and the Inhabitants were refolved, rather to
perifh all with their fwords in their hands, then yeeld themſelves to him.
The Duke of Lorrain came from the Low-Countries, and made him raife the
fiege; and Galaffe went out of Germany, with an Army of thirty thouſand
men, and fell upon France; but ftayed not long there, and returned with
fmall glory, and a ſmaller Train, after he had fhewed the French, that the
Germans knew how to plunder as well as they: However, he left no mark at
all of his valour behinde him; for his Army being diminished by almoſt the
one half, as well through famin,as flight, he returned from whence he came;
and Monfieur de Rantzaw, behaved himſelf ſo valiantly againſt him,that he
acquired the Marshalls ſtaffe.
Theſe Attacks upon the one fide and the other,between thefe two Crowns,
not having wrought the effects, which were both feared and expected; it look-
ed, as if the Kings would open their cares,to the holy propofitions of Peace,
which were made them by Pope Urban. But this Iron Age admits no fuch
Remonftrances, and all the mifchiefes must be fulfilled, becauſe they have
been foretold: It is an Age of flaughter, and not of peace.
Piccolomini returned into Germany, and Iohn de werdt, to the Dioceſe of
Colein, after having humbled the Country of Liedge, and carried the Eagles
into the Kingdom of France; but the Flower de Luce had yet too strong a
fmell for them to fuffer.
The Fort of Hermeftein had been two yeares blocked up, and the
Garrison forced by famine, to confume all their horfes: for the Haffians
were in Friezland, and in France, too farre off, to give fuccour to a place
which was like to be loft for want of it.
Some Waggons there went from wefel with Victualls and Cloathes,
but Iohn de Werdt having notice thereof, marched, and charged the
Convoy with ſo good fuccefle that he routed the Cavalry, and
took all.
>
They of Hannaw, went more cunningly to work, and put three
Barks loaden with provifions, into their Town, which paffed before
Mentz, with a Burgundian Croffe, and two fouldiers clad like Monks,
thereby to cozen their enemies. It is not the Habit which makes the Monk.
This Enterpriſe iffued well, but the fecond was not fo happy; and fo
the French were conſtrained to render this good place, into the hands
of the Imperialiſts.
The
PART.2.
177
The History of this Iron Age.
The Italians were not exempt from the fury of warre; for, after
the Cardinall Infanto's departure, the Duke of Parma, upon fome dif-
contentments, made a League with the Duke of Savoy, and took the
protection of France which was of much more advantage to him,
then it had been to the Electour of Trevirs, and his fubjects. The two
Confederates befieged Valencia, where they loft their time, mony, and
a multitude of men.
>
Paris.
in.
The faid Duke of Parma was received at Paris, 1636. with great The Duke of
ceremonie, and many complements; from whence, after a while, he Parm at
repaffed into Italy; and the French, and Savoyers, into the Dutchy of
Milan, where they were beaten; and the faid Duke, being almoſt
fpoyled of all his States by the Spaniards, and feeing no fuccour come
from France, nor any effects of the promiſes made him; chofe rather to
reconcile himſelf with them then lofe all the reft; wherefore he fubtilly Reconciles
difmiffed the French out of Parma, and Placentia, and as foon as he
himſelf with
had renounced the Kings Protection, all his faid States were refto- Auft i
the House of
red to him 1636. Yet for all this, the Warre departed not out
Italy; for the Spaniards befieged, and took the Fort of Brema, and the Brema raken.
Marthall of Crecqui coming tolpy by what meanes it might to be fuc- The death of
coured, was taken out of that trouble by a bullet, and fent to eternal the Marshals
repoſe from all his labours. The fame end had the Marſhall of Toiras of Crecqui, ana
the yeare before, and in the like occafion, who was regretted by all,
for his incomparable dexterity, and valour. Verfeil fell alfo into the hands
of the Spaniards, after the defence of about two moneths; and fo Cardi-
nal de la Valettes fuccour proved fruitleſſe.
Toiras.
In the moneths of September, and October, the Dukes of Mantua, and Sa. And the Dukes
voy, paffed to a better life: but let us go into Poland, to fee if that King will of Mincua,
જી ક
draw his fword any more.
and Savoy.
There was a Truce for fix yeares, which expired in that of 1635. Ula-
diftans raiſed a puiffant Army, with intention to drive the Swedes (who
were much ingaged in the German warre) out of all Pruffia, and Livonia,
and reconquer the Kingdom of Sweden. The Houle of Austria animated
him in this fair occafion, both for her own intereft, and his; France, and
Holland, for theirs, counfelled a peace; which not being to be found
among ft fo many difficulties, there was concluded a prolongation of the The Truce pro-
Truce, for fix and twenty yeares; and that, by the perfwafion of the longed for fix
Count of Avaux, who had gotten a great influence, upon the Senatours
of the Kingdom of Poland. By vertue of which compofition, Prussia was the Pole, and
reftored to the Poles; Livonia remained to the Swedes, and the intereft of Swedes, 135.
the two Houfes neglected, by the addreſs of theſe fortunate, and able Mi-
nifters though it were not indeed without regret, that Vladislaus, being
a great Captain, re-fheathed his fword; and fuffered his magnanimous
courage to coole, in Royall, and pompous vacancy.
:
and twenty
yeares, between
A a
CHAP
178
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
CHAP. VII.
Ferdinand two dayes after the Diet of Ratiſbone,
where his Sonnes had been Elected King of the Ro-
manes,dies.The Relation of his life. Bannier makes new pro-
greffe. Many Princes take newtrality, and after-
wards, the Swedish Party. The Arch-
duke Leopold Generaliffimo,
or Chief General.
THE Emperour Ferdinand the fecond, feeling himſelf debilitated in bo-
dy,by the burthen of fo many years,and fo many Warrs,as whereby he
had been tormented; took nothing more to heart,then the meanes,how to
provide for the eſtabliſhment of that Empire, which Domeftick partialities,
feconded by the ambition ofStrangers, had much fhaken. Holy thoughts,and
worthy of fucha Pilot, as merited to govern fuch a fhip, in a ftorme, which
threatened this great world with deftruction. But it had paffed the bounds
of all Juftice; the great Sun-dyal of the Sea,had no more ftrength;recourfe
muſt be made to the Stars,to implore their affiſtance,and direction for fear
of making Shipwrack,by the extraordinary violence of the windes, Where-
in he was gratiouſly heard, againſt the expectation of his enemies, whole
practifes were faine to give way,to the incomprehenfible decrees,of the di-
vine providence.
He called a Diet at Ratisbone, and fent for the Electour of Trevirs,who
The affembly at was prifoner in the Low-countries.
Ratisbone
In this affembly, the Peland Embaffadours ſpeech had more weight for
1636.
Ferdinand the Ferdinand the third already King of Hungary,then the under-hand dealings
third King of of the French,for the Duke of Bavaria, fo that the voice fell upon him; and
the Romanes. the affection of the Proteftants was declared with fo great harmony, that
the General Showt was,Live Ferdinand the third, King of the Romans.The ce
remonies being accompliſhed the 22. of December, 1636.the Emperour,in
moft Chriftian manner, rendred up his Soule to God,the 15th. of February,
following.
The death of
Ferdinand the
Second, the 15th
of February.
1637.
His life
Here we may admire the ftupendious, and fupernaturall effects of the Di-
Vine goodness, in this Prince; who,by the good fuccefle,and profperity of his
Lieutenants,maintained his Scepter,directly,and indirectly,at feveral times,
and all together,againſt almoſt all the world. For,he was no fooner Crow-
ned King of Bohemia,then that people revolted, and choſe another. When
he was Emperour,he had the feditions of the Hungarians, and of his own
fubjects in Austria, Mansfedt, and the Bishop of Halberstadt, never left to
hate him,nor ceafed to hurt him,till they ceaſed to live. The Danes provo-
ked his Arms,and felt the effects thereof. The English, Scots, and Hollanders,
conſpired againſt him. In fine,the Swedes, with an Army of fix thouſand
English, under the conduct of Marquis Hamilton, and the whole Protestant
body; and the French,by the profufion of their Treafures,and the effufion of
fo much blood,openly manifefted the defire they had,to pulithe Crown from
his head;or at leaft,to take it away from his Houfe: nor was it enough, to
excite the Peafans, but they muſt alſo corrupt the faith of that impertinent
General.In a word,this poor Prince was no fooner got out of one War, then
there ſprung up two other; and the weapons whereof he ſerved himfelte in
theſe extremities, were the prayers he daily addreffed to God; which King
Gustave feemed more to apprehend,then he did all his Armies.
He
PART.2.
179
The History of this Iron Age,
He experimented the Arms of the Turks, Catholicks, Lutherans,and Refor
mates; over all which he triumphed,faw his Sonne Crowned King of the
Romans, in defpight of all his enemies; the Swedes fhut up in Pomerania; and
the French beaten out of Germany; yea, and his own Army, together with
that of the Spaniards, almoft at the Gates of Paris,a year before his death.
He was fo mild a Prince, that the Lutherans themſelves found nothing to
blame in him, but that he hearkened too much to the Jefuits, and that he
was too zealous for the Reformation,Strong reafons for them to revolt,and Very zealous for
call in the Swedes: but they had caufe to repent afterwards.
the Reformati-
Let us now drive the Swedes out of Pomerania,and hear the complaints of on.
the Imperalifts,upon the diforder of their Army,for want of bread.
The Swedes had formerly taken the Town of Luneburgh,and put the Ta-
ble, or Altar of Gold to Ranſom. Duke George befieged it in Auguft,and
carried it, in September following: but General Bannier cauſed the Gover-
nour to be beheaded,for not having done his duty. Galaffe marched out of
Pomerania, and paffed the Elbe; Glitznigh the General of Brandenburgh,
ftormed Gariz; and he of Saxonie, the Fort of Varnemont neer Rostock;
where he loft his life.
Now, who would believe, that the Swedes,being forfaken in apparence,
by all the States of Germany;droven back to the Baltick fea; beaten in many
Lacounters; defpoiled of the Ifle of U fedon, and many other,with confidera-
ble lotle; fhould ever have been able to rife any more? But General Hats-
felds fickneffe made them take courage; though General Bredam defeated
them,and made them ſtart back again into their Iflands. And yet all this
was not able to hinder them from afflicting Germany yet more, and that
with more confufion, then it had been before. The feaver required yet
g cater blood-lettings,which made this Body,once fo puiffant,and formida-
ble, grow faint, and languifh. Let us accompany them, to the banck of the
Danub, and to the Gates of Ratifbone.
Bannier having received from Sweden,a ſupply of eight thouſand men,and
ruined Gartz, paffed the Elbe, in the Dutchy of Luneburgh; which might
have been hindred by the Princes of that Houſe,had they not taken newtra-
lity,and confirmed the good opinion of them at Venice.But he marched into
Mifnia,where he found great facility every where,and very little averfion a-
by where ſo ſtrong was the zeal of Religion even yet,amongſt thoſe people.
i
It was to much purpoſe, to prohibit the Germans from taking part with
the Swedes, under paine of being declared Traytours to their Countrey; for The Sweeds a-
the hatred they carried to the Catholicks, their inclination to the Swedes, gaine in Mil-
and the defire to plunder, made them flight the ruin of the Empire; but it na,in Bohemi-
was chiefly in Saxony 1639. that they declared their fence, concerning the and Silefia.
Peace of Prague.
Bannier went into Bohemia;Torftenzon,into Lufatia;and Stalhanspinto Silefia;
and God knows, into what condition they put that Country, where they
found more friends, then the Imperialifts did in Pomerania. He defeated Ge-
neral Marizini neer Chemniz,and incamped before Prague, where he allo
defeated General Hofkirck,
All the world was amazed at this progress,which was againſt all appa- Beats the Im-
rence, and all expectation; and which coft fo much blood,fo much defolation, pe alits.
and to many inflagrations, throughout all Saxonie, and even to the very
Gates of Prague. Fortune had again turned her back, upon the Imperalifts,
who changed their Commander. For, the Archduke Leopold was declared
Generaliffimo,or Chief-General, and Piccolomini his Lieutenant. Many
encounters hapned,in which the Swedes had almoft ftill the better, and For-
tune accompanied them even to the laft, according to the affurance which
was given Bannier,by a certain Peafant,who was become his Prophet.
A a 2
He
.80
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
ans ill treated.
The Waymari-
ans,in Alfatia
He marched into Thuringe 1640. to joyn with the Weymarians, Haffians,
French,and Luneburghians, who returned to his Party. The Imperalifts in
camped themſelves neer Salfeldt, and the Swedes over againſt them; ſo that
there was no other ſeparation between them, then that of the little River
Sale,from whence as the French writers affirm, The famous Salick Law,derives
its name, and Origen. The bufineffe paffed on both fides, with fome fmall
Skermiſhes,and with looking upon one another. In fine, the Swedes depar-
ted,and took their way towards Brunſwick; and the Imperalifts theirs, to-
wards Haffia,where they carryed themſelves no better,then the others had
done in Bohemia, But the Duke of Weymar ruins the Lawrel winns the Rheyn;
therefore let as retire that way.
S
CHAP. VIII.
The Duke of Weymar repaßes the Rheyn, and befieges
Rhinfeldt. John de Werdt beaten, and taken prifo -
Joner. The Duke of Rohan's death. Duke
Benrards many Victories; he takes
Brifack: his death.
Ince we have carried on the progreffe of the Swedes, to the year 1640.
let us go fee what the French,and Weymarians do for their part. Indeed,af-
ter General Gallafso departed, the Burgundians were alwayes much affli-
The Burgundi- &ted, and their conftance wraher brought misfortune upon them, then di-
verted it from them. They refuſed to admit of Garriſons from him, and the
Lorrianers were not able to defend them: fo that they were beaten neer
Befanton, and that Victory opened that way for the Weymarians again into
Germany, who, with certain Barks which they found,paffed the Rheyn, made
many Forts,and a Bridge,to keepthe River at their devotion. John de Werdt,
having notice of it,omitted not to come and charge them, and made theni
turne their backs, fo that he quickly got poffeffion of the faid Forts, and
Bridge; delivered his Mafters,this fecond time, from the fear which was gi
ven them,by the Duke of weymar,in thofe parts; and then,fent his Troops in-
to Winter quarters.
beaten.
However the Duke of Weymar were much aſtoniſhed at his loffe, yet cild
not he looſe his courage. For it is in the croffes of Fortune, that great men shew
vertue,and testify that they are never able to defpaire of good fucceffe. He repaffed
the Rheyn,took Lanfenburgh,and befieged Rheynfelt,in the moneth of March,
Rheyn,1638. 1638.
Repaſſe the
and befiege.
Iohn de Werdt, knowing the importance of this place, marched with all
ſpeed;attacked the Enemy; raiſed the Siege; beat fome Foot; and took two
Field pieces. But this Victory, having caft the Imperilites into a kind of
dull fecurity; and the faid Duke having gotten to himself the Duke of Koban
with five Regiments; he came,and charged them fo happily, that he rou-
ted them,and took Iohn de Werdt, and the Duke of Savelly (who afterwards
defeated, and made his efcape)prifoners;befides Enkefort, Sperrenter, and many other Offi
taken prifoner, cers, together with fixty Standards, and Colours. This was a great blow;
is fent to Paris. for, it brake open all the bars of the Rheyn, and Iohn de Werdt, with Enkefort,
was fent to Paris to witneffe it,and was lodged at Bois de Vincennes; where all
the world flocked to fee fo renowned a Souldier; in fuch fort, as had he been
John de Wedrt
A dammageable an Emperour, there could not have been more crowding.
Lofs to the House
of Auſtria.
This defeat was the caufe of great trouble to the House of Antria; as the
loffe
PART.2.
181
The History of this Iron Age.
loffe of Alfatia,and the taking of Brifack: but upon the other fide, it brought
no leffe joy to France; eſpecially,to fuch as were tyed to the intereſts of that
great Cardinal,che main mover of this low world.
The Duke of Roban, being grown old under the burthen, and toyle of the Duke of
Arms, dyed of his wounds. He was newly come back from the Valteline, Rohan's death,
where he had atchived new Lawrel, which he beſprinkled with blood, in
this laft battail. Rhinfeldt yeelded; Rotueil followed,Friburgh made a fhew of
defence,but the Governour quickly flinched.
Duke Barnard marched to Brifack: the Imperialiſts victualled the Town;
but the magazine being fpoyled by fire,they were conftrained to fend other
Provifions, which happily arrived,but Fortune fimiled upon them, to deceive
them: For, they were furiouſly attacked; which they fuftained with advan-
tage, and the fight was ftubborn, the Generals being both old Souldiers;
but the inconſtant Goddeſs forfook them; and fo their Army of twelve
thouſand men was utterly defeated. The beficged had patience,till another
The Imperalifts
was raiſed: wherewith Lamboy made fuch a happy affault, that he got beaten again.
poffeffion of a Fort neer the Bridge; but not being foon enough feconded, Brilackbeſieged
he was forced to quit it again. The Duke of Lorrain, who took to heart the
præfervation of this place,had no better luck then the Imperialifts. General
Goetz, being fufpected of having too much temporized,was made prifoner
And Reinaker the Governour, after having combated a defperate famin,was
compelled to furrender, (with a huge magazine,and much riches)the faid Renders by fa
Town of Brifack, the very pillow,upon which the Houſe of Austria repofed, min,in the
moneth of De-
and the beſt key of the Empire.
cember 1638.
If this Victory were glorious toFrance,it was fo much the more dammage- And the Wey-
able to her Enemies,and Duke Bernard, to take off all impediments from the marians goe
French in Germany, fell in upon the Free County of Burgundy,which he fo quel- into Burgundy
ted with Sieges, Encounters, Picories,or Robberies, that he reduced in al-
moſt all,under obedience to them,by whole power he had fubfifted after the
Battail of Mortlingen. He did alfo as much in Lorrain, and it looked as if for-
tune would never abandon him.
The King,in the mean while,invited him to Paris,under pretext to thank
Duke Bernard
him for fo many Victories obtained; but he chofe rather to ſtay at Br fack, refuses to go to
which was his heart,the center of all his præteations, and the ineftimable Paris.
Pearl of all his conquefts. His refufal, though coloured with fome reaſon,
pleaſed not the Cardinals palat,who defired to allure himſelf of that Gate,
whatſoever it coft him. In matters of State,intereft is only obſerved, and all other
affections pafs not beyond civility.
This brave Prince wanted no judgment,and knew well of what impor-
tance this place was,and therefore had no mind to give it the French: but
he had to do with a man, who was more cunning then himself. In fine,he
fel fick,and after having made his Wil,died,in the flower of his age, in the
midſt of his Victories,and of his Army. Some Germans published,that he Falls fick and
dyed of poyfon wihich was fent from afar off; as if a naturall death were
not as well to be found in Armies,as a violent one.
dyes.
This Prince was defended from the Electoral Houfe of Saxony; which,
? His life.
dignity was taken from his Prædeceffors by Charles the fifth, and transferred
upon them, who have,and do poffefs it ever fince; upon which account, he
was always,an enemy to the houfe of Austria, even to the very last gasp of
his breath. After the King of Sweden,no Prince was more lamented, by all
the Proteftants, then he and indeed, without lying, he was one of the moft
valliant, and profperous Captains of this Age.
The King fent forthwith,a hundred thoufand Dublons,to pay the Army,
and keep it in his fervice, and the Duke of Longueville went out of Burgundy,
to command it,who left the Germans the poffeffion of Brifack. Let us leave
A a 3
them
182
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Hannaw ta-
ken.
Paterbone by
them to untwiſt their jealoufies, and make a turne through Germany to ſee
what paffes in Westphalia, fince it is all in trouble again. Our right way thi-
ther, is by Hannaw, a ftrong Town neer Francfurt; which, being well feated,
and confiderable, was in the hands ofthe Earlc of Ramfey a Scotch Cotonci,
who commanded there like a petty Tyrant, without fparing any; yea not
not fo much as the Count himselfe, who was Lord of the Place. But this
domination of his proved thort; for, as good a Souldier as he was, he found
himfelfe attacked upon a faire occafion, and taken in it, though he left not
his fmall Empire, but with his life. The Count of Dillingburgh was chiefe
of this Enterprize, and of all the Affociates who had intereft in it.
The Hallians, upon the other fide, took Paterborne by force, and the Ba-
the Swedes, & ron of Velleen, the ftrong Town of Meppen, by an enterprife upon the Prince
Meppen by the Palatin. His Army was defeated by Hatsfeldt, neer Lemgow; and Prince
Imperialiits.
Robert, his brother taken prifoner, and carried to Vienna, Which blow
made him returne to the Haghe, and confefle, that Fortune was not yet
weary of afflicting his Family; and let us go the fame way with him; let us
be gone, I fay, out of this poor Empire, all tottered by a Tyrannical war, to
fee another better difciplined. Indeed, if Evils grow worle, Prodigies went
alfo multiplying; and Chriſtian vertues being ecclipfed, gave way to alį
forts of impicties, horrours, blafphemics, and facriledges.
CHAP. IX.
Breda renders it felfe to the Prince of Orange. Venlo, and
Ruremund, to the Cardinal Infanto. Landrecies taken. The French
beaten from before St. Omers, and Fontariby. The Queen-
mother goes into England; returns to Colein, and dyes.
The defeate before Theonuille; and that of the Hol-
landers, before Callò. The ruine of the Spa-
niſh Armada, or Navy. The revolt
of the Normans.
Albeit, that these two unfruitful Fields, and thefe huge Armies on both
fides, made more noife, then effect, as it ordinarily falls out; yct
could not the Popes exhortations diſpoſe the Soveraigne Heads, ever the
fooner to a good peace: but that they would needs begin again the yeare
following, 1637.
The Prince of Orange, having affronted the Spaniards, with his Fleet,
went unforeſeen, and unexpectedly, to befiege Breda, which, in eleven
Breda besieged, weeks fpace he took; and Charnaffe the French Embaffadour was killed
there, with a Musket-bullet.
and taken.
The Spaniards
Leucate.
This year was happy for France, by the defeate of the Spaniards before Leu-
defeated before cate, a ſtrong place in the County of Roffillion, (which was both beleague
red, and fuccoured on Michaelmaffe Eve, by the Duke of Alvin ;) and by
reprize, or retaking, of the Ifles St. Margaret, and St. Honorat (which had
been held by the Spaniards two years) by the brave Count of Harcourt, with
but a handful of men. Landrecies, a moft ftrong Town in the County of
Hennawlt, was taken by the Marſhal of Chaftillon, after a Siege of fix weeks,
and many other ſmall, and untenible places, followed it. Capell was alfo re-
taken; and Danvilliers, having fuftained fome affaults, yeilded to the Count
of Soiffons.
The French
take many
Towns in the
Low-Countries.
The
PART.2.
183
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
niards Venlo,
The Cardinal Infanto, not being able to fuccour Breda, marched towards
the Moze; took with fmall trouble, Venlo, Ruremund, and a great Maga- And the Spa-
zine appointed for Mastricht; which was of much advantage to him, and Raremund.
in fome meaſure, recompenced fo many lotfes; and had not the Enterprize
fo excellently begun upon Rhinbergh failed by the cowardife of the Enter-
prizers, all would have remained equal enough: For the Spaniards had caft
bridges of bulruthes into the Motes, without being difcovered, the felfe fame
evening that the rejoycing was made for the taking of Breda; upon which
having paffed, and made themſelves Matters of fome Baftions, they fell in-
to the Town it felfe; but the Souldiers of the Garrison, tumultuarily, and
fuddainly taking arms, put them to a retreate; and the Horfe, feeing the
Gate open, durft not enter; and fo the Town got a fine elcape.
The next year 1638. Fortune returned to the Spaniards. For the French
laid Siege before St. Omers, a ſtrong, and well munitioned Place, fituated
upon a little River, which empties it felfe into the Sea neer Graveling: but, St. Omers be-
having loft the Fort neer the Bat, and a great Convoy,they were compelled fieged, the birth
to rife, with great loffe; which was mollified by the birth of the Dolphin, of the Dolphin
the fifth of Sep-
the fifth of September; the joy whercof was univerfal; and the Queen, after tember, 1638.
a marriage of three and twenty years ſterility, manifefted an admirable ex-
ception to that Rule,which fayes, that the Spanish Ladies beare no children,
after they are four and thirty years old. But it is true, that this bleffed fe-
cundity was fent by the Divine Providence, for the good of France.
Two dayes after this,the French were beaten from Fontaraby, and their
Army defeated; which misfortune hapned (as it is beleeved) by the Prince The French
beaten before
of Conde's bad correfpondence, with the Duke de la Valette; and the loffe of Fontaraby.
this victory obfcured the lufter of that which they gotat Sea ; as their taking
of Reuty, a place confiderable enough, ſoftened a little, the wound received
before St. Omers. Cattelet was alfo retaken,and the Governour,together with
all the Captains, beheaded, for not withstanding fo much as one affault,
and expecting the fuccour,which was already neer the Town.
When Fortune laughs too much, fhe ordinarily carryes venim in her taile; which
the Hollanders experimented this year. For, they craftily got into Flan-
ders, took two little Forts; and befieged that of St. Mary,where they were fo
well intrenched,that had they kept that Station,they had gone neer to make
Antwerp quickly change her Mafter. But they were fo briskly,and frequent-
ly attacked by the Spaniards, that they grew faint-hearted, and endeavour- And the Hol
landers before
ed to returne by flight, the fame way they came, but were almoſt all taken
prifoners; and all their Artillery,and Shallops fell into the Enemies hands:
There were of them more fmothered in the marshes,then killed in the fight;
and Count William had very much adoe to fave himselfe, with a few more in
his company.
The prifoners had the fame treatment, which the Spaniards had recei-
ved, who were taken in the Sallops, in the year 1631. Nor was the Prince
of Orange himfelfe much happier before Guelders, though he retired witlr
leffe loffe, and trouble.
Callo.
Theſe alternative victories, and thefe great Changes of Fortune, (con-
ſtant in her inconftance) ought to have made the Princes remember, that
being Chriftians, they were bound to lay afide their animofities; but they
were ſo fleshed upon one another, that they afpired to nothing leffe then
peace, and took nothing more to heart, then the utter ruine of each other.
Their thirſt was not yet quenched with humane blood, nor their heat de- The Queen-
miniſhed, by repofing all the Winter.
Mother arrives
The Queen Mother departed from Bruffels, paffed through Holland, in Holland goes
where the was received with refpect enough in all the Towns, but princi- into England,
pally, at Amſterdam, where that illuftrious Magiftracy performed the ho- Colein. Her
comes back to
nours death.
184
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The French
beaten before
Theonuille.
nours of the Republick) and then embarked for England, where the was
embraced by her Son in Law, and her Daughter, with honour; and ſenſe of
tenderneſſe, and joy.
There was a report, that it was fhe, who counſelled the match of the
Prince of Orange, with the eldeſt Daughter of England; and the English im-
puted the firft feeds, of the divifions, and wars of their Kingdom, to her;
as if this unfortunate Princeffe, had every where carried ill luck in her com-
pany, like fome contagious fickneffe. But feditious perfons are glad, to caft
the fault, and guilt of their ill intentions,upon fuch as are not beloved by the
ignorant people; nor is there any more vicious, and corrupt Soul, then that
of a detractor. She repaffed by Zeland, to Colein; and feeing, that he, whom
ſhe had raiſed ſo high, flighted her diſaſters, ſtood faft in favour, and in the
entire adminiſtration of the affairs of the Kingdom, fhe fell fick, and after
having pardoned all her enemies, dyed.
This great Queen, Mother to fo may Kings, being overwhelmed with
miferies, and old age, left this mortal habitation, and taught us thereby,
that there is no fure, and ftedfaft felicity, in this pilgrimage. She had moft
wifely governed the Kingdom of France, during the King's minority, and
elevated to the highest degree of honour, him, who rendered her moft mi-
ferable afterwards. If the little ones are trodden under foot; the Great
ones are alſo precipitated, and tumbled down headlong, from the higheſt
honours, and dignities, into the abyffe of calamities; to the end that every
one may refent the difafters of this conftantly deplorable Age.
The Seafon being proper, the Armies were led again into the Field, and
Fortune ſhared the Victories. The Army of Campagne, under the command
of Monfieur de Feuquieres, went to befiege Theonnille, where it was quite
defeated by Piccolomini, and Beck, who prefented himſelfe before Mouzon;
but the Duke of Chaftillen, having recollected the fragments thereof, and
joyned them with his Troops.(for, Fenquieres was dead of his wound) made
him change his route, and follow the Infanto's order, to come to the reliefe
of Hosdin, which was furioufly attacked by Marſhal de la Meilleraye, and
moſt excellently defended by the Garrifon. Though yet at length, the Go-
vernour having ſuſtained many affaults, and ſpent all his powder; and fee-
ing, on the other fide, the Affaultants animated by the Kings prefence, was
Hofdin rendred faine to yeild it upon a good compofition, 1638. It was beleeved, that had
to the French, he been able to hold it out, two dayes, and two affaults more, the Siege
*638
would have been railed; but Piccolomini came too late; and the Ambul-
cado which he had laid for the King in his returne from the Field, was dif
covered too foone.
The Prince of Conde feized upon the ſtrong place of Salces, in the County
of Roffillion,which was quickly afterwards retaken by Marquis Spinola; and
the King of Spain, who often fent forces into the Low-Countries, found
himfelfe quickly in a condition, to draw fome from thence, into Spain.
This very year, Prince Caffimir, now King of Poland, going into Spain to
be Vice-Roy of Portugal, was beaten by a tempeft, into a Port of Province;
where being ſtayed prifoner, and conducted to Paris, he was detained a ve-
ry long time there, and not enlarged, till after many reiterated Embaffyes
from the King, and Common-wealth of Poland,
Charles Prince Palatin, having in England received the news of Duke Ber-
nards deceaſe; and conferred with the King and the Spaniſh Embaſſadour
there; departed fecretly, and paffed through France, to winne the favour of
that Orphan-Army, and take poffeffion of Brifack: but he was difcovered
at Molins in the diftrict of Burbon, and carried prifoner to the Bois de Vin-
cennes
The Duke of Lorraine fought very unhappily,againſt Monfieur du Hallier;
Law
PART.2.
185
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
faw himſelf quickly ſtripped of the reft of his States, and his poor fubjects ve -
ry ill treated. The diftreffed Burgundians had alfo their fhare of the mif-
chiefs of war, and fufficient caufe, to repent themſelves of having refufed
the Troops offered them by Galafſo.
1639.
We will finish this year, with the huge victory, which the Hollanders got The Spanish
of the great Spaniſh Armada,or Navie, upon the Coaft of England, which was Fleet beaten in
almoſt all burnt, and ruined the twenty one of September, 1639. and a good the Downes,
number of ships carried into Holland. The account of the dead, and woun-
ded men, was very great; and Spain refented this wound a long time, by
the difpeopling of her Inhabitants. It hath not yet been known,upon what
defign this Navie came into the North; and all the difcourfes, which have
been held thereof, have been founded, but upon fimple conjectures.
Normandy,
and in Pitou.
The Normans fell into Commotions, and feditions, which quite ruined A Revolt in
their Province. The people were to oppreffed by Gabells, and Taxes, that
they had nothing left them, but their milerable lives, and thofe full of de-
fpaire too. To what purpoſe is it, to take fome Townes upon the Fronteers
of their enemies, if it be done, with the blood, and ruine of the poor people?
I would take Towns enow, (faid a certain great Warrier) but they would cost my
fubjects too dear : I de fire to winne them,not to buy them. In fine,not being able to
lupport fo many exactions, they took Arms, under the conduct of a cer-
tain Jean Va nuds-pieds, in English, Iohn Goe bare-foot. At first, they were de-
fpiled, and flighted; but finding favour, credit, and intelligence, it was
needfull to fend forces, to defeat them, which was done; and Generall Gaf-
fion entring into Rouen, difarmed the Inhabitants,and uſed them,as if it had
been a Town taken upon the Spaniards, without carrying refpect, fo much
as to that Illuſtrious Company, fome whereof he ignominioufly caiheered.
Ob Times! Ób manners! If the reverence which we ought to bear to Ju-
ftice be taken away, in what efteem, think you, can the Lawes be? The
Inhabitants of Caen, had almoft the fame treatment.
The revolt of the Croquans in Boito, had no better iffue; and all fuch
as would endeavour to check this Great Cardinals authority, made fhip-
wrack of both body and goods. It was not lawfull to complain; for that
blinde Goddefs, had perhaps taken up her lodging in the head of this great
Minifter, who could not faile.
It is faid of the French, that they Ride, and not faile. In effect, were their
potency fo great upon the one of thefe Elements, as it is upon the other,
and they as prudent to preferve, as they are generous to atchieve; they
might openly pretend to an univerfal Monarchy. For they have manife-
fted in theſe laſt wars, that they know how to correct their defects; and
that they can as well defeat Navies at Sea, as Hofts afhore: and Monfieur
de Brezè, (with the Arch-Bishop of Bourdeaux) thewed no lefs addrefs, and
dexterity in the conduct of his Velsels, then he had done, in that of the Ar-
my, which he led into Brabant; fo that work was every where cut out, for
the King of Spaine's Subjects,
Bb
CHAP.
L
186
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
CHAP. X.
The revolt of Catalunia, and Portugal. The taking of Arras.
The Spaniards beaten beaten before Cazal. The Hollanders
beaten before Hulft.
He Houſe of Auftria was not enough afflicted yet, by fo many lofses,
The
and fo many Plots, and Treafons; but ſhe muſt be yet more tottered by
other diſaſters, and rebellions, Spain, was indeed within her fingers breadth
of deftruction, by the revolts, which are yet in durance, and which, it was
believed, would make her looſe the Low-Countries, and her States in Italy.
But, as a great Oak, agitated by the windes, refifts ſtrongly, and raiſes
it felf up againſt them; juſt ſo does this Houle, which men labour in vain,
to overthrow. For there are too many Allycs to maintain her. It is in the
deepeſt misfortunes,that the fhewes leaſt apprchenfion; and in the moſt im-
mineut dangers, that she makes her valour known.
This year of 1640, was almoft fatall to her, by the defection of Catalunia,
Portugal, and part of the Indies; the loſs of Arras, and the unhappy fucceſs of
her Arms in Italy, belides the approach of the Swedish war, to the bank of
the Danub. Let us take notice in due order, as much as brevity will permit
us, of the motives of theſe ſtirres.
King Philip the fourth, (who now reignes in Spain) being a milde Prince,
and a little more addicted to his pleafures, then the ftate of his affaires requi-
red, left the adminiftration thereof to the Count of Olivares, who (as chan-
ges grow not without a caufe) rendred himself odious, to almoſt all his Ma-
fters Subjects; yea, and complaints came of him, even from the Low-Conn-
tries themſelves: befides, that the Grandies, who ordinarily pry upon all
occaſions to get themſelves rid of a potent Minifter; fo well fomented the
grievances of the people, that they brought them to open revolt, upon theſe
pretexts.
He had great forces, of Spaniards, and Walloons in Catalunia, ordered
to guard that Province, againſt the invafion of the French. But Rule, and
Difcipline was not fo exactly kept,but that the licentioufnefs of the fouldiers,
made the Inhabitants murmur; who fuddenly rifing up in Arms, flew their
Gueft, and beat fuch as came to revenge the fedition: Yea, upon Corpus
The revolt of Chrifti-day it felf, they cruelly murthered their Governour, with a muti-
naus people, there is nothing facred,no more then there is reaſon. The King was not
to ftop this torrent by mildnefs, and clemency; and fo fince the Sluce was
bronken, the water muſt be let run. For, the very Bishops, and Priests
themselves, were plain Incendiaries and Don Iofeph of Margarita, with
fome other great perfons, made them fubtract themselves from the obedi-
.ence of their Prince, to embrace the protection of France.
the Cataluni-
ans, $640.
*
A certain great Politician of this Age, difcourfing one day upon this mat-
ter, faid, that the Catalunian took Armes for their Priviledges, and to be fuc-
coured bya Nation, which made profefsion of obferving none at all. The
Marthall of Schoonbergh, defirous to advantage himfelf by this occafion,
offered them his forces, and obliged them to fend their Deputies to the
King, to conclude a Treaty.
Fortune was not leffe adverfe to the Spaniards in Italy, where the Marquis
of Leganez had befieged Caffal, a fatall place to them, and an unhappy fiege,
for his third time. For the brave Count of Harcourt, brother to the Duke
d'Elbeuf, and of the generous blood of the Guifards, (who had done that
Kingdom fo many fervices) haftened thither, with a leffe and weaker Ar-
1
my,
PART.2.
187
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
my;
attacked them, in their Trenches, and after two ſeveral repulfes, fell The Spainiards
on again, killed above four thousand men, put in as much relief as he would; beat in before
and forced this fo provident and cautious Nation, to raiſe the fiege.
Cazi
Let no body lay now, That the French are not valiant, but in the first fury, in The valour of
which they are more then men, and in continuance, leffe then women. For, this glo- the French.
rious action being conducted by one of the most strenuous men of his Time,
defcended from a Houfe which hath alwayes (warmed with brave Captains,
and others; declares the contrary. They know how to fight, and when they
are broken, to rally, and carry away the victory.
Tunna
After this miracle, he wrought yet another, which could not be done, but
by a
* Saint full of merits, and it was this. He befieged Turin, where Prince * Hyperbole.
Thomas, Uncle to the Duke, whom he would difpoffefs, commanded. The The Count of
Marquis of Leganez attacked him,and pierced through his Lines,but the foul- Hicounts va-
diers which were entered,could not get out again;in fuch fort,as that all their lour,who takes
victuals being confumed, they were forced to fubmit to an enemy, who was
weaker then themſelves. Which glorious exploits of his,redrelled that State,
when it was going to ruine; made him admired, and reputed by all men for
one of the beſt Captains in the world, and the French Nation for brave foul-
diers. Wherefore the Cardinal could do no leffe, then cheriſh ſuch a War-
rier, and fo by confequence, he honoured him with his Allyance,
Their victory obtained in the the Low-Countries was not of lefs confe-
quence, nor lefs famous for the difficulties, which they encountered therein.
The Marshalls of Chaunts, Chaitillon, and Meilleraye, made a fhew of going
to beſiege Marienburgh, (where two German Canoneers fet the powder on
fire) but fuddenly wheeled about towards Arras, the Capitall City of that Arras beſieged
Country; and fortwith began to intrench themſelves before it. An Enter and yeelded,
prife, of no lefs audacity, then generofity; but Fortune helps fuch as thefe, 1540.
as it difdains them, who are fearfull.
The Cardinal Infanto, the Duke of Lorraine, and fix Generals more, with
an Army of thirty thouſand men, went to vifit them,with intention to make
them forry for their temerity. Wherefore they pitched their Camp upon
Mount Saint Eloy, near the way where the Provifions were to pafs: fo that
the Befiegers were in worfe condition, then the Befieged; for all the fmall
Convoyes were beaten, and a pound of bread was worth forty Solls, and * Pence.
more.
*
upon notice given, that the great Convoy was almoft ready, the Duke of
Lorraine went, and ruined above a thouſand Wagons, at the very Gates of
Dourlens,and returned victorious to the Camp.The Spaniards were very bufie
in confultation, about what good refolution they were to take. The great
Convoy advanced, and La Meillieraye went to meet it,with fifteen thousand
men. The Infanto being adviſed by fome, to make a firm ſtand, and
fight it(though it were guarded with above twenty thousand men)chole ra-
ther, to attack a quarter; which, had it been done two houres fooner,as it was
concluded, the Town had undoubtedly been fuccoured. However, they fuc-
ceeded pretty well, and were already become Mafters of a Fort, but the
bickering happened in a part, from whence they were repulfed, with great
flaughter, and at the fame inftant, arrived the Convoy, which dulled the
heat of the Spaniards, and the defire in the Befieged to make any further
defence; and fhewed befides, that the moſt confiderate, and adviled, are
often deceived, and that the greatest wits incurre the fouleft crrours, Te-
merity furmounted prudence, and the Proverb, which was written upon
the Town-Gate, proved falfe.
Bb 1
Quand
188
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
ל
The revolt of
the Portugue-
Les, 1640.
Count Henry
Freezland
flain.
Quand les Francois prendront Arras,
Les Souris prendront les Chats,
When the French fhall Arras take,
The Mouſe the Cat her prey shall make.
Jealoufies, and diftrufts, made the Spaniards lofe fo faire an occafion, to
whom the loffe of this ftrong place is imputed, not indeed, without occafion:
yea, and many have believed, that this accident animated the Portugueſes,
to revolt, and ſhake off the Caftillian yoke.
They elevated to the Throne Duke fohn of Braganza, without any blood-
ſhed at all, which deferves admiration, and whereof we will ipeak hereaf
ter. This year of 1640. made the Arms of France triumph, and produced
the revolts which we have now deſcribed.
The Infanto was a little more happy againſt the Hollanders, for the Prince
of Orange, defiring to repaire the affront received at Callo, and ayming at
Antwerp, fent Count Henry Cafimir, and the Marquis of Hauterive, to attack
the Forts, which were upon the approaches of Halft; one whereof called
Naſſas, was taken by Hauterive, but Count Henry had no good iffue, by the
fault of his fpyes; and therefore refolving to die, or gain honour, he went,
and affaulted the Fort of Saint Johnstone, where he was repulfed, with the
loffe of his own life, aud many of his fouldiers, and was lamented by all.
The Prince went the third time before Guelders, and being able to effect
nothing, retyred again to the Haghe.
So great a bulk of victories together, accumulated France with joy, and
the Cardinals life, with glory, who was not yet free from danger, in regard
of the many enemies, his Miniftery had acquired him.
The birth of the It was not enough to have a Dolphin; for the Queento augment the joy,
Duke of Anicu, was delivered the twenty one of September, of a fecond Son, called the Duke
of Anion.
1640.
His death:
1641.
His Elogies.
We left the Imperialifts in Hafsia, who feparated themſelves, fome one
way, and fome another, to feek their winter-quarters, as the Swedes alfo did;
but becauſe they are redoubtable, in the rigour of the cold, (as being accu-
ftomed to it) Bannier made his Troops march, at the beginning of December,
in the deepfnow, faced about towards the upward Palatinat, and preſented
himſelf before Ratisbone, where the Emperour held the Diet. Some bold ad-
venturers passed the Ice, and made great booty in Bavaria; but others payd
the ſcore foundly for them,
Piccolomini was not afleep, but being advertiſed by his Spyes, of the po-
fture of the Swedes; he invefted Generall Flang,and fent him prifoner, with
above three thouſand men, to Ratisbone; and purfued Bannier, who retyred
with confufion enough, as farre as Magdeburgh, in the month of April, 1641.
who being feized upon by a burning feaver, died the tenth of May, as
Halberstadt, and his Body was carried to Stockholm.
He was a valiant fouldier, and more happy, after the death of his King,
then before. Bohemia, and chiefly Saxony, felt the effects of his cruelty,which
was covered with the title of vengeance. He redreffed the Swedish affaires
in Germany, after the Peace; and Forftenton his Succeffour, made them
glorious.
The Swedish, and Weymarian Armies being joyned together, and fearing
left the Imperialists should fuccour wolfenbottle, which was befieged by the
Dukes of Brunſwick; they all marched, and incamped themſelves before the
faid Town, where we will leave them wafting and confuming, in expecta
tion of the ſucceſs of the Siege.
CHAP.
PART.2.
1894
The History of this Iron Age,
CHAP. XI.
The prudence of the Cardinal Duke. The Duke of Lorraine
'goes to Paris, and why: The Count of Soiffons, the Duke of Guiſe,
and Bouillon retire to Sedan. The fight with Lamboy.
The Marshal of Chatillon. The taking of Aire.
Go
The Cardinal Infanto retires to Bruf-
fels: his death.
A
Ood Mariners very often forelee a great Storme, in a great Calms. In
high profperity, we muſt apprehend fome misfortunes, which be-
ing previled, will be leffe able to hurt, by meanes of the preventive reme-
dies, which may be procured.
This potent Minilter, during the time of good fucceffe, had his eyes upon
the Poupe of that vaft Veffel, the government whereof he had in his hands,
thereby to obſerve which way the Tempeſt might chance to come. He
eaſily diſcovered by the difcontentment of fome certaine Princes, a kinde of
fog, which by condenfing, might cauſe a furious blaft. It is not fufficient, to
know what paſſes,but to foresee also what is to come. Wherefore he fecretly cau-
fed the Duke of Lorraines pulfe to be felt, and laboured to untie him from the
intereft of Spain, by rendring him his States. The Duke, who had fo often
experimented his pranks, and who never had any other then good thoughts
for France (and never changed them, till he faw, that they endeavoured to
deprive him of his Dutchy) liſtened to the overtures made him; received
the Promiles, which were fent him figned to Bruffels, for his entire re-efta-
blishment; and thereupon, departed towards Paris, where he was received
with much honour (more then a hundred and fifty Coaches going to meet The Duke of
him) and the King expreffed great kindneffe, and benevolence to him. Lorraine goes
They would make him fweare to the Treaty,and yet they would keep Nan- into France.
cy, for a pledge of his promife. So that, the poor Prince, perceiving the
Cardinals jugglings, and the averfion of the Courtiers; diffembled fome
affronts, and endeavoured to withdraw himſelfe thence, to returne into
Lorraine. For, they would needs ingage him againſt the Spaniards, which
he neither could, nor would do. The Cardinal, conceiving that he would
not be able to do any harme, nor finde any credit, in the Council of Spain,
fuffered him to go. A piece of cunning, whereby he had couzened many.
In the mean time, the diſcontented Princes contracted forces at Sedan;
with whom the Duke of Lorraine, (having already gotten a ſmall body of The difconten-
an Army on foot) refuſed to joyne, but kept his word with the King: But ted Princes at
feeing, that La Motte, and fome other fmall Places, were not reftored him, Sedan.
and that he was but fcoffed at by them; at length, full of generous refent-
ment, and zeal of revenge, he caft himfelfe again into the intereft of Spain,
with intention to remaine therein, till a General Peace.
Why would they needs retaine Nancy? What affurance could he have,
of the reſtitution? And what hope, or apparence of conſtraining fo great a
Monarch to render it to him, if he were untyed from the Spaniards? If,
when he was re-eſtabliſhed, he ſhould not keep his word,( whereof yet there
was no doubt at all) the King had but too much means, with the forces in
Germany,and France,to make him repent himfelfe of any fuch light Change.
No, no;
had it not been for the full reftitution of his Country, he would
not have gone from Brufsels; and had they performed what they promifed
him, he would have lived in peace, and quiet, with his Subjects. "But fuch
Bb 3
as
篷
​190
PART.Z.
The History of this Iron Age.
and taken.
as penetrated into this Minifters defignes,faw well enough, that they would
never render it him, becauſe they intended to adde to France, fuch other
Conquefts as they had already made,and hoped to make,in Germany. Thole
Writers, who flattered the Cardinal, and accuſed the Duke of levity; either
did not, or would not, know the bottome of the bufinetle, and had a minde,
to make men believe, that a Prince ought to want refentment, and intereft,
when they break their word with him in order whereunto, I could pro-
duce the example of fome others, if it might be done without offence.
As foon as the feafon permitted, the King of France put a ftrong Army
into the Field, under the command of Marthal de la Meillieraye, who took
Ayre befieged, fome ſmall places (as the Iflers) and laid Siege to Ayre, a ſtrong Town in
the Province of Artoife; but the ftrength thereof, ferved for nothing, but
to kindle the generous courage of the French, who, notwithſtanding all
the defences both within, and without, took it in leffe then two moneths
1641,
The Princes
difcontented,
and why?
They make Al-
and the Count
of Soilons.
He fent allo another Army, under the conduct of Monfieur de Chatillon,
to watch the defignes of the Princes; of whofe difcontentments, and the
grounds thereof, it is neceffay to fpeak.
The Count of Soiffons, a Prince of the Blood, having received an affront
at the Siege of Corbie, and many other at the Court, too fenfible to be en-
dured; removed himfelfe, and retired to Sedan; where the Duke of Guife
came to him; and all complaining of the Cardinals unjut Miniftery, and of
the oppreffion of the Kingdom; they published a Manifeft, containing their
complaints, and the fubject for which they took Arms, which was for the
peace of Europe, and the expulfion of him, who fomented the War.
They made an Allyance, with the Emperour, and the Cardinal Infanto,
liance with the and joyned their forces with thofe of General Lamboy. In fine, there grew
House of Auftria, a Battle, wherein the brave Count of Soiffons, against the advice of all the
Beat the Duke Great ones, would needs ingage; and the Duke of Chatillon loſt it, and was
of Challen, purfued as farre as Refel. This Victory was bought, by the death of this
brave Lord; brought ſmall profit, to the Vanquishers, but much more to
him, who was vanquifhed. For, if he had lived, he would have raiſed more
then halfe France. The King left the Frontier of Flanders, but the Cardi-
nal would not leave him; and fo being followed by a gallant Army; which
fhouldered that which was before Ayre, they marched towards Sedan. The
Infanto loft no time; for whileft the King was letting his Minifter on work,
to make the Duke of Bouillon abandon the Party, by promifing him moun-
taines of Gold; he beficged the Beficgers, who not having leafure to ra fe
their Trenches,retired into the Town,which they had gotten but few dayes
before.
Ayre.
Lamboy arrived with his Troops; and the Infanto, not being well in
Melo retakes health, left the charge of the Army to Don Francifco de Melo, and retired
himfelfe to Bruffels. La, Meillieraye, hoping for no reliefe, faved his (mall
Army, but could not fave the Town, nor his Artillery, which were yeilded
in the middle of Winter. The difcontentment of the Princes, caufed this
loffe, and ſtopped the courſe of Victory for that Field. There is alwayes
Some obstacle in the carrere of affairs; and the water it felfe which beares the Vessel,
gives it fome retardment.
The Cardinal
The Duke of Bouillon made his peace, and put his truft in a man, who ne
ver pardoned; for the more dead, the fewer enemies: but he repented himselfc
of it, before much time was paft. His uncle the Prince of Orange,laboured
for this reconciliation, and with much more ardour, for his deliverance, as
we ſhall ſhortly ſhew.
The Infanto, being arrived at Brussels, gave now and then fome likely
Infanto's death hood of recovery; but God had otherwife difpofed of him, into whole
hands
PART.2.
191
The History of this Iron Age,
hands he very piouſly rendred his Soul; and the people being in much con-
fufion were ready to knock the Spanish Phylicians in the heat, for having let
him too much, and too often, blood. He was a moſt beautiful Prince of
body, aad yet more, of minde; the delight of the Low-Countries, which
he left in extreame regret for his departure. He was fufpected, of having
intended to render himselfe abfolu.e Maſter of thoſe parts, and to make ac
Allyance of marriage, either with France, or with the Prince of Orange; and
yet this fufpicion taking root in Spain, was the caule of fhortning his dayes.
God knows what it was; but the leaft jealoufies of State are irremiffible
offences. Jupiter will not have the Gyants come up to his Throne. Thefe diftrufts,
or rather, theſe chimera's, having no foundation, or ground in reaſon, dif-
appeared, and vanished, before they were borne.
1
chelieu will 0-
The Count of Soiffons being killed (very likely by treachery )the Infanto
dead, and the Duke of Bouillon reconciled; our great Cardinal was deli- Cardinal Ri-
vered from a huge feare; and therefore he armed potently, to continue his verthrow the
ambitious Enterpriſes againſt the Houle of Austria; but all in vaine; for House of Au
fhe will not fall (faid a certain great perſon ) but with ruine of the Roman Ca- Aria,
tholick Church; or at least, it will not be, during his life. Truc it is, that he
perfecuted her with all extremity, and without intermiffion, and did her
more hurt alone, then all her enemies together. He undermined her in
her foundations, and endeavoured, both by his own writings, and thoſe of
his Hirelings, to perfwade the World, that he was full of Hypocricy, and
not truly Catholick. A lye which lafts four and twenty hours, makes great opera-
tion ; and wounds are not cured, without fcarrs. He made her be painted, with
an immenſe ambition; the reafons whereof our Subject commands us to
pick out, before we paffe any further.
CHAP. XII.
Whether the House of Auftria afpire to the univerfal Monarchy;
and whether the reafons of fuch as accufe her thereof, be
fufficient, or no. Why France retains Lorraine.
"A Mongft all the Nations, which combat the Houſe of Auſtria, at this
time, none does it with greatet animofity then France: indirectly, by
favouring her enemies, and fuccouring them with men, and money; and
directly, by open war, which was declared in the year 1635. Nay the hath
yet, other Arms, which are not a little dangerous, and which infenfibly fur-
prize fuch as have no other intereft in their quarrels, then that of Religion,
and Juftice. For the labours to perfwade all Potentates that this Houfe
will not relinquish the defigne fhe hath taken, to aſcend to an Univerſal
Monarchy 3 and to make the Catholicks beleeve, that her zeal which feems
to burac fo hotly, is but a painted fire. But, let us examine theſe two laſt
points, which flick fo much in the braines of the World, and cauſe fo many
evils, and mifchiefs, as wherewith this laft Age is fo miferably torne; for
the onely finding of the truth whereof, we will anfwer thele arguments of a
certaine modene writer.
The arguments
Firſt I find not in Ferdinand of Gaſtile,any fubject at all to believe,that he had of fuch as say
a mind to found an univerfal Monarchy, because he difcovered fome certain that the Houfe
Iſlands in America, For his life was too full of vexations,difquiets,and jealou, of Auftria af
lies, cast upon him by his Sonne-in-Law,and Don Genfalvo,to give him leave pires to the Mo-
to
narchy
19%
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
to think of a defigne fo ful of chimera's as this. For, we muft fecure what
we have, from peril,before we feek more.
Charls the fifth,is the principal object of his propofitions,and over whom he
labours to triumph. But I ftay not upon words; I come to effects,which make
us judge of unknown caules: The advantage which Fortune gave this faid
Charles,upon Francis his Competitour for the Empire, made him obtain the
Renunciation of the Fiefs, or hereditary Titles, which the faid Francis had,
upon fome Provinces in the Low-Countries, though the reftitution of the
Dutchy of Burgandy,the patrimony of his Grand-Mother Mary of Valois, lik
not follow his promife.
The many victories he got in Italy, Germany, and Barbary,crowned his
head,and more glorifyed his memory,then amplifyed his States. He bought
the Soveraignty of Utrick,and the Dutchy of Guelders. That of Milan was
carryed by Arms, and juridically difputed. Had he alpired to the univerfa.
Monarchy,he would not certainly have been diverted,by fome finall crofles
of Fortune; but, on the other fide,being fome moneths elder then Henry tắc
Great was, when he prepared himſelf to give his Enemies a furious ſhake;
this great Monarch, (invincible to all but himſelf) ſtripped himſelf of all, to
chooſe a privat life.
His Sonne Philip, found by the Warrs of the Low-Countries, that his life
would be too short,to fec the termination of them;and as for his meddling
with thoſe of France, the effects thereof have declared, that it was more
through paffion of Religion, then to acquire the poffeffion of that King-
dom, ualefs by lofing the hope of getting the whole, we be voluntarily in-
duced to render the parts, we have gained.
If the faid Houfe, being confidered all together,had had this defigne, the
would have endeavoured to retain the conquefts which the made in the
North, which upon occafion, would have opened her the pallage to other,
Befides that, the hath always reftored fuch States as the hath purchafed by
quarrels,both in Italy,and elſewhere in fuch fort,as that I fee not by what
means,and in how many Ages,fhe would be able to reach to this pretended
Monarchy.
But,upon what Branch of this Family,fhal this Monarchy be placed? Up-
on that of Germany? The Emperour Charles,could not endure to fec(accor
ding to the report of that learned writer)the Imperial Crown,upon his bro
thers head,becauſe he would rather have had it, upon his Sonnes; and the
Germans will not fee it upon that of a Spaniard,
How then, fhall thefe inftruments be tuned? I conclude, that ſhe hath
been moved to act by Intereft only, to uphold her ſelf, and not to hunt
after this chimericall Monarchy.
The Emperours which have been fince, have manifefted no exceſs of
ambition;and Philip the third made no ftir at all. So that it must be either
Ferdinand the fecond,or Philip the Fourth, Let us examin the grounds which
may give theſe jealouſies,and authorize theſe opinions.
The faid Ferdinand the fecond, had War with the Bohemians,and the
Prince Palatine,every one knows for what.He would have the three Epifco-
pal Townes;had he not right to them? The Victories he got in Low-Saxo-
nie,moved him to reſtore, and re-eſtabliſhed his Authority there; was he out
of reafon? He re-demanded,as Soveraigu Judge, the Ecclefiafticall Lands,
and Goods,according to the tenour of the contract at Paffavia; was he ill-
grounded? The Lutherans themſelves will not fay fo. Shall we therefore fuf-
fer this Houſe to ſwallow up all? Now it is,that we muſt have recourſe to
the interefts, which every body ought to have in commendation, and not
ftray from the path of Juſtice,
As
PART.2.
193
The History of this Iron Age.
vinced.
As for Hypocrifiy,whereof he accufes them of this Family,by comparing
their piety to the colours of theRain-bow,which are but deceipts and illufi-
ons;it is acalumnie, which coniutes it ſelf, and a malice convinced by the tefti-
monics of the Lutherans,who have frequented the Imperiail Court,and have A calumny con-
withed, that all the Courts of the Proteftant Princes were regulated like
that. Indeed, he words which he ufes,to cure(as he ſayes) the mindes of fuch
as are præoccupated by crrour,are not ftrong enough, to make them paffe
for good, even in his own opinion. For,a may be cannot form a determinate
truth,of future things.
Yet it is not my intention,to approve all the actions of this Houſe,and de-
tend her ends; and much leffe, to deliver the Bordering Princes, from the
fear which they may have,of her greatneffe;by the refutation of thofe argu-
ments; but only freely, and plainly to lay open the juftice of her Arms, and
the ftrong neceffity of her interefts,to maintain her felf,againſt fo many enc-
mies. I combat no Soveraign Family,but reverence them all, without excep-
tion, and præoccupation. I only demonftrate the practices,cheateries, and
cffects of ambition, together with thofe of felf-advantage, which render
whole Provinces de.crt,and bread general calamities.
In the Treaty of peace at Munster, we thall difcover the intentions of all
the Princes, without amuling our felves any more, with the words of interel-
fed Clarks. But we must first confider, why France,which hath always refto-
red to the Dukes of Savoy fuch of their States, as the hath feazed upon by Why France wi
arms doth now yet fo obftinatly retaine Lorrain,as fhe alfo did,the three Bi- keep Lorrain.
shopricks? Lanfwer,that the hath done the former,to avoide giving jealou-
fie to thePrinces of Italy,whole good correfpondence fhe holds neceffary for
her, ſo to maintain her interefts there. But, fhe will not let Lorrain go, in
regard of her conquefts made in Germany, and becauſe the Princes of that
Country,being divided into Parties,are not fourgent for the reftitution o
the lofes of their Neighbours, as thoſe others are.
France calls the Princes of the Houle of Auftria,and all fuch as are tyed to
her interefts, ber Enemies, and in regard that this irreconciliable hatred
is not very ancient, we fhall quickly finde out the fource thereof,
During the English Warrs in France,the Spaniards being then great friends,
and Aliyes with France, always fuccoured her and there were fome Lords of
that Nation,who poffeffed great Charges in the faid Warrs. Yea in that me-
merable aftembly of Arras,where, to the confufion of the English,the Peace
was made between the King, and the Duke of Burgundy; a certain Spanish
Knight, in a contention of honour,took the white Cross, without giving any
other reaſon for it,then that it was a fign of Amity.But now,the faid Houfe The causes of
being annexed to Spain,the first ſpark of divifion fprung up in Italy;the fecond, the hatreds be-
and the greateft,was about the Imperial Crown,and jealoufie of State,which tween France
afted til the death of Henry the fecond; and was awakened again under Hen- and Spain.
y the third,by the counfell of the Hughenots,and his brother the Duke of A-
lencon, ſuddenly made Duke of Brabant Philip the fecond of Spain,did the like
for him,by favouring the Heads ofthe League,to the deminution of his Au-
thoritie,and the Hughenot Party.Henry the fourth took his revenge, advan-
ced the hatred, always contraried, oppofed, and laboured to weaken this
power,which gave him jealoufy. And then it was,that not only the Hughenots,
but the Catholicks alfo, began to hate that Nation: Nor did the Spaniards
remain their debtors therein: In fuch fort,as the hatred of the people is for-
med by that of State, But this kings death ftopped the currnet of thofe partia-
lities; & that double marriage feemed quite to ftifle them but in vain,for thefe
two proud Nations(the moſt potent of Chriftendom)have many pretentions
upon each other, and cannot endure any præeminence at all; in fo much,as
thatwhen the one makes any progreffe,the other endeavours to ftop it: be-
Cc
fides
194
PART.2
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Wolfenbottel,
fides, the fame Miniſters of State fpurred on by ambition,and defire to raiſe
their Families, have from time to time, kindled thefe fufpitions, which
have hatched theſe fatall wars,to the deſtruction of all Europe.
The one of theſe Houſes ftyles her felie moft Chriftian;and yet meddles
not much with the bufineffe of Religion; for fhe ordinarily attracts the Re-
formates to her intereſts, who are enemies to the Pope, and by confe-
quence to the other Houſe, which; fuffers not their Doctrine in her Do-
minions.
The other is tearmed Catholick, and abandons not the interefts of Re-
ligion,no more then the doth her own,unleffe it be by force; proceeding from
the neceffity of State-affaires,through fome new conjuncture, as we ſhall
fee in the fequell of this work.
Lewis the thirteenth thocked this Houfe,with fo much authority, and
power,and procured her fo many Encmics,that ſhe had very much adoe to
keep her felf up: in fuch fort, as that great Cardinal,the Angel-Gardian of
France, by his puiffant Allyances,begat an opinion in the Soules of many
Politicians, that he fought the Univerſal Monarchy. In effect, by this great
Conquerours means,he hoped to overthrow the Emperour,and had alrea-
dy devoured the poffeffion of the Low-Countries, by the help of the Hollan-
ders. But man purposes,and God difpofes.
But let us withdraw our felves out of this Labyrinth,fince we have alrea-
dy gon round about it, and if we enter into it, we have not a fufficient thred
of Politick knowledge,to get out,wherefore,let us untangle our felves(I fay)
from a matter, which is underſtood, only by them of the Cabinet, and go
rowze up the fluggiſh Proteftants neer that Banck,or Damm,by advertizing
them of the approach of the Imperaliſts.
CHAP. XIII.
Piccolomini rayfes the Siege of Wolfenbottel, with loffe.
Torftenton comes from Sweden, with a fupply. Lamboy beaten,
and taken. The progreffe of the Swedes in Silefia. The
Imperialifts defeated before Leipfick,who after having
punished the flaskneffe of the Souldiers, recollect
themſelves,and raise the Siege of Friburgh.
The battail of Honcourt, The Exploits in
Catalunia.Mons.le Grands death.
The Cardinals death. An
Epitome of his life.
The Siege of Eleft all the Proteftants forces, with the Duke of Brunswick, be-
VV
fore the ftrong Town of Wolfenbottel, which they laboured ro re-
duce to their obedience, by means of a certain Damm,or Banck,
wherewith they ſtopped a brook, which watered the faid Town; and the
water was already grown fo high,that the Inhabitants were fain to forfake
the lower parts of their houfes.
Piccolomini, knowing the importance of the place, and the affront he
fhould do this great Army,if he conſtrained it to retyre from thence; advan-
And the loffe of Ced with his Troops, entred into the Town, and commanded fome Regi
the Imperialists ments,to attack them who garded the faid Dike. The combat was furious;
who constraine but the Seate,and advantage of the Proteftants, put the Catholicks to a re-
the befegers. treate,with the loffe of about two thouſand men,
This
PART.2.
195
The History of this Iron Age.
This frighted him not at all; but he took another way, and ſurpriſed fome
Towns from whence they received their provifions, which made them re- To retire.
folve to abandon the Siege, and march off; though firft they peirced the
Dike,and the impetuofity of the water did as much hurt to Brunswick by How-
ing, as the detention thereof had been little profitable before; for of this wa-
ter, it is, that they brew that good beer called Mum, which is fo much
cfteemed through all Low-Saxony, and chiefly in Holland.
The Armies divided themtelves, as they had done the year before; the
Swedes expected Generall Torftenfus, who was come from Sweden with feven
thouſand men; to whom Coninamarck, and Stalhans being joyned, they all
advanced towards Silefia, the Imperialifts towards Bohemia, and the wey-
marians, to the Rheyx, whether we will accompany them, to fee the Bridge
of Boats which they made to paffe the River near Weſel.
The Confederated States had not yet forgotten the Cavalcada, or Inroad
of Papenheims, and the favour he found in the Diocefe of Colein. It is most
dangerons, to offend fuch as can revenge themselves, when they pleaſe.
Lamboy was in the faid Country, and his Regiments being diſtributed Lamboy beż-
amongſt the Villages, were defeated one after another, for want of good ten and taken.
Guard, upon Saint Anthony's day, 1642, and in one of the Villages, which the 17. of la-
was dedicated to the faid Saint, bore his name, and acknowledged him for nuary, 1642.
Patron, or Defender, the Generall himſelf was taken prifoner, and carried
together with many others, to the Bois de Vincennes, to vilit Iohn de Werdt, and
tell him, that it was time, to go and make head, againſt the Weymarians.
This Army being utterly cut off, the victorious enemy made great booty in
thofe parts. The Count of Guebriant, for having behaved himſelf fo well,
merited and received the Marfhals ſtaffe; took many fmall Towns, as Or.
ding, Nuits, Campen, and other, and was fupplyed by fome Regimens of Bri-
tany, which ſtayed not long in that Country.
The Swedes, under their new Generall performed exploits of no leffe re-
And the Impe-
nowne. For, in May they took Glogow by force, and in Iune, Suciniez; af-
ter having beaten the Imperial Troops,commanded by Duke Francis Albert, fia.
rialiſts in Silen
who died of his wounds and finally, in Iuly, Olmitz, the Head Town of Olmiz furpri-
Moravia. Theſe fenfible lofles were followed by one of more note.
Sed.
The Arch-Duke Leopold, together with Piccolomini marched into the
Field to ſtop this progrelle. Torftenfon palled into Mifnia, and befieged
Leipfick: The Imperialists charged him, and Piccolomini, who comman-
ded the Right Wing, brake through the Left; but his men falling forth- The defeat of
with to plunder, the faid Swedes rallyed,and attacked their enemies fo fharp-
ly, that they flighted the Arch-Dukes command, refuſed to fight, and
through cowardize mixed with treachery, began all to run. So that the vember, 1642.
Swedes had a good bargain of it; for there were found above fix thouſand
men,who never fhot Piſtoll, nor Musket. The Arch-Duke retyred with ex-
treme diſpleaſure into Bohemia, and Piccolomini was full of confufion, and
fpight, to fee fo much perfidy, and the loffe of fo fair a Game.
the Imperialists
near Leipfick
the 2 of No-
After this Battail, which was fought the ſecond of November, 1642, the
Swedes fhewed themfelves before Leipfick, which forthwith fubmitted to
them; and in Ianuary following, before Fribergh, which fuftained the fiege
for two months, to the great amazement of all Saxony, and Piccolomini, after
having chaftifed fome Regiments in Bohemia, and redreffed his Army,
fuccoured it, and fo wiped off the affront, which the baſe daftardlineſs of his
fouldiers had made him receive. Which done, he took his leave of the Em-
perour, and the Electour of Saxony, who feafted him, and did him great ho- Fribergh fuc
nours, for this advantageous exploit. But he, being loath to hazard his coured.
reputation amongst men of Arnas, fo forgetfull of their duty, came back to
Bruſſels, and put himfelfe into the King of Spaines fervice. The Swedes
Cc 2
returned
÷
196
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
returned to Torgow, and the Imperialifts to General Gallaffo.
The Weymarians domineering at their pleaſure upon the Rheyn, Hatf
feldt was commanded to face them; who found himſelf too weak; but
foon after, there happened another change, For, Don Francifco de Melo,now
Captain General for the King of Spain,having received fome millions of mo-
ney, put the fouldiery in ſtate of action, and marched from Bruffels, the laſt
week of Lent, 1642, forthwith took Lent, and the firft day after the Holy-
days, incamped himſelf before La Baffee, which within ſeventeen days af-
ter, opened him the Gates, and the Garriton of above three thouſand men,
marched out. The Count of Harcourt indeavoured to fuccour it, but found
beaten by Melo it too perilous an enterpriſe: And fo Melo went to attack the Marſhall of
near Harcourt, of Guiche, whom he utterly defeated, and made it appear, that Fortune
and he came was divided in her felf.
The French
and ſurpriſed
the Waymari-
305.
The great pro
greffe of the
French in Ca-
talunia.
This victory layd France open to him,and his Van-guard, by a fine ſtra-
tagem, was already entred, when the news came to the Prince of Orange,
who was incamped at Littoye, that his Reer and the Battalie, or full Body
of his Army, were neer Maftricht. This crafty Spaniard would not leave fo
potent forces behind him, and would alfo furprife the Weymarians, be-
fore he fell into France. A great Deſign, had it not been both previſed,
and prevented by the aforefaid Prince, who made his Army march at one
of the clock after mid-night, and pitched his Camp near the faid Weymari-
ans in fuch fort, as that Melo coming fome hours too late, durft not meddle
with them, and avowed that he had to do with one of the cunningeft Cap-
tains in the world. But whileft theſe things paffed, Baron John de werdt re-
turned out of France, and fhewed that he had not forgotten his Trade by the
difcontinuance thereof; for, in leſs then two months, there were above
two thouſand horfes fold at Colein, which he had taken from the enemy.
Let us now pals into Catalunia, and fee the condition of the affaires of that
Country, commanded by Monfieur de la Motte Houdancour, who ſo often
beat the Caftilians, took fo many Towns, and fuccoured fo many more, that
he deferved, and had the Marshalls ftaffe. The King and Cardinal went
thither, and the French took Salces, Perpinian; and all the County of Roufsil-
lion; which had been formerly engaged to the Crown of France, but was re-
ftored by Charles the eighth.
Monfieur le Grand had fuch an advantagious poſseffion, of the Kings fa-
vour, at that time,that the great Cardinal was alarmed by it, and found him-
felf ready to be caft out of the Saddell. For, he let the King know, how ne-
ceffary a Peace would be for his kingdom, which was impoverished, and ex-
hauſted,by ſo many Taxes,and Warres, and had already difpofed him to li-
ften to an Accommodation, with the King of Spain. But he warped a Web,in-
to which he fo involved himſelf, that he was not afterwards able to put it off.
For they who recommended Peace, were held for malefactors, and worthy
Monfieur le
of death. Wherefore, he was fent to Lyons, with Monfieur de Thou, where
Grand behea-
they were both beheaded; and the Duke of Bouillon had run the fame For-
ded, and the
Duke of Bouil- tune, had he not been faved by the high, and ſharp interceffion of the Prince
of Orange, and the confideration of the Town of Sedan. For, the faid Prince
had newly preferved the Weymarian Army, and rendred France à molt re-
markable ſervice, whereby he could not merit leſs, then the fafety of an in-
nocent mans life.
lon saved by
whom?
The execution of the two young Lords aforefaid, augmented the hatred,
which all the world bore this ambitious Cardinal, yea, and the King himſelf
The great Cas- expreffed ſome coldneffe to him; which, together with fo many other in-
conveniences, encreaſed his fickneſs, and the fourth of December, 1642.
fent him to the other world, fince he had troubled this enough already.
Never did any man afcend to ſuch an immenſe greatneſs, and maintain
dinal's death.
himfelt
PART.2.
197
The Hiſtory of this Iron Age.
himfelf fo well in it. His life was very like that of Seianus, but their deaths
were different this being naturall, and that violent.
Don Alvarez de La rofe very high, but his fall was fo heavy, tha ic
brake his neck, Cardinal Wolfey dilpoſed abſolutely enough of his Maſter,but
his credit never paſsed the Sea, but by fits; and yet was he degraded before
his death, and in hourly expectation of the Hangman.
He was born at Paris, of a noble extraction, was well learned, and took A brief relati-
the Orders of Priesthood at Rome, It is faid, that Pope Paul the fifth, looking on of his life:
him once in the face, told him, That he would one day be the greatest cheat upon
проп
earth. The Queen-Mother finding him a man of great wit, procured him the
Bishoprick of Luzon, where he wrote a Book of controverfie, upon which
the recommended him to the King her Son, and afterwards to the Pope, who
fent him the Cardinal's Cap; and the taking of Rochel, gave him fu great an
influence upon his Mafters Mind,that he left him almoft the totall direction
of his Kingdom. He got himfelf thut of the Queen,and all who favoured her,
cut off the Marshall of Marillac's head, and deftroyed all fuch as gave him
any jealoufie. He never pardoned fuch as he had offended. He was a moſt
accomplithed Politician, beloved by the moft zealous Proteftants, and ha-
ted by the moſt zealous Catholicks. He made it his task to ruine the Houſe
of Larrain, by beginning with that of Guife; as alfo that of Auftria, by
labouring to conquer the Low-Countries, fo that he could not faile to
be beloved, by all fuch as hated the Church of Rome.
He is accuſed of having embroyled England, to the end that for intereft
of State, it might not hinder his feazing upon Flanders. For an English
Embaladour imputes to him the deftruction of his King, by moft un-
juft, and maligne practices; and of fetting all Europe by the cares in
generall. But he cannot be deprived of the praife, of having done the
Kingdom of France (uperlative fervices, though it were with the huge
oppreffion of the poor people. A Polish Waywode of great age, and ex-
perience, defired to outlive the faid Cardinall, to fee what end he
would have. As he had done many people a great deale of hurt, ſo
was he alwayes in perpetuall apprehenfion, and fear, nor was there
ever Tyrant who lived in greater difquiet then he. A great Volume
might be made of the obfervations of his life, which being wholly
miferable, was fuftained but by a blaſt of ambition. In fine, while t
he was thinking to triumph over Europe, his infirmities and troubles
redoubled upon him, till they made his foule go out of his wretched
Body; His death was lamented by few, and fuch as had either fea-
red him, or fled from his perfecution, returned into France, not to
put on mourning, but to give God thanks; and repoffefle themſelves of
their Charges, and Eftates.
C & 3
CHAP.
198
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
CHAP. XIV.
The death of Lewis the Juft. The Battel of Rocroy.
The Battel of Dudling. The Swedes enter into Holſtein.
He fame Play was ftill acted, under different names. For, they
Twho had fo much longed for gleat Guffaves death, for the cftabliff-
eſtabliſh-
ment of the Emperours Affaires; were all amazed to fee his Generalls ac-
companied by the fame profperity, as if they had been deftinated to con-
fummate the begun-work. Upon the other fide, many Princes, and
Towaes, openly favoured them; in fuch fuch fort, as the Emperours af-
faires weakened fo faft to mens fight, that they began to defpaire of his re-
dreffe. And fo, it was held for certain, that that Great Cardinals death,
would cauſe a huge alteration in France, and give the Spaniards the prize,
but it happened quite other wife; for the French defeated all their forces be-
fore Kocroy. Let us therefore confeffe, that it is the Almighty, who go-
vernes all, changes, deftroyes, fubverts, and augments States, both
when, and how he pleafes; and that for the bringing of this Great All
to an end, he permits the Deftruction to be Univerfall, and the Confufion
Generall.
Lewis the Juft, being arrived at his good City of Paris, quite altered
with the toyic and trouble of his long journey, and extremely fad, and me-
lancholy, began by little and littie, to lofe his health; and finding himfelfe
decaying, employed the fmall ftrength he had left, upon the care of his foul,
and the quiet of his Kingdom. He declared the Queen, Regent, or Gover-
Lewis the luft. neffe of his Sonne the King; recommended Cardinal Mazarin to her, and
then rendred up his fpirit to God.
The death of
The Battail of
Rocroy glori
ous to the
French.
This Prince alwaves loved Juftice,and was carried to warre, more by the
ambition of his Minifter, then any motive of his own; and confequently,
would have been glad to fee a Peace made (which he much inftanced) be-
fore his deceaſe. He deftroyed the Hughenot Party, which gave jealoufic,
and obfcured his Majefty, after which, he affifted the Duke of Nevers, in his
fucceffion to the Dutchy of Mantna; feazed upon Lorrain, made an Allyance
with the King of Sweden, and all the Proteftants, againſt the Emperour; and
waged warre, both againſt him, and the King of Spain, under the
under the pretexts
which we have already recounted.
Don Francifco de Melo went to befiege Rocroy, 1643. with a moſt gallant
Army; but having declared the Duke of Alburquerque a young Portuguese
Lord, Generall of the Horfe, he fo much offended the Officers thereof, that
when the French came, they would not do their duty, but forthwith began
to run; fo that all the Foot was defeated by the Duke of Angnien, now Prince
of Conde. This victory was very great; (in which Generall Gaffion gave a
high character of himſelf) and was the caufe of the taking of Theonuille. And
Melo was ſo much difcredited, that the King was conftrained to call him
away, and give the government to the Marquis of Caftel-rodrigo, who kept
it till the Arch-Duke Leopold arrived.
The fuccefle of the Armies was various, and if one Party loft a Battail,
the Allies got another; ſo that there could not faile to come a totall
ruine.
The Weymarians, reinforced by the French Troops, conducted by four
Marſhalls, threatened to go take up their winter quarters in Bavaria. The
Duke of Lorrain, who had taken the direction of the Forces of the Catholick
League; intended to ftop their courfe, croffe their defign, and deſtroy them
by
PART.2.
199
The History of this Iron Age
by a remarkable defeat. John de Werdr, accompanied by General Mercy,
went with the Spanish Cavalric, to ſpy them;and fo they took a refolution to
attack them the next day; which they did with fo much felicity,that they
rowted one quarter,after another, and took the four Marthals prifoners,with The battail of
more then four hundred Officers,and about fix thouſand Souldiers, without Dutling glori-
counting the pillage,and Baggage, And this victory faved Bavaria from that oks to the Ime
flood,for that time,and gave the French trouble,to raiſe another Army, un-perialists 1643.
der the fame name,though with a new General; for the Marshal of Guebri-
ana was killed the day before the fight.
Thefe were two of the most memorable Battails of our Age; the one
whereof hapned in the moneth of May,and in the beginning of the raigne
of Lewis the fourteenth,given-by-God,by the conduct of the young Duke of
Anguien; and the other, towards the end of November,under that of the
Duke of Lorrain; and they may be compared to thoſe of Leipfick,and Nort-
lingben.
After this glorious Victory, the French treated with him, but without a-
ny fruit at all. For, he had been once at Paris,to be jeered,and he would re-
turne thither no more,but with forces to take his revenge. Wherefore, he
marched back to the Low-Countries, took Falkenstein,a ftrong place, in his
way, and left the command of the brave Army to Francis, Baron of
Mercy; who,after having taken Rotweil,went and befieged Uberling, a place
of importance upon the Lack,feazed upon before by Stratagem,for want of
good Gard: but it yeelded now upon compofition,for want of Victuals,fow-
er moneths after.
In the mean time,the Garriſon of Brifack mutinied for want of pay; and
whileft the diſorder lafted,there was found a certain Morchant, who offer-
ed about fower hundred thouſand Rixdollers; but General Erlach by his
care, brake this bargain, and puniſhed five or fix of the Authours of the
fedition.
General Mercy having fayled to retake Hohentwiel by treaty,left it block-
ed up by five Forts, and went to attack Friburgh, and Brifgace; where we
will leave him,till the valliant Duke of Anguien came, and diflodged him,
and fee in what tearms the Swedes are.
We faid, that Generall Torftenten, having been compelled to raiſe the
Siege from before Friburgh, marched, and planted himſelf upon the Elbe.
General Connixmarck flept not in the interim, but fkipped up and down, to
and fro,with ſo much ſpeed,and activity,that he always furprized his Éne-
mies,and never returned without booty. Crackow was fent into Pomerania,
to make a diverfion;but he had not the wit to raiſe the Siege of Domitz, nor
refift Connixmark, though enough, to runne away,through Poland, Torftex-
ton, went into Moravia, where he beat Buchaim, and came back into Mif-
nia.
At the beginning of December,he entred Holstein with fo much prompti-
tude,that he was feen paffe before Hamburgh,when he was thought to be up-
on the Fronteer of Bohemia.
At that fame time,came news, that Gustave Horne was entred into Sca- The Swedes en-
nia,with an Army of twelve thousand men; whereat all the world was ama- ter into Holl-
zed;and men began to beleeve,that the Imperialifts would grow to refpire, fein, 1643.
by this new War: but it proved quite contrary; for, they made no profit of
it at all;and the Swedes marched out,to carry the terrour to the very Gates of
Vienna, Let us fpeak a little,of the pretexts of this expedition, fince the Danes
themſelves were ignorant of the caule,which could not well be found; but in
the Generall Maxime. Thus the French,and Weymarians were beaten; and the
Swedes gone out of Germany,to ingage themſelves in a freſh quarrel: fo that
the Imperialiſts had fine fport,and did wonde rs.
CHAP.
+
!
A
www
200
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
:
:
CHAP. XV.
Of the Warre of Denmarck, with all the
circumftances thereof.
Ever did Fortune more undertake the Swedish Intereft, then in this
War; and never was good King Chriftian in more danger of being
ftripped of his States,then in this perillous conjuncture. It is faid, that that
great Aftrologer Ticho Brahe had foretold him,that he fhould be droven out
of his Kingdome; that he fhould depart with a ftaffe in his hand, and that
this immutable fate fhould befal him,in the moneth of January, in the year
1644.I know not,whether this report be true; but fure I am, that the pre-
diction was falſe;though yet,there were once very great apparence, and pro-
bability,that it would come to pafs,For,had theSwedes been able to fnap the
hips and Barks, which were in a certain haven of that Province,as their de-
figne was to do; they would cafily have entred into the Ifle of Fune, and
The war of the craftily rendred themselves mafters of the whole Kingdom, at unawares,
and without ftriking ftroake. But the most premeditated Enterprizes, are
fometimes hindred,and overthrown, by a ineer matter of nothing: for, the
Soule of great defignes,is filence; and he who knows not how to keep that,
will never bring any thing to good effect. The Swedes fayled not of them-
felves; bu. God only,made them faile.
Swed-s, against
the Danes.
And why.
The King was ftrucken with as much amazement at the firft notice of this
invaſion, as if a thunderbolt had fallen upon his head; and writing to his
Refident at the Haghe,he commanded him to tell the States General,that this
irruption feemed fo ftrange to him, that he would rather have believed,
that the Sky would fall,then that he ſhould ſee the Swedes enter into his do-
minions. But what could move the Swedes to begin a new War, having lo
great a one already in Germany; and knowing, that this latter endangered
the lotte of all their conquefts, yea, of their very Kingdom it felf? For, the
reafons, which they alledged, of the ftopping, and viliting fome of their
fhips, are neither valid, nor fufficient; and therefore we will fhew ano-
ther.
The King ofDenmarke always wished to fee an end of that deftructive war;
and confequently,ceafed not to follicite the Parties to affemble themſelves,
for the remedy of thoſe miſchiefs, yea and he offered himſelf for Arbitra-
tour of the controuerfie. The Swedes confented thereto;and the Emperour,
being much troubled,at this too long,and too bloody dance,very freely con
defcended,and accepted him for Judge. Munster was chofen for the dif-
pute, and the Embaffadours were invited thither. The King fent his; and
wrought fo far with the Emperour, that he withdrew his Garrifon from
Wolfenbottel,and rendred it to the Duke of Luneburgh. This gave the Swedes
jealouſic,as imagining, that the King was more affected to the Emperour,
then to them;and that he would infallibly make them let go their prize. In
fuch fort,as that,in ftead of ſending their Embaffadours to Munft er,they fent
their Armies into his territories; as alfo Commiffion into Holland, to hire
fhips,and raiſe Sea-men,whereof that little Province is the Nurtery.
Torſtenton advanced into Holftein; and his Cavalrie being almoſt all di-
mounted,by the continuall march he ma le,was quickly remounted in that
good country. He ſurpriſed Kiel whileft the Marchants, and Gentry were
affembled there, took away the money;paffed on further, and feazed, with
cuparetutland facility enough,upon Intland.
The Swedes oc-
This
PART.2.
201
The History of this Iron Age.
The King provided the finall Ifle of Fune; intrenched the approaches,
and made all take arms, who were able to beare them; lo that Torstenson
was repulfed with loffe, as often as he offered to paffe. In the interim, the
King applyed all his thoughts to the Sea; prepired a little Fleet, and went
with it before Gotemburgh; and having given charge to make a greater, he
diftributed Patents for the railing of men; and difpatched his Embalfa-
dours towards the Emperour, to implore his affistance, in a farre greater
danger, then that of the year 1628. He complained of this invafion, to all
Neighbours, Friends, and Allyes; and informed them, that they made
war upon him in full peace, and without having denounced it before.
The Swedes in the meane while, got ground in their Enemies Country;
and Coninxmarck ſubjugated the Arch-Bilhoprick of Bremen, which belon- The Arch-Bi-
ged to the King, when he was Prince: fo that the good old King had but ſhoprick of Bre-
two Iflands left; namely, Zeland, and Fune. They having obtained leave nien.
to hire Veffels in Holland, feut for a Fleet thence, under the orders of Admi-
ral Martin Ties: The King attacked him with fo much refolution, that
he forced him to retire into a Port.
All the World wondered, at the report of this Kings Expeditions; who,
being about fixty ſeven years old, was not ſtartled at all, to ſee many brave The courage &
Lords fall on every fide of him, by Canon, and Musket fhot, but breathing valour of King
all blood, cheered up his Souldiers, and Mariners, to ſtand ftoutly to it. Nor Chriftian.
was there need of any other exhortations, then his example; and wholo-
ever could have loft his courage by feeing him act, would have deferved to
loofe his life. He left the Seas to command the Land-Army, after having
attacked the Swedish Fleet himſelfe in perfon, with fo much magnanimity,
that after a long refiftance, it was conſtrained to retreat with full faile, to the
Haven of Kiel; where the paffage was to ftopped up by the Danish Navy
that, in humane appearance, it was in danger, to fall into their hands.
The war in Holstein was waged by Skermithes; and Torstenfen had made
himſelfe maſter of the ſtrong place, called Chriftianprys; fo that there were
no more then two more of importance, left for the King; to wit, Gluckstat,
and Cremp, which much hurt the Swedes by furprizes.
Gallaffo comes
In fine, Gallaffo arrived at Oldefto, entered Hamburgb, ani Lubeck, and
began to treat with the King, about a League Offenfive, and Defenfive, a to fuccour bum.
gainſt the common enemy.
Monfieur de la Tuillerie, the Embaffadour of France, went into Denmark,
under pretence of being a Mediatour; but in effect to quafh the Houſe of
League.
Auftria's Negotiation. The Politicks difplayed all the fubtility they had, Who offered a
to ferve their Mafters in this conjuncture; however thofe of Vienna had as
bad an iffue here, as they had in Poland, when they counfelled war, with a
very fine fhew of well doing, in the year, 1635.
The Dunkerckers, being confiderable at Sea, offered to maintain at theic
own charge, a Fleet of a hundred Ships, and Frigots; as well to defend the
Sownd,as to offend,in all the Ports of Sweden; and that the King might onely
keep the ſaid Streight, with his own,and forty of their Ships against all fuch
as fhould come from Holland. To which Leagve he much inclined,as finding
himſelfe ſtrong enough to attack Gustave Horne; and the Imperialiſts able,
with fome forces, to ſtop Torftenfons paffage, who could neither affault any
more places, nor hold thoſe he had taken, if he were compelled to put him-
felle into a poſture of defence.
The Embaffadours of France and Holland,reprefented to him, the danger
there was for him to involse himselfe in fuch an Allyance, not forgetting
the old argument, that that formidable Houfe, which was in her decline,
and had alwayes afpired to the Univerfal Monarchy; fought no other oc-
cafion to ſet her felfe up again, and make his Kingdom the leate of the war.
Dd
They
202
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Which the other
Embaſſadors
hinder.
They promiſed him, to mediate an honourable, and advantagious peace
for him ; threatened him, if he engaged himselfe lo deeply; and faid aloud
that they should finde themfelves obliged to follow their own interefts, and
fuccour their Allyes; yea, and they skared the States of the Kingdom, by
uling the fame language to them; and weakened in fine,the Imperial Party,
which had bad luck, both in Camp, and Court.
;
During thefe Tranfactions, the Swedish Fleet cfcaped without any da-
mage, and got into the maine. The King beheaded his Admiral Galde, for
not having well kept the paffage, and marched into Scania, with a brave
Army of fixteen thousand men, almoſt all Germans, intending to give Horne
Battel. But La Tuillerie ſeeing the Party unequal, run betwixt the two
Armies, and with his Rhetorick, ſtopped the Onler which was ready to be
given, promifing the King mountaines of Gold; and fo both Hofts retired;
and the Imperial Forces fuffered Tørſtenſon to paſſe before them, and return
into Germany, without ftirring at all. But Gallaffo followed him, who, when
he might have hindered him from marching out, or compelled him to
fight upon diſadvantage, in the Dutchy of Holftein; committed a fault juft
Gall do fufpe- like that of the Admiral of Denmark; whereupon he was held by fome, for
a Traitour, and as if he had been corrupted by the Swedes; and fuch as de-
fended him, made uſe of a common argument, to wit, that he had no Order
to hazard his Army. But the most probable judgement is, that he was com-
manded, not to advance, unleffe the League were firft concluded, upon the
the fame terms that it was between the French, and the Swedes; which it was
conceived that the Danes could not refufe, in regard that the Emperour
came to extinguifh the fire amongst them, whileft he left it burning at home;
and for thar, being leagued together, they might restore things to the fame
ſtate wherein they were, before the warre; efpecially, fince the intereft of
that kingdom apart, feemed to require it, thereby to leffen, and abafe the
Swedish potencic.
Sied.
King Chriftian
deceived.
Theſe reaſons were ſtrong, and inclined the King to the match, but he
was not abfolute; and fo the 'Dunkerkers came not: the Imperialifts returned,
and left the bufinefs to be mannaged by the Danes themfelves, who were
fufficiently penitent, when they heard, that their Fleet was beaten by the
Swedes; to wit, fix as fair, and ſtately fhips, as could be made, taken, and
two fired. And then the Treaty of peace went flowly, and feebly on.
and La Tuillerie was not fo hot as before: For much of that which was gran-
ted before, was now taken off, and the King, being of a different ſenſe, from
the States, reproached them, with the diforder of the kingdom, and told
them, that they were the cauſe of the ill fucceffe of affairs.
The Swedes promifed themſelves no leffe, then the Conqueft of the whole
kingdom, fince the principal ftrength thereof (which confifted in the ſhips)
was very much maimed. But the Kings vertue overpowring all his misfor-
tunes, he reaffembled his whole Fleet before Copenhaghen, to preferve
the Inle of Zeland; made the Peaſants work upon the approaches; and
placed a good Guard, to hinder ther the Defcent or Dilembarkment of the
Swedes there, which they were every minut projecting.
The Hollanders, who have as much care of their intereft, as any Prince,or
Common-wealth in Christendome, and who could not fuffer the Swedes to
be fo puiffant, without betraying them; and being moreover fatisfied, for
fome affronts, which they pretended to have been done them, as well in the
The Fleet of Sound, as elfewhere; and moved to compaffion (if there be any in matter
Holland before of State) by the troubles which this old Prince endured; fent a Fleet, under
Copenhaghen. the conduct of Admiral Wittefon, who anchored before Copenhaghen, and
landed the Embaſsadours of the faid Common-wealth. The King, concei-
ving this faid Fleet to be come to affift his enemies, was ready
was ready to defend
himſelf,
PART.2.
20}
The History of this Iron Age,
elf; but the Embaſsadours moved him to a Peace, and refumed the heat,
which La Tuillerie had left. But the Swedes, hoping to grow Masters of the
whole kingdom, and thereby continue the War in Germany the better,
would not hearken to it; till fecing the faid Embaſsadours ſo much in ear-
neft, and intereft; they futtered themfelves willingly to be induced
to it.
In fine, the Peace was concluded to the advantage of the Danes, who rc-
nounced fome Islands; gave up fome good Holds; and King Christian, being mad
The peace
restored to reft and quiet, died like a very good Chriftian, fome time after,
having reigned above fifty yeares.
He manifefted by his death, that the Prophecie was falfe, and that
Aftrologers, are men, who very often abuſe themſelves, by abufing others,
There was nothing remarkable in this war by land, for the Danes, but the
generous refiftance of the Garrifon of Rensburgh, which conftrained the
Swedes to quit that long Siege; and the Enterpriſe of Bremerfund, which
iffùed happily for them.
CHAP. XV I.
Galaffo retires out of Holftein. Is ruined by Torftenfon neare
Magdeburgh. The Battell of Lankewits. The exploits of the
French in Alfatia, under the conduct of the Duke of
Anguien. The taking of Philipsburgh.
Pofterity will not be able to comprehend, how the Swedes could make
warre, in fo many parts of the world, and from whence they got fo ma-
ny men; becauſe though the Kingdom of Sweden be very great, yet it is very
defert, and difpeopled; in fuch fort, as that in all thefe warres, there never
came fixty thousand men,from thence,by the confeffion of one of the Gran-
dies of that nation it felf? I anfwer, that two Reaſons furniſhed them with
fo many, and fo ftrong Armies. The former, that almoft all the Prote-
ſtants leagued themſelves with them, like the Ivie to the tree; and moſt of
them believed, that in the ruine of the Swedes, was included that of all the
Lutherans. And the latter,becauſe Fortune being favourable to them, favour
turned alſo towards them;principally, in regard of plunder. It is moft certain,
that in Horn's Army, there were many women, in the habit of men, who, like
many Amazons, performed the actions of brave fouldiers; fo much was
the courage of this generous Nation inflamed by profperity.But let us go feek
the Armies again.
fo
Galuffo pitched his Camp near Magdeburgh, and Torstenſon,a little above Galafſo ruined
him; who fo much ruined him by famin rather then by skirmishes, that he near Migde-
returned with very few men into Bohemia, and his Charge (whereof he had burgh,
very ill acquitted himſelf) was taken from him. Coninxmarck, one of the
moſt profperous, and dexterous Captains of this Age, and another Papen- Coniexmarck
heim in the Swedish Party; after having defeated General Enkefurt, returned in the country
into the Bishoprick of Bremen, took Staden, Boxtehawdt, and all the Country,
whileft Torstenfor marched into Bohemia.
Who could have believed, but that after fo great fucceffe as accompanied
the Bavarians,and the departure of Torstenson, with the chief forces; the Im-
perialists would have every where redrcffed affaires? We muſt confeffe
what we cannot deny, which is, that God clearly fhewes his power, by the
D d 2
difpofa!
of Bremen.
204
PART.?.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Linkow.
up
diſpoſal of ſeveral Governments. For it was in vain, that they blocked
Olmitz in Moravia, took wolow in Silefia, and made Ragosky fome refiftance.
However they put their Army on foot, under the Orders of the Generais
Goetz, Hatzfeldt, and other brave Officers, to whom John de Werdt, joyned
The Battel of with four thousand men. In brief,a Battail was given, which was a long time
ambiguous, victory inclining fometimes to one fide, and fometimes to ano-
ther. General Goetz was flain in the beginning; and John de Werdt made fo
cloſe an impreffion, that he forced the Swedes to retyre in confufion. The
Imperialiſts, thinking the Day was theirs,caft themſelves,according to their
cuftom, upon the Baggage,where Generall Torftenfon's wife was, who letting
them alone awhile, fell upon them at lengh with his referve and put them
all to flight. He furprized them loaden with booty, charged them off their
horſes, cafily routed them, and went fighting with them above four Leagues
Unhappy for long. This was a moſt ſenſible defeat to the Imperial Party; for it left Bobe-
the Imperialists mia as a prey; and opened the paffage into Moravia, and the Emperours He-
the 6.of March, reditary lands, as far as the Danub. There were about three thouſand kil-
led upon the place, four thousand prifoners, together with the Generals
Hatsfeldt, Mercy, Broy, Zaradeskie, and fix or feven Colonels. This Battail
fell out, upon the fix of March 1645. near Jankow; which cauſed the Em-
perour to retyre to Prague, and expofe his kingdom to the Conquerours;
made the fiege be raiſed from before Olmitz, and brought the enemy, even
to the Gates of Vienna; in fuch fort, as there was nothing but the River be-
twixt them. Aftrange thing, and a prodigious felicity. Fortune conftantly
continued victories to divers Generals; and every one thought, that the
Emperour was loft, if the Swedes chanced to país the Danub.
1645€
This Nation, which was little known in the fourteenth age, was now
become ſo puissant, that the thought, by the help of her Allyes to ſtumble
that formidable houſe which is compofed of fo many other,
The Roman Emperour was almoſt deſtroyed by the Goths, Vifigoths, and
Vandals, who came from the North; and thoſe Writers wrong the Swedes,
who fay, that they came not out of their Country, it being too fterill to feed
fo many people. However, it is not my defign to refute that opinion, which
refutes it felf; but I remain within the limits of that war, and in great
amazement, to fee the Swedes, at one, and the fame time, at the Gates of Vi-
enna, Copenhaghen, and Bremen, every where tredding down their
Enemies.
Baron John de Werdt, who was wronfully blamed for not well mannaging
his advantage through over much rafhnefs; met with fome Weymarian Re-
giments, the fifteenth of May, aud facrificed almoſt fifteen hundred of
them, to the foules of fuch as were flain in the Battel of Iankow, from which
he got off with as much temerity, as felicity; but his Party was more affli-
Єted, by the loffe of two hundred men, then his enemies were by that of fix
hundred. Ifhould never have done, if I fhould particularize upon fo many
takings of Towns; fo many furprizes, and encounters; fo many Provinces
grown defert, and fo much poverty, by continuall invafions: but it fuffi-
ces me to note the Fields, and Battails. And to the end that we may not go
a ftray, in the conſtant victories of the Smedes; we will return to the French
Weymarians.
The defeat of Dutling ſeemed to have annihilated all that Body, and bu-
ried the memory of that illuftrious Prince Bernard of Weymar, His Troops
were ill enough handled, after his death, by the Bavarians, towards the
Rheyn; but they had their revenge upon the bank of the ſame River, againſt
Lamboy. This laſt blood-letting, made them become French, and had no-
thing left of Germans, but the meer name. A politick prank to preferve
the amity of the Nation. The Duke of Anguien, a moft Martiall
Prince,
PART.2.
205
The History of this Iron Age.
Prince, went to fuccour the Marshall of Turenne in Alfatia.
The Baron of Mercy befieged Friburgh, 1644. and after the taking there- The Siege of
of, feemed to threaten Brifack The French Weymarians paffed the Rheyn,and Fabarga,
endeavoured to draw the Bavarians to a Combat; but they contented
themfelves with repulfing their ardour, by a moderate defence. The French
loft an infinity of men, at the attack of fome certain Forts, and conítrained
their enemies rather to abandon their advantage, with the loffe of foure
picces of Canon, then toingage in a generall Decifion, againſt the expreffe
Commandement of their Mafter, who would not expofe his States, to the
temerity of a Nation, which wanted neither people,nor intelligence,nor pra-
tice. This faid attack deſerved to be publiſhed, in regard that the Generals
themſelves affirmed, that they had never been at a Feaft of this kind, where
there was greater effution of blood, with more obftinacy, without defining
the difference: And indeed the onfett was made, by the boldeft Nation
of the world, and which mere defpifes danger, then all other.
The magnanimous Duke of Anguien, being joyned with the Marthali The furious at
of Turenne, refolved to form a Fort; but he was fain to retyre with lofs. tacks near
The day following, the Affault was begun again upon the other, with fo Friburgh.
much fury,that the report thereof cannot be heard without trembling. Yea,
the sky it felf, being quite abfconded with clouds, at fuch a flaughter, thed fo
many tears in the afternoon, that it dulled the ardour of the Babes of Mars,
and made them retyre into their Quarters, leaving the ground quite covered
with dead corps. The laft attack was fo horrible, and the blood-thed fo
great, that one would have faid, that they had a defign to kill all, and perith
like Barbarians, not like Chriftians. A massacre worthy of this prefent Age.
A deteftable flaughter, to winne one Fort, and a morfell of ground.
The French, who were much fuperiour to the Bavarians, in Cavalry, ha-
ving refreſhed their Infantry, and not being able to draw them into the
plain Field, departed from thence,leaving the ground ftrewed with dead bo-
dies. Never was death ſeen ſo much braved by two contrary Parties, with
more courage and refolution, and leffe fear,then in thefe reiterated Encoun-
ters. It was not for Religion, but for Rule. Oh great God, thou comeft with!
a foft pace, but how hard, and heavy are thy blowes, when thou strikeft?
The conflict of fome Lorrain Regiments near the Rheyn, with Collonel
Tefte de Corbeau (in English Crowes-head) by whom they were furprized, and
at first worſted, till they were feconded by one of the Counts of Naffaw, was
glorious to them, but with leffe flaughter. For the victorious Hafsians were
conftrained to fly, and acknowledge, that they who go about to catch, are
very often the first caught.
The Bavarians marched into the Dutchy of Wirtembergh, and the French
being reinforced towards the Rheyn,where they feized by incredible fucceffe, taken by the
Philipsburgh
upen Philipsburgh,for want, either of fufficient Garzifon,or fufficient refoluti- Duke of An-
on; and afterwards, upon Spiers, and Mentz; made the Flower de luce fpring guien.
again upon the Rheyn, and carried the terrour of the French Name, into the
very heart of Germany. In fine, they returned towards Bavaria, and met the
Electours Army, near Nortlinghen; where the brave Baron of Mercy, (who The Second Bat-
was born at Long, and by his valour, and addreffe, was afcended to this tel of Non-
high degree) cooled their courage a little, and put them to a gentile retreat, Inghen.
but he being flain in the fhock, and they feconded by Giefe a Hafsian Gene-
ral, they defeated fome Regiments; and the Bavarians having been all the
night in Battail, marched away the next morning, by the Electours Order,
with found of Drummes and Trumpets fixty three Colours being car-
ried away the day before) and left their enemies nothing, but the pride"
of feeing them depart, without refuming the Dance; for, this retreat of
theirs, gave the praife of the victory to them who ſtayed: and the Duke of
Dd3
Anguien
206
PART.2
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Anguien after having been in danger to be taken in this Combat, re-
turned into France.
The Duke of Saxony, being troubled, and tired by fo many difafters, de-
The Duke of manded Newtrality of the Swedes, and obtained it by the Emperours con-
Saxony takes fent; who alone, together with the Duke of Bavaria, entertained the Min-
Newtrality. ftrills of the Revel; but his Companion danced better then he. For, had
he abandoned the Party, at the perfwafion of the French, he would not
have danced much longer; and had he been willing to hazard any more,
neither the Swedes, nor the French had danced fo well; but he choſe rather
to dance fure, for feare of tripping.
Let us now withdraw our felves from the Labyrinth of Germany, and fee
in what condition the affairs of Flanders are; for, as for thoſe of the Empe-
rour, they are ſufficiently afflicted, and have almoſt no other fupport, then
that of the juſtice of their Caufe; beſides that ſo many fine actions as are
performed in thoſe parts, away from hence.
The League re-
newed for three
yeares.
CHAP. XVII.
The deplorable ftate of the Low-Countries, under obedience
The taking of a great number of frong Towns in Flanders.
Fter ſo remarkable a Victory as that of Rocroy (which hapned after
the death of Lewis the thirteenth) and fo many loffes in Germany,
which had ſo peeled the Eagle, that there was no more apparence, or pol-
fibility left of her flying farre; after the defection of Portugal, and fo many
Battels loft in Catalonia; it was conceived, that the King of Spain would
have neither power, nor will, to fuccour the Obedient Provinces; as ha-
ving work enough at home; and that the firſt Field following, the French,
and Hollanders would carry all; yea, that the people, being abandoned,
would revolt, and to hinder a total ruine, joyne themſelves with the Con-
quering Party. In effect, the Ecclefiafticks, and the Nobility caft their
eyes already upon France, in regard of the Religion and the people turned
their heads towards Holland, for love of the Traffick; but the onely depri-
vation of the exerciſe of their Faith, made them, as it were weeping, follow
the Spaniards. Peace was neceffary for them, and for that, they held up
their hands; but the Treaties walked too flowly on. Nothing but the ri-
gour of the Placarts of thefe Provinces, and the preaching of their Priefts,
made them refolve to endure all the extremities of war,rather then fubmit
themſelves to the Reformates. For, if we must needs change our Maſter ( ſaid
they) let us range our felves under the French, fo to have, and retaine our Religion;
rather then under the Hereticks, who deftroy Souls.
The Plenipotentiary Embaffadours of France paffed by the Haghe; renew
ed the Offenfive Allyance for three years more; fpake in the behalfe of the
Catholicks of Holland, but obtained nothing, it being too ticklish a matter.
For, where the Reformates are Maſters, they give no liberty to them of that
Profeffion, and will not have them amongst them; not being able to fuffer
Idolatry; and the Papiſtical Ceremonies fhook their over-tender Conſci-
ences.
Let us leave them going to Munster, to begin a work, which they will not
perfe; and let us go fee the bloody fruits of this Field.
The Duke of Orleans, being declared Lieutennant-General of all the King
his
PART.2.
207
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
1645.
his Brothers Armies, fent La Maillivraye, Gaffim, and Rantzow towards Flan-
ders; who made a fhew of going to Dunkerke, but fate down before the
ftrong Town of Graveling; and feized upon all the Forts about it; ani
Admiral Tromp came and ranged himselfe before the Haven, to fhut up the The French
paffage. This Town was taken in leffe then two moneths,and thereby made take many pl.x-
the Spaniards avow, that there is nothing impregnable,when mens lives are cer in Flanders,
not (pared. For,the French loft above fix thouſand before it; and all the indu-
ftry of the Spaniards could not fave this Bulwark of their State. Don Francifce
de Mele, who hindred the Prince from paffing the River into Flanders,haftc-
ned with all the beft of his Forces, gave the Hollanders meanes come over, The Sass of
and take the Safs of Gaunt, with many other Forts; and the loffe of the ſaid Gaunt taken,
Safs, and Graveling, the two maine defences of the Country, laid it open to 1945.
an entire Conqueft.
The Duke of Orleans followed his Carriere, and all ſtooped to him: he
took Bourburgh, the Fort of Linck, Lens, Bethune, St. Venant, Lillers, Armen-
tiers, and Mening; and put all the reft into Contribution: befides that Mar-
dyke was also furrendred after a Siege, and fo this Field of 1645. ended.
The Victories of the French were little leffe fplended in Italy,by the taking
of Piombino, and Portolongono, 1646.to wipe away the affront of Orbitello,
where they were beaten, and conftrained to difcamp; and many other pla-
ces were allo taken, be fides the defeate of the Spaniards, at the paffage of
Mera.
Count Har
courts Villory
The Count of Harcourt, who was not wont to be idle, when any thing
was to be done, got a glorious reputation, by winning a Battel, and taking in Catalunia,
fome Towns in Catalunia 1645.
1645.
prized by the
Spaniards.
Notwithstanding that Flanders was almoft quite conquered, the Subjects
remained firme in their fidelity, amongſt fo many troubles; and the fur- Mardyke fur-
prizing of the Fort of Mardyke in the Winter, made them take fresh courage.
This Place coft but ten,or twelve mens lives, to retake it,and had coſt above
five thousand to teare it out of the Spaniards clutches. Let us fee the begin-
of this Field of 1646.
The Duke of Orleans being entred into Flanders with a terrible Army,re-
folved to compel the Enemy to a General and final Decifion,or to take fome
Towns of importance in the heart of the Country, which might give the
State a mortal blow. And though the Spaniards, were too wife to hazard
the former, yet could they not hinder the latter, which was the taking of Courtrack 14.
Courtrack, in the middle of Flanders, ſeven leagues from Gaunt. But the
ken.
enemy making a Defenfive war onely, forced them for want of vitualls, to
draw back towards the Sea fide; where they took Berghen St. W¡nock, and
belieged Mardyke, which they hoped to carry by many affaults, before the
Holland Fleet arrived; but their temerity was fo well chaftifed by the fupply
which entred every Tyde, into the ſaid Fort, that Monfieur de la Tüillerie,
who was newly come out of Denmarke, was conſtrained to complain to the
States, of the delay of their Fleet. And they, who walked a flow pace,and
obferved the falling back of the French (with their bravado of faying that
this Field would make them Maſters of Flanders, and the next after, of all
Holland) judged by the rafh difcourfe of the Souldiers, of the intention of
their Mafter, and fhewed themfelves very cold, in the purfuance of the de-
figne, to come to the concluded Stake-fharing; for, in this knot it is, that
the best friends become foes; and this was the ftumbling-block, as it fall
ihortly appeare.
However at length, they fent Admiral Tremp, who was no fooner come,
then they lowed their colours,to fignifie that they would render themfeives
up; and fo the Garriſon of three thousand men, marched out, and were all Mardyke reta.
detained prisoners, contrary to the Agreement made, by a maxime little ken by the
uſual;
French.
208
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
uſual; for they would not releaſe them, becauſe they would not draine
the Source of them, and exhauft the Country of Souldiers. It is to be
noted, that this faid Fort, before which there perifhed the Flower of the
French Nobility, and which merited not to be attacked, had it not been for
the confideration of the Haven, yeelded, to teftific to the French, that the
honour thereof was due to the Hollanders: And thefe fmall grudges fer-
ved but to ſharpen their ftomacks, haften the taking of Dunkerk, and Fuer-
The eleventh of
October, 1646, nes. Thus, almoſt all Flanders being conquered,they doubted no more of ex-
pelling the Spaniards, fincc there wanted onely one effort, or laft blow tor it,
whereof France for her part, was refolved.
Wherefore, the King fent to intreat the Prince of Orange, to lay fiege be-
fore Antwerp, and promiſed him the fuccour of fix thousand men,demanding
onely four Churches for the Roman Catholicks in lieu thereof; to which
the Prince confented, but he found fome difficulty in the determination of
the States: For they of Zeland proteſted againſt it; and they of Amſter-
dam, would not have the faid Town taken, for feare leaft the Commerce
fhould return thither again. But there was yet another ſtronger, and more
conſiderable reaſon; and jealouſie had already taken too firme root, to be
fo cafily plucked up.
The Marthals Gaffions, and Rantzaw, after having put good order at
Courtrack, advanced with their Troops towards the Channel betwen Gaunt
and Bridges, fecured the Princes paffage, and drove back Piccolomini, who
durft not venture any thing againſt them. The Prince, after having paſſed,
made a circuit, found plunder for his Souldiers, rendred the Duke of Orleans
a vifit; then croffed the River Skelde, and entred the Land of Wafs.
General Beck, fecing this ftorme ready to fall upon him, after having ftop
ped the Hollanders below Gaunt, retired himselfe, and pitched his Camp a
league beyond Antwerp; for the fafety whereof (all being in confufion)
he left the fruitful Land of Wafs to the Enemy, as alſo the Town of Hulft,
Hulft befieged, which the Prince forced to yeeld, after a moneths Siege. Fortune, which
had alwayes accompained him, made it appeare, that he was yet her Dar-
ling in this occafion; for, though it were in the moneth of October, it was
faire and dry weather; and had it been rainy, according to the Scalon, be
had run hazard of loofing the benefit of this Field, and of blemiſhing in
fome fort, the ſplendour of fo many gallant exploits, as had been happily ac-
compliſhed by him.
and taken.
CHAP. XVIII.
The War of England. The Tragical death of the King.
to
once
Ferdinand the third at
way
Erdinand the third at prefent Emperour, had good reaſon to ſay theſe
words which are reported to have been once uttered by him, by way of
deploring the calamity of this Age. The Princes of the Empire (faid he)
will be raved; and the evils, and difafters which we fuffer, will rebound upon the
heads of them, who make us fuffer them. He is now in repofe, and fees all the
calamities of Germany, tranſported into England, and other places. But let
us firſt begin with England, without feeking the fpeculative Caules, or ca-
fting them at all, upon the fins of men.
To the end that we may ſpeak with the more ground, of what hath pal-
fed in this Kingdom,we will derive the Source thereof from William the Con-
querour's time,
The
PART.2.
209
The History of this Iron Age.
The curfes of Fathers and Mothers upon their Children, are of moſt
dangerous confequence. Behold here a proofe thereof, by which this faid
Kingdom hath beeen aillieted, fince many Ages paft, and by the late Tra-
gical Act, which turned it into a Common-wealth.
Robert, Son to the abovefaid William, being gone to conquer the Holy
Land, gave his brother Henry (the firft of that name) occaſion by his at-
ence to feize upon his Crowns who having a defire to marry the Princess
Mawde, Silter to King Edgars of Scotland, (who had beca long before an
incloſed Nua in a Monaftery) caufed her often to be asked with great in-
ftancy, but the devour Princelle remained conftant to her Vow; but,find-
ing that he would not voluntarily yeeld, her brother Edgare, fearing Hen- King Henry of
y's fury, was contrained to make her condefcend; fo that the perceiving ries Mawde
it to be a bufineffe of force, made a prayer to God, that all the iffue,and po- Princeffe of
iterity which fhou'd ſpring from them, might live in perpetuall difquiets and Scotland.
quarrels.
This malediction of hers hit right, and extended it felf, not onely to the
third,and fourth generation,but even to our Times alfo ; in fuch fort, as that
there have been few Kings ever fince, who to raigne in fecurity, have not
been either neceffitated, or induced, to kill their Brothers, or near
Kinſmen, and who have not alfo experimented Civill Seditions, whereby
the Brothers, uncles, Children, or Brothers in Law, have feized upon the
Crown.
cafter, and
York.
In fine,the Divifion under Edwards Children, between the Houſes of Lan-
caſter,and Yorke,exifted, under the Colours of the Red, and the White Rofe ; The quarrels
which quarrell, after having cauled many Battels, and the death of above between the
eighty Princes, was compofed by the marriage of Henry the feventh, with Houses of Lan-
Elizabeth of the Houſe of Yorke, and fo the Rofes were re-united, to bu-
ry the two Factions, and terminate the Difference; however the Kingdom
were not thereby cured of Mawdes Curle; for in the year 1587. Queen
Elizabeth, who then raigned, put to death Mary Stewart her Kinfwoman,
after detaining her prifoner almoft twenty yeares. Thus farre reaches Ste-
phen Basker a Writer of very much efteem: but I muſt paſſe further,and call
a milde King upon a Scaffold.
After Queen Elizabeth's deceafe, it looked as if the courſe of misfortune
were ſtayed by the raigne of King James, and the Union of three Crownes;
but this great Calme continuing yet about fifteen yeares after his death, tur-
ned into the blackeft, and moft furious Tempeft that ever was; and thoſe
waters had not been ſtopped, but to overflow this Field with fo much the
more violence, and defolation.
Iames Stewart King of Scotland was murthered by a deteftable Trea- The misfortunes
fon; and the Queen his Wife was; beheaded in England, where thee "pon the Honje
thought to finde her Sanctuary, from the Faction of her fubjects. Her of Stewart.
Sonne (afterwards King of England) was likely to be ftifled in her
wombe Her Grand-Childe ended his dayes, as ſhe did hers, by the
hand of an Executioner, and his diftreffed Children retyred into France,
to their Mother. Aftrange Catastrophe, and a malediction, more Tra-
gicall in the end, then in the beginning! But let us begin this Tragedy,
by this firft Act.
The English, under a pacificall King, lived in ſuch ſuperlative delight,
and riot, produced by an uninterrupted courfe of many yeares Peace, that
they grew almoſt to forget God: (For it is but in adverfity onely, that we are
apt to remember him) and fuch as were not content to live in fuch delicious
idleneffe, betook themſelves to the warre, either in Germany, or the
Low-Countries.
E c
King
210
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
King Chules
will have a
King Charles made Proclamation, for a Conformity, as well in Cere
mony, as otherwife, of the Churches in Scotland, with thefe of England. The
Conformity of Puritans oppofed i, a tumult was railed againſt the Bifhops, and principall
the Chu ches
of Scotland,
with that of
England.
The Scots armIÍ.
perfons of quality, and a new Allyance, or Covenant amongst the Puritans.
The King warned them to renounce it; but they on the other fide,perfifted;
publiſhed fcandalous Writings, made a League, abrogated the Epifcopall
Authority, fortified Tome places, and conftrained him to leave his reft, and
take arms.
en-
The Scots having gotten poffeffion of the Caftle of Edinburgh,
tred in, to England; took Newcastle, and Durham. The King called a
Parliament, which (being for the most part, compofed of Puritans) he found
them inclined to favour the Scots, Whereupon he marched with an
Army
towards the Borders, where he flighted the advice of one of the chief of his
Kingdom, who told him, that if he would be a King, and were not weary
of raigning, he muft hazard a Battell: But he, preferting a pernicious peace,
before a neceffary warre, made an accommodation, and at the fame time,
called a Parliament; which forthwith affembled; and the Scots,after having
finithed a fine Mafter-piece of bufineffe, whereof they felt exceffive inconve
niences alei wards, returned home.
The Deputy of The King gave this Parliament all full, and abfolute power (provided
Ireland prifo
that in any wife it touched not his Prerogative,nor ſuch as were near it, (an
nev, his death, individuali point) by vertue of a Law made in Henry the feventh's time,
But the first thing they did, was to impriſon the Lord Deputy of Ire-
land, who could not be faved by the Kings requests, nor his own de-
fence; but that he muft needs be facrificed to the hatred of the ignorant
people; who expreffed their brutality, by demanding his death, and their
folly, by being moved to compaſſion, at his firm, and immutable conftance
to the laft.
The Prince of
Orange in
England.
The Prince of Orange having demanded the eldeſt Princeffe for his Son,
and obtained her, he fent him thither to eſpouſe her, where he heard the
laid Deputies arguments, and faw him brought upon the Scaffold; and af-
ter his departure, the Queen conducted her Daughter to the Haghe,
where ſhe was received with very great honours, but found the States more
inclined to Neutrality, then to meddle with that inteftine warre: For the
King finding his Authority fenfibly checked, was already retyred to York,
where he fet up his Standard; fent for the Knights of the Garter, and ha-
ving neither Ships, nor money, fought fome fupport, in the affections of his
fubjects: but too late; for the forces, whereof he had dif-inveſted himſelfe,
were in the Parliaments hands: however, he was fuccoured by the grea-
The Malignants, test part of the Nobility, and Gentry, upon whom was impofed the
name of Malignants, as that of Round-heads, was upon the Parliament
fouldiers.
and Round-
heads, who?
War between
the King, and
Parliament.
The Queen having received fome money upon her Jewels, and
drawne a good fumme from the Prince of Orange, repaffed into Eng-
land; but was caft back by a moſt horrible tempeft, upon the Coaft of Hol-
land; though yet fome weeks after, fhe arrived in fafety, with all the
Munitions which the had been able to purchaſe; and afterwards reti
red into France: leaving her husband in this ftorm, wherein he was fwal-
lowed up.
He was profperous enough at the beginning, by the taking of Briſtol,and
Lome other places; however it be true, that his defign upon Hull, and Glow-
cefter fayled. He defeated the Earl of Effex's Army, and reduced the
Parliament to fuch extremity as mennaced their certain, and viſible ruine:
but his bounty was ſo great, and his credulity too prejudiciall to his Affaires,
in
PART.2.
211
The History of this Iron Age.
in to deplorable a time, when diftruft was more neceffary.
In fine, underſtanding, that the English had called in the Scots, by ver-
tue of the Covenant concluded, and confirmed by Oath on both Parties,
(wherein they fwore the deftru.tion of the Bithops) he diſpatched Prince The Royalifts
Robert againit them, who joyned his forces (though not his opinion) with beaten by the
the Earl of Newcastle; for he would needs venter a Battail, which he loft, Scots.
and the faid Earl fled into Germany, and all the Kings felicity with him.
Scotland.
During thefe interludes,the Earl of Montroffe did wonders for the King in
Scotland, for with a very fmall Army, he gained a Battail, came off with ad-
vantage in many encounters; and repayred in fine the Kings affaires there, Montroffe for
whileft they impayred in England; for having loft another victory, to Fair the King in
fax, he was compelled to retyre to Oxford, where he was befieged. Where-
upon,his Son went into France,and himself fled diſguiſed to the Scotch Army, The King fres
who received him at firft with great honour, and complement; though af- to the Scotch
terwards, they delivered him up to the Parliament Army, for a fumme Army, and is
fold.
of mony.
He was made paffe amongſt the people for a Papist,and a Tyrant;and that
he had a defign, to annull all the Priviledges of England, &c.
Ah ungratefull People! Ah Scotch Captains! You, who have the renown of
being Souldiers; how could you confent to ſuch a baſeneſſe? Had avarice more
power over your foules,then respect,vertne,and duty? For though you had an opinion
that the King were a Papift, is it lawfull for fubjects to act against the Annoin-
ted of the Lord, that which they would not have done to themſelves?
As foon as the news of the Deputies impriſonment arrived in Ireland, the The revolt in
Irish took Arms, to free themselves from the Captivity of the English,as they Ireland.
called it; but with fo much barbarity, and cruelty, that they rendred them-
felves deteftable thereby; efpecially to fuch as knew how they had been
treated by the English. But what will not people undertake, which from a long
time, are grown brutish, and favage, when they crush the head of their Governours
with their own Chaines? The Collections, which were made in Holland for The Collections
the fuccour of the Reformates in that Country, begat as well the admiration in Holland,
of the Charity of that Nation towards their Brethren; as doubt alſo, on the for what?
other fide, whether fuch large fummes ever arrived there.
The King being near London, found himfelf reduced to the extremity of
granting them of the Parliament whatſoever they asked; and not being able
to fuffer fome inconveniences which were caft upon him, he made his
efcape to the Isle of Wight, where he was treated like a prifoner. But, in fine, The King is
being led back again to London, and the Upper Houfe being abolished, he executed the
was accuſed by the Army,and brought before a High Court of Justice,wliere 30. of Ianuary,
he was tryed, condemned to be beheaded, and executed the thirtieth of Ja- 1649.
nuary, 1649.
There have happened enormous accidents in this Age; but none which
hath fo much aftonifhed the world, as this ftrange proceeding. Such as
are curious, have made a fhift to pick out fome kind of fimilitude of his
death, to that of the Saviour of the world, but for my part, I will be
filent.
Since that time,the English have fought profperously against the Irish,and
Scots. But let us now end the war, and the difference between the King of
Spain, and the States Generall; and fee the fuccefs of the Armes of
France,
Eez
CHAP.
212
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Henry Prince
of Orange fick
His death,
1648.
Armentiers
and Landre
cies taken,
1647.
CHAP. XIX.
The continuance of the Exploits in Flanders.
The Battail of Lentz.
>
TH
He Prince of Orange made his laſt Field in the year 1647. when he
paſsed into Flanders; and received a ſupply of fix thouſand French con-
ducted by Marſhall Gremment, who did nothing but plunder, and gave proof
of their courage, and irregular Diſcipline, to the fouldiers of this Common-
wealth. He took a Fort before Antwerp,which he prefently after loft again.
He found fo much repugnance in the States, againſt the Siege of this Town,
that he changed his defign, and marched towards Venlo, but after the lofs
of many men there, he retyred to the Haghe, where he fell fick and died, in
the moneth of March, 1648. and was interred at Delft, by Prince William
his Father. This generous Prince gave ſo many teftimonies of his valour,
in fo many perilous Sieges, that he made himſelf admired by all the
world.
The Arch-Duke Leopold being arrived in the quality of Governour of the
Low-Countries, befieged Armentiers the thirteenth of May, which the French
had fortified, and made a Magazine there,which he gained the twenty fixth
of the fame moneth. But Gafsion being intrenched with eight thouſand men
near Efterre, hindred him from any further attempt upon Artoife, and chief-
ly Arras, upon which he ſeemed to have caft his eye. Wherefore, he went
and invefted Landrecies, and brought it under obedience, in lefs then three
weeks. But Gafsion recompenced the firft lofs, by the taking of La Banei,
take La Bance, which he effected by an Afsault only, without a fiege, as Rantzow alſo did
Diemude, and
Tortozi-
Diemude: In fuch fort, as Piccolomini was forced to lay a formall Siege to
it, and tear it out of the hands of Monfieur Palvaw the Governour. Rantzow
had an enterpriſe upon Oftend; which being diſcovered, was hurtfull to the
Enterpriſers: Nor had that of Beck upon Courtrack any better fuccefs, and
La Baneè remained as a Curb to Lile.
The French
From whence
the name of
Hibernia to
Ireland.
The French
But the Arms of France had better luck in Catalunia; where the Marſhall
of Schoonbergh recompenced the lofs which the Count of Harcourt made in
railing the Siege of Lerida, in doing the like for the Spaniards before Flix, and
by eafily taking Tortoza, a Town fituated at the mouth of the River Ebro,
called by the Romans Iberus.But Terragona was a ftumbling-block for them,as
well as Cafal had becn to the Spaniards.
The next years Field, muſt do miracles, and fhew the Hollanders, that
without them, they were able to beat the Spaniards out of Flanders. Indeed
the Army was very great, and the General had both luck, and courage
enough to undertake impoffible things. The fair, and ftrong Town of Ypers,
take Ypers, was attacked, and taken in twelve dayes; and Courtrack retaken by the Spa-
and the Spani-
niards Cour- niards, in five. Indeed, the want of Victuals was fo great, that if Ypers had
track, 1648. held out four days more, the Army had been in danger of fuffering
much.
Gaflion killed.
The Battail of
Lentz,
The forces of both Parties met near Lentz, a Town though ſmall, yet fa-
mous for brave Gaffion's death, who was killed by a musket bullet in the Ap-
proaches to the Town.
The Spaniards were about feven thoufand, and the French much fewer.
The Foot did their duty well enough, and eſpecially the Lorraines; but the
Horfe (according to their cultom) fled, and would not hearken to Gene-
ral Beck's exhortations, who was taken, and died rather of vexation, then
of his wounds.
It
PART.2.
213
The History of this Iron Age,
the French.
In fine, the Spaniards loſt the Battail, and had almoſt loſt the Imperiall
Prince too, had he not been fuccoured by the Prince of Ligne, who remain- The victory of
ed in pawn for him. For want of Foot, the French were fain to be content
with the Town of Fuernes, which was afterwards retaken by the Spaniards,
to guard Dunkerk.
It was conceived, that this victory would have been a means to ingran-
difh the French Monarchy; but it was likely on the other fide, to make it
ftumble; and indeed, it gave it fuch a fhogg, that it hath not been able to
recover it felf wholly hitherto.
For this great Body being ſtrong, and nimble, is fallen into a feaver,
which makes it frantick. It is like a Watch, the principall wheels where-
of being broken, keeps no true courfe, or meafure. But let us go, and fi-
nih the war of the United Provinces, fince the news thereof is already
come; for, if we ſhould ſtay to note all things, we thould never have
an end.
CHAP. XX.
The Peace made betwixt the King of Spain, and the Confe-
derated States. The remarkable Siege of Brin.
The
Torftenfon quits the Generalate.
He laſt Field, having produced no remarkable effect at all, was taken
by many, as the ſhooting off of a Musket, without a bullet, rather to
content the Allyes, then to advance upon the enemy; rather to drive away
the time, then to make uſe of advantages; and rather to tyre the French,
then to come to ſhare ſtakes with them. Indeed, the Hollanders had a fine
game of it; for the enemy,not being able almoſt to ſtoop, was fain to avow,
that all their defences being taken away in Flanders, they had nothing more
left to oppoſe againſt them, then the Walls of Antwerp, Gaunt, and Bridges;
for Guelders was half conquered, Brabant open, and Flanders almoft quite
lubjugated; fo that there remained but one and the laſt Bowt to come to the
ſharing of ſtakes.
In the mean while, the Embaffadours which laft arrived, were the firft
diſpatched; for they found fo much inclination in them of Spain, that the
Propofition for a Truce, being changed into that of a Peace, all their de-
mands were granted them. In fuch fort,as more then a twelve moneths time
was ſpent, in attending and uniting the two Parties; howbeit they had
brought them fo far already, that whatſoever the French had gotten by con-
queft of the Spaniards, and other enemies, was to remain as their own for
perpetuity; and they had confirmed it amongst them, by a fure, and faſt
League; in order to which Monfieur de Seruient had taken great pains at
the Haghe; yea, he indevoured, under this pretext, to draw the States to a
continuation of the war, and the utter expulfion of the Spaniards out of the The Feare made
Low-Countries; and therefore it was no marvaile, if Prince william leaned between the
that way with him. For this young Eagle, being newly received as Gover- Spaniards and
nour, and Captain Generall, defired to accomplish, what his Predecessors
had begun. But Servient found himself repugned by fuch as had power, and
was not able to hinder (however his arguments fufficiently incumbred the
Colledge) but the Peace, which was figned at Munfter the 8. of January,
was ratified at the Haghe, publiſhed at Munfter, and proclaimed through all
the Towns, and Villages of this puiffant, and glorious Republick the 5. of
Ee 3
Inne
the Hollanders.
214
PART.23
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The Peace was
all.
June 1648. And here, by the way, we may take notice, of the admira ble
conduct of the Spaniards;who,though at a great diftance,and having no o-
ther paffage then by fea, have nevertheleſſe, againſt all human apparence,
defended thefe Provinces the ſpace of thirteen years,againſt three moſt po-
tent Enemies.
Such as have more fence of particular, then publick intereft have con-
demned this Peace, as having been too much precipitated; alledging, that
the States ought not to have feparated themfelves from the French, but that
they ought to have helped them to drive out the old enemies, and come to
ſhare ſtakes,and many other arguments making for the prolongation of the
War. To which it may be anſwered,that all Wars which have not a neceſ
fary defence,and true Peace,for their ſcope,are unjuſt. Beſides,if the Hollan-
der's obtained by this Peace,whatſoever they defired,and afked, it needs muſt
follow,that they were obliged to ratify it. And as for the intereft of France,
which was alſo to accept it for the repofe of her Subjects, and for the great
advantages offered therein;they clearly perceived, that that great Minister
would not have it; and therefore they refolved not to obey his paffion; be-
fides,that the Embaſſadours themelves adviſed them to embrace it, in caſe
they could bring the King of Spain to an utter renunciation, both for him-
felf and his Succeffours; which, after the attendance of a whole year toge-
gether, was effected. All the world is alſo of opinion, that for the good of
their State,it is better for them,to be feparated from the French. There are
likewife fome other reaſons which remained in the Cabinet, and which
fome events, not foreſeen by many, have made to be judged very preg-
nant.
France hath fufficiently declared by the taking of many Holland-March-
ants fhips,how diſpleaſing this Peace was to her, but Holland hath diffem-
bled this proceeding with admirable prudence,as attributing it,to the paffi-
on of the great Minifters Creatures. Allyes of different nature,hold good in com-
mon neceffity;but at the end of the reckningsthat frienship growes faint.
This War, which had lasted almoft ninety years, and which was con-
ceaved to be immortal, expired in the Spring-time, 1648.to the great con-
tentment of fuch as love peace, and tranquillity; and the great difcon-
tentment of the French, who had much reaſon to be angry at it, for two
fubjects; the one for the divifion, or Stake-fharing; and the other, becauſe
they had not quite chafed the Spaniards out of the Low-Coun
tries.
It was obſerved nevertheleſs,that this joy was not univerfal,and that fome
not pleaſing to others befide the French, would have been more glad to carry on the War,
to the total expulfion of the Spaniards. Indeed,the Bonefires were kindled
with more zeale, and fhined with more light,in one Town, then in another,
and coldneſſe appeared in the countenances of many perfons. But above
all, they who made their advantage of following the Armies; and fuch o-
thers alfo,as with whom paffion of Religion prevailed more, then intereft
of State,expreſſed their diffatisfactions.
The causes of
the first tumults
The number of fuch as embraced the Reformed Religion, and the do-
&trine of Luther,growing,in defpight of all Placarts,and Prohibitions, to en-
creafe,and multiply,fowed the firft feed of
the ambition of ſome certain Governours divifion, to which was added
(who according to their own
fence, were. ill enough divided) the difcontentment of the Nobility, the
Clergie,and all in general, for augmentation of the Bithops,and the retard-
ment of the Forrain Militia,in the Low-Countries.
Cardinal Granvels authority,and the report which ran of the Inquifition,
cauſed exceffive commotions in the Provinces;but ambition, change in Re-
ligion, the exaction of the tenth penny; the bloody proceedings of the in-
exorable
PART.2.
215
The History of this Iron Age,
exorable Duke of Alua; the weakening of the Royal Prerogative, and the
pretexts of maintaining priviledges, were the windes, which brake the
bounds of respect,and concord, and cauled the Warrs against the Gover-
nours; and the Duke of Parma's Victories, having made the King burie
the confederates,moved them to begin the War against him, which lafted
till the valliant Henrie's death.
In the beginning of the tumults,they first indirectly fet upon the Catho-
lick Church, by deftroying Altars, and Images,under colour of abufe, Ido-
latries,and liberty of confcience; and then upon the King, under that of the
Tyranny of his Governours together with the avarice, cruelty,and licenti-
oufnefs of the Souldiers.But in fine by the fuccour of ftrangers,the War was
carried on directly;and that with fo much dexterity,and good fucceffe, that
the King hath loft feven Provinces, and the faid Church, her exercife; in
fuch fort,as that Philip the fourth now raigning,by the articles of this Peace,
hath declared the faid Provinces Free States.
Let us now fee in what condition the Emperours affayrs are, after a loffe
fo little expected.
All his Subjects on this fide the Danub were fled for fear; and fome alſo,
on the other fide, faved their goods in Stirmark, and in the district of Salf-
burgh; in fuch fort,as that had the Swedes endeavoured to paffe the River,
though it were very large,all the hereditary Countries of the Houfe of Au-
ftria,would have run hazard of being handled like the reft of Germany. They
took Crembs by affault,and laid Siege to Brin. And hear it was,that Fortune
made a pauſe;gave the Imperialifts leafure to breath, and look about them,
as alſo the Inhabitants beyond the River, to put themſelves into better po-
fture.
The ficge of
Brin.
Brin.
The Governour of this place,was one Mons, de Souch, a native of Rochel, Mons de Sorch
who, upon fome very great difguft, had abandoned the Swedes, whom he governour of
had ferved with great zeal of Religion, and affection,and in the quality of a
Colonel, which charge he now poffeffed on the other Party. Torstenfon, af-
ter three weekes Siege,fummoned the Town,advertizing him,that in cafe of
refufal,there would be no quarter for him. He answered, That he would never
ask any; and that he would also give none. When a Gentleman of merit burns with
defire of revenge, and acquifition of honour, there is no difficulty which he willnot
Surmount.
Torſtenſon,after having made many affaults, mined, undermined,and caft The Siege rai-
a multitude of Granada's into the place,was forced to retire. And this Siege fed.
lafted four moneths,deſtroyed about four thousand Swedes, without counting
run-awayes, and attcheived the Governour an immortal reputation befides
the Emperours favour, who being defirous to diſtinguiſh this rare vertue from
the common,made him a Boron, and gave him, fome Lands, as alfo a place
in his Privy Counſel.
Torftenfon,as brave a General as ever was,after this crofs of Fortune,not be- Torftenfen
ing wellin health, withdrew his Army out of Moravia,refigned the Generalat quits the Gene-
into the hands of Wranghel, and paffed to thofe new Medicinal Fountaines ralat 1646.
newly discovered at Hornbawzen, in the Bishoprick of Halberstadt, 1646.
where there was then ſo huge a conflux of people,as if Germany had ſtilbeen
compleatly inhabited, General Wranghel took up his quarters in Turinghe,
in the Dutchy of Wirtembergh,and in Silefia,and Connixmarck,in the Bilho-
prick of Bremen, where it ſeemed, as if he intended to eſtabliſh his refi-
dence.
The Swedes changed their General, but not their profperity: for the Im- He retires into
perialiſts were as ill handled by wranghel, as they had been by Torftenfon, Sweden.
who retyred himself into Sweden, and was received by the Queen with
honours due to his merits, and the great fervices he had rendred that
Crown.
He
?
{
216
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
His death.
He dyed in the year 1650,and left a moft excellent odour of his vertues
every where, yea,even amongit his very Enemies themſelves.
Before we let down the motions of that fortunate Warrier Charles Gustave
Wranghel, we will relate the difference which chanced between the Land-
graves of Haffia, Darmstadt,and Caffel; the rather, becauſe it is mingled with
the fucceffe of his firft Field.
Why the Land-
grave George
remained con-
ftant.
A pretext to
make War up-
on him.
1
CHAP. XX I.
The difference which hapned between the two Families of the
Landgraves. The Battails of Mergendal,and Nortlinghen.
General Mercies death.
A
Mongſt all the Proteftants of Germany,none remained faithfull to the
be
Emperour,but only George Landgrave of Darmstadt, all the reſt be-
ing entred into the Swedish League. And he, finding no fubject to
take Arms, and fo flightly to break his Oath, obtained Newtrality of the
King of Sweden; and merited befides,to be called by Ferdinand himself, the
Faithful Prince. The chief motive of this immovable conftance of his, fhall
be inferted heer as I have learnt it,
The Landgrave William his Father,feeling himſelf decaying in his ftrength,
and drawing neer his end,fent for this George his Sonne; to whom,after ma-
ny good leſſons, and inftructions, he declared,as it were by a Prophetick
Spirit,that there would happen many Warrs in Germany againſt the Em-
perour, under the pretext of Religion; wherein Strangers would be allo
ingaged,being attracted by the defire, and occafion of making themfelves
great. And therefore,that he ſhould be fure to take heed of cafting himself
into that precipice;but that he fhould remain faithful to the faid Emperour;
without fuffering himfelf by any meanes to be diſtracted, or carried away,
to the ambition of any fuch people. Promife me (ſaid he) that you will never
abandon the Emperour's Party, unleffe he endeavour to force you, and your Subjects,
your Confcience. Which he did by Oath,and hath always obferved it hi-
therto;fo that he could not be loved by the Proteftant Party;neither was the
Newtrality he obtained, and fo religioufly obferved by him, fufficient to
keep him out of the dance; for, the Fidlers played about him,and made him
dance in defpight of his heart. But there must be a pretext,which was not
long to feek.Oh curſed, and deteftable Age |
in
Butfback, a place belonging to the faid Landgrave, was taken by Gene-
ral Giefe, for a puniſhment (as was faid) becauſe it had refuſed paffage co
Colonel St. Andrews Forces;or rather,for that indeed the Politick neceffity
of affaires required it,For,where this Maxime hath the upper hand, Juftice
is fhut out of door.
From thence the faid Giefe went to Marpurgh in Novem.1644.which Town
forthwith yeelded,and left the difpute to the Caftle; which was alfo,after
having briefly defended it felf,forced to bow the knee, in regard that the
Foot was already taken away.
By this unheard-of,and unexpected proceeding,againſt all Right,againft
faith,and promifesthis agreement,which had bin folemnly made,and fworn
between the two Branches of this moft illuftrious,and moft ancient Houfe
Haffiasthis Agreement, I fay,confirmed by the Emperour, approved by the
of Electoral Colledge,and the whole Empire,was quathed, by this invali
on; and that pacificali Prince George, induced to defend his Countrie] by
Arms,
PART.2.
217
The History of this Iron Age:
Arms, fince the Lawes, and the Columne,or Piller which ſupported them,
was too weak.
咁
​In a word, a War was kindled in that diſtrict,and the Swedes,who de-
fended the Lutheran Religion,and the Liberty of Germanys ranged them-
felves againſt this poor Lutheran Prince,in favour of the Calvinisticall Land-
gravinne,or Princeffe Landgrave their Alley. Maximes must be changed, accor-
ding to occafions; and the pretext of Religion, is but to amufe the Vulgar.
Some Lutherans were not a whit forry,to fee this Prince tormented: but
fuch as yet cheriſhed right,and juſtice, openly pittyed him. In brief, he ar-
med powerfully, and fet forth a Manifeft, against which the Landgravinne
publiſhed another, fo that the War was begun, both with the pen, and
with the pike. Indeed fhe could not take a fitter time; For, it is alwayes good,
to fish in troubled water,1646.
General Wranghel returned towards Haffia,took Hoxter,and Paderborne at
diſcretion, and cleanſed all thoſe parts from the Imperialifts, whileft they
were very bufiy about doing the like,in Moravia; where they retook Cremb's
with much trouble,and Corneuburgh with more. So that when Auftria was
beginning to refpire, by the retreate of the Swedes, an unexpected misfor-
tune put all the Court into Mourning, the Empereffe into her Tomb, and
the Religious Prince Ferdinand, into the greatest fadncile that any invinci- The death of the
ble Soule could be able to fuftaine. This Princeffe, being great with childe, Empereffe.
was ftifled by a Catharror Rheume, and univerfally regretted by all, for
her bounty, and other Imperial Vertues. The King of Spaines onely Son And of the
followed her, which fo much afflicted his Father, that it cauſed him a fick- Princeof Spain.
neffe.
Whileft theſe things paffed, General Mortaigne was taken by the Impe- Mortaigne pi-
rialiſts, and found furnished with certain papers, which contained fo exact, foner.
and perfect a Lift of the Imperial Army, and all other particulars belon-
ging to it, that many of the principal,and higheſt Officers, had not fo com-
pleat a knowledge thereof. Yea, and he affirmed befides, that there was
nothing done, nor any Order given, which was not forth with difcovered to
the Swedes; and therefore no wonder, if Victory marched with them, fince
Traitours marched with the Imperialiſts.
Whileft the Conquering Army was approaching Hafsia, and the Gene-
rals were making good cheare at Caffel, the Count of Holtfappel General of
the Elector of Coleins Forces, endeavoured to redreffe his Party, and to of-
fend her, whoſe Troops he had long Commanded.
!
Zonts, a little Town near Nuits, and five leagues from Colein, feated upon Zonts.
the Bank of the Rheyn, was very convenient for the Hafsians, and very often
courted both by enterpriſe, and open force; but alwayes fo valliantly de-
fended, that it never changed Mafters.
Whileft this fmall war was mennaged in this Bifhoprick, the motion
of theſe great Armies made all tremble, all fear, and all hope. For, never
were all parties feen ſo hot, as after the Treaty was begun at Munfter; in
fuch fort, as that fome tooke it for an amufement, and that the Strangers
would winne the whole Game, fince they had the better of the play.
Let us return to the French-weymarians who were grown proud by the ta-
king of Philipsburgh, and Mentz. The Duke of Anguien, after thefe brave
exploits, which made the Germans know, how much the valour of that Na-
tion is to be redoubted; returned into France with two Regiments. The
Bavarians, being incamped upon the River Necker, retook fome places, re-
victualled Friburgh; and having repulfed four thousand men, who attemp-
ted to croffe their defigne, took up their winter Quarters; as the Imperial-
ifts alfo did theirs, in Alfatia, Lorrain, and upon the Rheyn, where being re-
inforced with fome Regiments, they repaffed the River to feck the Bava-
Ff
Tians,
218
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
rians, who affembled their Troops, and to fhew that they were willing to
ftrike for it, prefented themſelves before their Enemies, upon the fifth of
May in the morning, 1645. The Conflict was horrible, and the dexterity
of that brave General Mercy was the maine inftrument of the whole Vict-
The Battel of Ory. John de Werdt,( who was now a Count) Colonel Colbe, and Spork, made
themſelves famous there. General Rofa, Smitbergh, and a great number of
Officers, fell into the Enemies hands, without counting the dead, and the
Viſcount of Turenne was purſued as farre as the Country of Haffia. There
were two Regiments, which were not at this Feaft, becauſe they came too
late; but howfoever, they were charged with the Run-awayes, and paid
their fhare of the Reckoning, as well as the reft.
Mergendal.
The Duke of
Aaguien re-
turns into Ger-
many.
This Battel being gained near Mergendal, raifed the drooping hearts,
and hopes of the imperialiſts, when they were almoft quite funke, by that
furious blow two moneths before, near Jankow in Bohemia; cauſed the con-
junction of the Hafsians, and Connixmarck, with the Marſhal of Turenne ; and
was likely to have faved La Mote, (which was besieged by Magalotti, and
defended it felfe bravely) made the Duke of Angmien haften, who with
twelve thouſand men (for,that kingdom is very populous, and the French
are Souldiers from their Cradle) arrived at Mentz; joyned with the other
Generals; made a ftand near Heidelbergh, and with a lufty, and puiffant
Army, marched in queft of his victorious Enemies who wondering from
whence fuch a multitude fo fuddainly came, reinforced themfelves with
four thousand men under General Gleen, and ſtayed near Nortlinghen, to the
great contentment of the faid Duke, that young Mars, who fought nothing
but Combats, to feed his generous ambition: Nor did his enemyes defire
it leffe then he, as not being men who were long to be fought. In briefe,
they clofed with fo much refolution, and courage, that it looked as if the
The laft Battel Monarchy of the whole univerfe had depended upon this Conflict. In effect,
of Nortling the number of perfons of condition flaine, was very great, and the Germans
have written, that the French Army was fo much ingaged, that without the
fuccour of the Hafsians, after fo fierce a Blood-letting, it would have
fainted.
hen, 1645.
The Duke of
Anguien re-
turns into
France.
The Battel lafted till night, and the death of brave Mercy, that Lorrain-
Baron, gave the Enemies fome advantage; for, they kept the Field, as I
have already ſaid. And really, after this Lords death, the Bavarian-Ármy
made no more then a meer Defenfive war; rather for want of good Com-
mand, then gallant Troops; but it was too dangerous to venter again,with-
out huge advantage, both Armies being fo extreamly weakened. The
French took Dunkelspiel, which was quickly retaken; and the Duke of An-
guien, no leffe courteous, then valliant, releafed his prifoner General Gleen,
with a noble preſents as Maximilian Duke of Bavaria, (who would not by
any means be vanquished, in curtefie) alſo did to the Marſhal of Grammont,
whom he fent back with a rich Coach.
In the mean time, the fupply of four thousand men, formerly conducted
by Gallaffo, arrived, and advanced with their General Gleen, to relieve Hail-
brun, which the French (though re-inforced with fome freth Troops) were
conftrained to forſake, and the Duke of Anguien, for want of health de-
parted out of Germany. In fine, the Arch-Duke being come, the French
made a diſorderly retreat, and took up their winter-quarters in Alfatia, and
Lorrain, where La Motte was rendred, and diſmanteled.
General Wranghel upon the other fide, attacked Statbergh, which yeelded
upon the fame conditions with the Towns before taken; but the Burghers,
or Townsmen, for having fhewed too much zeal for their own defence,were
facked, as a forfeit, for their duty, and conftancy. This approach gave an
Alarme, not onely throughout Weftphalia, but alſo upon the Rheyn: For,the
Swedish
PART.2.
219
The History of this Iron Age,
Swedish Army marched ſtraight to Marpurgh, and thence to Giefen, which
cauſed the Imperial, and Bavarian Troops to advance to the reliefe of that
Prince.
Hitherto, we have feen the Armies march apart; but now we will relate
what they did after this Conjunction; for,the Weymarians, having left the
The Armies
Siege of Frankendal, went alfo into Hafsia; and then both Armies incam-
march together.
ped at Weteraw. The Swedes got the Van, marched towards Hailbrue, and
fo ftraight to the Land of Promife. The Elector raised his Subjects," Bavaria.
who could not hinder their paffage, nor their pillage; fo that they took
Rain upon the Leck, and beſieged Auxburgh, from whence they were re-
pulfed by the Catholick Armies; but they got Landsbergh, and entred into
Bavaria.
Whileft theſe things were in agitation, there was a Treaty for a Truce,
at Ulme; though every where elſe, the War was carried on by parties ;
as General Wittemberghin Silefia,against Monte-Cucoli; and Tefte de Corbean,
againſt Melander, in the Diocefe of Colein.
When the Swede, and French had been fome time in Bavaria, they de- The Conquerors
parted thence, and circumfuſed themſelves, throughout all Swaveland, even in Bavaria; the
to the very Frontiers of Tirol, and the Lake of Baden. They attacked the Imperialis pur-
Caſtle of Bregants, which they took with incredible fucceffe,and made there- fue them.
by appeare, that their valour was conforme with the report which flew e-
very where, of their repution, and glory. They alfo deftroyed an Army of
Peaſants, and chafed them out of many Holdes; in fuch fort, as that this
victory alarmed all Swifferland,and made men believe, that Wranghel would The Swedes be-
take Lindaw, Conftance, and all the Places upon the faid Lake. He befet the fore Lindaw.
former of the two, which taught him that God limits Victories; for the Be-
fieged made fo generous refiftance, that he was compelled to quit the Siege,
after he had continued it two moneths. But the Imperialiſts had better luck,
at the Siege of Wy fembergh in Nortgaw, of which place, though it were ex-
ceffively ſtrong, they grew Mafters, after the attack of fome weeks. Had
they made fuch a bufinefs of it before wyfembergh, as the Swedes did before
Lindaw, they had been reduced to the ftate of a troublefore and weake De-
fenfive, for many moneths after.
Wyfembergh
taken.
i
CHAP. XXII.
The exploits of the Swedes, upon the Confines of Swifferland,
alarme the Cantons. Gallaffo's death. Melander, General
of the Imperial Armies
He prodigious Succeffes of the Swedes alarmed all that
part of Swiffer-
land, which lies near the Lake,and carried terrour to the very Gates of The Swiffets
Italy. Whereupon, the Arch-Duke of Infpruck follicited the Cantons to an are alarmed.
Offenfive, and Defenfive Allyance, againſt theſe Conquerours; but found
leffe warmth amongst the Proteftants, as being farther from the fire, then
amongſt the Catholicks. However, fome Aflemblies were made, whercin
a reſolution was taken, to raiſe fome thouſands of men, to guard the ap-.
proaches, and order for more, in caſe of neceffity; and then, Embaffadours
were dispatched to General Wranghel, who well knowing how dangerous it
was to move this ſtrong Body, treated them with more courtefic, then he
had formerly done Charles Duke of Burgundy, and promifed them to main-
F f 2
taine
a
PART.2.
220
The History of this Iron Age.
*
Whom the
French cannot
lull asleep.
taine good friendſhip, and Newtrality with them. The French Embaſſa-
dours, on the other fide, endeavoured to lull them afleep, by affuring them
of their Kings fincere intentions. But, after the taking of Bregants of the
ſtrong Caſtle of Argents; of fome Iflands, the danger wherein Conftance
was by this new progreffe, and the Siege of Oberling begun by General T-
renne, and that of Lindaw by the Swedes; the faid Swiffers rowled themſelves
out of their drowfineffe, and calling to minde their own interefts which
were ſtronger then all the affurances theſe cunning Conquerours could give
them; run to their Arms, and adviſed their new Neighbours to retire from
They run to their their Borders; for that their Subjects had been ill treated by fome Swedish
Souldiers; and moreover, becauſe they had taken Conftance into their pro-
tection. The Swedes wanting Forradge, blew up the Caftle of Bregants,
razed fome Forts, and marched towards Francony; and the French, towards
Wirtembergh. This retreate manifefted that their Myne was difcovered,
The Swedes re- and that it was moft dangerous to ſtay till they were farther detected. The
Fowler fings Sweetly, to catch the Bird.
Arms.
tire.
They treat of
a Truce, which
is granted onely
to the Duke of
Bavaria.
Ferdinand
This action hindred not the Treaty at Ulme for a Ceffation of Arms;
which was granted the Elector of Bavaria; but the Emperours Deputies
could obtaine nothing; for they had refolved to pluck off his Crown, and
deſtroy his Houfe, but in vaine; for, it will not fall, how fierce affaults fo-
ever they give it.
It looked, as if the Emperour would not be able to uphold himſelfe any
more, fince both his Arms (namely, the Electors of Bavaria and Saxony)
had fought their repofe, in the promiſe of the two Crowns, which aimed at
no other Peace, then that of entire Victory, or Conqueft. Howfoever, he
loft not his courage, though he were in the middle of fo many Enemies,
and abandoned by his Allyes, yea, of almoſt all his States; which, for their
own particular intereft, left that of the Empire deftitute, and expofed to
Strangers; and yet notwithſtanding, in the Treaty for redreffe, or rectifi-
cation of Affairs, every one of them would enjoy his Right as well as he,
though they forlook the Common Caufe. On the one fide, Ragoski kept
him alwaycs in action; and on the other, the Conquering Armies, after ha-
ving dulled, or fubjugated, almoſt all Germany, came and fell in upon his
Hereditary Lands. And this Field having given them plunder for their
labour, and appeaſed a potent Enemy; what had they more to do, then
to ſeize upon Auftria, and fhare the Double, or Spred-Eagle betwixt them?
For, behold the Ship ſplit amongst the waves, and raging Seas, abando-
ned by all the Seamen; attacked by three terrible windes at once, and gar-
ded onely by the Mafter himſelfe; fo that the muft needs make Shipwrack.
But if the do, they who have deſerted her, will not get afhore; and the
Confederates, who think now, to have her good cheap, will fnapthem one
after another, without any difficulty at all. Their procedings fufficiently
diſcover what their intention is.
Ferdinand the third, notwithstanding fo many troubles; the retreat of fo
many friends, and the number of fo many enemies, loft not his care of the
bolds out, he Empyre. For, it is after the loffe both of Mafts, and Anchors, and at the
calls the Me point of fplitting, or finking, and when all counfell is loft; that the good
ther of God to Marriner makes his induftry appear. Great fpirits never lofe hope, nor cou
belp him.
rage. To whom doth he addreffe himſelf in this revolution? Not to Turks,
or Infidells; but to him, to whom his Father had alfo recourfe, when he
was befieged in Vienna, For, he is Heyr to his Chriſtian vertues, and hath
nothing short of his devotions. He cauſed to be erected an Image of the
Virgin Mary, Mother of God, directed his Vowes to her; took her for
Patroneffe, and Advocate; not only of himſelf, but of all his fubjects of
Auftria, his People, and his Armies, with a fine prayer to God Almighty,
and
PART.2.
221
The History of this Iron Age.
and with ſo much religious zeal, that all the by-ftanders could not fufficient-
ly admire this good Prince. They, who know not, that the honour which
is given to that Mother, returns to God himself, to glorify his Incarnation,
diſapproved of this piety; others ftood amazed, to fee, that in fo thick
a cloud as was ready to burft upon him, there was no other defence, or oppo-
fition made, then that which would not be able to stop that impetuous tor-
rent. But chear up; for,the water rifes much above it, without paffing; and
the enemies violence will flacken.
Melander, tal-
led Holczip-
pel, General of
Generall Gallaſſo having paid his tribute to Nature, the Command was
conferred upon Melander, Count of Holtzappel, who put the Militia in Difci-
pline again, and made the Rendezvous of his forces, near Budiceis. And the Imperial
Wranghel being retyred out of Swaveland, (as we have already faid) unexpe- Army.
pectedly attacked the ftrong Town of Swinsfort, which by great fortune, he
brought under obedience to the Miftreffe thereof; and the Governour,
for having flighted the notice of the enemies approach, had fufficient time
to repent.
We left the French-Weymarians in Wirtembergh, and now we will follow
them to the Rheyn, and into the Country of the Landgrave of Darmstadt,
where they made a deplorable fhipwrack, upon the Lands of a Prince,
who had not difpleafed, but by his too conftant fidelity. Some little
while after, the Marthall of Turenne, having received order to joyn
with the Marshalls Gaffion, and Rantzaw in Flanders, fo to stop the
courſe of the Arch-Duke's victories, found himself furprized by a fud-
dain difunion amongft his Troops; for, the Germans divided themfelves
from him, and fent Complaints to the King. In a word, they would
not goe out of Germany, but ranged themſelves under General Conninx-
marck, which had almoft brought fome diforder, betwixt the two con-
quering Crownes. But a fmall rain makes not the Rivers overflow their
banks; and they, who thought, in this alteration, to attract them to
their party, advantaged nothing at all; for the Tower which they at-
tacked, was not yet fallen.
upon the other fide, Iohn de Werdt, and Sporck were like to have de-
bawched, or corrupted feven, or eight Regiments of the Bavarian Ca
valry, to conduct them into the Imperiall Army in Bohemia: but they
iffued not fo well as Spar upon Warendorf in the Province of Munster;
and fo they betook themfelves ill accompanied, to the faid Army,
there to poffeffe great Offices. But this action ſtirred up jealoufie; and
the Electour had much adoe to quench it. They who poffeffe Goods by
force, are all alwayes miſtruſtfull.
Ff 3
CHAP.
222
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
cretion.
CHAP. XXIII.
The taking of Swinsfort, and Eger. Lamboy, and Conninx-
marck camped before Rene. The taking of the Retschin.
The Siege of Prague.
Enerall Wranghel,having taken Swinsfort at difcretion, and refreſhed his
forces in the Bishopricks of Franconie; marched into Behemia, and fent
for Generall Wittembergh, who was in Silefia; and fo,with a very gallant Ar-
Eger besieged, my ingroffed or augmented by many Troops, he belieged Eger, a ſtrong
Town in Bohemia, Melander with the Imperial Army, haftened all he could,
to fuccour a place of fo great importance; but either the Eagles appeared
too late, or elſe the Governour yeelded too foon; and indeed the Swedes lo
Teelds upon dis much exerciſed the Garrison with continual Affaults, notwithſtanding the
loffe of men, that he furrendred at diſcretion; and that, at the fame
time when the Van-guard approached, to give notice of the fuccour; but
he paid dearly for it; for, he was beheaded. It is true, that Ladron, who had
rendred Swinsfort upon the fame terms (for,wranghel gave no other) was ac-
quitted for a forfeit of mony; a chaftifement little proportionable to the
crime committed: For what cannot Gold, and favour do? But this pro-
ceeding of a forrain Generall, in the middle of the Empyre, and in Towns,
which enjoyed many Priviledges,was abhorred; for it diminiſhed the Sove
raign who chaſtifed the Rebels,for having taken Arms againſt him. Was
not this to remove himſelf from the pretext of the Liberty of Germany.
The Army encamped neer Eger,a league beyond that of theSwedes,where
there happened many fharp skermiſhes; and Ferdinand being once furprized
in the midft of his Troops, found himſelf in fome danger. But there grew a
fierce encounter, wherein his enemies were worsted, and Helm Wranghel kil
led, with more then thirteen hundred of his men; and fo the Swedes, after
the lofs of feme Standards, retreated into Turingh, and Brunswick, and Me-
Lander being ſtill at their heels, and not able to draw them to a General Bat-
tail, and unfatisfied befides, with the Landgravinne of Hafsia; fell upon that
Country, where he played Rex, retook the Town (not the Caftle) of Mar-
purgh, and fo returned into Franconie. But General Wranghel found no lefs
freindship in the Dutchy of Brunswick, then his Predecessors had done;
for he recruted his Army, and put it in good order; one part of his Cavalry
mounted, and the fouldiers in the Field, to drive the Imperialiſts out
of Hafsia, who melted like fnow before the Sun, whileft the Swedes
recollected themfelves, and grew ftronger. Oh ftrange Metamor-
phofis!
The Swedes
beaten.
Go into Brunf-
wick, and the
Imperialists
into Haflia.
Conninx-
phalia.
upon the other fide, Conninxmarck, that brave Captain, was in the
Bishoprick of Bremen, where he stood not ftill, but in a very fhort space, took
the Fortress of Wecht, and many more, with almoſt as much fuccefs, as Pa-
marck in Weft- penheim had done; but by drawing fo near Manfter, he went fo far beyond
his duty, and promife made, that he had almoſt diſturbed,and broken that
moſt illuftrious Affembly, in fo holy and neceffary a work, for all Chriften-
dome. Infomuch as Lamboy, reinforced with fome of the Duke of Lorraine's
Troops, was fain to go into Weftphalia, and East-Freezland, to make a notable
diverfion. But this Inroad was difpleafing to the States, who in favour of
their Allies, made him depart, and Conninxmarck hafted thither, to beat
him. They were almoſt the whole Summer incamped near Rene, a little
Town of the aforefaid Bishoprick, which was fet on fire by the faid Conninx-
Lamboy
makes head
against him:
marks
PART.2.
223
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
mark's Bombs, and not taken for, not being able to draw his Antagoniſt to
a Combat, nor cut off his victualls, he forfook that Country, and left the In-
habitants as little forry for his departue, as the Saxons had been before. It is
faid, that his hat falling once from his head, when he was on horfe-back,
was found, and brought to him full of water; and he being wholly amazed
at this myſtery, thewed it to his Minifter, who not moved at all thereat, pre-
fumed to tell him, that it was the teares of the poor people, whose houses he had
caufed to be fired. I know not, whether this be a ftory made on purpofe, to
render him odious, and the better to paint out his rigorous proceedings, and
to deface fo many gallant actions as he had performed; but howfoever, it
is alſo true, that he was very cruell. Be it what it will, he did the
Crown of Sweden many molt remarkable ſervices; the laft whereof
which was the moſt admirable, moſt profitable and moſt important,
was that memorable enterprize upon the great City of Prague, which ha-
ftened the Peace; as you fhall forthwith fee in few words.
A certain Colonell of the Imperial Army, being difgufted with the
fervice, and having conceived fome difdain againft his Mafter, fhewed
him this trick, whereby Ferdinand found himſelf neceffitated to conclude
the Treaty of Munster, and furrender his enemies, many of his Rights.
Poor Prince! The wicked rife up against thy vertue, and Traitours endeavour
to diſpatch that, which thy open enemies cannot destroy or fubdue. Conninx-
mark being advanced to the Fronteer of the Kingdom, he addrefsed
himſelftohim, fhewed him the facility of furprizing the Retfchin, or Small
fide, as they called it, (for by reaſon of the River, there are many Townes
within Prague) offered himſelf to lead on his Troops, and be the firſt to ſcale
the wall, inthe Affault. Conninxmarck being confirmed by fome Horſe-
men which he had taken, that the condition of the place was juft as he told The enterprize
him, marched fpeedily, entered eafily, and furprized many Officers upon the Reif-
in their beds, (amongit whom was old Coloredo) and found fo much booty,
chin fucceeded.
as was more troubleſome to be carried away, then the place had been to
be taken. This Croſs of Fortune muſt alfo needs fall upon this pious
Prince, which had been enough to ſtagger him, had he not fixed the an-
chor of his hopes, upon an immovable foundation.
The Prince Palatine Charles-Guftave being created Generalifsimo or chicf
Generall, arrived from Sweden with five or fix thouſand men; and having
encreaſed his Army by fome Regiments drawn out of Pomerania, and the Prince Charls
Archbishoprick of Bremen, he advanced towards Prague; where we will Gustave goes to
let him do a great work, and make a turn back into Bavaria,
CHAP. XXIV.
The breach of the Truce with the Duke of Bavaria. A Tempeft
the Elbe. Melander's death. The Peace of Germany.
The death of the King of Denmark, and Uladiflaus
upon
of Poland. Caffimir fucceeds him.
The Truce which was made between the French, the Swedes, and the
Bavarians 1648. lafted not long; for it was broken, about the begin-
ning of this Field, not without great complaints on both fides; the one party
being accuſed of perfidy, and the other of cheatery. Indeed if we would ſeek
in the fuccefs of this laft action, him, who deferved the blame, through the
unhappineſs of chance, we ſhould finde it to be the good old Duke of Bavaria,
who was little beloved by the Conquering Party, becaule he was too wife,
and well adviſed. But if we will hearken to his reafons, we ſhall be quickly
Prague.
of
#
224
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
A ftorme at
Hamburgh,
1648.
mark,and Po-
land.
of another opinion; though when there is queftion of Conquett, words are
rejected, as weak, and idle; and ſuch as wear the ſword, to make them-
felyes mafters of other mens goods, without any other form of proceeding
then that of occafion, very often pafs the bounds of newtrality, and tocom-
plain of them, is to offend them.
He ſaw all the conjurated Nations croffe the Danub again, and fall upon
Bavaria, and ruine it; except only one part thereof guarded by a River,
(which they could not paffe) and by his Troops which were mad to fee their
hands tyed up.
They, who have made any obfervations upon the Tragedies of Germany,
have reported, that the greateſt loffes incurred by the Imperialifts, proceed-
ed, either from cafting themſelves too foon upon pillage, in the advantage
of fome Battail; or elfe from jealoulies. I will not touch upon the inevitable
Rule of Fate, nor Treafon, by which the braveft men are ſometimes attrap-
ped, nor many other accidents, from which the most confiderate, and vigi-
lant are not able to defend themselves; in fuch fort, as if we weigh the for-
ces by Politick Prudence, we ſhall finde, that it would not have been poffible,
in humane apparence, any way to hurt this moft Auguſt Houſe.
Upon the 24. of November,there role fo furious a tempeft in Holstein, and
cfpecially at Hamburgh,and upon the Elbe, with fuch an Earthquake, that
it was imagined, that Dooms-day was come; and that both Heaven,
and Earth fed, before the face of the Judge, irritated by the effuſion, of fo
The death of the much innocent bloud: but the end is not yet arrived. Good King Chrifti-
Kings in Den- an,furvived not this ftorme, which feemed to have Prognofticated his de-
parture, he was followed by King Vladislaus, a Prince of much happi-
neffe; however he met with fome repugnance, and much jealouſie amongſt
the Nobility,about the defign which he had,to make a new order of Knight-
hood;as alſo about that great Army, which he had newly raiſed, with the
Duke of Valachia,and fome other Allyes,againft the Turks,(in apparence)
and with the money of the Venetians. For,the Swedes having fmelt the bufi-
neffe,
and the Polanders yet more, it was remonstrated to him, that theſe
Leavies ought not to be made, without the confent of the Senatours. In
fine,being tyred,and almoft tranfported by thefe importunities,and diftrufts,
he condefcended to the licentiating,or difbanding of the forces, and fo that
fire was extinguiſhed, without noife.But this difmiffion was advantagious
to the Swedish General Wirtembergh, and to the French alſo, who got three
thouſand of the Souldiers to their ſervice.
Indeed, all other Kings acquired by their great proſperity,and fucceffe,
more authority, and respect from their fubjects,and more liberty to under-
The Polanders take; but this,by his famous,and remarkable Victorics, made the Poles more
jealous of their ftudious of the prefervation of their priviledges which they wilnever looſe by
Priviledges. flattery,for which they are rather to be prailed,then imitated.
This warlike Prince was much troubled, after having fo well danced in
the round againſt the Turke,and Mufcovits,to fit ftill, whileft the faid dance
was hotteſt,almoſt every where. For his generous Spirit was bound, by the
plots of his enemies, who feared the effects thereof,for that they might, pe-
radventure,have redowned to the profit of the Houſe of Austria. His Bro-
Cafimir fuc- ther fucceeded him by election,and by a difpenfation,married the Princeffe
of Nevers,his Widow.
His Brother
ceeds him.
Melander the
nerall.
Melander,having for many ftrong reafons,been elevated to the dignity of
Emperours Ge- commanding all the Imperial Armies,promifed no leffe, then the redreffe,
or reftauration of the Emperours credit,through all Germany; but that foo-
liſh, and dammageable paffion had more prævalencie upon the mindes of
fome certain perfons,then their Maſters fervice. For, they murmured, that
this charge was given to a Calvinift; and that a man of mean condtion,
Was
PART.2.
225
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
was preferred before fo many great Lords of merit, and illuſtrious extraction;
whereof he not being ignorant,laboured upon the firft occafion, to render
fo great proofs of his vertue,and zeal, as that every one might be moved by
his example to prefer their Princes occafions, before their own particular
interefts;one whereof you shall forthwith fee.
The Swedes paffed the Danub at Lawing; and he faced them magnani-
mouſly neer Anxburgh; but not being feconded by Greensfeldt, (a fault like
that which he committed at the Battail of Hamelen) he chofe rather to dye, Is killed, 164.
then flinch,and fo facrificed his life,and that of two thouſand men befides,to
the paffion of his Emulatours.
By this Combat, Bavaria was laid open, and the Inhabitants ruined by
both Armies; for, however the Imperialists, and Bavarians were ſtronger
then the Conquerours, they were faine nevertheless, to content themselves
with tormenting them onely by furprifes, and Encounters, whileft the old
Town of Prague defended it felfe ftoutly, and fo repulfed the Chief Ge-
neral that he could not take it, and loft above four thousand of his men be-
fore it.
which
Now, whereas there be fome Seafons fo rainy now and then,that though
the Sun do fhew himſelf by fits, and thereby give hope of fome change; the
weather nevertheleffe returns to rain, and continues fo long, that it makes
folks deſpaire of ever feeing it fair again: Juft fo, this difmall war,
began in the year 1618, looked,as it would laft always: however there were
many fair intervalls: For, mens hearts were fo puffed up with ambition, that
it was beleived, that it would never be ended, but with the end of the world.
But what feems impoffible to man, is not to God.
Moreover, the moft zealous Proteftants fancyed to themſelves, that the
Catholick Religion being divided by the Arms of France, might be eafily
annibilated, and then the Conquerours would have all or nothing.
The Plen potentiary-Embaſſadours, had already treated at Munster, and
Osnabrugh, the space of four years, when it pleafed at length, the Father of
light, to diffipate the darkneſs of ambition, and to fend back
poor Germany: which was fo much tottered, difpeopled, and defert, that it
peace into
was not any more to be known. The Tragedy both began,and ended in the and ended in
City of Prague. Great God grant this Peace may laſt, till the coming of Prague.
thy Son our Lord, Amen.
It is here to be marked, that after the death of King Gustave, of Lewis
the thirteenth, and the Landgrave William, the Daughter of the firft, and
the widowes of the two others, continued the war againſt the Emperour,
by their Generals, with fo great conftance, profperity and glory,that he had
very little lefs trouble, and lofs, then he had before. Moreover, the hatred,
which the Conquerours fhewed towards the Hollanders, for the Compofiti-
on which they had made, rendred their deſign evident enough.
The war begun
The Fence
The Peace was conluded,ordered,and figned at Munfter,and the Inftru-
ments thereof fent to the principall perfons concerned, to be rarified: which
was effected, and a Diet convocated at Nurembergh, there to treat about the made at My
reftitution of Places, and the diſmiſſion of the Armies, as alſo of the meanės ſt…..,1649.
to content the Swediſh Militia,
Such as had their fwords in their hands, were not ill handled; The king-
dom of Bohemia was declared Hereditary to the Houſe of Auſtria, and put
out of difpute with Silefia, and Moravia. The upper Palatinat, and the Ele-
Corall Dignity to the House of Bavaria.
The Crown of Sweden retaines Pomerania, except only that part, which
is called the Hinder-Pomerania, and the Archbishoprick of Bremen, which is
fecularized into a Dukedom; Item the Town of Wifmar, and Meckelem- The gain of the
burgh. The Marquis of Brandenburgh hath, in recompence, the Bishoprick Conquerours.
G g
of
226
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
of Magdeburgh, which is alfo fecularized, and fome other befides.
There are moſt ample Treatiſes written of this Peace, to which I refer
the Reader: but I will firft tell him, that there are eight Electors, and that
the Prince Palatin is re-establiſhed in the lower Palatinat, France hath Bri-
fack, and a good part of Alfatia, with the renunciation of the Empire, to the
pretenfions of the Bishopricks of Metz Thoul, and Verdun.
The Complaints of the Houſe of Burgundy, and the Duke of Lorraine's
affairs, were remitted to a particular Treaty between the two Crowns.
Thus ended the great Revel, or Dance in Germany, which laſted about
thirty years, wherein all the Nations of Europe had their part.
Thus was the Emperour Ferdinand the third delivered from fo
many
troubles, and vexations, who firs yet at the Helme of this noble Veſſel,
Thus every body was contented, in apparence at leaſt, however there be
fome, who could have withed to dance longer.
Thus was the Maske laid aſide, and the defign of the French and Swedes
diſcovered, who vanted, that they took Arms, only for the liberty of Ger-
many.
Thus, were the Germans in exceffive joy; and in fome care alſo, to finde
mony, to pay the Charges, content the Minftrills, and the Dancers, and
take their leave.
Let them go to Nurembergh fo weary with having danced fo much, that
they can hardly ftand upon their feet, and let us tranfport our felves into
Italy, to fee, whether that prudent Nation, dances with better grace, and
more judgement,
CHAP. XXV.
Pope Urbans death. The wars of Italy, and Catalunia.
THe
He war which was made upon the Emperour by the Swedes, had fo di-
vided the people of Europe, that there were very few perfons to be
found, who fhewed not themſelves either glad, or fad, upon the iffue of any
remarkable Battel.
The Lutherans,who looked upon it only for the intereft of their Doctrine,
were afraid leaft, if the Emperour grew victorious, he fhould deprive them
of the exerciſe thereof by a Reformation, and retake from them all the Ec-
clefiaftical Lands, and Poffeffions.
The Catholicks, guided by zeal, were inwardly afflicted, at the decline,
or decay, of that Great Houfe, which alone fuftained the hatred of the Pro-
teftants; and could not forbeare to murmur,and cry out aloude againſt Pope
The Complaints Urban, whom they conceived to be tyed to the Intereſts of France. How is
of the most zea- it poffible (laid they) that the Common Father of Chriftians should, either by fe-
lous Catholicks. cret agitations, plot the ruin, or refift the defignes of a House, by which he is so pow-
હું
erfully propped? She bath raised a just quarrel, both for her own intereft, and that
of the whole Clergy; is grown odious to the contrary Party, and bath hazarded her
States. And notwithstanding all these effential reasons, he depended wholly upon
Cardinal Richelieu, what can be expect, after the destruction of the Empire, but
another inundation of the Goths in Italy, who will fack Rome, and evert the Holy
Chaire? He prefers the advancement of his Nephews, before the care of the
Church, whileft the Protestants, and fome feigned Catholicks, are labouring to a-
bolish, and overthrow her.
The praiſes which the Proteftants gave him,by ſaying that he was a moſt
learned, and able man, and a good Politician, and that he did very well, to
con-
PART.2.
227
The History of this Iron Age,
contribute to the humbling, and abafing of this Houfe; which if fhe could
once come to her end, would make but a fimple Chaplaine of him,and take
away part of his Authority; augmented, and grounded their complaints
yet more. But he, in defpight of all theſe noifes, leaned alwayes towards Pope Urban af-
France. For, the interefts of States enter as well into the Conclave, as thole felionate to
of the Church. He forbore not for all that,to exhort the Princes to Peace,and France.
to promiſe Ferdinand fome fuccour, whereof there appeared fome effects
now and then.
This unhappy Age could not produce but miferable fruits, fince the Ec-
clefiafticks, as well as the Seculars, forfook Gods Caufe, to ferve their owa
irregular Paffions, and evil Cuftomes. Some, inftead of quenfhing this fire,
kindled it on every fide, and in Italy it felfe; yea, they were the Minftrills
themſelves of this Univerfal Revel, or Dance, which hath violated the The Cardinals
the Minftrills
Church, and her Sacraments, deftroyed the Theological, and Cardinal Ver- of the great
rues, and utterly extinguiſhed Chriftian Charity.
Ball.
This good Pope left this mortal habitation the nine and twentieth of July,
1644. after having held the Chaire about two and twenty years; a very The Popes
knowing man, and a good Poet. A little before his deceaſe, he had almoſt death, 1644.
all Italy in arms against him, for the Dutchy of Caftro, and fome other pre-
tentions of divers partyes; but by the King of Francés interceffion all was ac-
commodated ;forthis war,being dammageable to the Catholick Doctrine,
and advantageous to the Proteftant, was quickly lulled aſleep; and ſo St.
Peter's Ship hath not quite made Shipwrack yet, by the tempeft of ſcandals.
The Duke of Bouillon, being forced to make a change of Sedan, for ano- The Duke of
ther piece of Land, went fecretly, with his wife, out of France, and foto Bouillon goes
Rome, to Command Pope Urban's Army; but he arrived there after the to Rome.
Peace was figned. In this quarrel of State, the Treaſures of the Church
were confumed, and ſcandals took alſo their place.
Cardinal Pamphilio being feventy two years old, was elected to the Holy Cardinal Pam~
Chaire, and the Faction of the Barbarins miſtically overthrown. For,the fuc- philio chofen
cour demanded of the King of Spain being refuſed, and a Victory gained Pope.
upon them near Petigliano, Te deum was fung at Florence, and other places.
The lofs of Tortona by the French, a ftrong place which opened the paf-
fage, from Milan to Genua 1643. was recompenced by the taking of Trino,
and Ponteſtura; and the fame year, Piccolomini extorted Monzon from them
alfo, which much incommodated the Arragonians, notwithstanding the
dammage which the Portuguezes put upon the Caftillians, by a puissant di-
verfion.
This great General, after having given markes of valour, as well in Spain
as in the Empire, repafsed with much danger into Flanders, where Affaires
required his preſence.
In this conjuncture, the Alores were defired to fall upon the King of
Spain, who, as it ſeems, had not Enemies enow yet. They did it, and be- The Mores be-
fieged Oran; but twelve Gallyes made them repent of thrufting themselves fiege Oran, and
into the Dance, and abandon the Siege, together with the defire allo of a beaten.
dancing any more. But the Portuguezes had better luck then theſe Barba-
rians, in a certain Encounter, wherein being routed, and the Conquerours
upon pillage, they raylled, defeated them, and killed above fifteen hundred
ofthemupon the place.
The great Victory gotten upon the French before Terragona, and Lerida, Te Deum fung
(which were retaken by famine) caufed Te deum to be fung at Madrid, at at Madrid, and
the fame time that it was alfo fung at Paris, for the taking of Graveling. But at Paris.
very fhortly after, both Courts put on Mourning, for the death of the Queen
of Spain, Sifter to Lewis the Juft; and the Count of Harcourt went to take
the Place of Monfieur de la Motte, who was fallen, by thefe loffes, ſo farre
Gg 2
into
228
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
lunia.
into difgrace, that all his former gallant actions were not able to maintain
him; as ifforfooth, it were poffible to be alwayes a Conquerour, and keep
Fortune in a chaine. But he who governs all things, difpofes alfo of Vict-
ories as he pleafes. For this brave Count before he came thence, experimen-
ted the fame difgrace, and the fame lot, and had enough to do, to fave him-
felfe from the Confpiracy of the Catalunians, and fuch others as envyed his
glory.
The French, who had won fo many Battels, taken fo many Towns; fub-
dued fo many Provinces, and refuſed to advantagious a Peace,had the fame
luck which their Generals had, and faw their Enemies again, in the heart of
their Kingdom. When a worke is done, it is ea fie to finds out faults.
Harcourt, having by his prefence, and a ſtrong fuccour, put things in fe-
curity, befieged, and took Rofa, after ſuch a defence, as made him in doubt
Harcourt vid- of a good iffue; pafsed the River of Segra; beat the Enemy almoſt as oft
orious in Cata as he durft fhew himselfe,and made Te Deum be lung as often at Paris,as the
other Generals did, who were in Flanders: He took Balaguer, by an admi-
rable chance, repulſed his enemies, who endeavoured to relieve it, and fent
the fright even to the very Gates of Madrid. The Spaniards hands were be-
nummed with blowes, and their eyes dazled,by the glory of fo great a Cap-
taine, and fome Towns,in fuch confufion as is ordinarily brought by tumult.
But let us fee how they do in Italy.
Prince Tho-
mas in Italy.
Prince Thomas, having feized upon Ponteftura, made St. Ja, and Vingue-
vano allo fubmit, the Spaniards not being able to exceed the terms of a De-
fenfive War. But this prevident Nation defended the blowes by retyring,
and craftily gave way to the heat of the French, expecting in the coole there-
of, an occafion to hurt, and take revenge.
The Barbarins, being hated by the Pope, and neceffitated to give account
The Barbarins of the Treaſures of the Church, befought the favour of France, from which
disgraced.
they were not fallen, but to return with more fplendor, and obtain her pro-
tection. But Cardinal Anthonie's flying away with vaft Summs of money,
fo much kindled the choler of his Highneffe, that he stopped his cares, to all
fuch as interceded for their reconciliation; flighted the menaces which
came from beyond the Mountaines, and the reports which would needs
make him paffe for a Spaniard. In effect, he diſapproved the Allyance made
with the Enemies of the Catholick Church, whofe interefts he embraced
with more zeal then his Predeceffour.
This mift troubled the ferenity of Italy, and made the French arme, and
Crbitello be- laya Siege, both by Sea, and Land, before Orbitello. But they were beaten
freged, 1645. upon both Elements; Monfieur de Breze's head taken off by a Canon-bail,
and Prince Thomas compelled to raiſe the Siege in confufion. They com-
plained of the Pope, for his having permitted the Neaples-Forces to paſſe
through his Countries; to which he anſwered, that he had done them the
fame favour.
Lerida befie-
ged.
This loffe was repaired in the year 1646. by that happy Captain La
Meilleraye, who having fitted the Fleet, went, and feized upon Piombino,and
Portolongono, which he fortified.
The Count of Harcourt's eyes being dazled by the charmes of fmiling For-
tune, went and laid Siege before the ftrong Town of Lerida, and affaulted
it violently; but the great refiftance of the Garrifon, and the difficulty he
found to mine, made him refolve to take it by Famine. The Governour, to
fpare his provifions, fent all the women, and children out of the Place, who
almoſt all died with hunger, in the ditches. A great cruelty, though it pal-
fed for a feat of war ; for a neceffity of State, and for acquifition of honour.
But behold the inconftance of this imaginary Goddefs; They, who had
been ſo often knock't by this great General, recollected themſelves, and
ven-
PART.2.
229
The History of this Iron Age.
-
ventured to affront him in his Trenches, out of which they beat him after
the third alsault, and made him leave Camp, Canon, and Baggage," with
great number of dead men, and prifouers behinde hun. Teis Attack was
made the twentieth of October by the Marquis of Leganes, who had exprefs Is succoured by
Command, either to fuccour the Town, or to die in the attempt.
This michance was followed by another at Sea, where twenty French French beaten.
Leganes, the
Gallyes were beaten by feventeen Spanish, and near two thouſand French
perithed in the Combat.
In fine, Harcourt obtained leave to return into France, and the Prince of
Conde fucceeded, to make Shipwrack of fo many Victories as well as he, a-
gainst that inchanted Rock, which was as fatal to the French, as Cafal had
been to the Spaniards; nor was all that great preparation both of men, and The Prince of
money able to fave him from it. For, thinking to overcome a Place, which Conde in Ca-
had in vaine been attacked, by two fo great Warriers,he befieged it,whileft
Harcourt was at Paris in great efteem, where his vertue had already fo far
triumphed over all fuch as envyed him, as that nothing was wanting, but
the issue of this Siege.
talunia.
Befieges Leri-
The King of Sweden, when he was going to give the brave Count of Tilly
battel, was heard to utter thefe words; If Fortune be against me, it will not
have been any great affront to me, to have lost, against a man; who hath alwayes
been victorious; but if ſhe look, upon me, with a propitions eye, what glory will be
due to me, for having furmounted a Mars who hath been alwayes invincible?
This young Alexander, fwolne with Victories, continued the Siege; but da in vaine.
meeting with the fame impoffibilities, the fame disbandings, and the ftrong
relief which was near at hand; he was faine to withdraw himselfe, from a
place, which was fo difafterous to the French. God hath limited Conquefts;
and therefore let him come back into France, where he was referved for
great
Leaves the
affairs. For the horrible Change, which hapned at Neaples; the Country.
Comedy mingled with blood; and the Tragedy interlarded with ridicu
lous accidents; will not fuffer us to ftay any longer in Catalunia, whether the
King fent the Marſhal of Schoonbergh, who,by a remarkable felicity repaired
theſe diſaſters.
3
Gg 3
THE
230
PART.2.
A
THE HISTORY
OF THIS
IRON AGE
THE SECOND BOOK,
CHAP. I.
The tumu'ts at Naple begun by Thomafo Aniello, and why?
The Hiftery of Conradine Prince of Swaveland. His death. The Sicilian
Velpers, or Even-Songs. The History of Catenefa, and of
the Tragedies which happened at Naples,
Eace, is an effect of Gods Grace; and War ano-
ther, of his juft Choler. For, fince Charity is
grown cold, Faith almoſt dead, and the wicked-
neffe of man univerfall; we must not wonder, if
the punishment of this prefent time, be extended
upon the whole Body of Chriftendom, without
exception of Age, Sex, or Condition. But that
which is moſt inſupportable,is,the wicked have the
winde in poupe, and profper,and as the exhalations
are ordinarily drawne from the vapours,which of-
fufcate, or darken the Sun, juft fo impunity of offences,caules this diſorder.
The Kingdom of Naples had been oft enough advertiſed of a fcourge
which was prepared for it, by that Mountain near it, which fo often vomi-
ted up lumps of fire, and fent it fnowcs of afhes, but the Prefervatives hin-
dred not the diſeaſe.
The strange ac
The ftrange accidents which happened in this kingdom,in the twelfth,and
cidents happe- thirteenth Age, make us confeffe that wickedneffe, parricides,and perfidies,
ned in the king were already known in thoſe times, but not fo univerfally, as in thefe. For,
dom of Naples if there were found great vices amongſt ſome great perfons, there were allo
in former ages. found more vertues, more piety, and a quick, and lively Faith in generall,
through all Chriftendom
But at prefent, Juftice is trodden under foot, mory does all, vertue is
made a laughing-ſtock, even by them, who boaſt to have drawn their Ori-
gin from it; and vice, being a la mode, or in fashion, is efteemed: yea,many
fin rather by example, then by inclination in this depraved Age; and more
to pleaſe the vicious, then for that they approve of the vice. By how much
the more the Great ones, retyre themselves from the Commons; by fo much
the more do the Commons endeavour to withdraw themſelves from their
ſervice. But let us ftay at Naples,
The infamous death, to which Charles of Aino put Frederick Duke of
Auftria, and his young Coulin Conradine, the laft Duke, of the most anci-
ent Imperial Houſe of Swaveland, for having fought his own Right, (which
was taken from him by the Pope, and given to the faid Charles) teaches us,
that
↑
PART.2.
231
The History of this Iron Age.
that this is not the first time that Soveraignes have ended their lives by the
hand of an ordinary Executioner; and that a good caufe hath not alwayes
a good issue, For the three hundred French Gentlemen who were facrificed
to the fpirits of thele two Lords, and the Torches of the Sicilian Vefpers, or
Even-fongs, which were extinguifhed in the blood of the fame nation; tell
us, that vengeance hath alwayes been tweet, and that it is moft dangerous,
to put an irritated people into fury.
This Catenefa, from a mean Landrefs, being grown the Nurfe of a Prince,
and afterwards, Governefs of fix Princefses, one after another, with fuch an
abfolute power upon their mindes, (and chicfly upon that of the laft) that
The grew to difpofe of the greateſt Charges, and Offices of the kingdom,and
diftributed the beft part thereof amongst her own children; faw her felf at
laft, with all her family, dragged to the execution: Yea, a King was hang-
ed at the Grate of a window, by confent of his wife; and the fome years after,
ſtrangled by a juſt judgement of the Great Judge. Theſe were the miracles,
or rather the prodigies of thofe Ages, which hapned all in the faid king-
dom, with fo many other, as make us conclude, that ufurped poffeffions fel-
dom paſs to the fourth Heyr, or elſe alwayes cauſe troubles.
Towards the end of the fourteenth Age, this kingdom being revolted
from Alfonfo of Arragon, the States thereof offered the Crown to Charles the
cighth King of France, who cafily got it into his poſseffion, and the Neapoli-
tans, with the fame facility, thook off that yoke afterwards, for being fruftra-
ted of their Charges, and recalled the aforelaid Arragonian. The French
returned thither, by the commandment of Lewis the twelfth, who ought to
Share it with Ferdinand of Caftill; but they could not agree about the fpoyles;
and fo Gonfalve, rather by might, then right, drove them both out. It hatl
been attacked fince, but not fubdued, and fo remaines to the King of
Spain.
Now the wars being grown hot, both in Germany, and the Low-Countries,
and the Houſe of Auftria finding her felf taken to task by fo many enemies;
the State of Neaples was opprefsed by so many Impofts, or Taxes, that that
Horſe being ſtrong and vigorous before, became folean, and feeble, that
he could not longer carry fo heavy a burthen.
This mifchief began firft to operate almoſt throughout all Sicily, where
the people constrained the Vice-King to take off the Impoſts. From thence,
it paſsed to Neaples, and by that good fuccefs, made the Neapolitans take
the fame refolution; and that, by fuch meanes, as you fhall forthwith un-
derſtand.
The tears of the poor people; the advices, and admonitions of fome The beginning
great ones; the libells, and burning of the Cuſtome-Houfes, were all able of the troubles
at Neaples.
to draw but faint promiſes of eafe, without any effect at all.
Whereupon,a certain Fellow of the very dregs of the People,who had dy-
ed in the oblcurity of his birth, had not this furious revolt, (whereof he was And why?
Head,and Authour) elevated him to the higheſt top of this Theater, to make
him feen by all the world,and to teach as well Noblemen, as Gentlemen,that
God ferves himſelf of abject and contemptible means, when it pleaſes him to
chaft them. He firft entred this Dance.
A
Now this inftrument, being a man of nothing, by trade a poor Fiſherman, A Fiſhermen
feeing the dearth of Victualls, together with the faid Impofts, which impo- begins,
fed the neceffity of defpaire upon the people; began to act upon Sunday,and
the Tragedy lafted ten dayes, or rather the Raign of this Filherman, being
four and twenty years old, or thereabouts; He armed the children with
ftaves, taught them a prayer againſt the faid Cuftomes, or Taxes, attacked
the Gabellors or Collectors thereof; animated the people with a fine ſpeech,
and put them into condition to enterprize what he would.
The
232
PART.Z.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Called Mas-
Aniello, the
first day.
Many Palates
burnt.
The Tower of
Saint Lau-
The ſaid cuſtome-Houles being burnt to afhes, they began to run up and
down the City, crying out, Live the King, and the Devill destroy the ill Govern-
ment; and went to the Vice-Kings Palace, who, not being able to mitigate
them by fair promiles, (not the Archbishop, by gentle words,and writings)
Aled to the Church, and from thence, to the Caftle of Saint Elme,
The Vice-King being thus retyred,they intreated the Duke of Carafa, to
be their Head, and Leader; who not being able to ſtop their rage, retyred
himſelf alſo privately, thanking God that he was efcaped out of their hands,
Mas-Aniello was chofen Ring-leader of thefe Mutiners, who comman-
ded the people to take Arms. Thus, was the firſt day ſpent: the Officers of
Juſtice aitarmed; the people maiters, and the Fisherman, their Conductor.
2. The fecond being Munday,they were all in Arms, and cryed nothing
but vengeance; and Mas-Aniello cafting off the Vilard, made anſwer to the
Vice-Kings Letters, that the Priviledges must be restored, and the Original
thereof put into their hands, as well as the Impofts or Cuftomes taken off;
and that the people muſt have as many voices in the Chapter,as the Nobility.
By his command,above fixty Pallaces,and Houſes,were lacrificed to Vul-
can, with goods, mony, and Papers; yea,the very Coaches, and Mules them-
ſelves, and the Proceffion refuted. Oh God! where are thy Thunderbolts? When
the multitude growes master by the sword, all refpect of things both facred and pro-
phane is taken away;licentiousnes undermines the foundation of all difcipline and the
condition of the great ones is more miserable, then that of meer Brutes. And really,
when patience being wounded,turns into fury,it is not to be stopped by any sweetnes.
3. The third day began with the embaraffement of other Palaces with-
out fparing any thing at all. Thus treated they all fuch as had either coun-
felled the faid Impofts, or participated of them; yea, the Cloysters were
fain to reftore the goods of fuch as were only fulpected (which were given in
cuftody) to caft into the fire.
The Tower of Saint Laurence falling into their hands, with the Arms,
fo much puffed up their courage, and contumacy, that the Originall
rence taken. ofthe Privildges it felf being brought,was not able to fend them back peace-
fully to their houſes. The obstinacy of a people, which gives the Law in fury,paf-
fes from distrust to defpair, and admits of no reconciliation.
The Church
and Market
ruined,
The Duke of
ed.
4. The fourth day they fell upon the Pallace of a certain Duke, without
giving quarter either to Moveables,or Books;but the difcovery ofthe confpi-
racy againſt Mas-Aniello,brewed by fome great perfons,caufed their deftru-
&tion,together with that of the Treaty of Peace,and the Bandites to be mal-
facred, even in a Church with unspeakable fury, and without refpecting the
very throne of the Divine Majefty. It was alfo difcovered, that the Market-
place, and the Church of the Virgin del Carmine, were undermined, to blow
up perhaps, above a hundred thouſand perfons all at once. Was there ever
any thing feen more dreadfull,then this diforder? And fhall there yet be a
doubt of the near approach of the end of the world, after ſo many miſeries?
can there be greater feen or imagined ?
The Duke of Carafe's head being fet upon a ſtake with a hundred and fifty
Carafa behead. more, much terrified the principal of the City, and made all the people bow
to Mas-Aniello's commands, with more fpeed, and promptitude, if he
had been the greateſt Monarch of the univerfe. Thus the world was turned
upfide down, and all in confufion. Who will hereafter truft to his own pow
er, fince a young Sot, a man of nothing, attracts to himſelf the authority of
fo potent, and rich a City?
5. The fifth day tells us, with what order this fellow governed the City;
which was with fo exact,and fo judicious a policie,that the fharpeft wits, yea,
even the Spaniards themſelves were amazed at it. For he ranged his forces in
Battel,Array,and exhorted them to valour,& difcipline,as much as if he had
been
PART.2.
233
The History of this Iron Age,
been all his life-time Commander of his Maſters Armies.
nei-
The firft Commandment he made was, that upon pain of death, The Nobility
ther man, nor woman, ſhould wear either Cloak,Coat, or Gown; which diſarmed.
was obſerved without contradiction by the Monks, and Gentlemen; yea,and
even by the Cardinal himſelf. And the ſecond,for all the Nobility and Gen-
try, to bring both their own and their fervants Arms, and put them into the
peoples hands.
In fine, by the Archbishops addreſſe, the Peace was made,in the prefence The Peace
of the Vice-King, and Aniello; at which conference he fhewed the unheard- made.
of Authority he had over the people; for by putting only his finger to
his mouth, he huſhed a hundred and fifty thouſand men.
A
Theſe things will feem as incredible, as the inchantments of Urgenda the
Unknown,and the Rivers of the Amadifes. This peace, which was to be pub-
lifhed the feventh day, was received by all with great contentment, and ac-
quired our Fiſherman much glory.
bidden.
6. The fixth day produced the effects of diftruft by the cutting off of fo Long bayre for-
many beads, and bringing them to the great place: Long hayre was forbid-
den,as alſo to walk the ſtreets,after cleven of the clock. He had ſeven Secre-
taries,and ten Executiouers; and fo by his rigorous juftice, men went up and
down the Town in fafety.Doria being arrived with 13. Gallies,asked leave of
the Vice-King to come ashore,to buy provifions; but he remitted him to A-
niello, who granted it. But the end of this day diſcovered the beginning of the
vain glory,which was to ſhorten the dayes of this our Stage-Monarch.
8. The feventh day brought the confirmation of the Peace,difcovered his
folly, (who proteſted to have done all for the Kings fervice, and the people's
liberty) and offered to return to his former condition.
8. The eighth day, all the City rang of his praifes, for the Peace made;
but his behaviour made him hated, and manifeſted, that he had a mind to
command, and be obeyed like a Tyrant,For, he forced the Cloisters,and rich
Citizens to give mony, and made it appear, that he would not forfake the
Government.
Infine, as wine troubles the brain of fuch as are not wont to drink any Aniello infer-
thing but water; in the ſame ſtate was Aniello troubled by ſo many honours ted.
done him, and by fo prompt obedience. For he feemed to be rather a drun-
ken man, then one of right fence; by running up and down, doing actions,
and uttering words, which prognofticated the end of this Dance, or Maze,
and his own too. The Gig followes the Play. The fhepheard thinks alwayes
of his Pipes; and it is far more cafie for a King, to act the part of a Peaſant,
then for a Peaſant, to act that of a King.
9. The ninth day was full of horrour, and cruelty; he hurt one
another, and played the pranks of the Furious Rowland.
killed
10. Infomuch, as that the tenth day,being abandoned by the people,and
even by himſelf alſo, through a certain vaine,and phantaftical terrour, he
was killed by fowr Gentlemen, and his head feparated from his body, which He is killed.
was dragged about the Town.
This was the end of that famous Thomas Aniello,of whom God Almighty
ſerved himſelf,to punish that proud City,and make it feel the rough ftroakes
of his wrath; and afterwards, caſt the rod into the fire.
It is to be obſerved, that he never ſpake of his Catholick Majeſty, even in
his very frantick fit, but with refpe&t.
Whofoever would make reflexion,upon all the circumſtances ofthis Tra-
gedy, would embrace a bufineffe of much prolixity; and therefore, I will
fay no more, then that it is a leffon for the Great, and a Mirrour for the
fmall; and that all thefe evills are fore-runners of the Lords Day. But it is
now time, to frame the war of the Venetians, and Turks,
Hh
CHAP.
234
PART.2
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The Eagle
peeled.
The Turk in
Candy.
CHAP. II.
The war of the Turks, and the Venetians, and why? The taking
of Canea. The Knights of Maltha take a huge booty,or prize,as a
great number of Gallies, and the young Sultaneffe,
ᏙᏙ
or Empereffe of Turky, with her Son. The Vene-
tians obtain fuccour, but are beaten.
E had fo much trouble to findc an end of this war of Germany,
which the Swedes, and the French terminated with regret, and as
through ſpight with the Hollanders, for having too foon left the
Dance, which they had no minde at all to finifh, till after the Conqueft of
the whole Empyre; that we fignified thereby, the ſmall care we had to fet
down the other wars in fit place and order; which yet were not deſpicable,
neither in fucceffe, nor proceeding; according to the boundleffe irregularities
of the Age; however they were not confiderable in any other refpet,then for
being dependent upon that great Body, which makes (according to the
fenfe of fome learned perfons) the fourth, and laſt Monarchy.
Under the pretext of ftopping the proſperity of this laudable Houſe of Au-
ftria,there was formed a puiffant League to ruine heryea,and the Eagle was
already painted naked every where, panting, and grieving, and even at the
laft gafp, by the Arms of the faid League; and the Duke of Lorraine holding
her head, and giving her phyfick, The Confederates, on the other fide,
had their hands full of her feathers, and ſtood waiting for her death. But
all thefe riddles ferved to no other end,then to amufe the people,feed the eyes
of the curious, and diſcover the intention of the faid Confederates.
In fine, Peace,which it was thought,would never have come down again,
but with the Revenger himſelf of innocent bloud,and oppreffion;cheered up
the hearts of fuch as were timerous; made the Birds of prey withdraw, and
the Husbandman live in hope: however let him who ftands upright take
heed of falling; for, there is nothing fure, in regard, that though the windes
be ratyred home to their God Eolus, the waves leave not ſtill to beat againſt
the bank.
Indeed, the war, having like a fire, incompaffed all Germany, paffed on
into Denmark, Sweden, England, and France; in fuch fort, as that there is not
fo much as any one Province, which can boaft of being, or of having been
free, and exempt from this univerfal Difafter. The Germans are hard to be
moved; but having once taken Arms, they are very hardly brought to lay
them down again.
In the interim,the fworn enemy of Chriſtendom,took his time,& meaſure,
the kingdom of kept his cadency, entred into Candy, befieged Canea, and couzened the moſt
clear-fighted of the whole Company; who thought that this ſtorm would
burft upon the Ifle of Malta. Let us lay open the counterfeit, and mark the
pretext, and fubject, which kindled the Grand Signor's wrath; who cove-
ring all the Levant, or Eaſtern Sea with an infinite multitude of Veffels,
thought to ſurprize, and devoure that moſt ſerene Common-wealth, which
muſt not periſh, but with the diffolution of the world. The Mahometans
ferve themſelves alfo of diffimulation, and when they make a fhew of draw-
ing one way, they go another.
.
The effects of the hatred which they bear the Chriftians, had not been
differred fo long in ſo many fair occaſions,had it not been for the war between
them, and the Perfians,
This
PART.2.
235
The History of this Iron Age.
This war, I fay, had taken away the meanes of prevailing against us, by
thofe diforders which had fo much weakened us: For, neither the brooks
of blood which was fpilt, nor the Towns and Villages which were burnt;
nor the fields which were made defert,haftened them to come, and difpatch
the reft. They ſeemed to have loft their interefts, and rejoyced to fee the
Name of Chriftian deftroyed, by the Chriftians themſelves. But when it
feemed to them a fit time to act, againſt a Body, which was grown faint by
the loffe of fo much blood, and whileft they were momentarily delibera-
ting amongst themſelves, where, and how to begin the Round; the Knights
of Malta thewed them the way, aud let them fee, that there were yet Chri-
itians enow, to give them exercile, and make them pay the expences of the
Revel.
Ibrahim, the Sultan, being a bloody Prince, and fpurred on to war by the
Counſells of his Minion, or Favorite, (for the Barbarians,as well as our Prin-
ces, have fome who make them condeſcend to their paffions) was much
more moved by fpight, and rage, when he received the vexatious newes,
that the Knights of Malta, had taken, near the Ifle of Rhodes, the great Gal- 7he Knights of
lion, and fome Gallyes, which conducted the young Sultaneffe, her Son, and Milta take the
an Aga, towards Alexandria, with ſo great riches, as amounted to more then young Sultan-
elle, and her
three millions of Gold. The affronts which we receive from fuch enemies as we
Son,with a hu
deſpiſe, are much more tormenting, then those of fuch as we fear. This Golden
ge Treaſure.
Fleece, and this faire Medea, was gained at the point of the Sword, with the
loffe of many brave Knights, and carried to Malta. And this newes,
fay, did ſo much inflame his choler, that he wore, he would revenge him-
felfe upon all the Chriftians; and to this effect, he contracted the principal
Forces, of all the Provinces, and fitted a Fleet of near four hundred faile
and lulled the Venetians afleep in the meane while, by affuring them, that it
was not againſt them, but to draw fatisfation from the aforefaid Knights,
who put themſelves into a pofture to undergoe the ftorme, by fending for all
the Knights, demanding the fuccour of Princes, and fortifying all the ap-
proaches.
I
The faid Venetians, and other States of Italy thought alſo of their defence,
but a little too late and fo they tryed, to their coft, and loffe, the Great
Turk's perfidy; who, having made a fhew of attacking Malta, returned to-
wards Candy, and took Canea by compofition, after he had battered it by a
Siege, and many affaults.
Some States fhewed their zeal for the Common Good; but the reliefe
came too late, like phyfick to the dead; and the caufe thereof was jealoufie.
But this inopinated Invafion much aftonished the Illuftrious Republick of
Venice, (which asked affiſtance every where, and in Holland, Ships for their
mony) but was not able to reftore Christendom to peace. When the Wol-
ves attack a flock of Sheep, the courage of the doggs is cooled, from falling
upon the Common Enemy. The ambition of Chriftians was too great;
the opinions in Religion, too different, and various; their charity too much
chilled, and the ruin of the Houfe of Austria (which was judged infallible )
too much in their hearts.
This punishment feemed to have been drawn upon them, by their not ha-
ving well adminiftred justice in the faid Ifland, upon the Governour's Son,
who had committed a rape; and violated a woman, 1646. which crime
made the Mores invade Spain, and hath caufed many afflictions in the world
befides. One misfortune followes another: for, the fire got into the Ar Fire got into
ſenal at Venice, and indangered the blowing up of that brave City: which the Arienal at
fo much frighted the noble Senators thereof, that as well for this mishap, as
alfo for many other advertiſements, they refolved to provide it well, to the
end that the Traitours might have no power to hurt it.
Hh 2
In
Venice.
236
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Prodigies at
Conftanti-
nople.
The Popes fuc-
Cour.
In this conjuncture, the French were in danger to be ill treated, being ac-
cuſed of intelligence with the Turks, and of having kindled this fatal wa:
But that which is without ground, is also without exiftency; and what is not proved,
ought not to be believed.
men
The Turke caufed his General to be beheaded, for having loft too many
before Canea, and failed to feize upon the Haven of Suda in the fame
Ifland; and notwithſtanding fo many prodigies as appeared at Conftanti-
nople for many dayes together; he refolved to continue the war with all ex
tremity, for the ſpace of leven years. For, the year before, one part of the
faid City was confumed by fires and this year, the contrary Element threat-
ned to drown it, and made the Inhabitants go up to the tops of their houſes,
to fave their lives. In brief, thefe fupernatural fignes make us hope, that
heaven, being angry with thefe Barbarians, will diffipate their Monarchy,
together with the impiety of their Alcoran: but the incredulity of Chrifti-
ans, together with their ill lives, will quickly involue Mortals in the venge-
ance of the Almighty.
The Venetians blocked up Canea, and the Turks being ill Neighbours to
the Hungarians, laboured to enter into Frioll, and cauſed the Tartars to
march into the Field; but the Coffacks made a powerful diverfion, towards
the Black-Sea, which divided the faid Turks Troops. The Mufcovits joyned
themſelves to the ſaid Coffacks, and the Bashaw of Aleppo revolted; fo that
the Grand Signor found worke enough to do. The Pope, and Cardinals fur-
nifhed thirty thouſand Crowns a moneth, towards the expenfes of the war,
with many Gallyes; and the Duke of Parma, fome Forces.
The State of Venice, being mennaced by three Armies, implored the re-
The defeat of liefe of Chriftian Princes, and beat the Turks in Dalmatia, but received a
the Venetians. furious overthrow in the Kingdom of Candy.
ces.
General Morefini took a good number of veffels appointed to re-victual
Canea; but he could not hinder the Fleet; and fo the Army was defeated
there; fix thouſand men, with two Generals killed; Retimo taken, and all
the Chriftians maſſacred.
Which implores
This misfortune fo much ſtartled the Common-wealth, that however
the help of Prin- Grimani had very happily taken a great many Gallyes, fhe made it highly
known at Vienna, Paris, Madrid, and throughout all Italy, that ſhe was not
able alone, to fuftaine the weight of the Half-Moon; and that having al-
ready conſumed about two and thirty millions of Crowns, the fhould, ar laft
be conftrained to enter into fuch unequal conditions, with this devouring
Wolfe, as would be fhameful to all Christendom.
Though Fortune had been unkinde in the Kingdom of Candy, the yet
fhewed fo gay, and chearful a countenance in Dalmatia, and in many E-
counters at Sea, that ſhe made the Republick break off all Treaty of Peace,
and refolve to continue the war.
There arrived forty veffels from Holland, and fome from Denmark, with-
out counting the fuccour of Genua, and that of the Pope, who took the faid
Republick's Cauſe to heart, as alfo the repofe, and quiet of Christendom,
Grimani got many Victories; and fo much tormented the Turks, that
The Common- famin thruft it felfe amongst them in Canea; where we will leave them fcuf-
wealth's Ville- fling for that fair Island, without entertaining our felves to pick out the cir-
cumſtances of Combats, and Cruelties, wherewith the Barbarians ftuffe their
actions; fince Chriftians, being become Barbarians, do yet worſe then
they.
ries.
CHAP.
PART.2. The History of this Iron Age,
237
CHAP. III.
The troubles at Paris. It is befieged. The Arcbduke comes to
fuccour it. The befieging, and taking of Ipers. Cambray
befieged in vaine, Hennawlt ranfacked.
ris; and why?
TH
He newes which came to Paris, of the Victory obtained againſt the
Arch-Duke before Lens in Arteife, upon the twentieth of August,1648.
would have filled all France with perfect joy, had not an unexpected acci-
dent diſturbed the feaft, and almoſt put that great City into confufion,ming-
led with blood, and flaughter. For whileft they were giving God thanks
for this faid Victory; the people hearing of the imprisonment of Meffieurs 4 tumult at Ps.
de Bruffels, de Charton, and de Blancmefnil, ( Preſident of the Parliament)
whom they acknowledged for their Fathers, and Protectors; began to cry
Alarme, and run in flocks to the Pallace Royall, to require their liberty. The
Shops were ſhut up; the Chaines made faft; and all the approaches bar-
ricaded: So that Paris was in greater diforder now, or elſe the danger
was greater,then that which chanced in Henry the third's time,till the Queen
being fupplicated to releaſe them, was content to grant it. And thus, was
the firft bout (which was but precurfory to greater evils) paft; and a
calme reſtored to that little world, for three, or four moneths.
It is very reafonable (fay the Strangers) that the Shop where the Coun-
fells of fo many wars had been forged, ſhould feel a part of the Calamities,
by which Europe hath been fo miferably tottered; but the mifchiefe falls
upon the heads of the innocent. Strange effects of the Divine Providence,
which leaves nothing firme,and ftable, in this deteftable Age; and nothing
unpuniſhed, though deferred.
Let us paffe to the fecond, much more dangerous, then the firſt.
Appeafed
The Queen, together with the King, and Princes, went out of Paris,upon
the fifth, or fixth of January at night 1649, which clandeftine retreat, gave The King goes
the Inhabitants fuch an Alarme; as imagining that he would revenge out of Paris,
her felfe of the former Commotion,that they took arms again,with as much which causes a
heatc as they had done before, and raiſed forces to conferve themſelves, un-
der the command of the Duke of Beaufort, Elbouf, and Boüillon, as alſo the
Marthal de la Motte; and their chief General was the Prince of Conty.
The King raiſed ſome alfo, and there came many to him from all parts,
to reduce this great City to reafon; he had already feized upon fome ap-
proaches, and fome hot Skermiſhes were made, in one whereof, that pre-
tended Duke of Rohan was killed, of whoſe education the Reader will be
pleaſed to hear a word or two, as I have been able to learne it.
Being yet an Infant,he was carried into Holland by a certain Captain,and
put to nurſe to a Country-woman in North-Holland, where together with
his milk, he fucked in the love of the Roman-Catholick Religion. When
he was grown pretty big, he was fent to the Latin Schooles at Leyden; but
with fo little care, that he was as it were, quite abandoned, and almoſt re-
duced to the extremity of betaking himfelfe to learne fome Trade. During
this ſmall ſtate, and low condition, he told his School-fellowes (and name-
ly my
fonne) that he remembred well, that he was come of a good Houſe,
and that he well knew, that he was the fonne of a French Gentleman. He.
went publickly to the Sermons, and privatly, when he could, to Maffe;
which being come to the knowledge of fome, to whom he was recommen-
ded, without knowing who he was, they forbid him to go to the fecret Af-
Hh 3
femblies
tumult.
The pretended
Duke of Rohan
killed. His e-
ducation.
238
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Arch-duke
Paris 1649.
femblies of the Papiſts. But in fine, the vizard was taken off, and the Dut-
cheffe of Rohan acknowledged him by Letters, for her fonne; fent him men,
and mony, to fet up his Traine, and bring him into France, where he foone
found his grave; for, a Piftoll-bullet decided the fute, and the doubt, of
whether he were the true fonne of the deceaſed Duke of Rohan, or no.
Paris was in a more dangerous State, then it had been in a long time be-
fore; for the King held S. Dennis, Mew don, Corbeil, and Lagny; ſo that, to get
out of one extremity, recourſe muſt be had to another,and that to the utter-
moſt parts of the Kingdom; I mean,they were faine to implore affiftance of
their Enemies, which being favourably offered, they received it.
The Arch-duke Leopold promifed to fuccour the Parliament, againſt
goes to fuccour, the Perturbatour of the Peace,and quiet of Christendom; for fo they tear-
med Cardinal Mazarin; with whom he refuſed to joyn in Arms to his own
great advantage,and the ruin of the Parifians. Wherefore, he departed in
March 1649. with very good order, in all parts where he paffed; but with
diſcontentment to his Army, which marched in the Enemies Countrey,
with their hands tyed, without receaving mony,or daring to take any thing
from the Peaſants. Goodneffe is fometimes dammageables and to spare one's Ene-
mies,is to give them will to hurt him,and deminish his strength.
Cardinal Mazarin, feeing the Arch-dukes approach, and Parliaments
care for the remedy of the diforders,which threatned the Kingdome with a
great breach; gave way to this fterme, which being once joyned, might
come to deſtroy him. So that the Peace was made, all thofe infurrections
were pardoned, and Leopold found, at the bottom of this bufineffe, what
the Duke of Lorrain had told him before. For, he was adviſed to retyre
with all ſpeed,for fear leaft his paffage were ftopt. A confiderable favour in-
deed,for having faved Paris from ruin,with the loffe of almoſt two thouſand
Horfes, which dyed for want of forrage. This deceipt was imputed to the
neceffity of the time; which, when it hath any ground,pafles for craft; for.
The peace made otherwife, it is but meer malice. Parifians,it will be payd you, and your in-
conftance will be chaſtized; for, the bufines will not be forgotten.
The Arch-duke being amazed at this piece of levity, fpeedily retreated
Ypers befieged. towards his borders,and gave the Marquis of Sfondrato order to inveft Ypers,
which he did the 11th of April,with incredible diligence,having taken fome
Forts, which facilitated the fuccour of the Town from Dunkerk;but he found
more to doe,then was imagined; for they of the Garrifon being, (in number
three thouſand having thruft cut fome fifteen hundred inhabitants, (fuch
as were moſt fufpected) and fhut up the Magiftrates,the Clergy,and fome of
the Nobility,in a Cloifter,til the Tragedie were finished; made their Artillery
found lowde,and their blowes fall heavy in many fallies; and efpecially, in
that of the 24. of April,when they went and beat up the quarters of the Spa-
niards; which was a moft glorious action; for, had the fuccour been ready,
the Town had been infallibly delivered from the Siege. In fine, after ha-
ving well defended the Counterfcarpe, and a Half-Moon, they yeelded
Renders it Self themſelves up the eighth of May, after having confumed their powder; and
the eighth of the Garrison,in refpect that it was Sunday,went out the tenth, which was
May,1649.
Tueſday. St.Venant fubmitted at difcretion,the fixth of April, and the Gar-
rifon were made prifoners of War.
Cambray be-
figed and ta-
ken.
The French Army, made Rendezvous between Perone, and Guife being a
body of five and twenty thousand effective men, under the orders of that
fortunate Warrier, the Count of Harcourt; who knowing that the Spanish
Troops were ſcattered and difperfed, marched with ſpeed, incamped, and
intrenched themſelves before Cambray.
This un-thought-of furprize did not a little puzel the Arch-duke, who "
contracting all his forces,haftened, with the Duke of Lorrain, to fuccour the
place;
PART.2.
239
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
place; and fo having put in a fupply, he obliged the Befiegers to raiſe the
Siege. This done, he fent his Army into Garrifon; and the French, out of
revenge for this affront,fell into Hennawlt,took Conde, and alked both that,
and all the whole County, in fuch manner as if they had had no intention e-
ver to returne thither again.Then they entred into the Dutchy ofBrabant,and
carried themſelves not a jot better where they paffed, then they had done
in Hennawlt; fo that the Citizens of Bruffels found themſelves almoſt in the
fame apprehenfion wherein they were, in the year 1635. And fo this Field
was paffed at the loffe of the Country-people,and of the lives of fome Soul-
diers,who were killed in the ſkermiſhes.
The Duke of Wirtembergh,with fower thouſand men pillaged Champagne; Champagne,
and General Rofe did as much,in the Dutchy of Luxemburgh; and fo they all and Luxem-
retyred into their Winter-quarters. Oh miferable condition of this most mifera-
buigh rifled.
ble Age, the Sink of all other, which is turned to corruption,by the infection of fu
much flaughter They who had tilled,and fowed the land, were knocked in
the head for their paines,,or ſtarved with their poor Children, in the rigour
of Winter, to leave their Harvest for their murtherers! And fuch as efta-
ped, fled into Holland, to fave their unhappy lives by Day-labour. When
thall we fee an end of all thefe misfortunes? Alas! It will not be poffible, bur
with the end of the universe.
Now, we have finished the Warrs of Germany, and Holland, let
us go into the Bishoprick of Liege, and fee with what fuell that fire
is made.
CHAP. IIII.
The tumults in the Province of Liedge. The choofing of a Co-
adjutour. Tumults at Trevirs. The Lorraines, in the King-
dome of Aix, and the Land of Gulick, or Juleers,
beate the Country-people. The War
kindled again at Neaples.
THis fatall War is like the Hydra; the more heads are cut off, the more
grow up; out of one fmothered in one place,ther (prang many, in ano-
ther. If this impetuous torrent be ſtopped, but with the leaft apparence of
good fucceffe,it forthwith breakes out in many places. It is a great emba-
raffement; the more water is caft into it, the more it kindles. Nor
may we
hope for any amendment, fince thofe horrible effects, which we have now
defcribed, and which we yet fee dayly happen,will not permit us to doubt,
but that this is the laft Age.
Liedge.
The people of Liedge are very firme Roman Catholicks,and very much
love novelty, as well as the French; they are frank,and fingle-hearted, but a A defeription of
little too cholerick,and jealous of their priviledges. The Town is faire,and
the City of
great and the Palace,and S. Lambert's Church,of an admirable ſtructure. It is
fituated in a Bottom, and furrounded by Mountaines, which take away the
fight of it, (unleffe one be very neer it,) and it is bathed by the River Mozes
which paffes both through it and before it.Sciences fo much flourished there
heretofore,thta Hiftorie affirme, that there were fourteen Princes at one
time, all Sonnes of Kings,or Soveraignes. At leaft, it is no hard matter to
judge, that it hath been one of the most flourishing Cities of Europe.
In
240
PART.2
The Hiftory of this Iron Agè.
LaRuelle mur-
In the time of Ferdinand Duke of Bavaria, Elector of Colein,Prince, and
Bishop of Liedge, there were fome tumults, and complaints tending to the
deftruction of his authority. For, they cryed aloud, that their Priviledges
were not maintained; that the Prince came not to dwell in the Town, and
that he did not fay Maffe,&c.
The power of theſe factions encreafed,which pretended nothing but the
confervation of Priviledges, and Liberty, the general pretext of all fuch as
love novelty,and ſtrangers endeavoured to blow this fire of divifion; efpeci-
ally,after the taking of Mastricht,
The Burgher. Mafter,or Maier of the Town called La Ruelle,who favoured
thered by the of the people, and was cherished by them, was juftly fufpected by his Prince;
Count of War-
fules treachery,
for, Soveraigns will not have the affection of their Subjects divided. So that
who was also it was judged, that this thick cloude would power down a great Shower.
cut in pieces. The Count of warfufe, after having betrayed his Mafter, retyred himſelf
into the ſaid Town,where, thinking to wash away the old treafon by a new
one,and winne the favour of the Prince,to returne to that of the King, cau-
fed the faid Burghermafter to be unhappily murthered, at a Dinner, to
which he was invited both him, and the Abbot of Mouzon Refident of
France, his confident, who had great intelligence and authority, in the ſaid
town:which murther being difcovered, whileft it was hot,made the Citizens
take Arms,and cut the murtherers in pieces,and fo their grew great tumults.
Since which time,the leven of the Sedition hath always remained and faction
Fations in the hath held up her head there. Such as kept their reſpect towards the Prince,
Town,under the took pride to be called Chiroux; and they,who profefled themfelves for Li
names of Chi-berty, Grignoux.
roux,andGrig-
Houx.
In fine,the Prince being no longer able to fuffer the deminution of his au-
thority, nor the affront which was done him, when he defired to enter into
the Town,armed himſelf to chaſtize the faid Grignoux. He put fome thou-
fands of men into the field, under the conduct of Generall Spar; armed the
Peaſants,and drew neer the Town, whereof he quickly grew Mafter, by the
The Prince en- interceffion of the Chiroux,and fo the difference was drowned, in the blood
ters into the of both the Burghermafters, and fome others who followed. A Cittadell was
built,to defend the one from the oppreffion of the other; yea, to maintain
Juſtice,and the Princes authority,and to repreffe the infolence of the com-
mon People.
Town.
A calme being reſtored to the Town, every body in quiet, and the cabal
of the Grignoux deftroyed,who had fo much laboured under hand for help
from the Hollanders,and the French; a coadjutour was elected,and the votes
fell unanimouſly,by divine providence, not upon the Prince of Conty,(whom
his Brother endeavourd to eftablish by fayre meanes, and foule;) but upon
Maximilian of Prince Maximilian, Henry of Bavaria,a moft worthy Prelat, and great or-
Bavaria coadje nament of the Church,who ought to be imitated by all the other, as being
the moſt noble example that could be propofed. There wanted a holy Pa-
ftour,for fo irregular and undifciplined a Flock.
tour.
The difference
at Trevirs.
The Lorraines
Almoft the fame difference hapned of Trevirs for the ſame ſubject, but
without blood-fhed, and with leffe heat,the temperament,or conſtitution of
theſe being more moderate,then that of the Liedgers. In fine,by the intercef-
fion of fome Electors, all was appealed,and the Election fell upon the Lord
Charles Gafper of Leyen,at prefent, Arch-bifhop,and Elector.
The people of both thefe Electors had abfolution, but they were fain to
beat the Lied- do pennance; and the Duke of Lorraine's Souldiers have often, and fome
geoiles. 1649* years together fince,difturbed their reft. For, they went to ſeek their Win-
ter-quarters in the year 1649.in the faid Province; beat the Country people
who prefumed to oppofe them,and the Characters,or Charms wherewith
moſt of them were furnished,ferved them for nothing.
In
PART.2.
241
The History of this Iron Age.
In the laſt Wars of Germany, thefe fuperftitions, and obcecations of the
Divel,were much put in practice, and were uſefull for fame time, but to the
ruin of fuch as trufted in them.
The faid Duke of Lorrain, having received fome fatisfaction, drew his
forces out of the faid Bifhoprick, and fent them towards the Kingdome of
Aix:which invaſion put fuch a flea in the ear of all the bordering Princes,and
the Governour of Alaftricht,that they were already complotting an Álii-
ance to fall upon them,w ho had pillaged fome Carts, coming from Boifle-
duc,and fent fome Regiments into the land of Raveftein; but they changed
their way,and went to the Dutchy of Gulick. There wanted not Mufkets,
*
but Piftols,to drive them into the Bilhoprick of Trevirs, where they fhore *Gold ſo called.
the ſheep, which had very little more left, then the bare ſkin, becauſe they
had been fhorn fo often before.
One part of them repaffed,at the beginning of Summer,into Flanders,and
the reft ſtayed, to haften the contributions.
This Army is at prefent the moſt odious, and moft revyled of all Europe,
becauſe the laſt evils are more fenfible,then the firft, which are half-forgot-
ten. Indeed,they do much harme; but the Swedes did much more in Saxony,
through the ſpight which was caufed them by the peace of Prague, and
through a refentment which they made ring very loud, nor doth this Prince
want any indignation, as not having been comprized in that of Munster,
thought yet the tyrannies, which his Souldiers have exercifed, as well in
Germany, as elſewhere,be not excufable. But all theſe defolations muſt be
imputed to the corruptneffe of this Age, which being cuifed, cannot pro-
duce any thing but abhomination, not to be remedied by humane under-
ſtanding.
The end of that deftructive War of Germany, made all the world fee,
that the ayme of the French, and Swedes, was quite contrary to what they
pretended. For they faid alowd, that they took Arms,and came into Ger
many, to defend the Lutheran Religion, the Liberty of Germany, which lay
gafping under the Tyranny of the Houſe of Auftria, and for the re-establish-
ment of fuch as were oppreffed.
I intreat the reader, whofe judgement is not ftolne away by paffion, to
examine with me,the proceedings of both Partyes.
In the year 1635. the Swedes would not accept of an exceffive fumme of
money for a recompence, offered them by the Duke of Saxony; in fuch fort,
as that at the Treaty of Munfter,they were faine to leave them in the poffeffi-
on of Pomerania,Wifmar,and the Arch-bishoprick of Bremen to obtain peace,
and they abandoned the cauſe of the Ghofpellers, and Reformates, from
whom they had drawn moſt remarkable fervices,in Auftria,Bohemia, Mora-
wia, and Silefia.
For the fatisfaction of France, which ferved it felf of the fame pretexts,
they were conſtrained to yeeld it the Rights in the three Bishopricks; leave
it Brifack, and a good part of Alfatia(to the loffe of a Prince allyed to it by
bloud) and forfake the Duke of Lorrains cauſe. For, though Peace were
treated, War was nevertheleffe carryed on with extremity, and the faid
Allyes imagined that they fhould have brought all the forces of the Empire
to an end,before it were concluded.But the Hollanders being pacifyed, ob-
liged them to confider, that Fortune often changes; and to content them-
felves, with what they feemed able to keep in all occurrences, or acci-
dents.
Thus were the Protectors of the German Liberty, against the Soveraigne
Head. The Emperour being attacked by a Vaffal of the Empire, defpoil-
ed him of his States; and having many times defeated them who acted
for him,impofed nothing more upon him for reftitution of all his Lands and
I i
Goods,
242
PART.2,
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Goods, then a meer fingle acknowledgement of his fault, and a feigned hu-
mility, by asking pardon. I mean, the King of Denmark who entred Ger-
many in an hoftil manner, and was beaten and Ferdinand for the expences
of the war, manifefted, by reſtoring him all, that he would have the world
know, that he fought not to give jealoufic to any, by retaining fuch States
as he had occupated by a just Cauſe, and by the lot of Arms. Oh you Clarks,
who vant ſo much of the fincerity of the intentions of your Mafters, and who defire
to make things appeare quite otherwife then they are; confefs, now what you cannot
deny; namely, that their defigne was, to fish in troubled waters, and that in ftead
of the liberty of the Empire, they effectively fought the ruin thereof. Before you
make a Family guilty of Ufurpation,look first what they are, whom you defend.
Give her leave to maintaine her intereft, as well as your Maſters do theirs; and ne-
ver blame that in others, whereof you are culpable your felves,
In this Treaty, the King of Spaines complaints, and the proteftations of
his Embaffadours, concerning the Circle of Burgundy, obtained not that
fatisfaction they hoped, and expected; for, the French had there, too much
authority; and fo the aforefaid King expreffed his refentment thereof, by
retaining his Garrifon in Frankendal (as we will fhew) and manifefted,that
he was able to caft yet more prejudice upon his enemies.
Let us return to Neaples, where there grew to be a greater Combuſtion,
and that of greater vogue, then it was under the command of Aniello.
The nearness, and terrour of the Turkish Arms, had not quenched the de-
The Comparison fire of the Spaniards from punishing (against the Agreement made)the peo-
of the troubles ple of Neaples. For the Prophefie concerning Aniello was to be accomplished,
of Neaples. as well
upon this miferable City, as in his perfon; the loffe of his authori
ty was to be lamented. Let us make a brief difcourfe upon this laft mif-
fortune, which both for beginning, progreffe, and end, was not much unlike
that of the Low-Countries.
Together with
thofe of the
Low-Coun-
tries.
Margaret Dutcheffe of Parma, by the wiſdom of her Council, diffipated,
and quafhed all the diforders which ſprang up during her Regency, and ap-
pealed the complaints both of the one, and the other; as the Duke of Arcos
allo did, by publiſhing a General Pardon. But the Duke of Alua, by violent
examinations, and inquires, awakened what was confopited before, (fince
all was forgiven, all ought to be forgotten, the relapfe very often caufing
death) caft the people into defpair, and into a reſolution of ſhaking off the
yoak, both of his, and their Mafter.
Don John of Auftria, inftead of receiving the honours which were prepa-
red for him, commanded the people to lay down Arms,and thereby aggra-
vated the wound (by the faying of the Pope himfelf) which was not yet
well skinned. For, upon the refufal of fome quarters, or parts of the City,
the Spaniards began to batter her from three Cittadels, and from fome Gal-
lyes alfo, with fo much fury for the space of three dayes together,that it look-
The cruelties ed, as if they would have buried her under her own ruines. Nor was
in the Kingdom
of Neaples.
this all; for, they made an attack upon the Citizens, and exerciſed ſuch
cruelties, as are futable to the conditions of this curfed Age; as pillang-
ing houses, raviſhing women, and maids; maffacring Fathers, and
Husbands, and committing certain other prime pranks, and exerciſes,
which were wont to be done there, and which are ordinarily pra
Eticed in our Times; befides cutting the throats of Infants, murther-
ing the fick in the Hofpitals, through reciprocal hatred, and demolishing
Churches, to ferve them for defenfes. Allis prophaned all Society broken!
Oh God! O Great Judge! I may fay, with the great St. Jerome, that when I
conſider theſe ſlaughters, methinks, I already heare thy trumpet, which bids us
march. Ah! how dangerous a thing it is, to break promife with a people,
which have newly laid down Arms? For, if you once bring them to defpair,
:
there
#
PART.2.
243
The History of this Iron Age.
there will be no means to appease them by any promife.
The Neapolitans armed again, breathed nothing but vengeance; defired The Duke of
the protection of France, and the Duke of Guife for their Commander-Ge- Guile goes to
neral. All which being promiſed them, they stopped their cares to a Re- Neaples.
conciliation, and ftrangled their Governour Foralto, after having barba-
rouſly diſmembred, and mangled him,, for having adviſed them to peace;
yea, there were no cruelties fo enormous and unnatural, but they put them
in practice.
Gennaro Annefe cauled the Streets which led towards the Cittadels, to be
ſtopped up; and the Spaniards, feeing the fire too great to be extinguished by
their Arms, endeavoured to restore the faid Cittadels into the Popes hands,
who refuſed them. The Adiacent Parts fuccoured the City with victuals, the
Bandites took, and facked other Towns; and the Duke of Metelona, who
kept the Field with fome forces, gave the Neapolitans no quarter; but they
rendred him quid for quo. The Duke of Guife arrived, ordered all things,and
befiedged Capua in vaine. In ſhort, all was full of plunder,blood,and fire. Oh!
Auftria ? where art thou? Faith, Hope, and Charity, where are you? Where are
the Commandments of God?
Let us go out of this Labyrinth, for thefe particulars make ones hair rife
on ones head let us fee the end (Ifay) of theſe abominations here, to go
and feek them elsewhere.
5
The Count of Oneate, newly made Vice-King, and a fecond Prince of
Parma in prudence, allayed all theſe diſorders, by an enterprife, the good
fucceffe whereof made him renowned, and glorious. For, upon a fair op.
portunity, he rendred himſelfe Mafter of the Gates, and all the people allo,
with ſmall refiftance; fome will needs fay, by treafon. In fo much, as all
the ſaid people began fuddainly to cry Live the King of Spain, which fome
dayes before had cryed, Live the King of France. All was pardoned, and
the Impoſts taken off by favour, without conſtraint. The Duke of Guiſe
was pursued, taken prifoner, and carried into Spain, together with fome o- Is made prife
ther French Lords. All was re-eſtabliſhed as it was before the troubles,
Te Deum fung, and the Count of Oneates merits elevated to the Skies. Oh
the inconftance of things of this world! For, this Sedition was appealed, The Peace
when it was conceived, that it would have made the Flower de Luces flour- made.
ifh again, throughout the whole Kingdom. Thus was the blood ftenched,
which by the continual ftreames thereof, was to ftifle the Authority of the
Houſe of Austria.
Thefe were the effects of the Divine goodnefs, which by a fpecial grace,
would fave a City, when human prudence faw it tending towards utter de-
folation, without being able to recover it.
Now, after the defcription of fo many calamities fuffered, and after the
publication of the Peace, amongst all the Towns of this great Body, which
was fatigated, and exhaufted both of blood, and ſtrength, we will reft a lit-
tle, and take breath with it; and then prepare our felves to go to the JA-
bily.
ner, and carri-
ed into Spain.
84
112
CHAP.
244
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The great Ju
bily.
CHAP. V.
A Jubily at Rome. The Princes imprisoned. The Princeffe of
Condè, the Duke of Bouillon, and other Lords, retire themselves to
Bourdeaux, and the Dutches of Longueville, and the Vice-
Count of Turenne to Stenay. The Allyance is made.
The Duke of Orleans in Flanders ; and a
digression upon that Subject.
Was thinking to make a full ftop in the middle of this Age, as hoping
that the Great God,being moved by fo much blood-fhed, would ftop
his fcourge, and caft his rod into the fire; but alas! It is not yet done;
for it ſeems, that they who contributed to the defolation of the Empire,
muſt now feel the effects of his indignation, in their own States. They
danced in Germany, and now the Revel is amongst them at home, to
the end that all may be accompliſhed. If they have made fome Con-
quefts, they will pay deare enough for them.
Whofoever takes a firy coale in his hand, ſhakes, and ftirs it gently,
and thuts not his hand for feare of burning it. My defigne, in the rem-
nant of this matter, is to do the like, and to handle it fo tenderly, as
not to burne my felfe, in a ſeaſon, when the World is ſo eaſily toucht,
and when truth is hardly able to finde a lodging.
Whileft the City of Rome was full of Strangers, who came thither
either out of curioffity, or for devotion, to the great Jubily, and whileſt
Pope Innocent was addreffing his prayers to God for a General Peace,
the war marched ftill on, as before.
The Impriſonment of the Princes of Conde, and Gonty, and of their
The imprisone
ment of the Brother in Law the Duke of Longueville, was likely to bring Paris a-
Princes, 1650. gaine into trouble, in order to the Duke of Beaufort, who was repor-
ted to be of the number; and gave fuch as were curiour's, defire to finde
out the ground of fo great a Change.
The Princeffe of Conde retired her felfe to Bourdeaux, where the
Duke of Bouillon, and many other great Lords came to her, who for
the hatred they bore Cardinal Mazarin, and the Duke Efpernon, were
all moſt welcome to her, and found both ſafety, and authority there;
and the Marſhal of Turenne found favour alfo at Bruffels. The Dutch-
effe of Longueville got abord a Veffel, which lay off before the Haven
of Deep, and paffed into Holland and thence to the Province of
Luxemburgh, to make a ftreight Allyance with the Arch-Duke Leo-
pold.
>
The King publiſhed a Manifeft concerning the detention of the Prin-
A Manifest pub-
lished, concer- ces, the chiefe points whereof were the Prince of Conde's too great
ning their de- power, and infatiable ambition, which too vifibly checked the Sover-
aigne Prerogative.
tention.
This proceeding cauſed a great alteration in the Court, and bur-
thened the Cardinal with too much hatred, to let him fleep fo fecurely,
as to forget the care of his own prefervation. The Queen her felfe
was not Ipared, and ſuch Officers of the Court, as were the laid Car-
dinal's Creatures, wanted not their full meaſure.
The
PART.2.
245
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Viz-Count of Turenne having railed a great fumme of money in Ste- The Allyance
nay, caufed the Drummes to be beaten, and confirmed a molt ftraight with the Aich-
Allyance with the aforefaid Arch-Duke; the principal conditions. Duke.
whereof, were, that neither Party fhould lay down Armes, till the
Princes were releaſed, the Duke of Lorraine reftored to his States, Se-
'dan rendered, and a firm Peace concluded between the two Crownes.
Which done, they began to raife forces, and the Spaniards difpofed
themſelves to put theirs into the field.
*
in France,re-
It is the opinion of many perfons, that the King of Spain endeavoured to The common
corrupt the greatest part of the Noblemen of France with money, and opinion, that
fowed fedition, and revolt amongſt them, with this glittering mettali; as if the Spaniard
that Nation were not unquiet, and turbulent enough of it felf, without fowes diffention
his being neceffitated to draine his Treafures to move it. And yet fup- fured.
pofe that he did it, it was no more, then what is ordinarily practifed
every where, wherr there is an apparence of profit, (being incited thereto
by Reaſon of State) and then what was done by King Lewis the eleventh
in England, and elſewhere. But to what purpoſe fhould it ferve him,
fave only to spend his mony unprofitably enough, as appeared by their
inconftance?
Many of them have often retyred themfelves into his Dominions, to feek
their own fecurity, and his protection; both which they have found, and an
honourable maintenance to boot; but how have they taken their leave?
Lewis the eleventh being yet in his Dolphin-age,withdrew himſelf to the Duke
of Burgundy; and for recompence, as foon as he was in the Royall Throne,
he began, and continued a war upon the Burgundians. But let us ſtay in our
Age, where we fhall finde matter enough.
Orleans twice
at Bruffels.
The Duke of Orleans fled twice to Bruffels, caft himſelf into the King of The Duke of
Spaine's arms, who fuccoured him, protected him, and gave him an honou-
rable allowance, together with his Mother the Queen. But being once re-
conciled, (and even after the King his Brothers deceaſe) he employed him-
felf with as much heat as the moſt mortall enemy in the world, to make
warre in Flanders; fo to deftroy his own Sanctuary, and ſpoyl his Pro- And other
tectour, when all that people thought, he would fix all his thoughts Lords.
upon Peace. The Dukes of Guife, and Elbeuf, followed the fame trace;
the former in Italy, and the latter, in Flanders. And what ſhall we fay
of the Marſhall of Turenne, and the Allyance fo folemnly fworne with
the Arch-Duke? The iffue fhewed, that he returned with the fame le-
vity, before the work was finished, and fo rendred that fair Field infru-
Auous. This is the profit of the Spanish Catholicon, and this the founda-
tion, upon which the King built his Conquefts; or rather this is the re-
compence of his liberality.
I praiſe the fidelity of the French, but I blame their inconftance; and pre-
ſume to ſay aloud, that the firft obligation cannot difpenfe with the fecond,
made freely, and without conftraint. Nor are there many fuch examples to
be found amongſt other Nations; yea, and it would be very ill taken in
France, if a ftranger, after having found his fanctuary there, fhould, after his
reconciliation, labour to make war againſt it.
Maurice Duke of Saxony, Albert of Brandenburgh, and fome others, made
a League with Henry the fecond, for the Liberty of Germany; but finding,
that the French, inftead of Liberty, layd hold of fome Places, they reconci-
led themſelves with the Emperour; and yet were they taxed of perfidy, at
the Court of France, The Count of Fuffenbergh, having withdrawne him-
felf from the ſervice of King Francis the firft, and returned into the Empe-
rours favour, was beaten, in Teeking a paffage upon the River of Marne, and
Ii3
like
246
PART.23
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The renduƐli-
on of Belle-
garde. 1650.
Charles Stew-
art goes into
Scotiand.
The Trifa ta-
med, and pu-
nished.
The Diet at
like to be knocked in the head for his ingratitude. But let us returne to our
purpoſe.
The King having affured himſelf of Normandy, and many Places held
by the Prince of Condes Lieutenants,caufed Bellegarde to be befiedged, which
quickly fubmitted for want of fuccour, and he rendred the Inhabitants their
Priviledges. Let us paffe the Sea.
The Scots being Affembled at Edenburgh, refolved to take Charles
Stewart for their King; to which effect they fent Commiffioners to
treat with him at the Haghe, and proclaimed him King of Scotland, and
England; which extremely offended the Parliament at London.
He departed from Scheveling; and we will let him go in great dan
ger, to behold the honour which was done Generall Cromwell, for
having reconquered almoſt all Ireland; the Natives whereof being mʊ-
ved to take Armes by zeal of Religion, and refpect to the faid Charles,
implored the affiftance of the Pope, and fome other Chriſtian Princes,
but not being feconded, and falling into divifion amongſt themſelves,
they were cafily tanked, and chaſtized, as well for having taken Arms,
as for having abuſed the English.
In the fame ycare, the Diet was held at Nurembergh; where,
Nurembergh. ter the agreement was made about the reftitution of Places
af
and
the Affeffement for moncy to pay the fouldiers, the reft of the time
was spent in Vifits, and fumptuous Banquets, Feſtivities, and Fire-
works of rare workmanship, and skil. The Duke of Amalfi (former-
ly Piccolomini) was there on the behalfe of the Emperours, and ac
quired great admiration, and Duke Charles for the Crowne of
Sweden?
Some Counts were forced to pawne their wives Jewells, and other
Ornaments, to be ſo much the fooner rid of theſe troubleſome Gueſts.
Thus, the Germans were whipt, and payd for the Rodde; for they
were faine to give whatſoever they had left, to recover that which
was growne favage, and defert.
The States of the Empyre fent an Embaffadour expreffe into Spain,
to befeech the King to draw his Garrifon out of Frankendal; which was
granted at length, that fo the Peace might have full vigour, as we
will fhew hereafter.
•
But fince the Embaffadours depart from Nurembergh, let us go alfo
out of Germany, and haften downe the Rheyn into Holland, to fee
and o-
what paffes there, concerning the reduction of the Militia
ther accidents. who will bee able to hide himſelfe from the face of the
Lord?
>
:
CHA
PART.2. The History of this Iron Age,
247
CHAP. VI.
Containing what paffed in the Summer of this yeare of 1650.
The Portugal Embaffadours offers. The Fleet in the Indies
does nothing. The Princ's complaints. The Siege of
Amfterdam. The Imprisonment of fix Lords,
Tail
who were carried to Louveſtein The Prince
of Oranges death. His Prayers.
well in regard of France, as for the profit of fome particu-
He Zelanders,before they would ratifie the Peace, (which they did with
an will, as
lar perfons, who were wont to go to the Cape of Grip) would needs be affu-
red of a prompt fupply for the Company of the little Indies, which was grown The estates of
to decay by the revolt of Portugal. Which was granted them, becauſe the Orphans in
Goods, and Eftates of many widowes, Fatherlefs children, and other per- Zeland, employ.
fons of mean condition, had been employed for the erection of the faid ed in the Com-
Company.
pany of the in-
dies.
The Portugueses, complaining of the cruelty, and avarice of the fouldi- The Portugue
ers, took Arms, and by the help of fome certain Traitors, made themfelves fes make them-
Maſters of the whole Countrey, fave only the Recif, a strong place, built in felves Maſters
the Sea. This action ſtirred up the United Provinces to revenge; and ſo of Brezit,
they ſpeedily accommodated a great Fleet, to go and reconquer the faid
Country. The Portugal Embaſsadour at the Haghe, ufed all poffible dili-
gence, to divert this ftorm, and made offers of high confideration; to wit,
either to render the ſaid Country, or to give fo many millions for the Rein-
burſement of the Zelanders; but it was in vain, for the Fleet fet fayle with a
multitude of good fouldiers; but the Expedition proving fruitless, and the Ex-
pences unprofitable, the faid Company remained almoft without pulle, and
Vice-Admiral witWittenfon, having been conftrained to abandon the faid
Country, for want of releit, was arrested at the Haghe, to anſwer the obje-
tions made againft him for his fo fpeedy retreat.
Since that time, there hath been other fish to fry, and other knots to un- The States of
tye, which have caufed that to be forgotten. For the States of Holland being Holland will
willing to play the good husbands, thereby to difcharge themſelves of a part diſmiſe ſome
of their debts; confidered that it was necessary to licentiate, or difmifs part Troops
of their forces on foot, to be eaſed of fo much ufelefs cxpence. The Prince of The Prince op
Orange oppoſed this defign, alleadging against them, how dangerous it was, pofes it.
to disfurnith themſelves of the fouldiers, during the war between the two
Crowns. They urged a Reduction, and a yearly Penfion for fuch Officers
as ſhould be depofed; but the difficulty being found greater, by the oppug-
nance of fome Provinces, and chiefly the Dutchy of Guelders; it was held fit,
that the ſaid Prince fhould go amohft the Towns to difpole the Magiftrates
to let the Militia remain in the fame ftate wherein it was, and to content
themſelves with that difmiffion of the new Troops, which was already
made. In effect, the Colonels, having received orders, to keep their fouldi-
ers together, the Prince went to Dort the ninth of June, and after he had
been at Delfe, Rotterdam, Gorkom, Derg awde, &c. He returned the fixteenth
of the fame moneth, to the Haghe.
The Petition which was made him by two Deputics of Amfterdam, not
to come into their Town, feemed not pleafing to him, as appeared by wliat
followed.
Upon the twenty ſeventh of the aforeſaid moneth, the Deputies who had
accompar
And goes
amongst the
Townes.
248
PART.?.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
accompanyed him, made report to the Affembly of States,that the Anſwer
Some whereof of the Towns had been different; and that, fome of them, as Harlem, Delft,
refuse to give Amsterdam, and Medemblick, had refuſed him audience, and had remitted
the bufinefic to the Haghe, to be there decided by their Deputies.
audience.
Complaines.
Upon the 30. the prince complained alowd,to the Colledge of the States,
of the refufal made him by them of Amfterdam,which was againft his dig-
nity, and reſpect, as alfo againſt the greatneffe of the Province of Holland,
whereof he was Governour affirming that this proceeding tended to the
deminution of his authority,and contempt of his perfon; wherefore he de-
fired that reparation, and fatisfaction might be made him, by the Ma-
The answers. giftrates of the faid Town. To which the Deputies wanted no answer, but
alledged their Rights,as may be feen in the Declaration of both parties, to
which I refer the Reader.
ben.
It was generally believed,that theſe complaints would have gone no fur-
ther, and that they would have been peacefully refolved in the Cabinet;
Six Lords ta- when on a fuddain, the news came,that the Prince had cauſed fix Lords to
be feazed upon; namely De Witt, Burghermafter, or Mayor of Dort; Iohn
Duift of Delft; Iohn de Wael, Burghermafter, and the Syndick Reul, both
of them of Harlem; the Syndick Keyfer de Horne, and Stellinguerf of Me-
demblick; ſome of them Deputies, and others Counfellers.
Whileft all the world was waiting to know the fubject of this so extra-
ordinary Impriſonment, there came other news more ftrange then this;
which ftruck the ears of every one in particular, filled all Holland with a-
mazement,and the curious with defire to fee the Iffue.
When waters which have been ſtopped,find paffage, they make them-
felves heard with more violence, and at a greater diftance; then thoſe which
have but their natural courfe.
The Prince not having received ſatiſfactions, his complaints were to be
manifefted; but in what manner? Every body knows.
The night of the twenty ninth, or thirtieth of July (a remarkable night
and day) till next morning, being Satterday, and all quiet at Amfterdam,
the Port of Hamburgh arrived about eight of the clock,and brought word to
Troops ftraight the magiftrates, that he had met a Troop of Horfe; which was confirmed
to Amfterdam, by the Droffart of Muide, and that there were many more which marched
ftraight to the Town; alongſt the Coaſt of the South Sea. There was but
one of the Burghermafters then in Town; who forthwith affembled the
faid Magiftrates,and provided the Town,againſt thefe forces which the peo-
Thought to be ple thought to be the Duke of Lorraines. The Gates were inftantly fhut,and
refolution taken to put fome companies of men in Arms; to which effect,
the Drummes were beaten, with fo great concourfe, that in a very few
howers, the Souldiers, and Canon were feen upon the Walls, and all in
a pofture of defence,as well on the fide of the water,as that of the Land.
the Duke of
Lorrains.
They run to
Arms.
A very dark
night.
This City,being the moſt famous,and moſt celebrated of the whole uni-
verfe,in regard of the Traffick, and infinity of the veffels which arrive there
from all the Havens of the world,had not had any Alarme,in eighty years
before;and yet fhe left not to beftir her felf for her own prefervation,and the
fecurity of the commerce.
It is to be noted, that that night was fo dark, and rainy, that it deprived
the Souldiers of the knowledge of the wayes, and of the ſtrength to march
ftedfaftly: In fuch fort,as the guydes ftayed, and being puzled at a croffe-
way, made the Van march as foon as they found themſelves right; but the
reft wandered ſo much up and down,that they found themselves,in the fame
Village an houre after.
The Magiftrates,having caufed the Bridges to be drawn up, difpatched
their Deputies to ask CountWilliam,to what end he came thither with fo great
forces
PART.2.
249
The History of this Iron Age.
forces? Whereupon he put this little Paper of the Princes into their hands,
which faid, That he had lately been very ill received in their Town, whether he The Princes
came for the ferviee of the Common Native Country; and to the end that the like Letter.
might be done him no more he had fent Count William of Naifaw, to put all in
quiet, that fo that which he had yet to propofe for the Countries fervice, might not
be hindred by fuch as were ill affecte d. Let us returne to the Hague.
The Prince having made himſelf fure of the aforefaid Lords, fent for the
Penfioner Catz,and acquainted him with his having fecured them, and told
him,that he had fent fixty companies of Horfe and Foot,to Amfterdam, un-
der Count Williams conduct, whom he believed to be infallibly already in the The States (e-
Town; which being reported by him to the Affembly of the States, parated them-
they forthwith retired; and the Deputics of Amfterdam,having taken a cow felves.
ple of Waggons went by the way of Harlem, and arrived at Amfterdam, at The gard invi-
eight of the clock in the evening; and about eleven, the Princes Gard with rons the Court,
five companies more inveſted the Court.
There were fo great changes, that they made fome murmour, and others
blame the Peace with the Spaniards;and caft in fine,all the Hollanders into fuch
aftoniſhment,that they knew not how to free themfelves from it.The Coun- The Peasants
try people about Amfterdam fled; and no body knew, either what to hope, fly.
or feare.
The rich were filent, and the dreggs of the People fpake. What State
can be ſure of being free from War, fince Holland,being in the middle of
the Water, fees her felf precipitated into theſe diſquiets, in full peace? God,
who governs all, knows why, fince nothing is done, without his providence.
detained, they
The Prince gave the fix other Provinces to understand, upon what The reasons why
grounds he had feazed upon the aforementioned Lords, whom he fent thofe Lords are
with a good Gard, to Louveftein the laft of Inly; and having received notice,
› are carried to
of what had paffed, he tranfported himſelf on Sunday, to Amfterveen, a Louveitein,
Village neer Amsterdam. In the mean while, Souldiers flocked thither
from all parts; and it looked as if they would befiege the Town, in good
carneft: which being perceived by the Inhabitants,they opened the Stuces,
and made a fhew of breaking the Damms, in cafe they were put to greater The Sluces open-
extremity; fo that by little and little, the Country began to be covered with
water, when the Inhabitants of Harlem, obferving the Prince was come to
lodge, with fome companies,neer the bandk between their Town and Am-
fterdam, took a fright, and refolved at the fame time, to diſpatch their De-
puties towards him,who returned with anfwer, that they thould be quiet,
and that he had nothing at all to fay to their Town. But they of Amsterdam
fecing his refolution,forgot nothing which concerned their liberty. In fine,
the third of August, the accommodation was made,with articles of advan-
tage enough to the Prince, who withdrew his forces, and thereby rendred The peace is
Peace to all Holland: and indeed,had this Siege lafted yet fome dayes lou- made and the
ger, it would have cauſed an irreparable dammage; which was grown forces with.
already,by the interruption of commerce,to be of fome millions to the be-
fieged.
draw.
We muſt not omit to take notice here, of a very remarkable thing; The Sie ge
which is, that fome Merchants,fome weeks before this Siege,received ad- knows before.
vertizements from London, Dantzick,and Genna, that Amfterdam was befic-
ged by Prince William.
run,
រ
H
The States,in this conjuncture,determined to draw the difference to the
Haghe; and malicious Pens left not to vomit up their venim againſt them The Libels 14r.,
of Amfterdam; for, a certain Libel ran up and down of articles ordered with
them of the Parliament of England. In brief,ill tongues were as bufy, as ill
Penns, and the Prince him elf was not fpared.Thus paffed this first attack,
which was but precurſory to a pernicious war,whereof welhal make mention
in fit place.
K k
Albeit
A
,
;
+
250
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Diſtruſt.
Guelders.
Albeit it feemed, that the poifon was taken off, and all pacified, diſtruſt
increafed daily, and they of Amfterdam had alwayes an eye upon the Coun-
try. The Prince fent the reafons of his proceedings to the Affembly of the
States, in writing; but the Paper was fent back, without being opened, and
the Prifoners releaſed, without any other condition, then that of being
The Prince goes thenceforth deprived of Publick Employments. He went to the Affembly
to the Affembly of the Dutchy of Guelders; where having, by his prudence, fcattered fome
of the States of
diforders between the Nobility and the Towns, he returned to the Haghe,
Returns to the in fome indifpofition of health, the twenty nineth of October was let blood,
the thirtieth, the day following, the fmall pocks appeared upon him; and
the fixth, againſt the opinion of all the Phyfitians (his ficknelle being aug-
mented) he departed out of this world, in the four and twentieth year of
his age, leaving behinde him a young widow with childe, who being after-
wards delivered of a young Prince, delivered the Houfe of Naffaw, and
fuch as were well affected to it, from part of the grief which was cauſed
by his death.
Haghe.
His death.
The recital of
bis life.
He was a Prince of a great wit, which he teftified in the Conference he
had with the Deputies of Amfterdam, as alfo in many other occafions. He
was handſome of body, and given to fuch vices as are ordinary companions
to youth: Above all, he was infatigable on horfe-back, and fooner tired his
horfes, then himfelfe. He was already his Crafts-mafter in war, to which
he much inclined, and promifed to follow the fteps of his Anceftours. He
knew well how to make himselfe both feared, and obeyed. Let us now fee.
the milerable end of the brave Earle of Montroffe.
Brave Mon-
CHAP. VII.
The deplorable death of the magnanimous Earle of Montroffe.
The War of the Polanders, againſt the Cofſacks.
troffes praife.Ertue was never fo univerfally oppreffed, as in this miferable Age:
Is beaten.
His mifery.
Witneffe Montroffe, a Souldier of merit, and illuftrious extracton;
who had rendred his Maſter ſo confiderable fervices in the Kingdom of
Scotland,that his enemies effectively feared him;and after, he had laid down
Arms, by his faid Maſters commandment, he did him yet fuch other fer-
vices by Embaffyes, as made him admired, for the dexterity of his wit.
During the Treaty of the commiffioners with Charles Stuart his young
Maſter at Breda, he went into Scotland, contracted fome Forces, to fuch as
he carried with him from abroad, and entred the Kingdom upon hope of
the good fucceffe of the faid Treaty. But his Troops were defeated, he e-
fcaped by ſwimming, and lay hid fome dayes amongſt the Reeds. In fine,
after he had been forced by hunger, ( which drives the Wolfe out of the
Wood) to eat his gloves, and the very flesh of his Arm, he was diſcove-
red by a Peaſant; taken prifoner, brought before the Parliament at Eden-
burgh, and accuſed of entring into the Kingdom, againſt the order of his
banniſhment, and other crimes: To all which, he anſwered with a confi-
dent afpect, that he had done nothing but for his Mafters fervice, and that
by his particular Command.
During the reading of his Sentence, he neither changed colour,nor coun-
His ignominious tenance; and when he was upon the Cart, he made a fpeech, which de-
clared his innocence, and fo was hanged upon a gallowes fifty Cubits high,
death.
and
1
PART.2.
251
The History of this Iron Age,
and then quartered. This, was the end of the beſt, and nobleft Servant his
Maſter had in Scotland; and had he lived, it is very likely, that the Scots
would not have fallen into fo many calamities, nor his faid Matter have
been fo eafily overthowa, in the middle of England.
But what do the Polanders do? Are they in peace? Are they exempt from
the miſchiefs, under which all the reft of Chriftendom lies growning? Let
us ftep a little that way.
After the Truce was made with the Swedes, the Common-wealth of Poland
was without enemies,and in repofe, which yet was difturbed by the Cofsacks,
a people which follow the Greek Religion, and depend upon the Govern-
ment of Poland, which they are obliged to ferve on horfe back againſt the
Turks, and Tartars, whole paffage they ftop. But for the reft, they are hard
to be ruled, and are wont to receive the Pealants, whom the tyranny of the
Gentry drives out of Poland, as alfo many others, for any wickedness, or
offence committed.
The Coffacks.
Take Arms.
The death of victorious King Vladislaus; fome Churches which were
taken from them; and a certain Gentleman called Chimenelisky, who was
their Head, and Leader, made them take Arms,againſt the ſaid Common-
wealth. For this General, feeing the occafion fair to revenge himfeif of the
affront which had been done him by fome certain Lords, put the Coffacks in-
to the Field, beat the Polish Armies twice, and by thefe Victories, opened
the way into the Kingdom, which was expoſed to the cruelty, barbarity, Beat the Po-
and infamous avarice of this dreggy people.
landers.
The fire flamed up again towards Litearia, and the Peasants began alſo to The Peaſants
revolt; but Prince Radzivil repreffed them. Pinskow was reduced into afhes, chastised in LA-
and the Inhabitants, for example to others, put to the Sword.
tuania.
into the Field,
Prince Cafimir being chofen and crowned King at Warsaw, went himself The King goes
into the Field, with his Army, to stop the progrefle of the faid Turks and a Battel.
Tartars, who were joyned together. The Battel was given,and the Enemies, The Peace
after a ftubborn Combat of five hours long, retired with confufion enough, made.
and put themſelves in pofture again the next day; for the number of them
amounted to above three hundred and ninety thousand men. In fine, the
Peace was made, the Tartars returned malcontent, the Priviledges of the
faid Cofsacks were confirmed, and Chimenelisky pardoned.
This newes came to Prince Radzivil,who was in thefe termes with his Ar-
my. He had beaten the Rebels; taken many Towns, and was of refolution
to go and affront the reft; but he returned, and retired to Vilna, Religion
acted her part, in this war, as the jealoufie which, the Polanders ordinarily
have of their King, did allo hers. The Peace had fo much reft, and quiet,
as diftruft, and turbulent fpirits are wont to afford; and fo by confequence, It dures not
it lafted not long for. Chimenelisky, having attacked the Prince of Moldavia, long.
would needs compel him to give his Daughter in marriage to his Son,which
Prince Radzivil the faid Prince's Son in Law, endeavoured to hinder. This
General fecing the Armies in the Field, and the war refolved,( he, who had
correfponce in Poland) ſent his Embaſſadours to Conftantinople, of whofe ex-
pedition we ſhall ſpeak hereafter. For France, in the bickerment of Civil
and Forraigne wars, gives us no more leaſure to ſtay any longer here.
The French, being the moſt affectionate almoft of all other Nations to
the ſervice of their King, could not endure to fee the direction of affai:s in
a forraign Minifters hands. (and indeed other Nations would never have
fuffered it ) ſo jealous are they of the confirmation of their Rights: and by
confequence were extreamly irritated by the impriſonment of the Princes; The Orders of
and the Parliament of Bourdeaux renewed the Order given againſt the Mar- the Parliament
quis d' Ancre, which contained that no Stranger fhould ever more have of Bourdeaux.
the great Miniftery, or Intendency of the Kingdom,
Kk a
Whileft
252
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Whileft the Arch-Duke,and the Vice-Count of Turenne were bufie about
fending the Armies into the Field, and that this latter refufed all the con
ditions which were offered him; the French prefented the faid Arch-Duke
a Peace, with the Articles of Munfter,which he would not accept of; where-
upon a certain French Writer exclaimes, and fayes, that it is a convincing
argument that the Spaniards will not have peace. But this, is but to amufe
the poor people. For doth he not know, that the time is changed; and that
there was then a neceffity of taking whatſoever was offered. Occation is
bald behind.
The Spanish Army attacked Guife, and took it by Affault; but the Caſtle
The Spaniards holding out, and the news of the defeat of the Convoy being come, made
before Guile. them retyre in haft, with the loffe of many men, which hunger cauſed to
run away. The faid Convoy confifted of about fifteen hundred hortemen,
who had every one a bag of powder upon his back, and carried bread to the
Camp; but being attacked by four hundred men only, they threw down
their burthens, and fled.
Retyred with
loffe.
Te Deum is
Thus were the firft fruits of this Field fpoyled; and the Cardinal, who knew
not which way to turn himself, to quench the fire, went towards Bourdeaux,
to force the Allyes, and the faid Town, to repentance for their faults,
leaving Champagne open to the enemies. It was conceived,that the King, by
his prefence, would have reduced them all to their duty: but it proved
quite otherwife; for Mazarin raifed more partialities, hatred,and obftinacy.
The Arch-Duke, fecing the occafion faire, fent his Army into the
faid Province, took Retel, and many other fmall Places, and gave ter-
rour to the Gates of Paris. The Princes, for better fecurities fake, were
carried to Marcouffy, and from thence, to Haure de grace.
Take Retel.
The Arch-Duke wrote from Bafoche to the Duke of Orleans, about a
And the propofi- Peace, who fent him an anſwer of the fame fubftance, but without ef-
tion of Peace
fect. The Spaniards having unprofitably confumed this Field, went and be-
being vain.
fieged Monzon, which they took with much difficulty; as wrestling with
They goe to
Mouzon, and the raines, and the overflowing of the River, which caufed many fickneffes
take it. amongſt the ſouldiers, who were beaten into their winter quarters by the
feafon. Te Deum was fung at Brøffels, for the happy fucceffe of the Kings
is fung at Bruf- Armies, as well in Catalunie, for the reduction of Tortofa; as in Italy, for the
fels, and at Pa- taking of Piambino, and Portolongone, as alfo that of Mouzon in France,which
ris,and why? had been fo faithfully defended by the waters of the Moze. It was alſo fung
at Paris,with no leffe joy,for the recuperation of Bourdeaux, and Retel, with
the defeat of the Vice-Count of Turennes forces. See here, how things pafsed.
The Inhabitants of Bourdeaux, having conceived an irreconcileable ha-
tred againſt the Duke of Efpernon (as we have already faid) declared them-
felves for the Princes. The Duke of Bouillon and the Duke de la Rochefaucant
raiſed a great Army. But by the interceffion of the Duke of Orleans, all fuch
as acted for the Princes,were pardoned, Arms laid down, every body reſto-
made at Bour- ftored to favour, and the Dutchefs of Bouillon delivered. There was none but
deaux. 1650. the Princefs Dowager of Conde, who could not digeft this bitterness; forta-
king the detention of her children too much to heart, and the repulfe of her
fuits, fhe grew at laft to yeeld under the burthen of her afflictions, and
left this vale of mifery to go and take poſseffion of the holy Jerufalem,
The King made his entrance into Bourdeaux the first day of October,
in a moſt ſumptuous, and ſtately Gally, which was fent him by them of the
Town, where he was received with all teftimonies of joy, and a Generall
Vive le Roy where he paſsed: And the feventh of the fame moneth, he de-
parted for Paris.
The Accord
The Princeſſe
Dowagers
death,
>
Cardinal Mazarin feeing the number of his enemies increaſe, refolved
to ſtop their mouthes with a glorious action, which proved uſefull to the
State,
PART.2.
253
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
State, and ferved for an evidence to all Europe, that his Miniftery was ad-
vantagious both to the King and kingdom of France. He puts the Militia
in order, gave the fouldiers money, conducted the Army ftraight to
Retel, and after having given it three Afsaults, made the Spaniards Mazarin re-
march out.
The Vice-Count of Turenne being a brave fouldier, (for whofe valour
fome certain Towns in Germany had declared themſelves for him) forthwith
brought his Troops into the Field, haftened to fuccour the Place, and gave
the beſieged an advertiſement of the reliefe, but too late. He advanced with
fix thouſand horſe, for his foot could not follow; but he was charged by
the Marſhall of Praflin, and after a refiftance which coft much blood,
defeated.
takes Rutci.
The Spaniards recollected themſelves in the Province of Luxemburgh, The Spaniards
and the Conquerouts went to take up their winter quarters in Normandy,and beaten.
Lorraine, where the Count of Lignevills progreffe was foon ftopped; for be- And the Lor-
ing beaten by the Marquis of Seneterre, he was compelled to march away, rainer.
with the loffe of about nine hundred men, and four pieces of Canon.
This year, the Deputies of the Cantons of Swifferland arrived in France, to
prefent their complaints, and they were contented. There needed no lefle
then a whole Army to force the Leinigers, or people of Leidge, to open their
purfes; and the Swedes, having obtained the tax of Contributions, repal-
led the Rhein.
The evacuation being finiſhed in Germany, and the Embaffadours rety The Princes
red, the Princes fent an Embaffic to the Emperour, to demand the Inve- demand the
ture of their Fief. The King of Denmark asked it, for the Dutchy of Hol- Inveſture.
ftein, by Monfieur de Rantzow, who returned with the honour of the title of
Count.
After thefe honours, followed the Reformations almoſt every where;
I would to God,that abuses, and ill customes were also reformed,with as much zeal!
The Goods of the Swiffers arrefted fince the precedent year, cauſed many
complaints, and menaces, which produced a meer reftitution only. Let us
take a turn into Spain, with the Emperours daughter newly elpowied to the
Catholick King, who was every where received, with magnificent pomps,
and honours; but principally, at Madrid; where there was at the fame time,
ring
an Embaſſadour from the Grand Signor, who being brought to a moſt ſtate- The Embaffa-
ly Audience, adorned with Diamants, and precious ftones, firft condoled dour from the
the Queens death, then congratulated the new marriage, and demanded Turk in Spain,
a private audience for his Commiffion. The tenour of his letter of credence
was, To the most Glorious of all Chriſtian Princes, from Aly Solyman Lord of
the Honfe of the Ottomans, &c.
Firft, He offered the Holy Sepulcher.
Secondly, Truc Commerce, without further exercife of Piracy.
Thirdly, He propofed a match between Don John of Auftria,and the Sul-
taneſſe, (of whom we formerly (pake, and who was now become Catholick
at Maltha) promifing him a kingdom under the Tark.
And Fourthly, and laftly, That all prifoners might be releaſed on
both fides. The Prefents were rich, and noble, and the Embally (in
apparence) faire; but the iffue thereof declared, that all was but Com-
plement.
Mr. Anthony Afcam being arrived at the fame Court, in the quality of Re- The Refidents
fident for the Parliament of England, found his Tragicall end there, as Do- of the Parlia
Stor Doriflam had already found his,at the Haghe Charles Stewarts Embaffa- ment massacred
dour being introduced to his Audience, fell forthwith a weeping, and there- at Madrid, and
at the Haghe.
by moved the King to compaffion,
The King of Portugal by favouring Prince Robert, cauſed the English Fleet
K k 3
[0
254
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
:
to come, and lye before his Havens, which put him to fo much dammage,
that both he, and his ſubjects had leaſure to repent themſelves, of having of-
fended that Parliament.
ver of Lisbone.
The Kings
Goods fold.
CHAP. VIII.
Blakes Fleet in Portugal. Charles Stewart in Jerfy. The Kings
Lands, and Goods fold. The aforefaid Charles goes into Scotland.
The English go thither,with an Army. The Scots are beaten.
The continuation of the war in Candie. War by the
Pen. The Spanish Embaſſadour at London.
The Chineſes turned Catholicks.
Tis in the Britannick Iſlands, that Bellona now exerciſes her rage; for the
hath eſtabliſhed her feat there, and looks, as if ſhe would ſtay ſome
time.
Charles was in the Ifle of Jerfy, where he diftributed Commiffions, to fall
upon the Engliſh ſhips, and fpoyle their Trade, But, upon a certain advice
General Blake which was given him, he departed; and Generall Blake went, and ſhut
before the Ri- up Prince Robert in the River of Lisbone, whileft the Kings Goods were
fold at London; as namely, his three Crownes, his Scepter, the Golden Gar-
ter, all the Jewels, Pictures, Images, Rarities, and whatſoever elfe of price,
and value. Some put the Crownes upon their Heads, the Garter about
their Legs, and took the Scepter in their hands, faying, Look, how well
thefe Ornaments become me. Who would have imagined fuch a change?
The mony which was made of theſe faid Goods, was employed upon the
States fervice. They paffed yet further, they brake down the Kings Statue,
upon the old Exchange, and fet up this Infcription; Exiit Tyrannus Re-
gum ultimus
Cromwels vi-
Etory over the
Scots,
Who takes
The Parliament fearing left Charles, through fome good fuccefs, fhould
come, and diſturb the Peace of England, by means of fome Creatures of his
there, laboured to prevent him; and Fairfax having ſurrendred his Com-
miffion, to that moſt renowned Captain Generall Cromwell, he marched
with an Army of fixteen thousand men, to face the Scots, who were above
five and twenty thouſand; killed above three thouſand of them upon the
place, and took above ten thousand prifoners; for the reft run away, to pub-
lifh the glory of the Nation. Indeed, he had as good fuccefs, as Don John
of Auftria, who loft but nine men in the Battail near Namurs; and he loft
but about twenty in this; yea,and he got this as good cheap, as he had that
of Marquis Hamilton, whom he utterly defeated the year before in England,
with a handful of men. It was conceived, that there were fome Traitors
amongſt that Nation (which yet is faithfull enough) and that they who had
fold their King, were yet alive to ſell this Army.
Edenburgh and glorious
1651.
This great victory rendred Generall Cromwell's name moſt renowned and
glorious; opened him the Gates of Edenburgh, Leeth, and many other
Edenburgh and Townes; and caft the poor King of the Scots into great apprehenfions; who
other places,
entring once into Edenburgh, and ſeeing the miferable relicks of the unfortu-
nate Montroffe, had much adoe to abftain from tears: but upon the fad news
of the death of his Brother-in-Law the Prince of Orange, he obtained leave
to take them down. Amongst all other vexations, he had much adoe to fa-
tisfie the importunity of the Minifters, and to difcern the faithfull, from the
Charles in
Scotland.
perfidious,
PART.2.
255
The History of this Iron Age.
perfidious, who would have carried him into the very hands of his enemies.
Let us leave him putting on mourning for his faid Brother-in-Law, and for
his Sifter Elizabeth both together; for which he was full of forrow.
There was no difficulty found in the Empire, but about the Toll, or Cu-
ftome, upon the River of wefer, adjudged to the Count of Oldenbergh, whom The Tll upon
ergh,whom
they of Bremen carneftly oppofed; but being affrighted by the Imperial the Wele.
Thunderbolt, they obeyed. The Emperour fent Embalfadours to Mintua,
to demand the Princeffe for his Wife: and the Duke of Bavaria his,to fetch
the Princeffe of Savoy.
The Grand Signor being tired by a war of fo much durance, offered the
Venetians a peace, by yeelding them the Kingdom of Candy, whereat they
laughed, and refolved to continue the war. The Turks attacked Candy in
vaine, and after having loft very many men, returned towards Canes. But The Victory of
the Venetians were yet more happy by Sea, then by Land; for,they defeated the Venetians.
the Fleet, which carried relief to Canea, retook the ftrong Caftle of S.Theo-
dore, and ruined fome Gallyes befides; in fuch fort, as Te Deum was fung at
Venice, with great folemnity.
Amongst all the difafters, and afflictions of Chriftendom, came the news The Chingies
of the Coverfion of the Chineſes, or People of China, to the Roman Catho- Converted.
lick Religion, which much rejoyced all fuch as took more to heart the pro-
pagation of that Religion, then the interefts of fading States.
Milton writes
As war was made with the Pike; fo was it alſo with the Pen. For Sal-
mafius, wrote a Book in defence of the King of England; and a certain Eng-
lighman called Milton, who was not known before, and grew famous by en-
tring the Lifts with this triumphant Champion, moſt acutely, and elegant-se
ly anſwered it.
The Schollars, and even the very Women have been feen in Arms in
many places; and both Sexes have fhewed that they know how to handle the
Sword. The Elements, the Servants of this great God, being irritated, rife up to
Stifle the rest of Mortals; the Mountaines vomit fire; the Earth trembles; the
Aire, being infected with pestilence, wafts, and ranfacks Poland, as it hath already
done other Parts of Europe; the continual raines make the Rivers break over their
banks. The Danub, the Rheyn, and the Moze do irreparable burt; and the
canal Embaraſments which happen in many places, destroy what was left by the
Souldiers.
The dammages which were cauſed by the overflowings of the Sea, and
the raines,were allo exceffively great in Italy,from whence the war began by
little and little to retire it felfe, and was not carried on with fo much fury as
it had formerly been.
against Salina-
The overflowing
of Rivers.
This world is full of wonders, and unheard of accidents. The Spanish
The Spanish
Embaffadour at London acknowledged England for a Free Common-
Embaladour in
wealth, and was treated with very great refpect, and honour. This bufi-
England ac-
neffe aſtoniſhed all the World, to fee a great Catholick King, who hath knowledges the
alwayes been an Enemy to Proteftants, make friendship, with a people, who Parliament.
had alwayes in times paft, been utter enemies to his Family.
But the Politicians penetrated to fownd the grounds, which might bring
Philip the fourth,and his Council to make amity with them.Confidering the Why?
affiſtance which the English had given the Hollanders againſt the Crown of
Spain; the ruin of the Spanish Fleet in the Downes; the Allyance of the French,
with the Lutherans in Germany; the wars with France, and many other mo-
tives, made him think it fit to make an Allyance with this Republick. Let us
accompany fuch as are curious, to the Crowning of the Queen of Sweden.
CHAP.
256
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The Queen of
Sweden's prai-
fes.
The overflow
ing of the Ri-
ver of Seine,
1651.
Holland.
CHAP. IX.
The Coronation of the Queen of Sweden. Hurt done at Paris,
by the River. The deliverance of the Princes. Mazarin perfecu-
ted, departs out of France. A great Affembly at the Haghe.
The arrival of the English Embaſſadour at the Haghe.
War against the Coffacks. The King of Scots
enters England with an Army; is beaten
at Worceſter, and fled diſguiſed.
Vstavus Adolphus, one of the most happy, and victorious Princes that
ever were, left but one only Daughter, Heirefle both of his Crown,
and Conquefts. This Princeffe (who may justly be called, the Mother of
Armies) continued the war in Germany, began and ended it in Denmark,
with fo great felicity,and her Swedish Generals under her orders,got ſo many
Towns, and fo many Victories upon both Elements, and carried on the war
fo far; that it may well be doubted, whether the have not furmounted, or
at least, equaled the high, and heroick deeds of her glorious Father.
During the cares of thefe wars, the was almoſt alwayes in the company
of the Mules, where she had acquired fo much knowledge, and crudition,
that as the Father was one of the moft magnaminous Princes in the World;
fo hath the Daughter rendred her felfe one of the moft learned Prin-
ccffes thereof. She hath all languages almoft as perfect as her Mothers
tongue; The Sciences are lodged in her understanding; and Practice hath
made her fo dexterous, and cautious, that the whole Univerfe is as much
too little to contain her Fame, as it was to contain Alexander's ambition.
Her Grace is fo Majeſtick; her Majefty ſo venerable; her Charmes fo
inevitable, and her Bounty fo great, that he is adored by all her Subjects:
and fuch Strangers as come from thence, cannot fufficiently publifh her in-
comparable Vertues. Her people to fhew her their humble duty, honoured
her Coronation with many Ceremonies, Pomps, Arcks of Triumph, with
elegant Emblemes, or Pocfics, and Vowes, which rung through all the Ci-
ty of Stockholme, and ſpared no charges, to make the Feaft more ftately, and
famous then all thofe of the other Kings, which I will paffe over in filence,
to follow my brevity, and go to Paris.
The year began with a deluge, in this great City,which fecmed to prefage
the misfortunes which hapned fince, in that poor Kingdom. The war had
made havock, the Taxes had ruined the people; Famin had put many into
their graves; and defpair had made the Subjects rife in Arms. O mife-
rable Condition of Mortals! When the people had given all they had,
ſome of them were caft in priſon to make them give yet more, to glut the
hunger of the Factious. The River of Seine fwoll fo high, that all the houſes
near it were in danger to be facrificed to the wrath, and indignation
thereof
This Element ſhewed alfo in Holland, that it can break the bars whereby
The flood in it is curbed, when it pleaſes the Almighty: For, upon the fourth of March,
(which was the day before the Prince of Orange's burial) a full Tyde of the
Sea brake the Damm, or Banke of St. Anthony, and overflowed all that part,
which is called Diemer-Meer; there hapned alfo no fmall dammage in
North-Holland. But at Amfterdam,the water grew fo high, that people were
forced to go by boates, in fome Streets; befides that, it entred into the Cel-
lars, and fpoiled the worth of many Tunns of Gold in marchandifes, When
God
PART.2.
257
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
God hath a min de to chaſtiſe mankinde, he eaſily findes means to do it ; for,
no body can hide himfelf from his face.
The Lawrel which Cardinal Mazarin had upon his head,could not ſecure
him from the Thunderbolt; for the Parifians, having already forgotten his
fervices, would needs have him bannifhed. The Parliament went to the
Queen at the Palace Royal, and demanded the liberty of the Princes, for the
tranquillity of the Kingdom. She, and her Council being furprized, requi-
red fome time, to advife of what fhould be moft expedient for the good of
the State, which was granted. But the anſwer not coming after the expi-
ration of the terme, the Court of Parliament affifted by the authority of the
Duke of Orleans, concluded, to give an Order, or Decrce, for the juftifica-
tion of the Princes. The Queen feeing the heat, wherewith their deliver-
ance was purfued, confented,and difpatched the Marfhal of Gramment; and The Princes de-
the Cardinal, giving way to the powerful averfion of fuch as would not fuf-
fer him to be any longer Minifter of State; left Paris; went and ſpake with The Cardinal
the Princes, and departed out of the Kingdom.
There is no place in this lower world, where Fortune more abfolutly
raignes, then in the Court of France: For many began now to fpeak ill of
him, who were foon after glad enough, to winne his favour. Mortals, put
not your trust in this inconftant Goddels,who often inebriates you, to throw
you under her wheel. His departure amended not the bufigefle.
The United Provinces fell into fore alterations, which required a ſpeedy
remedy. The Belgick Lyon put them in minde of their firft Symbole. The
Country was without a Governour; the choice of Magiftrates, and Officers
returned to the Towns; and the deceaſed Princes Guards, took the Oath
of Fidelity, to the States of Holland, from whom they received their pay.
The Deputies of all the Provinces were fent for, the great Hall was pre-
pared, and they of Zeland arrived firft.
livered.
retires.
The Embaffadours of the Parliament of England came to the Haghe,and The Embaſa-
were received with much honour; however the people effectively expreffed Parliament in
dours of the
their averfion from them, by breaking their windowes, and other infolen Holland.
cies in fuch fort, as the States, to hinder greater inconveniences, and fave The aversion of
Perfons Sacred by the Law of Nations, placed a great Court of Guard before the people.
their houſe.
But let us return into Poland,and we ſhall hear that the perfidy of the Cof-
facks, and their General, fuffers not the new King to taſte a little reft, in the
very beginning of his taign. For they brought back the Tartars; The
Grand Signor fent them a Sable; and the Patriarch of Conftantinople brought of the Coffacks.
The fecond war
them a Benediction: and yet they left not to looſe four thouſand men in a
Battel, where the King was prefent; and were constrained fome dayes after, Who are beaten.
to retire themſelves by night in confufion, leaving part of their Baggage,
their Canon, and many thouſands of prisoners behinde them. This Victo-
ry fent from above, rejoyced all Poland, and caufed Fire-works; and the
Embaſſadours who were at Lubeck, treating the Peace between them and
Swedes, imparted the newes to their friends, who expreffed great rejoycings,
as the ancient Town of Lubeck, alſo did, by their example,
Hitherto, we have ſeen Traffick almoſt aboliſhed by land, by means of
the war, which hath ruined, and devoured all things; and we fhall forth-
with fee it in almoft as miferable a condition by fea, though there be no
Mountains, nor Forrests to receive, and fhelter Rovers.
After the Peace was made, the Great Mafter of the Knights of Malta,
fent his Deputies to the Haghe,to redemand the Lands,or Goods, belonging The Knights of
to his Order; but having obtained nothing, he got Letters of Reprifal, and Malta,take the
his Knights took many Holland Ships in the Levant, as the French alfo did; The French do
fo that the complaints and menuaces of the Merchants were heard againſt the fame.
LI
France;
Holland Ships.
258
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Robberies at
Sea.
France, yea Monfieur Borcel Embaſſadour for the Common-wealth at Paris,
made them found loud; but he reaped nothing but promiſes,with very ſmall
effet, which would have caufed a great alteration,had it not been modera-
ted by the prudence of this folid, and ſtayd Nation.
Prince Robert alſo being favoured by the Portugueses, did what he could,
to hurt the English, the effects whereof were fo much refented by the Mer-
chants of that Common-wealth, that they had no will at all to laugh. And
befides, the Pirates having Commiffion from the King of Scors, did extreme
mifchief, and had their retreat at Jerfy, and Sicily,two Iflands, fituated at
about fifty degrees, between England, and Ireland; for they took all, without
diftinction; in fuch fort, as it was neceflary to fend Admirall Tromp thither,
and the English Fleet which unneftled thefe Theeves, and a little while after,
feazed upon the faid Ifle of lerfy.The Irish were alfo bold enough,to feek their
advantage, with the fatne Orders, though with leffe ftrength; But fmall
Theeves make themfelves fometimes feared,
Thele loffes, which were præcurfory to greater evills, much diminiſhed
Trade, by the great Guards, or Convoyes, which it was needfull to fend
with the Merchants fhips, and by the Charges of infuring the Merchandi-
zes. The Dunkerkers did no great hurt. But they aforefaid made themſelves
feared, by the number, and bignefs of their Vefléls, and the tonveniency of
their Havens. Envie, Avarice, and Vengeance produced thefe misfortunes.
We have already spoken of the triumphant Coronation of the Queen of
Sweden; therefore let us now go, and fee that of the King of Scots, amongit
the tumults, and diforders of war; yea, and as one may ſay, on horſe-back,
and with his fword in his hand.
CHAP. X.
:
The Crowning of Charles Stewart. His entrance into England.
He loft the Battail near Worceſter. The miferable State of the
Scots. His admirable flight. He arrived in France. The
Difference between the Elector of Brandenburgh.
and the Duke of Newburgh. The peace made.
The Crowning CH
of the King of
Scotland
Harles being arrived in Scotland, found many difficulties, as we have al-
ready faid, which after he had happily vanquished, and taken a folemu
Oath, the Earl of Argyle, together with a Baron, and a Citizen, put the
Crown upon his head, to the great contentment of the Affembly, which
cryed Live King Charles the fecond. Whereupon Dong laffe the Minifter went
into the Pulpit, and exhorted him to revenge his Fathers death; but he had.
enough to do to fave his own life, within a fhort ſpace after. For not being
able to drive his enemies out of Scotland, he refolved by a very hazardous
defigu, to tranfport the war into England, there to animate his friends,to take
He enters into Arms for his fervice; and fo he entered upon a fuddain with an Army of
about eighteen thousand fighting men,and by often skirmishing came as far
as Worcester; but (either for want of Arms, or will) no body ſtirred for him,
but the Earl of Derby, with fome three hundred men, which were cut in
pieces, very few eſcaping, but the ſaid Earl himſelf, who carryed him the
Scotland.
newes.
General Cromwell, being recovered of his fickneffe, and informed of this
inopinated invaſion, followed him; and the Parliament raiſed alſo new for-
ces
PART.2.
259
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
ces to refift him. The Battail was given near the faid Town of Worcester,
where the Seots, and Royalifts, animated by the prefence of their King,car-
ryed themſelves well at the beginning, but the Horle being broken, took
flight; and fuch as were not killed, could not efcape, in regard that all the Is defeated by
palsages were ſtopt; fo that the condition of thefe, was more miferable, then Cromwell.
theirs who died fighting. There were feven thouland taken prisoners, toge-
ther with the whole Train of Artillery; for they were all caught in a pit-fall,
except their young King, who made a marvellous eſcape, as we will forth-
with fhew.
He was conceived to be flain; but the Parliament ordained, that no body,
under pain of death, fhould either lodge, or relieve him, in any wife; which
begat a fufpicion, that he was living, and enjoyed fome kind of fearfull liber-
ty. For when he faw, that the Battail was loft, he fled with twelve Gentle-
men in his company, whom he was forced to leave, for fear of being difco-
vered, and known, retaining only the Lord wilmot, with whom he hid him-
felf in an hollow Tree, for the space of two dayes, and at length retyred to a The King of
certain Gentlewomans houfe, who changed his cloathes, conducted him to Scots marvat-
Briftoll, and afterwards to London, in the habit of a Gentlewoman, where he busty efcured.
ſtayed above three weeks; and then he passed into France, (though he were
known to the Mafter of the Veffel) and arrived at Rouen, where he was re-
ceived by the Duke of Longueville, and next at Paris, by the King, the
Queens, and all the Court.
Thus we fee how Fortune raifes fome, and pulls down others: For had
Charles gotten the Battail, it is very probable, that England had been the
price of the victory.
advantageous
to the Parlia-
This victory confirmed the Parliaments authority, and deſtroyed that of The vllory
the other Party, loft the kingdom of Scotland, caſt an infinite number of
Widowes, and Fatherlefs children, into exceffive affliction, and the
priſoners into unexpreffible calamities.
poor ment.
The firſt who appeared upon a Scaffold, was the Earl of Derby; and
his Wife, after a capitulation, put the Ifle of Man into the Parliaments
hands. The priſoners of note were put into the Tower of London; and the
molt famous, and victorious General Cromwell, was received with fuch
applaufes,as were wont to be heretofore given to the firft Roman Emperors.
The Lands of the principal Gentlemen,and fuch as were moſt affected to the
other Party were confifcated. But let us now leaveEngland, and the Par-
liament; let us leave Scotland in teares; let us leave the different opinions
concerning the fucceffe of this war; for thofe of our Continent callus fpec-
dily back, and eſpecially the difference which happened in Cleveland.
The Electour of Brandenburgh, in full peace fent four thousand men into Wars between
the Duke of Newburgh's Country, who attacked the ftrong House of Angre- the Electour of
Brandenburgh,
mont, and performed all acts of hoftility, without having denounced the and the Duke
war. This invafion much difpleafed the Emperour, and much more him, of Newburgh,
whom it more nearly concerned. Religion, ferved here for a pretext, and
this affront put a flea in the ear of the bordering parts, which yet by the in-
termiffion of the Emperour, and the States of Holland, was foon taken out;
the Lorrainers who went to fuccour the Duke of Newburgh; fent back the
forces caſheered; and the Princes returned to their former good intelligence.
This war gave Colein much apprehenfion, and no fmall diftruft to the Uni-
ted Provinces, which feared left if the fire increaſed, it might grow to bura
their Neighbours houſes, according to the Latin Proverb,
Tum tuares agitur, paries cum proximus ardet.
When thou feeft the next house burn,
Be fure the next will be thy turn.
Let us go feek our Cardinal Mazarin in his difgrace.
LI ¿
CHAP.
260
PART.2
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Cardinal
departs out of
France, and
takes an order
for his banish-
ment.
and then to
Brucl.
霎
​CHAP. XI.
Cardinal Mazarins retreat into the Province of Liedge. The
Princes make their entry into Paris. The joy for both the Dutcheffe of Lon-
guevilles, and the Marshall of Turennes repaffe into France.The Baptifme
of the young Prince of Orange, and the difpute about his tutelage.
The Damme broaken near Waguening. Ulefeldt accufed
T
of having intended to poyfon the King of Denmark.
Berghen St. Weynock taken by the Spaniards.
He Queen being very often petitioned by the Members of Parliament,
to fet the Princes at liberty, for the Kings fervice, and the kingdoms
quiet, and feeing the Refolute run up and down the streets of Paris, requiring
their deliverance; condefcended to it: but the Kings Counfell, on the other
fide, was not a little ſtaggered, to hear the importunate voyce of the people,
Live the King, Live the Princes, so Mazarin.
His eminence finding France difgufted by his Miniftery,retyred himſelf, as
we have have already faid; and the Princes made their entry into Pa
ris the 16. of February,where they were received by the Duke of Orleans,and
all the great ones, with very ftrong refentments of joy. The conditions upon
which they were releafed, were that the hoftility of Stenay, and Turenne
fhould ceaſe,
The Cardinal not being able to prevent, or hinder this return of theirs fo
prejudicial to his Authority, and leeing the Duke of Orleans, who had con
fented to their detention,fo urgent now,under pretext of the kingdoms good,
for their releafement; got the King,and Queen,to approve of his retreat. The
joy for his departure was incomprehenfibly great; for every one gave him a
wipe, aud acccufed him of having exhaufted the Finances, or Exchequer, nor
is there in fine,that wickedneffe in nature; wherewith he was not branded;in
fuch fort as it was believed, that his abfence would bring back the golden
Age. But his banishment touched him much more to the quick.
His enemies had now their time,and he not long after, had his. It is better
to laugh at last, then at firft. His departure was ignominious, but his return
was glorious. The Spaniards offered him all kindneſs of favour in his difgrace,
which he difcreetly refufed, upon the confideration of a former obligation.
The Parliament of Rošen Decreed alſo againſt him, All the world,yea, even
the Pope himſelf hated him; And yet for all this, the miſchiefs whereof he
was held to be the Authour, ended not by his retyrement,
The King and Queen made a Manifeft, wherein they declared the Prin
Goes to Dinant, ces innocent, and approved all that which was ordered againſt Mazarin,
who paſſed by Perone,Sedan,and Dinant, where he ſtayd fome days, and then
went to Liedge,and in fine, retyred to Bruel to the Electour, who received
him according to his qualities. Thus was he exiled,cryed down, and hated
by all; his fervices were forgotten; and even they themfelves, who fhewed
him fome courtefie in his retreat, were made guilty thereby. None but great
fpirits make their magnanimity appear, in misfortunes.
The Vice-Count
returns into
France.
Small tumults
in Holland.
The Prince of
Oranges Bap
tifme.
The Dutcheffe of Longueville, the Marſhal of Turenne, and the Count of
Grandpre, returned into France with their Troops, where they were welcom;
leaving the care of finishing the work to the Spaniards; who could not fuffici-
ently wonder at this change; however the Princes fent to Bruffels, to thank
the Arch-Duke for his care of their deliverance.
The little tumults which happened at Middleburgh in Zeland,at Dort,and at
Culemburgh,were appealed before they were known; & therefore we will not
fpeak of them at prefent,but relate the Baptifm of the young Prince of Orange,
which was performed with great magnificence at the Haghe, The States Ge-
neral,
PART.2.
261
The History of this Iron Age.
neral,theStates of Holland,andZeland, and the Deputies of the Town of Delft,
Harlem, and Amfterdam, were his Godfathers. But there chaufed a great
controverfie concerning his tutelage(which was adjudged to the Princeffe
Royall his mother)which caufed fome coldneffe between the two Ladyes,
and much adoc there was to end it.
In the mean while, the great affembly perfevered in the care of making The great af-
Sembly at the
the union ftronger then ever, and repayring fome diforders; in relation to Haghe.
which it was judged neceflary to grant an Act of oblivion; to put the Mili-
tia into good method, to maintaine the Reformed Religion; to keep the bitt
in the Roman Catholicks mouthes, and exclude fuch as followed that Do-
&trine,from all Publick employments.
All being concluded,the Aſſembly ſent for a Miniſter to give God thanks, Separates.
and parted with moft perfect intelligence. A day of prayer was held, and
alms was diftributed, and the Fireworks, and Ordnance made a concert,
for the Simbole of the union.
The yeare of 1651 towards the end of Winter, the Snowes melting by The Bank bro-
a thaw, the Waters of the Rheyn (wol up in fuch fort, that the Bank between ken.
Rhene, and Wagnening brake, and put the inhabitants about Amerffort into
great perplexities. Indeed, this year deferved to be called the yeare of de- Many Inunda
luge; for there were very few Rivers in Europe,which did not, by the conti- tions.
nuall raines exceed their bounds,and bear down their banks. The Scourge of
God,as water,fire, and fword, are every where felt.
Let us go to the feptemptrion, where we thall finde one of the greateſt
Lords,yea the high Steward of the Houſe of the King of Denmark himſelf,
fulpected,and accufed,of having intended to poyfon the King. A wickedness
unknown heretofore,in the colds of the North,
It was Mons. Olefeldt,a man of great experience,and much renowned for Ulefeldt the
the Embaffayes, wherein he had rendred the King, and Common-Wealth high Steward
of the King's
great fervices, who was accuſed of this treaſon,by a lewd woman, who not houshold accu-
being able to prove the ſaid accuſation, was beheaded. One Colovel Walter fed of having
was alfo fufpected, who having defended his innocence,fummoned the faid intended to pop-
Olefeldt; but he, in ftead of appearing before the King, departed fecretly fon kim.
with his wife,into Holland,& afterwards inteSweden; His flight was extreamly
ill taken, and Hannibal Zeeftadt,for having contemned the Kings Authority,
was degraded, from his charge, and deprived of almoſt all his Eftate. Thefe
two Lords had marryed each of them one of the dead King's naturall
Daughters, and were Brothers-in-Law to Count Wolmaer, who during his The CountWo
Father's life,went into Mufcovie,to marry the Grand Dukes Daughter,where maer goes int
he tryed the perfidie of thofe Barbarians, who, in confideration of an advice
come from another place,would not give him the Princeffe,but upon unre-
ceivable conditions. In fine, having unpeftere himſelf from their hands,
and received his liberty, he repaffed through Poland,put himſelf into the
Imperiall Armies, where he acquired great reputation, and high employ-
ments,and the Emperours favour to boot. Thus all was appeafed in that
Kingdom,and let us now returne poft back through Germany, where we ſhall
find nothing but a reformation, and fome complaints which rang every
where,of the Garriſon of Frankendal.
Mulcovii.
The French forces marched towards the Low-Countryes,and committed
ſome robberies,and violences upon the Fronteers of Flanders: the Spaniards
oppofed them; and towards the end of the Summer, drew out fome regi-
ments, and made thein march under the conduct of that great Captain the
Marquis of Sfondrato, who took Fuernes with fmall refiftances but Berghen St. Sfondi no
Wynock,a ftrong place,and ayded by the waters of the Sea, (which the Shuces takes Fuernes
being drawn let paffe) and which gave the Souldiers great vexations, open- and Berghen
ed her gates the eleventh day,to let the Spanish Garrifonin, and the French St.Wynock
1631.
LI 3
out.
to
262
PART.Z.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Cardinals
forces passe
through Hol.
land.
The Prince of
Court.
out. The Fort Linck was alfo foon reduced; and Burburgh being abandoned,
was put again into condition to defend it felf. It was conceived,that the Spa-
niards would make an attempt uponDunkerksbut the continual rains,the late-
nefs of the feafan,and fickneffes amongst the fouldiers,fent the Army back
to reſt.
CHAP. XII.
The Cardinal returns into France. The Lords who had been
imprisoned, are restored to their employments. The Prince of Condè
retyres from Paris.The King declared Mayor.Prodigies feen upon
the Sea. The beginning of the troubles between England
H
and Holland, and why? The death of Spiring.
Owever Cardinal Mazarin was unhappy in a Croffe of fortune, yet
he omitted not either his care, or any occafion to ferve the King of
France. For he contracted fome of the forces which were diſmiſſed in
Cleveland, and fent them fecretly down the Rheyn to Rotterdam, where being
difcovered, and their leader fummoned to the Haghe, the Souldiers con-
ftrained the Boatmen,to put them a fhore,and fo every one went whether
he pleaſed.
În the moneth of August, there arrived neer two thouſand Neapolitans
before the Rammekens, in foure hips, who tryed the courtefie of the Zelan-
ders,heard their grumblings,and were forced to returne to Sea,fince the paf-
fage to Antwerp was not allowed them.
After the Princes departure, the Lords who were releafed,were reftored to
Condè retyres their former charges. But a fudden guft,or blaft,which furprizes the Mari-
himſelf from
ners at Sea,in a great Calme,doth not more hare them, then the Prince of
Conde's fudden retreat did the French, upon an advertizement which had
been given him, that the Queen would fecure his perfon again.She ſent a
proteftation to him, that fhe had no fuch defign,and that it was nothing but
falſe reports ſcattered by the Enemies of France: and fo upon conditions that
the Cardinals Creatures (as Servient Tellier, &c.) fhould retyre from the
Court,he came back to Paris:but thefe conditions were ill enough obferved.
The feventh of September, the King being at the Parliament, the Chan-
celler declared him Mayor, as being entred into the fourteenth year of his
Age, and the Queen difcharged her felf of her Regencie.
The King de-
clared Mayor
the feventh of
September
1651.
Mazarin re-
turns into
France.
The Prince of Conde upon another information given him, that they
would murther him, retyred himſelf again to St. Maur,and from thence to
Bourdeaux, where he drew the inhabitants to his party, and the Spaniards
came to fuccour him with ſeventeen Ships.
The King and Queen went to Poitiers,where they fent for the Cardinal,
who forthwith obeyed,and came to them with fome thouſands of men,and
was received by them both, with fuperlative teftimonies of benevolence.
Thus was the fire grown greater then ever, and more certain apparence of
a general combuſtion throughout the whole Kingdom. An order of Parli-
ament was proclamed againſt Cardinal Mazarine, declaring him guilty of
High Treafon, as a Perturbatour of the Kingdom; all his Lands,and Goods
confiſcated his fine Library fold;a hundred and fifty thouſand Livers, or
Florins adjudged to any body who would bring him alive or dead, and the
The 'Spaniards
some main into Spaniards called again into France by the Prince of Conde under the conduct
of the Duke of Nemours.
France.
The Kings complaints were anſwered by other, and the conclufion was,
that if his Majeſty would expell the Cardinal, the forrain forces fhould re-
tyre out of France.
Let
PART.2.
263
The History of this Iron Age,
Let us leave the French thus divided,fome leaning to the Princes fide,and
fome to Mazarins; and thefe latter were ſtyled Mazarinifts: for, we muſt
take notice of the motion of the English,towards a War with theUnited Pro-
vinces, which were of the fame Religion,their Friends, and Neighbours.
For the English put out an A&t forbidding the importing any commodities
from any place, but thofe of their own growth,and in their own fhips,to the
intention of increafing the fhipping, and Mariners of that Nation; which
act how highly it difgufted the Hollanders, the effects of a moft fierce War
will demonftrate.Some Prodigies preceded this War, which I will fet down
briefly, without staying upon the circumftances thereof,
Oh unhappy Age! No fooner are we delivered from one misfortune,
then we fall into a greater. Por.thefe united Provinces had no fooner given
thanks to the Almighty for Peace, then they found themfelves ill looked
upon,by many Potentates; envied by fome, and incommodated by others,
in their trade. In fine, the mifchief came from that part, which they leaſt
fufpected.
Take heer the Prodigies which were ſeen by men of credit,and report
thereof made to the States,in this fubftance.
That upon Fryday the twenty fecond of December 1651,about nine of the clock, Prodigees feen
ten or twelve leagues from the mouth of the Moze; they Jaw a plaine Field, of the neer the mouth
bight of a man, about the Horizon, and therein many Souldiers, both foot, and of the Sea.
Horfe, which forthwith difappeared.
Next, they faw, neer about the fame place, a great Fleet coming from the North,
Some of the Veffels whereof had their Sayles but half up. By and by, there appeared
another from the South-east, which came ftraight to attack the Former; and then it
feemed as if allthe Ships were funk to the bottom; which yet (hewed themselves again
fo diftinctly that they were able to difcerne the Ropes, and Cables.
Laft of all, they faw the great Veffels again, which they had difcovered first.
Thefe vifions lafted about three houres. A Lyon, on the Northfide of the Ships,per-
formed the last Alt,under which there appeared animals of different shapes, which
turned into Ships.
The Parliament of England being grown formidable, by Charles Stewart's
expulfion,whom they quite expelled the Ifland; and by the conqueft of the
Kingdom of Scotland,was much intenſe upon War, and defirous to diminiſh
the traffique which hath iariched thefe united Provinces; as by taking the
Ships which they met either at Sea, or came into their havens, and then, by
giving Letters of Mart.
The begining by
Mart.
Whereupon, the complaints of the Holland Marchants obliged the Letters of
States to fend their Embaffadours, to acknowledge them for a Free Com-
mon-Wealth; to renew friendship; and to redernand their Veffels ta-
ken.
The first point pleaſed them; and the fecond was payed with filence;
and the third differred, as never to be granted. The Propofitions which
they made the ſaid Embaladours,were fo high,and beyond their expeƐta-
tion,that the High and Mighty Lords refolved upon War.
Whileft theſe things were in agitation, there hapned an encounter
betwixt General Blake, and Admiral Tremp,about ftriking, wherein Tromp
was fo brifkly received, that he had much adoe to get handfomly off, lea-
ving two fhips behind him, in the poffeffion of the English.
This action haftened the returne of the Embaffadours, and fet the States
on work, for the fitting of a fecond Fleet, which was retarded by the wary
Hollanders, out of hope of compofing the difference,by reprefenting the ne
ceffity of a good harmony betwixt the two Nations. They wanted neither
ftrength, courage,nor convenience to hurt, but other confiderations made
them feek an accommodation, which thefe new Republicans rejected,
Mons
The first attak.
264
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Monfieur Spiring the Embaſſadour of Sweden uſed all diligence,to prevent
Every one goes the States Embaffadours departure, and encouraged them to acknowledge
into England to England for a Free State. The Title in his Letter of Credence not being well
acknowledge adjuſted, he met with fome little difficulty, yet nevertheleſs obtained Au-
dience; but death taking him ſoon away; deprived that State of a great
friend.
the Parliament.
After the Spanish Embaffadour had acknowledged them, every body
haftened to the Offering, as fearing to be the laft. Only France feemed not
much to care; but after having fuffered a very rough check,ſhe at laſt came,
as we ſhall ſhortly demonftrate. But we muft yet make another great cip
cuit, before we conclude our Work.
Sea-Rovers.
CHAP. XIII.
The miferies at Sea caufed by Pirats. The prefent ftate of Nor-
way, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Hungary, Germany,
Italy, Spain, and France, &c.
Hitherto, we have feen the wars begun, and caried on, firſt for the au-
thority, and occupation, or feazure of Countries, under the princi-
pal pretext of Religion; and then there hapned fo great a Hotchpot, and
fuch a confuſed variety, by the fhuffling together of fo many different Ally-
ances, and deceiptful practices; that this precious Cloak being grown quite
thred-bare, could be no longer worne; and therefore the hatred of Nati-
ons, and old quarrels, muft now be brought upon the Stage.
Indeed, if (according to the faying of Tertullian) by forging fo many
Religions, there grow at length to be none at all left; with the like founda-
tion, may I alfo fay, that by making fo many various Allyances, which are
fo cafily broken, and fo dexterously patched together again, there is no Al-
lyance at all. I have to do (faid a certain Monarch) with a bordering people,
which never keep their Faith, but when they perceive no occafion to hurt me.
By this it is, that there is fo much trouble to make a peace; and they who
labour to joyne the two Parties, finde ſo much difficulty, and repugnance,
in regard of the indelible diſtruſts, and jealoufies between them, that they
cannot accompliſh it. Befides, that there have alwayes been Sea-Rovers,
who, as the Theeves, hidden in the Woods and Forreſts, have furprized
paſſengers, and laid wait for the Merchants Ships; and at prefent, we fee
whole Fleets, the Sea loaden with Veffels, to attacke, not by ſtealth, but
open force, the ſaid Merchants Ships, and the men of War allo, which ac-
company them. Some years agoe the Sea was free, and ſafe enough; but
now, there are more, and greater dangers there, then there ever were by
Land.
Let us paffe through the North, and end our Carreer in England,
The Kingdom of Norway, being fecured by its poverty feared not, the
year before, nor this preſent year neither, the war, wherein the King of
Thirty Eng Denmark ſeemed ready to involve himſelf. For he redemanded the Por-
lih Ships Stopt tion of his Aunt Anne, Queen of England; which being refuſed, he ſtopped,
and confiſcated ſome thirty English Merchant- Ships, and made a ftreight
Allyance thereupon, with the States of Holland, for their Common In-
terefts.
in Denmark.
That Libell which was made in Sweden, being washed, and wiped off
with the blood of the Authours thereof, all was there in good order, and
dili-
PART.2.
265
The History of this Iron Age.
diligence was uſed for the fetting out of a little confiderable Fleet; which
gave the bordering parts fo much jealouſie, that King Frederick fent his Em-
baffadours thither, who returned with a good anſwer.
There was then a Spanish Relident at the Court of Sweden, who treated a Spaniſh Re-
fecretly and the affairs of the lalt Affembly were conducted there fo oc- fident at Stock-
cultly, that there was no light at all to be found thereof: But true it is, that home.
Silence is the Soul of great Expeditions.
Livonia was well guarded againſt the invafion of the Polanders; and the
Treaties at Lubeck, between them and the Swedes produced no good ope-
ration at all; fo that the Embaladours retired, to the great difpleaſure of
fuch as meddled in them.
The Mufcovits did nothing in a long time, which deferves to be noted
here. But the Polanders felt, as well as the rest of the Nations of Europe, the
Rod of the Almighty, by peftilence, inundations, and wars, which continue
even yet, againſt the Rebellious Coffacks, under the direction, and authori-
ty of King Cafimir. The accidental fire, which was like to burne the young
Princeffe, was taken as an ill augure, by fuch as were curious; but the King-
dom is yet in vigour, and the Armies in condition to ruin their enemics.
The Turks,and Tartars made fome irruptions into Hungary, which gave
both dammage, and fear by the marching of fome Troops, but at prefent,
the Peace is exactly kept.
The Empire enjoyes the Peace made at Munster; and every Prince la-
bous, by the offer of fair Priviledges, to revive both his Country, and the
Religion he profeffes. The Emperour, who fhewes that he took the rc-
dreffe of the Empire more to heart, then the preſervation of his own life,
affembled all the Electors the last year at Prague, and courted them with fo The Electors at
free, and open a breaft, that they were all moft fatisficd, and promifed to Prague, 16 31,
meet at the Diet of Ratisbone.
Germany ſeeing her Head and Members in fo perfect a harmony, hopes
that this uuion will prove a wholefome Balme, to cure the wounds of the
Empire.
Italy is reftored to a better ſtate; there being only the Venetians, whoa-
lone fuftaine the weight of the Ottoman Arms. They fent their Embaffadour
to Conſtantinople, being advertiſed of the Grand Signors defire to compoſe the The Venetian
Difference; who, against the Law of Nations, arrefted him, and would Embaſſadour
not liften to any overture of Peace at all, unleffe the Republick would yceld arefted at Con.
him up the whole Kingdom of Candy.
ftantinople.
The Pope was difgufted at the difobedience of the Chriftians,who ſtopped
their cares to his remonftrances.
The heat of the war in Piemont cooled by little and little, for want of
nutriment.
S
The King of Spain, after the Conjuration made againſt his perſon, and ſti-
fled in the blood of the Authours; after the peace reftored to the States of
Neaples, Sicily, and Pers, had no other care left, then to protect his Sub-
jects; maintain the peace with the United Provinces; keep up his Armada,
or Navy; fend monies into Flanders to continue the war; and fuccour the
Princes of France, thereby to divide, in effect,or weaken that King's Autho
rity as he hath alfo, on the other fide, endeavoured by all means poffible,
to deminiſh that of the Houfe of Austria.
The Civil wars of France had taken away the vigour of that of Catalunia;
and Barcelona, having been blocked up, about fifteen moneths, rendred her Barcelona
felfe in Autumne in the year 1652. La Motte Hedincour not having been renders ber
able to fuccour it, though he entred the Town by force; no more then the ſelf, 1652.
Duke of Mercoeur was Tortoza; and fo they both returned into France,
with Don Jofeph de Marguerita.
M m
Cazall
266
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Crzaꞌ, and
ken.
Cazall, and Dunkerek being taken from the King of France, with very lit-
Dunkek ta- tle trouble, and charge; gave full joy to the one Party, and grief to the o-
ther, to fee that their Conquefts made with the mony, fweat, and blood of
the poor people, were torne from them, as it were playing,and without loffe
of men, as we fhall demonftrate. They imputed all theſe misfortunes, to the
Civil wars; but others, to the injuſtice of their taking arms, upon meer di-
ſtruſt, and occafion, in fo favourable a conjun&ture.
The Second
State aſſembles
it felfe at Paris.
During this deplorable Civil War, wherein this poor Kingdom findes it
felf miferably involved, after having waged, and kindled fo many other
wars throughout all Europe; the Second State began to hold their Affembly
at Paris, according to the example of the firft; but being broken by fair
promiles, the true jealoufie which proceeded from it, vanished. The poor
But it is bro. Subjects were not yet enough oppreffed by the Taxes, but that they muſt be
fo more, by the diffolute, and undifciplined Souldiers, whofe infolency
was infupportable; but their chaſtiſement was proportionable to their bar-
barity: befides, defpair made both the Nobility, and people of Campagne
take arms againſt them, and diſpatch a very great number of them; and
The Souldiers they of Senlis Meaux, Auergne, and other places followed their example,and
killed by the maffacred a great part of thofe Robbers; in fuch fort, as it was horrible to
Country people. Lee all theſe diforders.
ken.
Moreover there hath been a perpetual Traffick, or buying, and felling of
The Venality, or Charges, and Offices,fince the Miniſtery of theſe two Cardinals, which hath
Selling of Offices cauſed almoſt mortal Commotions, to the State.
dammagable.
Spain,
The troubles in Provence, Guyenne, Anergne, and other parts, proceeded
from this turmoyle. For a fumme of mony hath often been given to fome,
for ſuch a Government, and to others for fuch another, whileft the Subjects
have been averfe from it: And we muſt here adde, that the venality, or
felling of Offices hath corrupted Integrity, and Juſtice; in fuch fort, as that
this Goddess, having loft her ſtrength, all forts of impieties, extortions, and
blafphemies are now in vogue: for the fear of God, and equity being taken
away, men run poft into vices, and welter in wickedneffe; yea, and Prin-
ces very often make their Subjects fin, by their example.
Regis ad exemplum, totus componitur orbis.
What ere the King is, that we ever finde,
The people apt to be, in their own kinde.
The Prince of Conde, having received a fupply from Spain, and Paris ano-
Succour from ther from Bruffels by land, as I have noted already, the War was made in
Xaintongne in the year, 1652, and in the diſtrict of Aunis, againſt the Count
of Angnon, Governour of the Ifles of Broage, and Oleron, by the Count of
Harcourt, who retook fome places, and the Tower of Rochel. But having
received notice,that the Cardinal would accommodate himſelf with Briſack,
pofted thither, and left his Army an Orphan.
Harcourt at
Brifack.
This retreat, of one of the moft illuftrious, and moſt fortunate Warriors
in the World, who was fo neceffary, and ufeful to the State, was a Pill of
hard difgeftion, which yet muft needs be ſwallowed down, without thew-
ing the bitterneſſe thereof.
Let us here mark the inconftance of the French Nation, which they them-
felves confeffe to be as it were effential to them. For, they, who had quite
abandoned, yea, contemned the juft choler of their Soveraign, and incur-
red the Crime of High Majefty; by purſuing with the naked Sword, the
Remarkable deliverance of the Princes,and calling in Strangers into the Kingdom; both
Ebanges.
were aftewards, and yet are, the onely men who fight against the Prince
of Conde.
The
PART.2.
267
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Duke of
The Duke of Bouillon was railed very high, and cherished by the
King, and all the Court, part of the year 1652, but he quickly left thoſe
vain, and inconftant honours, to goe and receive incorruptible ones; for, he Bouillons
died at Pontoife.
He was a great Captain, and had learnt the difcipline of War in Holland,
where he had the honour to Command the Cavalry, and govern the Town
of Mastricht. He loft the affection of all the Hughenors, by having embra-
ced the Roman Catholick Religion; and that of the King, by having put
himſelf into the League of the Princes of the Peace; in fuch fort, as being
fufpected of I know not what kinde of intelligence with Monfieur le Grand,
and impriſoned, the Town of Sedan, and the high interceffion of the Prince
of Orange, faved his life.
The Marſhal of Turenne after having refuſed many courtships, and a pre-
fent of great value from the Prince of Conde, was chofen to command the
Kings Army.
death.
CHAP. XV.
The Prince of Conde comes to Paris. The King of France
attacks Estampes. The Duke of Lorraine, being come to fuccour the
Princes,receives fome money of the King, and returnes. The Arch-
Duke fends an Army to Paris; Takes Graveling, and Dun-
kerak. The English beat the French Fleet. The Cardinal
of Retz induces the King to come back to Paris. The
Prince of Conde retires into France. Cardinal
Mazarins praifes. The Cardinal of Retz
carried to the Bois de Vincennes.
His young Mars,this invincible Courage, judging his perſon to be more
neceflary at Paris,then at Bourdeaux; left his Lieutenants the direction
of his own Forces, fhewed himself quickly amongft thofe of the Duke of
Orleans, and the Strangers, and made the Marihal D'hoquincour feel, that he
was no more in Guyenne; for after having loft his Troops,he was conſtrain-
ed to fly. The King made his Army march, under Turenn's orders, who quincour bea
Marshal D'ho-
went to attack Estampes; but finding the Duke of Lorraine to draw near, he ten.
retired, and confeffed that the Strangers who were in the Town, defended
themſelves bravely.
It looked, as if the Princes would have a good bargaine of all fuch as made
head against them; when upon a fuddain, the Duke of Lorraine, by the in-
terpofition of the King of England's Eldeſt Son, made a contract apart, re-
ceived mony, and retired himself out of the Kingdom; but he fent back his
Army fhortly after, with the Spaniards, becauſe the reſtitution of the three
places promifed, was not performed.
The Prince being irritated, and the Parifians extreamly amazed, began
to revile the faid Duke, and all in fine, difcourfed of him, according to their
paffion. Some accufed him of inconftance, and others of avarice: but fuch
as had a ftraine above the vulgar, judged that there was fome vengeance
hidden under this action; and that the levity both of the one and the other
ſo often manifeſted, to them whoſe affiftance they had both implored, and
felt; ought to be recompenfed by a juft retaliation. Be it what it will, the
Prince's Troops being tired by frequent Skermiſhes, and by that furious, and
bloody fhock given in the Faubourgs, or Suburbs of St. Anthony, (wherein
Mm 2
..
the
268
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
the Mazarinifts, or Royalifts had the worft) being very much diminished,the
Arch-dukes fuccour was fent for again,which being conducted by the Baron
of Clinchant, advanced quite to Paris. But let us come back into Flanders.
Graveling|be-
The Arch-Duke finding that the fire was too great in France to be fo foon
Sieged,Mardyke extinguifhed,made a fhew of befieging Dunkerk; but his defign was upon
Graveling, one of the moſt important places of the Low-Countries, which
defended it felf enough; but for want of a fufficient Garrison, was yeelded
upon the fame Conditions, that it had been formerly taken.
abandoned,
yeelds, and
Dunkerk af-
terwards.
Mardyke was abandoned: and Dunkerk expecting the relief by Sea,which
was defeated by the English, was retaken without either loffe, or blood-
fhed. Thus, were three places reduced to obedience with a hand-full of
men, which had coft the French mountains of Gold, and Seas of blood.
Who would have ſaid ſo much fix years before, when there feemed to be no
doubt at all made, of the utter expulfion of the Spaniards? Times change,
men change, victories are alternative, and nothing is conftant, but the immutable
Order of the Decree of the Everlasting.
This reduction deſervedly rejoyced all Flanders, which faw her Traffick,
and Inhabitants flouriſh again. The Town of Dunkerk had been offered to the
States of Holland, for Mastricht; for a fumme of money, but the bargain was
not made,
The City of Paris ſeeing it felf in violent, and murtherous factions; the
Parliament in confufion; the Country-People frighted away, ftrangers
in the Kingdome; the Princes in a very difficult paffage to be cleared,
and the Clergy afflicted by theſe unhappy diforders; refolved to diſpatch
the Cardinal de Retz to the King, (who was with a new Parliament at Pon-
The King re- toife) to befeech him, to return to Paris, This Embaffie was well received
turns to Paris. by his Majefty, who, having publiſhed an A&t of Oblivion, was fo much
better at Paris. The Prince of Conde retyred himſelf with the forrain
Troops, took Retel, and St. Menhont, and his winter quarters, at the begin-
of the fpring, 1653.
And the Duke
The Duke of Orleans having received order, either to come to the King
of Orleans de- or to retyre himself; rather chofe the latter, then to fuffer Cardinal Maza-
rin's prefence, who quickly cauſed the order to be annulled, that was made
againſt him becauſe there was no body found, who had a mind to earn
a hundred and fifty thouſand Crowns by killing him.
Parts.
Thus, we fee the figure turned up-fide down; the Cardinal above the
wheel, and the Princes under it; ſo that Conde choſe rather,to caft himſelf in-
to the King of Spaines arms, then to truft his own Maſters Act of Oblivion;
and Conty was received at Bourdeaux,together with the Dutcheffe of Longue-
ville his Sifter, whileft her husband ſtayed amongſt the waves of this raging
Sea, in his Government.
Reader,be not amazed at theſe Metamorphofes,or changes, for the cauſes
thereof are not ſo hard to be comprehended, as that of the Tyde of the Sea
was to the Prince of the Philofophers. What do you hope to fee, but mon-
fters, prodiges, and miracles pa
The Province of Gafconie being fertill in fubtill wits, and brave fouldiers,
was no fooner got out of one danger, then the fell into a precipice yet more
perilous,through blind temerity,and as well to ferve the paffion of others,as
for not receiving the fatisfaction promiſed them, or rather for feeing their
Complaints defpifed, and that which had been promiſed them, very ill
performed.
The puiffant Armies, which were to ruine Mazarin, returned without
having done any memorable action at all. The Parliament being in divifion,
knew not where to finde it felf; the Citizens changed like the wind, and
wedded ſometimes the one Party, and fometimes the other. Yea, the Prin-
ces
PART.2.
269
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
ces themſelves were in difcord; for,the Duke of Nemours was killed in a Duel,
by his Brother-in-Law the Duke of Beaufort, and the Count of Rieux carried
prifoner to the Baftill,by the Duke of Orleans's order,for having refittedConde.
În fuch fort, as all iffued to the Kings advantage, by the Great Cardinals
wife Counfell, who, like an experienced Pilot, faved the vellel from thip-
wrack, and brought her over fo many Rocks, amongſt fo many Quick-
fands, in the darkneffe of a cloudy night, and amongft fo many contrary
winds, to the Port. For, he knew how to fow the tares of diffention amongſt
them who would take the Helm from him, and threw them out of that
ſhip, which he never abandoned, in the very height of the ſtorm.
Indeed to ſay the truth, the King had need offuch a man; though he be
more uſefull to him, then to the poor ſubjects; and ſome have reviled him,by
following the paffion others, or for refentment, rather then by the know-
ledge of affaires; and therefore are as incapable to judge of him, as a blind Cardinal Ma-
man is of Colours. The rash judgements of the ignorant people, caufe tumults,
zutin's praife.
and feditions, and kindle a fire, which invirons a whole State; for which there
there must be a speedy remedy.
True it is, that he is blamed, and that upon very probable arguments,
for not having made peace at Munster, for the neceffary reft, and tranquility
Peace.
of the French, and for the fuperlative advantage of France, But, he hoped to Wherefore be
come to ſhare ſtakes, and conceived, that the United Provinces would for- did not make
fake their intereſts, to follow his paffion, and his defignes. But God had
otherwife difpofed of it.
The Prince of Conde, being priviledged by his birth, after having per- Why the Prince
formed the Crown fuch fervices as furpaffe the belief of man, after having retyred himself
fpilt his blood, and expoſed his life to ſo many hazards; after having gained
fo many Battails, and forced fo many Towns, was not able to digeft an Im-
prifoment, grounded upon conjectures, which the brightacffe of his glory
had ingendred in fome diftruftfull foules. It is a great heart-fore to a gene-
rous spirit, to have any other Guard impoſed upon him, then that of his owne
honour.
The information which was given him of that defigne, and then of the
attempt projected upon his perfon, (as was reported) moved him to endea-
vour to deſtroy his eneme, which not being able to atchieve by almoſt a
generall Infurrection, he chofe rather to withdraw, then to fee a man at
Court who overthadowed him, and made his heart (well with ven-
geance.
The Father, to fave his honour, had retyred himfelfalfo to Bruffells, and His Father re-
depofitated his wife in the hands of that moſt vertuous Princeffe, the Cardi- tyred himself to
nal Infanta. And the Sonne, to revenge the affront which he
e, to revenge the affront which he preten- Bruffels.
ded to have been done him, and for which he could get no fatisfaction in
France, took the fame courfe, found the fame protection, and the honour to
command the Armies. The iffue will fhew us how to judge of the intentions,and
of the cause, by the effects.
cennes.
In fine, every one would have the fuperiority, and no body would ſtoop,
to make place for another. For, the Citizens of Paris, who thought to finde The Cardinal
their own interefts in thofe of the Princes; feeing the Game in danger to be of Retz at the
loft, eafily difingaged themselves from the affections which they had vowed Bois de Vin-
to them. And the Cardinal of Retz, who had mediated the Kings return to And Beaufort,
Paris, and rendred him fuperlative fervice, was foon after, carried prifoner with the Duke
to the Bois de Vincennes, The Duke of Beaufort, who had fwumme in the affe- of Orleans to
Etions of the Parifians, not finding his fafety any more amongſt them, rety-
red himſelf with the Duke of Orleans, to Blois
The reduction
of Retel, and
This laft Field began with the taking of Retel, faw the Prince of Conde, Bourdeaux,
with the whole Army, in Picardy, and the reduction of Bourdeaux. God 1653.
Mm 3
grant,
Blois.
270
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The Duke of
Guile returns
into France.
The Situation
of Holland.
The English
flight the
friendship of the
Hollanders.
Whe prepare
themſelves for
the war.
The Town-houſe
grant, that the end therof may produce a peace, for which ſo many people
long, and earneſtly expect. It must be looked for from his band; for, it is only be,
who can give it in our dayes, it is he only, who fights for us, and who will graciously
hear the prayers of his afflicted people. Upon the interceffion of this Prince, the
King of Spain fet the Duke of Guife at liberty, who was taken in the tumults
of Neaples, as hath been already faid. He retured into France, but took not
his intercelfours part, becauſe he had not the fame intereſts, nor had recei-
ved the fame affronts.
Before we conclude our work, we muft paffe once more into England, to
fee how that Common-wealth is governed, which as foon as it was out
of the Cradle, fell into a difference with that of Holland, which had fought
fourfcore years for her liberty, and in whole prefervation the bordering
Countries have their intereft, as we fhall forthwith demonftrate.
Holland is fo fituated, and her number of ſhipping is fo great, that there
arrive merchandizes from all the Havens of the world, which are tranfpor-
ted by the Hollanders, to other parts, as well by Sea, as by the Navigable
Rivers which furround it. The People are very open, and plain, and go-
vern their Trade with ſo much induftry, craft,and cunning, (I ſpeak in ge-
nerall) that they furpaffe all other Nations of the Univerfe therein. Now,
as the Liver in mans body makes the Chylus, or Concocoction, and diffuſes
the blood through all the vaines; juft fo Holland receives the Merchandizes
into her bowels, and fends them through all the vaines of this world. But
the Liver being corrupted, the body cannot long fubfift: fo the Traffick
being ſpoyled; not only this Country, but the other alſo would have too
much to fuffer. Their knowledge in order to the Sea, is fo perfect, and their
prævidence fo laudable, that they feldem make fhipwrack.
All things being well confidered,it may be asked why that newCommon-
wealth, being yet in her infancy, full of danger,and in the middle of fo ma-
ny enemies both at home and abroad, fought not the friendſhip of this, be-
ing almoſt conform in doctrine with her, as alfo Aristocratical Government?
To which I anfwer,that two Common-wealths, fo near one another,which
have but one, and the fame fcope, or ayme, i, e. the Traffick, are leffe able to
agree, then Rivals, who court one Miftreffe, or two Neighbour-Kings.
Religion may do much to animate a people; but profit, utility, and gain carries it
quite away.
There is yet fomewhat more; for ambition makes the face of the Piramide,
which doth not ſhew it felf, and is ftolne from the eyes of the moſt clear-
fighted perfons. Rome and Carthage were in perpetual controverfics. One of
thefe two Republicks muft needs perish, to open the paffage to the other,
for the Conqueſt of the Univerſe.
I leave the other reafons to be picked out by acuter wits, and fay that the
States not being able to make any profit of theirs, were conſtrained to lay
about them for their own defence, and to provide all the approaches, or In-
lets. They reinforced the Garriſon ofthe Brill, and of Zeland; gave order to
fit a good number of fhips, and to raife mony upon the people, to furnish the
expences, whileft the English continued their hoftilty. But a certain faction
fliptin amongst the people, by fuch authours as were enemies to the publick
quiet, and we will firft recount fome particular misfortunes.
The tumult at Middleburgh 1653. was foon appealed. That at Dort, was
yet of leffe confequence. The fire which happened to the Town-houfe at
at Amfterdam Amsterdam, 1652. brought fome dammage, and caufed the haftening of
that, which was already begun to be built. The audacity of the Seamen,who
brought back the vessels which remained in Hitland; was reprefsed by the
Afmall tumult puniſhment of fome amongst them. But a rafh Commandment, more un-
appeased.
fortunately executed, and which coft the life of fome Citizens, who were
burnt.
It is
:
killed
PART.2.
271
The History of this Iron Age.
killed by Musket-fhot, was like to have put that illuftrious City into a deplo-
rable confufion.
The English, not content with taking their fhips, attacked, and took alfo
many other vessels, which go every yeare to catch Herrings, and other fish;
fo that they hurt,and do yet hurt this Republick,by all the means,and ways,
they could, or can deviſe.
The Propofitions which they made our Embaffadouts, were fo high and
The Propofiti-
unequall, that they fufficiently evidenced their defign againſt this Com- ons of the Eng-
mon-wealth; the principall whereof was this: That we thould enter into lith not recei-
League Offenfive and Defenfive with them, and that we ſhould make all vable.
their enemies, ours, &c. Points of moſt dangerous confequences. But let
us go further.
CHAP. XVI.
The Engliſh attack the Convoy of the Fishers. Tromp returns
to Sea, and findes Blake. The Tempeſt ſeparates them; and he comes
back into Holland. De Ruyter attacks Afcue. Van Galens
Victory before Ligorne. The English take all without diftin-
ction. Tromp fafely conducted the Fleet into France.
Divers combats. Tromps death. Cromwell,
and his Exploits. The Diet at Ratisbone.
The Election, and Coronation of Fer-
dinand the Fourth, King of
the Romans.
Hen Nations, cannot be reconciled by all kinds of reaſon, and
juſtice, war muſt be endured. The Aftrologers foretold this, in
the obfervation of that Comet of the year of 1618, and that of
the year before, aud advertiſed us, that the wrath of God was not
appealed.
The States having received the troubleſome news of the taking of thoſe
fhips of war which accompanied the Fiſhermen, gave order to attack the
English, by way of retorfion,
Tromp departed in July, with refolution to make the English repent their The Fleets at
having neglected, and flighted the Hollanders friendship; and efpying Sir sea.
George Afcue in the Downes, with a Squadron of Ships, was not able to bear
up with him, by reafon of the Calme; and fo going to feek Blake in the
North, where fome Veffels which came from the Great Indies, were to
paſs, he diſcovered him. The prayers were faid, and the Onfet begun; buta Aftorm dans-
great wind feparated the two Fleets, made the Englife retyre into their mageable to the
Havens, and fome of our Ships perifh upon the Rocks; and the reft were Holanders,
faved in Hitland, and about forty came home, with the Admirall.
Thus the Calme, and the Tempeft parted them two feveral times; but
de Ruyter, going to convoy the Marchant-Fleet with forty Ships, met Aſcue
with his Squadron, and faced him fo ftoutly, that he was conftrained to re-
treat into England, and give him paffage.
General Badiley bravely defended himſelf againſt twice his number of
Ships in the Streights; but being over-powred, loft the Phenix, which was
afterwards recovered by Captain Cox.
The
1952.
272
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The Victory obtained afterwards before Ligorne by AdmiralVan Galen,
Van Galens was fuccessful; for three Vellels were taken, and fome other burnt: yet
Victory before was in fome manner otherwiſe, the faid Admiral receiving his death's
wound in the engagement.
Livorno.
It very often chances, tlfat they who gaine the Battel,have not the great-
cft booty, for there are fome who go out in Party, and ſometimes make
their Fortune. The Capes of Grip are certain particular perſons, who goto
Sea with ſmall Veffels, fet out at their one charge, and they make huge pro-
fit and they lie at prefent, about the Coast of England, and cauſe much
danger.
The conjunction of Vice-Admiral Witt Wittenfon was rendred infru&tu-
ous by the Cowardife of fome Holland Captains, who forgot their duty,
whileft the English performed theirs, with great advantage, by taking the
Spanish mony, which was deftinated to pay the Armies in the Low-Coun-
The English de- tries, and carrying it to London where it was ſtop't, andmever reftored, be-
taine the mony caufe there were fome Holland Marchants Goods,or Wares in the Veffels ;
which comes and albeit the inftances made by the Arch-Duke Leopold, and the Spanish
from Spain.
Embaſſadours were heard, they yet took no effect; whereupon fome have
believed, that they were but faigned; but however it were, they kept the
mony, and have ferved themfelves of it.
The Rendez nous
The States confidering the greatness of the danger,gave all the Marchant-
of the Ships, Ships order to affemble themfelves, in a General Rendezvous before the Ifle
near Rochel, of St. Martin, near Rochel, and there expect the Navy, confifting of ſeventy
fix Men of War, and eight Fire-Ships, which departed the firft of Decem-
ber, under Admiral Tromps orders,to convoy home the abovefaid Merchant-
Ships, which were above three hundred,all loaden with Commodities.
1552.
The Navall
Battel which
lasted three
dayes, 1653.
The English approached; but came off with loffe, and returned into the
Thames; and fo the Fleet arrived in France, without any dammage. But
during theſe great Attacks, the little War was carried on, with much par-
tiality and prejudice to the Marchants.
For the mitigation of Gods wrath, and the diverfion of his fcourge from
the United Provinces, the States ordered prayers to be made every
Wedneſday at four of the clock in the afternoone, all Shops to be kept ſhut,
and all negotiations forborne during the time of the Sermon.
Thus was the War indirectly mennadged upon this blew Element, be-
tween the two most potent Nations that are at prefent, or ever have been in
all the North, for the Dominion of the Ocean, and for the retention of
Trade. None but the Sea-Monſters,are able to render an account of all the
brave Actions which are done there, as being Spectatours of them.
The ſaid States, being advertiſed of the great preparation which their
Enemies were making to attack Tromp in his return with the Marchant-
Fleet, gave order for the fpeedy equipaging of fome other Ships, to go to
meet him; but they were hindred by contrary windes,
Tromp being arrived near Bolein difcovered the English Fleet, and a little
after began a Battel, which continued three dayes, the moſt furiously that
could be: Nothing was feen but fire, and flame; and one would have ſaid,
that the Ocean was become combuſtible, and had taken the nature of the
contrary Element. The Land had been already fufficiently fteeped in blood;
and now the Sea maft be alfo coloured, with it. The indignation of that juſt
God extends it felfe upon all the Elements; malediction is upon the Land, and upon
the Water
The end of the Combat was, that Tromp retreated into Calais Road, and
brought back the moſt part of the Fleet into Holland, all which the English
thought to catch, though they were faine to be content, with the taking of
fome Marchant Ships, and fome Men of War; and with letting the Hol-
landers
PART.2.
273
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
landers fee, that they had to do with molt generous, and redoubtable Ene-
mies. But our Admiral had two difficulties to overcome; the one to charge
the Enemies in their retreat; and the other, to guard the Marchandiſe.
When a Shepherd fees many Wolves coming to attack his flock, he
keeps it behinde him, and cannot ferve himfelf of the advantage he hath
upon any one alone, by purfuing him, for fear of giving the reft the occa-
fion of feizing upon his fheep. This brave man did wonders; but he had the Tromps praiſe.
difpleaſure of feeing feeing above twenty of his men of War fly, without
fighting at all.
The States ceafed not, during theſe fatal actions, to employ all poffible
inventions to difingage themſelves from theſe troubles, which obftructed the
Commerce, either by force, or friendship. For the advantages which the
Enemies had by the conveniency of their Havens, before which they are
neceffitated to paffe, as at the mercy of the Canon, oblidged fuch Fleets as
were not furnished with fufficient Convoyes, to paffe behinde Ireland and The Ships paſſe
Scotland, and before Norway: a long, paineful, and perilous Voyage, and behinde Scot-
which very often caufed the merchandifes to be corrupted, and fpoiled.
The great Fleet, which departed this Spring from Rochel, made this huge
circuit, and by an admirable felicity arrived fafely, without having met the
Enemy, who expected it at the paffage; that which was appointed towards
the Baltick Sea, was all the Summer at the Flie, without daring to come out;
and that of the great Indies is not yet arrived.
land.
beat the Hol-
landers.
In the Battel againſt General Deane, Tromp was forced to retreat with
confiderable loffe, becauſe he had a contrary winde, and ſtayed before Flu- General Deane
fhing to repaire his Ships. But the English kept the Sea, and fhewed them-
elves before the Brill, and then before the Taxell, where we will leave them,
to ſee what paffes in the Province.
chuten.
During thefe Tragedies at fea, murmurations, and mutterings were heard Seditions in
a fhore, and certain Libells intitled the Lords of Louvenftein. It was faid, that Holland, and
there was a defign to ruin the Houfe of Naffaw, and that the Prince of O chiefly at En-
range ought to be Governour of the Country; and many other Calumnies
which deferve to be fuppreffed. When the Drum was beaten for the rayfing
of Souldiers, the common people would needs have it done under the con-
duct of the Prince of Orange; in fuch fort as that at Enchuy fen,there hapned a
Tumult of very ill example.
into Holland.
The States confidering the potency of their Enemies, and many other
affairs which might be thought of for fecurity, fent for a great Body of
Horſe, into the very center of Holland, and placed it near the Sea-coaft. The Horfe comes
But they chiefly expreffed their infatigable care, in the fitting, and fetting
forth of a Flect,to chaftife a Nation which neglected their friendſhip,where-
of the were deceived, as the fequel will demonftrate.
Tromp having put his Fleet into a fighting poſture again, and the fouldiers
being payed, and afsured of maintenance in cafe they were maymed, fet
fayle towards the end of Inly,and went generously to face his Enemies; and
Witt Wittenfon departed from the Texel to fecond him: The fight began, and
the Hollanders charged twice through the English Fleet, and in the third
time it was, that this warlike Nation of the English fhewed their magnani- tel wherein the
mity and courage, by forcing the Hollanders to a retreat into their Havens; Hollanders are
three Dutch Fire-fhips faftened on three of their Flag-fhips. But the English, worsted.
contemning all danger, flung themſelves into the flame, and difingaged
أنثى
their Ships.
A furious Bat-
The valliant Tromp dyed in this bed of Honour. He was beloved, and Tromps death
regretted by all in general, for the mildneffe of his nature, and for the fervi-
ces which he had done his Native Country.
He was ennobled by Lewis the thirteenth King of France, in recompence
N n
of
274
*
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
PART.2.
of thoſe ſervices which he had done him, and very much eſteemed by Car-
Ennobled by the dinal Richelieu; but Parca too him away, before he had finifhed this War,
King of France. which drew the attention of the whole World upon it,
Victorious
liament.
General Cromwel, a moft prudent Politician, and moſt magnanimous
Captain, having furmounted the Royal Party, fubjugated the Irish, defea-
ted in many Battels, and humbled the Scots, as well in their own Country,
Cromwel dif- as in England, and diffipated Charle's Forces, had now no more to do, then
folves the Par- to diffolve the Parliament, which he performed with as much glory to him-
felf, as ſhame to them: So that he is now more abfolute in Authority, then
any of the Kings ever were, by vertue of his Army, whereby he keeps the
people in awe, and order; who governs the State not only like a Brutus,
but like a Cafar alfo. He conftituted a new Parlament, which changed
not their refolutions to hurt the Hollanders, who had alfo the power to de-
fend themſelves.
land.
Thus we ſee the State of England, not onely under a Brutus, but a Cafar
Confufion in the alfo, the Church governed by Independents, and full of confufion; yea, the
Church of Eng women have preached, against St. Paul's expreffe Commandment, and the
Churches turned into Stables: But a regulation of all thefe exorbitances, is
expected from the government of fo fage a Ruler.But in what condition have
we left Holland? In the care of choofing a new Admiral, and maintaining
the union of the Confoederated Provinces.
The Aſſembly at
Ratisbone.
The Hinder
Pomerania re
stored.
Ferdinand the
fourth proclam
ed King of the
Romans.
For conclufion, we will go back to fee that moſt famous Affembly of Ra-
tifbone, where there is nothing treated but what is of high,and noble con-
fequence. The raines are paſt, the ftormes scattered, and the Mariners re-
pair the Veffels; the Sun of Juftice fhewes himself; and fuch as have eſca-
ped fhipwrack, dry their Cloathes, and rake together the fragments of what
is left them.
However Ferdinand the third,that moſt Religious, and moſt Auguft Em-
perour, were arrived at Ratifbone together with the Electours, and had fuf-
ficiently declared, that for the good of the Empire, is was neceffary to pro-
vide a worthy Succeffor; they endeavoured not yet, to elect a King of the
Romans, till after the news was come, that the Swedes had reftored into the
hands of the Marquis of Brandenburgh, Heir to the laſt Duke of Pomerania,
that Portion, or Parcell which is called the Hinder-Pomerania the time be-
ing paffed in vifits, divertiſements, and honeft recreations. But then, the
faid Emperour, tranfporting himſelf, together with the Electoral Colledge,
and an infinite multitude of other Princes to Auxburgh; his Son Ferdinand
the fourth, King of Bohemia, and Hungary, was with a common voice, pro-
claimed King of the Romans. By the happy Conjunction of thefe Stars, no-
thing could be expected, but a previous influence of long repofe, through
the whole Empire of Germany; a reparation of diforders, and an eſtabliſh-
ment of a good Peace, by the re-union of minds.
Great God! How infinite are thy wonders, and how immovable is thy Provi
dence! The choose the Son of him, out of whofe hand they laboured to pull the
Helme, to whom they give, both with him, and after him, the government of this
Veffel. But the windes are either appeafed, or gone into other Countries, to make
them also feel their violence, and rage.
Great Prince Worthy Fruit of that moſt Auguſt Plant! Rofe pick't out of the
thorns of confufion, to Command! Star of good Augure, who rejoyceft the Mari-
ners, and annownceft them the end of the Storme! Receive, amongst the Publick
Acclamations of the whole Empire,my vowes, conceived upon the Coast ofthe Ocean,
and in the uttermost parts of Low-Germany, for the profperity of thy youthful age.
Long mayeft thou live, and revive the authority of the Lawes borne downe by thefe
monstrous Wars. Let Chriftian Faith, Hope, and Charity, reflourish, under thy
glorious, and pacifical Empire. Let the batreds of Religion be taken away; and
let
PART.2.
275
The History of this Iron Age.
eftifled, t
let diſtruſts, jealousies, and partialities the end, that by the ter-
mination of fo many,and ſo great calamities, we may all render due thanks to our
Creatour, Amen.
I
The continuation of the Iron Age.
Have ſpoken briefly, of the misfortunes of this abhominable Age;
and have reprefented as in a picture Sacriledges, Maflacres, Revolts,
Wickedneffes, and all other miſchiefs in grofs, together with their
caufes, and deceiptfull pretexts, to prove that it is the laft. Such as doubt
hereof, do infallibly expect more dreadful prodigies, more univerfall, and The evils of the
more deſtructive Warrs, more enormous changes, more frequent Earth- latter dayes,
quakes, more ample Embaraffements, more ordinary Inundations, more
common Scandals, more abfurd Ingratitudes, more pernicious Penns, more
coldness of Charity,more hatred amongft Chriftians; more diverfity in Re-
ligion,and more generall contempt of the Laws, both Divine, and Human.
For, fuch crimes as in former Ages, were abhorred,and not committed, but
in privat places,and by the favour of darkness, are now perpetrated in pub-
lick,and with freedome and boldness. Wherefore, we must not wonder, if
difafters continue, fince the wickedness of man goes alwayes increafing.
We endeavour to cure the wounds, but it is but fuperficially,for,they are in-
wardly feftered. No no; there will be no end of our exorbitant Wars, but
with the end of that great day, fince the point which feeds them, is too pow-
erfull, and the Almighty too much inflamed with indignation, to differ his
Vengeance, and ſtop his Angels, who are ready to defcend, and confum-
inate all.
There are no more Williams of Hennawlt, to do the oppreffed fpeedy ju-
ftice; nor more St.Lewifes,inexorable to puniſh blafphemers, and to make a
Temple of devotion,of a Court,
Railbone,
We left the Empereur Ferdinand, the third, with the King of the Romans The Emperour
his Son,at Ratifbone,in a very painfull care of putting the Empire into folid Ferdinand at
reft,and quiet, if it could poffibly be found,after fo long a tempeft, and in an
Iron Age; the Princes in paine, to contrat new Subjects,by tayre promiles,
and the Germans in alacrity, to repayre their battered Houfes; which they
will not have fo foon done, but that we may have leafure to run through
the other Provinces, before they be in condition to call us back thither.
Wherefore,let us haften into France, by the way of Brifack, where we muſt
give braveCount Harcourt a viſit.
This moſt happy Warrier,advantaged by his birth, and the good fuc- Count Harcours
cefs of his Arms,kept himſelf cloſe ſhut up in his Government like another at Blifack.
Narces,lince he law fome Belifars in his Houfe. For, neither affronts recei-
ved,nor the high promifes of Strangers, nor advantagious Allyances were
able to fhake his fidelity,or obfcure the fplendour of his enterprizes, but that
he made it appear, in the Iffue of the negotiation, that he ought to be con-
fidere,as a great Servant to the King, and that he belyed not the bloud of
the Guifes lo often fhed,for the glory of the Crown: however the Hughenots
cry him down,in regard that he was head of the League, directly contrary
to their intention. But let us turne a little to the left hand, to fee how dexte-
rously the Swiffers come off with their civil War.
There is no Province in Europe, though invironed by Waters, Fenus,
or inacceffiole Mountaines,but hath had a fhare of the evils, and mifchiefs,
of this deplorable Age; as the Swiffers can witneffe,who covered by their
Moun-
Nn 2
276
PART.25
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
Mountaines,feared nothing leffe then this following Rebellion, which was
A revolt in the likely to overthrow the State.
Cantons of
Swifferland.
This fire began about Lucerne, in the moneth of March 1653. and run in
a ſhort ſpace, through all the Cantons. The Pelants, and Subjects of the
faid Town, took Arms, to punith (as they faid) ill Goverments: but nei-
ther that,nor the pretext of fome Coins cried down,where able to conceale
the malice of fome, who would needs imitate Catiline,as well in his end, as in
his beginning.
The delicatenefs in the Ayer of Italy,and the gentileneffe,and gluttony of
the kitchin of France,had corrupted the old manners of fonic, emptyed the
purfe, and filled the brain with imoak, which fought its center above, and
the deltruction of fuchas endeavoured to hinder it, and keep it below. As
the number of the Seditious went augmenting; fo did not the apprehenfi-
on goe deminiſhing; in fuch fort as that an Affembly of the thirteen Cantons
was judged moft neceflary, for the good of the Common-Wealth, and an
Army to quell them;whoſe refiftance not being anſwerable to their arro-
gance, they were cowed by fome Skermiſhes, frighted to their habitati-
ons,and reduced to their duty, by the proceeding of a gentle kinde of
ju-
ftice upon them. A happy people,and a Province endowed with wife coun-
fel,from whence God fo foon drew off his Rod. Fare you well, wife Swif
fers, a thousand times wifer then they,who contemne you; for we muft now
returne into our way again, to reach the Low-Country Army in Picardie,
and view the pofture thereof, as alfo the fucceffe of this Field.
The Prince of Condè finding himſelf ſurrounded by a puiſſant Army,
longed for nothing more then a good occafion, to come to action with
the Marshall of Turenne, who being no novice in the trade, nor in the poli-
tick Maxime,(which forbids him to hazard any Battail in his own Coun-
try, unleffe he were forced thereto) fatisfyed himself,with hindring both the
Sieges of Towns, and the generous defire of this young Alexander, whoſe
The Spanish
The poor
Army in Picar, true Element is more in Battails,then the Salamander's is in the fire.
dy.
The Prince re-
Pealants were drawn from their harveſt, and the Province quickly freed
from this invafion; though yet however, autumne muft needs give fruits, in
regard that the Spring had made a fhew of fo many flowers.
The faid Prince, in his retreat, was adviſed by the counfell of War, to
tyres, and will attack Guife,which was unprovided of a fufficient Garrifon. The Knight,
befiege Guife. who beares the name thereof gave him to underftand, either by his own
motive, or by that of his mafter, whofe forces he commanded, that this
of
Siege was unfeaſonable,how much apparence foever there were, repay-
ing the affront received before it the precedent year. The time pafled in
conteft; the Garrifon of the Town reinforced, and the Knight after two
The knight of
Guife's death. dayes ſickneſs, dead; which death, for the Violence thereof,was ſuſpected of
fome malignity as well to the Soule, as to the body. The fuddain deaths
of great perfons give occafion of talke; but thoſe of mean ones, are put into
common neceffity. However it be, one of his Maſters drew profit from it,
and the other difavowed it.
excuse
Commandments are dangerous, to fuch as execute them, for not having
their Commiſſion in writing. This unforeſeen accident amazed fuch as were
great
clcer-fighted,filled his moft illuftrious Houſe with mourning; cauſed
alterations,and defignes which made more noyfe then effect.
During theſe irrefolutions,the Arch-duke departed from Bruffels,and arri-
ved at the Army neer Cambray, to advise how, and with what advantage
The fiege of Ro- the Field ſhould be finiſhed. Rocroy (glorious by the defeat of the Spaniards)
was a ſubject, which deſerved to be brought under obedience; wherefore the
refolution was taken to befiege it; and theFrench,who had coafted their ene-
mies to the Frontiers, without hazarding any thing, went and incamped
croy.
them-
PART.2.
277
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
themſelves before Mouzon. I will fay nothing in particular of thefe two Andof Mou-
Sieges,(thoughI were prefent at one of them,)but thatHeaven,being angry zon,
to fee the two moft generous Nations that ever bore the ChriftianName,cea-
fed not to outrage or vex one another to their mutuall difadvantage;powred
down fo many teares, and the windes' rayled fo many ftormes, that both Ill weather.
men, and horfes felt exceffive diftreffes. It parted the victories, to open their
eyes;for Rocroy, which was the first attacked, yeelde i two dayes after Mou- These twoTowns
zon; i, e. the thirtieth of September, and the Armics being fatigated by the renders them-
over much wetnefs of the feafon,went to feeke fhelter,almoft naked. Selves.
And St, Mcnc-
The French, being very impatient,, and defirous to be lodged more at
large, unneftled the Garrison of St. Menehout, and the Lorrains, conducted
by their own Mafter the Duke, went to afflet the Bishoprick of Liedge. hou..
The ſmall fuccefs of the three laft Fields,in refpect of the great advanta- The Lorraines
ges, (which were promiſed by the diforder, caufed by the difcontentments in the Bishop-
of the Princes of the blood,) at leaſt a fecond Peace of Vervins; made fools rick of Licage.
talke, who open their mouthes, when the wife, or at least, the wary (a moſt
ufual maxime in theſe prefent times)keep them hut. There was a misfortune
forefeen,and it fel upon the Abbot of Mercy,and the Count of Baffigny,w ho
were caft in prifo; and their imprisonment gave fuch as were curious The Count of
Baffiguy, and
ground to fcrue into the cauſe thereof, and made others believe, that it the Abbot of
would diſcover ſome great miſtery, for which the lovers of novelty longed Mercy, prio-
much.
This firft Thunderclap ftruck but one only fteple; but before it was dif
fipated, it crushed a Rock,which fo many Mariners, in this Sea of miteries,
both doubted,and feared,and againft which fo many Veff is made Ship-
wrack. For, the Liengers took an Alarme, as alfo a refolution to make an
Allyance with the French, against the Houfe of Spain. Which blow muſt
needs be fatall to his Catholick Majefty, if not prevented; and Cardinal
Mazarin fullof joy, to fee himſelf at the Helme of the Ship, began to hope,
that the webs which he had woven in that Country,would be more difficult
to untangle,then it was to unty the Gordion knot.
The Duke of Lorraine was fent for to Bruffels, taken prifoner,and carried
to the cittadel of Antwerp.
ners.
'
Neither the exploits of Mas-Aniello; nor the death of the King Charles And the Duke
aftonishment
things another countenance,brake the then this detention, which,
neck of many defignes, fent back the
grea Faber with his forces,to Sedan,and retained the Liedgers in their liberty,
which they were about to looſe, ogether with their Peace.
of Lorrain.
The Impriſonment of this Soveraign Prince,fmothered all his Counfels,
which feemed to be great; and was taken for one of the ſtrangeft acci-
dents of the time, and diſcovered, that he was beloved by almoſt no body.
He is fufpected, to have imitated the conſtable of St. Paul, and to have Suspected to
fought his profit, in this pernicious War,where he danced batter, then he imitate the
conftable of St.
did in the great Ball,or Revel, which was made at Paris 1642.
Paul.
France blamed this proceeding, more for her own intereft, then for that
of the Priſoner; his Troops expreffed fo great diſcontentments; and fell
into fuch diforder, that it was needful to fend for Prince Francis to put them Prince Fran-
into the ftate of obedience, who having taken leave of the Emperour, and es arrives at
all the Court, departed from Vienna, being well received, and cherished Bruffels.
every where, and principally at Bruffels, where he arrived with his two
Sonnes.
Whileft the Count of Fuenfaldania in bufy about fecuring the Lorrains
to his Maſter's fervice, and affigning them good Winter-quarters, tò
the great difpleaſure of the Inhabitants of Lile, we will go down a little
lower.
The laft Battail in the moneth of Auguft, wherein the valliant Admirall Tromps laff
Nu 3
Tromp battail.
278
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Tromp, loft his life, procceded partly from difguft, by feeing the Enemies
brave,or domineer fo long, upon the Coaft,before the havens of Texel, and
the Moze,hindring the going out of the fhips,& obftructing the commerce,
The Hollanders, who had made ſo many bravadoes, throughout all the
whole Ocean, and imagined that the Lordship of the Sea belonged with-
out controverfie to them; were even almoft dead with fpight, and diſplea-
fure, to ſee themſelves ſo highly,and groffely affronted, even at their
doors.
Own
This battail, Ifay,(whereof I have hitherto made very little mention) decla
red in the beginning,the addres of both Parties,by ſtriving for the advantage
of the winde; and at the end, their generous, and obftinate refolution to
overcome. The loffe which the Hollanders fuftained, was of about fifteen
or fixteen Veffels; and that of the Engliſh, little (as to Veffels), but many
were extreemly indammaged on both fides. In this furious fight, as alfo in
all the former,the English Veffels,by reaſon of their hight, and their number
of bigg Brafs Gunns, had almoſt the fame advantage,upon the Hollanders,
In which as in which Curaffeers, or Corflet-Horfmen have,upon the Light Ho fe. Belides,
many former, that many Dutch Captains, did not their duty; in fuch fort, as that the
many Captaines Hollanders reaped no other profit of their valour, then that of removing
their Enemies from their Coaft,and were forced themſelves into the Texel,
The English confidering in what equipage their fleet was, and fearing the
violent ftorms, that ufually happen about that feafon of the year, withdrew
themlelves likewife,into Harwich,and Yarmouth Roades.
did not their
duty.
The French
wakes fome ships
of the Spani
ards.
The reasons why
Bourdeaux
yeelds.
The Sp nifh
Fleet arrives
too late.
The tumult in
Let us leave them both,labouring to repayre their fhips, without exami-
ning the number of the dead,and wounded,or lending eare to the cries, and
groanes of Widows, and Orphanes,(which ring even to heaven it felfe, in
all parts of Europe) to fee what paffed at that time, in Guyenne; and we thall
meet by the way fome Veffels richly loaden, which Mons, de la Meillieraye
carried in triumph from Spain to Nantes.
1
*
We have told you already, that Bourdeaux had recourte to the Kings
clemencie, the cauſe of which change was this: The length of the fiege;the
Plague, Famin, and more then all, fecret Intelligence,and the Act of Obi-
vion prevayled for the King: In fuch fort, as the Spanish Fleet, which arri-
ved two dayes after the accommodation,returned into Spain to ſee the Ad-
miral thereof beheaded; and the Princeffe of Conde retyred into the Low-
Countries, to her huſband, who, after this recuction, had no body left in
thofe parts, who fides with him. Indeed, the tardity of the Spaniards, arid the
proceeding of the Prince of Conty, gave France glory,and fuch as knew the
affayres of the world,matter, to examine the reafons thereof.
All thele fucceffes were attributed to the Cardinals prudence, whio,by de-
ftroying the Princes Party,fortifyed his own, and prepared himself to have
the King annointed; for, that turult of Languedock, between the Count of
Languedock Rieux, and them of the Religion, which looked as if it would have caufed
paſſes like a an embaraffement, proved but a flaſh, and forthwith diſappeared; fo that
the troubles were allayed, in thoſe two great Provinces, and they in con-
dition to fee thenceforth, no other forces there, then they that are ufually
rayſed for Catalunia. The heat of the English recalls usipeedily towards the
North; befides there paffed nothing worthy of memory, in the County of
Roffillion.
flash.
After that bloody Navall Battall, which makes the haire ftand on the
heads of fuch as hear it related,and, which looked, as if it muft needs have
cooled the courage of thefe Champions for entring the lifts any more,
(which all Christendome beheld with terrour) the English were the firft,
Atempeft in who endeavoured to refume the Dance; but a horrible tempeft arifing made
dammages the them repent their temerity,and fent them back to their ports, many of their
English Fleet. ſhips being much incommodated,
In
PART.2.
279
The History of this Iron Age.
In fine, theſe moſt valorous Sea-fouldiers gave the Belgick Lyon fɔ many
jerks, and thogs, that almost all the States of Europe, forelecing, and appre-
hending this terrible Power, defired to gain their amity; amongft which,
the Swedes were not the laft, to evidence that intereft of State was not lets The Swedes
near their hearts now, then the pretext of Religion was formerly, from make Amity
which they drew fo great advantage.
with England.
The Hollanders, fearing left the profperity of their enemies fhould make
them enterprizefomewhat upon them by land, as well as by water, made
the Country people take Arms, and keep good Guard every where, with-
out neglecting what belonged to the Sea, and the furnithing of Ships, about The Country
which they laboured inceffantly. But this was not fufficient, for they mutt people take
chufe an Admirall, who fell out to be Opdam, of the most ancient Houfe of and
Waffenaer, who forthwith tranfported himself to Amfterdam, and thence pdam Admi
to Texel, at the mouth of the North Sea, to put all things in good rall.
order.
Arms in Hol.
drawn out of
At the fame time the Town of Enku fen, feated upon the South-Sea (even Eukhayle
Leagues from Amsterdam, was drawn out of the hands of the Rabble, by
means of fome fouldiers, who entred very craftily, whileft they were all run-
ning to the Town-houſe, to hear a Proclamation.
the hands of
the Rabble,
A tumult at
This tumult was of fo dangerous a confequence, that it had diſmounted
the Magiftrates; but that of the Haghe, about the young Prince, was begin the High and
by Children, and augmented by tome malicious perlons, who orake the
glafs-windowes of many houfes, made the Burghers, or Towmen run to
their Arms, and the Nobility get on horſe-back, to ſtop theſe peulances,
which deferved fomewhat more then the rod.That of Alckmaer had the fame at Alckmer.
ilsue, and was refrenated by the prudence of the Magiftrates. All which
feditions, had but one, and the fame Cauſe; and thei: Pre excs were alf› ve-
ry little different. Indeed the Red-Lyon had very much to do, both at hom™,
and abroad, by the ftrength of his enemies, and by difunion of wills amoagit Marmur
his friends; and fuch as were bound to the Helme, were not a little expofed against the
to the venimous traducements of evill tongues.
States.
England felt allo fome Commotion for want of pay; but that was fmothe- A tumult in
red; and no body ftirred, but fome certain Seamen, fome whereof payd the Eng and,
fcore for all.
land Fleet.
In the moneth of November, the Holland Flect having conducted another
towards the Sownd, and being tallea too near the Coafts,was furpriſed by a
fuddainſtorme, which caft many of the Ships fo a ground, that they could A tempest af-
not get off into the Main, and many poor Seamen miferably perithed,about fits the Hol
a Musket-fhot from the Mountains of Sand; fo that Fortune treated both par-
ties alike in fight of the Coaft, laughed at their Enterprifes; but the more ju
cicious fort of men forefecing, that at long running, the Traffick would
be utterly annihilated, and the ruine of Holland advanced, (which was fo
much envied for her riches) confidered that a Peace, though little glorious,
was better then a thouſand triumphs. Wherefore the States fent their Em- The Embasa-
balsadours again to London, to begin the Treaty, for the last time; and in dours of Ho-
cafe of refufal, to tell the English, that they would enter into a Confedera- and return
into England,
tion again't them, with fome other Princes, thereby to bring them to to begin the
reaſon.
Treaty of peace
The confufion which was made by the plurality of voyces, and the roar, again.
ing of the Red Lyon,rung fo loud, that the moft confiderate Lord Protector,
and his Parliament, who regorged with booty, taken from the Hollanders,
opened their ears to the Propofitions of Peace. But whileft theſe things
were in agitation, who would have believed, but that many thould needs be
well difpofed for the Kings eldeft Son? For the High-landers in Scatland had
taken Arms, and had received fome from Hollands the French fpighted at
the
280
PART.Z.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
A tumult at
London raiſed
by the Portu-
gueles.
France the fan-
Яuary of the
afflicted.
Will have no
war with the
English.
The reafons.
The Lord Pro-
Politician.
the taking of their Fleet, without a denunciation of war, arreſted all the
English Merchants goods in Normandy; the Hollanders made a fhew of prepa-
ring themſelves in good earneft for the war,which yet notwithſtanding they
endeavored to ſhun, as moſt pernicious to them,
Some beleeved,and would needs make others alſo believe,that the States
of Holland, chole rather a way of Accommodation,then to enter into a war,
which if it had proved fucceffefull to them, would have redreffed Charles
Stewarts affairs, and his Nephews, to the detriment of their Authority.
Others maintained, that this Peace being utterly broken, the Country
would quickly be loft. Be it what it will, meus paffions have been fo much
the more diſcovered, upon this matter, as the liberty of ſpeaking is greater
in Holland then elsewhere.
The tumult which was fo temerarily excited at London, by the Portugal
Embaſſadours brother, made him carry his head upon a Scaffold fome
moneths after; and all iffued fo well for the great, and moſt prudent Crom-
well, that he acquired, together with the Title of Prote&tour of the Com-
mon-wealth of England, the renown of the moft acute Politician of this
Age. For good fucceffe made the Enterprizers admired, gave the Protc-
&or full power,and authority, and left defolate Charles nothing but com-
plements of compaffion.
France, which hath alwayes vanted her felf to be the Sanctuary of fuch as
are poor and afflicted, labours at preſent to ftrip her felf of that glorious
quality, through a maxime of State. She hath already felt the ſtrength of
the English, by the lols of her fhips, and ſo knowes how dangerous this ene-
my is, and the trouble the had informer Ages,to pluck him out of her bow-
els. Wherefore, it is better to appcafe him by politick craft, and comply
with the Times, then to fall into another wai.The motions are great enough
yet, in the Kingdom; and i: fuffices to have the Spaniards for her enemies,
without drawing the English upon her back too. We nuit fometimes
kiffe the hands of iuch as we would have farre enough from us, for fear of
irritating them. And therefore it is, that the King fent his Embalsadour to
London, to acknowledge the Republick, and treat of a good peace, and fettle
Traffick.
General Cromwel hath expressed his incomparable dexterity, in the man-
tecour a great nagement of Arms, in the direction of Affaires, in his Allyan´es with ftran-
gers, in diffipating the ambuſhes, and treacheries, which have from time to
time been laid againſt his defignes, and his authority; and principally, in the
wars againſt the Hollanders. And you fhall now ice how he came to rile
higher.
England bath
changed her
Government
three feveral
times.
He afsembled another Parliament, fome of the members whereof being
inclined to him, propofed one day in full Afsembly, that the burthen of
the Common-wealth was too heavy for them, and that it was neceſsary to
impoſe it upon the fhoulders of General Cromwell. Some of them not ap-
proving of this change, retyred ſecretly to fhelter themfelves from the con-
trary winds, and the reft were diſmiſsed by him; and ſo the reſt went forth-
with to conferre that honour upon him, congratulate with him; and gave
him the Title of Protector, (which is not new in that Ifland) and occultly,
the Soveraignty of England: fo that in a few years, this faid Ifland hath
changed her government three feve all times; and yet leaves not to flou-
riſh, and to be moſt formidable to all the powers on earth.
Some moneths before the diffolution of the Parliament, the Kings
youngeſt Son, commonly called the Duke of Glocefter, was lent to Dunkerck,
in the condition of a private Gentleman,with a ſumme of mony to defray his
expences.
Whileft the Peace is treated at London, with many difficulties, by the in- -
tervention
PART.2.
281
The History of this Iron Age.
tervention of the Reformed Cantons of Swifferland, and the recommenda-
tion of the Queen of Sweden, we will take a turn through the North.
The King of Denmark being fortified by the Allyance of the States-Gene-
ral, and the jealoufies which the King of Sweden's Leavies gave him, being The King of
taken away; had no other care, then to keep his Subjects in arms, to hin- Denmak for-
der all ſurpriſes, and to intrench the Approaches, at the fame time, when tifies himſelfe.
the fcourge of God went ranſacking all the Inhabitants of the North.
At Stockholme, Fortune manifefted her Empire, by cafting for a time,
Count Magnus de la Gardia under her wheel, and depriving him of his Mi- Count Magnus
ftreffes favour; but fhe was not fo rigorous to him, as fe was to the brave de la Gardia
disgraced.
Earle of Effex, in Queen Elizabeths time, in England.
Whileft this Auguſt Queen is difpofing her felf to do, in the greateſt vi-
gour of her youth, what the Emperour Charles the fifth did in his decline,
we will make an in-road into Poland,
Scarce had King Cafimir unlaced his Arm ur, yet all ftained with the
blood of the Rebellious Coffacks, when he faw himſelf obliged to put his foot The King of Po-
in the ſtirrop again, to refift the Mofcovits.
land attacked
by the Mulco-
This Kingdom,which had been fo much afflicted by the excurfions of the vites.
faid Coffacks, by Inundations, contagious Diteafes, Partialitics, and Di-
frufts, which are ordinary in Free Countries; findes her felf now in the
neceffity of making a Defenſive War; and the Natives, to make reſiſtance,
againſt a barbarous Nation, which they have ſo often beaten, and chated as
far as the very heart of Russia, and the very Gates of the Capital City Mofco.
But Changes are as well univerfal, as Chaſtiſements.
In the beginning of the year 1554. religiously deceaſed at the Haghe,that The death of
great man, and moſt faithful Minifter Monfieur Anthony de Brun, Baron of that great Mi-
Apremont, and Ordinary Embaffadour for the King of Spam, tothe States. nifter, Mons,
He was born at Dole in Burgundy, had ferved his Matter from his youth, in de Brun:
very great affairs, and nominatively, in the General Peace at Munster.
made between
Towards the Spring, the Peace was concluded at London, againſt the opi-
nion of many, and the news thereof was moft agreeable to the Hollanders ;
but when the Articles came to be publifhed, whereby the young Prince was The Peace
excluded from all Charges, or Offices, it much troubled the Provinces, and the English is
was like to caule divorces,and great partialities; in fo much as the other the Hollanders.
Provinces fet forth complaints,and Rroteftations, which were amply enough
anſwered in a Manifeft publifhed by the States of Holland, and which the
Reader may ice at good leifure. But there were nothing but murmura-
tions; they taxed the faid States with ingratitude, and reproaches, and
flanders were fcattred at random. Is this the recompence (faid they every
where ) of so many ſervices rendred? The Princes, his Predecefjours, spared not The cause of the
their blood, nor their lives, nor their meanes, to purchaſe our liberty; and in lieu in behalfe of
thereof, we make Agreements, ſo prejudicial to his Authority, and fo contrary to our the Prince of
duty! Ah! what will not the Allyes of this Illuftrious Family Say? Will they Orange,
not accuſe us, and our pofterity of the blackest ingratitude in the World? Then
were the obligations of the Common-wealth, to the faid Houſe, epeated,
the fervices laid open, and the merits fo highly exalted, and found ſo infi-
nite, that there was no means to recompence them.
murmurations,
Thele noiles (Ifay) and this liberty of centuring the procedings of their A Manifest pub-
Maſters, with impunity; produced that Manifeft, which by little and little, lished by the
fwallowed up the tattle of fuch as were moſt hot amongst them; refuted the States.
Objections ofthe other Provinces; and put Holland into firme tranquility
again. For my part I content my felf with having hinted a word thereof,
for proof of the general malignity of this corrupt Age.
This war, having been prudently counfelled by the moſt accompliſhed
Politician of theſe Times, againſt a Nation, which was able to give the Law
upon
282
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The war begun upon the whole Ocean, had it not been unfortunatly divided by an unfore-
in regard of the feen Siege, and an unexpected Death; was continued by him with very
jealoufie which
much dexterity, utility, and glory; and terminated with fo great advan
was amongst
the Provinces. tage,and reputation,taat he hath rendred himlelf far more formidable,then
any great Conquerour ever was.
Hath much ex
This war reitored the English to the perfect knowledge of the maritime
ercifed the Eng- Militia; and obliged the Hollanders, who opened their eyes too late, to
feek this Peace, for the redrefle of their Traffick half ruined.
lifh.
Whilft the fea was agitated by fo many different humours,there arrived
The utter loffe news of the utter loffe of Brezill,together with the Recif, which was believed,
of Bizill.
when it could be no more doubted of, and caufed fome to cry louder, and
eſpecially them of Zeland, who could not digeft fome Articles; But Gene-
ral Schup, who brought the confirmation of the faid news, was forthwith
impriſoned, together with fome others.
渗
​Let us briefly difpatch what we have to fay, becauſe it is quite freſh.
Cardinal Mazarin finding no more contradiction in the Council, and per-
ceiving that the heat of the French againſt him began by little and little to
The Confecra- cool; had now no other care, then to get the King Annointed; which ac-
tion of the King cordingly was done at Rheims with the accuſtomed Ceremonies, for
of France.
the illuftration whereof it was held neceffary to adde a Triumph to it.
Stenay, a fiall place, but of great confideration, between Verdun, and Se-
The Siege of dan, was the Lawrel-branch worthy to guild the Head of this great King ;
Stenay.
an fo it was inveſted, and the Trenches opened in his Majefties prelence.
The Prince of Conde, who was not aſleep, led his Troops into the Field, and
made a fhew of going another way, whileft fome other Forces feized upon
And of Arras. the approaches of Arras, with fo much felicity and fpeed, that fuch as en-
deavoured to enter the Town, were repulfed, and beaten.
The Queen of
Sweden quits
the Crown.
The Arch-Duke haftned thither, the Peaſants were commanded to
come, and work about the lines of Circumvallation; and the Horfe, to hin-
der the French from entering into the Town, the Garriton whereot was ve-
ry weak. A bold Enterprife; and which could not be accomplished with
fo few men, without making ſome diverfion. But let us make another turn
through the North, for the last time.
Queen Chriftine, performed a moft extraordinary action, and which is
more cafic to relate then to imitate; for having worne the Crown of Sweden,
which was fo much illuftrated, and augmented by the brave exploits of the
Great Gustave her Father, for fome years together; put it in the prefence of
all the States of the Kingdon, upon the head of her Coufin King Charles in
the month of June; and after this Ceremony, departed from Stockholme to
Hamburgh. Our Age produces nothing but Prodigies, and Miracles :
Some loose their Diadems by force ; and others, of their own accord.
The Polanders being extreamly diſguſted, to ſee the Mufcovits keep Smo-
The Mufcovits lensko blocked up, and make havock at their pleaſure in Lituania,( who had
ravage Litua- been formerly fo often defeated by them, though they were fix times ftron-
nia.
ger) and receiving no relief from Chriftian Princes; knew fo well, how to
repreſent to the Great Turk, by their Embaſſadour, their firmneſs, and ſta-
bility in the exact obfervance of their former Treaties with him; and how
they had conſtrained their King Uladiflans to cafheere his Forces, which he
The Turk pro- intended to employ, to the difadvantage of the faid Treaties, that he pro-
mifes the Po- mifed them, in fine, to affift them. It is already confirmed, that the Tartars
landers fuccour. are joyned with them, and that the reſt muſt make an Invaſion upon Maſ
Smolensko ta- covy, but it is after the loffe of Smolensko, which was moſt fenfible to the faid
Common-wealth. The cruelties which thoſe Barbarians exerciſe in thoſe
parts, would be incredible in an Age which were leffe curfed then this; and
we are made hope, that the Poles will quickly have their revenge; how-
ken.
ever,
PART.2.
283
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
ever, fuch as are of opinion with me, by the confideration of the giddy
courfe, of the affairs of Chrittendom; fufpect the relief of thefe Infidels, and The fuccour of
fear, left in the general Commotion of the Levant, or Eafterne people, the Infidels fuf-
they may chance to feize upon this Kingdom, inftead of fuccouring it, audi pelled.
effuſe themselves, according to the old prediction, into Germany. Time will
fhew us ftrange revolutions, and it is beft, not to apprehend fuch evils as
muſt needs happen,. The Greeks are groaning even yet, for having defired,
and tafted the like fuccour.
This war of the Mufcovits, and Coffacks, wherein Religion, Rebellion,
and fome other Cauſes make a consert, is very dammageable to this ftrong
Bulwark of all Chriſtendome, and teaches us, that fuch as have a wayes
been beaten heretofore, have now the advantage. Luck is turned every
where; Governments are changed; Policy is reverted; and men follow ano-
ther, and a very different habit.
The Germans, by their diffentions, and diſtruſts, have very much weak- Reformations
ned the Empyre, and there is no difcontentment heard now, but about the in Germany.
Reformations, which are made in the Emperour's Hereditary Countries:
But fuch as councel them would do well to begin upon themſelves, or pro-
ceed at leaſt more civilly therein. For I know not, whether Perfecutions
for diverfity of opinions have ever been ufeful to the Church, St. Martin
difapproved them; and indeed, they ingender more hurt, then they bring
good, in thefe latter times.
This Emperour continuing his care, for the Roman-Catholick Church,
the redreffe of the Empire, and the reſtauration of his moſt ferene Houſe to
her firft fplendour, by the Election, and Coronation of his Son; fees now
hisjoy turned into mourning, and the hope of almoſt all his people, over-
thrown, by the inopinate death of this young King. The paines which
were taken to remove him from infected places, and where the finall pocks
domineered, was ufeleffe. No no, moft devoute Monarch; it is in vaine,
to endeavour to conferve this dear Plant; the Infinite Efience is too much
provoked to wrath, by the fins of Chriftians, to grant them this precious
Pledge of Juftice. There is no more fidelity to be found amongst them;
and when the Pillars fhog, the Building cannot ſtand.
The Arch-bishoprick of Bremen being fecularized by the Peace of Mun- The Archbishop-
fter, fell to be ſhared by the Swedes, for having tormented the Eagle, and rick of Bremen
faved the Proteftant Party from ſhipwrack; or rather for having croffed fecularized.
the Houle of Auftria's defignes. They would not be content without the
Capital Town it felf, which is fituated upon the Wefer, a large River,which
difcharges her felf into the North Sea; for the gaining whereof, and to hin-
der the communication of the Sea; Count Conninxmark caufed a Fort to be The Swedes will
built below the faid Town, which was to bring it to the laſt gaſp.
This ſtrange proceeding, which offended both the Emperour, and Em-
pire, opened the eyes of the oordering people, and difcovered the ambition
of the Swedes. Montecuculi went into Sweden; but was put off with
delayes; for the North underſtands diffimulation as well as the South.
Ferdinand threatned this haughty Generall,with the Imperial Thunder-
bolt, but it moved him not at all. The impunity of offences provokes men
have the Town.
to continue them. The Inhabitants of the Town took Arms,with refoluti- The Townesmen
on to defend themfelves,and fent to implore the Succour of the Head, toge- take Arms.
ther with that of tacir Allyes.
Forts.
About the Summer folftice,or Sun-ftead, in Conninkmarks abfence, they And gaine the
put their men into the field, took thofe places, which lighted them to neer;
and made the whole Dutchy contribute to this War.
Theſe affronts were fo fenfible to this great Warrior, that he quickly af- Connixmarck
ter revenged himſelf of them; for,being feconded by fome new forces from and flut up the
Oo 2
retakes them,
Sweden,Town.
284
PART.?.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The States-Ge-
nerall fend
their Embaffa-
dours thither.
The peace
made.
The King of
Sweden's mar-
riage with a
Princeſſe of
Holftein,
Sweden,he did not only reconquer the faid places, but alſo fo ftreightly fhut
up the Bremeners,that loofing all the confidence they had in their own for-
ces, they had recourfe to thote of their Allyes, and efpecially the Hollan
ders.
*Intereft of Religion,which is more potent amongst the Reformates, as
being more popular,and leffe tyed, then the Catholicks, together with that
of ſtate, and fome other confiderations, made the States Generall refolve to
fend their Embaffacours, to mediate an accord, and temper the hot
demands of the Asailants, which were fo much preiudiciall to the Em-
pire.
They forthwith declared their Commiffions,and by raixing the ſtrength
of their interefts, with that of their arguments, brought the Swedes to con-
defcend to a more gentle Treaty, for fear of obliging the mediatours to be-
come Partics, in favour of fuch as had the fame law, and whofe affiſtance
themſelves had received, according to their ability,in other neceffities, and
whom they could not abandon, without being acculed of ingratitude; yea,
and there were forty fhips equipaged for their relief,in cafe the Swedes would
needs try extremities.
Thus, was this War of the Lutherans againſt the Reformates, foune fini-
fhed. This is the ſtate of the North,and that of Germany, which is not very
fafe,by the death of the King of the Romanes, the Emperours indifpofition,
and the Arming of fome Princes in Low-Saxonie; for, as for that of the Mar-
quis of Brandenburgh;and the Duke of Newburgh, time will flew us what
fcape it hath.But let us now run to the myſterious Siege of Arras,and we fhal
finde Queen Chriftine at Antwerp,who receives the newes of her Coufins mar-
riage,with a Princeffe of Holstein.
Arras, which was taken by the French, in the year 1640, before the face
of thirty thousand men, and had ftruggled againſt famin, and fome other
difficulties, which made the moft judicious defpaire of good fucceffe; was
likely to be loft playing. Wherefore they were.thinking to quit the Siège,
which the youg King had begun, prefently after his confecration; but
yet they found meanes to continue it, for his Majeſties honour, and to
fend the Marthal of Turenne, with ten thousand men, to fuccour this
Turenne at the Place.
The Marshal of
fuccour of Ar-
ras.
The Prince of
Conde proposes
to goe and at-
tack him, but he
is not heard.
The French
Nobility comes
to the fuccour
Sicnay yeelds.
The Spaniards
too weake to
gard fo many
works.
Our young Alexander, that accompliſhed Captain, who in his firft effay
had fhewed his mafterſhip, thought fit, to go ruin thofe Troops whileft they
were feeble, and tyred by their long march, (according to the example of
that German Mars,that Tamer of Brifack)and before they were re-inforced
by the Nobility; but this too judicious, and prudent Nation, which choofes
rather to fall into the other extremity, could not be brought to refolve
it; chooſing rather to cover themſelves in their trenches, to hinder the
reinforcement of the Garrifon; and to expect the Enemy, with a firme
foot.
The French Nobility, which doth more for the love of Vertue, and for
the favour of their King, then many other Nations doe, for wages, haften-
cd thither. Stenay was ycelded, the Troops increafed, and the King him-
felf, thereby to animate his fubjects to behave themfelves well, drew neer
the place appointed to get honour: All the world expected the fue of this
Siege; and fome wondered,how the Spaniards were able to hold out againſt
fuch terrible forces, which to fmall ones, and the attacks went fo flowly on,
againſt ſo weak a Garriſon,For, there were not men enough to defend the
lines of fo great a circuit, to gard the Convoyes, and force the Town. It
was believed that there was yet feme Arrow hidder, and more then one
ftring, to the Bow. Every body turned their eyes towards the fea, and
the Embaſſadours fet that Divine Mettal; together with all their Rhero-
rick,
PART.2.
285
The History of this Iron Age,
rick, on work, either to rayle or ftop the tempeft.
In fine, the twenty fifth of Auguft, being the day of S. Lewis, was defign-
ed to attack the Lines, which were bordered by the Spaniards much acm-
nished, and fatigated. The French advance, gave the Alarm, in all the The Siege.
quarters;entred by a turn-pike which was ill enough garded,and beat down rayfed.
part of the Lines, to make way for the Cavalrie. There began a confufion
in the Camp, which made fome fl, and others refolve to defend them- Confufion in
ſelves. The Arch-duke feeing the cowardife of fome, refolved to fly; and the Camp.
The Prince of
the Prince of Conde,vigorously to charge the enemies,who contenting them-
Condés va-
felves with having gained the Artillery, fuccoured the Town, and made lour, and ad-
fome hot Skermiihes; let this rock retire, being too hard to be ſcaled, and dreffe, to fave
moſt difficult to be furmounted. The Princes valour cannot be highly the Army.
enough extolled, nor the order which he kept, to fave the Army, and make
a dexterous retreate, fufficiently admired.
The news of this fo little expected difafter, gaining force upon the nim- Sadneffe in the
ble wings of Fame, and growing much greater then it was; was likely to Low-Countries,
caft the Flemmings into defpaire; but the following Pofts manifefted, that for this defeat.
the furt was not yet paft remedy; that the Prince of Conde had done more
thena man,and had merited the Lawrel, by this retreat. The number of
the dead, was but little ;that of the prifoners,greater; and that,of the victo-
rious Enemy,moft great.
As this blow filled the King of Spain's fubjects, in the Low-Countries,with
forrow; fo did it make all France ikip for joy, and accumulate prayles upon
the Cardinal, as well as upon the Generals; who, after having accompanied Joy in France.
their Victorious King to Arras, took leave of him,and fell in with their for- The King at
ces upon Hennawlt.
During the joy of the one, the forrow of the other, and the amazement
of all, I will make reflection with fuch, as to whom this war is infinitely
diſpleaſing, for Heavens fake, upon fom: Sieges, on both fides, fince the
war was first declared, in which the indignation of the Almighty moſt
clearly appears.
Arras, and the
Army in Hen-
alt.
nawlt.
The King of Spain's Armies found Fortune against them, before Cazal, A calculation
-The King of Frances, Sieges on bith
Leucata, Rocroy, Guife, Refa, Balaguer. Arras.-
of the unhappy
were unhappy, before Theonnille, Dole, St. Omers, Fontarrabie, Lerida and fideshich
Cambray; fo that by thefe alternative loffes, and by the obftinate continu- denotes, that
ance of the war, there can be nothing expected, but an exceffive weakening this war is dif
of both Crownes, and an infufficiency to refift, oue day, other Enemies, pleafing to God.
Thefe are the misfortunes of this depraved Age; which if not remedyed,we
ſhall foon fee yet greater changes. The bowle being caft,goes very often fur-
ther, then the bowler defires.
The French having ranfacked the County of Hennawlt both farr, and Quenoy for-
tiffed and
wide, and fortifyed Queney, whileft the other forces feazed upon Clairmont; Clairmont t-
left a good Garrifon there, and retreated into Winter-quarters.
ken.
The Venetians, by their generous refolution, fhew, that they will recon- The Venetians
quer the kingdome of Candiesand hinder the Half-Moon,from perfecting her refift the Turk.
Circuit.
The Genuezes have fent their Embaffadours into Spaine, to end
their difference, and into France, for fome negotiation, the effect where-
of depends upon Time.
The Pope qui-
The Pope, not having been able to perfwade the two Kings to a peace, et, and the
keeps himſelf in peace, and with him, the reft of Italy; fave only the Duke Duke of Sa-
of Savoy, who ſtands faft in the Dance with the French.
voy constant in
The Duke of Guife, having better retained in memory, the courtships of the Dance.
the Neapolitans, then his own misfortunes, and his promiſes made at
Madrid; fet men at work the whole fummer long, for the fitting of a great
Oo 3
Fleet,
286
PART.Z.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Fleet, to go to the Conqueft of that Kingdome, which hath been fo often
taken, and retaken, with fo great facility. He departed at the beginning of
The French ex- Autinine: but having been refifted by ftorms at Sea, and by the Spaniards
pedition under afhore; he loft the hope of feizing upon it, and returned towards 'France, with
the conduct of notable loffe. In fuch fort, as that the French have found Fortune againſt
them in Italy, and the Spaniards, in the Low-Countries.
the Duke of
Guife,unhappy.
There are misfortunes every where, if not by Arms, at leaſt by ſickneſses,
and other accidents. For, whileft the Hollanders (who were not reſolved, to
take any Governour yet) had trouble enough to get their proceedings ap-
Misfortunes proved by the reft of the Provinces, and the Inhabitants thereof; that horri-
ble blow happened at Delft the 12, of October, between ten and eleven of the
clock, where the fire got into the Magazine of powder, and fo deftroyed
one part of the Town, that few houfes remained whole, and untoucht, ei
ther in walls, or windowes.
happening at
Delft.
And at Grave.
The like misfortune happened at Graveling, towards the fpring, which
Ling by powder. killed many people, as well as that of Delft. Thefe prodigious accidents
made many, who were aftonished at them, believe, that the Great Day of
Judgement was come, and others, that they prognofticated nothing but
miferie.
The English
Fleet.
Genérall Blake
The English keep two Fleets ready; and have already fent one under
General Blake to the Levant, to fuccour the Spaniards againſt the French But
the faid General falling fhort of the Duke of Guife's Navy, which was returned
from the Kingdom of Naples, almoſt a fortnight before he came, he plied in-
burns the Tur- to the Port of Ligorn, where he was moft honourably received, and from
kifh fhips near whence, after almoft three weeks ftay, there, he fet fayl for Tunnis, where he
fired a Caſtle,and nine Turkish fhips in Port ferino, upon the disdainfull refuſal
of the Dye of that place, to give fatisfaction for fome wrongs,and dammages
formerly put upon the English Nation.
Tupinis.
The Count of
Broglio forces
the Suburbs
of Lile.
of
The Count of Broglio, Governour of La Baffee, for the French, after the ta-
king of the Fort, and Abby of Breclean, being informed that there was a Re-
giment of Horſe quartered in one of the Suburbs of Lile, commanded part
the Regiment of Piedmont, together with part of a Foot-Regiment, to go
and beat up their quarters; but having notice upon the way, that they were
removed, and entred into the City, he nevertheleffe advanced, and having
given a very ſtrong onfet, fired the Suburbs, and burnt about fixty houfes
to the ground. This done, hearing that fome Lorraine Forces were march-
ing from Lents towards Doway to joyn with a body of Horfe of about four
thouſand, commanded by Don Carlo del Campo Governour of Lile; he refol-
ved to ſet upon fome Foot left behind about the Town, in the abſence of the
Horſe, and fo ftormed their Works, about midnight, in three diftinct pla-
ces, and forced them out of their Out-works; yea, and would have gone over
before Lett. the Mote, had he not been advertiſed of the enemies fpeedy return, and
thereupon thought fit to retyre with his men, (himlelf being dangerously
wounded) to La Baffee.
Retreats from
Account of the
yearly expences
of England.
A monſter
found in Cata-
lunia.
The Parliament of England, called by the Lord Protectour, calculated the
charge of the Nation,which in the whole amounts to thirteen hundred thou-
fand pounds Sterling, per annum ; whereof two hundred thousand pounds
yearly for the faid Lord Protectours fupport; four hundred thousand pounds
for the maintenance of the Navie, and Ports, and feven hundred thouſand
pounds, for the Armies.
There was found in Catalunia, in the mountains of Cerdania, a certain
Monſter deſcribed thus. He hath humane ſhape as far as the waſte, and
downwards is like a Satyre, or Wild-man, he hath many heads, arms, and
eyes, and a mouth of extraordinary bigneffe, wherewith he makes a noyle
like a Bull. His picture hath been ſent by Don Iohn de Auſtria to the King at
Madrid,
PART.2.
287
The History of this Iron Age.
Madrid, and afterwards many Copies thereof drawn, and fent abroad by
Embaladours, and other perfons, to feverall Princes, and States in
Europe.
Pope Innocent the tenth, after a tedious, and dolorous fickneffe, died the The Popes
the ſeventh of this moneth of January, and the Cardinals, after a long deli- death.
beration in the Conclave, and the colluctation of the French and Spanish Fa-
ctions, elected Cardinal Ghifi to the See, who took upon him the name of Cardinal Ghit
Alexander the Seventh.
The States of Austria, upon the twenty fixth of February, did homage
to the young Arch-Duke Leopoldus Ignatius, Son to the preſent Emperour,
which was performed with great State.
The Treaty being ratified between the King of Sweden, and the City of
Bremen, the faid City disbanded many Companies, and gave Generall Con-
ninxmark paffage over the Bridge.
The Duke of Newburghs forces fo much freighted the Lorrainers
in their quarters, that they had much adoe to fubfift there,and the difference
lately happened betwixt the Electour Palatine, and the Électour of Mentz
not being yet ended, but referred to the Affembly now here at Frankfurt,
the other two Ecclefiaftical Electours, kept a ſmall Army on foot, to be able
to ſtand in readineffe, upon all occaſions.
The Governour of Theonville, who had boaſted upon a certain time, that
he would be in Arlon at dinner the next day, having notice that the Prince
of Simay (who is governour of Luxemburgh) was marching with a confide-
rable ſtrength to meet him, changed his defign, returned to Theonville, and
fent his men into winter-quarters.
The Factions in Hungary about the chufing of a Palatinate, being grown
very high,the Emperour refolved to go thither,as well to allay the faid trou-
eleted Pope.
bles, as alfo to have his Son Leopoldus Ignatius crowned King of that Coun- The Emperor's
try at Presburgh; which, after many difficulties, and ſome fatisfaction given Sonne Crowned
by him to the States, and people of the Kingdom, was performed with the King of Hun-
accuſtomed Ceremonies.
gary.
There was a great Infurrection of the Cavalier-party, in various parts of An Infurrection
England, against the Lord Protectour, and prefent government, which had in England.
it not been feaſonably difcovered,and diffipated, might peradventure, have
involved the whole Nation, in a moft fierce, and bloody war. One Party
of them was under the conduct of Sir Jofeph Wagstaffe, and was routed neer
Sal fbury, in Wilishire, many principall perfons taken prifoners, amongſt
whom was Mr. Penruddock, who witl. fome others, was afterwards tryed,
and executed at Exeter, but Wagstaffe himself,as alfo many others,made their
cfcape beyond-fea. There were many of the faid Plot,taken in divers others
parts of the Nation.
About the fame time, a Gentleman of great quality of the Country of
Provence in France, was arreſted, and imprisoned, upon fufpicion that he
kept correſpondence with Generall Blake then at Ligorn, and that he inten-
ded to have betrayed the Port of Tonlon, together with the fhips therein, to
the English: but after the faid Generall was gone with his Fleet towards the
Coaſt of Barbary, he cleared himſelf fo well of that charge, that he was fct at
liberty, and his faid accufation found to be but a meer ſuggeſtion of ſome
enemies of his.
Coffacks.
The Polanders obtained a great victory over the Mufcovits, and Coffacks The Polanders
near Vfman, where, after a fhrewd fight of three dayes, they put them to a beat the Maf-
totall rout, and killed about fourteen thousand upon the place, themselves Covits, and
lofing not above two thouſand, ſave only fome perfons of condition. The
booty, and ipoyle they got was very great,befides feven hundred Waggons,
and near a hundred Colour of Horfe and Foot.
Whileft
288
PART.L.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
Whileft the Cardinals were bufie in the Conclave, about the Election of
An Anti-Pope a new Pope, there met feaventy two Archbishops, and Bifhops, with fome
chofen at Alcc- Abbots, at a certain place called Afcoli upon the borders of Neaples; where
li.
The Turkish
Emperour
Crowned.
ftants in Picc-
mont.
The Lord Pro-
tecours charity
to them.
after fome dayes conference, they choſe one or their Members to be Pope
rendring him all the ufual honours,even to the very worshipping him. This
Anti-Pope called himfelt Eugenius. But the news thereof coming to tas
Conclave at Rome, it ſo much ſtartled them, that they ſent to the General of
the Church-Militia, to march ipeedily thither with fome Forces, to fecure
the Chief Authors of this great Schitme; but they,having notice thereof, to
prevent being apprehended, brake up, and parted, and the new Anti-Pop
Aled.
There was fuch a concurfe of pcopic at Conftantinople, to fee the Coro-
nation of the young Emperour, that lodging was hard to be found there;
and provifions were allo at an exceffive rate, the Coffacks, according to their
old cuſtom, having ſo waſted, and ſpoiled the Country on that fide near the
Black-Sea, that it made them very scarce.
The Dog or Duke of Venice being dead, the Forty one fhut themselves up
according to cultom, and after fome debate, unanimcully eleted the Lord
Contarini, heretofore Embaffadour Plenipotentiary at Munster, and one of
the moſt ancient Senators, who was Crowned with the Dukes Crown, with
the wonted Solemnity the five and twentieth o. March.
The Queen of Sweden, widow to the great, victorious King Gustave, ha-
ving lain long fick of a Quartan Ague (followed by a ftrong Rheume
which fell upon her breaſt) died the laſt of March, in the Town of Nieco-
ping.
The Duke of Savoy caft a cruel perfecution upon the Protestants in the
The perfecution Vallyes of Angrogna, Lucerna, and St. Martins, by fending the Marquis of
of the Prote Pianella, together with the Count of Quince, one of the French Lieutenant-
Generals, who fet upon them, beat them out of the faid Vallyes, and forced
them to fly to the Mountains, where they fuffered much hunger, and cold,
The news hereof coming into England, the Lord Protectour being moved
with compaſſion, and charity, diſpatched one Maſter Moreland, one of his
own Gentlemen, by the way of Paris, to the forefaid Duke, to mediate with
him in the quality of Agent, in behalf of the faid diftrefled Proteftants,
fending them alfo fome relief of monyes out of his own Treafury, and ani-
mating the people befides, to contribute, and collect publickly in the Chur-
ches, confiderable fumms for them; which accordingly was performed with
remarkable zeal, and remitted them; as they have at large acknowledged
by a moft humble, and ample Letter of thanks, which they wrote to his
Highneſs, the tranfcript whereof would be too long to fet down here; and
fo would that of the King of France, to his faid Highness, in anfwer to his
to his Majeſty, wherein the King clears himſelf of having had any hand in
the perfecution of the laid Proteftants; and friendly affures his faid High-
nefs,to intercede with the Duke of Savoy,in favour of them: So that,in fine,
after many debates, the difference between the aforefaid Duke, and his faid
Subjects is accommodated, and Mafter Moreland returned.
Gulick.
Upon the two and twentieth of June there hapned ſuch an extraordinary
A Tempeft at Thunder, and Lightning at Gulick, or Julcers, that it put all the people in ex-
ceffive fear; and there fell a Thunderbolt upon one of the Magazins,where-
by not only the Houfe, and all the Ammunitions were blown up, but many
other houſes alfo thereto adjoyning were fired, and rent in pieces; how-
ever, through the mercy of God, there were but few perfons killed, but
The Garrison of great ſtore of goods fpoiled, and loſt.
La Baffee fire
fome Villages:
The Lieutenant-Governour of La Baffee having notice that the Spaniards
had quitted the Fort of Lilers, which they kept all the laſt Winter; fent out
a Party
PART.2.
289
The History of this Iron Age.
a Party of that Garrifon coufifting of about three hundred and fifty, to
which a Party of Bethune being joy hed, they marched under the command
of the Count of St. Front, and plundered, and fired the Town of Altembergh,
and four Villages beyond Ypers,which refufed to pay their Contribution;
which put fuch a terrour into the adjacent Country, that most part of the
people fled with their beft goods, to fecure themfelves, in the ftrong
Towns.
The Spaniards began to difcover their apprehenfions of the English Fleet;
viz. that of General Pen in the West-Indies, and that of General Blake, which
after the bufineffe of Tupnis, was fallen back upon the Coaſt of Spain; in
order to which take here the Claufe of a Letter from the Count of Linares
General of the Spanish Gallyes, written to a friend of his at the Court of Ma-
drid, upon the tenth of June, from St. Lucar.
A Claufe of a
We are now in fight of thirty of the English Men of War, who lie at fea, three
leagues from the Bay; and this is the very fame Squadron with which I spake at Letter from the
Alicant in November, 1654. The Commander then told me, that they were going Count de Li
to chaſe the French: but now, though they know where to meet with the French nares.
in Catalunia, they come hither. When this faid fquadron went by this way at
first, they shewed more friendship to us,and more confidence in us; for they came in
hither, but now their fliness; and strångness makes us prefume (and I do prefume)
that they have fome unhappy defignes against the Gallons of filver, which are ex-
pected. "It is also feared, that another fquadron much greater than this, which went
to the Indies, may do us much greater mifchief there, that we
that we shall hardly know
what belongs to a Piece of Eight in Spain, wherefore, it will concern men of pru-
dence, to hoard up what they can; for, if that defigne profper, all manner of ents
in Spain will come to nothing.
The Town of Landrecies, after a long, and sharp fienge, was readred to
the French the twelfth of July, upon thefe following condition 1. That
Monfieur de Mangre the Governour, and Don John Morphy Colonel of air
Irish Regiment, together with all Officers, and Souldiers, Horfe and Foot,
ſhould march out the next day at eight of the clock in the morning, with
their Arms, Baggage, Goods, Horfes, Cattel, and other things belonging
to them, Colours flying, Buliet in mouth, and Matches lighed at both ends,
and ſhould be ſafely convoyed to Valenciennes the neareſt way. 2. That for
that end, a hundred Waggons, and Carts ſhould be afforded them, for the
fecurity whereeftey fhould leave two Captaies behinde, who fhould be
fent to Valenciennes prefently after the faid Waggons were returned. 3.
That all Prifoners, and alfo the Horſes taken on both fides, thould be retto-
red; and the Souldiers, who were run away, delivered. 4. That fuch foul-
diers as were either fick, or wounded, and not able to march out prefently,
ſhould remaine fafe there, and be maintained, and attended till their re-
covery, and then have Paffes to be gone. 5. That all Magazines, both of
Provifions, and Ammunitions, and all the Artillery not embezeled,fhould
be the fame day furrendred to fuch as fhould be appointed to receive them,
with reftitution of whatfoever might be found to have been diverted by falc,
or otherwife, to the benefit of any private perfon. 6. That the Inhabi-
tants ſhould be free to remain there, enjoy their Goods, and accuſtomed Im-
munities, and Priviledges; and if any would be gone, he ſhould have three
moneths time granted him, to fell his Goods both reall,and perfonal. 7.
That the Officers of the Magiftrate of Judicature fhould be maintained in
their Places, they taking an Oath of Allegiance to the King. 8. That ſuch
Church-men as were fled into the faid Town, fhould have power to go out
with their moveables, and Church Ornaments; yea, and even with thofe
belonging to ether Church-men, Cloifters, and Monafteries, which were
abfent. 9. Thatthe Country-people, who were there for refuge, ſhould
P p
have
3.2
190
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The fucceffe of
the French.
land.
have liberty, either to returne home, or go any whither elſe with their
goods, within the terme of three moneths. 10. That the faid Governour,
and Colonel thould, upon the fubfcribing of thefe Articles, deliver the
whole Baſtion of the Attack,for fecurity of the performance of the faid Ar-
ticles.
Neer about the fame time the Prince of Conti took Caftillon, and Solsona
in Catalunia; and the Spaniards having made many attempts, upon the la-
ter for the recovery thereof, were alwayes repulfed with loffe: fo that, in
fine,Te deum was lung at Paris, for the profperity of their Arms in both
Countries.
The King of
The King of Sweden finding no likelihood of bringing the difference be-
Sweden's great tween himlelf and the King of Poland to a defired accommodation, fent
fucceffe in Po- Generall Wittembergh with a great Army into the faid King's Territories,
who making a very great,and fortunate progress there, the King himself
followed fhortly after in perfon; whereupon fitteen thousand of the King of
Poland's Souldiers, and three great Provinces revolted to him, befides divers
other remarkable fucceffes, the particulars whereof will appear by thefe fol-
lowing Inftructions for a folemn day of Prayer,and Thanks-giving,which
I hcer infert for the Readers fatisfaction.
The Spaniards
Embargo.
Whereas his Majesty, our most grations Lord, and Soveraigne hath been moved
by just,and most neceffary causes, to make war against the King, and Crown of
Poland, and for that purpofe, ordered Generall Wittembergh to enter that part
of the Enemies Country neer Kron, which lies next to Germany; It hath
pleafed the most high God, fo to bleffe, and profper his Majefties Armies, and
undertakings,as that the faid Generall hath not only taken divers Caftles, and Gar-
rifons in the faid Country, but making progreſſe alſo as farr as Wlee,in the province
of Polen, the two Palatinates of Polen, and Califfen, together with the Cities of
Pofen, Califfen, Lefno, and Miedzirez,as alfo an Army of fifteen thousand men,
immediatly renounced all Allegiance to the King of Poland, and came under the
tuition, and protection of his Majefty, our Soveraigne; which was done before the
fifteenth of July 1655. Now, feeing that it can be no other thin the wonderfull
worke of God, that fo great a part of our Enemies Dominions should, without fo
much as one blow, be reduced under his Majeſties obedience, we are bound to
render thanks to Almighty God from the bottom of our hearts for fo great mer-
c. &c.
Befides theſe aforeſaid advantages,the Earle of Oppalinſki, nothing con-
tent to have forfaken the King of Polands Party himſelf,.drew alfo many of
his friends, and neighbouring Lords, into the fame engagement, and they
joyntly made an agreement with the King of Sweden, containing thefe
heads. 1. That they should no longer own the King of Poland, or acknowledge
him for their Soveraigne. 2. That all fuch as (hould refuse to doe the fame, should
be pur fued, with fire, and ſword. 3. That the King of Sweden should have the
Same Authority over them, which the Kings of Poland had; and that for fecuri-
ty of the performance of this Article, they fould deliver all their ftrong Holds, to
General Wittembergh. And lastly, That the King of Sweden fhould difpofe of
all the forces already ray fed in great Poland.
The French,after the furrender of Landrecies,befieged,and took Conde, St.
Ghislain,and fome other fmall places,and made excurfions, even to the very
walls of Bruffels.
The Spaniards after having fet out a Fleet to watch Generall Blake, upon
their Coaft, upon the news of the mifcarriage of the defigne of the Generals
Pen, and Venables,at St. Domingo in Hifpaniola,put a General Embargo upon
the English-Marchants Goods(and imprifoned many of their perfons alfo)
in all the Ports of Spain,and the King published a Manifeft,which was quick-
ly,
PART.2.
291
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
ly, and roundly anfwered by the Lord Protectour, whereupon there in-
ftantly followed actions of hoftility at fca.
The City of Pavia in Italy, which had endured a long, and fierce Siege The Siege of
by the Duke of Modena, and Prince Thomafo,was at length delivered by the Pavia rayſed.
valour of the Townfmen, and the fuccour brought them by the Marquis
of Caracena Governour of the Dutchy of Milan; and the two aforefaid
Princes forced to a diforderly retreat,with the lofle of many of their men,
fome Canon, and Baggage, and the faid Duke dangeroufly fhot in the
Arme.
The Provid.tore Morofini, General for the State of Venice against the
Turks, got pofleffion of the Ifland of Egina in the Archipelago,and of the
ftrong Hold of Vola,which was furrendred the twenty fecond of March,
and which is the more advantagious, in regard that the Turks had made
their chief Magazine there for this fummer expedition:fo that the Venetians
gained,befides their Ammunion, a very great quantity of Bifquct, and fea-
ven and twenty pieces of great Ordnance, molt of them Braile. As much
of the Provifions as could be carried away, was put on fhip-board, and the
reft fyred, that ſo the Enemy might not be be. efited thereby,and the beſt of
the works demoliſhed.
Venetians a
About a moneth after they gave a totall defeat to the Turkish Fleet,which Victories of the
endeavouring to come out of the Dardanelles upon the fourteenth of July gainst the Turks
at night, after a very hot fight of eight houres, was utterly routed, and dif-
perfed,and forced to get fhelter under tl.c Caftles of the faid Dardanelles,
having loft in the battail, fixteen ihips, fix Gallyes, two Mahones, and many
other Veffels, foure thoufand men taken prifoners (who were all made
flaves)and a greater number killed. This victory was fo much the more
remarkable, for that the whole Venetian Fleet was not there, a party thereot
having been fent towards Canea a few dayes before, to prevent the Turks
relieving that place. The Turkish Navy confifted of about a hundred fhips,
and Gallyes; and the Venetians, but eight and thirty, with eight Gallyes, and
two Galleaffes.
fest.
The King of Sweden, upon his entry into Poland, publifhed a Manifeft, The King of
and fent a Letter alfo to the Emperour, comprehending the reafons of his Sweden puts
taking Arms against that King, wherein he accufes him of cluding the forth a mani-
Treyes held between them; of ufurping the Title of the Crown of Sweden;
of endeavouring to debauch the people of Livonia, or Leefland, and to
draw them to a defection; of fending a Fleet into the Baltick Sea;of attemp-
ting to intice the States of the Ifle of Oefely to a revolt; and many other
charges he imputes to him,in order to his having broken the Articles of
Truce concluded between the two Crownes.
#
From the very time that he entred Poland, he went on with a conquering,
and irreſiſtible hand, all fubmitting,partly by force, and partly by compofi-
tion, and voluntary inclination, to his obedience. After he had taken, and
ftayed fome time at warfoviashe endeavoured by all means poffible,to joyne
with Field-Marſhal Wittembergh fo to meet, or feek the enemy with the
more fecurity; whereof the Poles being advertized,laboured to cruffe that de
figne,and hinder their conjuntion;to which effect they placed themſelves in
the woods, fo to fally ous at unawares upon the faid Field-Marſhal, as he
marched by, as not imagining that the King could poffibly be yet arrived
to him. So that his Majefty being fufficiently informed of their purpofe,
fell in very good order upon them, and advanced with fuch fucceffe, by en-
tertaining them, with his Ordnance and Forlorne, that however they The Polander
fometimes endeavoured to rally, and draw to a head again, they werecon- beaten.
ftrained to quit the Field in great confufion, with the loffe of all their Bag-
gage,confifting of three thouſand Carts, and the Swedes pursued them in
Pp 2
the
292
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age,
The King and
land fly.
the Reer, almoſt as farre as Cracovia, putting moft part of them to the
Sword.
Nor was their profperity a whit lefle in Lithuania, the Nobility of that
Country having abandoned their obedience to the King of Poland, and
fworne fidelity to the King of Sweden, (howbeit fome of them fhortly after
began to repine at that yoke)and the Mufcovits,defirous of amity with the
conquerours, departed.
Hercupon the Count of Steinbock, Mafter of the Ordinance, paffed
the River Viftula with his Troops, and advanced againſt the Marfovians,
being there between nine,and ten thouſand ſtrong, where both he, and
his, behaved themſelves fo valliantly, that they rowted the faid Mar-
fovians, killed, and took many of them, and put the reſt to fight.
The King of Poland finding the progreffe of his Enemies fo profperous
Queen of Po against him,and himfelf delerted as well by his own Subjects,as by Fortune;
and ſeeing at preſent ſmall hopes of making any advantagious oppofition,
to fo impetuous a torrent, fled, together with his Queen, into Si-
lefia.
Queen Chri-
Ane declares
her ſelf a Ro-
man Catho-
lick.
The Lorrain.
the French to-
In the interim Chriftina, lately Queen of Sweden, being departed from
Bruffels, betook her felf towards Rome, through Germany,and made a fo-
lemne, and publick Renuntiation of her former Beiict, embracig the pro-
fcffion of the Roman Religion, at Infpruck in Tiroll; afcer which,proceeding
to her journies end,ſhe was received by the Pope with great magnificence,
and fplendour.
Vhileft thefe things pafled, a Brigade of the Lorrain Army,confifting
Army goes to of five Regiments,dclerted the Spanish fervice, and went to the French, and
gether with fhortly after, Prince Francis of Lorrane himſelf did the fame, with the maine
PrinceFrancis. body of the Army, upon conditio s that he ſhould enjoy the Dutchy of
Bar,and the County of Vaudemont,as alfo a pen fion from the King of France,
fufficient to maintain himfelt, and his Family; and the Lords, who had
been Commanders in his Brothers Army under him, and were come with
him,reftored to their Eftates. The laid Forces were all difperfed,and ranged
under Marſhal Turenns orders,in Picardy,
The disgust of
There hapned a great diſguſt between the King of France, and the Go-
Some Fronteer Vernours of Dourlans, Arras, Peronne, and Corby, about fome contributions,
and other Advantages belonging to their Goverments; in fo much, as it
The lanfenifts looked a great while, as if they intended no lefs then to revolt, and under-
Governours.
in France.
take the Prince of Condes party;but ſeaſonable ſatisfaction being given them,
they returned to their obedience, to the great elufion, and fruftration of the
expectation of the Spaniards; and the Dutcheffe of Chatillon, who was im-
prifoned for having endeavoured to incite the Marshall D'hocquincourt Go-
vernour of Peronne, towards a defection, was allo fet at liberty.
About this time, Complaint was made to the Court of France, of the
great increaſe of the Ianfenifts, or fuch as adhered to the doctrine of lanfenius
Biſhop of Ypers in Flanders, which notwithſtanding it had been confopited
by Pope Innocent the Tenth, fome years before by a ípeciall Ball authorized,
and fent by him to that effect, began now to be again refufcitated by Doctor
Arnault, and ſome others of the Sorbon, as alſo ſome of Lovain, in fuch fort,
as had there not been very mature prevention uſed, it might have grown by
degrees, to be a bufineffe of difficulty enough to allay; the principles of the
faid doctrine having much affinity with what was held by Saint Augustin,
and is now in conformity with that of the Reformed Churches, (touching Pre-
deftination, Free-Will, Merit of Works, &c.) befides, that it is no way difplea-
fing to many learned, and confiderable perfons amongst the Roman Catho-
licks themſelves, on this fide of the Alps, and therefore the more caution
was uſed for the timely filencing thereof.
The
PART.2.
293
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
The King of Sweden, after his former great victory, the King of Poland's
Hight, and the generall fuccefle of the Swedish Arms in Poland, and the Do-
minions thereupon depending; befieged Cracovia, and took it by Compo-
fition; called a Diet, or Affembly of the States of Poland at Warfovia, drew
an Oath of Fidelity from them, and fetled the affaires of the Kingdom un- The Polish
der obedience to himself, at which time the Polish Cavalry called Quartians Quartians
together with their General Podolskie, Great Standard-bearer of Poland, fub- fubmit.
mitted themſelves to him; five thousand whereof he took with himſelf: ſent
two thouſand of them with Lieutenant Generall Muller into Great Poland,
and employed the reft upon other occafions. This done, and an agreement
being made with Chimlinskie Generall of the Coffacks, who came to offer
himself to the King of Sweden, with about fixty thousand men, he fent his
Armies into Pruffia, which took Thoren and Strasburgh by Compoſition, and
marched to Marienburgh.
Upon the twentieth of November, Francifco de Sowza arrived at Rome, in An Embaſſa-
the quality of Extraordinary Embaladour to his Holineffe, in the behalf of dour from Pur-
the Churches of Portugal, in defpight of all the powerfull oppofition made tugal at Rome.
by the Spaniards, and their Faction in that Court.
The Swedish Fleet confifting of fifty fhips, commanded by Generall Wrang-
hel, after having layn long near Wifmar, launched into the Road of Dant-
zick, and attempted to feize upon the little Town of Hofte, but was repul-
ied by the ftout refiftance of the Inhabitants, and forced by ill weather back
into Pomerania.
The Proteftants of the Valleys of Piedmont, finding thic Agreement made
between the Duke and them, to be very difadvantageous to them, as well in
regard of the rigour of fome of the Articles thereof, as afo for that the de-
moliſhment of the Fort Saint Martin; and fome other promifes made
them by their faid Duke, goe flowy on towards performance; fecl them-
felves in as much calamity, and infecurity, as before; and conf quently ceaſe
not to lend their complaints, and implore the affiftance of their Brethren
abroad, as much as ever.
There happened alfo not long ago a great controverfic between the
Proteftant, and Catholick Cantons of Swifferland, about the falling oft of
about thirty families from the Romish Religion, and embracing the other,
which if not quickly pacificd, may peradventure produce much mif-
fortune.
It is faid, that the Pope having offered the King of Poland fome affiſtance
of mony, the ſaid King made anfwer, That the fumme was too inconfider ble to
advance him to the recovery of his States; and that for his own fubfiftance as a King,
be thanked God, he had treasure enough; and finally, that however he had left his
Crownes, yet could he not lofe his Kingly Title. But it is fully conceived, that
the Emperour, and fome of the Catholick and Ecclefiafticall Princes of
Germany, will at length refolve to afford him fuch relief, both of men, mo-
ney, and other neceffaries for war, as may enable him to appear in the Field
againſt his Enemies, and make the Game fairer for him, then hitherto it
hath been, notwithstanding the Emperour aforefaid have made a kinde of
Declaration to the contrary, and fent his Extraordinary Embaffadour to
the King of Sweden, to coinplement him, and intercede for a friendly Ac-
commodation; for he hath already fent divers Regiments into Silefia, and
ſtill
goes on with his Leavies, which he diftributes, and ranges near the fron-
teers both of Sweden,and Poland: and indeed this prodigious profperity of the
Swedish Arms in Poland, gives an Alarme not only to all Germany, but even
to Italy alto, and makes them ſtand upon their guard, not knowing whofc
turn may be next.
During the diſtractions of Chriftendome, the Pope hath not been much
afleep
Pp 3
294
PART.2.
The Hiftory of this Iron Age.
afleep fince his coming to the Chayre, but hath unceffantly laboured by Let-
ters to the Kings of Spain, and France, to draw them to a firm peace; yea,
and he hath fent two of the moft eminent, and moſt potent Cardinals of all
the Colledge (namely Cardinall Barberini,and Cardinal Grimaldi) who have
fhewed themſelves upon all occafions, great fervants to the French Intereft,
to the Court of France,to negotiate the mattersand it is thought, that the Spa-
niard,being on the loofing hand,and almoſt defperate,will give France what-
foever the askes, rather then miffe a peace: however fome be alfo of opi-
nion, that they will be able to effect little therein, in regard that France hath
made her Peace with England, which was publiſhed at Paris and London,
with extraordinary joy, and fplendour, the ninth of December, 1655. with
very much advantage to the English Nation.
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