*: **: » : �- ¿ \ sº } ！！！！！, x,z,...}（:-）））-z*:）*）\！！..--~（~~~~ ~~~~. ------- ĢĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒ?！！?！！?！！！！！！！ ***）（.*）>）*）（.*>（.*?）（（~~）; „* .-·· • ×_■**- . （…….*_**T***~~~）”，-，*?）（-， ~ （~~~~）/*）（.*）（\'*）（.*¿¿.*¿¿.* ?！--№º）-（r，，）（ *）?（.*¿¿.*?）（?：\ſ* * * _aer （« * ·！ ~ ~*?” y，\，· º ：：：:：：: ~~$（~~~№. AN 7 of THE URIBUS UN ſ to | XXI. M 178 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII. called forth : resistance too had been confined to its imme- diate object much more successfully than could have been expected, where an armed populace possessed all the power ; for except during the actual fighting in the streets of Paris, no blood had been shed; no property had been violated: the head of the government indeed had been changed, but its monarchical form had been preserved, though with a new intermixture of popular elements. The excitement produced by these events had an effect on our elections very unfavorable to ministers; nor did it fail to bring forward the question of parliamentary reform in a much more prominent and remarkable shape than it had yet assumed : the force of example now added itself to all other existing motives for change; and the notion of transferring the privileges of a corrupt borough to an unrepresented place, or giving the elective franchise to a populous town, was utterly discarded: in the present state of public feeling, there was no difficulty in getting up meetings, petitions, and addresses, advocating ex- tensive alterations in our representative system ; all of which, however vague and indeterminate in their respective conditions, tended to confer the elective rights on a much larger proportion. of the people than had hitherto enjoyed them ; nor were threats. spared, that a refusal of these rights would lead to a general. convulsion, in which the privileged orders might possibly be forced to yield much more than was now required. The alarm occasioned by such demands, and their accompanying menaces, was inexpressibly augmented by disturbances, which, beginning in the county, of Kent, spread themselves rapidly over the whole face of the country: the rioters did not at first assume the character of disorderly mobs, but appeared as lurking in- cendiaries, wreaking their vengeance on property; the destruc- tion of which could only aggravate the causes of distress : . night after night they lighted up conflagrations, by which an incredible quantity of grain, and even of live stock, was consumed : bands, still more daring, attacked machinery of all kinds, particularly thrashing machines, the possession of which brought such a certain destruction of property on their owners, that after a short time insurance offices refused a policy to those who kept them on their premises. The first offenders that were seized, being tried before county magistrates, met with that lenity which commiseration for their starving con- dition excited; but the evil spread in consequence so exten- sively, that all protection for property seemed to be at an end : bands of rioters pillaged and destroyed it during the day; and A.D. 1830. WILLIAM IV. 179 when might fell, simultaneous conflagrations, blazing up in different quarters, spread havoc and dismay far and wide over the land: at length, the military force in the most disturbed districts was increased ; a reward of £500 was offered for the conviction of an incendiary; and a special commission was ordered to proceed into those counties where the outrages were committed: it may be remarked, however, that they were soon and effectually suppressed in some places, where the yeomanry and farmers, mounting their horses and scouring the country, aided the civil officers in the discovery and apprehension of offenders. - . Under such gloomy circumstances, the new parliament met on the twenty-sixth of October, and found parties in the same state as at the dissolution; with this difference only, that all the elements of opposition against the administration had ac- quired new vigor by the course of events; while new topics had sprung up, on which it would be forced to a trial of strength : it appeared certain, that the question of reform would speedily be brought forward; and ministers may perhaps have hoped, that its discussion would effect a reconciliation between them and their former adherents. On the second of November, after the several members of both houses had been sworn in, and Mr. Manners Sutton unanimously re-elected speaker of the commons, the session was opened, with great splendor, by the king in person. His majesty, in his speech, alluded to the events of deep interest and importance which had occurred on the continent; to the continuance of his diplomatic relations with the new French dynasty; to the endeavors which, in concert with his allies, he was making to restore tranquillity in the Netherlands; to the maintenance of those general treaties, by which the political system of Europe had been established; and to the hope of renewing his diplomatic relations with Por- tugal, because the government of that country had determined to perform a great act of justice and humanity, by the grant of ageneral amnesty 1 In addressing the house of commons, he observed, that the estimates for the ensuing year would be prepared with that strict regard to economy, which he was determined to enforce in every branch of the public expendi- ture; and as, by the demise of the late king, the civil list had expired, his majesty placed, without reserve, at their disposal, his interest in the hereditary revenues, and in those funds which might be derived from the droits of the ad- miralty, from the West India duties, or any casual source; 18O HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII. rejoicing in the opportunity of thus evincing his intire reliance on their dutiful attachment; and his confidence that they would cheerfully provide for the support of government, and the dignity of the crown ; after lamenting the disturbances which afflicted the country, and expressing a determination to employ all the means which the laws and constitution had placed in his hands to repress them, his majesty consoled himself with reflecting on the loyalty and affectionate attachment of the great body of his people; declaring, that it was the great object of his life to preserve to them those blessings which they had so long enjoyed, and transmit them unimpaired to posterity. The usual addresses were carried in both houses, though not without evident signs of a vigorous opposition to ministers on the subjects of reform and retrenchment. In regard to the latter object, every assurance was given, on the part of govern- ment, that reduction of expenditure and taxation should be carried as far as propriety and practicability would permit: on the other point, however, the duke of Wellington went beyond his usual prudence and reserve, in the peculiar state of public feeling : for at a time, when the people of England, bending beneath burdens almost intolerable, were recalling to mind the profligacy of statesmen, the subserviency of parliaments, and the corruption of institutions, recorded in our annals from the revolution to the present time; and were ascribing these evils to the imperfect state of our representation, which had converted stocks and stones into constituencies, though popu- lous towns remained unrepresented, and had enabled the pro- prietors of boroughs to make their own terms with ministers;– while these sentiments were at their height, his grace uttered his memorable denunciation against reform ; and his doom, as minister of this country, was irrevocably fixed. In replying to earl Grey, who had alluded to the subject, and candidly con- fessed that he had no definite plan to produce; the premier observed,—‘that, on his part, he would go farther, and say, that he had never read or heard of any measure, up to the present moment, which could improve the representation, or render it more satisfactory to the country at large : he would not hesitate unequivocally to declare his opinion, that we possessed a legis- lature, which answered all good purposes, better than any which had been ever tried; and that if he had to frame a legis- lature for another country, his aim would be to form one which would produce similar results: under such circum- stances, he was not only unprepared to bring forward any A.D. 1830. WILLIAM IV. - 18 J measure of reform, but ready at once to declare. that so long as he held a station in the government, he should feel it his duty to resist any such measures when proposed by others.' In the house of commons, Mr. Brougham did not wait even till the address was moved, before he gave notice, that on the sixteenth, he would submit a distinct proposition for a change in the representation, intending to take his stand on the ancient ground of the constitution, as it existed originally, in the days of its purity and vigor. Mr. secretary Peel, though he did not speak in the same fearless and uncompromising tone as his chief, yet professed that he saw difficulties about the question, which he was by no means prepared to resolve : he wished nevertheless to say nothing then, which might at all prejudice discussion hereafter, or interfere with its advance towards a satisfactory termination. These declarations were suf- ficient to spread widely the flame of discontent, which had been already kindled against government; and the consequences appeared, both in and out of parliament, in formidable com- binations to embarrass ministers, and thwart their measures. No little indignation was excited against them by the manner in which the king had been led, in his speech, to mention the revolution in Belgium, as ‘a revolt against an enlightened government;" and to express his determination to maintain in regard to it those general treaties, by which the political system of Europe was said to be fixed. “All this,’ lord Grey ob- served, “ sounded like threatened interference; and he could not conceive why we should, be bound by treaties to interfere between Holland and the Low Countries: neither had we a right to express an opinion on the conduct of the Belgians; to praise the government which they had cast off, and stigmatise them as revolted subjects.” Few countries, in fact, had been treated, at the new partition of Europe after the war, worse than Belgium ; which had been joined to Holland for the con- venience of others, who wished to raise a bulwark against the power of France. The junction was not attended with mutual affection, congeniality of habits, or even with a similarity of religion; and the Belgians considered themselves an op- pressed people, not only because they had been forced into a connexion which they never would have sought, but because they found its terms and conditions unequal: they complained, that the king, a Dutchman, and stadtholder of Holland, long before he was sovereign of the Netherlands, sacrificed his acquired to his hereditary dominions; that to Dutchmen was given a mo- nopoly of the general administration ; that even from Belgian 182 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ch. Lxvii. offices Belgians were excluded; that they were taxed for Dutch debts, and for objects exclusively Dutch; that their religion, and the institutions for education connected with it, were dis- couraged; that their very language had been banished from their own law courts, and their country treated altogether like a conquered province. These accusations, though not true to the extent represented by democratic journals and catholic priests, were not wholly without foundation ; and the part known to have been taken by the duke of Wellington in cementing this ill-assorted union, together with his inclination toward continental despots, disposed people to suspect him of a design to interfere, on the present occasion, in a manner adverse to the Belgians; so that, confessedly, at this period, the popularity of the hero of Waterloo, and of his cabinet, had considerably declined; when a domestic circumstance occurred, which tended in no small degree to increase their embarrass- Inent. - The king and queen had promised, some time before the meeting of parliament, to honor the lord mayor's feast at Guildhall with their presence; and great were the preparations made by the citizens on the approach of that civic festival: but while all were at the height of expectation, they were Sud- denly mortified by the intelligence, that their chief magistrate had received a letter from Sir Robert Peel, late on the evening of the seventh of November, stating, that the king, following the advice of ministers, had resolved to put off his visit to a future opportunity: the reason given for this determination was, that information, recently received, ‘gave cause to appre- hend, that, notwithstanding the devoted loyalty and attachment borne to the sovereign by the citizens of London, advantage would be taken of the nocturnal assemblage of multitudes, to create tumult and confusion; and it would be a source of deep and lasting concern to their majesties, if any calamity were to occur on the occasion of their visit to the city.’ This announce- ment filled the metropolis with doubt and alarm; especially, as a disposition to mischief had been lately shown by the populace, directed principally against the duke of Wellington and the new police : indeed, the indications of hostile feeling had been so repeated and so strong, and inflammatory hand- bills had been so industriously circulated, that two members of the common council acknowleged they had warned his grace of the danger; and alderman Key, lord mayor elect, had apprised him of an attack intended to be made on his person. These circumstances induced the duke and his colleagues to decline A.D. 1830. WILLIAM IV. 183 going to the dinner; and as their absence would have been liable to a misconstruction little less serious than the danger to be apprehended from their presence, it was judged prudent to advise his majesty to relinquish his intention, in order to prevent tumult and bloodshed. As soon as this determination became known, consternation pervaded all ranks; men be- lieved that some atrocious conspiracy against the royal person had been discovered, or even that a revolution was at hand; So that the public funds fell near three per cent, and mercantile confidence was general'É interrupted: the entertainment at Guildhall was deferred”; and, instead of civic festivities, the city was disturbed with the rumbling of artillery, and the passage of troops : the Tower ditch was filled with water, and other precautions taken, to put that fortress into a state of security: extra guards were placed at the Bank, and at the magazine in Hyde Park; while large bodies of troops were billeted in the neighborhood of the metropolis: scarcely how- ever, had two days elapsed, when people were laughing at the trepidation into which they had been betrayed; confidence was restored; and the funds rose as rapidly as they had fallen. Meanwhile severe animadversions were passed in parliament on the conduct of ministers, for preventing his majesty's visit to the city; and the duke of Richmond, who began the dis- cussion in the upper house, declared, “that the king reigned in the hearts of his people; and that he might have gone safely, unaccompanied by guards, through every street of the metro- polis.’ To this the duke of Wellington readily assented, as did Mr. Peel in the other house; but they contended, that, although the royal personage might have been safe, his presence would have brought together a large and lawless multitude, bent on riot and outrage; when the military must have been called in for the suppression of tumult. Mr. Brougham took this occasion to contrast severely the popularity of the king with the hostility exhibited toward the premier: in regard to the latter, he observed;—“I regret much its appearance; I regret it on account of the mischief which it is calculated to do in the mercantile world; I regret it also on account of its ap- parent connexion with that speech from the throne, which has been followed up by a still more fatal declaration against every species of reform ;-a declaration, to which, in my conscience, I believe the noble duke owes nine-tenths of his present un- popularity. I wish I had not lived to see the day, when the brilliant and imperishable renown of his grace, as a general and 184 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII. a conqueror, was coupled with a deviation from his proper sphere into the labyrinth of politics, and an attempt to shine as a great statesman : I wish I had not lived to see the day, when the forgetfulness of the people to the merits of the soldier, and the forgetfulness of the soldier to his own sphere of great- ness, has shown to Europe and to the world, that he cannot accompany his majesty on a journey into the hearts of an attached and loyal population.’ It was now obvious that the duke's administration had received a shock which would prevent its long duration. On Monday, the fifteenth of November, when the chancellor of the exchequer stated to the house his arrangements for the civil list, which, in consequence of a previous estimate, he proposed to raise to the annual sum of £970,000, Sir Henry Parnell moved, ‘that a select committee be appointed to inquire into its various items, and to report thereon.” The debate was brief: Messrs. Calcraft and Herries, both members of govern- ment, declared that it was an unusual thing to submit the civil list to a committee, and that retrenchment and simplification had been carried as far as was practicable or prudent: but the motion was supported by Mr. Bankes, lord Althorp, Mr. Wynne, and Mr. Holme Summer; three of which number, in other times, would have hardly lent their votes to unseat a tory administration ; and, on a division, ministers were defeated by a majority of 233 against 204 voices. Thus terminated the political ascendency of the duke of Wellington : next day, his grace in the house of peers, and Sir Robert Peel in the commons, announced, that in consequence of the preceding decision, they had tendered to his majesty their resignations, and continued to hold office only until successors should be ap- pointed ; it was afterwards declared, that they came to this resolution, not so much on account of the vote on the civil list, as from anticipation of the result of a division on Mr. Brougham's proposition for parliamentary reform, which stood for the very day on which this announcement was made: but even if the civil list question had not been deemed im- portant enough to justify a resignation, the majority that decided it showed a settled and stern system of opposition, which must have convinced ministers that their reign was over. Mr. Brougham, at the request of his associates, postponed his motion for reform till the twenty-fifth of November, pro- fessing to do so with great reluctance; since he appeared to reckon on remaining in his present position, and expressly affirmed, that ‘he could not possibly be affected by any change A.D. 1830. WILLIAM IV. 185 in the administration:’ accordingly, he pledged himself to bring forward his motion on the day appointed, “whoever might be his majesty's ministers:’ next day, he repeated the same declaration, on a motion made by Sir M. W. Ridley, to postpone the consideration of election petitions till after Christmas; expressing his astonishment at the reasons assigned for it by the honorable member—that ministers would not be present. ‘The house,” he observed, “could do many things without their assistance; and with every feeling of respect for the future ministers, generally speaking, he could have nothing to do with their administration.” The motion was negatived; and two days afterwards, Mr. Brougham was gazetted as lord high chancellor of Great Britain, with a peerage. The tories, though they had lent their votes to displace the ministry, had formed no plan, and taken no steps, to ensure to themselves any share in the succession: accordingly, earl Grey, being appointed first lord of the treasury, was com- missioned to fill up the ranks of government; which duty he undertook, on the express permission of his majesty, that parliamentary reform should be brought forward as a cabinet measure. In the course of a week, the new ministry was put together, not consisting solely of whigs ; but containing an admixture of those who had been adherents of Messrs. Canning and Huskisson, and who had formerly held office with the leading members of the displaced administration : the only difficulty lay with Mr. Brougham, who had so recently declared that no change could affect him; by which he evidently meant, no change that did not offer to his ae- ceptance a station sufficiently high : the minister was afraid to leave him neglected or discontented in the house of commons, and the honorable gentleman was resolved not to sacrifice his interest there for any subordinate office; so that at length the highest judicial dignity in the empire was wrested out of the hands of the minister by a skilful politician, of splendid talents indeed, but notoriously deficient in those particular qualifications which his official duties required. Few were found to pity the fate of Sir James Scarlett, neglected now by the party whom he had solately deserted ; though many thought, the Irish chancellor, Sir Antony Hart, who stood impartially between contending parties, harshly treated in being made to resign for lord Plunkett: the new premier, however, considered it necessary to have an Irish chancellor whom he could fully trust and employ in Irish polities. The duke of Richmond, the only leading member of the old tory party who entered the new 186 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CII. LXVII. cabinet, became postmaster-general: lord Althorp was ap- Pointed to lead the house of commons as chancellor of the exchequer; while the offices of home, foreign, and colonial Secretaries, were given respectively to lords Melbourne, Palmerston, and Goderich: Sir James Graham was made first lord of the admiralty; lord Lansdowne, president of the Council; and lord Durham, privy seal; Messrs. Denman and Horne, attorney and solicitor-general; lord Hill, commander in chief; lord Auckland, president of the board of trade, and Mr. C. Grant, of the board of control; lord Holland, chan- cellor of the duchy of Lancaster; the duke of Devonshire, lord chamberlain ; the honorable Agar Ellis, chief commissioner of the woods and forests; Mr. R. Grant, judge advocate; lord John Russell, paymaster of the forces; Mr. Poulett Thomp- son, vice president of the board of trade, and treasurer of the navy; Sir Edward Paget and Sir Robert Spencer, master and Surveyor-general of the board of ordnance; and Mr. C. W. Wynne, secretary at war. The only offices in Scotland liable to change, being those of the lord advocate and solicitor-general, were given, the first to Mr. Jeffery, the latter to Mr. Cock- burn;–long-tried friends and literary coadjutors of the new lord chancellor. Ireland received, as its chief governor, the marquis of Anglesea; with Mr. Stanley, as secretary; lord Plunkett, chancellor; and Mr. Pennefather, attorney-general. As it was necessary that the new ministers, who had vacated their seats by accepting office, should be re-elected, an oppor- tunity was taken by the radical party of showing their strength, and an example given of the danger of universal suffrage : in a contest at Preston, where the elective franchise is co-extensive with the occupancy of houses, Mr. Stanley, heir of the house of Derby, and representative of what was denominated mode- rate reform, met with a mortifying but complete defeat by the notorious Henry Hunt, the great leader of English democrats. During the remainder of this year, no parliamentary business of importance was transacted, except the passing of a regency bill, which had been recommended in the king's speech, and had been introduced into the house of lords on the day when the fate of the late cabinet was sealed in the commons : it provided, in case of his majesty’s decease, that if there should be a posthumous child, the queen should be guardian and regent during the minority: if no such event should occur, the duchess of Kent was to be guardian and regent during the minority of her daughter, the princess Victoria, who was not to marry during that minority without the consent of the king, or, A.D. 1830. WILLIAM IV. 137 if he died, without the consent of both houses of parliament; and the regency of her mother was to cease, if while regent she mar- ried a foreigner. A select committee was appointed, on the ninth of December, to inquire into the reductions that might be effected in the salaries and emoluments of offices held during the pleasure of the crown by members of either house, and to report their opinion. On the twenty-third, both houses ad- journed to the third of February ; for ministers required the intervening period for the purpose of preparing the different measures which they intended to submit to parlia- ment; more especially, that plan of reform, to which they had pledged themselves on accepting office, and by which alone they could hope to retain it. Among the most interesting events of the present year, may be reckoned the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester railway, though attended by the lamentable death of Mr. Huskisson; who, as one of the members for Liverpool, accom- panied the duke of Wellington in the procession : neglecting the caution repeatedly given to visitors against leaving the carriages, this unfortunate gentleman was knocked down by one of the returning engines ; when his leg was so dreadfully crushed, that amputation could not be performed ; and he died of that disorder which is called tetanus, so commonly occurring after extensive lacerated wounds. The great work, on which this melancholy accident took place, is the most important undertaking of the kind hitherto completed : the cost, in- cluding the expenses of a carrying establishment, is said to have exceeded £1,200,000; and the distance, about thirty miles, is performed in a period of time, varying from one hour twenty-five minutes to one hour forty minutes, including a stoppage of some minutes at the half-way station. Here the employment of locomotive engines, at high-pressure velocities, was first introduced ; and in that, as well as other costly experiments, an immense expense was incurred, from which subsequent undertakings will be exempt : the accommodation which it has afforded to Liverpool and Manchester can hardly be overrated : as an evidence of this, it may be sufficient to state the fact, that the number of passengers between those towns was trebled in the first year, and has ever since gone on constantly increasing; so that, motwithstanding the heavy out- lay in its formation, and its current expenditure, the enter- prise has been very profitable to the proprietors, whom it now pays a dividend of ten per cent on their capital. Though it possesses peculiar local advantages, it may be said to have 188 IIISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVII. been the grand stimulus to that extension of a scheme, which threatens to overspread our land with railways: so many new projects and new routes have come before the public, that we are perplexed to obtain an intelligible idea of the com- plex whole; and the result, when the great lines of intercourse shall be completed, and the velocity of movement carried to its height, is beyond the power of anticipation : this, however, may be said; that the magnitude of the sums risked in this class of speculations indicates a degree of private wealth and enterprise, such as no time or country but our own has ever produced. Many persons affect to feel alarm at this: but it should be recollected, that so much money must be drawn from other investments; while the disbursement of these vast sums will be spread over a series of years, and the accumulating power of capital is fully equal to it: of late, indeed, the great difficulty, has been to find investment for capital; and the returns for it, whether in lands, or houses, or manufactures, have greatly fallen : the effect of this new demand, if proper caution be used, will be to relieve the capitalist, and give a stimulus to the country—a wholesome stimulus too ; because reproductive, and totally distinct from a war expenditure. Among the affairs of foreign states, it only remains to notice, that the spirit of popular insurrection, stimulated by success in France, appeared at Leipsic, Dresden, Hesse Cassel, Ham- burg, Berne, Basle, and Poland: in this latter country, however, it sprung not from civil discord, or political machi- nations; but rather from the harsh and insulting proceedings of its viceroy, the grand duke Constantine, whose savage cha- racter had excluded him from popularity wherever his power had been felt. A contest took place in the streets of Warsaw, whence the Russian troops were expelled; and the archduke was eventually obliged to retire from the frontier; not however until it had been represented to him, that it was the universal wish of the nation, that the constitution should be carried into complete execution; that the promise of Alexander should be fulfilled, of incorporating with Poland its ancient provinces, now under the dominion of Russia; but that none of their demands pointed to the dethronement of the emperor as their king, in whose name they had effected all the changes lately made in the government: doubtful, however, in what light Nicholas I. would regard these proceedings, the Poles pre- pared themselves for resistance if he should determine to treat them as rebels: general Klopicki was named commander in chief, and soon found himself at the head of a regular and A.D. 1830. WILLIAM IV. 189 respectable army : divided, however, and mutilated as Po- land was, it seemed a hopeless prospect for a portion of it to engage unassisted in a struggle with the gigantic power of Russia; while to this was added the apprehension, (too soon, alas ! to be realised) lest Austria and Prussia, in fear for their plunder, should be adverse to its cause: the Poles, however, made themselves ready for the contest with stout hearts; and to secure energy and promptitude in their measures, invested Klopicki with dictatorial power : but even in assuming this office, which was to last only until the chambers could be convened, the general disclaimed any intention, on the part of his country, to throw off its king, or to demand any thing more than an independent national existence under him, together with the free constitution which had once been pro- mised. Of what avail, however, were promises with Nicholas and his Russian nobles, who now viewed unhappy Poland with eyes of conquest and spoliation, like those with which English monarchs and their favorites once were accustomed to regard Ireland 2 Two commissioners were sent to St. Petersburg, to attempt some terms of compromise; but the emperor would not listen to their representations, and issued his procla- mation, threatening the unhappy Poles with the severest punishment for conduct, which he described as ‘horrid treason.” The result is too well known ; and while the apathy of our own government and that of France is little to be commended, who can sufficiently execrate the imperial and royal kites, who watched over the skeleton of Poland, while the eagle picked its bones? Before the revolution of July, the French government had sent a powerful fleet and army to Algiers; when the dey, ha- ving capitulated to the notorious general Bourmont, retired to Naples, and left the head of the piratical states in the hands of its conquerors. The expedition was principally undertaken to obtain the glory of a military exploit which had baffled the most powerful nations of Europe, and of thus opening an avenue to popularity for the bigoted and despotic government of Charles X. “Allah Allah God is great, and the avenger of injustice!’ exclaimed the expatriated dey in his southern asylum, when he heard of the northern flight taken by the French monarch. In Spain, ‘the beloved Ferdinand ’ deeply offended the Carlists by his abolition of the Salique law, in favor of the child, if it should be a female, with which his queen was preg- nant; and thus gave rise to a war, which has so long deso- lated the northern provinces of Spain, as well as to the qua- 190 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII. dripartite treaty, under which it is still probable that harassed country may enjoy the blessings of a constitutional govern- ment. In Portugal, Don Miguel, still cut off from direct communication with , all European sovereigns, except his worthy brother of Spain, continued, by means of special com- missions, to take vengeance on those of his subjects suspected of political delinquencies, and to supply his wants by the con- fiscation of their property : blood indeed had ceased to flow ; but a more terrible and lingering destruction was ensured to his victims, by their deportation to servitude in the African settlements. At the beginning of the year, about fifty persons, whose only offence was, that they were suspected of being mal- contents, were shipped off for Angola : though of good fami- lies and respectable character, they were chained up with the most abandoned ruffians, robbers, and assassins, doomed to the same punishment for their crimes: to revive the horrors of a slave-ship in the middle passage, they were stowed away in the smallest space possible, in a vessel heavily laden with stores for the colony ; and while the best accommodation was re- served for the malefactors, the more pestilential and deadly berths were left to magistrates, members of the Cortes, and other reputable persons, victims of their own loyalty or of their vile master's suspicions: out of respect for their former sta- tion, and pity for their present sufferings, these men had been for some time spared the fatigues of hard labor; but the super- intendent soon received orders to discontinue this misplaced lenity.” The political prisoners in the dungeons at Lisbon were scarcely less fortunate : trials they could not obtain ; nor could any, even when known to be innocent, procure their liberty: those who were confined in the castle of St. Julian, underwent such unheard of cruelties from the infamous Telles Jordao, that hundreds were driven to insanity; and the rest procured a petition to be sent in their behalf to Miguel: but their complaints were poured into ears deaf to mercy; not even the death of his mother, who had been justly blamed for much of this cruelty, made any change in the tiger's disposition which she had imparted to her son. Yet this was the monster, whom the duke of Wellington’s administration was anxious to treat as a sovereign ; and for him, its adherents, when out of office, were continually taunting earl Grey, because he dis- dained to contaminate the fair fame of Britain by an alliance with infamy. Part of the Portuguese navy was employed in * See Annual Register for 1830, p. 295, &c. A.D. 1830. WILLIAM IV. 1 Q1 a very inefficient attempt to blockade Terceira, where the regency, in the name of the young queen, was still ruling ; and Miguel made this a pretext for seizing some English Vessels: deaf to all remonstrances from the British consul, he did not long hesitate, when a threat to employ force reached him, to give up the pretended prizes to their owners. In the early part of this year, the regal sovereignty of Greece, which had been declined by prince John of Saxony, was for- ºnally offered by the protecting powers to prince Leopold, of Saxe Coburg: but though he had once been extremely anxious for this prize, he had lately been worked on by the representations of the crafty Capo d'Istria; while he saw in the illness of George IV., which was likely to terminate fatally, new Prospects opening to his ambition: the question therefore regarding the boundaries of the new kingdom, and the separa- tion of Candia from its territory, formed a ready pretext for his rejection of the offer; nor did the public voice disapprove his repugnance to become the ruler of a discontented people, under the auspices of a foreign league. In Belgium, where this favorite of fortune finally obtained a crown, the progress of military events was interrupted by foreign interference, but not before the insurgents had made themselves masters of Antwerp ; general Chassé having withdrawm his troops into the citadel, and established a convention, by which he was to remain there unmolested, on condition of his not firing into the tºwn, while the insurgent army retired from the neighborhood. The kingdom of the united Netherlands had been created by Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France; which powers held themselves intitled to look after their own work: Some of them would willingly have interfered, for the purpose of compelling the Belgians to submit by force: the Rhenish Provinces of Prussia were directly exposed to the infection of that spirit which had severed the united kingdom; the Germanic confederation was already attacked by formal claims on Lux- emburg; and the king of the Netherlands had appealed to the allied powers to preserve the throne which they themselves had Set up ; on the other hand, it was certain that the new govern- ment of France would favor the independence of Belgium; and its people would desire nothing more ardently than a pre- text for war, which might terminate in the restoration of these provinces to their dominion. One party in Belgium openly declared, that ‘ her interests demanded a reunion with France; and there was no doubt that she would receive the protection of that power, in case any of the allies should employ force to 192 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII. renew her connexion with Holland :' armed interference therefore was out of the question, since all deprecated the chance of another general war: nevertheless, all agreed to in- terpose their good offices; and as their first object was to stop hostilities, a protocol, signed at London on the fourth of No- vember, signified that these must cease on both sides. Thus commenced a series of negociations, involving as many difficul- ties, and counteracted by as many conflicting interests, as any piece of diplomatic agency in the history of European politics. While the members of administration were occupied in fra- ming the new parliamentary constitution, meetings were held in all parts of the country, for the purpose of getting up petitions to support government in its policy; and perhaps there never was a period when domestic and foreign affairs formed a stronger combination in favor of any public measure: every thing indeed for a long time had been gradually tending to such a consummation; and it had long been seen, that reform must follow the progress of intelligence, as light follows the rising of the sun : the old system, when fully exposed and understood, necessarily disgusted every liberal and informed mind; and this system, by the late war, and the expenditure consequent on it, had been carried to its highest pitch. The debt of Great Britain, the weight of taxation, the distress produced by agri- cultural, manufacturing, and commercial failures, the altera- tion of our currency, and the actual misery of a starving popu- lation ;—these causes, together with the example of France, act- ing on minds prepared for change, set the whole kingdom in a ferment ; and not only the correction of acknowleged abuses, but immediate relief from every national calamity, was con- fidently expected by the multitude, in a reform of parliament. However men might differ as to the means by which this object was to be attained, the demand itself signified, in the mouths of all, that the power and efficacy of the democratical part of the constitution should be increased : therefore, if the British constitution was to be preserved, the answer to the question, whether reform should be granted, depended on the degree to which the control of the great body of the people, acting by the house of commons over the measures of government, should be increased ; and this was a question to be decided by sound reason, not by the mere fact that certain bodies of men desired political power. The petitions now industriously manufactured throughout the country were, as might have been expected, generally deficient regarding this, the only intelligible question that could arise ; yet they fully answered the purpose of mi- A.D. 1831. WILLIAM IV. 193 nisters, by announcing the general proposition, that change was necessary. But beside the usual machinery of petitions, political unions had already been extensively formed, for the pur- pose of organising large numbers of individuals into one body, which might act on the public mind around them, and press their opinions on the government, in a spirit of dictation, but under the pretence of support. In this state of affairs parliament met, pursuant to adjourn- ment, on the third of February, when earl Grey stated, that, although it had been a work of considerable difficulty, minis- ters had at last succeeded in framing a proposition which would be effective, without exceeding the bounds of a just and well-advised moderation: it had been unanimously sanctioned by government, and would be introduced into the house of commons at as early a period as possible. Accordingly, on the first of March, this great measure was brought forward by lord John Russell, to whom, though not a cabinet minister, it was entrusted, in consideration of his constant and strenuous exertions in the cause of parliamentary reform. After a very elaborate speech, which his lordship commenced by declaring that ministers wished to take their stand between hostile parties, though he laid it down as a principle that the question of right was in favor of the reformers, since the ancient consti- tution of the country declared, that no man should be taxed for the support of the state, who had not consented by himself or his representative to the imposition of the taxes;—he pro- ceeded to detail the plan by which ministers proposed to sa- tisfy a demand for reform, which, as they themselves believed, could be no longer resisted. That plan had been so framed as to remove all reasonable complaints of the people; which complaints were principally directed, first, against nomination by individuals; secondly, against elections by corporations; and, thirdly, against electioneering expenses. With regard to the first two grounds of complaint, the ministerial plan con- sisted, first, of disfranchisement, in whole or in part, of places which had hitherto sent members to parliament; secondly, of enfranchisement, in order to enable places, which had been hitherto unrepresented, to elect members; thirdly, of an extension of the franchise, in order to increase the number of electors in those places, which were to be allowed to retain in whole, or in part, their existing privileges. All voters were to be duly registered; and in order to diminish the expenses of elections, as well as opportunities for bribery, drunkenness, J.N.G. XXI. N . 194 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ÇH. LXVII. and corruption of all kinds, the duration of the poll was to be diminished ; and that for counties to be taken simultaneously at different places. His lordship, having thus drawn the gene- ral outline of the bill, entered into the changes that were to be introduced into the representation of Seotland and Ireland. The general result of the measure, he said, would be to create a new constituency of about half a million ; for the increase in counties would be about 100,000, that in towns already represented about 110,000, in new boroughs 50,000, in London 95,000, in Scotland 60,000, and in Ireland per- haps 40,000 : on this numerous body, connected with property, and possessing a valuable stake in the country, it would de- pend, if any future struggle should arise, to support par- liament and the throne, in carrying that struggle to a success- ful termination. The probability of the possession of this franchise would be an inducement to good conduct; for when a man found, that by being rated at a certain rent, and by pay- ing rates, he became intitled to vote in the election of members of that house, he would feel an inducement to be careful, fru- gal, and punctual in his dealings; to preserve a character among his neighbors, and the place which he might hold in society: so that this large increase of the constituency would provide for the political and moral improvement of the people. The necessary results of the arrangements he had detailed, was to diminish the number of members by sixty-two; but it was thought that this dinuinution would enable the house to transact the public business more conveniently and effectually. After accounting satisfactorily for two omissions which might possi- bly be brought as charges against him, that no provision was made for shortening the duration of parliaments, or for introducing the vote by ballot, his lordship concluded by requesting leave to bring in his bill. This motion brought on a debate, which lasted seven nights, and elicited opinions from more than seventy speakers; but in the end, leave was granted to the noble mover of the bill to introduce it into the house; which was accordingly done on the fourteenth of March. It was not certainly known, why the opponents of this measure allowed so keen and lengthened a contest to terminate without a division : ministers afterwards admitted, that, if it had taken place, they expected to have been left in a minority; but the opposition did not at that time form a combined body, with any regular plan of operations, under the guidance of any able leader. From the moment when the general outlines of the plan had been discussed in parliament, public excitement daily in- A.D. 1831. WILLIAM IV. 195 creased; and although few of those changes were proposed, for which violent reformers had been most clamorous; yet these persons immediately altered their tone, and professed to receive the bill with joy: it gave them, indeed, less than they desired, but it promised more than they had ever expected ; and they were told by their leaders, whose hopes lay in the future, that as ministers had determined to go no farther, all would be lost, unless government were strenuously supported by those who thought a change desirable: hence their deter- mination to forget what they considered its defects ; to be silent regarding the ballot, universal suffrage, and annual parliaments; to enforce the scheme by every legal method ; and to make ‘the bill, the whole bill, and nothing but the bill,’ the watch- word of their party. On the twenty-first, the second reading was moved; when Sir R. Vyvyan, one of the members for Cornwall, after insisting, in a long address to the house, on the danger of introducing into the legislature a democratic in- fluence, to which in no long time the other branches would be compelled to yield,—proposed, as an amendment, ‘that the bill should be read that day six months :’ on this motion the house divided, when there appeared for the amendment, 301 ; against it, 302; leaving lord John Russell a majority of only one in an assembly of more than 600 members: it was also well known, that this very majority contained many who had expressed a determination not to support all the provisions of the bill; and more still, who, being too timid to resist the prin- ciple of the measure, were equally resolved to modify it in com- mittee, though their intention was not declared. When his lordship, therefore, on the eighteenth of April, moved the order of the day for a committee of the whole house, general Gascoyne, one of the members for Liverpool, endeavored to get rid of the bill by a motion for counteracting one of its essential clauses, respecting the diminution of the number of repre- sentatives: this produced a violent and contentious debate, which, being adjourned to the following day, concluded by leaving ministers in a minority of eight. The chancellor of the exchequer had declared in his speech, that he knew the object of this amendment had a tendency to destroy the bill; and it was evident from the beginning that a majority of the present house could not be relied on by its supporters; but ministers did not seem at first determined to have recourse to a dissolution : at length, however, being harassed by the stanch reformers on one side, and on the other by the intemperate speeches of anti- reformers in both houses, they resolved on this measure : 1.96 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ch. Lxvii. the king went down to the house of lords; and, in the midst of one of the most extraordinary scenes that ever occurred in that place, prorogued parliament to the tenth of May : next day it was dissolved, and a new parliament appointed to meet on the fourteenth of June. The whole empire was by this step thrown into a state of extraordinary agitation and excitement: in many places the dissolution was celebrated by illuminations; and in London, the unrestrained rabble vented their rage on the houses of individuals who had expressed sentiments un- favorable to the bill : among them was that of Mr. Baring, the first of English merchants; and of the duke of Wellington, the chief of British warriors. Though the old borough system still remained unimpaired, wherever any election partaking of a popular character took place, the tories were discomfited : general Gascoyne was thrown out for Liverpool, Sir R. Vyvyan for Cornwall, Mr. Bankes for Dorsetshire; and in most places the popular cause was triumphant. As nothing but the important nature of the reform question, toward which so many other measures had a converging tendency, would have brought this history within the limits of the present reign, we must be content with alluding very cursorily to other matters connected with our later annals. On the eleventh of February, lord Althorp opened the budget, esti- mating the charge for the year at £46,850,000 ; while the revenue, on account of the many taxes repealed, would yield only £47,150,000, and thus give an excess over the charge of only about £300,000; a very scanty allowance, which did not afford much room for the reduction of taxation: still he was of opinion that something might be done; especially by reducing those imposts which pressed on the industry of the country; by relieving trade from fiscal embarrassments; and by intro- ducing in many cases a more equal distribution of taxes. A vehement opposition was made to many of his lordship's changes, more especially to a tax on transfers in the public funds, which ministers agreed to abandon : they were also de- feated, on a division, in regard to a proposed diminution of duties on Baltic timber, and an augmentation of those on tim- ber grown in Canada. Among other items of the budget aban- doned or modified, was a tax on steam-boat passengers, which being denounced from all sides of the house, was thrown over- board ; and an increased duty on our colonial wines, which his lordship consented to reduce. When the arrangements of the civil list came to be considered, the members of the late administration expressed great satisfaction, that the present A.D. 1831. WILLIAM IV. - 197 ministers, so loud against profuse expenditure when out of office, and pledged to retrenchment when they came in, had been forced to acknowlege that they could not carry economy in this matter farther than it had been carried by their pre- decessors: the most material changes made, after the abolition of certain offices, were the reduction of the pension list in future to the sum of £75,000 per annum, and the subtraction of £460,000 from the civil list, to be placed under the control of parliament; but this system of retrenchment was far from Satisfactory to Messrs. Hume, Hunt, and other members of that party. Another point, on which ministers had to encounter the opposition of old allies, and to receive the support of former antagonists, was a proposal, which they found them- selves bound in prudence to make for an increase of the army by 7680 men. No opposition, however, was offered to a reso- lution moved in consequence of a royal message, assigning to the queen, in case she should survive his majesty, £100,000 per annum, with Bushy-park and Marlborough-house, as town and country residences. The new parliament met on the fourteenth of June; but a week having elapsed while members were sworn in and a speaker was elected, his majesty did not open the session in person till the twenty-first; when he read his speech with remarkable firmness, and returned to St. James's-palace amid the enthusiastic greetings and acclamations of the people. After some warm altercation among the peers on a question of order, and in both houses respecting the conduct of ministers, as not acting with proper vigor to suppress the riotous proceedings occasioned by the late illuminations, the addresses were agreed to without any amendment being pro- posed. On the twenty-fourth, lord John Russell again brought forward, in the name of ministers, that measure of reform, which, in their opinion, was calculated to maintain unimpaired the prerogative of the crown, with the rights and liberties of the people: after taking a retrospective view of what had oc- curred in the late parliament, and eulogising the spirit of patriotism manifested by the great body of electors throughout the kingdom, in the choice of independent representatives, his lordship proceeded to observe, ‘that with regard to the general features of the plan, he did not think it necessary to enter particularly into them, because they were substantially the same as those of the measure recently proposed ; and as the slight alterations which had been made were improvements intended to carry its principles into effect, it would be sufficient 198 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVI £. to leave such details till the bill went into committee.’ Sir Robert Peel professed at once his unaltered sentiments in opposition to the measure, but declined any discussion of its merits till the second reading, which, at his suggestion, was postponed from the thirtieth of June, as originally intended, to the fourth of July : on that day, an animated debate took place, which was adjourned to the fifth ; when the speech of Mr. Macauley, a young barrister, and nominee of lord Lans- downe for the borough of Calne, elicited much applause: its conclusion was as follows:—‘The country and their children, for ages to come, would call this the second bill of rights—the greater charter of the liberties of England ; he did believe that the year 1831 was destined to exhibit to mankind the first example of a great, complicated, and deeply rooted system of abuses removed without violence, bloodshed, and rapine; all points fully debated, all forms observed, the fruits of industry not destroyed, and the authority of the law not suspended : these were things which might well make Englishmen proud of the age and country in which they lived : these were things which might make them look with confidence to the future destinies of the human race—which might make them look forward to a long series of tranquil and happy years, during which nothing would disturb the concord of a popular govern- ment and a loyal people; of years, in which if war should be inevitable, it would find the people a united nation; of years, pre-eminently distinguished, by the mitigation of public bur- dens, by the prosperity of industry, by the reformation of jurisprudence, and by all the victories of peace; in which, far more than in military triumphs, consisted the true prosperity of states, and the true glory of statesmen. It was with such feelings and hopes that he gave his most cordial assent to this measure of reform, which in itself he considered desirable, and which, in the present temper of the public mind, appeared to him indispensably necessary to the repose of the empire, and the stability of government.’ The discussion this day was closed by Sir George Murray, one of the late ministry, who also concluded his speech with a prophecy, though totally opposite in character to that of the member for Calne. He said, “ the bill would have the effect of raising up another Cromwell, who was perhaps even then exulting in secret at the success of the present measure ; and saying to himself at that moment, in the words of Oliver, his prototype—“The Lord hath delivered them into my hands.’ The period for the appearance of this personage in the field had not A.D. 1831, WILLIAM IV. - - j99 yet arrived; he would not be there before the fifth act of the piece; and then, perhaps, he would be seen endeavoring to gather together the fragments of the constitution, which the noble lord’s measure would have scattered and dispersed.’ Another adjournment took place till the following day, when Sir Robert Peel went over the whole ground of argument, his- torically and politically : he maintained, ‘ that the small boroughs were not a usurpation on the rights of the people; but that they had existed at an early period, and had continued ever since: although it might not be easy to defend the sale of these boroughs; yet it would be impossible to eradicate the evil, without depriving the country of much good, which more than counterbalanced it. There had been no reform of parliament for more than 400 years; but so elastic were the principles which gave it force, in accommodating themselves to the spirit of the age and the circumstances of the people, that the house had governed this country far better than any other country had ever been governed : feeling thus, he would give his opposition to the bill, which, in his opinion, went to diminish, not to in- crease, the security of our permanent liberty and happiness.’ Lord J. Russell closed the debate with a defence of his plan, and at five o’clock in the morning a division took place; when the numbers were, for the second reading 367, and for the amendment 231, leaving a clear majority of 136 in favor of In In 1Stel'S. On the twelfth, it was proposed that the house should go into a committee; when lord Maitland, one of the members for Appleby, rose to oppose the disfranchisement of that borough, on the score of a mistake in the population returns; and moved that counsel be heard against the bill, as far as regarded that point: ministers, however, declared, they would resist any such inquiry to the utmost; asking, whether the progress of this great measure was to be stopped for the examination of so in- significant a case ; and whether a majority of the house would allow themselves to be so trifled with : the bill, it was said, was not one of pains and penalties; and members would be heard, in committee, concerning this or any other borough. After a stormy debate, the motion was negatived : an adjourn- ment was then moved, and disposed of in a similar manner. The original motion, “that the speaker do leave the chair, being again put, an amendment was proposed, “that the house do now adjourn :' this produced another violent altercation, the result of which placed ministers in a powerful majority. After five more distinct motions for an adjournment of the debate, all of 200 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVI 5. which were defeated, the bill went into a committee; and the house broke up at half-past seven in the morning. The measure was now discussed, clause by clause, subject, not only to the opposition of argumentative and high-minded states- men, but to all the vexatious harassings of party faction, from the twelfth of July to the fifteenth of September; when it was ordered to be engrossed : on the nineteenth, lord J. Russell moved the third reading; and there appeared, for the motion 113, against it 58: two days more, however, were occupied in debating the question, “that the bill do pass;' in the course of which, several speakers exerted their oratorical powers, though much novelty of argument was not to be expected : among them, none was more animated than Sir Charles Wetherell, who hoped that the house would take warning from France, where concessions had been followed only by destruc- tion; and he concluded his speech, by expressing his convic- tion, that the bill, if carried, would subvert the throne, the church, and, ultimately, the liberties of the people. The num- bers, on a division, were ayes 345, noes 236; leaving a ma- jority of 109 for ministers. Next day, lord J. Russell, accom- panied by many members, appeared at the bar of the upper house, and delivered the bill to the lord chancellor ; when it was read a first time, pro forma, and ordered to be read a second time on the third of October. On Monday, the first of August, the ceremony of open- ing new London Bridge was honored by the presence of the king and queen, who partook of a splendid banquet, in a pavilion erected on this magnificent structure : the day fol- lowing, another exhibition of royalty took place, in the pro- Oession of their majesties to the house of lords, that the king might give his assent to the queen's dower bill: after a short adjournment, the same day, the house resumed its sitting; when, in consequence of a royal message, delivered by earl Grey, the importance of making a farther provision to support the honor and dignity of the princess Victoria, as presumptive heiress to the crown, was taken into consideration ; when it appeared, that in consequence of prince Leopold's election to the Belgic throne, the allowance of £6000 per annum, which he had hitherto made to his sister and niece, had been with- drawn: lord Althorp, in the other house, gave the same account as a reason for an additional grant of £10,000 per annum to the income of the duchess; and the resolution was agreed to. The eighth of September was fixed for the coro- nation of William IV. ; when this ceremony, shorn of the gro- A.D. 1831. WILLIAM IV. 201 tesque and inappropriate pageantry of chivalric times, was confined to the interior of the Abbey ; and, as former corona- tions had been attended with great expense, no dinner took place in Westminster-hall on the present occasion. The royal procession moved in state carriages from St. James’s palace, escorted by superb bodies of cavalry; and as soon as the king appeared, he was received with cheers from the multitude, such as greeted his father in the best of times : his majesty, the first naval king that ever sat on the British throne, was dressed in an admiral's uniform ; and his august consort was in white, with brilliants in her head-dress : as the procession passed, the bands, stationed at different points, played the national anthem ; and the enthusiasm of the people seemed carried to the highest pitch. In conformity with precedents, the coronation was distinguished by the grant of new honors, in the creation of three marquisses, four earls, and fifteen barons; which in- crease of the peerage was soon afterwards succeeded by the addition of twenty-eight names to the list of baronets of the united kingdom. - As the time approached when the fate of parliamentary reform was to be decided in the upper house, the feelings of the public were wound up to the highest degree of excitement: numerous petitions were presented to the lords from coun- ties, cities, corporations, religious societies, and individuals, praying, and in some cases even demanding, that they would pass the bill without mutilation. Previously to the regular discussion of the measure, occasional opportunities were taken by several of their lordships to deliver an opinion on the general question ; and from these light skirmishes, it was soon seen that the great battle would be obstinately contested : at length, on Tuesday, the third of October, after the presentation of sixty-three petitions in favor of the bill by the lord chancellor, fifty-three by lord Radnor, eight by the marquis of Cleveland, and a large number by other peers, the order of the day was read ; when earl Grey commenced a very elaborate and ener- getic oration, in which he gave a brief sketch of his own po- litical life, declaring that he had been the constant and con- sistent advocate of parliamentary reform for nearly half a century; and that, too, amid circumstances of much difficulty and danger, in seasons of great political convulsion and vio- lence: his lordship was at first deeply affected, and for a few minutes was obliged, amid the sympathising cheers of the house, to resume his seat. After enforcing, by many arguments and apposite illustrations, the necessity of timely concession to 202 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ch. Lxvir. the demands of the people, he turned in conclusion to the episcopal bench; and, addressing its occupants, said, ‘that the eyes of the country were on them : " he called on them, “to set their house in order, and prepare to meet the coming storm ; to consider seriously what would be the opinion of the country, should a measure, on which the nation had fixed its hope, be defeated by their influence.” As they were the ministers of peace, earnestly did he hope that the result of their votes would be such as might tend to the tranquillity and happiness of the country : as regarded all their lordships, spiritual and tem- poral, he hoped the consequences of the rejection of this bill would be seriously considered ; for those consequences would be serious. As to the effect which the rejection or adoption of the measure might produce to himself, or the administration of which he formed a part, it was a matter of insignificance : he would only say, that by this measure he was prepared to stand or fall : the question of his continuance in office for one hour, would depend on the prospect of his being able to carry through, what he considered so important to the tranquillity, to the safety, and to the happiness of the country: he concluded with moving, “ that the bill be read a second time.” There can be no doubt that his lordship was deeply impressed with a conviction of the excellency of the measure which he so strenuously recommended, as well as of its necessity in the present state of affairs; but his best friends must ever regret his injudicious, not to say cruel appeal to the spiritual peers, at a period when the public mind was in so high a state of eXCltement. Lord Wharncliffe next rose, and observed, ‘ that the mea- sure, if completed, would draw into the house of commons all the power and privileges of the lords, and probably of the crown itself: the constitution could not go on with such a system as that which this bill would establish, taking away all checks on the ebullition of popular feeling, and supplying nothing in their place.” The noble baron, after dissecting the bill, and pointing out several inconsistencies, went on to show, that a house of commons, formed on such a basis, would become too much the image of the people; in which case, it would be impossible that 300 or 400 titled persons should have the power of arresting any of its movements: the dangerous position, in which their lordships then stood, proved the truth of the assertion : they had now a popular, or rather a delegated house of commons, which in consequence had passed this measure; and they were told, that they had nothing to do but A.D. 1831. WILLIAM IV. & 203 to record and register the decree: he concluded, by moving ‘that the bill be rejected ;' but on learning that this mode of proceeding implied disrespect toward the lower house, his lordship was permitted to withdraw his motion for another; ‘ that the second reading be postponed to that day six months.' An adjournment of the debate then took place till next day; when the principal speakers were, for the bill, viscount Mel- bourne; and against it, lord Harrowby and the duke of Wel- lington. The latter, after adverting to the declaration against reform made by himself last session, and complaining of being misrepresented, declared that this bill went to violate both the principle and practice of the constitution: the town represen- tation would be thrown by it into the hands of close self-elected committees; and by an undue enlargement of town con- stituencies, the balance of the agricultural representation of counties would be destroyed : the bill would create a fierce democratic constituency, and consequently a fierce and demo- cratic body of representatives: under this bill, the churches of England and Ireland would soon cease to exist. Next day, the adjourned debate was resumed ; when the earl of Dudley said, ‘ that the measure, framed as it now was, proceeded on the monstrous supposition, that we had never had a good govern- ment, and that the people had always been deprived of their rights: the populace had been induced to support it, foolishly conceiving that it would extend commerce, make trade more brisk, give more general employment to the laboring classes, and make bread cheaper.” The marquis of Lansdowne ad- mitted changes to be great evils, especially in so complicated a state of society as our own : but it would be found, from a careful perusal of the statute-book, that, in those important periods of our history, the reformation, the revolution, the suo- cession of the house of Hanover, the union with Scotland, and that with Ireland, as well as the recent disfranchisement of the Irish freeholders, the laws, legalising those events, were but so many instances, in which the old institutions of the country were made to bend to a great political expediency. The marquis of Londonderry characterised the measure as unjust, unconsti- tutional, and unprincipled, framed for the purpose of rendering whig supremacy perpetual. Viscount Goderich justly observed, ‘this was no new question, having been agitated through a period of more than half a century; and though it might oc- Gasionally slumber, it could not become wholly dormant; since there was something in the constitution of human nature, which made it impossible for the subject ever to be extinguished.” Lord \ 204 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII. Plunkett stigmatised the assertion,--that this bill would become an instrument in the hands of the people, to destroy the church and other established institutions, – as an outrageous libel on them : in the debate, however, next day, that assertion was strongly repeated by lords Wynford and Eldon; the latter of whom entered on a long train of legal argument, against the right of parliament to deprive boroughs and corporations of privileges, to which they were as much intitled as the members of that house were to their peerages. The lord chancellor next rose, and, in a speech of four hours' duration, went over all the arguments that had been brought against the measure in the course of the preceding debates; on some of which he animad- verted with great severity, and in a style of sarcasm, which elicited peals of merriment at the expense of the noble per- sonages attacked : in conclusion, he requested them not to persuade themselves, that even if the present government were to be driven from office by the defeat of this bill, they would get rid of the great bugbear reform. ‘No, my lords, “he said, ‘the government that would succeed us, under such cir- cumstances, would be one far less auspicious to your lordships than the present; you would be compelled to grant a measure of reform, compared with which, this, we now proffer to you, would be moderation: remember the often-quoted story of the Sibyl and her oracles, and learn from it the value of time taken by the forelock. You are the highest judicial authority in the realm ; and it is the first duty of judges never to decide in any, even the most trifling cause, without hearing every thing that can be given in evidence respecting it : do not then decide the great cause of a nation's hopes and fears without a hearing : beware of your decision; rouse not the spirit of a peace-loving, but determined people; alienate not the affections of a great empire from your body. As your friend, as the friend of my country, as the servant of my sovereign, I counsel you to assist us with all your efforts in preserving the national peace, and perpetuating the national prosperity : for all these reasons, I pray and beseech you not to reject this bill : I call on you by all you hold most dear, by all that binds every one of us to our common order and our common country, unless you are prepared to say that you will admit of no reform, and are resolved against any change, I solemnly adjure you, yea, even on bended knees, my lords, (here the chancellor slightly bent his knee on the woolsack) I implore you, not to reject this bill.” Lord Lyndhurst followed, and complained of the manner in A.D. 1831. WILLIAM IV. 205 which the opposition, of which he formed a part, had been treated, both in and out of that house, as the supporters of old and obsolete prejudices, or even as men influenced by sordid and personal motives: but if they did err, they erred under very high authority : the battle they were now fighting, the language they now held, the principles they were now advo- Cating, had been fought, upheld, and advocated by the greatest statesmen and the most profound philosophers that had ever taken part in any discussion : passing, however, over the dead, he would come to the living ; and in vindication of the error committed by the opponents of this bill, if error it was, he would appeal to the authority of some of the noble lords who were now its supporters. Here his lordship mentioned earl Grey, as having, till the present occasion, always limited his views to a gradual reform; he appealed also to the nominal author of the bill, lord J. Russell, as having hitherto professed the same moderate sentiments; and, lastly, he quoted, to the same purpose, a letter written by the chancellor, when Mr. Brougham; in which he stated, ‘above all things, that disfran- chisement formed no part of his plan of reform.’ This pro- duced an interruption on the part of the lord chancellor, who said, that the letter referred to had been stolen from his private depository by one of his servants, who sold it to a newspaper; in consequence of which, an injunction from the court of chancery had been obtained, to prevent its circulation. Lord Lyndhurst, after this explanation, proceeded to state what would be the effects of the bill, if brought into operation : first, the destruction of the Irish protestant church; next, a general confiscation of ecclesiastical property in both countries; after which, the rights and privileges of their lordships would be trampled in the dust, together with the liberties of their country. The archbishop of Canterbury, in a speech of great moderation, justified the vote he intended to give against the measure, as mischievous in its tendency, and dangerous to the fabric of the constitution. The duke of Sussex, on the con- trary, thought it would add to the prosperity, and secure the tranquillity, order, and peace of the empire. The duke of Glocester was not averse to a safe constitutional plan, for the correction of such abuses as might have crept into the system : this however was not a measure of reform, but a completely new invention, which would lead to the destruction of our most valued institutions. After some observations from several other peers, earl Grey replied to the leading arguments urged against the bill, and finally declared, that “he would not abandon the 206 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII. king, to whom he was bound by obligations of gratitude, greater perhaps than any subject ever owed to a sovereign, for the kind manner in which he had extended to him his confi- dence and support; as well as for the indulgence with which he had accepted his offers and best endeavors to serve him : place was not sought by him; but it had been offered under such circumstances, that nothing but a sense of duty could have induced him to accept it: he had performed his duty to the utmost of his power, and would continue to do so; but if parliament and the nation should withdraw their confidence from him, and he could no longer be a useful servant to his majesty, he would resign office, and carry with him into re- tirement the consciousness of having done his best to serve his king and country.’ The house, at a quarter past six on Satur- day morning, divided ; and the amendment, ‘ that the bill be read that day six months,’ was carried against ministers, by a clear majority of forty-one votes. When the public were made acquainted with this decision, the intelligence produced an extraordinary sensation in the country, and meetings were instantly convened in the metro- polis : one was held at the Thatched-house Tavern, consisting of all the members who had supported the bill in its passage through the commons: with equal promptitude the common eouncil assembled; and this was followed by a meeting, at the Mansion-house, of merchants and bankers, who passed resolu- tions, approving the conduct of government, and pledging them- selves to its support: also petitions were carried to the king, praying him to continue his ministers, and have recourse to a new creation of peers, sufficient in numbers to carry the bill. On the ninth of October, lord Ebrington, in the house of commons, moved a resolution, declaratory of its unabated confidence in the king's ministers, and its determination of adhering to the reform bill; and this, being carried by a majority of 131, se- cured the continuance of earl Grey's administration : the two houses were occupied for several nights in desultory discussions on the state of public feeling, and the disturbances thence pro- ceeding; but, on the twentieth, parliament was prorogued by his majesty in person; who, on his return to the palace, was accompanied with the same enthusiastic cheering as he re- ceived on his way to the house. - The rejection of the reform bill by the lords produced, as might have been expected, an ebullition of popular resentment throughout the kingdom : in London, the lord mayor and corporation went to St. James's with an address to the throne; A.D. 1831. WILLIAM IV. 2O7 and the civic procession was joined in its route by such nume- rous bodies with similar addresses, that before it reached the palace, it consisted of more than 50,000 persons: soon after their arrival, the parochial deputies waited on lord Melbourne, who prudently advised them to commit their addresses to the county members, for presentation that day at the levee : this was done, and announced to the multitude by Mr. Hume, who exhorted them to be firm, united, and peaceable; but to di- sperse immediately, and give no advantage to the enemies of reform ; this salutary advice, however, was thrown away on the crowd, who commenced an attack on the mansions of the marquis of Bristol and duke of Wellington, the windows of which they intirely demolished. Being driven thence by the police, they re-assembled at the house of earl Dudley, which owed its safety to the same excellent establishment: vast numbers had collected in the Park, evidently waiting for the departure of such peers as were known to be anti-reformers; and the marquis of Londonderry, being recognised, was received with volleys of stones,from which he suffered severely ; but the duke of Cumberland was even dragged from his horse, and would probably have been killed, if he had not been rescued by the police. In the country, violence and outrage were at first confined to the counties of Derby and Nottingham ; at the latter of which R. the mob set fire to the castle, the seat of the duke of Newcastle, the most hated of all the tory leaders, and the head of borough proprietors. No one could suppose that the wishes or opinions of mobs like these were to be taken for a moment into account in the decision of a great political question ; and in both houses of parliament ministers loudly expressed their disapprobation of such proceedings, but were charged by their opponents with having indirectly encouraged the rioters by the language they had held, and the connexion in which they had placed themselves with large bodies of men acting illegally : certain it is, that while the bill was before the lords, a meeting of political unions took place at Birmingham, where, it was asserted, though undoubtedly with great exaggeration, that 150,000 persons were congregated together. This assembly voted an address to the king, setting forth their alarm “at the awful consequences’ which might arise from the failure of the bill; their pain at imagining it possible ‘ that the house of lords should be so infatuated as to reject it; ' and their earnest desire that his majesty would create as many peers as might be necessary to ensure its success. In the speeches of several 208 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVII. persons who harangued the meeting, the most violent doc- trines were broached; and one of the resolutions agreed to, was a vote of thanks to lord Althorp and lord John Russell ; this was certainly acknowleged by those statesmen in terms which were considered too courteous toward such an illegal and dan- gerous association ; as well as bearing too hard on that branch of the legislature, against which popular indignation was par- ticularly directed. The continuance of earl Grey in office, and his majesty's declaration, “that he had the highest confidence in his mi- mistry,’ doubtless had a strong effect in preserving the general peace of the country : still, as the year advanced, the spirit of insubordination seemed to increase : at Croydon, the arch- bishop of Canterbury was grossly insulted, while presiding over a meeting of the society for the propagation of the Gospel; in Somersetshire, the bishop of the diocese was rudely attacked, when engaged in the solemn ceremony of consecrating a new church; and several other obnoxious prelates were burnt in effigy : these, however, were but trifles, compared with the devastation committed at Bristol, when its recorder, Sir Charles Wetherell, who had been the most furious opposer of re- form in the house of commons, arrived there on the twenty- ninth of October, to discharge his official duties. Sir Charles, who had been received on his road from Bath with the execra- tions of an immense multitude, was attacked by so violent a mob at the Mansion-house, after he had opened his com- mission, that he was soon compelled to seek for safety by fight and in disguise : this, however, did not stop the outrages of the populace, indignant against the tory magistrates of their corporation, and unrestrained by the military force present, through the weak and vacillating conduct of its commander. Accordingly, the prisons, the episcopal palace, the Mansion- house, the Custom-house, the Excise-office, with great part of Queen's-square, fell a sacrifice to the flames; also a large number of warehouses, many of which were filled with wine and spirits, shared in the conflagration ; and Bristol presented a scene which could not have been exceeded by that which London exhibited during the riots of 1780. The soldiers, who had been sent out of the city, were now at length remanded; the magistrates called out the posse comitatus ; and as parties of cavalry, infantry, and artillery arrived, tranquiltity was par- tially restored : the total number of killed and wounded, that were known, amounted nearly to 100; but about 200 were taken prisoners during the outrages, and several were after- A.D. 1831. -- WILLIAM IV. 209 wards captured with plundered property in their possession : almost two months, however, elapsed before a special com- mission was appointed to try the offenders; when eighty-one were convicted, and five left for execution ; but four only suffered the extremity of the law. A military court of inquiry having been instituted on the conduct of the officers command- ing at Bristol, the result was the appointment of a court-mar- tial on colonel Brereton ; but when it had sat four days, its proceedings were cut short by the death of the prisoner; who, being overcome by his feelings, and the weight of evidence against him, shot himself through the heart. Another court- martial followed, on captain Warrington, senior officer of the third dragoon guards; whose defence for his neglect in suppress- ing the riots and preserving the buildings rested mainly on the want of directions from colonel Brereton, and of assistance from the city magistrates; the head of whom purposely concealed himself when his presence was most needed; whilst all the aldermen excused themselves for not accompanying the soldiers, by their inability to ride on horseback. General Sir Charles Dalbiac, the crown prosecutor, laid down, on this occasion, the following doctrine as a fundamental principle of the com- mon law —‘that if the occasion demands immediate action, and no opportunity is given for procuring the advice or sanction of the magistrate, it is the duty of every subject to act on his own responsibility, in suppressing a riotous and tumultuous as- sembly; and in whatever is done by him honestly, in the exe- cution of that object, he will be justified and supported by the common law : that law acknowleges no distinction here between the private citizen and the soldier, who is still a citizen, lying under the same obligation, and invested with the same au- thority to preserve the king's peace as any other subject.’ This was the doctrine of the great lord Mansfield, and it was now confirmed by the authority of lord chief-justice Tindal; yet it was vehemently attacked in the public prints as unconstitu- tional, and dangerous to the liberty of the subject! - About the time when such disgraceful scenes were passing at Bristol, some partial disturbances broke out at Bath, Co- ventry, and Worcester; but these, being vigorously opposed by the municipal and military powers, were speedily put down, without bloodshed, or any material destruction of property : in consequence, however, a proclamation was issued by his majesty in council, on the second of November, exhorting all classes of his subjects to unite in suppressing such turnults: but, as the winter advanced, the alarm of the executive government EN G. XXI. Q 21 O. HHSTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVII. increased ; and apprehensions were entertained, lest the peace of the country should be seriously endangered by formidable asso- ciations, especially those in London, Birmingham, and Man- chester; which began not only to use the most daring language, but to appoint councils and officers, and to assume a regular plan of organisation. The rapid increase of these unions, and the extreme boldness of their proceedings, having at length made it necessary that some steps should be taken to lay them under restraint, the Gazette of the twenty-second of November con- tained a proclamation, declaring their illegality, and warning all subjects of the realm against entering into such combina- tions. During this time, Ireland continued in a most dis- tracted state; and associations were promoted by Mr. O'Connell for the repeal of the union ; until at length the magistrates di- spersed one of his meetings, and apprehended the great agitator and his coadjutors for illegal acts. True bills being found against them by the grand jury, Mr. O'Connell put in a de- murrer; but withdrew it, and pleaded Not Guilty : after several attempts to delay the trial, he withdrew that plea also ; and pleaded guilty to the first fourteen counts in the indictment, respecting the holding of meetings in contempt of proclama- tions: many were the discussions in parliament, whether government bad made any compromise with the agitators, since none of them were brought up for judgment; but there is no reason to suppose that such was the case, in opposition to the denial of ministers: that they were not so brought up, is sufficiently accounted for by the state both of England and Ireland. In the latter country, the most dreadful disturbances still continued, until the insurrection act was enforced by pro- clamation in several counties, and a special commission sent to try offenders : the refusal to pay tithes now became gene- ral ; and many frightful collisions occurred between the pea- santry, and the authorities which endeavored to repress their outrages. - Contemporaneously with the tumultuous proceeding above described, the nation was this year visited by the Asiatic cholera ; which frightful malady, first appearing in 1817 on the banks of the Ganges, gradually advanced to the northern shores of Great Britain, and reached them in the month of October : before the close of the year, it found its way from Sunderland and Newcastle to the suburbs of the metropolis; where, for a time, its outrages were generally confined to the victims of intemperance: but it soon began to attack patients of all descriptions, and to spread from the capital into the pro- A.D.- 1831. - WILLIAM IV. 2 : 1 vinces; so that scarcely any part of the empire escaped this dreadful scourge: its inflictions, however, by reason probably of the habits of the people and the nature of the climate, were less violent than in any other nation which it visited. A board of health was established, which made a daily report of eases, but was remarkable for the variety of opinions which it elicited from medical practitioners; the main points controverted being, whether the disease was contagious or not—whether it was the Indian cholera, or a new complaint—whether in- ported, or indigenous—whether it partook of the properties of the plague, or was to be regarded as a transient scourge. The ratio of deaths was found to be about one to three; but the remarkable freedom of some places from this evil, in the neigh- borhood of its ravages, occasioned many to conceive that its propagation was extended by currents in the air. In France also this year was distinguished by tumults; especially at Lyons, where disturbances among the workmen advanced to such a height, that the duke of Orleans, with a large military force, was despatched thither, accompanied by marshal Soult, war minister, who was invested with ex- traordinary powers to quell the revolt. In the Netherlands, after prince Leopold had accepted the crown, Holland de- clared the existing armistice at an end : a Dutch army entered Belgium, and routed Leopold's troops at Hasselt and Louvain; which latter city it captured, but was obliged to retire before a harge French force which arrived at Brussels, These marches of the Dutch and French armies became a subject of debate, in consequence of which the French troops were recalled: an- other set of articles was then framed by the conference, which declared that the acceptance of them should be compulsory : these were readily accepted by Belgium, but rejected by Holland, whose offers to negociate were in turn rejected; after which, a treaty was signed between the five powers and Leo- pold, who was recognised by them as king of Belgium ; against this instrument the Dutch plenipotentiaries protested, feeling a certainty of being secretly backed in their pretensions by some of the contracting powers, and supported by a strong party, even in Great Britain ; nor were they deceived in their expectations. In Spain insurrections were followed by defeats, arrests, and executions; while the hopes of the Portuguese constitutionalists revived in the return of Don Pedro to Europe, and his prepa- rations for a descent on Portugal. In Parma, Modena, and the papal states, insurrections were put down by Austrian in- 212 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII, terference, and every species of cruelty was put in practice by the old governments when restored. Greece, for whose pacifi- cation the powers of Europe had labored so long, was now the scene of a civil war : the popularity of the president Capo d’Istria, either from his too great attachment to Russian in- terests, or from the jealousy and discontent of the chiefs, unused to control and eager for power, had rapidly declined : he became suspicious and tyrannical; inflicted arbitrary punish- ments more like the despotie deputy of Russia, than the elected head of a free state; and, before the year closed, lost his life by assassination. But of all people, the fate of the Poles was most calculated to excite commiseration : driven to insurrec- tion by the faithless and tyrannical conduct of Nicholas, be- trayed by France, deserted by England, and persecuted in their low estate by Austria and Prussia, they fell after an heroic struggle : Warsaw was taken, and the Polish armies dis- banded ; their nobles were degraded, and thousands of every rank, age, and sex subjected to the most cruel punishments; while their nationality was destroyed, as far as human ingenuity could destroy it, for ever. The British parliament did not re-assemble till the sixth of December, when the king went in state to the house of peers, and delivered an elaborate speech, in the course of which he recommended to them a speedy and satisfactory settlement of the reform question, which became daily of more pressing im- portance to the security of the state, as well as to the content- ment and welfare of the people.' But to effect this, a new bill became necessary, which was accordingly introduced on the twelfth of the same month by lord John Russell, with some im- provements both in the process of disfranchisement and in the qualification of electors; while an objection, which had been previously raised against the population census of 1821, was obviated by that of the present year being adopted.” The new bill was again subjected to a fiery ordeal: its democratic in- fluence was strongly condemned, and an amendment was moved by lord Porchester, seconded by Sir Edward Sugden, who started a frivolous objection unworthy of his high and deserved reputation. “On that part of the bill regulating the * In 1821, the population of England was 11,261,437; of Wales, 717,438 ; of Scotland, 2,093,456: in 1831, England, 13,089,338; Wales, 805,236; Scotland, 2,365,807. Summary of Great Britain, in 1821, 14,391,631 ; in 1831, 16,537,398; being an increase of fifteen per cent. A. D. 1831. WILLIAM IV. 213 right of voting in boroughs and cities,” he observed, “there must be an annual valuation of every house in England, which would furnish an excellent trade to surveyors; since there was nothing more changeable in value than this sort of property.' After urging several other technical frivolities of the same kind, without attacking the grand principle of the measure, he re- marked, that its true title was—º a bill to encourage the growth of ten pound houses in England.’ Mr. Macauley, however, entered into an elaborate defence of the plan, with- out noticing the particular objections made against its de- tails; and concluded with a bold declaration,--that by fair means or foul, either through parliament or over parliament, the question of reform must be carried: therefore,' said he, ‘throw open the gates to an enemy, that can force an entrance through the breach : show that the constitution, though not exempt from the defects which time must produce in every human work, possesses within itself the power of self-repara- tion; and let that end, which was sought too often by a savage revolution, be gained by a peaceful and tranquil reform.’ Mr. Croker made a desultory harangue, for the purpose of attack- ing ministers on the subject of the late disturbances, and the dangers still menacing the kingdom, all of which he attributed to their conduct; calling them “the servants of a faction whom they dared not disobey.” In reply, lord Althorp said, ‘it was idle to assert that this bill was the first link in the chain of disturbance : clamor had existed long ago, and had constantly increased, until it was raised to an irrepressible height by the declaration of the late administration.” An adjournment took place to the following evening; when, after explanations by the noble mover, and a vindication both of the original measure and its subsequent alterations by Mr. Stanley, together with an harangue in a mingled strain of argument and sarcasm by Sir C. Wetherell, and a solemn protest from Sir R. Peel against so great and precipitate an alteration of the best constitution record- ed in history;-a division took place at half-past one on Sunday morning, when there appeared, for the second reading of the bill 324, and against it 162; the majority in favor of ministers being just two to one : the house then adjourned to the seventeenth of January following. Thus stood this great political question, with a certain pro- spect of success in the commons, though various opinions were formed respecting its treatment by the lords: meanwhile, public journals and political associations loudly demanded an immediate increase of the peerage, in order to force the bill through the upper house; and though, at any other time, and 214 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVII. under other circumstances, the very suggestion of such a measure would have raised a violent outcry, in the present case both the king and his ministers were exposed to severe attacks for delaying to gratify the popular wish. When parliament met on the seventeenth of January, minis- ters expressed an intention of going into a committee on the reform bill on the twentieth ; which proposition was resisted by Mr. Croker and Mr. Goulburn, as bringing the house into a consideration of details, before they had received that informa- tion, without which no proper judgment could be formed : lord John Russell, however, and lord Althorp would not con- sent to any delay ; and the bill was accordingly pushed into committee, where its details were attacked by Mr. Croker, Sir R. Peel, Sir R. Vyvyan, and many others, with as much hostility as they had shown to the general plan: in particular, the clause which proposed to confer eight additional members on the metropolitan districts, met with violent opposition. The marquis of Chandos, after contending that to extend the elective franchise in that quarter would lead to great excite- ment, and give to the capital a preponderating influence over the rest of the country, moved an amendment against the clause; in favor of which there appeared 236 votes in a house of 552 members; leaving a majority for ministers of eighty. It would be a tedious task to pursue the progress of this bill through the commons: it got out of committee about the middle of March ; and on the nineteenth of that month lord J. Russell moved the third reading: this being opposed by lord Mahon, who proposed, as an amendment, that the bill be read that day six months, a warm debate ensued, which was con- tinued on the twentieth and twenty-second : the arguments used were the same which had been so often repeated in the house; and several members declared, that although the mea- sure had not come out of the committee with all the improve- ments which they had desired and expected, they would still vote for the third reading, because they believed that a rejec- tion of the bill would now produce greater mischief than any which could arise from its provisions: the division gave ministers a clear majority of 116 in a house of 594 members. On the twenty-third the bill was passed; an amendment, which went to raise the qualification to twenty pounds in Liverpool, and all new boroughs returning two members, having been negatived without a division. - On Monday, March the twenty-sixth, the reform bill was carried to the upper house by lords Russell and Althorp, ac- companied hy an unusual number of members; when the A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. - 215 chancellor, who announced to their lordships the message of the commons, immediately read the title of the bill with peculiar emphasis. The most important part of its reception consisted in the speeches of lords Harrowby and Wharncliffe, who had led the opposition last session, and now announced their intention to vote for the second reading ; in- duced probably to take this course by a desire to save the respectability of their house from the intrusion of a band of political agents, formed into peers, to serve a temporary pur- pose: the bishop of London also was so impressed with the dangers hanging over the country, that he resolved to follow this example, to the astonishment of the duke of Wellington and the marquis of Londonderry, who declared their opinions to be unchanged, and their hostility undiminished. Previously to the second reading, the duke of Buckingham gave notice, that if there should be, as he trusted there would be, a majority against it, he would bring in, after the Easter recess, a bill for the purpose of giving members to large towns, whose importance intitled them to representation ; also joining and consolidating certain boroughs, each of which now returned two members to parliament, in order to make room for the new representatives, and prevent any man from being deprived of his existing rights; whilst a third provision would be to extend the elective franchise, so as to prevent its abuse in boroughs: in proof of the sincerity of his intentions, his grace moved the insertion of this notice on the journals of the house. . At six o'clock, earl Grey rose to move the second reading of the ministerial bill, which he did in a speech courteous and conciliatory, though not destitute of firmness. After briefly mentioning its important nature, its interesting object, the large majority that had sent it up, and the unequivocal support it had received from the people, he adverted to the duke of Buckingham's notice of motion : this, he said, relieved him from the necessity of defending the principle of his own bill ; for it appeared now to be universally conceded : he was not called on to except even the duke of Wellington, since his grace's last declaration on the subject admitted that some degree of reform was necessary. The noble earl then proceeded to notice the alterations introduced into the bill, defended the ten pound qualification from some objections that had been raised against it, and concluded with an affecting appeal to their lordships on the unjust attacks made on him, for having pro- posed a measure, which in his opinion was required by that duty which he owed to his sovereign and the country; a 21 6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CIH. LXVII. measure, now generally admitted, in its principle, as necessary; and of which the only difference existing regarded its extent. Disclaiming all notion of advising their lordships to yield to intimidation, he could not help calling their attention to the awful silence on the part of the people now prevailing, and taking place of that outcry which first marked the progress of the bill: silence might perhaps lead some to imagine that they were not looking at the question with the same feelings of in- terest ; but he cautioned their lordships against forming such an opinion : ‘for,” said he, ‘though the people are silent, they are looking at our proceedings this night no less intensely than they have looked ever since the question was first agi- tated. I know that it is pretended by many, that the nation has no confidence in this house; because there is an opinion out of doors, that the interests of the aristocracy are separated from those of the people: on the part of this house, however, I disclaim all such separation of interests; and therefore I am willing to believe, that the silence, of which I have spoken, is the fruit of a latent hope still existing in their bosoms.’ Lord Ellenborough then rose; and, after a vehement attack on the whole bill, moved, as an amendment, “that it be read a second time that day six months.” This gave rise to a very animated debate, which, being adjourned to the next day, was re-opened by the earl of Shrewsbury; who declared himself at a loss to know from what evils the constitution, of which some persons appeared so enamored, had saved the country : we had had expensive wars; we had £800,000,000 of debt; we had had rebellion and revolution, with great and frequent commercial embarrassments; and we now saw the strange picture of an intelligent, active population, idle and starving in the midst of abundance. The only way to test the value of the constitution, was to pass a measure which would give its merits fair play: by passing the bill before the house, their lordships would restore their connexion with the people, and their power of doing good, the only power which they ought to covet : they must either consent to right the people, or the people would right themselves. After thus expressing himself re- specting the state to which ‘the rule of a dominant oligarchy had brought the country, and against which the exasperated nation had at length risen; '—his lordship declared, that in all things, that oligarchy had found on the episcopal bench willing coadjutors. “But if the clergy,” said he, “know their own interest, (and it was generally supposed they were not unskilled in matters of personal concern) they ought to feel the necessity A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. 217 of now coming forward to do their duty by the country : hitherto they had shown themselves too often the greatest enemies of the people; willing agents of the worst system of tyranny ; ready abettors of, and participators in, the vilest acts of extravagance, spoliation, and corruption : now was the time for them to make some compensation to the people for long years of contumely and wrong.” After some observations on the more dignified attitude which the adversaries of the bill would take by boldly opposing it in limine, than by stooping to the subtle and desultory warfare which they were about to commence, the noble earl declared, ‘ that he would not mince matters; that if the house of commons needed reform, so did the house of peers; to prevent the danger of continual collision, and to secure that unity of action, which was essential to the right management of the national affairs.' Few addresses occasioned a greater ferment in the house than this, in which the earl of Limerick saw the early fruits of catholicemancipation: little did he expect so soon to find one of the first catholic peers in the realm pronouncing a philippic, not only against the existence of that house, but againsteverything that had existed for the last century. The earl of Mansfield and the duke of Wellington reprobated the bill in the most unmeasured terms; and not the bill only, but ‘ the waverers’ also ; who were accused of deserting their banners by voting for a second reading; but lords Harrowby and Wharncliffe ably defended themselves on this point, and a second adjournment took place. The earl of Winchelsea, in opening the debate next day, spoke with great indignation against a creation of peers; de- claring, that if such a measure were adopted, he would no longer sit in the house, but would retire, and “bide his time, till the return of those good days, which would enable him to vindicate the insulted laws of his country, by bringing an unconstitu- tional minister before the bar of his peers.’ He was followed by the duke of Buckingham, who asserted, ‘that the pestilence of the cholera was nothing in comparison with the contami- nation to which this bill would subject the constitution.” It was also opposed by the earl of Falmouth, the marquis of Bristol, aï the bishops of Lincoln and Exeter; who were answered by the lords Radnor and Lansdowne, as well as by the bishops of London and Llandaff. An adjournment was then moved by lord Kenyon. The debate on Thursday evening was resumed by lord Wynford ; after whom lord Durham rose, and, in a state of high excitement, gave utterance to what was perhaps the most 218, HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII, powerful speech made in either house of parliament, in favor of the bill. The excitement alluded to arose from a passage in the bishop of Exeter's speech, where, descanting on the tone and temper of the press, he spoke of certain articles in the Times journal, as “breathing the inspiration of the treasury.’ After complimenting the learned lord who had spoken last, in having adopted a tone free from party asperity, and rancorous animosity against his majesty’s ministers, very different from that of a right reverend prelate who spoke last night;" he ob- served ;-‘Of that exhibition I shall only say; that if coarse and virulent invective, malignant and false insinuatious, the grossest perversion of historical facts, decked out with all the choicest flowers of pamphleteering slang——' Here the noble lord was called to order, and the earl of Winchelsea moved, that the words “false insinuations,’ and “pamphleteering slang,' should be taken down. After some observations from earl Grey, lord Holland, and the duke of Buckingham, lord Durham. went on to state, that he had not the slightest objection to his words being taken down : he would not stop to inquire whether they were the most elegant which he could have used, or quite suitable to the noble earl's taste; but they were the only words which could describe correctly the right reverend prelate's speech. “With regard to retracting them,” he said, ‘in obe- dience to the noble duke, I must observe, that, from the terms in which the right reverend prelate couched his insinuations, I could have no doubt that he alluded to me; since the same charge has been made in those weekly publications, which are notorious for their scurrility and indecency : when therefore I found the charge repeated in this house, in terms which could not be misunderstood, I determined to take the earliest oppor- tunity of stating to your lordships, that it was as false as scandalous : I now repeat that declaration ; and I pause, to give any noble lord the opportunity of taking down my words.’ Lord Durham then resumed his seat for a moment; but as no one rose, he proceeded to observe, that, “as it appeared that no farther interruption was to be offered him, he would dismiss the subject; while he trusted, that, if he had expressed himself with too much warmth, their lordships would reflect, that to all the tortures of a mind afflicted by domestic loss, had been of late superadded calumnies of the basest description ; calculated to wound, not only his own feelings, but those of all 10 The bishop of Exeter, A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. 219 most dear to him. Returning, however, to the question, he as- serted, that the supporters of the bill had been charged by a noble duke and earl, (Wellington and Mansfield) with having created that excitement in the public mind which led to that general demand for reform, now admitted to prevail by many who formerly denied its existence. ‘ On what facts,' he said, ‘ these noble lords found their assertions, I cannot comprehend : if there be any subject, which, more than others, has been discussed, both in and out of parliament, especially within the last fifty years, it is that of a reform in the represen- tation of the people : from the revolution it has been advo- cated by the most eminent men which this country can boast : from the year 1783, when the celebrated Yorkshire petition was presented, it has never been lost sight of by the people; though taken up with more or less energy, according to the circumstances of the times.’ His lordship then enumerated the distinguished characters who had patronised the measure; and declared, that the noble and gallant duke was not sup- ported by facts, in saying that the feeling was one of late growth ; still less, when he ascribed it to the examples of recent revolutions in France and Belgium. That it had assumed a much more formidable appearance within the last four or five years, he (lord Durham) did not deny ; but this was owing, in a great measure, to repeated refusals by their lordships to grant elective privileges to the large towns of Leeds, Man- chester, and Birmingham, when fitting opportunities presented themselves; it had arisen also from the exposures which had taken place through parliamentary inquiries relative to Gram- pound, Penryn, and East Retford, laying bare scenes of the grossest political profligacy and corruption ; but above all, it had proceeded from that great multitude, the middle classes, having identified themselves with this question ;—classes, whose emancipation alone would account for the intensity of feeling with which this measure had been received; while it demon- strated the improbability of the country being satisfied with any less measure of reform than that afforded by this bill, His lordship then proceeded to show, that, up to the revolu- tion of 1688, the object of each successive struggle had been to prevent the sovereign from obtaining despotic power : at that period the crown was defeated, and has ever since been dependent on, and at the mercy of, two parties among the higher orders; between whom the contest for political power has been bitter and incessant; while the country was well or ill governed, according to the principles of that party which 220 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII. predominated : for a long time the people acquiesced in the Supremacy of the higher orders, and their exclusive possession of political privileges; but within the last fifty years a great change had taken place in the state of society, whose two extremes had been gradually meeting; the one standing still, while the other was gradually approaching it, and rendering itself competent to the dischargé of higher duties. Thus the People became naturally desirous of political privileges; and the result of their continued exclusion must be a political con- Vulsion, necessarily a destructive one; as it would arise from the unnatural compression of great power by insufficient means. His lordship next went into the question of the right or pro- priety, with which the middle classes claimed such privileges; in Opposition to the noble duke, who had described them as paupers or beggars: so far from this, their wealth doubled or trebled that of the higher orders; and, as for their intelli- gence, he directed attention to the great commercial towns, with their literary societies, scientific institutions, and all other associations, tending to the advancement of the human race: by the example and purse of the middle classes were these supported and maintained ; while the gentry, living apart, en- joyed merely the amusements and luxuries peculiar to their own order; so that, whenever they were brought together on public occasions, their superiority in learning or intellect was no longer manifest. - - Such being the case, his lordship asked, whether that was a fit and proper state of the constitution, which excluded from the enjoyment of political privileges and power, a large body of men, possessed of talents, skill, and wealth, merely because they did not happen to be included in a particular class, en- dowed with privileges granted in different times and different circumstances ! Again, did the working of the constitution, in its present exclusive state, produce no other mischievous effects, beside their exclusion ? Did those persons who virtually re- presented them perform the duties of their trust advantageously to the country The answer of the people had always been in the negative; and for the correctness of that assertion, his lordship declared, that he could accumulate proofs on proofs; but a few would suffice. When this corrupt parliamentary system first came into operation, after the revolution, the national debt amounted to £16,000,000 : at the end of the last war it reached near £800,000,000 ! while the national expen- diture had, during that time, increased from £5,500,000 to A. D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. 221 more than £94,000,000; and the poor-rates from £1,000,000 to £7,000,000. In a single reign only, that of George III. £27,000,000 had been lavished in subsidies to the great con- tinental powers; and in that same period the naval and mili- tary expenditure amounted to £928,000,000 : so that the luxury of indulging in war cost this country a sum little short of One thousand millions. All these proofs of unlimited and unchecked expenditure, with many others, became known to the people at the end of the war: great distress followed; much discontent and loud complaints prevailed; and how were they met ! By con- ciliation or concession? No, truly; but by every species of repressive and coercive enactment. Measures to prevent public meetings for petition, to fetter the press, to suspend the habeas corpus act, and to grant indemnity bills, were pro- posed and adopted by the house of commons. “Those proceedings,’ said his lordship, ‘seem, if I may judge from their cheers, to be approved by the noble lords opposite: they were not, however, I can assure them, grateful to the people; who, seeing their liberties attacked, and their resources squandered, through the instrumentality of a house which was theoretically the guardians of them, naturally turned their attention to the mode of electing that house, which neither represented their feelings nor protected their interests. The picture then presented to view was no less startling and disgusting, than that of the 'state of their finances, which I have just alluded to : they found one portion nominated by peers; a second, by commoners; a third, by trafficking at- torneys, selling seats to the highest bidder; a fourth, indebted for its return to the most unblushing bribery and corruption : in one part of the empire, a park, with no population, or at least one of the smallest kind, returning two members ; in another, a town inhabited by hundreds of thousands, yet with- out any representation at all ; and even that small part of the house which was still dependent on the public voice, so fettered and circumscribed by the immense expenditure re- quired, as to be virtually placed in the hands of a very small class. My lords, all this led to a state of things which has been so prophetically and accurately described by a celebrated writer, whose opinions are generally pleasing to noble lords, that I make no apology for substituting his glowing words for my feeble expressions : this led, to use the language of Mr. Burke, to “an addressing house of commons, and a petitioning nation ; a house full of confidence, when the nation 222 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVII. was plunged in despair; in full harmony with ministers, whom the people regarded with abhorrence; which voted thanks, when public opinion called on them for retrenchment; eager to grant, when the general voice demanded account; which, in all disputes between the people and the administration, pre- sumed against the people, and punished their disorders, but refused to inquire into the provocations given them : this led to so unnatural and monstrous a state of things; to an assembly, which may be a great, and wise, and awful senate; but not to any popular purpose a house of commons.’’ Lord Durham concluded his able and spirited address, by stating his opinion, that he had shown sufficient reasons for the prevalent desire of reform, without ascribing its origin to mi- nisterial instigation, or to those French and Belgian revolutions, which haunted the imagination of the noble and gallant duke opposite : he also asserted that the British revolution of 1641, the French revolution of 1793, and the loss of our American colonies, might all have been averted by wise and timely con- cession : after investigating these positions, he asked noble lords, who talked of resistance, whether they had calculated: the comparative amount of force arrayed on each side? on one, the crown, the house of commons, and the people; on the other, about 200 peers: he then warned them of the danger which they might incur from excommunication by their fellow-countrymen; asking, whether they were prepared to live solitary in the midst of multitudes; their mansions fortified with cannon (as was lately that of the duke of Newcastle) and protected by troops, perhaps of faithful, but in the hour of danger, useless retainers ? ‘Surely,” said he, ‘there must be something in this state of things most revolting to the habits and feelings of a British peer; yet these are the most favorable circumstances which can follow the rejection of the bill.” After contrasting the change between confidence and distrust, affection and hatred, and predicting the little ad- vantage or consolation they would find in the temporary preservation of nomination boroughs, coupled with the dislike and aversion of their fellow citizens ; his lordship declared, it was under a conviction that the claims of the people were not to be trifled with, that he and his colleagues came to the resolution of framing such a measure, as might not only give general satisfaction, but set the question intirely at rest. . . He was followed by the earl of Carnarvon, lords Eldon Tenterden, and Lyndhurst, against the bill, as well as by the A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. - 223 bishops of Rochester and Glocester; the latter of whom took occasion to animadvert, with pointed, but just severity, on the attack which had been made by the catholic earl of Shrewsbury on the ecclesiastical bench. “He has invited us,’ said the right reverend prelate, “to vote for the bill, because it will conduce to our own advantage; adding, that the clergy were specially noted for an attention to their interests. If he meant, as I suppose he did, our own private and personal interests, I reject the imputation with unutterable scorn : if he meant our regard for the interests of the church, then the clergy had, on this question, no interest distinct from the general weal.” With regard to the charges of profligacy in their political con- duct, made against the bishops, as “abettors of tyranny and oppression,’ ‘willing instruments of rapine and extortion,’ he called on the noble earl, in the face of the house and of the country, either to abandon or to make them good. “If he refuses,’ said his lordship, “to accept one of these alternatives, his long line of ancestry will not save him from disgrace. The schemes of oppression by James II., our last tyrant, no doubt had abettors: who they were I shall not say ; but at all events, they were not protestant bishops: the first resistance made to that tyrant was among the clergy of the church of England, who opposed his oppressive system at the risk of liberty and life. Though I wish not to detract from the glory of the ancestors of noble lords in this house, who joined in the expulsion of the tyrant; yet I can appeal to history in proof of the fact, that but for the resistance of the protestant clergy throughout the country, the efforts of those distinguished persons might have failed ; and the house of Brunswick, to which we owe our liberties, might have moved but little beyond a German principality.” After lord Goderich and the chancellor had each spoken in favor of the bill, earl Grey commenced his reply at five o'clock on Friday morning; in the course of which he moticed with great severity an attack made on him by the bishop of Exeter. ‘The right reverend prelate,’ said he, “threw out insinuations about my ambition : let me tell him calmly, that the pulses of ambition may beat as strongly under sleeves of lawn, as under an ordinary habit.” Before he concluded, he would take leave to say one word on a question which had been frequently discussed out of doors, and in which he was in some degree personally concerned;—hé alluded to the probable creation of peers: all the best consti- tutional writers admitted, that although the creation of a large number of peers, for a particular object, was a measure which 22 4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVII. should rarely be resorted to ; yet, in some cases, such as to avoid a collision between the two houses, it might be abso- lutely necessary. It was true, that he had been, for many reasons, exceedingly averse to such a scheme; but he believed it would be found, that in a case of necessity, like that which he had stated, a creation of peers would be perfectly justifiable, and in accordance with the most acknowleged principles of the constitution : more than this he would not say at the present moment. After a short explanation from lord Carnarvon and the bishop of Exeter, the house divided ; when the absolute majority for ministers was only nine; and the bill, having been read a second time, was ordered to be committed on the first day after the recess. The lords broke up for the Easter holydays on the seven- teenth of April, and the commons the day following ; but on the sixteenth, the duke of Wellington thought proper to enter on the journals a protest against the second reading of the bill, which embodied all the objections urged against the measure ; more especially its violation of chartered rights, and its introduction of an exorbitant degree of democratic in- fluence into the constitution: this was signed by seventy- four other peers, including the dukes of Cumberland and Glocester, with six prelates; but not by lord Lyndhurst. Parliament stood adjourned to the seventh of May ; and the interval was a period memorable in our annals. The associations and political unions throughout the kingdom were instantly on the alert, being tremblingly alive for the fate of the bill, on account of the small majority by which the second reading was carried. The people of Leeds were first in the field, and called a meeting on the nineteenth of April ; when a number of able speeches were delivered, and an energetic address was voted to his majesty, whom they designated as ‘their sheet-anchor—their refuge in the storm :' the last necessity was said to be at hand, and a creation of peers was earnestly implored. At Birmingham, a special meeting of its political union was held on the twenty-seventh, Thomas Atwood, Esq. in the chair; when a series of resolutions was agreed to ; in consequence of which, a general meeting of all the associations from surrounding districts in the counties of Warwick, Worcester, and Stafford, was convened, on the seventh of May, at the foot of Newhall-hill, forming such an assemblage as perhaps this country never before witnessed. The grand northern division alone was estimated at near 100,000 people; its procession extending four miles, with 150 A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. 225 banners and eleven bands of music: upwards of 200 bands were in attendance, and more than 700 banners waved over the assembled throng. At half past twelve the commencement of proceedings was announced by the sound of a bugle; and after many energetic speeches, a petition to the house of lords was carried, “imploring them not to drive to despair a high- minded, generous, and fearless people; or to urge them on, by a rejection of their claims, to demands of a much more exten- sive nature; but rather to pass the reform bill into a law, un- impaired in any of its great parts and provisions; more espe- cially uninjured in the clauses relating to the ten pound fran- chise.” The council of the Birmingham Union now declared its sittings permanent, until the fate of the bill should be decided. Similar meetings were held, about the same time, at Liver- pool, Manchester, Sheffield, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Paisley, Dundee, &c. as well as throughout the south of England ; at all of which, resolutions were passed, expressing unabated con- fidence in earl Grey and his colleagues; while petitions were drawn up to the king and the house of lords, beseeching them to pass the bill unmutilated. The meeting at Edinburgh is said to have consisted of 50,000 persons, being held in the king's park, near Holyrood-house; from the windows of which the exiled sovereign of France might have witnessed another specimen of the working of that spirit, which he had vainly at- tempted to extinguish. In the metropolis an extraordinary assembly of the members of the National Union took place, on the third of May, Joseph Hume, Esq. in the chair; when various resolutions were agreed to, all urging the necessity of the bill being passed without altera- tion; while a petition to the house of lords stated, that in case of its mutilation or rejection, “there was reason to expect that the payment of taxes would cease; that other obligations of society would be disregarded; and that the ultimate conse- quence might be the utter extinction of the privileged orders.' Such was the position of the country, when parliament re- assembled on the seventh of May : and the house of lords went into committee on that bill which had created so extraordinary a sensation. The anti-reformers lost no time in unmasking their batteries, after lord Grey had first moved the adoption of the disfran- chising clause, relating to sehedule A, proposing that the num- ber fifty-six should not be specified, but that their lordships should come to a successive vote on each individual borough, as ENG. XXI, P 226 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ca. ixvii. part of the clause: this he thought the best method of obviating objections which had been made to the clause as it now stood. Lord Lyndhurst then rose, and suggested, that it would be still more comvenient to postpone all consideration of the first, as well as of the second clause, for the purpose of taking into con- sideration the boroughs and places to be enfranchised ; a matter, which, in his opinion, ought to be discussed, before they en- tered on the question of disfranchisement: and this would in- volve nothing like a prejudgment of those clauses; for the house would reserve itself for the consideration of them, un- prejudiced and unfettered, precisely as if they had not been postponed at all : he recommended such a mode of proceed- ing, because a bill of this kind ought to be essentially a bill of enfranchisement; of which principle disfranchisement ought only to be the consequence. The amendment was supported by lords Harrowby, Wharncliffe, Winchelsea, Ellenborough, the duke of Wellington, &c., on the ground that its object was not to defeat schedules A and B. Several noble lords thought it expedient to enter on a rather suspicious defence of their character for integrity and fair dealing, before it was called in question; but the duke of Newcastle homestly avowed that he supported the amendment, as he would sup- port any measure likely to frustrate the bill ; the manoeuvre, however, was quickly seen through, and exposed by the lord chancellor and earl Grey; the former of whom declared, that although a proposal had been made to omit all mention of the number of places to be disfranchised, this had not the slightest connexion with any intention of diminishing the number itself: the latter observed, that nothing could have been better de- vised to defeat the bill than the proposed amendment, which, if it were carried, he should consider fatal to the whole mea- sure : he well knew, that opposition lords, if they could delay matters until they had silenced the clamors of Manchester and other large places, would venture on the rescue of some of their favorite boroughs; especially as they expected to win over to their side all the scot and lot voters. When the house di- vided, ministers were left in a minority of thirty-five; the votes for lord Lyndhurst's amendment being 151, and those against it 116; on which, earl Grey moved, that all farther consideration of the bill be deferred till Thursday the tenth. Lord Ellen- borough, having expressed his regret that ministers should thus interpose delay, took the opportunity of detailing those amend- ments or mutilations of the bill, which his party, after serious consideration, intended to propose : these consisted in a dis- A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. 227 franchisement of 113 boroughs, their privileges to be distributed among other places; a prohibition of persons to vote for coun- ties in respect of property situated in boroughs; the adoption of a more clear and certain mode of ascertaining the genuine- ness and value of holdings; and the retention, not only of the ten pound qualification, but that of scot and lot where it already existed. Here was a measure, of which one half, proposed at the time when East Retford was disfranchised, would have kept the tories in power, and satisfied the nation: but lord Grey now felt himself justified in considering it as an insidious proposition, and safe in treating it with scorn; while the peo- ple, instead of being divided by the artifice, expressed generally a contempt for its authors. Implicit reliance being placed on the king's firmness, an im- mediate creation of peers was confidently expected: on the eighth, ministers came to the unanimous resolution of pressing this measure; and when the cabinet had broken up, earl Grey and the lord chancellor proceeded instantly to Windsor: the king, however, hesitated, on account of the great number re- quisite, and the danger of such a precedent; nor can there be a doubt, but that the royal mind was perplexed by the reason- ings and inflexible opposition of the tory peers; while he stood nearly alone, amidst his own family and court, in coun- tenancing any part of the reform bill. Ministers requested, in the event of his majesty’s resolution to reject their advice, to tender their resignation : the king desired till next day to deli- berate ; and on the morning of Wednesday, it was intimated to them that their resignation had been accepted. This unlooked-for intelligence roused the whole nation to instant action: it was no sooner announced by the chancellor of the exchequer in the house of commons, than lord Ebrington gave notice of his intention to move an address to the king, on the state of public affairs, next evening; and lord Althorp's proposal, that this motion should be postponed for a short time, to prevent any embarrassment in the formation of a new ministry, met with no aceeptance. It became manifest to the friends of the ejected ministers, that nothing could immediately reinstate them but an insuperable obstacle placed in the way of their competitors; and what more difficult to be overcome, than a previous vote of the house of commons, which might tell the latter, that they would accept office in defiance of that branch of the legislature which commanded the public purse? Accord- ingly, the motion, being submitted to the house, was carried by 288 voices against 208; and an address was presented to the 228 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVII. king, expressing deep regret at the change in administration, and great anxiety that the reform bill should pass unmutilated; with an earnest supplication, that his majesty would call such persons only to his councils as consented to promote that ob- Ject. Great masses of the population, eager for reform, were up simultaneously, and in active co-operation with the house of commons: all stood, as it were, prepared for action; the country took an attitude of determined resolution; even other na- tions looked with intense anxiety to this contest; and the most important interests of mankind appeared to be suspended on its issue. In the metropolis, the National Union met on the very evening of the day which saw the resignation of ministers; 1200 new members enrolled themselves at that meeting, and 2000 more on the morrow : it was unanimously resolved, ‘ that the betrayal of the people's cause was not attributable to lord Grey or his administration, but to the base and foul treachery of others; that meetings be recommended in every county, town, and parish throughout the kingdom; which, by inducing compliance with the unanimous wishes of the people, may prevent the mischief that would otherwise result from the general indignation; that a petition be presented to the house of commons, praying the appointment of commissioners to receive the supplies; and that, until the bill pass, they be not managed by the lords of the treasury.’ On Thursday, May the tenth, the common council met at Guildhall, and passed a number of resolutions, expressing their mortification and dis- appointment at the distressing communication made by minis- ters, that his majesty had refused to them the means of carry- ing the reform bill through the house of lords, though passed by a large majority of the commons, and by an over- whelming majority of the people; declaring, that the advisers of such a refusal had put to hazard the stability of the throne and tranquillity of the country; petitioning the commons to withhold supplies till such reform bill be carried, and extolling the conduct of earl Grey and his coadjutors: a committee also was appointed to meet daily for the adoption of such mea- sures as might be deemed necessary. Next day, the livery also met, and passed a similar string of resolutions; adding, how- ever, ‘that they viewed with distrust and abhorrence, attempts, at once interested and hypocritical, to delude and mislead the people by pretended plans of reform, promised or proposed by the insidious enemies of all reform.’ The speeches at this meeting were made in a daring spirit of resistance to any ad- A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. 229 ministration that might attempt to assume the reins of govern- ment, without the whole bill; but more especially were they hostile to the duke of Wellington, who was represented as de- sirous of governing the country by the sword: his majesty himself was not spared, for yielding to domestic influence, and pressing to his bosom pernicious counsellors; but the majority of the house of lords was more peculiarly attacked, as men who would mix blood with corruption ; friends of every despotism ; repre- sentatives of Miguel and of Ferdinand, of Russian lords and German ladies. On the same day, the electors of Westminster met at the Crown and Anchor tavern, pursuant to notice, for the purpose of ‘adopting such measures as the alarming state of the country required: ' Sir Francis Burdett was called to the chair; and the speakers, excited by the rabid eloquence of Mr. O'Connell, were still more violent than any who had yet come forward at this alarming crisis. Similar meetings were held in Southwark; also in the parliamentary district of Mary- lebone, St. Pancras, and Paddington, where a crowd of 20,000 persons were harangued by Mr. Hume, who had been called to the chair; and a strong address to the king was agreed to. News of earl Grey's resignation reached Birmingham on the morning of Thursday, May the tenth ; and by eleven o'clock a printed placard was exhibited in many windows, of which the following is a copy:-‘ Notice—No taxes paid here until the reform bill is passed ' ' In the course of the day, 500 gentlemen, who had hitherto stood aloof, enrolled themselves members of the Union : at four in the afternoon, the inhabitants of the town and vicinity assembled in immense multitudes at Newhall-hill; and a petition was voted to the house of com- mons, which, in addition to a prayer that the supplies might be stopped, contained this ominous sentence:—‘Your peti- tioners find it declared in the bill of rights, that the people of England may have arms for their defence, suitable to their condition, and as allowed by law ; and they apprehend, that this great right will be enforced generally, in order that the people may be prepared for any circumstances that may arise.” A deputation was then named for the purpose of carrying their petition to London, and communicating to the common council, and city of Westminster, the determination taken by the counties of Warwick and Stafford to aid them in the COſm. In OI, CauSe. Manchester received intelligence of earl Grey's resignation on Thursday forenoon; and a petition to the commons, to stop the supplies, was that same day signed by 25,000 persons: another 230 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVI 5. was sent on the fourteenth, from Liverpool, by the Reform Union, which met in Clayton-square, viscount Molyneux, son of the earl of Sefton, being in the chair. The news spread rapidly from South to north, exciting in Scotland, as well as in Ireland, the most energetic measures; nor do the annals of this country present a more alarming period than the interval between the ninth and sixteenth of May; the former being the day on which his majesty accepted the resignation of the reform ministry, and the latter that on which it was recalled to office. The tories, who had for some time been encouraged by their success with the king, and at the critical moment had received private intelligence of his altered sentiments, endeavored, by putting the bill out of joint, to get it into their own hands; or to obtain a pretext for representing lord Grey as a pertinacious and im- practicable man, stickling for a mere point of form, against the opinion of a majority : it was no part of their plan to drive his lordship from office with the honors of popularity; but rather to exhibit him as an incapable supporter, if not a betrayer, of the cause which he had taken in hand : they also desired leisure to form plans for their own return to power; but were wholly unprepared for the readiness and determination with which the premier comprehended and defeated their plot. - As soon as the king had resolved to accept the resignation of his cabinet, he sent for lord Lyndhurst, desiring that nobleman to obtain the opinion of parties respecting the advice which he had rejected, and also authorising him to adopt measures for the formation of a new ministry: at the same time, he declared, that ‘extensive reform ' was the express condition on which such a ministry must be based. It was thought somewhat strange that the noble lord should instantly carry the royal message to the duke of Wellington, whose sentiments on the subject of reform had been so fully and openly declared : but his grace was found willing to make large sacrifices, and en- counter any degree of obloquy, in order to extricate his sove- reign from embarrassment: he desired no office, much less that of prime minister; yet, if necessary for the king's service, he was ready to serve in any way that might be thought fit. After some consultation between these noble lords, it was con- sidered advisable to offer the first place to Sir Robert Peel; but that wary statesman refused the bait; by an ‘extensive reform,” he could not but understand all the main principles of the bill; and it was impossible for him to accept office, when, hostile as he had constantly shown himself to every plan of A.D. 1832. WILLIAMI IV. 231 extensive reform, he felt that he could be of no service to the king or to the country : lord Lyndhurst communicated the nature of his commission to Mr. Baring, lord Carnarvon, and a few other influential persons, who were not unwilling to take subordinate situations; but no leader was forthcoming. In the mean time, lord Ebrington's motion in the house of com- mons interposed insurmountable difficulties in the way of negociations: a new ministry must be sought among the direct opponents of the bill ; office must be accepted in de- fiance of the lower house; and the utter hopelessness of any change from a dissolution of parliament was apparent from the determined temper of the people: on Tuesday, the fif- teenth, therefore, lord Lyndhurst was obliged to inform his majesty, that the commission with which he had been entrusted had failed; and the king was reduced to the humiliating necessity of renewing his intercourse with the discarded ministers. The same evening, earl Grey announced to the peers, that he had received a communication from his majesty, though of too recent a date to be followed by any decided con- sequence: both houses adjourned to the seventeenth ; but before the commons separated, a debate had taken place on the presentation of the London petition, which, for boldness of invective, and spirit-stirring declamation, was hardly ever surpassed: it chiefly turned on the supposed conduct of the duke of Wellington, and some others, in accepting office under the peculiar circumstances of the period. Immediately before the adjournment, Mr. Baring stated, that all communications with the duke, relative to the formation of a ministry, were at an end ; at the same time, he begged leave to correct a mistake into which some honorable members had fallen, concerning the actual acceptance of office by his grace : matters, he assured them, had never reached that point. - The lords had no sooner met on Thursday, than the duke of Wellington rose, and proceeded to give, what he called an explanation of his conduct during the last ten days; after which, lord Lyndhurst also entered on his explanation, in which he complained bitterly of being calumniated by the periodical press, which now reigned paramount over the legis- lature and the country. In allusion to a charge made against him in the other house by Sir Francis Burdett, that, by obeying the commands of his sovereign, “he had been guilty of a gross dereliction of duty as a judge,'—he denied the assertion : the honorable baronet ought to have known, that, as a judge, he was a member of the privy council; and not only bound to 232 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVff. give his majësty advice when called on, but voluntarily to tender it when he saw the throne or country in peril. Earl Grey said, he would not by one word add to the irritation that prevailed among peers on the opposition benches ; it was for them to determine, what sacrifices of former opinions, of repeated declarations, and of recent pledges, they were pre- pared to make : it was not his wish to impute to them im- proper motives, to lay down any standard of duty, to impose on them any rule of political consistency or good faith; but he could not help expressing surprise, that on an occasion like the present, when the house and the public expected a temperate explanation of recent proceedings, in which the noble duke and baron had been engaged, they should have indulged in violent party invective against the reform bill and ministers. He proceeded to justify his own conduct on the subject of reform, to support which was his only motive for entering on office: he repeated his former assertion,--that reform, to be satisfactory, must be extensive; and this he thought sufficiently proved by the admission even of its most strenuous opponents: he then entered at large on the motion made by lord Lyndhurst; as well as the charge of the duke of Wellington, —that ministers had abandoned the king : and after expressing the strongest sense of his majesty’s kindness toward him and his colleagues, he concluded by declaring, ‘ that his continuance in office must depend on his conviction of his own ability to carry into full effect the bill on their lordships’ table, unimpaired in prin- ciple, and all essential details.' The cheering which followed this speech lasted for a considerable time after his lordship had sat down : many peers then rose in succession to exonerate themselves from the imputation of having participated in the late negociations with the duke of Wellington and lord Lynd- hurst; after which the order of the day for the farther con- sideration of the bill was discharged, and the house adjourned. On Friday, May the eighteenth, the reinstatement of earl Grey and his colleagues in their official departments was cer- tified in both houses, when discussions in a very angry tone again took place among the peers; but this announcement stopped another address to the king in the house of commons, which lord Milton, who had taken a very active part in all the pro- ceedings, was ready to move. The most lively joy appeared to be diffused throughout the kingdom ; for innumerable meet- ings were instantly convened, and congratulatory addresses drawn up, thanking ministers for their steady fidelity to the cause of the people, and praising their conduct in the most A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV, 233 unqualified terms. On Monday, the lords went into com- mittee, when the inverted order of the schedules, taken up at lord Lyndhurst's suggestion, was adopted; though in a very different spirit from that which was in the mover's mind. Schedule C was voted, up to the Tower Hamlets, at the first sitting: next day, the Tower Hamlets, on which the question of the metropolitan districts depended, was discussed; but only thirty-six opposition peers were present to vote against ninety-one. On the ground, that, as the bill now stood, the agricultural interest of Lancashire would be utterly helpless, lord Ellenborough wished that county to be divided into three districts, each returning two members; the two southern divi- sions would thus be manufacturing, and the northern agricul- tural : but fifteen voices only were in favor of his proposition, while seventy-five adhered to the bill: in fact, about 100 peers had retired, with the duke of Wellington, from the sittings of the house ; unwilling either to give their assent to the measure, or to force ministers, by continued opposition, into the neces- sity of adding numbers to the peerage. On Monday, the fourth of June, earl Grey moved the third reading of the bill; when, after a short but spirited struggle, the lord chancellor put the question; and it did not appear for some moments that the house intended to divide ; but when the premier went on to move, ‘that the bill do pass,’ lord Roden remarked, that the third reading had not yet been carried: a division therefore took place, and the numbers re- ported were, content one hundred and six; non-content twenty-two. After a few verbal amendments had been made, the bill was passed, and ordered back to the commons; when, the amendments of their lordships having been agreed to on the following day, the royal assent was given to it by com- mission on the seventh of June. The reform bill for Scotland was brought in by the lord advocate on the twentieth of June; and having met with little º in its progress, received the royal assent on the third of August; while that for Ireland was introduced about the same time by Mr. Stanley in a very statesman-like speech, in which he took a review of the measure in all its ramifications, and explained its various bearings. The Irish members clamored for an increase of numbers; but ministers were proof against all their impor- tunities; the whole bill became law on the seventh of August, 1832; and was celebrated by festivals and rejoicings throughout the whole empire. Thus was brought to a conclusion an experiment pregnant 234 \ IHISTORY OF ENGLAND. CIH. LXVII, with the most important consequences; an experiment, indeed, which shook the fabric of the constitution to its very founda- tion, and which would probably have shattered to pieces any other in the world : in our own there happily exists a won- derful power of adapting itself to alterations; but all reflecting persons must confess that we have gone to the utmost limit of organic change ; and every patriotic reformer must be content with what he has now obtained : universal suffrage, annual parliaments, and vote by ballot, would inevitably plunge us down that gulf, in which so many republics have already perished. At present, we need not despair of safety, while sound sense and good principles pervade the bulk of our com- munity: encouragement also springs up in the mind which considers, that the reform of our constitution arose, not from any sudden impulse or outrageous violence, from civil contests in our streets, or the deposition of a monarch; but from long agitation of the question, from the growth of new interests, and from a fresh distribution of wealth and intelligence: for while our upper ranks reposed in their country mansions, or enjoyed their own exclusive society in the metropolis, the mercantile, manufacturing, and monied classes were growing up with a rapidity which no one could have foreseen; and it is certain that the constitution could not have been maintained without admitting them into its privileges: how indeed could the frame of society shift under our feet, without occasioning a shock in our political institutions ! Change indeed was strenuously op- posed; but the moderate part even of those who strove to pre- vent it, contented themselves with the artifices of delay or dis- cussion, and a dexterous use of that influence which arises from rank, property, and station: it was only a small knot of insane politicians, who thought of preserving every ancient form of the constitution by force, or of altering the succession, and establishing a military despotism, by the aid of Orange asso- ciations: opposition however was in vain; the bill became law ; and every prudent person will now see the necessity of yielding obedience to its enactments. Of all the statesmen . who resisted this measure, no one has since entered so fully into its spirit, no one has perceived so clearly the necessity of directing its influence by fair and constitutional means, rather than attempting violently to counteract its object or alter its provisions, as Sir Robert Peel. That acute statesman well knows, that if any institution be altered, not by accident or violence, but by a long series of events giving rise to a general conviction of the necessity of alteration,--it never can be re- A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. 235 established in its previous state : accordingly, he has anxiously endeavored, on various occasions, to prevent unnecessary col- lisions, and to promote a cordial union between the higher classes, and those into whose hands the principal share of political power has now passed : indeed, without such a union, what shall be found to counteract the schemes of democratic ambition ? In the mean time, our whig ministers, well knowing that the people would never remain satisfied with the shadow of reform without its substance, have used the bill, as it was meant, to effect a very extensive but gradual restoration of all our institutions, tainted by corruption or dilapidated by time ; still endeavoring to combine the maintenance of established rights with the redress of real grievances and acknowleged abuses : their conduct, indeed, cannot be more accurately described, than in the words of one of the leading reformers among themselves. ‘The tories,’ lord John Russell observed, ‘wished that the bill should remain a toy in the hands of the people, without benefit to themselves or their posterity: I wished to see practical improvements, rather than attempts to square our constitution by abstract theory or foreign example; —to see popular influence control and check the exorbitant and corrupt expenditure of the state, renew or purify our institu- tions, by clearing away their defects, and restoring their original spirit;—to see the interests of all classes weighed, not by the prejudices and partial affections of those who counterfeited the people's voice, and usurped their inheritance; but by the legiti- mate representatives of that same people, summoned by the sovereign to uphold that monarchy of which they are the final support, and to be the image of that enlightened nation whose confidence they enjoy.” t 236 v HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ch. Lxviri, CHAP. LXVIII. WILLIAM IV. (costINUED.)—1832. General election—State of the continent—Discussion of the slave question—Opening of the first reformed parliament—Bill for the suppression of disturbances in Ireland–Irish church bill— Loan to the clergy of Ireland—Act for the extinction of slavery in the British colonies—Renewal of the Bank charter—Settle- ment of the East India question—Factory bill—Corporation commission—Foreign politics—Close of the session—Opening of the session of 1834—Joint address of the lords and commons —Divisions in the cabinet—Renewal of Irish coercion bill — Earl Grey resigns, and lord Melbourne is created premier— Rejection of the Irish tithes bill by the peers — Grievances of dissenters—Commutation of tithes— Poor-laws amendment act—Debates on agriculture — Shipping interest — Financial statements—Close of the session —Unpopularity of ministers — Dissolution of the cabinet — Administration of Sir Robert Peel — Dissolution of parliament—General election — Eccle- siastical commission—Meeting of the new parliament—Election of Mr. Abercromby as speaker—Defeat of ministers on the ad- dress—Orange societies—Malt tax—Dissenters’ marriage bill— Irish tithes bill—Defeat of ministers—Resignation of Sir Robert Peel, and recall of lord Melbourne’s administration — Con- clusion. AFTER the rising of parliament, the great objects of public attention were the registration of the new constituency under the reform bill, and other preparations for a general election, which, it was understood, was to follow, as soon as the regis- tration was completed : this having been quietly effected, par- liament, which had been prorogued by commission on the sixteenth of October, was dissolved on the eighth of December, and the first general election under the new act took place; the writs being made returnable on the twenty-ninth of January, A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. 237 1833. In regard to the machinery of the bill, it was found to work much more smoothly than its opponents anticipated: even in the most populous places, the polling, when not inter- rupted by riotous proceedings, was concluded within the two days prescribed by the act; less time and opportunity was allowed for bribery; and the disturbances which used to arise from drunkenness and profligacy now ceased to disgrace our elections. In regard to the candidates, there was a great dis- location of old connexions and previous interests : three parties were in the field: first, the ministerialists; secondly, the tories, who now assumed the appellation of conserva- tives; and, lastly, the radicals, who were desirous of spur- ring ministers on much farther: these latter not only bound themselves by pledges to distinct propositions, as universal suffrage, and vote by ballot; but promised to descend into the minute details of administration, and wage eternal war against what was called the profligate expenditure of government. The elections generally went in favor of ministerial candi- dates, or of those who professed adherence to the cause of re- form; for in almost all the boroughs success depended on the newly-created electors, who could scarcely refuse their votes to that party, by whose means they had procured their privileges; but in a large proportion of the counties, conservative can- didates were returned. In Scotland, the whigs were most suc- cessful; for out of fifty-three representatives elected in that portion of the empire, not more than ten or eleven were tories ; and not half that number could be accounted radicals : in Ireland, however, ministers could not boast of such decided success; for there agitation was against their cause ; Mr. O'Connell having denounced them, even while the reform bill was in progress, as acting with insult and injustice towards Ireland in the measure of change that was meted out to that country. Before we conclude the annals of this year, it may be ob- served, that Don Pedro, having landed in Portugal, took pos- session of Oporto; in which place, after some slight successes, he was shut up by the Miguelites, who bombarded the town, blockaded the Douro, and placed the invader in a critical situation. In the East, a quarrel took place between the sultan and Mahomet Ali Pasha of Egypt, which threatened serious consequences to the Turkish empire, and occasioned such in- terference on the part of Russia, as awakened the jealousy and vigilance of other European powers: toward the end of June, the British public first learned that it was the intention of ministers to despatch the premier's son-in-law on a special 238 \ HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH, LXVIII. mission to Russia; and much confidence was placed in the integrity and talents of lord Durham, for a mitigation of that cruel lot which hung over the unhappy Poles. The subject was brought under the notice of the house of commons during the session by colonel Evans, member for Rye, who moved, though without success, for a resolution demanding the strict performance of treaties entered into by Russia and other European powers, with regard to Poland. In a long and able speech on this subject, the gallant officer, adverting to the treaty of 1815, of which the treatment of Poland was so stri- king an infraction, noticed the general conduct of the Russian government, “as one series of unjustifiable aggressions on other nations, of territorial aggrandisement, and violations of na- tional law and faith. The war with Persia,” he said, ‘ and the subsequent war with Turkey, were instances of this un- justifiable aggression ; and the result of both was territorial aggrandisement. Russia, as it was well known, was the prin- cipal moving power in preventing the establishment of a constitutional government in Naples, Piedmont, and other states of Italy; and it was equally well known, that chiefly through her influence France sent an unjustifiable expedition to Spain: next came the atrocious case which they were then discussing, on which it was not necessary for him to dwell.’ This part of the subject, however, was taken up by that ready and consistent friend of humanity, Sir Francis Burdett, in a speech worthy of the best days of British eloquence: he con- tended, in opposition to Sir Charles Wetherell, who thought no treaty had been broken by Russia, that the independence of Poland would have been a much worthier object of English interference, than that of Belgium, about which so much had been said and done. On all these questions, it must be confessed, that effectual interference is an object of great delicacy as well as difficulty: still, it is a proud boast for Great Britain, that there is one spot within her limits, where the sentiments of freedom and huma- mity may be spoken loudly enough to reach the ears of a tyrant; where his atrocities may be openly denounced ; and his barbarities recorded for the detestation of mankind, until their continued perpetration be no longer tolerated. Another interesting subject, relating to the Germanic states, was brought before the house of commons by Mr. H. L. Bulwer ; who moved for an address to the king, requesting his majesty to exert his influence with the diet, in opposition to the course which that body was then pursuing : in doing this, the honorable member traced the outlines of the political A.D. 1832. WILLIAM IV. 239 history of the Germanic confederacy, from its free government, suited to the genius of the times, and its termination with the victories of Austerlitz and Jena, when the principle of op- pressing small states to aggrandise the larger was first avowed and practised. The defeat of Napoleon in his Russian cam- paign gave to Germany the opportunity of casting off a yoke which had been reluctantly borne : Russia and Prussia then appealed to her former free constitutions, the restoration of which was distinctly promised, when the Germanic states rose en masse; and the battle of Leipsic, with the downfall of the French power, speedily followed. By the second article of the congress of Vienna, the promises of Russia and Prussia were respected, and the rights of every class in the nation were solemnly guaranteed, with the sole opposition of Wurtemburg. Having then dwelt at some length on the part taken by this country in these affairs, he came to the late protocol of the diet, the chief object of which was to render the representative bodies of the several states useless, by relieving their despotic princes from every embarrassment which an efficient control by such assemblies might create, and to protect Austria and Prussia against the influential example of popular institutions. “The sovereigns of those two states,’ said Mr. Bulwer, ‘ are willing to give to Germany just so much constitutional liberty, as will not allow its writers to write, its professors to teach, its chambers to vote taxes, make speeches, or propose resolu- tions ; while every state shall be so inviolate, so independent, that, with or without the invitation of its sovereign, a deputa- tion of Austrian or Prussian hussars may be sent to keep it in order.” Then came the question for consideration ; –was it po- litic for England, under such circumstances, to interfere? Our situation, as it appeared to the houorable gentleman, rendered it incumbent on us to express an opinion, at least, in favor of the German people; or we must be thought to take the part of their rulers: though he would never recommend a hasty and foolish interference with foreign states; yet he would not con- sent that England should be a cipher in the political combi- mations of Europe, looking with indifference on the continent, and thinking that no changes there can possibly affect her : for if there be any one thing more than another which imme- diately affects British interests, it is the fate of Germany : unite that country under a good government, and it is at once a check on the aggrandisement of France and the ambition of lèussia; leave it as it is, and it becomes a tool in the hands of the one, or a prey to the other. After contrasting the effects of the German armies, acting under Austria and Russia, against 240 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVIII. * France, with those resulting from the real confederation of the people, Mr. Bulwer concluded with his motion for an address; but lord Palmerston, though he complimented the honorable member for his zeal and ability, dissented from his conclusions; and was unwilling to believe, that the governments alluded to would be so impolitic as to put down free constitutions. A remarkable discussion took place in August at Liverpool; which, of all towns in our empire, was intitled to pre-eminent distinction in the encouragement of the slave trade, and in the large profit which it had drawn from so infamous a traffic : yet a public disputation was held this year in the amphitheatre of that town, and in the presence of more than 8000 persons, respecting the justice and expediency of an early and total abolition of colonial slavery. Mr. Thompson, who was agent of the anti-slavery society in London, laid before his audience the prominent evils of this system, in twenty-six heads; and was replied to by the noted Peter Borthwick, the ostensible organ of the West-India planters, who boldly denied that any of the circumstances, enumerated by his antagonist as evils, were really such, with one exception." The disputation is said to have excited an extraordinary degree of interest among all parties, and to have been listened to with a patience and for- bearance highly deserving of commendation : the champion of slavery however was thought to have prejudiced his cause by attempting to defend the most vulnerable points; by which he gave to his opponent an opportunity of exposing in detail all its evils, and creating in the minds of the public a feeling, which it should have been the especial aim of the West Indian party to avoid;—that of an utter abhorrence of slavery, with a consequent indifference to their claims for compensation, in case of its abolition. The advocates of humanity, however, were highly gratified, by finding the intire system generally condemned in a town, where, only a few years before, it had been most strongly patronised; and where the highest mercantile classes were intimately connected with its odious details. A short time before the close of last session, Mr. Manners Sutton had announced his intention of retiring from the ar- duous duties of speaker, which he had executed with great dignity and honor to himself during sixteen years: an act also " This was the tearing asunder of the nearest and dearest ties of nature ; and the rapid decrease of the slave population, which even Mr. Borthwick allowed was going on at the rate of seven and a half per cent. annually. A.D. 1833. WILLIAM IV. 241 had passed, granting him a pension of £4000 per annum, with a reversion of £3000 to his son; but he had not been advanced to the peerage, although such a mark of honor is usually be- Stowed on those who have filled the chair of the house for so long a period, and with such distinguished applause: he had been returned one of the members for the university of Cam- bridge at the general election; and ministers, having obtained his consent to be put in nomination, resolved to support his pretensions to the office of speaker in the new parliament: they thought that the present constitution of the house ren- dered the aid of an experienced guide particularly necessary, and that they could gain for themselves the praise of economy; since the country would only have to pay the salary of a speaker actually filling the chair, instead of being also bur- dened with the pension of a retiring officer : on the other hand, the more violent reformers resolved to oppose the election of Mr. Sutton, on the score of his politics, and to make out that no money would be saved ; as they held that he would be in- titled both to his salary and to his pension. When parliament therefore met, on the twenty-ninth of January, Mr. Hume moved, that Mr. Littleton, one of the members for Staffordshire, should occupy the chair; considering it a matter of the highest importance, that the speaker should concur generally in the political sentiments entertained by a majority of the members : he was seconded in his motion by Mr. O'Connell, who de- nounced the intention of govérnment as ‘another instance of paltry truckling,’ and protested against this relapse into torylsm. - On the other side, lord Morpeth moved, and Sir Francis Burdett seconded the motion, that Mr. Manners Sutton should take the chair; insisting on the admitted fact of his superior qualification, as well as the candid and impartial conduct which he had observed during the late political struggles : it was also shown by the great law officers of the crown, that he would have no claim to his retiring annuity, together with his salary; and a division of the house gave to this eminent person a triumphant majority of 241 votes against 31. On the fifth of February, the first session of the new par- liament was opened by the king in person; who, in his speech, took a comprehensive view of our foreign and domestic rela- tions, in which the affairs of Holland, the approaching ter- mination of the charters of the Bauk and of the East-India company, the temporalities of the church, and the state of Ireland, were prominently introduced. In the house of lords EN G. XXI. Q 242 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVIII. the address was voted unanimously; a slight discussion only being elicited by the sentiments of lord Aberdeen and the duke of Wellington, against the foreign policy of government, especially that regarding Portugal and Holland. In the house of commons the case was different; for a part of the royal speech, which pointed at the adoption of extraordinary measures to repress insubordination prevailing in Ireland, excited violent indignation among a large portion of the Irish members, and produced a furious philippic from Mr. O'Con- nell ; by whom the address was designated as a ‘bloody, brutal, and unconstitutional document.’ It was, he said, nothing more than he expected—a declaration of civil war; such a declaration as this country once put forth against America, though she had reaped from it nothing but discom- fiture and disgrace: after seven centuries of oppression, there was still to be a call for blood in Ireland. Having gone through a long statement of grievances, Mr. O'Connell declared, ‘that all the outrages, which were at the present time perpetrated in Ireland, must be laid at the door of the whigs; whom he accused of having violated the treaty of Limerick, and of being at all times the bitterest enemies of his country: finally, he called on them to put down the cry already raised for repealing the union, by doing justice to Ireland, and thus showing that a repeal was unnecessary.’ This speech was answered by Mr. Stanley, in a strain of caustic severity, which has never been forgiven by the agitators; and lord Althorp, admitting that it was the duty of parliament to remove from the Irish people every just grievance, and declaring that it was the intention of the present government to do so, as far as lay in their power, justly asked, if it was not a grievance, that neither property nor life was secure in that country 7 and, whether this ought not first to be removed 7 Many radical members, however, spoke very strongly against all coercion; declaring, that they would not join ministers in measures that would create a civil war in Ireland : Mr. Bulwer also told them, that the independent representatives of the people in that house, 300 new members, allied to no old party, and attached to no superstitious observance of whig names, could not, night after night, hear grievances stated by the Irish members, which received no other answers except demands for soldiery, without dropping off, in serious defection, from the ministerial majority. The debate was carried on by adjourn- ments four days, to the eighth of February ; when Mr. O'Con- nell's amendment, for a committee of the whole house on the A.D. 1833. WILLIAM IV. 243 address, was supported by only 40 votes against 428: from this period, however, the time of the house became more and more occupied by the complaints of Irish agitators, and the enthusiastic struggles of Mr. O'Connell for justice to his Country, until the regular business of parliament became seriously interrupted: besides all this, the overwhelming quantity of attempted legislation, in consequence of the new Constitution of the house of commons, rendered an alteration in the times of sitting absolutely necessary ; so that, on the motion of lord Althorp, it was carried, that the house should meet on three days of the week, from twelve to three o'clock, for the transaction of private business; and on two days, for the re- ception of petitions. A coercion bill, for the suppression of disturbances in Ire- land, was introduced into the house of lords by earl Grey, and carried without opposition; the conservative, or anti-minis- terial peers, thinking that the only fault of government lay, in not having proposed such a measure sooner: but it had to Struggle through a much more stormy course in the lower house, where Mr. O'Connell immediately gave notice, that he would move a call of the house for the twenty-seventh of February, and repeat it, whenever he perceived any relaxation of its effects, so long as the bill was before them : he taunted ministers, likewise, with the delay which, as he insinuated, was interposed to their remedial measures; reminding them, that there was another house, through which they might be un- able to carry a redress of grievances, whatever might be the unanimity with which it enacted measures of coercion;–a house, where “any proposal, springing from malignant hatred of Ireland, was sure to pass.’ Mr. Stanley justly denied the necessity of remedial and repressive measures going on to- gether ; but declared, that if ministers found themselves unable to carry both, they would resign office. On the twenty-seventh, the house having been called over, lord Althorp moved the first reading of the bill; ministers having waited to the last moment, to ascertain the possibility of restoring order by the ordinary administration of the laws. After expounding at length the evils which afflicted Ireland, and explaining the provisions of the bill as calculated to repress them, his lordship declared, that it had no reference to the collection of tithes, or any other individual purpose, except the main- tenance of social order: it was, however, met by an amend- ment from Mr. Tennyson, for a fortnight's delay, in which ministers might, by a select committee, or otherwise, satisfy 244 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ch. xviii. the house, that dangers really existed, and could by no other means be effectually warded off. A vehement debate ensued, which was carried on for six days, and closed by a speech of remarkable energy from Mr. O'Connell; but, on a division, the first reading of the bill was carried by a majority of 466 to 89; a preponderance, which seemed to promise an easy passage through its other stages; especially as the discussion, which generally accompanies the second reading, had been elicited by the first : when, however, the order of the day for the second reading was moved on the eighth of March, Mr. Hume opposed it in a violent speech, denouncing the apostasy of ministers: on some matter of form, the second reading was then put off to the eleventh, and carried, after a warm debate, by 363 to 84. Notwithstanding this overwhelming majority, swelled by the conservative party lending their support to ministers, the progress of the bill through committee, up to the twenty-second of March, was a series of conflicts ; and so many members, in voting for the principle of the bill, declared that they did not mean to support all its provisions, that ministers found it prudent to alter some of its enactments, especially those relating to courts-martial. After several more divisions, the bill was read a third time, and passed, on the twenty-ninth of March ; when it was sent back to the upper house, for their concurrence in the alterations made by the commons : though much dissatisfaction was expressed by several of the conservative peers, especially with the proviso, that no district should be proclaimed because tithes were not paid in it, as likely to operate in preventing the payment of tithes altogether, the bill was finally passed : on the tenth of April, the lord lieutenant issued a proclamation, suppressing the association of Irish volunteers; after which, he applied the provisions of the act to the county and city of Kilkenny, with the best effect; and it soon appeared, that the list of outrageous offenders against the laws was diminished through- out the country. The late discussions had produced many personal conflicts in debate between the Irish secretary and Mr. O’Connell, as well as the more devoted of his adherents; by whom Mr. Stanley was regarded with sentiments of the most bitter hostility ; this arose, not more from the energy and effect with which that gentleman repelled the attacks of the repealers, than from a supposition, that he was more deter- mined, than some of his colleagues were suspected to be, not to surrender any portion of the revenues of the Irish protestant church : Mr. Stanley therefore consulted his own tranquillity, A.D. 1833. - WILLIAM IV. 245 by accepting, at this time, the office of secretary for the colonies, vacated by viscount Goderich, who was made lord privy Seal, and advanced a step in the peerage by the title of earl of Ripon. Sir John Cam Hobhouse now became Irish secretary. While carrying through their measures for tranquillising Ireland, ministers had uniformly admitted, that grievances existed which ought to be removed; and had declared a readi- mess to propose expedients for their redress: at the head of these had always been placed the Irish established church, standing in the unpopular predicament of possessing large revenues, whilst a majority of its people belonged to a hostile faith, the clergy of which had once been possessors of that opulence : the object of the repealers was to pare down these revenues, while they disclaimed any wish of seeing them bestowed on their own clergy ; but others, and those not Irishmen, regarding every religious establishment as an evil, considered the property of the church as a fund which might be seized for what they called the purposes of the state. Ministers resolved to take a middle course between such ex- tremes, conceding much, while they retained what might be considered equal to the wants of the establishment: ac- cordingly, on the twelfth of February, lord Althorp opened in the lower house the measures which government proposed with regard to the Irish church, the total revenues of which, after investigation, were found not to exceed £800,000 per annum. On these funds, it was the intention of ministers, after abolish- ing first fruits, to impose a tax, varying according to the value of livings and bishoprics, from five to fifteen per cent. ; from the operation of which, however, livings under £200 per annum were to be exempted ; while the larger revenues of the primate, and the bishop of Derry, were to be reduced respect- ively to the amount of £10,000 and £8,000 a year. The sum thus collected would be applied, under commissioners, to the abolition of church cess; the augmentation of poor livings, and building of glebe houses; the division of unions; and the erection of churches: with respect to the offices of deans and chapters, it was proposed, wherever they were unconnected with the cure of souls, to abolish them altogether, or attach them to such cure ; with regard to livings, where no duty had been done for the last three years, to suspend the appointment of ministers at the discretion of the commissioners: also, to abolish ten bishoprics, and annex the vacated sees to certain of those that were preserved : lastly, came the lands attached to bishoprics; and the chancellor of the exchequer laid down this principle;— 246 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVIII • that if, by the act of parliament to be introduced, any new value was given to benefices, that new value, not belonging properly to the church, might be immediately appropriated to the exigences of the state : he believed that £500,000 a year was the value of all Irish episcopal lands to the lessees or tenants, though the bishops did not receive much more than £100,000 : by a different mode of granting leases, his lordship showed that a sum of near £3,000,000 might be acquired for the state, without any diminution of income to the bishops; and be concluded with moving for leave to bring in a bill, to alter and amend the laws relating to the established church in Ireland. The plan thus opened by lord Althorp was calculated to produce hostility from two opposite quarters;–from the con- servative members of opposition, who detested its principle, which they thought destructive to the interests of the church; and from the economists, radicals, and repealers, according to whose opinion it left too much to the church untouched : it was clear, however, that these different kinds of opposition could not endanger the success of the bill in the house of commons ; for ministers were sure to be joined by one of the parties in resisting any amendment proposed by the other. While Sir R. Inglis and Mr. Goulburn stigmatised the measure as tending to destroy the protestant religion in Ireland, most of the Irish members approved the plan, as far as it went : Mr. O'Connell, however, characterised the estimate of the Irish church revenues as “a base delusion,' and the plan of government as one which went to “relieve no grievance, except church cess; not even suspending the war against the poor man's pigs and tenth potato, Why then,' he added, “ did I, the other evening, so warmly approve the moble lord's measure ? Because it recognises an admirable principle, which he cannot now retract; that where there are no spiritual wants, there is to be no receiver of tithes and church rentals.’ A month elapsed before the bill was brought in, and read, for the first time, on the eleventh of March : in its passage through the house, it occasioned much discussion ; and, on the motion of Mr. Stanley, that clause was altered which appro- priated the sum of £3,000,000 to the exigences of the state. * He was aware,’ he said, ‘ that a strong feeling existed, both within and out of the house, against the alienation of church property; and therefore he proposed, that the sum alluded to should be paid into the hands of the ecclesiastical commis- sioners, to be applied to the same purposes as the other funds A.D. 1833. WILLIAM IV. 247 with which they were entrusted.’ This alteration, though stig- matised by Mr. O'Connell as the basest act which a national assembly could perpetrate, was carried by 280 votes against 148: beneficed clergymen also, in present possession of their livings, were to be exempted from the graduated tax, which was only to affect their successors: the provision, which empowered the commissioners to suspend appointments to benefices, where divine worship had been intermitted three years, was strongly but unsuccessfully resisted by the opponents of the bill, as bad in principle, and counteracting the expansive power and future progress of protestantism in Ireland. On the eighth of July, the bill was read a third time, and passed, by a majority of 274 to 94. It was in the upper house, however, that the most serious opposition was expected; since there was among the peers a majority capable of defeating ministers on any occasion which they might consider expedient; yet this majority, like the minority in the lower house, contained many individuals willing that large concessions should be made to the spirit of the times; and impressed with an opinion, that the more popular form which the constitution had lately assumed, rendered re- sistance unwise, where it did not appear to be demanded by the very principles of that constitution. The bill having been read a first time pro forma, the second reading was fixed for the seventeenth of July ; and on the fifteenth, Sir J. Wrottesley proposed a call of the house of commons, to promote the success of this measure, as that of the reform bill had been ensured ; by putting the commons under arms, as it were, at the critical point of its progress : the motion, however, was strongly deprecated by ministers, as tending to embarrass administration, and defeat the very end for which it was proposed : at the same time, they declared, that their official existence would depend on the success which the bill obtained. To the astonishment of the house, Mr. O'Connell, who had voted against its third reading, insisted vehemently that Sir J. Wrottesley should persist in his motion ; declaring, that, although no man could approve less of the bill than he did, yet the dignity of the house required it to resist any attempt of the lords to refuse even that little pittance of church reform which it contained: the motion was thus pressed to a division, but lost by a majority of 160 to 125. The debate on the second reading of the bill in the lords was continued by adjournment on the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth of July ; and it was carried, after an animated discus- 248 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ch. Lxviii. * Sion, by 157 votes against 98. In the committee, several amend- ments, were carried, and others successfully resisted; but an amendment having been agreed to on the clause respecting the suspension of appointments to benefices,—that in all such cases, the bishop of the diocese should be intitled to act as member 9f the board, if not a member already, the archbishop of Canterbury farther moved, that the revenues of the suspended benefice should be applied to the building or repairing of the church or glebe-house belonging to such benefice; or, if they should not require it, that it should then be paid into the general ecclesiastical fund. This proposition, though opposed by ministers, was carried by a majority of two votes; when earl Grey adjourned the committee, for the purpose of con- sidering what was expedient to be done;—a sort of intimation, that it would be a question for ministers, whether they ought not to throw up the bill, and resign office: on due reflection, however, his lordship did not think the alteration affected the general efficacy of the bill so strongly, as to justify him in abandoning a measure, which he considered essential to the connexion of two kingdoms, to the safety of the people and church of Ireland, and to the general interests of the community at large. On the bringing up of the report, a few more slight alterations were admitted; the bill was passed on the thirtieth of July, by a majority of 135 to 81 ; and on the second of August the commons agreed to the amendments of the lords; Mr. O’Connell observing, that they had not made the bill much worse than they found it; and protesting against its being considered in any other light, than as the first instalment of the debt due to Ireland. Another measure, connected with Ireland, arose from the difficulty of collecting tithes; and a resolution was passed, for exchequer bills, not exceeding £1,000,000, to be issued for advancing, under certain conditions, arrears of tithes due for 1831 and 1832, subject to a deduction of twenty-five per cent, and the value of tithes for 1833, subject to a deduction of fifteen per cent, to any persons intitled to such arrears or tithes, and desirous of receiving such advances: the amount advanced was to be included in the tithe composition, so as to be repaid in the course of five years by half-yearly instalments. This plan was strongly opposed, principally on the ground that the money would never be repaid; since repayment was still to depend on a collection of tithe, which never would succeed : the pretended loan, it was said, would be converted into a gift; and England, beside paying its own tithe, would be like- A.D. 1833. WILLIAM IV. 249 wise paying that of Ireland. The grand jury and the jury bills also were subjects of great importance in the affairs of this dis- tracted country; for none but those acquainted with the jobbing and malversation of an Irish grand jury, could have conceived the abuses attending, and incidental to, their presentments; nor could the partiality displayed in the selection of a petty jury, and the intimidation of witnesses, easily have been sur- passed. Two commissions also were issued; one for inquiring into the corporations of Ireland, and the other for investigating the state of its laboring classes. On the subject of West India slavery, at the commencement of this session, the minds of reflecting persons were fixed with intense anxiety; nor could any one doubt that it would be brought under the consideration of a reformed parliament, when he observed the zeal of its opponents, and the hold which it had taken on the public : the excited hopes and growing intelligence of the slave population rendered its final settlement, at no distant period, inevitable: while every day of its postponement was fraught with augmented danger; yet the extent of the subject, and the interests which it involved, as well as the conflicting principles and prejudices to be encountered, were sufficient to have appalled any set of men, engaged with so many other important subjects : ministers, however, did not shrink from this arduous task, but boldly and wisely determined to grapple with the question; and the result was an act pro- viding for the extinction of slavery in the British colonies on the first of August, 1834. While humanity was thus con- sulted, justice was not neglected; and the same act provided that a sum of £20,000,000 should be advanced to govern- ment by way of loan, to be distributed among the proprietors of slaves as a compensation for the loss of service. But had this act merely granted emancipation to the slave and compen- sation to the proprietor, it might have been satisfactory to those whose personal and pecuniary interests were directly con- cerned ; yet it would not have been safe : it was absolutely necessary that some plan should be devised, for preventing the emancipated slave from relapsing into the condition of a savage ; and for obviating the great injury which would accrue to the West India planter, as well as to the trade and revenue of this country, by the immediate and total cessation of slave labor: for these purposes, it was provided, that every negro should, immediately on his emancipation, become an appren- tice to his late master for a period not exceeding six years, under an obligation of working forty-five hours in the week; 250 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVIII, by which arrangement, a moderate supply of labor was ensured to the proprietor; while time was given for the enactment of such laws and regulations as different communities might re- quire, as well as for training up the emancipated slave to the duties of a free citizen. The details of this plan were properly left to the local experience of colonial legislatures; an oppor- tunity also being afforded to them of anticipating, by laws of their own, the enactment of the British parliament, and of acquiring the gratitude and confidence of the slave population, by spontaneously conferring on them the blessings of freedom. On one subject alone ministers felt it necessary to legislate im- mediately and decisively ; removing all restrictions on the teachers of christianity in the colonies, except such as exist in the mother country. It only remains to add, that, in order to superintend the due execution of the proposed plan, and en- sure both to masters and apprentices an impartial administration of the laws which were to regulate their mutual relations, it was resolved to send out from this country gentlemen to act as special magistrates, unconnected with local prejudices, and independent of colonial influence. Thus was commenced, in a truly christian spirit, one of the grandest experiments ever yet attempted; and which, if it succeeds, will stand among the noblest monuments of British legislation. During no session of any preceding parliament, did the in- terests of trade and commerce receive greater attention ; nor was it without extreme pleasure that practical men saw a re- formed house of commons adopting, and even extending, those enlightened principles of policy, which, for some years, had prevailed in our legislature: that period of commercial distress, which lasted during the agitation of the reform bill, was gra- dually wearing away; and with the prospect of a permanent liberal government, trade appeared steadily increasing: the industry of the country was in full activity; and though the profits of capital were much less than during the feverish ex- citement of war, yet their general amount was larger, and their advantages were spread over a more extended surface. Two le- gislative enactments were at this time adopted, which must be considered as bearing on our commercial prosperity in a greater degree, than any which, during a long series of years, have engaged the attention of parliament;-the renewal of the Bank charter, and that of the East India company. With re- gard to the first of these measures, which involved many intri- cate details, and was the subject of long and repeated discus- sions, its chief provisions were;—a monthly publication of the A. D. 1833. WILLIAM IV. 251 Bank accounts; the repayment of a portion of its capital; a partial repeal of the usury laws which impeded its action ; an annual payment of £120,000 in return for privileges con- ceded; its notes made a legal tender, except at the Bank itself, or its branches; a quarterly return of the amount of cir- culation of all other banks; and certain regulations for the im- provement of joint-stock banks, among which the power of obtaining a charter from the crown was not the least. The settlement of the East India question, and of the China trade, was surrounded with peculiar difficulties: but these, by diligence and attention, were all obviated ; and the measure introduced for their solution, was, with some slight modifica- tions, adopted by parliament. One of the greatest advantages gained by the public was that which opened a rich field for the enterprise and industry of our merchants, by destroying the monopoly of the trade in tea; while facilities for conducting this branch of commerce, together with a considerable relief from taxation on what has become one of the necessaries of life, was given by a subsequent bill for regulating the importation of that article. The long and complicated account between com- merce and territory is now settled by a compromise approved by moderate men on all sides: the proprietors of India stock, having become creditors of the country placed under their care, will henceforth have a strong interest in improving its revenues by the maintenance of good order, and the encouragement of industry : the pernicious union of imperial and economi- cal functions in one body is at an end : in the constitution of the board of control changes have been made, which, while they increase its efficiency, diminish the parliamentary influence of ministers: every office under the company has been thrown open to British subjects without distinction ; and the whole of India now invites European enterprise and European capital. Nor must we omit to mention, that the whole commercial laws of the empire were at this time consolidated and brought into one volume; while no efforts were wanting on the part of government to promote in other states the adoption of the same liberal policy which has been found so advantageous to our- selves. A commercial commission was sent to France ; and prohibitions on the export of taw silk from that country, an object declared last year, before a committee of the house of commons, to be of vital importance to our manufactures,—were at length removed : nor was parliament less active and zealous in its endeavors to ascertain the actual condition of the labor- 252 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVIII. ing classes, than in its efforts to improve them : a committee was appointed for this purpose, at the suggestion of the de - claimers about distress; and a laborious inquiry into all the principal branches of national industry was carried on : in par- ticular, the factory bill was elaborately discussed ; and a com- mission of inquiry was appointed, which collected a vast body of valuable information on that subject; so that an act was passed, which not only reduced the daily labor of children, but made provision for their education in a form which invites and admits the co-operation of benevolent persons of all religious sects: inspectors also have since been appointed, for the pur- pose of giving effect to this measure, and securing to the next generation the advantages of a manufacturing community of increased intelligence and morality. Our limits oblige us to pass by the various reforms begun or perfected in the law, as well as the financial measures of the present session : it must, however, be observed, that great relief was given to the coun- try at large, by a reduction of taxation to the amount of £1,545,000; while a rigid system of economy was observable in the army and navy estimates of the year; besides, the whole subject of appointments connected with these depart- ments was referred to a committee; and the names of its mem- bers gave full warrant for belief that the inquiry would be searching, and the reduction as unsparing as was consistent with the efficiency of the services. Among the most import- ant of the commissions appointed by government, was that for inquiring into the state of corporations, those last holds of tory 99Trºption and abused patronage: no evil, in fact, called more loudly for reform than this: no abuses weighed more heavily On the general mass of the population in municipal towns, than the administration of corporate property, and the undue ex- *cise of powers given for the benefit of the people, but in most instances utterly perverted from their original design. If the re- E. of the country required alteration; if thathad become used . #. ºmisuse, and change of times; every argument, fold justice º. of parliamentary reform , applied with ten- of municipal *: to a complete revision and reconstruction the change now º Connected with this subject, was system of jº. II] the Scotch burghs, where the whole abuse, which was i º, was intirely abolished; this flagrant 3. **, ºntroduced nearly four centuries ago, under a i. of avoiding tumults incidental to popular elections, º . º its natural fruits, in the utter dilapidation orre * * * *gular series of corruption and embezzlement, A.D. 1833. WILLIAM IV. 253 and, at length, in the general discontent and indignation of all classes exposed to its influence: in vain, however, the attention of parliament had been frequently called to a system, which was but too agreeable to its own leaders under the old régime: the power of corruption was too great to admit of its de- struction, till the voice of the people prevailed in a reformed house of commons. The transactions of our government in its foreign policy this year were too important to be passed over in silence. With re- gard to the Greek question, the grand object remaining to be accomplished, was to place the nation in a well-defined ter- ritory, under an independent government, calculated to secure the respect of foreign powers. When the present administra- tion succeeded to office, they found an agreement entered into by their predecessors with the sultan, by which limits were to be imposed on Greece, which would have given its inhabitants no defensible frontier, but would rather have exposed them to a constant collision with their former oppressors: Sir Stratford Canning therefore was despatched to Constantinople to make a more rational arrangement; and that able negociator was. completely successful in obtaining the consent of the Porte to an amended boundary. Prince Otho of Bavaria, selected as king of Greece by the three mediating powers, in virtue of an authority from the Greeks themselves, arrived this year in his dominions; and Greece, awakening from the torpor of ages, has taken her place among the civilised nations of Europe. The Belgian question, like the Greek, had its origin in events antecedent to the formation of the present government; so that ministers found a course chalked out, which they might modify as they advanced, though they could not retrace steps already taken. When the revolution in Belgium first broke forth, the king of the Netherlands called on his allies for troops : these were refused ; but his next request for the assembling of a conference was granted; and by subsequent acts of that as- sembly, the principle of separation between the two countries was established : the task then of the present government was to settle the terms on which separation should take place, so as to provide for the interests and security of all parties: the diffi- culties encountered arose from the obstinacy of the Dutch king, which has burdened his subjects with expenses, that will pro- bably counterbalance the relief afforded by a division of the public debt between them and the Belgians. The citadel of Antwerp was to be evacuated in fifteen days, by the armis- tice which his majesty had invoked in November, 1830; but 254 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVIII. the possession of that fortress enabled him to harass the Bel- gians, and intercept their trade on the Scheldt ; he therefore refused to give it up ; so that England and France, failing to obtain the co-operation of the other three powers, were obliged to have recourse to force: hence the siege of Antwerp by the French troops, and the embargo laid on Dutch vessels by Great Britain. These vigorous measures disconcerted all the calcula- tions of the Dutch monarch, and of his partisans, whether English tories or continental absolutists; who vented their anger in predictions which utterly failed : the impregnable citadel of Antwerp, which was to have collected the tide of war around its bastions, surrendered in the beginning of this year to marshal Gerard; while our embargo, that was confidently de- clared to be harmless to the Dutch and ruinous to ourselves, produced the convention of the twenty-first of May, by which the Belgian question was totally changed. The king having agreed to accept an unlimited armistice, the only question re- maining was one of compensations; and Europe was secured against the danger of a general war, resulting from the differ- ences between Holland and Belgium. This present year also saw the closing prospect of those dreadful calamities which had so long weighed down the wretched people of Portugal: the tyrant Miguel's fleet was captured by the gallant Napier, and the siege of Oporto was raised ; a liberating army marched in triumph from the Gua- diana to the Tagus; Donna Maria was proclaimed in Lisbon ; and a British minister again presented himself at the court of the rightful sovereign of the country. The English govern- ment, though it strictly adhered to that neutrality which it had imposed on itself, contributed mainly to these successes, by re- quiring other powers to observe the same line of conduct: taught, however, by experience, it did not trust solely to as- surances from the cabinet of Madrid; but prepared itself for all events, by sending a powerful squadron under admiral Parker to the Tagus, with orders to take an active part for Don Pedro, the moment a Spanish force should appear in Portugal to assist the usurper. There can be but little doubt, if a tory govern- ment had been established in England,—especially when the motion made in favor of Don Miguel by the duke of Welling- ton, and the correspondence of his grace, which was published in the journals of the day, are taken into consideration,--that some pretence or other would have been found to let the Spanish army loose, for the purpose of keeping Portugal under subjection to the basest tyrant of modern times ; the cause of A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 255 right, however, has triumphed ; and the moral effect of this will be felt throughout the whole continent. While the atten- tion of Europe was absorbed by events in the west, a sudden storm arose in the east, which threatened destruction to the Ottoman empire: the throne of the Sultan was first menaced by a rebellious satrap, and next endangered by a protecting ally : the indefatigable exertions of the British government, assisted by that of France, enabled the Porte to escape for the present from both those perils; for the Egyptian army retired from Asia Minor, and the Russians left Constantinople. With France, indeed, our relations afforded, and have continued to afford, a striking contrast to those exhibited in all former periods of history : time was, when the countries imagined them- selves natural enemies, and the foes of one became friends of the other: but those days are happily passed away; and two great intelligent nations reap from the friendly inter- course of peace advantages far beyond any which the most successful war could procure for either. The foregoing brief and imperfect outline of the transactions of this session, are sufficient to show, that in no preceding period of equal length was so much undertaken, or so much accomplished: the spirit of the reform bill was honestly al- lowed to act in correcting abuses which affected our institutions; while the utmost care was taken, lest the spirit of liberty should be extinguished in the rest of Europe: the great majority in the commons were found to be partisans, neither of ministers nor of opposition, but of good government; and when the session closed, on the twenty-ninth of August, the king justly observed, in his speech, that ‘it was not more remarkable for extended duration, than for the patient and persevering industry, which parliament had displayed in many laborious /inquiries, and in perfecting the various legislative measures brought under its consideration.’ On the fourth of February, his majesty opened the session with a speech, in which, among other matters, he alluded to the slavery abolition bill, introduced last year; stating, that the manner in which that beneficent measure had been received throughout the colonies, and the progress made in carrying it into effect by the legislature of Jamaica, afforded just grounds for anticipating the happiest results. Among other important subjects still calling for consideration, he enumerated reports from the commissioners appointed to inquire into the state of municipal corporations, into the administration of the poor- laws, and into the ecclesiastical revenues of England and 256 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVIII. Wales; by which parliament might be enabled to judge of the nature and extent of any existing defects or abuses, and in what manner any necessary corrections might, in due season, be safely and beneficially applied. The chief point in our foreign policy related to the government of Spain : * on the death of the late king,' said his majesty, ‘ I did not hesitate to recognise the succession of his infant daughter; and I shall watch with great solicitude the progress of events, which may affect a government, the peace of which is of the first importance to this country, and to the general tranquillity of Europe,’ On the motion for an address in the house of lords, the whole policy of government, domestic and foreign, was vehemently attacked by the duke of Wellington ; who was ably answered by earl Grey: in the commons, amendments were moved by Mr. Hume and Mr. O'Connell; and colorel Evans, while he applauded the system of our neutrality regarding Portugal, expressed his hopes. that the commercial relations, which Prussia was establishing with many German states for the exclusion of British manufactures, would attract the attention of government. After Mr. O'Connell had prepared the way during the pre- vious part of the session, he made his motion to repeal the union between Great Britain and Ireland on the twenty- second of April ; declaring, that there never existed a greater mistake, than to suppose that England possessed any right of dominion over the latter country. Having maintained, at great length, the incompetency of parliament to pass the act of union, and having detailed the dishonorable means by which it was accomplished, he proceeded to prove, that the financial and legislative terms on which the great question had been settled. were in their very nature fraudulent and unjust : looking at these circumstances, he dreaded the probable con- sequences of a continuance of the union ; though he thought the connexion between the two countries might still be kept up on principles of international right and justice: Ireland, he Said, had been hitherto governed, not by constitutional law, but in a spirit of despotism ; therefore he demanded a restora- tion of her national legislature. He was answered at great length, and with equal ability, by Mr. Spring Rice; who, having enumerated the manifold advantages gained by Ireland from the union, declared, that he did not consider this a con- test for victory : a far more valuable stake was at issue. To repeal the union, and at the same time expect to maintain a profitable connexion between the two countries, was con- A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. ** 25 * * trary to all experience and principles of government: in such a case, constitutional monarchy would be overthrown, and suc- ceeded by a fierce democracy: the people of Ireland were not prepared for a domestic legislature; power would be abused, party spirit would increase in rancor, and the rash measure would be followed by a total subversion of the empire: he moved therefore an address to his majesty, expressing the fixed determination of the commons to maintain inviolate the legis- lative union between Great Britain and Ireland; a determina- tion, justified, not only on general grounds, but by reasons of special application to Ireland itself; declaring also, that while the house endeavored to remove all just causes of corn- plaint alleged by the Irish people, it would promote every well-considered measure of rational liberty. A similar view of the subject was taken by Sir Robert Peel, who declared, that there were convictions to which the feelings of the heart applied as strongly as the faculties of the mind; and on this point he repeated the exclamation of Mr. Canning:—‘Repeal the union re-enact the heptarchy ' ' The security of the empire depended on the maintenance of that union, without which England would be reduced to the condition of a fourth-rate wer, and Ireland to the desolation of a wilderness. Nature erself proclaimed the folly of such a scheme: to preserve the existence of these islands as a leading state in Europe, it was absolutely necessary that they should be governed by one supreme head, and one supreme legislature. The union had now endured thirty-three years; within which period the events of centuries had been crowded, and Great Britain alone, of all European states, remained safe from foreign aggression ; her armies joining in one common exertion, and glorying in one common victory: during that period, the legislature had been guided by the wisdom of Pitt and Castlereagh, of Fox and Grattan ; while the British army was under the command of Wellington, who, with his back to the sea, on the rock of Lisbon, saw Europe in dismay ; but never ceased from his glorious labors till the whole continent was emancipated. The amendment for the address was carried by 523 votes against 38 for the original motion ; the minority, with a single ex- ception, consisting of Irish members. On the thirtieth of April, the commons, in a conference, communicated their address to the lords, who, in one spirit, unanimously concurred in its sentiments, and ordered the blank which was purposely left, to be filled up with the words ‘lords spiritual and tem- poral : " it was then presented, as a joint address to the king, ENG. XXI. R 258 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH, LXV’I . who expressed, in his answer, the great satisfaction with which he had received the solemn and united declaration of both houses, to maintain the union inviolate; his determination to exercise fearlessly and faithfully the powers vested in him, for the protection of his subjects against all attempts to produce a division of the realm ; and his anxiety to remove all just causes of complaint, as well as to sanction every well-considered measure of improvement. A most unreasonable share of the time of parliament con- tinued to be taken up with the discussion of Irish affairs, and the disputes of Irish members. In offering an open and de- termined resistance to the demand of the agitators for a repeal of the union, ministers carried along with them the sense and feeling of the people : that was a question on which scarcely any man differed from the government, except Mr. O'Connell and his adherents; but questions connected with the Irish church stood in a different light. The agitators supported the repeal, as a measure tending, not more to perpetuate their own domination, than to secure the downfall of the protestant esta- blishment: many, likewise, who resisted repeal, still de- manded changes and curtailments in that establishment, which they considered the principal cause of all the turbulence and misery afflicting Ireland : others, again, who disliked it, not because it was a protestant, but because it was a religious establishment, inveighed against what they termed an unhal- lowed connexion between church and state, and the practical injustice of compelling persons of one belief to support the institutions of a different creed ; and these were ready to attack, not only the revenues, but the very existence of the Irish church, as the first step toward the destruction of that of England. Union in the cabinet, with a firm determination not to be driven farther than they themselves were inclined to go, might have rendered ministers sufficiently strong to defy such destructive reformers ; but on this question the cabinet itself was unfortunately divided : one portion of the ministry, nu- merically the strongest, seemed inclined to admit the principle of appropriation, which they had repudiated in the bill of last session, by withdrawing the clause in which it was con- tained ; but the minority, however willing to remove striking and useless inequalities in the distribution of the ecclesiastical revenue, and to adopt measures which would prevent irritating collisions in its collection, resisted, on principle, any transfer of it to other purposes; and especially refused to acquiesce in proposals for making the protestant establishment depend A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 259 on the comparative strength or weakness of the Romish church. - This discordance of opinion, and the impropriety of so soon impugning the settlement of last session, would have prevented ministers from voluntarily starting the subject; but it was forced on them by a numerous and clamorous party, who made up in fury and zeal for deficiency in knowlege and discre- tion ; and who declared, that in attempting to shield the Irish church, they were apostatising from the great principles of reform : when, therefore, Mr. Ward's motion came on, for reducing the temporalities of that church, as exceeding the spiritual wants of the protestant population, a schism took place in the cabinet : ministers, pressed by difficulties on all sides, were anxious to get rid of the proposal by appointing a commission, to inquire into the state of the Irish church: such an expedient, however, necessarily implied, that if facts turned out in a particular way, there would be no longer any oppo- sition to Mr. Ward's principles; and the consequence was, that Mr. Stanley, the colonial secretary, and Sir James Gra- ham, first lord of the admiralty, resigned office; their example being soon followed by the duke of Richmond and the earl of Ripon. On this occasion, that firm friend of a reforming ministry, lord Ebrington, got up an address to earl Grey, signed by . many members of the house of commons, entreating him to retain his place, and expressing their unabated confidence in him, as the only minister on whom the country could safely rely. His lordship, in reply, announced his intention of making any personal sacrifice, in support of those principles on which his administration was founded ; but was qbliged to admit the embarrassment and mischief produced by a reckless desire shown for innovation; while he deprecated that “constant and active pressure from without,' to the adoption of measures, the necessity of which had not been fully proved, and which were not strictly regulated by attention to the settled institutions of the country in church and state. ‘ On no other principles,' he justiy observed, “could this or any other administration be conducted with advantage or safety.’ The vacant offices were soon filled up : the marquis of Conyngham became post- master general, and the earl of Carlisle privy seal; lord Auckland succeeded Sir James Graham at the admiralty; and Mr. Spring Rice, whose talents, buoyancy, and aptitude for business had long marked him as a man destined to rise in the state, was made colonial secretary in place of Mr. Stanley : 260 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVIII. Mr. Abercromby and Mr. Cutlar Fergusson, who had not previously held office, were appointed respectively master of the mint and judge advocate; Mr. Robert Grant being sent to India as governor of Bombay; and Mr. Poulett Thompson being made president, instead of vice-president, of the board of trade. While the cabinet was thus shaken by internal dissensions, publicity was given to a declaration made by the king to the Irish prelates, which seemed to announce, that his majesty would regard any designs against the church with no more favorable eye than the retired ministers. When the house met again on the second of June, lord Althorp informed them that a lay commission had been appointed to inquire into the whole state of church property and church affairs throughout Ireland ; also into those of Roman catholics and dissenters; into the number of Schools in each parish, and the different religious persuasions of those that attended them : the minutest inves- tigation of church property was to be made; and the propor- tion of protestants, catholics, and dissenters of all denomina- tions set down. No ministers would have advised the crown to adopt such a measure as this, without being prepared to act on that report, as occasion and circumstances should point out, and as the information procured should warrant: accordingly, his lordship trusted, that Mr. Ward, satisfied with what govern- ment had done, would withdraw his motion : the honorable member, however, refused this request, because he must press for a recognition of the principle; especially, as from what he saw passing around him, he was afraid the present ministers would not continue long in office; and if they were removed, the commission would be inoperative. Lord Althorp then moved, as an amendment, the previous question ; principally on the ground, that of all propositions, this was one which re- quired much previous inquiry and detailed information : he had never swerved from the principle, that the established church ought to be maintained ; and it was because he thought the result of the inquiry would be favorable to its maintenance, that he had joined in recommending the commission : he was convinced, that to apply its surplus revenues to moral and religious education, would tend to advance the interests, both of the establishment and of protestantism generally; but he did not see the propriety or utility, before members were in possession of the requisite information, of asserting a right, which he was confident the house would exercise whenever a case for its interference was made out. After a long debate, A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 26% the amendment was carried by 396 votes against 120 ; and the majority would have been still larger, had not a considerable number of conservative members, unwilling to put on even an appearance of tampering with the question, left the house before the division. Ministers, in the mean time, had been proceeding with a bill to amend the tithe system in Ireland, founded on principles, which should extinguish tithe altogether as a payment to be demanded in kind, and should lay the burden, directly at least, on a different class of payers, in the shape of a land tax. The moderate members reserved their opinions until the details of this measure should come more fully before the house; but Mr. O'Connell, followed by Messrs. O'Connor, Shiel, Grattan, and other declared enemies of a protestant establishment, immediately attacked it with un- measured violence : their motive was obvious ; for the minis- terial plan did not abolish tithe, which was the object now aimed at by the agitators: the landlords of Ireland, it was said, must now look to themselves; for the principle, on which opposition to tithes had hitherto been conducted, would soon be applied to rents; since the people would not regard the present measure as the slightest alieviation of their misery. Mr. O'Connell proposed, that two-thirds of the existing tithe should be abolished, the remaining third being left as a quit- rent on the land: after providing for the life interest of present incumbents, he would apply the produce to relieving the land- iord from grand-jury assessments, to the support of charities. and to other public purposes. This plan was characterised by łord John Russell as one of direct robbery and spoliation, which would be advantageous to none but the landowners: on a division, the original resolution was carried by 219 against 42 ; and a bill, founded on it, was brought in. When the se- cond reading was moved, certain alterations were introduced, to conciliate Irish members; but their opposition continued un- relaxed, or rather increased in violence; for with them no plan could be favorably accepted, which did not recognise the prin- ciple of despoiling the protestant church : the second reading, therefore, was not carried without long debates and various manoeuvres; while the conservative members who spoke, were generally inclined to carry the bill into committee: their ob- jection to it was, not that it left too much to the clergy, but that it took too much from them ; but they deemed it necessary to support ministers, in order to prevent worse measures from being brought forward : they also believed that the money to be 262 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. cII. Lxv.11y. secured by the present bill was to be applied exclusively to the purposes of the church ; although this belief was somewhat shaken by the language of lord John Russel), who stated, that he understood the bill to be one for securing a certain fund appropriated to religious and charitable purposes; and if par- liament found it was not so appropriated, it would be its duty to consider of a new appropriation: he thought the revenues of the Irish church much larger than the religious instruction of the protestant population, or the safety of the church required : when therefore this property was once successfully vindicated against those who unjustly withheld it, he would be prepared to do justice to Ireland; for if ever a people had reason to complain of a grievance, it was the people of Ireland, in re- lation to the present appropriation of tithes. These sentiments were hailed by the Roman catholic party, as intimating an approaching concession of all they had demanded. When the bill got into committee, interminable debates ensued, and various alterations were made ; but a resolution moved by Mr. Littleton, “that for any deficit which might arise in the sums accruing to the commissioners of woods and forests, out of the land-tax or rent-charges, payable for the composition of ecclesiastical tithes in Ireland, for the payment of which the consolidated fund was liable, that fund should be indemnified from the revenues at the disposal of the eccle- siastical commissioners, and out of the perpetuity purchase fund, placed at their disposal by the act of last session, in- titled the Irish church temporalities act; ' — Mr. Stanley attacked the measure, and the proceedings of his former col- leagues, in the most violent and unmeasured language: be- lieving that government, which he compared to thimble-rig players at a country fair, was committing injustice, and would yet fail in its aim ; that the country was against this injustice ; and that Ireland, after it had been perpetrated, would not be more tranquil ;--he would take the sense of the committee on the resolution now proposed. After lord Althorp had replied to this truculent attack from his late colleague, Mr. Hume moved an amendment, and a sharp debate ensued : the amend- ment was thrown out, and the ministerial resolution carried by 235 votes against 171 : at this stage, however, the progress of the bill was arrested for a time by circumstances, to which it becomes necessary to advert. In the preceding session it had been found requisite to pass, what was termed the coercion bill, to put down, if possible, that insurrectionary violence and combination, which filled A. D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. - 263 Ireland with crimes and misery: the act was to expire in August this year; and ministers, following the information which they had received, had determined to propose its re- newal, with the omission of those parts that related to the trial of offenders in certain cases by courts-martial : there were, however, other provisions in the bill, which the agitators viewed with still greater dislike; as interfering with their own influ- ence, by preventing those meetings, which enabled them to work on the ignorance and passions of the multitude : to escape from these restrictions, was much more important to them, than that the peasant should have the benefit of a jury, or of an investigation by the civil magistrate: the lord lieu- tenant had recommended, that the whole act should be re- newed, with the exception of the clause relative to courts- martial ; but on the twenty-third of June, lord Grey received from him a letter, intimating that the provision against pub- lic meetings might also be dispensed with. What influence or suggestions might have been used with the marquis Wellesley, to induce this change of opinion, became afterwards the sub- ject of much discussion ; but members of the cabinet ap- peared to have been corresponding with him without the know- lege of earl Grey ; the object of their communications being, to smoothe the path of ministers in the house of commons, through concessions to O'Connell and his party : his lordship, who dissented intirely from these views, immediately wrote to the lord lieutenant, to re-consider the subject, and take nothing into account but what was fitting for Ireland; and lord Wel- lesley concluded his correspondence, by adhering to his recom- mendation ; more especially, if, by means of the omission, an extension of the term for the act could be obtained. When the subject was brought before the cabinet, its members were divided in opinion; and the minority, consisting of lord Al- thorp, Mr. C. Grant, Mr. Spring Rice, Mr. Ellice, and Mr. Abercromby,” objected to a renewal of the clauses in question; though they acquiesced in the determination of the majority, that the bill should be proposed in the form desired by lord Grey. On its second reading, July the fourth, lord Durham having objected to the clauses regarding public meetings, earl Grey declared his dissent from him to be absolute; and that, if he could not have proposed the bill with those clauses, he would not have proposed it at all ; for without them, it would be ineffectual, impolitic, and cruel; punishing the miserable ** See Annual Register for 1834, p. 102. 264 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVIII. victims of delusion ; but letting those escape, who, whatever may have been the cause, had of late years supplied Ireland with fuel for agitation and disturbance: with these sentiments the lord chancellor coincided ; thinking it would be strange if attention should not be given to the cause of excitement, as well as to the parties excited. The bill, having been thus read without any serious opposition, the committee was fixed for the seventh of July; but in the mean time, disclosures were made in the house of commons, which stopped its progress in its present shape, and overturned the minister who had proposed it. Mr. Littleton, the Irish secretary, had committed the fatal error of negociating with Mr. O'Connell, unknown to the head of the government; and, for the purpose of soothing, had entrusted him with certain views and determinations of the cabinet. The great agitator having, in an address to the electors of the county of Wexford, fulminated his threats and denunciations against the whig ministry; and implored the reformers of Great Britain to come forward, and “teach the insane dotard, who was at the head of administration, that Englishmen and Scotchmen were alive to the sufferings of Ireland ; '—Mr. Littleton, instead of meeting such a temper with uncompromising firmness, pre- ferred to make Mr. O'Connell a confidant, and to give him assurances, or, at least, to encourage in him expectations, for which he had no authority: he seems to have expected some communication from the lord lieutenant regarding the omission of the clauses; and he resolved, before the minister or the cabinet had come to any decision, to communicate to him, under the seal of secresy and confidence, the sentiments of the Irish government, and to communicate it as ensuring a similar de- termination on the part of the ministry : he spoke of the pro- priety of doing this to lord Althorp, who saw no harm in it; but entreated him to use extreme caution, and by no means to commit himself. Under these circumstances, Mr. Littleton sent for Mr. O'Connell, on the twentieth of June, and made the de- sired communication, with an assurance, that only a short measure, for repressing agrarian disturbances, would be pro- posed ; also, that if the coercion bill was again thought neces- sary, it should not be introduced by him : in consequence of this interview, Mr. O’Connell, having promised secresy and support to ministers in putting down disturbances, withdrew the repeal candidate, whom he had started for the county of Wexford with every prospect of success. To the dismay of Mr. Fiji. the minister and majority of the cabinet, contrary to the suggestions of the lord lieutenant, A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 265 determined to retain the clause respecting public meetings; and the Irish secretary was compelled to belie his confidential com- munication, after having brought ministers into a state of in- extricable embarrassment: he communicated, however, to Mr. O'Connell the impossibility of those hopes, which he had held out, being realised ; but begged him to take no public notice of this, till he should have seen earl Grey's speech introducing the bill : Mr. O'Connell declared, that he then remarked to the Irish secretary, that if he did not resign he would be guilty of deception; and that Mr. Littleton answered, “Say mothing of that to-day,” or “Wait till to-morrow :’ but with re- gard to the fact, whether such an answer was or was not given, the two gentlemen publicly averred before the house, each on his honor, that what the other stated was not consistent with truth. Mr. O'Connell thought he had been deceived, and was no longer bound to secresy: he was in possession of the fact, that the Irish government was, at least, not friendly to this unpo- pular Irish bill; he knew well the advantageous position which he had thus gained for opposing it, and the difficulties in which government would be involved by the disclosure of its own dissensions, and of the fact, that many of its members were acting in opposition to their convictions in a matter which con- cerned the constitutional rights of the people : on the third of July, therefore, two days after the bill had been introduced in the lords, he put to Mr. Littleton many annoying questions; and having driven him to declare, that whoever might bring in the bill, he would vote for it, asserted that he (Mr. O’Connell) had been egregiously deceived : Mr. Littleton was then under the necessity of detailing the whole proceedings; and a very angry discussion ensued. Two days afterwards the honorable gentleman tendered his resignation, which was refused ; his colleagues, as lord Althorp stated, on the seventh of July, valuing his services too highly so to dispense with them. On the seventh of July, the coercion bill passed through committee in the house of lords without alteration ; and on the same evening, in the house of commons, lord Althorp, as introductory to the approach of the bill, presented papers rela- ting to the state of Ireland, for the printing of which he moved : this of course led to a discussion on the sentiments of the cabinet, and the change of opinion in lord Wellesley; after which, Mr. O'Connell, who was more violent and abusive than ever, moved an amendment, that the papers should be referred to a select committee; and when this was rejected by 266 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVIII. a large majority, he immediately gave notice for the production of so much of the lord lieutenant's correspondence, as would explain the reason why he opposed a renewal of the coercion act on or about the twentieth of June. Lord Althorp, now probably supposing that it would be im- possible to carry the bill through as it had been introduced in the lords, and not expecting it to remain a secret that he him- self had been opposed to a renewal of the restrictive clause, sent in his resignation ; nor, after a personal interview with lord Grey, could he be induced to recall it, and appear in the unenviable light of a cabinet minister submitting to conduct measures which suspended the constitution, contrary to his own conviction of their necessity : the resignation, however, of the chancellor of the exchequer determined that of earl Grey. The premier convinced himself that it was impossible for him to proceed, when deprived of lord Althorp's assistance; and finding that the latter could not be dissuaded from his determi- nation to retire, he gave in his own resignation, which his ma- jesty accepted : no others, however, followed; though, while lord Brougham had been stating to the lords that be, at least, had no intention to retire, and that the only seceders were lords Grey and Althorp ; the latter announced in the house of com- mons, that ‘ the administration was at an end : ' this, however, was not the case: instead of seeking a premier to construct a new cabinet, the members of the old one resolved to remain together, and select a new head : lord Melbourne, therefore, home secretary, was elevated to this post, and kissed hands, the sixteenth of July, on his appointment as first lord of the treasury: * to obtain the co-operation, however, of lord Al- thorp, the new premier was obliged to declare that ministers did not intend to proceed with the coercion bill now before parliament; but that another measure, omitting certain clauses contained in the former, would be immediately introduced in the lower house. Thus the great agitator exhibited his power, not only in throwing out that prime minister who was most influential in resisting ‘the pressure from without ;' but com- pelled the majority of the cabinet, under his successor, to re- lax those restrictive clauses which were to impose fetters on his own powers of agitation. Lord Melbourne's announcement of 13 He was succeeded by viscount Duncannon ; and Sir John Cam Hobhouse was placed at the head of the woods and forests, with a seat in the cabinet: lord Carlisle soon afterwards resigned the privy seal, and was succeeded by the earl of Mulgrave. A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 267 the new bill on the seventeenth of July, brought on an irregu- lar, but very vehement discussion, in which the conduct of government, and some of its individual members, was assailed by the earl of Wicklow, lord Wharneliffe, the dukes of Wel- lington and Buckingham, and other peers, who maintained, that since the revolution, no instance had occurred of such in- consistency and tergiversation: the modified coercion bill, how- ever, was introduced by lord Althorp on the eighteenth of July ; and, having been rapidly carried through the commons, passed the lords on the twenty-ninth, under a strong protest signed by the dukes of Cumberland and Wellington, with twenty-one other peers. Ministers, having thus provided for the tranquillity of Ire- land, by what they considered enactments of sufficient energy and severity, now returned to what was intended as the great recompense of her temporary subjection to powers beyond the law ; accordingly, the order of the day, on the twenty-ninth, was read for the house of commons to resolve itself into a com- mittee on the tithe bill. Mr. O'Connell immediately moved, as an amendment, that this should take place that day six months; on the ground, that it was preposterous to go at that period of the session into committee on a bill containing 122 clauses, relative to a matter so complicated and difficult: this amendment, however, only obtained fourteen voices in its favor ; though others were carried in committee, which went to alter the operation and consequences of the bill. Lord Mel- bourne, on moving its second reading in the house of lords, gave the peers clearly to understand, that, if it was lost, go- vernment would propose no other grant for the relief of the Irish clergy. Although he admitted, that there might be rea- sons for viewing with jealousy and distrust the quarter whence certain alterations, made in the bill subsequently to its original introduction, proceeded ; yet he thought the arrangement itself not a bad one for the clergy : the tithe, in future, was to be received by the crown, and paid by the landlord; who, in re- turn for the burden thus imposed on him, was to have a deduc- tion of two-fifths, or forty per cent of the original composition : the incomes of the clergy, however, were not to bear the whole deduction, which was only to be twenty-two and a half per cent on them; that is, twenty per cent for increased security, and two and a half per cent for the expenses of collection ; in- cumbents therefore would receive £77. 10s, for every £100, without trouble, without the risk of bad debts, and without any of that odium which had hitherto attended the collection of 268 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CIH. LXVIII. tithes. . Another consequence was, that the clergy would be relieved from the repayment of sums already advanced to them from the treasury; as that charge would be laid on the land- lord : the revision of existing compositions, made under the acts of 1823 and 1832, he thought also a proper enactment. The bill underwent a complete discussion; the tory lords seeing no security for the rights and interests of the Irish clergy, in yielding to what they considered an act of injustice; while their opponents thought that it would be much more advantageous to the clerical body to obtain the sum proposed without risk, than to recover a smaller, if they recovered any at all, through scenes of blood and slaughter : * but the bill,’ said lord Brougham, “was to be rejected, because Mr. O’Connell ap- proved of it, and had amended it : that was to say, a man whom they disliked had only to advise them how to save the country from a civil war, in order to ensure the rejection of such a suggestion It was very easy for such politicians to say,+Am I to degrade myself by taking a leaf out of Mr. O'Connell's book 1 Shall I permit him to dictate to me? But he did dictate to them ; and the only difference was ;-that in- stead of taking the thing honestly and directly as a beneficial suggestion, they submitted to take the law from him, by ena- bling him to decide what they should not do.’ The earl of Ripon and the duke of Richmond wished the bill to go into committee, with an intention of restoring it to its original state; and if unsuccessful in that, they would vote against the third reading: on a division, however, the second reading was rejected by a majority of sixty-seven; and the Irish clergy was thus thrown on the charity of the British public, by whom a very large subscription was made to relieve their distresses. But it was not the church of Ireland alone that engrossed the attention of parliament: the dissenters of England, form- ing a numerous body, and possessing, in many instances, great respectability, wealth, and influence, became anxious, not only to obtain those privileges, from which, as religionists, they were excluded; but to be relieved from the necessity of supporting an establishment, in the advantages of which they did not partici- pate : in accordance with these views, various petitions were presented by them to parliament, in the beginning of the ses- sion, praying to be relieved from church rates; and, in many instances, urging the separation of church and state, or recom- mending the general establishment of the voluntary system : nor did they want supporters in parliament; since to those, A.D. 1834. WILLIAMI IV. 269 whose opinions rested on an honest belief, were added all who looked merely at the rich prize which might be gained in church property, if the establishment could be overthrown ; besides all who openly professed that no religious creed should be esta- blished ; and all who wished to use the spirit of innovation as a political engine, gradually undermining old political institu- tions. These petitions did not lead to any result, except that of producing a strong expression of opposite opinion, and call- img forth numerous anti-petitions, praying parliament to pre- Serve the church inviolate : ministers also fulfilled their decla- rations, that they would listen to no proposition for its de- struction . nevertheless, a motion made by Mr. Rippon, the new member for Gateshead, to expel the bishops from the house of lords, found a minority of fifty-eight voices, in a house consisting of 183 members; and the announcement was hailed with loud cheers and acclamations. Among the grievances of which the dissenters complained in their numerous petitions, none were more strongly dwelt on than their practical exclusion from degrees at Oxford and Cambridge, in consequence of being required to sign a declaration of con- formity with the church of England, or to subscribe her articles: they demanded, as a matter of civil right, that religious tests should be abolished, and the universities thrown open for edu- cation, and a certain extent of graduation, to men of any creed. It was clear that their chance of success would be greatly in- creased, if they could state a feasible case of concurrent opi- nion in these learned bodies themselves ; and fortune at this time favored their exertions at Cambridge. Great pains had been lately taken by some of the medical professors in that university, to advance the interests of their particular science ; and being alarmed at the exertions made in the metropolis, not only to establish a medical school, but to obtain the power of granting degrees, they felt anxious to ward off the mischief which might thence accrue to their Alma Mater, by opening her doors wider to students of medicine : for this purpose, how- ever, it was necessary to admit others with them into the sanc- tuary ; and as a considerable body existed in the senate, who thought the time had now arrived when dissenters from the established church might safely be admitted to such academical degrees as were unconnected with theology; and who, instead of seeing danger to the establishment from the introduction of a few young men of the higher class of dissidents into the aca- demical body, thought rather that the dissenting community had reason to fear for the conversion of their youth ;-a petition 270 H1STORY OF ENGLAND, CH. Lxv III. was got up without much difficulty, and signed by sixty-three resident members of the senate, praying for the abolition of re- ligious tests offered to candidates for degrees in arts, law, and physic: at the same time, in making this request, the petitioners stated, ‘that they were only asking for a restitution of their an- cient laws and laudable customs; since the restrictions com- plained of were imposed on the university in the reign of James I. most of them in a manner informal and unprecedented, and grievously against the wishes of many then members of the Senate, in times of bitter party animosities, and during the prevalence of dogmas both in church and state, which are at variance with the present spirit of English law, and with the true principles of christian toleration.’ This petition, which simply asked the removal of subscrip- tion,-neither seeking the admission of dissenters as such, nor their participation in college fellowships, nor any change on their account in lectures or discipline,—was presented on the twenty-first of March by earl Grey in the lords, and on the twenty-fourth by Mr. Spring Rice in the commons; being con- sidered as a convenient instrument to try the temper of the two houses, and ascertain the views of different parties, by the dis- cussion which it was sure to produce : as the subject, however, seemed new to parliament, no motion was made till after the Easter recess ; when colonel Williams moved an address to his majesty, praying him to signify his royal pleasure to the uni- versities of Oxford and Cambridge, that those bodies should act no longer under the edicts or letters of James I. 1616 : it was, however, thought, for many reasons, more advisable to proceed by bill; and Mr. Wood, one of the members for Preston, moved an amendment to that effect, which was carried by one hundred and eighty-five to forty-four. Though the Cambridge petition had been presented in both houses by members of the cabinet, and government had declared its intire concurrence in the prayer of the petitioners, no pro- position on the subject was brought forward by ministers : favorable as they were to the measure of relaxation, they ex- pressed their hopes, that, as a portion of one of the universities was already inclined to it, the object, if not pressed too eagerly, might be effected with the concurrence of those learned bodies, in a much better form, and to much better purpose, than if they were made to act reluctantly under the compulsion of a statute : they wished therefore that neither parliament nor government should be driven to interfere in the business, before they could engage with a prospect of terminating it in the best and most A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 271 satisfactory manner: the dissenters, however, and their par- tisans took the matter into their own hands, and pressed on with such unseemly violence, as soon disgusted their best friends: ministers would not run the risk of preventing them ; but took no lead in the measure, though they supported it by their speeches and votes. w Before the bill was brought in, the sentiments of the great mass in the two academical bodies became fully expressed : it was soon discovered, that the sixty-three petitioners at Cam- bridge, by offending the honest principles of many, and the rancorous party-spirit of a few, had raised a storm, which no argument or explanation, though it engaged some of the ablest pens in that university, could allay. Meetings were held almost daily, pamphlets were showered forth like hail, the pub- lic journals gave up their pages to the contest, and the univer- sity pulpit resounded with the most awful denunciations: during the excitement thus provoked, a counter-petition was signed by 258 members, resident and non-resident, comprising eleven heads of houses, eight professors, and twenty-nine tutors; while a second was signed by 755 undergraduates and bachelors of arts: these were presented, on the twenty-first of April, by the duke of Glocester, as chancellor of the uni- versity, in the house of lords; and by Mr. Goulburn, one of its representatives, in the house of commons: on the ninth of May, Mr. Estcourt presented a similar document from the university of Oxford; and a second petition was sent from Cambridge, signed by 1000 members of the Senate, who had not signed the other. Although Mr. Wood brought in his bill soon after the Easter holidays, it was not till the twentieth of June that he was enabled to move the second reading : Mr, Estcourt then proposed, as an amendment, that it should be read a second time that day six months : he argued, that the course of edu- cation pursued at Oxford and Cambridge was essentially a religious one, and the supporters of the bill could not succeed in their object without destroying the religious part of the system : this, indeed, he said, was the aim of the dissenters;– to introduce a system of education, which would lead to a dissolution of the connexion existing between the church and state ; or, in other words, to the destruction of the established religion of the country. Mr. Herbert, who seconded the amendment, enforced the argument:-‘It had been suggested,’ he said, ‘that persons of all denominations might be taught the leading doctrines of morality and religion, without touching on Q72 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVIII. debateable questions: but he doubted if this were possible; and he expected no advantage from so vague a system of theology, an emasculated kind of instruction in christianity and morals, producing no feeling of confidence or reverence in the minds of its pupils: a bill like the present would operate as a direct exclusion of the clergy from the universities; and every parish in England would feel the consequences." In addition to this argument, the honorable gentleman asked, why the dissenters, who were an opulent and intelligent body, did not found colleges of their own, in which they might adopt that system which pleased them best; and if they hedged in their institutions with religious tests, calculated to exclude churchmen, the latter would not complain. The answer to this was given in the speech of Mr. Potter, who, with Messrs. Ewart and Poulter, spoke in favor of the bill; contending that the alteration required was necessary, no less for the benefit of the universities, than in justice to the dissenters: by the present system, the latter were impeded in their progress to the bar, by having to keep terms for five years instead of three; and were prevented from becoming fellows of the college of physicians, for want of academical degrees; and this could not be re- medied by degrees of their own. With regard to subscription of the thirty-nine articles, it was said, that instead of ensuring sincerity in religion, it generated hypocrisy and indifference to religion altogether : it was also declared, that the exclusive principles of the universities, being no longer in accordance with the spirit of the age, could not be much longer preserved ; especially when so large a body of dissenters had grown up, actuated by a desire of obtaining their just rights. Mr. !. W. Wynne was convinced that the present bill was but the first of a series of measures, which, if not checked in time, must lead to the subversion of the established church, and the destruction of all our institutions. On the other hand, Mr. Spring Rice complained, that it was unfair to treat the bill, not according to its own deserts, but in reference to other supposed measures, which might or might not be connected with that under discussion : in the course of his argument, he asked, what could be more inconsistent and unjust, than the practice now prevailing at Cambridge, where dissenters were admitted so far as instruction was concerned, but excluded from every thing to which instruction ought to lead They were admitted to the fullest and most complete course of study, until the twelfth term ; when, on being brought into fair competition with their fellow-students, the odious principle of exclusion A. D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 27 3 intervened, and the dissenter was told, that however obedient he had been to college regulations, however high the eminence he had acquired, still he should not be allowed the badge or symbol of his acquirements, simply because he was a dis- senter. He really thought, that so far from deteriorating or endangering the church establishment, the approximation of dissenters to its members in a course of education, might bring many within the pale of that church, who would otherwise con- tinue to dissent from it; and he denied that the mixture of persons differing in religious persuasions at Cambridge, had been injurious, either to the university, or any other institution of the country. The house had the benefit of experience: for in Dublin dissenters were admitted to degrees, though excluded from fellowships, and all participation in the internal manage- ment of the university ; and what mighty mischief had ſol- lowed the admission Was the university less orthodox in its principles, or less a protestant foundation than before : Had the zeal of its public instructors been lessened, or their sphere of usefulness narrowed, by this interference It had been said, that the dissenters ought to found universities of their own : he concurred in that argument; but the English uni- versities would not allow them to do so; when they proposed such a step, in order to educate the youth of their own per- suasion, and reward them with those honors which the univer- sities denied, and thus sought to Secure to themselves aca- demical honors and privileges; the universities stepped forward, and said, - We will not only exclude you from our own seats, but will also prevent your enjoying the advantages and pri- vileges of a university of your own. This double ground of exclusion and prohibition was what no one could defend. The colonial secretary was answered by Mr. Goulburn, who argued, that in proportion as the advocates of the bill enforced the danger of excluding dissenters, they rendered manifest the ruinous consequences of concession : if the dis- senters deemed it so great a hardship to be deprived of the empty houor of a degree, what would they say, if they were admitted to degrees, and found a bar raised against their ad- mission to college emoluments and distinctions ! When it was said by the right honorable gentleman, that Dublin afforded au example which they might safely follow, it was an unhappy one in itself, and unfairly stated : in Dublin, the degree con- ferred on its possessor no power of government, and on this point all the merits of the intended comparison turned : besides, EN G . X XI. s *- 274 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVI If, an Irish member had a motion now on the order-book, re- quiring that dissenters should be placed on the same footing with members of the establishment, in respect to scholarships and fellowships in that university; and his plea was, that, as we were about to admit dissenters to degrees in England, he saw no reason why dissenters in Ireland should not have the advantages which those degrees conferred in England. In speaking of the course pursued at Cambridge, the broad dis- tinction had been forgotten ;-that a dissenter was not ad- mitted as such, but as a member of the university willing to submit to its regulations; and, till the period for taking his degree arrived, he followed the rules prescribed by that body : but, if he were brought to college openly as a dissenter, either he was absolved fron the restraints of religious discipline, or was forced to proclaim his own hypocrisy. Under the proposed bill, every class of dissenters, Jews, Turks, infideis, Socinians, men of any denomination, would be admissible to degrees: it repealed ipso facto, all the statutes which regulated the internal government of colleges, and did away with all that religious attendance which had been justly lauded: now religious in- struction should never be disjoined from general education; and there had been a time in our history, when opposite sentiments would have drawn down universal reprobation. The right honorable gentleman went on to show the evil consequences of a system of education without a religious test, drawn from foreign universities; and implored the house to abstain from depriving christianity of the advantages which it derived from the discipline and constitution of our own—from dissevering religion and learning. Mr. Stanley said, that when the first Cambridge petition was presented, he had been disposed to concur in its prayer, so far as might be consistent with the safety of the established church : but he would not conceal his feeling, that the tone subse- quently assumed, and the principles asserted by the dissenters, had tended to change in some respects his opinion, and ren- dered it necessary for the house to view the whole of their claims with more jealousy than before : still, he would vote for the principle of the bill; but not as declaring for a change in the system of university education. It was only in Oxford that subscription to the thirty-nine articles was required from a student entering the university: though a member of that university, he wished to see this part of the system altered ; for he could not bring himself to believe in that gloss which had been put on it;-that such subscription was merely a matter of form ; A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 275 and that no real adhesion to those articles was implied, until the party was instructed in their meaning. Sir Robert Peel, after a long speech, in which he cha- racterised the bill as an enactment, intended to give to Jews, infidels, and atheists, to the man who professed some religion, and to the man who professed none,—a statutable right to de- mand admission into our universities; declared that, after a removal of all civil disabilities from dissenters, by the repeal of the corporation and test acts, and from Roman catholics, by the act of emancipation; and after a vast change effected by the reform bill in the constitution of parliament, the question at last was, were we, or were we not, to maintain an established religion ? In all those measures of relief alluded to, there never was an intimation, that they would lead to farther demands, and lay a foundation for ulterior claims: to concede the de- mands now made, he asserted, would not be for the advantage of the dissenters themselves; to whom, as well as to all christ- ians, the preservation of the established church was an ines- timable benefit, to protect them, as well from superstition on the one hand as from fanaticism on the other, and secure to them and their posterity the decent observance of divine worship, and the substantiai benefits of toleration ; which could be se— cured only by such an establishment. What, he asked. con- Stituted the union between church and state 2 What was the essence of an established church : What, but a legislative recognition of it on the part of the state Parliament, therefore, was intitled to say to the dissenters, " With that legislative re- cognition you shall not interfere.” Sir R. H. Inglis and lord Sandon also opposed the bill, which was supported by lord Aithorp, who strenuously con- tended, that by such support he would be guilty of no hostile act against the established church : he maintained, that interference with divine worship was no necessary consequence of the bill, neither would it interfere with the education of members of the church of England; for if it passed into a law, it would only intitle dissenters to take a degree without sub- scription to any articles of religion or any declaration of faith ; Ineither investing them with fellowships, nor with the power of instructing youth : for the principle therefore of the bill he was prepared to vote; and in committee all changes might be effected, for limiting that principle to the extent required : the house then divided, and the second reading was carried by 321 votes against 174. In the committee, the speaker gave his decided opposition to the principle of the bill; and, some 276 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVIII. amendments having been made, it was read a third time, and passed on the twenty-eighth of July, by a majority of 164 against 75. The earl of Radnor took charge of the bill in the house of lords, where the arguments for and against it did not vary from those used in the commons, so as to render a detail of them necessary. The duke of Glocester, chancellor of the university of Cambridge, after denouncing the bill, not only as uncalled for, but most unjust and mischievous, moved, as an amendment, that it be read that day six months: his royal highness was followed by the duke of Wellington, chancellor of Oxford, who argued forcibly on the same side. Lord chancellor Brougham supported the bill, because he thought it went to remove a practical grievance, without affecting the discipline of the universities, or the safety of the church; and the discussion was closed by a long and ingenious speech from the bishop of Exeter; when a division took place, and the amendment was carried by the overwhelming majority of 187, against 85 who voted for the second reading. On this perplexing subject, it must be highly satisfactory to the sixty-three members, who signed the first petition from Cambridge, to find their sentiments appreciated, and their judgment con- firmed, by an eminent prelate, who has been raised to the episcopal bench, with the approbation of all parties, wherever his extended reputation for the instruction of youth, and for the advancement of a sound and religious education, has reached. Speaking of the difficulties involved in the question, he observes; —“They are greater on several accounts at the sister university, than at that to which I more especially belong, owing to subscrip- tion to the articles being required at Oxford from all students at their admission : this not being requisite at Cambridge in limine, has opened a more general access to that university; and having known it above forty years, by actual residence, by frequent visits, and by constant communication with many of its tutors and heads of colleges, I must own, that I never knew or heard of any evil resulting from such facility: the sons of dissenters, of various denominations, have been, and now are, educated there, in the same lecture-rooms, submit to the same discipline and regulations, and attend the same chapel service, as those whose parents are of the established church : I have known the sons of unitarian ministers admitted to examination for the same degree, and fairly earn the same honors at those examinations, as the sons of clergymen of the establishment: so far, therefore, we must admit, that no invidious distinctions have been made, either in the instruction given, or in the A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 277 rewards allotted to those who have profited by it: but surely it seems absurd to say to the dissenter, We will allow you to attend our lectures, will examine you for a degree, and will assign to you, according to your proficiency and desert, such honors as we assign to our pupils of the established church ; but the degree itself, for which we examine, you shall not have, unless you subscribe yourself a member of the church of England. Really, if consistency be of any value, it is pre- served with greater dignity by that university which proscribes admission, in limine, to all who do not subscribe the articles; than by that, which tantalises, as it were, by admission and examination ; and then disappoints the very encouragement it has given, by withholding the fruit of those exertions which it has fostered and matured, at the very moment when it is to be gathered. On such grounds, therefore, had I been a resident member of the senate, I might have been induced to sign the Cambridge petition, which has been the source of so much discussion, and, I fear, of so much disunion. It is but honest to add, that the subsequent avowals of our dissenting brethren would have given me cause to repent such a proceeding, with- out having stipulated for certain restrictions, by way of security to ourselves, which I should not previously have thought me- cessary.’” As ministers had been aided greatly in the last elections by the dissenters, this was thought a very convenient time by that body to push their pretensions; and, as they considered their liability to church rates a pressing grievance, they pro- cured a motion to be made in the house of commons, by Mr. Divett, to relieve them from this compulsory payment. The mover utterly disclaimed all intention of interfering with tithes; for though he conceived that men, who dissented from a re- ligious establishment, ought not to be compelled to pay for its Support; he was himself a churchman, and thought he was doing the church good service, by striving to remove that which created enemies against her. Other members enforced the state- ments which he had made on this point; and according to them, the dissenters had become so formidable in numbers, that if practical grievances were not removed, the established church would possess little security. Lord Althorp stated, '* Charge delivered to the clergy of the archdeaconry of Derby, June the twenty-sixth, 1834, by the Rev. S. Butler, D. D., F.R.S., archdeacon of Derby, and head master of Shrewsbury School. - 278 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII S. that as he had himself given notice of a motion on this subject, and did not think the present a desirable occasion to adopt the principle contained in the resolution, he should move the previous question; but Mr. Divett expressed himself willing to wait for the appearance of the government plan, and withdrew his motion. On the twenty-first of April, therefore, his lord- ship brought forward that plan, in the shape of a resolution, ‘that after a fixed time, church rates should cease; and in lieu thereof, a sum, not exceeding £250,000, should be granted from the land-tax, to be applied as parliament should direct.’ His intention, he said, was to provide for the fabrics of the church, while he relieved the dissenters: this scheme, however, did not suit their views : their friends immediately attacked it with unmeasured violence, led on by Mr. Hume, who moved, that all the words in the resolution should be expunged, except those which declared, ‘ that church rates should cease and determine.’ The proposal, they said, was a contemptible juggle, founded on the old financial principle, that if money were taken out of the pockets of the people by indirect means, they would not be sensible of their loss: the friends of the establishment also objected to the plan, because it questioned the rights of the church, infringed on some of them, and left others on a less sure foundation than before. At a division, indeed, the motion was carried by a majority of 256 against 140 ; but government determined to proceed no farther with the proposed measure : churchmen, however, considered that one advantage was gained, in the dissenters having been brought to disclose, somewhat prematurely, the real purposes which they had in view, and to proclaim opinions tending to the abolition of a religious establishment in any part of the empire. Ministers were equally unfortunate in another attempt to gratify the dissenters, by allowing them to celebrate the mar- riage ceremony in their own chapels, and thus escape what they called a grievous oppression,--the necessity of being married according to the rites of the establishment: a bikl to this effect, brought in by lord John Russell, was refused, principally on the ground, that it required the bans to be published in the parish church; which, they said, involved a principle, that rendered them inferior to their fellow-subjects. The commutation of tithes in England was a subject still more complicated and difficult; for it involved so many in- terests of different kinds, and so many details requiring minute attention and technical precision, that the adjustment of any A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 279 fair and complete plan was a work requiring much time, patience, and circumspection. In moving a resolution to this effect, lord Althorp set out with two propositions, which he thought could not reasonably be denied;— first, that whatever difference of opinion might exist as to the abstract right of tithes, they did not belong to the landlord; secondly, that the revenues of the established church were not larger than its purposes required: tithes therefore must be treated as property belonging to the church, and consequently they could not be taken away without a fair equivalent. Doubtless, it was often said, that if a fair equivalent was substituted, no relief would be granted to the occupier of the land : but this was a mistake; for there was in the mode of collection a source of irritation, with occasions of unpleasant collision, which would be avoided by commutation: beside this, the owners and occupiers of the soil would be actually benefited ; for where they had laid out their capital in its cultivation, they were often losers by the tithes being taken in kind.” After these just and pertinent observations, his lordship proceeded to develop his plan; but the principles and details of the proposed method of commu- tation were found to be so little palatable either to the clergy or the landholders, that the measure was dropped for the present. One act, however, was carried this session, which is suf- ficient to signalise the administration under whose auspices it was brought forward. Soon after their accession to office, the present ministers had appointed a commission of inquiry into the state and operation of the poor-laws, as more likely to be effective than any parliamentary committee: these com- missioners had made their report, and an abstract of the valua- ble evidence taken had been printed in the course of the pre- ceding session. That report impressed government with a strong conviction of the necessity of interference; which was main- tained on the ground, that the present administration of those laws tended directly to the destruction of all property; and that even to the laboring classes, whom they had been intended to benefit, nothing could be more fatal than their continued operation. It was the abuse of the system, rather than the System itself, which was in fault: the worst abuses indeed were scarcely older than the beginning of the present century, and had originated in measures intended for the benefit of those, to whose welfare they were now most destructive: a feeling at that period extensively prevailed, that great discontent existed among the working classes; and a principle of legis- 280 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ch. 1.xviii. lation was adopted, in the thirty-sixth of George III., which, though very humane and well-intended, was found to produce the most baneful consequences: this principle was, that the relief to paupers ought to be given in such a manner, as to place them in a situation of comfort. Now, however desirable it might be to place all our countrymen in such a situation; yet to give relief in the manner prescribed by this statute, was the duty of private charity, and ought not to be provided for by a compulsory rate : the effect of the law was to empower the magistrates to order relief to the poor in their own dwell- ings; and the principle, being followed up, led from bad to worse, until all feelings of independence on the part of the laborers had been nearly extinguished ; and, instead of the paupers being placed in a state of comfort, the laboring popu- lation, in many districts, had been brought into a state of deplorable misery and distress. The dangers incurred by leaving matters as they stood were So great and imminent, that although the length of time, during which this system had been going on, rendered caution re- quisite, it was absolutely necessary to meet the difficulties of the case, adopt sounder principles, and carry them unflinchingly into execution: in fact, there were already examples to be fol- lowed; for in about 100 parishes, the evils of the existing system had compelled the inhabitants to adopt an improved mode of administration : in every instance the experiment had succeeded ; while, under the old plan, even the cultivation of the soil, in some places, had been abandoned; so heavy was the pressure of the rates, and so great the evils of mismanage- ment: the consequence was, that the neighboring parishes were compelled to support their poor; these too would soon be reduced to a similar state; and thus pauperism would stride with increasing rapidity through the land. It was from the nature of this growing mischief, and the necessity of checking it, that lord Althorp, when he brought forward the scheme of government on the seventeenth of April, defended the principle of entrusting the poor-laws to a board of commissioners : he admitted that it was an anomalous course of legislation, and that the board would be invested with extraordinary powers; but this was rendered unavoidable by the necessity of the case. Our limits will not permit us to enter at large into the details of this most important bill; but it may be sufficient to notice its leading principles: these were, to stop the system of allowances, or the making up artificially depressed wages out of the poor's-rate; to deprive magistrates of the power of A. D. 1834. WILLIAM IV, - 281 ordering to paupers out-door relief; to alter, in certain cases, the constitution of parish vestries; to give large discretionary powers to the central commissioners; to simplify the law of settlement and removal; to render the mother of an illegitimate child liable to support it; and, for its aliment, to save from imprisonment the putative father, to whom she might swear it. In the debates on this measure, a few obstimate voices were raised against it, as against all kinds of alteration : many ob- jections were made, especially to the powers of the central board, and to the bastardy clause, which, throwing all the burden on the mother, became an inducement to infanticide: but the chancellor of the exchequer argued, in reply, that nothing had been stated, which could be regarded as an ostensible reason for not going into committee, where all matters which had been noticed would be open to consideration. The second reading was carried by the immense majority of 319 to 20; Some clauses were modified, and others added, in the com- mittee; and on the first of July the bill was passed by 187 votes against 52. In the house of lords the bill found its most violent opponent in lord Wynford, who at the second reading moved, as an amendment, that it be read that day six months; not, however, on the ground, that there was nothing in the administration of the poor-laws that required correction, but because he con- ceived that the remedies proposed were partly unnecessary, and partly inefficient; while some were oppressive and ty- rannical : besides, he thought there was not sufficient time remaining to discuss so intricate and important a question during the present session. The earl of Winchelsea, however, as well as the dukes of Richmond and Wellington, supported the second reading, though they did not approve all the pro- visions in the bill : the latter thought it was the duty of their lordships to avoid procrastination, and without farther delay proceed with a measure, which, if necessary at all, was neces- sary now : the division gave seventy-six peers for the second reading, and only thirteen against it. In committee, the central board was strongly attacked, especially by lord Wynford; but the lord chancellor, the duke of Wellington, and lord Win- chelsea contended for its necessity. The bishop of Exeter pleaded eloquently in behalf of the unfortunate mother of an illegitimate child, and wished to make the father equally liable to its maintenance; or the survivor, in case of the death of either ; but he was answered by his brother of London, who himself had been one of the commissioners; as well as by the 282 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVIII. lord chancellor, who contended that the law, as it yet stood, encouraged a detestable crime, second only to murder;-that of wilful and corrupt perjury: at the third reading of the bill, however, an amendment was made in this clause, to recover money from the putative father, when the mother was unable to maintain the child; alterations also were effected in the allowance system, and the provision of settlement; the prohi- bition of out-door relief was mitigated ; and various other changes were introduced: but when lord Althorp, on the eleventh of August, moved the commons to agree to the amend- ments of the peers, a counter amendment was moved, that they should be read that day six months: this proposal was chiefly supported by those who were opposed to the bill alto- gether, or wished it to be delayed till next session ; but lord Althorp observed, that if the bill did not pass this session, he would be a bold man who should try it the next. The amend- ment, therefore, was rejected by a large majority; and all the amendments of the lords were agreed to, with the exception of that which expunged the provision, intitling dissenting clergy- men to enter workhouses, for the purpose of religious instruc- tion to inmates of their own persuasion : this was said to be a violation of the principle of religious liberty, and an insult to that small portion of good feeling toward dissenters which existed in the upper house. Thus was the great experiment of a revision and alteration of the poor-laws happily brought to pass : that it would please all parties, especially those whose condition it more immediately affected, who could expect 7 that many cases of great individual hardship must occur, is a matter greatly to be lamented ; and, on this account, the reme- dial powers placed in the hands of the central board are peculiarly necessary : on the proper exercise of those powers much will depend; for the complaints of the poor have been already seized on and encouraged by designing men, as means to serve political purposes; and if a general election were soon to take place, the ministers, by whom this patriotic ineasure was carried, would find it used as a very powerful instrument in opposition to their interests. From the great change effected in the poor-laws, no class of men could eventually expect greater relief than the owners and occupiers of land : these, however, looked after means of alle- viating the depression under which they labored, more imme- diate and direct in operation. The subject of agricultural dis- tress was brought before the house of commons, in February, by the marquis of Chandos; who, after ably stating both the A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 283 local and general causes of the evil, moved a resolution, “that in any reduction of national burdens by the remission of taxes, due regard be shown to that distress of the agriculturists, which had been alluded to in the speech from the throne.' The chancellor of the exchequer, however, though he admitted the distress complained of by the agriculturists, contended that it was wrong to hold, that they derived no relief from that which had been granted to the other interests of the country : the greatest relief which could be given to farmers would be that which affected the general body of the community ; and to show that, wherever the reduction of taxes or im- posts benefited manufactures or commerce, it also aided agri- culture, he instanced the price of wool, which had risen from nine pence to two shillings per pound : he could not agree, that the diminution or abolition of any particular impost would meet the agricultural distress which now prevailed : the small taxes payable by occupiers of land might be vexatious ; but they did not press heavily on them; and far greater benefit would accrue from placing the poor-rates on a better footing, than from lightening the weight of direct taxation. Several other members spoke against the resolution, not meaning to deny that the agriculturists were suffering, but because the resolution did not seem to lead to any result; while the means alluded to by those who supported it appeared neither efficient nor just. The supporters of the motion, again, were far from being of one mind, as to the manner in which relief ought to be afforded : most of them required the repeal of the malt-tax; others looked to an alteration in the currency of the country; and Mr. O'Connell boldly proposed at once to attack the national debt; declaring, that this wisest of nations had ruined the currency one-half, in order to pay with thirty shillings in the pound money borrowed at twenty shillings in the pound : when, how- ever, he talked of the ‘cant of national faith,’ he called forth general indignation from the house, but more especially from Sir Robert Peel, who declared that the honorable gentleman had decided the question respecting a repeal of the union by that preliminary declaration. As to the motion itself, it implied nothing inconsistent with public faith ; for the chancellor of the exchequer had asserted, incautiously and prematurely, that the national revenue was extremely prosperous ; and that, accordingly, he had a certain sum applicable to the remission of taxes: he had also observed, that although his own inclination leaned towards a remission of the house-tax, yet he would not repeal that im- 284 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. Lx v III. post; but advised each party to consider the matter, and urge its own particular claims. On a division, the resolution was lost by a majority of only four in a very full house; and this success induced the noble mover to bring forward the subject again on the seventh of July, in the form of an address to the king. In the course of the discussion that ensued, it was de- Clared, that unless the farmers were relieved, so as to enable them to support the poor, it would be altogether impossible for the magistrates, lay or clerical, to maintain peace in the rural districts. The motion was resisted, on the ground of its being inconvenient, at so advanced a period, to disturb the financial arrangements; but the chancellor of the exchequer held out a Prospect of some slight alleviations, such as a removal of the tax from shepherds' dogs, and that from windows in farm-houses below a certain amount; and on a division, ministers had a majority of sixteen. On the seventeenth of March, the question of the duty on malt was brought directly before the house by a motion of Mr. Cobbett, one of the members for Oldham, that it should cease and determine from and after the fifth of October following ' The grounds on which he justified the proposal were—the great num- ber of persons engaged in, or dependent on agriculture, who were affected by the tax; the expense of collection; the monopoly which it created; and, more especially, its pernicious influence on morals, by preventing the laborer from brewing his own beer, and thus driving him to the ale-house : the motion, however, was resisted, chiefly on the ground, that it would unsettle all the financial measures of the country, and diminish the revenue by £5,000,000, for which no substitute was or could be pro- posed. But while the agriculturists were thus demanding relief, the corn-laws were not only insisted on, as an answer to all com- plaints, by those who maintained a different interest; but were themselves made a subject of formal attack. On the sixth of March, Mr. Hume opened a discussion, which lasted that and the following day, by moving for ‘a committee of the whole house, to take into consideration the corn-laws, (ninth of George IV. c. 60) in order to substitute, instead of the present graduated scale, a fixed and moderate duty on the import of foreign corn at all times into the united kingdom ; as well as to grant an equivalent bounty on the export of corn ; with the ultimate view of establishing a free trade in that article.’ It is impossible to give even an outline of the arguments used on both sides of this complicated question, on which several of the A. D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 285 members most interested in agriculture voted with the mover, who traced all the existing distress found in the country to the want of employment; this, again, he ascribed to the obstacles which the corn-laws presented to the consumption of manufac- tures, by raising the price of production, and impeding their ex- port to countries willing to take them in return for corn. Till about 1770, England, he said, had been a country exporting graim : since then, the population had Dearly doubled itself; and that increase had taken place chiefly in the manufacturing districts: now there was no mode of supporting this popula- tion, but by enabling us to supply with those manufactures every part of the world, which would take them for what they could give in return : agriculture could only support a limited number of laborers; but the laborers would increase; and un- less increasing manufactures were at hand to give them employ- ment, they would be thrown back on the land, and eat up its whole produce, leaving no rent for the landlord: he took it for granted, that the produce of the land had reached, or nearly reached, its utmost limit; but that the manufacturing popula- tion was increasing, might be seen by the increase of our ex- ports. The defence of the corn-laws, he said, had always rested mainly on the necessity of protecting the agricultural in- terest; but to that interest they were decidedly injurious: the object of the act of 1815, which might almost be said to have passed at the point of the bayonet, had been to keep the price of corn steady : but had it effected that purpose? No: look at the variations which had taken place since that period, running up and down within the limits of forty per cent, such as no provisions could guard against; so that, instead of being advantageous, this act had been injurious to the agriculturists. The landlord suffered under it, and the farmer was obliged to pay the amount even of a reduced rent out of his capital, until he at length became a bankrupt; while the rest of the com- munity were starved through the artificial want which was thus produced : so uncertain and mischievous was this law found in its operation, that since 1815 twelve acts had been passed, violating its provisions to meet emergences. Another important consideration was the effect which these laws had on our com- mercial relations with other countries: it had been clearly proved, that the virtual exclusion of our manufactures from the American ports, which had caused so much suffering here, was owing to our refusal to admit American corn; in revenge for which they had passed the tariff bill Prussia, too, finding that we would not take her timber and corn, had shut us out 286 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CH. LXVIII. from the greatest portion of Europe for the last ten years, and had now enlisted Germany in her views: none of our manu- factures could penetrate there, except such as were contraband and smuggled : on every sound principle, therefore, the sys- tem should be changed for one that would give steady prices, and at the same time permit free commercial intercourse. Many and strong, however, were the objections made to this course of proceeding: it will be sufficient to mention one. Mr. Hume had admitted, that his proposal would reduce rents thirty per cent : if it did so, he spoke advisedly when he said, that two-thirds of the landed property of England would at once change hands : now, it could not be any benefit to the state that so great an act of injustice as this should take place: hard indeed had been the fate of the landowners under the ope- ration of Peel's bill, which had already transferred no small share of the land into the hands of the fundholders; and reduced numerous families, who had pecuniary engagements on their estates, from opulence to beggary: but this would increase the evil to an overwhelming extent; for it would be equivalent to an agrarian law. Lord Althorp said, he should meet the motion with a direct negative, though his opinions were favorable to an alteration of the existing system. On a division, it was rejected by a majority of 312 votes against 155; though the subject was again incidentally discussed, for three mornings, when a pe- tition was presented from Liverpool in favor of free trade, especially that of corn. On this occasion, Sir Robert Peel argued, at great length, on the injustice which would thence accrue to owners and cultivators of the soil, in consideration. not only of the peculiar burdens to which they were subject, but also the protection given to the manufacturing interests; for the monopoly, with which the agriculturist had been taunted, was merely that sort of protection which was afforded to almost every article of British manufacture, by the imposition of a duty on articles manufactured abroad. On the other hand, Sir Henry Parnell declared, that the pretext of the farmers being interested in a continuance of the corn laws, was a gross delusion, practised on them by the landlords, for whose sołe benefit the whole community was taxed : this doctrine, how- ever, did not find many supporters: for it would be a still harder case to ruin all the landlords for the benefit of the country. These concerned in the shipping interest also complained loudly of distress, which they considered as caused or ag- A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 287 gravated by the admission of foreign ships into our ports, on the same terms as those on which our vessels were ad- mitted into theirs; an admission, which the crown had the power of conceding, under the fourth of George IV. c. 77, commonly called the reciprocity of duties act. Many petitions for its repeal were presented; and, on the fifth of June, Mr. G. F. Young moved for leave to bring in a bill for that purpose ; but the motion was resisted by ministers, and lost by 117 to 52. The financial affairs of the present year, notwithstanding the distress of the country, exhibited a very encouraging aspect ; for the chancellor of the exchequer, after providing for the interest on the £20,000,000 granted to the West India pro- prietors, had a disposable surplus of £1,620,000; but from various alterations about to be made in the state of taxation, with respect to spirits and beer, the estimated surplus might be taken at £1,815,000 : on the faith of this, the following reductions were made: in the house-tax, to be wholly abolished, £1,200,000 ; customs, £200,000 ; starch, £75,000 ; stone- bottles and sweets, £6,000; almanacks, £25,000 ; small as- sessed taxes, £75,000; whilst a surplus was still left, amount- ing to the sum of £234,000. An important measure of finance was attempted this session, in a plan for the reduction of the four per cent annuities, created in 1826 : all holders of this stock, who should not signify their dissent, were to have, for every £100, three and a half per cent in a new stock, to be consolidated with the existing three and and a half per cent annuities, that were not liable to redemption before January, 1840. The dissentients amounted to a greater number than had been anticipated ; and, in order to provide funds for paying them off, a resolution was passed on the seventh of June, authorising the commissioners of the national debt to pay them out of the monies, stocks, or exchequer bills, which they held under the saving banks act; while the dis- sented stock should, from the tenth of October following, be deemed to be converted into an equal amount of new three and a half per cents, which were to be vested in the commissioners, and placed in the Bank books to the account intitled ‘the funds for the banks of savings.' The distress felt at this time by all classes of the community was dexterously made use of by the opponents of ministers to render their administration unpopular; so that they became exposed to great inconvenience from the statutory rule of the constitution, which requires, that all members of the house of 288. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ca. Exviii. commons, who accept certain offices under the crown, shall vacate their seats, and take the chance of a re-election : in more instances than one, the candidate thus stamped with the approbation of government, had not been re-elected; and even the attorney-general, having by his promotion lost his seat for Dudley, was unable to appear in the house of commons. This was the first practical grievance experienced under the reform act, which had swept away all the close boroughs, without any exception, and provided no means to compensate the loss : such a state of affairs, therefore, induced Sir Robert Heron, without the concurrence or knowlege of ministers, to move for leave to bring in a bill, which might obviate the necessity of members vacating their seats under the circumstances above mentioned. He argued, that prior to the passing of the re- form bill, it was necessary that the people should have it in their power to exercise an influence over the crown in the ap- pointment of its ministers; but, since the system of repre- sentation had been so much improved, such a check was not only unnecessary, but embarrassing to the free exercise of the royal prerogative : the decisions of the people were frequently rash; and the object of his measure was to guard against the evils of any temporary excitement on the part of the con- stituencies; for no man could now be certain of a return to par- liament, unless the general policy of ministers happened to accord with the sentiments of the people. Mr. E. L. Bulwer, being dissatisfied with this proposition, proposed a plan which would allow ministers to hold seats in virtue of their official situations; when there could be no local or temporary causes for not selecting the ablest men; the balance of interests in the cabinet could be at any time adjusted ; and there would be a more complete exemption from the undue influence of par- ticular constituencies. Dr. Lushington and Mr. Ward op- posed both propositions, as tending to deprive the people of one of the most valuable privileges given to them by the con- stitution, merely for the purpose of consulting the convenience and safety of the party now in power, Lord Althorp, after assuring the house that this subject had been introduced without the sanction of government, did not hesitate to say that mi- nisters had been put to great inconvenience ; but, on the whole, he thought the time was not yet come, when a measure like that proposed should be pressed on the house : both the motion and the amendment, therefore, were withdrawn. On the fifteenth of August, his majesty prorogued parliament; alluding in his speech with satisfaction to the numerous and .A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. - 289 important questions that had engaged its attention; more especially to the poor-laws, and the establishment of a central court for the trial of offences in the metropolis and its vicinity; while he directed attention to the important subjects of our jurisprudence and municipal corporations: he lamented the still unsettled state of Holland and Belgium; but expressed a lively satisfaction at the termination of the civil war which had so long disgraced the kingdom of Portugal; rejoicing that the state of affairs in the peninsula had induced him to conclude with the king of the French, the queen-regent of Spain, and the regent of Portugal, that quadripartite treaty, which had materially contributed to produce so happy a result. Events, however, had since occurred in Spain, to disappoint, for a time, those hopes of tranquillity in that country, which the pacification of Portugal had inspired. Before the prorogation of parliament, the weakness of minis- ters, deserted by earl Grey, attacked on all sides by the tories, and abused even by their supporters, the radicals and Irish agitators, had become very apparent. Between the end of the session and the month of October, Mr. O'Connell addressed a series of letters to lord Duncannon, in which every species of vituperation was heaped on the whig government; whilst in England, a journal, which had been long conducted with pre- eminent ability, beginning to change its line of politics, drew public attention strongly to conduct exhibited by lord Brougham, which was highly calculated to bring his colleagues into contempt. The death of earl Spencer, taking place on the tenth of November, hastened that dissolution of the cabinet, which could not have been long delayed : as this event re- moved lord Althorp to the house of peers, it was requisite to find a new chancellor of the exchequer, and a new leader of the house of commons: on Friday, therefore, the fourteenth, lord Melbourne waited on the king, for the purpose of sub- mitting to him some changes in official appointments which earl Spencer's death had tendered necessary : it had, how- ever, long been known, that his majesty entertained no affection toward the present administration; and, yielding to the influence of those around him, he thought the time was now arrived in which he might safely dismiss them : accordingly, having expressed, as it was said, his opinion, that lord Brougham could no longer hold the great seal, as well as his dissatis- faction with the selection of those members of the cabinet who were to frame the Irish church bill, he announced to lord Melbourne that he would not impose on him the task of EN G, XXI. T 290 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ch. lxviii. completing the official arrangements, but would apply to the duke of Wellington: on the following day, therefore, his grace waited on the king, and advised him to entrust the government to Sir Robert Peel; but, as Sir Robert, little expecting the honor that was about to be thrust on him, had departed, with his lady, on a journey to Rome, the duke offered to carry on the public business till his return ; this course was adopted; and, as a temporary arrangement, his grace was appointed first lord of the treasury, and also sworn in as one of the principal secretaries of state. On the twenty-first, lord Lyndhurst took the oaths as chancellor; but did not resign the office of lord chief baron : lord Brougham, therefore, who had started on a continental tour, wrote to him from France, proposing that he himself should succeed him in that office, which he offered to accept without any salary in addition to his retiring pension : to this lord Lyndhurst returned a courteous answer, signifying, that no arrangements could be made till the return of Sir Robert Peel ; and a few days afterwards, lord Brougham, understanding how his proposal had been commented on by his own party, withdrew the request. On the ninth of November, the son of a cotton-spinner, for whom the king sent to Rome, that he might make him prime minister of England; *—a man, under whom the great duke, the conqueror of Napoleon, submitted to serve;—arrived in London; and on the same day, had an audience of his majesty, and accepted the reins of government. One of his first steps was to propose to lord Stanley” and Sir James Graham, that they should become members of the new administration; but they both declined pledging themselves to the extent to which they might be considered bound by the acceptance of office; nor did a long time elapse, before it was seen, that the tories had been too precipitate in pushing their party back to office: however, it was certain that a new parliament must be assembled; and, until that time, they would possess the Sweets of patronage. By the end of December all the official arrangements were completed: lord Lyndhurst retained his place; the earl of Roslyn became president of the council ; lord Wharncliffe, * This was the just boast, and high tribute paid to the con- stitution of his country, by Sir Robert himself, in his speech at Merchant Tailors' Hall, on the eleventh of May, 1835. - 16 He had succeeded to this title by the death of his grand- father, the earl of Derby. A.D. 1834. WILLIAM IV. 291 privy-seal ; the duke of Wellington secretary for foreign af- fairs, Mr. Goulburn for the home department, and lord Aberdeen for the colonies: Mr. A. Baring was made president of the board of trade; Sir G. Murray, master-general of the ordnance; Sir E. Knatchbull, paymaster of the forces; earl de Grey, first lord of the admiralty; and lord Ellenborough, pre- sident of the board of control : lord Maryborough, the earls of Jersey and Roden, Mr. C. Wynne, and Mr. Herries came also into office: Mr. F. Pollock and Mr. Follett were made at- torney and solicitor-general; the earl of Haddington went as viceroy to Ireland, with Sir E. Sugden as the lord chancellor, and Sir H. Hardinge as chief secretary: Sir James Scarlett now received the reward of his adhesion to a tory adminis- tration ; being appointed to succeed lord Lyndhurst as chief baron of the exchequer, with the title of lord Abinger. Every man of any penetration saw that this ministry had too much of the old leaven in it to stand at present: Sir Robert, however, who was determined to let the reform bill have fair play, did not despair; but immediately expounded the prin- ciples on which he proposed to conduct the government, in a long address to his constituents at Tamworth. After observing, that he would not accept power on the condition of declaring himself an apostate from the principles on which he had here- tofore acted ; and declaring, at the same time, that neither before nor after the reform bill, had he been a defender of abuses, or an enemy to judicious reforms; he thus alluded to that great alterative which had been applied to the consti- tution :-‘With respect to the reform bill itself, I will repeat now the declaration which I made when I entered the house of commons as a member of the reformed parliament;-that I consider that act as a final and irrevocable settlement of a great constitutional question;–a settlement, which no friend to the peace and welfare of his country would attempt to disturb, either by direct or indirect means.' Again, after deprecating such a use of the reform bill, as would lead to a perpetual vortex of agitation, and the overthrow of ancient rights and institutions, he thus proceeded:—‘If the spirit of the bill implies merely a careful review of institutions, civil and ecclesiastical, under- taken in a friendly temper; combining, with the firm main- tenance of established rights, the correction of proved abuses, and the redress of real grievances;–in that case, I can, for myself and my colleagues, undertake to act in such a spirit, and with such intentions.” Most persons gave due credit to Sir Robert for patriotism and sincerity in these professions; but he stood 292 HISTORY OF , ENGLAND. CH. LXVIII. isolated in his own administration : few had that confidence, which he himself professed to have, in its other members; and it was not destined long to endure: on the thirtieth of December a proclamation was issued, dissolving the parliament, and convoking a new one, to meet on the nineteenth of February, 1835. The early part of the new year was occupied by as deter- mined a struggle between political parties as ever occurred in our history : the tories had placed their all on this cast of the die ; the Carlton club dispersed its agents far and wide throughout the country; and every engine which aristocratic wealth and ecclesiastical influence could put in motion, was employed in gaining adherents to the conservative cause, and defeating the hopes of its adversaries. In the counties, the f50 clause operated greatly to their advantage, and success generally attended their efforts; but, in the towns, the opposite party had been more attentive to the registration of voters; the middle classes were not willing, that the power with which they had so lately been invested, should be endangered by a tory administration; the radicals made extraordinary efforts to assist the whigs, wherever they had no candidate of their own principles to support; while Scotland and Ireland showed that they had not received the reform bill as a dead letter, but were determined to emancipate themselves, to the utmost extent possible, from the yoke under which they had so long groaned. Before the meeting of parliament, there appeared in the London Gazette of the third of February, an announcement, that the king had been pleased to direct letters patent to issue under the great seal, appointing the archbishop of Canterbury, the lord chancellor, the archbishop of York, the earl of Har- rowby, the bishops of London, Lincoln, and Glocester, the right honorable Sir Robert Peel, H. Goulburn, C. W. W. Wynne, H. Hobhouse, and Sir Herbert Jenner, commissioners ‘ for considering the state of the several dioceses in England and Wales, with reference to the amount of their revenues, to the more equal distribution of episcopal duties, and to the prevention of the necessity of attaching, by commendam, to bishopricks, benefices with the cure of souls ; for considering the state of the several cathedral and collegiate churches within the same, with a view to the suggestion of measures for rendering them most conducive to the efficacy of the esta- blished church; also for devising the best mode of providing for the cure of souls, with special reference to the residence of the A.D. 1835. WILLIAM IV. 293 clergy on their respective benefices.” Thus the administration of Sir Robert Peel began, to the satisfaction of all honest and reflecting persons, except those who consider the intire revenue of the church unconditionally as private property, and every existing division of it as inalienable from its possessor and his successors for ever : these, however, formed but a small party: an opinion seemed generally to prevail, that the early death of Edward VI. had left the reformation incomplete in England; and almost all who wished to see our established church pre- served, rejoiced in the prospect of its purification ; while they placed great confidence in the character and good intentions of those who were appointed to superintend this grand design. Before the end of January, it had been announced, by the publication of a correspondence between lord John Russell and Mr. Abercromby, that the latter gentleman would be proposed by the opposition as speaker of the house of commons, the first day of session : on the other hand, it was known that ministers had in view the re-appointment of Sir Charles Manners Sutton ; and as it was considered that this contest would afford a good indication of the strength of parties in the new house, it was looked forward to with anxious expectation; while the most strenuous efforts were made on both sides to bring up the whole force that each could command. The result was a larger assemblage of members on the mineteenth of February, the day for which parliament had been summoned, than had ever before been collected. The re-appointment of Sir Charles Manners Sutton was proposed by lord Francis Egerton, and the motion was seconded by Sir Charles Burrell; after which, Mr. W. J. Denison proposed Mr. Abercromby, and Mr. W. Ord seconded the motion. A debate of considerable length ensued, in which the principal speakers, beside the two candi- dates, were, for the motion of lord Francis Egerton, lord Stan- ley and Sir Robert Peel; and for that of Mr. Denison, lord John Russell : about six o'clock the house divided, when the numbers appeared to be 306 for Sir Charles Manners Sutton, and 316 for Mr. Abercromby ; a result, which was received with loud cheers by the majority : Mr. Abercromby was then con- ducted to the chair; and next day, appearing at the bar of the house of lords, he received from the lord chancellor an as- surance of his majesty’s approval of the choice made by the £OIIMT), OſlS. Friday, Saturday, and Monday were employed in the admi- mistration of the oaths to members; and on Tuesday, the twenty-fourth, his majesty came in state to the house of peers 294 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. C.H. LXVII F. to open the new parliament, under new local circumstances; for the two houses having been last year burned down by the carelessness of attendants in heating the flues, temporary rooms had been fitted up for the accommodation of the British senate. In reference to this catastrophe, his majesty observed, in his opening speech, “that it was his wish to adopt such plans for the permanent accommodation of lords and commons, as should be deemed, on their joint consideration, most fitting and con- venient.” After alluding to the florishing state of trade and commerce, as well as of the public revenue, his majesty deeply lamented that depression under which the agricultural in- terest still labored, and earnestly recommended the considera- tion of it to parliament with a view to relief. Having adverted to various projected measures of domestic policy, such as the state of the Irish tithe question, the commutation of tithe in England and Wales, the improvement of civil jurisprudence and administration of justice in ecclesiastical causes, pro- vision for the more effectual maintenance of ecclesiastical disci- pline, relief of dissenters in the marriage ceremony, together with the corporation and church commissions; his majesty ex- pressed his confidence in the willing co-operation of parlia- ment, as well as in their caution and circumspection regarding the alteration of laws which affected very extensive and com- plicated interests, interwoven with ancient usages, and con- formable to the habits and feelings of his people. The address of the lords in answer to the speech was car- ried without a division, though not without a debate of consi- derable length, which turned chiefly on the late change of admi- nistration : the chief speakers were lord Melbourne, the duke of Wellington, lord Brougham, and the chancellor; while the duke of Richmond and the earl of Ripon expressed their in- tention of supporting the new government, so far as they could approve of its measures, though they were unable to give it their confidence. The same evening, in the commons, the address was moved by lord Sandon, and seconded by Mr. Bramston; after which, lord Morpeth moved, ‘that, in place of the two con- cluding paragraphs, should be substituted words expressing a trust, that his majesty's councils would be directed in a spirit of well-considered and effective reform ; that in the same liberal and comprehensive policy which had dictated the reform of the representation and the abolition of negro-slavery, the muni- cipal corporations would be placed under vigilant popular con- trol; all the well-founded grievances of the protestant dis- senters removed; and the abuses in the church, which impair A.D. 1835. WILLIAM IV. 295 its efficiency in England, and disturb the peace of society in Ireland, corrected; also representing to his majesty, that his faithful commons begged submissively to add, that they could not but lament, that the progress of these and other reforms should have been unnecessarily interrupted and endangered by the dissolution of the late parliament.’ This amendment, being seconded by Mr. Bannerman, gave rise to a debate which lasted three nights: the principal speakers for the original address were, Messrs. Pemberton and Richards, Sir Robert Peel, lord Stanley, Messrs. Robinson, Goulburn, and Praed, Mr. serjeant Goulburn, and Sir James Graham; for the amendment, Messrs. Grote, Poulter, and Ward, Dr. Lushington, lord John Russell, Messrs. Harvey, Fox, Maule, and Gisborne, lord Howick, Mr. T. Duncombe, and Mr. O'Connell. On a division, the oppo- sition had a majority of seven in an assembly of 625 members; when Sir Robert Peel intimated that it was possible he might take the sense of the house again on the question of bringing up the report; but, next evening, he stated, that after having made due inquiries, he felt convinced he could not succeed in that measure : it was understood, indeed, that he would not have been supported in it by lord Stanley, who, in the course of the debate, declared that he would go the whole length of the amendment on the subject of corporation reform ; his lordship also said, that the omission of any particular notice of that sub- ject, both in the speech from the throne, and the exposition of ministerial intentions, which Sir Robert had given to the house, induced him to regard the government with a more jealous eye than he should otherwise have been inclined to view it. Lord Howick stated, he did not consider that the necessary effect of carrying the amendment would be to remove the present ad- ministration; for he should scarcely give the vote he intended to give, if it were likely to have that result; but though he did not desire the immediate retirement of Sir Robert Peel and his colleagues, he should regard it as a great calamity if the present government continued without any change. On the twenty-eighth, when the order of the day was read for the house going into a committee of supply, the premier stated, in answer to questions put by lord John Russell, that he had not felt it his duty, in consequence of the vote on the address, to tender his resignation ; that, with respect to the Irish church, he retained his opinion that ecclesiastical pro- perty ought not to be diverted from ecclesiastical purposes; although any measures, not inconsistent with this principle, should have his best consideration; that he had no motive or 296 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. cII. LXVIII. intention to obstruct corporation reform; and, finally, that in regard to a rumor which had been spread abroad about another dissolution, and an alleged intention of government, in case the mutiny bill should not pass, to keep up a standing army in defiance of parliament, the first he never sanctioned, directly or indirectly ; and the second he never heard a whisper of, until it fell from lord John Russell's own lips. The following evening was occupied by discussions respect- ing the state of Ireland, and bribery at elections; but the sitting on Wednesday produced one of much greater importance to the stability of the administration: this arose from a question asked by Mr. Finn,-whether it was true that 182 addresses from Orange societies had been presented to the king on the twenty-sixth of February, and answers returned to the parties, stating that the addresses had been most graciously received. The question seemed to take ministers by surprise; and the only defence they offered to the charge of returning such an- swers to associations alleged to be illegal, was, that the illegality of the Orange lodges had never been judicially declared, and that the addresses had been received and answered merely ac- cording to the usual form. On the following Friday, Mr. Shiel moved for the production of copies of the addresses alluded to ; also for the copy of a letter written by lord Manners, when chancellor of Ireland, relative to the illegality of Orange societies, and for the opinions of the Irish attorney and solicitor- general on the same point: the latter part of this motion was resisted by ministers, and eventually withdrawn; but the pro- duction of the addresses and answers was agreed to. On Tuesday, the tenth, in a very full house, the marquis of Chandos, pursuant to notice, proposed his resolution for the repeal of the malt-tax: the debate that followed, in which the speech of Sir Robert Peel was worthy of all admiration, lasted till near one o'clock in the morning; and when the house divided, the numbers were, for the resolution 192, against it 350. On this occasion, most of the adherents of the late ministry voted in the majority : Mr. Charles Wood de- clared he was happy to give the present government that sup- port which he and his friends had received, in similar circum- stances, from Sir Robert Peel. So powerful and convincing were the arguments of the premier on this occasion, that seve- ral members voted with him, who had either pledged them- selves at their election to take a different side, or had, at least, induced their constituents to believe they would. This led Mr. Spring Rice to remark, very justly, that pledges were A.D. 1835. WILLIAM IV. - 297 awful things: even when honestly meant, they might some- times be given in ignorance, and could not be redeemed without a gross violation of duties, which honorable members owed to the community at large. Many other important subjects, which it is impossible to notice, were brought under discussion, among which was one introduced by the attorney-general for the improvement of the ecclesiastical courts; and an interesting debate took place on the appointment of lord Londonderry as ambassador to the court of Russia: this was considered as such an outrageous attack on continental freedom, such a furtherance of the designs of despotism and tyranny, such a confirmation of the foreign policy of the duke of Wellington and lord Aberdeen, that Mr. Shiel introduced the subject by a motion for an ad- dress to his majesty for a copy of the appointment. Lord Stanley having declared against ministers on the question, there was little doubt of their being left in a minority if they pressed the matter to a division : this however they prudently declined ; and Sir Robert Peel stated, that, in fact, no formal appointment had been made ; though he certainly did not mean to recommend that the design should be persisted in. Lord Londonderry himself relieved ministers from their embarrass- ment, by voluntarily relinquishing the office. On Tuesday, the seventeenth, the premier introduced his measure for the relief of persons dissenting from the established church, in regard to the celebration of marriage; and obtained leave, with much satisfaction expressed on all sides of the house, to bring in a bill for carrying it into effect. On Thurs- day, the nineteenth, the chancellor laid on the table of the house of lords the first report of the commissioners appointed to inquire into the state of the established church; and on the Friday following, Sir H. Hardinge, in the commons, brought forward, in a committee of the whole house, the ministerial plan for settling the Irish tithe question. It involved the following particulars:—that, in future, Irish tithes shall be recoverable only from the chief landlord, or person having the first estate of inheritance in the land; that the owner shall be intitled to demand only seventy-five per cent on the amount to which he at present has a right; that the tithe shall be redeemable by the landlord at twenty years’ purchase, calculated on the dimi- nished rate; that the proceeds thus arising shall be invested in land or otherwise, for the benefit of the tithe-owners; that present incumbents shall be indemnified against any loss Q98 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. cII. LXVIII, accruing in the amount of their incomes below the seventy-five per cent, but that their successors shall receive only the in- come, whatever it may be, which the investment shall produce; that all litigation for the recovery of tithes due shall be carried on through the incorporated commissioners of the ecclesiastical fund; that the repayment of sums granted under the million act shall not be called for; but that the residue of that sum shall be farther distributed among tithe-owners, in lieu of tithes due to them for the year 1834, which they may have not been able to collect. A long debate followed the proposal of these resolutions. Lord John Russell, contended that, in principle, they were per- fectly identical with the bill brought in last session by the late ministers, and which had been thrown out in the house of lords by the present government and their friends : his lordship said, that of course he had no opposition to offer to the measure : Mr. O’Connell, on the contrary, endeavored to show that the two measures were intirely dissimilar: in point of fact, the main distinctions between them appeared to be, that the bill of last session made the landlords a present of two-fifths of the tithes, or of £40 in every £100; securing to the clergyman seventy-seven and a half per cent of his legal income, and de- volving an annual charge, equal to seventeen and a half per cent of the whole tithes, on the consolidated fund ; while it was now proposed to give the landlords only one fourth of the tithes; to secure to the clergyman only seventy-five per cent of his legal income; and to devolve no charge on the consolidated fund : in the course of the debate, such strong objections were taken to the clauses dispensing with the repayment of the sums distributed, and to be distributed, under the million act, that ministers consented to withdraw them. On the twenty-third, the report of the committee was brought up, and the bill, em- bodying the resolutions which had been agreed to, was read a first time; when Sir R. Peel intimated, that he should move for the re-insertion of the rejected clauses relating to the million act, when the measure had arrived at a subsequent stage : in the course of a conversation which arose out of this subject, Mr. Barron denounced, what he described as inconsistency and abandonment of principle in Sir R. Peel and his colleagues, whom he charged with being merely actuated by a base desire of office: for these expressions, the honorable member was directed by the speaker to apologise to the house; which he accordingly did. Mr. Finn then brought forward his motion A. b. 1835. WILLIAM IV. 299 for a select committee to inquire into the nature, extent, and tendency of Orange lodges; which was agreed to without a division. On Tuesday the twenty-fourth, in the house of lords, * select committee was appointed, on the motion of the duke of Richmond, to consider the subject of prison discipline in England and Wales; and the same evening, in the commons: the house having resolved itself into a committee, Sir R. Peel brought forward his plan for effecting a commutation of tithes in England, by a voluntary agreement between the owner and payer of tithe in each parish; when, after a short debate, a resolution, embodying the leading principle of the plan, was agreed to. On the twenty-sixth, Mr. Tooke moved that an address should be presented to the crown, to grant a charter to the London university; and after a debate of some length, the motion was carried against ministers by a majority of 246 to 110. His majesty's answer, which was returned in a few days, stated that the address had been laid before the privy council; and that he would, without delay, call for a report of its proceedings, in order that he might be enabled to judge of the best means of carrying into effect the wishes of his faithful COIT). In OInS. On the twenty-seventh, the army and ordnance estimates were carried by large majorities, though not without a fierce struggle with Mr. Hume and his partisans; and on Monday the thirtieth, after the house had been called over, lord John Russell brought forward his motion on the Irish church, in the form of a resolution,-‘ that the house should resolve itself into a committee of the whole house, to consider respecting the tem- poralities of the church of Ireland.’ This motion, which was, as it were, a gauntlet thrown down to ministers, was met by Sir Edward Knatchbull with a direct negative; and a debate ensued, which was continued by adjournments over the three following nights: the speakers were numerous on both sides; and after lord John Russell had briefly replied, the house divided about three o'clock on the morning of Friday, April the fourth ; when the numbers were found to be, for the motion 322, against it 289. On the evening of the same day the house went into committee on the motion of lord John, who moved, ‘ that it is the opinion of this committee, that any surplus which may remain, after fully providing for the spiritual instruction of the members of the established church in Ireland, ought to be applied to the general education of all classes of christians.” When the debate had continued some time, Mr. Peter Borth- 300 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ch. xviii. wick moved an adjournment; but the motion was negatived; and soon afterwards the house adjourned to Monday, the sixth : on that day the debate was resumed, and the committee at length divided ; when the resolution was carried by a majority of 262 against 237; and the house then went into committee on the navy estimates. On Tuesday, the report of the committee on the Irish church was brought up, when lord John Russell rose, and moved, ‘ that it is the opinion of this house, that no measure on the subject of tithes in Ireland can lead to a satis- factory and final adjustment, which does not embody the prin- ciple contained in the foregoing resolution.” Another long debate followed, at the termination of which the house di- vided; when the numbers appeared, for the motion 285, against It 258. On Wednesday, the eighth of April, the duke of Wellington in the lords, and Sir R. Peel in the commons, announced that their administration was at an end : both houses met sub- sequently on various days, but without transacting any business of importance; until lord Melbourne announced in the lords, on the eighteenth, that he had been appointed first lord of the treasury, and that the new administration was formed: to a question asked by lord Alvanley, he replied, that he did not know whether he should have the assistance of Mr. O'Connell or not; but that he had taken no means to secure it, and had entered into no terms whatever with that honorable and learned gentleman: his lordship added, that to Mr. O'Connell's opinions, in favor of a repeal of the union and the abolition of the house of peers, he was intirely opposed : the house then adjourned to the thirtieth of April; but on an un- derstanding, that no public business should be undertaken till the twelfth of May. The same evening, in the commons, Mr. F. Baring moved for new writs on account of vacancies oc- casioned by the appointment of seventeen members to offices under the crown; and the commons also adjourned to the twelfth of May. The new cabinet was formed as follows:—viscount Mel- bourne, first lord of the treasury; lord Palmerston, lord J. Russell, and Mr. C. Grant, secretaries respectively for the foreign, home, and colonial departments; lord Lansdowne, president of the council; lord Duncannon, privy seal, and chief commissioner of woods and forests; lord Auckland, first lord of the admiralty; Sir J. C. Hobhouse and Mr. Poulett Thomp- son, presidents of the boards of control and of trade; lord Howick, secretary at war; lord Holland, chancellor of the A.D. 1835. WILLIAM IV. 301 duchy of Lancaster; and Mr. Spring Rice, chancellor of the exchequer: Sir John Campbell and Mr. R. M. Rolfe were made attorney and solicitor-general ; and Mr. Cutlar Fer- gusson, judge advocate: the earl of Mulgrave went as lord lieutenant to advance the popularity of ministers in Ireland, where lord Plunkett was made chancellor, and lord Morpeth chief secretary, with Mr. Serjeant Perrin and Mr. O'Loughlin as attorney and solicitor-general: the lord advocate of Scotland was Mr. J. A. Murray. Among other appointments, were those of Sir Henry Parnell, as paymaster of the forces, and treasurer of the navy ; the marquis of Conyngham, postmaster- general; and marquis Wellesley, lord chamberlain. Thus the short-lived ministry of Sir Robert Peel passed away, not because the premier himself was generally believed dishonest or insincere, but because he was considered a tool in the hands of men, who only flattered to betray : it was suc- ceeded by an administration, the leading members of which, being taught by experience, were not so liable as heretofore to be caught by the wiles and snares of their opponents : relying on that portion of the community which now possessed the prin- cipal share of political power, they determined to pursue a steady course of reform, and to present a bolder front to their adversaries: in such a determination they have persevered, and the power of public opinion has for a long time supported them : it cannot however be denied, that dangers of a compli- cated kind threaten their stability, which it will require all their prudence and sagacity to avert. If they succeed in weathering the storm, there can be no doubt that they will continue their endeavors to restore our constitution to a sound state, repairing what is decayed in the fabric, without dis- turbing its foundation : if they fall, they will have the conso- lation to reflect, that few administrations can compete with them in the magnitude and importance of the national questions which they have already set at rest; and that they may with pride inscribe on their shields—ABOLITION OF SLAVERY — AMENDMENT OF THE POOR LAWS-and coRPORATION RE- FORM, G E N E R A L IN D E X. G E N E R A L I N D E X. * *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.* A. Abbey-lands, their alienation at the reformation iv, 249 Abbot, archbishop, suspended vi, 173. employed to moderate the pretensions of the commons, in the petition of right 191 Abbot, Mr., chosen speaker of the house of commons xviii, 21. his zeal against the catholics xix, 283. his resignation, and elevation to the peerage xx, 165 Abbott, Mr., justice, (lord Tenterden) created lord chief justice XX, 188. opposes the claims of the catholics xxi, 136 Abercrombie, general, succeeds general Shirley xii, 64. 72. suc- ceeds to the chief command in America 314 Abercromby, Sir Ralph, his co-operation with lord Cornwallis in India xvii, 203. appointed commander-in-chief in Ireland, and soon after resigns his command xviii, 96. takes possession of Helder fort, 155. Superseded by the duke of York, ib. assists in the reduction of Malta 182. lands at Aboukir-bay 205. mortally wounded in the battle of Alexandria 207 Abhorrers and Petitioners, origin of those party distinctions. viii, 221 - Acadie yielded to the French viii, 56 Achmuty, Sir Samuel, gains possession of Monte Video xix, 23. his gallantry at the attack on Buenos Ayres 24. captures the island of Java 230 Acre besieged by the christians ii, 10. taken by Richard I. and Philip of France 12, unsuccessful siege of, by Buonaparte xviii, 158 Adam, Mr., abandons the opposition xvi, 70. his duel with Mr. Fox, ib. Adams, Mr. envoy from the United States, his first interview with George III. xvi, 220. chosen president of the United States xxi, 56 Addington, Mr., (lord Sidmouth) advanced to the head of the government xviii, 193. elevated to the peerage 264. quits the ministry 275, created home secretary xix, 241 Addison, Mr., appointed secretary of state ix, 267 - Adelaide, queen of William IV. her popularity and conde- ENG. XXI. U 306 GENERAL INDEX, - $ Scension xxi, 175. provision made for her by parliament 179, her coronation 201 Adelfrid establishes the kingdom of Northumberland i, 21. 32. defeated and killed 34 Admiralty, courts of xiii, 27 Admirals, lord high, an account of during James I. vi., 119. during Charles I. vii, 211 Adolphus, Frederic, succeeds to the crown of Sweden xi, 292. conspiracy discovered to make him absolute xii, 89 Adrian, his famous rampart completed by Severus i, 8 Adrian III. makes a grant of Ireland to Henry II. i, 331 Adultery, legal composition for, among the Saxons i, 172 Affry, count d’, his memorial to the Dutch xii, 307. his coun- ter-memorial to England xiii, 181 Africa, expedition fitted out for exploring its interior xx, 165 African and Indian company established in Scotland ix, 192. dis- couraged by the English parliament 210. abandoned by king William 268. make a settlement at Darien 278. compelled to quit it 279 Aºn trade, measures taken with regard to xi, 230.255.264. xii, 280 Agitators, or representatives of the army, chosen vii, 161. seize the king 162. Their meetings forbidden by Cromwell 178. dis- orders committed by them 221. suppressed by the generals Qi) () Agricola, finally subdues the Britons, as far as Caledonia i, 7. secures their subjection, ib. His civil institutions 8 Agriculture, state of, in the time of Henry VIII. iv, 212. state of, during James I. vi., 144 Aiguillon, duke of, assembles a body of forces for the invasion of Britain xiii, 73 Aislabie, Mr., expelled the house of commons, and sent to the Tower x, 310 Aitken, John, condemned and executed xi, 279 Aix, isle of, taken xii, 155 Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of viii, 67. reflections on the peace of xi, 223. 227. resolutions of the congress at xx, 191 Alasco, John, takes refuge in England iv, 265, forced to quit the country 289 Albany, duke of, assumes the administration of Scotland iii, 59. sends forces to France 89. dies 100 , duke of, invited to accept the regency of Scotland iv, 4. state of the kingdom at his arrival, ib. lord Hume makes war, and is put to death by him 6. concludes a truce with the Eng- lish 32. his operations against England disconcerted 34 —, in New-York, described xi, 35 Albemarle, earl of, rebels against Henry III. ii, 119. Submits, and is pardoned ib. , general Monk created duke of viii, 2. procures the condemnation of Argyle 15. engages the Dutch admiral 47. his death and character 90, note , (Keppel) earl of, defeated at TXenain x, 193 GENERAL INDEX. 307 Albemarle, lord, joined with admiral Pocock in the conquest of the Havannah xiv, 82 Alberoni, cardinal, complains of the attack on the Spanish fleet x, 285 - Albigenses, who ii, 51. crusade against them ib. Alcuin, preceptor to Charlemagne i, 40 Alençon, besieged by king John ii, 38. the siege raised 39 Alentejo, surprise and defeat of the Spanish army near xiv, 77 Alexander II. pope, declares in favor of the Norman invasion i, 145. 199 III. pope, driven from Rome i, 296. annuls the consti- tutions of Clarendon 308. canonizes Becket 328 — IV. pope, publishes a crusade against Sicily ii, 134. his levies on the English clergy to carry it on, ib. threatens the kingdom with an interdict for non-payment of his demand 136 III. of Scotland, espouses the sister of Edward I. ii, 190. his death, ib. , captain, his co-operation with the army in the Bur- mese war xxi, 28 ——, emperor of Russia, his accession to the throne xviii, 203. concludes a convention with Great Britain 204. declares war against France 274. concludes the treaty of Tilsit xix, 17. proclaims afresh the armed neutrality against Great Britain 21. takes possession of Finland 46. prepares for war with France 198. emancipates his country 249. moderation of his conduct at Paris xx, 10. his flattering reception in England 24. endea- vors to abolish domestic slavery in his dominions 218. his death xxi, 55 Alexis Comnenus, his policy to get rid of the crusaders i, 241 Alford, encounter there vii, 133 Alfred accompanies his father to Rome i, 56. assists his brother against the Danes 59. Succeeds him in the crown 60. progress of his education 61. worsted by the Danes, ib. fights several battles with them 62. forced to relinquish his dominions in dis- guise 63. collects some retainers 64. harasses the Danes, ib. enters their camp in disguise 65. defeats them, ib. his civil in- stitutions 66.71. forms a naval force 67. routs the Northum- brians 69. his death and character 71 Alfric, duke of Mercia, his character and history i, 104. trea- cherously saves the Danish fleet, ib. another instance of his perfidy 112 Algiers, compelled to peace by admiral Blake vii, 288. its attack and capture by lord Exmouth xx, 158. reverts to its old system of slavery 161. blockaded by the French xxi, 121. surrenders to general JBourmont 189 Ali Pasha, his repulse from Parga xx, 18. his entry into that for- tress 217 - Alien bill, its enactment xx, 185. its renewal 325 Alienation act passed against the Scots x, 31 Allen, John, his character iv, 13. prosecuted and convicted of iniquity, ib. , colonel, his surprise of Ticonderoga xv, 209 *=== 3:08 GENERAL INDEX. ! Allison, his prosecution in the star-chamber vi, 232 Allodial and feudal possessions, difference between ii, 80 Almadovar, count d’, Spanish ambassador at the court of London, presents a hostile manifesto, and withdraws xvi, 49 Almeida, surrender of, to the French and Spaniards xiv, 77. taken by Massena xix, 170. recaptured by the British 215 Alva, duke of, concerts a massacre of the French protestants V, 71. negociates for an insurrection in England 125. employed by Philip to oppress the Flemings 149. his character and cruel- ties, ib. revenges himself on the English merchants 150. his cruel extortions on the Flemings, ib. his attempts in favor of Mary queen of Scots 151. revolt of Holland and Zealand 165. condemns the prince of Orange, and confiscates his possessions 166. his cruelty on reducing Harlem 167. repulsed at Alcmaer, and solicits to be recalled, ib. boasts of his infamous con- duct, ib. Alvinzi, marshal, defeated by Buonaparte xviii, 51. fails in his attempt to relieve Mantua 76 Amboyna, cruelties practised by the Dutch there vi, 141. taken by the British xix, 157 Ambrosius commands the Britons against Hengist i, 117 , archbishop of Moscow, cruelly murdered xy, 98 Amelia, princess, birth of xvi, 236. her death xix, 150 , princess, aunt to George III., her death xvii, 22 Amerciaments, the Inanner of imposing by the Anglo-Norman kings ii, 105 > America, when first discovered i, 311. consequences of this discovery, ib. The different claims made by the European Iiations to discoveries in vi, 72. colonies established there by James I. 142. general view of the British colonies in xi, 257. subjected to the mutiny act 373, note. maritime laws of Eng- land extended to xii, 36. Armericans, determination of the British government to extract a direct revenue from xiv., 124. discontents of 125. disputes be- tween, and the savage tribes 129. treaty concluded with them 132. they resolve to abstain from the use of British goods 143. their resistance to the stamp duties 150. they appoint deputies to a congress at New York 152. discontinue the use of stamped paper 153. resolve to suspend all commercial intercourse with Great Britain 154. which is partially resumed at the repeal of the stamp act 171. discontented at the imposition of additional duties xv, 4. form associations for the discontinuance of all articles imported from the mother country 17. make mili- tary preparations 196. draw up an address to the people of Great Britain 202. expel the king’s governors 214. instance of their bad faith 242. they publish a declaration of national inde- pendence 251. App. 337. review of their diplomatic agency 257. procure secret aid from France and Spain 264. firm and judi- cious conduct of their congress 269. miserable condition of their army, ib. letters of marque granted against by the British government 280. conclude a treaty of alliance with France xvi, 10, their rejection of the conciliatory propositions of Great GENERAL INDEX. 309 Britain 26, they combine with the French in an unsuccessful assault on Rhode island 32. avenge the destruction of Wyom- ing on the savages 34. their great success at sea 109. discon- tents in their army 188. they recover Charleston 189. their severity to the loyalists 190. obtain a recognition of their inde- pendence by Great Britain at the treaty of peace 218. their dis- putes with the government of Great Britain xvii, 297. they become involved in a quarrel with France xviii, 53. 116. pur- chase Louisiana from that power 248. their disputes with Great Britain amicably arranged 319. their opposition to the British orders in council xix, 27. their increasing hostility 136. 157. they open their ports to the ships of France, and close them against those of England 199. their commencement of hostilities, ib. their ill success in Canada 243. vigor and good fortune of their naval enterprises 244 Amherst, general, reduces Cape Breton xii, 318. takes possession of Ticonderoga and Crown Point xiii, 108. reduces the French fort at Isle Royale 264. takes Montreal 265. despatches a force against the American Indians xiv, 130 - , lord, appointed governor-general of India xxi, 6. com- pels Mr. Arnot to quit India, ib. commences war with the Burmese 15. who are compelled to solicit peace 24. he settles a commercial treaty with the Burmese 36. directs lord Com- bermere to besiege Bhurtpoor, which is taken by assault 37. embarks for England 40 Amiens, treaty of alliance there, between the dukes of Bedford, Burgundy, and Britany iii, 99. treaty of in 1801 xviii, 211 Ancram, battle of iv., 190 Anderton, the printer, his trial and execution ix, 260 André, major, appointed to correspond with general Arnold xvi, 102. his conference with that officer, ib. is arrested 103. con- Veys intimation to Arnold of his capture 104. intercedes with Washington for a commutation of punishment 106. is hanged as a spy 107 Aºosey, general, French ambassador to Great Britain xviii, 226 Angles, who, and where settled i, 18.25 Anglesea, attacked by Suetonius Paulinus i, 6. the Druids de- stroyed there, ib. , marquis of, wounded at the battle of Waterloo xx, 95. succeeds the duke of Wellington in the ordnance xxi, 81. be- comes lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and advocates concession to the catholics 118. his dismissal from that office 119. defends the catholic cause in the lords 135. again lord-lieutenant of Ireland 186 Anglia, East, history of the Saxon kingdom of i, 37 Anglo-Norman government, account of ii, 93 Angoulême, duc d', his triumphant entry into Bourdeaux xx, 9. his joyful reception by the army 14. restores Ferdinand VII. to arbitrary power 305. Angrias, their fort of Geriah taken, and fleet destroyed xii, 85. Angus, earl of, marries Margaret, widow of James 1.W. of Scot- 310 GENERAL INDEX. land iv, 4, she gets a divorce from him 94, he is forced to fly into England by the young king, ib. joins the English army against James .W. 174, takes part against Beaton iſ 7. conducts the Scottish army on the flight of Arran 189, commands the van at the battle of Pinkey 23i Angus, (Douglas) earl of, slain ix, 26 Anjou, duke of, brother to Charles IX. of France, defeats and kills the prince of Condé v, 144. defeats Coligni 145. proposed as a husband to queen Elizabeth 146. elected king of Poland 162. takes possession of the crown of France, ib. See Henry III. of France. , the duke of Alençon, created duke of v, 184. prosecutes his suit with queen Elizabeth, ib. sent to the Low Countries 186. comes over to England 187. the queen breaks off the match 190. expelled the Netherlands, returns home and dies, ib. Anlaf heads the Danish pirates against Athelstan i, 85 Annapolis, the inhabitants of, rebel, and are reduced xi, 332 Annates, an act against levying iv, 82 Anne, lady of Beaujeu, her character iii, 258. vested with the government of France during the minority of Charles VIII., ib. motives of her embassy to Henry VII. 260 159 of Cleves, is married to Henry VIII. iv., 156. is divorced 15 —--, daughter of James II. married to prince George of Den- mark viii, 281. deserts with her husband to the prince of Orange 350. dissensions between the queen and her ix, 135. She succeeds to the throne 340. declares war against France 345. ratifies the union with Scotland x, 83, the nation generally discontented with her whig ministry 95. an ineffectual treaty between her and France 124. 139. she changes her ministry 146. She demands king Philip's renunciation of the crown of France 180. peace is concluded at Utrecht between her and Louis XIV.198. Substance of the treaty 200. treaty between her and Philip V. of Spain 209. her death and character 222. in- stances of her munificence 355 —-, empress of Russia, concludes a peace with the Turks xi, 70. her death 76 Anselm, appointed archbishop of Canterbury i, 234. opposes the violences of the king 235. espouses the pretensions of Urban 230. retires to Rome 237. recalled by Henry I. 247. procures an accommodation between the king and his brother Robert 250. refuses to consecrate the bishops invested by Henry 256. re- tires to Rome, and his revenues again confiscated, ib. com- promise with, 260 Anson, commodore, sails for the South-Sea xi, 76. his return 152. he captures a French squadron 211. Created a lord, ib. ap- pointed first lord of the admiralty xii, 152. his character xiv, 8. superseded in the admiralty 69 & Antonio, Don, obtains assistance from England to assert his pre- tensions to the crown of Portugal v, 267. the expedition fails 268 tº gº tº Antwerp, joyful reception of the English merchants there iii, 29t. GENERAL INDEX. 311 revolt of the protestants there v, 148. suppressed by the prince of Orange 149, its gallant defence by general Chassé xxi, 191. surrenders to the French 254 * Apché, M. d’, worsted by admiral Pocock xii, 329. xiii, 143 Appeals to superior courts, how appointed by Alfred i, 73. from the barons’ courts, how regulated in the reign of Henry III. ii, 174. to Rome, forbidden iv, 85. from chancery to the house of peers vi, 84, note Apraxin, general, takes Memel xii, 218. engages marshal Lehwald 227. makes a hasty retreat from Prussia 228. disgraced and tried 333 Aram, Eugene, an account of xiii, 59 Archangel, passage to, discovered v, 366 Arcemboldi, farms the sale of indulgences iv, 26 Arcot, dispute about the government of xi, 349. reduced by co- lonel Coote xiii, 149 Argyle, earl of, enters into the association of reformers v, 17. attends the queen-regent in her attempt to suppress the pro- testant riots 21. signs the new covenant of the congregation 23. enters into a conspiracy against Mary 69. forced to fly into England 70. reconciled to the queen 76 , earl of, his character vi, 257. Subscribes to the covenant, ib. deserts his army at the approach of Montrose vii, 132. Sub- mits to the commonwealth 253. tried and executed viii, 15. , earl of, condemned for leasing-making viii, 254. escapes to Holland 255. engages in the duke of Monmouth’s conspiracy 266. urges Monmouth to rebel against James II. 297. invades Scotland 305. taken and executed 306 , (Campbell) earl of, sent by the Scottish convention to invest William and Mary with the government ix, 24. with- draws from the coalition 62. created a duke 297. sent commis- sioner to the Scottish parliament x, 35. his bravery at Mal- plaquet 128. appointed general in Spain 160. desires a disso- lution of the union with Scotland 203. engages the earl of Mar at Dumblane 251. disgraced 260. resigns his places xi, 82. re-accepts them, and again lays them down 103. his death 141, In Ote Arlington, Bennet earl of, made secretary of state viii, 34. be- comes one of the cabal ministry 83. his character 84. sent to Holland to treat with Louis XIV. 110 Armada, the invincible, preparations for the equipment of v, 255. sails from Lisbon 260. makes an unsuccessful attack on the English fleet 262. attacked and disconcerted by the English admiral 263. destroyed by a storm 264 Armagnacs and Burgundians, who iii, 74.82 Armentières, M. d’, takes possession of Gottingen xii, 210. worsted by the hereditary prince xiii, 160 Armies, standing, first rise of iii, 311. when first introduced into England viii, 9. number of standing forces kept up from the restoration to the revolution 373 Arminianism attacked by the house of commons vi, 208 312 GENERAL INDEX. Arms, coats of, custom of using them first introduced into Europe during the crusades ii, 29 Armstrong, Sir Thomas, is seized, and executed viii, 277 Army, feudal, its disadvantages ii, 206 , parliamentary, first raised, and the command given to the earl of Essex vii, 51. is disbanded at the restoration viii, 9 Arnold, colonel, his able support of the American cause xv, 209. arrives before Quebec 211. effects a junction with Montgomery, ib. Imakes an unsuccessful attack on Quebec 212. 241. his re- treat to Crown Point 244. is pursued by the British under Carleton, and defeated, ib. promoted and rewarded by congress for his valor 311. he re-inforces the Americans 321. attacks the British troops under Burgoyne, but repulsed 322. appointed to the command of West Point xvi, 58. enters into a secret correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton 102. his conference with Imajor André, ib. effects his escape, and accepts a commission in the British service 104. his proclamations in justification of his conduct 107. his expedition to Virginia 139. baffles the design of Washington 140. Arnot, Mr., sent to England by lord Amherst xxi, 8 Arran, James, earl of, his pretensions to the administration of Scotland, during the minority of Mary iv., 177. contracts the infant queen to prince Edward of England, ib. attempts to seize the young queen, but fails 179. renounces the reformed religion 183, engages the duke of Somerset at Pinkey 231. is created duke of Chatelrault 238. , James Stuart, made earl of v, 190. the king taken from the power of him and Lenox, by an association of Scottish nobility 191. degraded from his authority, and deprived of his title and estate 197 Arras, congress at iii, 125 Array, commissions of, issued by Charles I. vii, 49 Arroyo Molino, remarkable exploit of Sir Rowland Hill at xix, 227 Arteville, James de, a brewer at Ghent, becomes a leader of the Flemish populace ii, 307. employed by Edward III. to assist his pretensions to the crown of France, ib. his death 339 Arthur, prince of the Silures, celebrated by the British bards, i, 19 -, son of Geoffrey, third son of Henry II. invested in the duchy of Britany, i, 355.. taken under protection of Philip of France ii, 31. taken prisoner by John 36. murdered by him -, prince, eldest son of Henry VII., married to Catharine of Arragon iii, 297. dies, ib. Articles, six, passed by the parliament in the reign of Henry VIII. for abolishing diversity of opinions in religion iv., 148, this statute repealed 233 Artillery, first used at the battle of Crecy ii, 335, when first used at sieges iii, 109 Artists, eminent, an account of xiii, 335 GENERAL INDEX. 31 3 Artois, Robert de, stimulates Edward to claim the crown of . France iii, 305. is killed 326 Arts, state of, during Charles I. vii, 355.. societies instituted for the encouragement of xiii, 6 Arundel, earl of, condemned and executed iii, 25 , earl of, one of the commissioners to inquire into the conduct of Mary queen of Scots w, 107. introduces coaches into England 371 Ascham, his murder vii, 285 Ascue, Anne, cruelly tortured and burnt iv., 196 Asgill, captain, selected by Washington to expiate the murder of Huddy xvi, 191. saved by the interposition of the queen of France, ib. Ashantees, king of the, attacks the British settlements on the Gold Coast xxi, 3. compelled to retreat, ib. Ashby and White, constables of Aylesbury, their case x, 8.33 Ashton, Mr., tried and executed is, 89 Aske, Mr., raises an insurrection against Henry VIII. ix, 131. is executed 134 Assassins, whence the origin of the term derived ii, 14 Assembly, general, of the church of Scotland, summoned by James I. v., 191. induced to submit to the king's authority vi, 68. one summoned under the influence of the covenanters 255. meets at Glasgow, and abolishes episcopacy, ib. meets by their own authority vii, 89. concurs in delivering up the king to the English parliament 154 , of divines at Westminster, new regulation of religion by vii, 118. votes the divine right of presbytery 147. its power restricted by parliament 148 Assiento treaty with Spain ratified x, 209 Astronomers sent to the East Indies xiii, 375 Astronomical Society, foundation of xx, 256 Asylum for female orphans instituted xiii, 7 Athelstan, natural son of Edward the Elder, his reign i, 81. his death and character 84 Athelwold, his treachery i, 97. his death 99 Atherton moor, battle of vii, 85 Athlone, (Ginckel) earl of, reduces Athlone ix, 99. , defeats the Irish at Aghrim 100. besieges and reduces Limerick 103. saves Nimeguen 352 Athol, earl of, forms a confederacy to protect prince James from the attempts of Bothwell V, 91 Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Rochester, committed to the Tower x, 320. bill of pains and penalties against him 324. deprived, and driven into exile 3:25 Attouguia, count d', apprehended for a conspiracy against the king of Portugal xii, 385. executed xiii, 187 Audley, lord, heads an insurrection against Henry VII. iii, 288. defeated and executed 290 Auerstadt, battle of xviii, 322 Augereau, marshal, re-establishes the power of the directory by order of Buonaparte xviii, 79 314 GENERAL INDEX. Augmentation, court of, erected iv., 155 tº a tº a º Augustine, sent by pope Gregory to preach christianity in Britain i, 27. his character and successful mission 28. created archbishop of Canterbury 30 # - e Augustus Caesar dissuades his successors from enlarging their empire i, 5 Augustus II. elector of Saxony, elected king of Poland ix, 248. deposed 393. re-assumes the crown x, 131 —— III. elector of Saxony, chosen king of Poland xi, 21. declares for the queen of Hungary 148. his electorate invaded by the king of Prussia 157. blocked up with his troops at Pirna xii, 95. his queen insulted, and cabinet rifled 96, note. publishes a remonstrance on the Prussian behavior at the siege of Dresden xiii, 319 Austerlitz, battle of xviii, 293 Australia, its rapid and extensive improvement xxi, 4. Austria, hostilities commenced between her and Prussia xii, 97. her position at the peace of Hubertsburg xiv, 97. her ambitious schemes regarding the Bavarian succession xvi, 3. her arbi- trary conduct in the Netherlands 109. commences war with the French republic xvii, 168. concludes the treaty of Campo Formio xviii, 79. renews hostilities with France 121. consents to the treaty of Luneville 179. joins the alliance against France 274. concludes the treaty of Presburg 296. lays aside her electoral dignity 305. again commences hostilities against France xix, 126. compelled to accept a disadvantageous peace after the battle of Wagram 127. joins the allies against France 289. extent of its territory at the congress of Vienna xx, 53. its opposition to Greek independence 291. its jealousy of Russian influence in Turkey xxi, 105 Authors, eminent, account of xiii, 331 Aveiro, duc d’, apprehended for a conspiracy against the king of Portugal xii, 385. executed xiii, 187 Aylesbury, (Bruce) earl of, engages in a plot against king Wil- liam ix, 212 Ayscue, Sir George, reduces the English colonies in America vii, 251. engages de Ruyter 258. his ship taken by the Dutch, viii, 48 Azincour, battle of iii, 79 B. Babington, Antony, enters into a conspiracy against the life of Elizabeth V, 219, he and his associates seized and executed Bacon, Sir Nicholas, (lord) made lord keeper of the great seal on the accession of Elizabeth V, 4. his officious assistance at the trial of Essex 327. preserves Hayward from the indignation of queen Elizabeth, by his pleasantry 350. discovered to have taken bribes while chancellor vi, 83. is impeached, fined, and committed to the Tower 84. his writings and character, ib. con- sidered as a philosopher and writer 149 GENERAL INDEX. 315 Badajos besieged by Soult xix, 200. captured by that general 206. retaken by the British with immense slaughter 258 ——, marquis of, his unfortunate fate vii, 291 Baden, Louis, prince of, defeats the Turks at Patochin ix, 49. defeated at Fridlinguen 355. reduces Landau x, 22. thwarts the duke of Marlborough 40. his success on the Rhine 44 Badlesmere, lord, his trial and execution ii, 270 Bagnal, Sir Henry, defeated and killed by Tyrone v, 308 Baillie, of Jerviswood, his trial and execution viii, 280 Bailly, M., appointed mayor of Paris xvii, 118 - Bainham, James, cruelly treated by Sir Thomas More for heresy iv, 101. is burnt in Smithfield, ib. Baird, Sir David, wounded in battle, and taken prisoner by Hyder Ali xvi, 123. his cruel treatment 124. commands a suc- cessful expedition against the Cape of Good Hope xviii, 317. wounded at the battle of Coruña xix, 83 Bajee Row, rises up in arms against the British government à 127. compelled to renounce all sovereignty in the Deccan 13 Balasore described xi, 248 Balchen, admiral Sir John, perishes at sea xi, 153 Baldwin, earl of Flanders, assists the Norman invasion i, 145 Balfour, Sir James, his treachery v., 109 Baliol, John, his pretensions to the crown of Scotland ii, 192. re- cognises the king of England’s superiority over Scotland 199. swears fealty to Edward, who puts him in possession of the kingdom 200. forms an alliance with Philip of France 205. carried prisoner to London, and committed to the Tower 220 obtains his liberty, and dies in a private station, ib. - ——, Edward, renews his father’s pretensions to the crown of Scotland ii, 296. invades Scotland 297. crowned at Scone 299. is routed, and flies to England, ib. is restored 301. resigns his pretensions to Edward 351 Balmerino, lord, joins the young chevalier xi, 170. tried and be- headed 188 Baltic fleet taken by the French x, 50 Baltimore, unsuccessful attack on, by the British xx, 35 Bangor, great slaughter of the monks of i, 33. the large monastery of, destroyed, ib. - Bank act passed x, 268 - Bank of England established ix, 167. renewal of its charter xxi, 250 - Bankrupt-laws, remarks on the xiii, 42 Bannockburn, battle of ii, 263 Banqueting-house at Whitehall, when built vi, 132 Barbadoes, when planted by the English vi, 144 Barbary corsairs, their insolence xi, 252 Barcelona, its siege and capture by the English x, 46 Barclay, Sir George, his conspiracy for assassinating king Wil- liam ix, 213 . , captain, defeat and capture of his squadron by commo dore Perry xix, 318 ** 316 GENERAL INDEX. Barebone, Praise God, Cromwell’s parliament denominated from him vii, 269 \ Barillon, MI., his relations of a private contract between Charles II. and Louis XIV. viii, 283, note Barlow, Mr. Joel, his mission as ambassador at the court of Buonaparte xix, 246. his death, ib. - -, Sir George, succeeds the marquis Cornwallis in the government of India xx, 109. counteracts the political system of the marquis Wellesley 111. superseded by lord Minto, ib. Barnard, Sir John, his scheme for reducing the interest of the national debt xi, 40 -, Mr., remarkable transaction between the duke of Marl- borough and him xiii, 8, note -, his fanaticism reproved vi, 225 Barnes, Dr., procures the impeachment of Lambert iv., 145. is himself burned 162 Barnet, battle of iii, 193 Baronet, cause and origin of that title vi, 55 Barons of England, first indications of a regular association and plan of liberty among them ii, 33. attend John in his Norman Wars, ib. desert him 39. accused and fined by him 42. again refuse to assist him in France 57. insist on a renewal of the charter of liberties granted by Henry I. 61. commence hos- tilities against John 64, obtain the great charter from him 65. chief heads of this charter, ib. the charter annulled by the pope 71. Langton refuses to publish the pope's bull of excom- munication against them, ib. cruel devastation of the country by both parties 72. they offer the kingdom to Louis, son of the king of France 73. are disgusted at Louis’s behavior 74. origin of their power, &c. 78. obtain a new charter of liberties from Henry III. 113. obtain a charter of forests 114. recovered from their foreign alliance by the earl of Pembroke 115. conclude a peace with him 117. their commotions on the death of the earl of Pembroke 118. confederate against Hubert de Burgh 121. procure his dismission 124. confederate with Simon de Mount- fort, earl of Leicester 141. regulations formed by their council at Oxford 142. the knights of the shires appeal to prince Ed- ward against their proceedings 146. his message to them on the occasion, ib. the parliament empowers Henry to resume the authority out of their hands 151, they confederate with the earl of Leicester 152. levy war on the king 154. reduce him to comply again with the provisions of Oxford 155. their dis- putes with Henry referred to the arbitration of Louis king of France 156. they reject Louis's decision, and take arms 157. defeat Henry at Lewes, and take him prisoner 159. are ill treated by Leicester 161. their army defeated at Evesham 167. the distinctions among them 209. their two charters confirmed by Edward I. 226. allowed to entail their estates 249, a con- federacy of, against Gavaston 256. procure his banishment, ib. procure the authority of government to be vested in a junto 258. seize Gavaston, and put him to death 260. they insist on a re- newal of the ordinances after the defeat of Bannockburn 265. GENERAL INDEX. 317 they combine to ruin the Despensers 267. obtain a sentence of forfeiture and perpetual exile against the Despensers 268. join the invasion of Isabella 274. murder Despenser, the father, at Bristol 275. are discontented with Richard II. iii, 11. ancient and modern nobility, their ways of life contrasted 308 Barosa, battle of xix, 203 Barras, MI., his powerful patronage of Napoleon xviii, 29. urges him to undertake the conquest of England 83 Barrie, captain, his gallant exploit at Sagone-bay Xix, 229 Barrington, lord, expelled the house of commons x, 325. his letters to general Fowke xii, 69, note , general, his operations at Guadaloupe xiii, 94.96.98. reduces several islands 101 , lord, his character xiv, 9 Barry, madame du, procures the downfall of the duc de Choiseul xv, 89 Bartholomew, massacre, on the eve of v, 153 Barton, a Scotsman, commits piracies on the English, and is de- stroyed by the English admirals iii, 327 , Elizabeth, her hysterical fits attributed to inspiration iv, 103. confesses the artifice, and is punished 104 , captain, shipwrecked on the coast of Morocco xii, 326 Basilides, John, cause and particulars of his treaty with queen Elizabeth v, 366 Bastardy, disputes concerning ii, 173 3astile, destruction of xvii, 118 Bastwick, cruelly sentenced by the star-chamber vi, 234. his sentence reversed by the commons 289 Bath, order of, revived x, 334, note, Batteaux described xii, 17 Battle, trial by, allowed to be evaded i, 350 Battle-abbey, founded by William the Conqueror i, 18.5 Baugé, battle of iii, 89 Bavaria, duke of, defeats the elector palatine vi, 80. conquers the upper palatinate 86. obtains the electoral dignity 94 -, Maximilian, elector of, makes a diversion in Flanders ix, 153. his behavior at the siege of Namur 197. declares for France 355. Testored to his dignities and dominions x, 309 ., Charles, elector of, crowned king of Bohemia xi, 94. elected emperor 108. convention between him and the queen of Hungary 124. treaty between him, Prussia, &c. 145, his death155 -, Maximilian, elector of, accommodation between the queen of Hungary and him xi, 156. his troops join the French xii, 183 Baylen, surrender of Dupont at xix, 36 Bayonne, its investment by lord Wellington xx, 4 Beaton, cardinal, accused of forging the will of James V. iv., 176. joins the queen dowager, and obtains possession of the govern- ment 177. confined by the earl of Arran, ib. cabals against Ar- ran, ib. attaches himself to Arran 183. causes Wishart to be executed for heresy 226. is assassinated 227 - Beauchamp of Holt, lord, is condemned for treason iii, 17 318 GENERAL INDEX. Beauharnois, madame, becomes the wife of Buonaparte xviii, 29 -—, Eugene, created viceroy of Italy xix, 47. assumes the command of the French forces after the desertion of Murat 249 Beaulieu, general, his unsuccessful campaign against Buona- parte xviii, 47 Beaumarchais, M. de, commissioned by the French government to promise aid to the Americans xv, 258. his offers to Silas Deane 261 Beauvais, bishop of, taken prisoner by Richard I. ii, 25. Set at liberty by John 32 Beckford, alderman, promotes the interests of the earl of Chat- ham in the city of London xiv, 85, elected mayor the second time XV, 57. his reply to the king 78. his death 86 Bedford, duke of, regent of France iii, 91. appointed protector of England, during the minority of Henry VI. 97. His character, ib. restores James I. of Scotland 100. his great successes over the French, ib. his prudent conduct on the successes of Joan d’Arc 119, his cruel prosecution of her 121. agrees to a con- gress at Arras 125. dies 127 , earl of, sent to negociate peace with Henry II. of France iv, 261. Suppresses the insurrection in Devonshire 297 , Mr., punished for libel x, 208 —, duke of, appointed viceroy of Ireland xiii, 79. his cha- racter xiv, 9.. becomes the leader of the cabinet 115 Bedingfield, Mr., his loyal and gallant conduct xviii, 31. his face- tious answer to Mr. Dundas 32 Bedloe, his narrative of Godfrey's murder, and the popish plot viii, 186 Bednore, its capture by general Mathews xvi, 130. retaken by Tippoo Saib, ib. Beer, unpopular tax on xiv, 24. its repeal xxi, 161 Belgium, its union with Holland at the congress of Vienna xx, 55. its discontents xxi, 144, revolution in 177, its inde- pendence recognised by Holland 254 Belgrade, siege of ix, 156. battle of X, 275 Bell, Mr., his gallant defence of Cape-coast castle xii, 173 Belleisle, count de, his extraordinary retreat xi, 111. Slain at Exilles 210 Belleisle, capture of xiv, 26 Belliard, general, surrenders Grand Cairo to the British xviii, 208 Bellingham assassinates Mr. Perceval in the house of commons, xix, 236. his trial and execution, ib. Benbow, admiral, bombards St. Maloes ir, 159. his engagement with de Casse 360. his death 361 Benedictines described i, 87 Benefices, how they first came into the hands of laymen iv, 139 Benevolences, when first levied ii, 129 - Bengal invaded by Shah Zaddah xiv, 28 - Bentinck, lord William, his unsuccessful attack on Tarragona xix., 295. besieges and takes Genoa XX, 19 Beresford, marshal, assumes the command of the Portuguese GENERAL INDEX. 319 troops xix, 99. his admirable system of discipline 100. invests the fortress of Badajos 215. defeats the French at Albuera 216. accompanies the duc d’Angoulême to Bourdeaux xx, 9.. his hostility to the freedom of Portugal 258 Bergen-op-Zoom, siege of xx, 5 Berkeley, lord, keeper of Edward II. ii, 277 —, judge, seized on the bench, by order of the house of commons vi, 286 Berkstead seized and executed viii, 25 Berlin laid under contribution by the Austrians xii, 232, and by them and the Russians xiii, 314 , decree issued from to exclude British ships and com- merce from all European ports xix., 18 Bermudas, when first settled by the English vi, 143 Bernadotte, general, his defence of Antwerp against the British xix., 131. elected crown prince of Sweden 155. emancipates that country from French dependence 199. defeats Oudinot 290. routs Ney, ib. obtains possession of Norway at the con- gress of Vienna xx, 57 Bernard, St., preaches a crusade i, 285 Bernard, governor, his hostilities with the legislative assembly of Massachusets xiv., 172. by whom it is dissolved xv, 20. he refuses to convoke the assembly 21. his departure from Ame- rica 52 Bernicia, by whom founded i, 21 Berri, duc de, his assassination xx, 260 Berry, captain, his zealous co-operation with Nelson at cape St. Vincent xviii, 72. is captured by the French 115. his gal- lantry and good humor at the capture of Le Généreux 182 Bertha, her zeal for the propagation of christianity i, 25 Berwick taken by Edward I. ii, 218 , (Stuart) duke of, accompanies James II. to Ireland ix, 30, note. commands the forces in Ireland 79. taken prisoner at Landen 151. repairs privately to England 212. his progress in Portugal X, 25. routs the confederates at Almanza 87. de- feats the Camisars 129. takes fort Rehl xi, 13. killed at Philipsburg 22 Bessières, marshal, his decisive victory over the Spaniards at Rio Seco xix, 33 Bible, translation of, made by Tindal iv., 100. a translation finished and printed at Paris 117. restrictions as to reading it 135. granted to every family 153. the use of it prohibited to the lower classes 171 Bigod, Hugh, countenances the pretensions of king Stephen i, 274. reduced to surrender his castles 347 Birmingham, riots at xvii, 165. formation of political unions at, xxi, 207. their intemperate resolutions 295. 229 Biron, lord, defeated by Fairfax vii, 100 Blackfriars bridge, plan of xiii, 244 Blackheath, battle of iii, 289 Blake, admiral, his rise in the navy vii, 250. pursues prince Rupert's fleet, ib., engages Tromp 256. falls on the Dutch 320 GENERAL INDEX. herring-busses 257. defeats de Witt and de Ruyter 258. is worsted by the Dutch, ib. defeats Tromp 259. 274. seizes a squadron of French ships 284. his successes in the Mediter- ranean 288. destroys the Spanish galleons 290. burns a Spanish fleet in Santa Cruz 291. his death and character, ib. Blakeney, general, his defence and surrender of St. Philip's castle at Minorca xii, 54–59. created an Irish baron 62 Bligh, general, commands the land forces in the expedition against Cherburg xii, 295 Blood seizes the duke of Ormond with intent to hang him at Tyburn viii, 92. attempts to seize the regalia 93 Blore heath, battle of iii, 158 .” Blucher, marshal, defeats Macdonald xix, 290. is repulsed by Napoleon xx, 4. defeats the French at Laon 5. takes St. Denis 10. his enthusiastic reception in London 24. defeated at Ligny 74. his eager efforts to co-operate with the duke of Wellington at Waterloo 90. pursues the French after the battle 96. enters Paris, and strips the Louvre of its trophies of victory 99 Blunt, Sir John, projects the South-Sea scheme x, 298. taken into custody 308 Boadicea, her successes against the Romans i, 7. defeated, ib. Bocher, Joan, her doctrines iv, 247. is burnt 248 Bohemia, states of, take arms against Austria vi, 77. offer their crown to the elector palatine 78. reformed religion severely oppressed there 86 Bois le duc, its surrender to the French xvii, 315. Boleyn, lady Anne, attracts the notice of Henry VIII. iv, 60. mar- ried to the king 85. birth of the princess Elizabeth 86. favors the reformers 98. loses Henry's affections 118. committed to the Tower 120. is tried 191. condemned 122. executed 123 Bolingbroke, (St. John) viscount, sent to the court of Versailles x, 193. dissensions between Oxford and him 207. 218. 220. removed from office 227. Withdraws to France 233. im- peached 238. and attainted 243. pardoned 327. bill in his favor 333. his intrigues at the prince of Wales's court xi, 225 Bolivar, his success against the armies of Old Spain XX, 219. first president of Columbia, ib. Bombay, the fort of, yielded to Charles II. viii, 23. described xi, 346. affairs of xv, 304 Boniface VIII. pope, his character ii, 221. prohibits all taxes on the clergy, without his consent, ib. his award between Philip of France and Edward I. 231 Bonne, siege of ix, 385 Bonner, deprived of his see and confined iv, 222. Teleased by queen Mary 287. employed by Gardiner to persecute the re- formers 316. ill received by queen Elizabeth v, 2 Bonnivet, admiral of France, sent ambassador to England iv., 10. invades Milan 40 Booth, Sir George, conspires to restore Charles II. vii, 324. routed and taken prisoner 325, is set at liberty by parliament 340 w - GENERAL INDEX. 321 Borodino, battle of xix, 249 Boroughbridge, battle of ii, 270 Boroughs, English, their state at the time of the Norman con- quest ii, 90. representatives of, first sent to parliament 164 Borsholder, his office i, 73 Boscawen, admiral, his operations in the East Indies xi, 213. account of his expedition to North America xii, 4, appointed a commissioner of the admiralty 152. assists in the reduction of Cape Breton 314. receives the thanks of the house of commons xiii, 51. defeats M. de la Clue's squadron 69. his operations in the bay of Quiberon 272 Boscobel, Charles II. secreted there vii, 245 Boston, riots at xy, 21. which are suppressed by the military 22. renewed tumults 76. exasperation of the inhabitants 143. is punished by the enactment of the Boston-port bill 149. British army blockaded at 238, the town evacuated by the British 240 Bosworth, battle of iii, 228 Bothwell, earl of, distinguishes himself against the protestant association in Scotland v, 23. becomes the favorite of Mary 76. charged with the murder of the king 83. tried and acquitted 84. seizes the queen, who marries him 85. made duke of Orkney 87. escapes to Denmark, and dies 92 ——, earl of, expelled Scotland, and protected by queen Elizabeth v, 285 —— bridge, battle of viii, 214 Bouchain taken viii, 142 Boufflers, marshal, arrested by king William ix, 199. Surprises Opdam 380 Bouillé, marquis de, his capture of Dominica xvi, 35. reduces Tobago, and other islands 139 Boulogne, taken by Henry VIII. iv., 188. Surrendered to the French 261 Bourbon, Charles duke of, his character iv, 38. revolts against Francis, and enters into the emperor's service, ib. conquers the Milanese 52. attacks Rome, and is there killed 53 Bourmont, general, captures Algiers xxi, 189 Bovines, battle of ii, 59 Bowes, Sir Robert, makes an incursion into Scotland, and is de- feated iv., 174 - Boyle, his improvements in natural philosophy viii, 378 Brabançons, account of these banditti i, 341 Braddock, general, his unfortunate expedition xii, 7 Bradoc-down, battle of vii, 71 Bradshaw, appointed president at the trial of Charles I. vii, 199. sentences the king, ib. Braganza taken xiv, 76 Drandenburg, elector of, takes part against Louis XIV. viii, 115. chased from Colmar by Turenne 133. drives the Swedes out of his territories 140 Brandt, his seizure and execution xv. 113 Brandywine, engagement on the XV, 313 F. N G, XXI. X 322 GENERAL INDEX. Bray, Dr. Thomas, projects the society for propagating the Gospel in foreign parts is, 266 Brazil becomes the residence of the royal family of Portugal xix, 26, its independence recognised xxi, 55. commences war with the republic of Buenos Ayres, ib. Bread, assize of, how settled ii.,174 Breda, negociations there vii, 227. treaty of peace there viii, 56 Brehon law or custom in Ireland, explained vi, 45. is abolished 46 Brembre, Sir Nicholas, his unjust trial and execution iii, 17 Bremen taken by the French xii, 210. evacuated 342 * Brereton, major, his gallant behavior at Madras xiii, 136. his death 148 , colonel, his trial and death xxi, 209 Breslau taken by the Austrians xii, 238. recovered by the Prus- sians 258 Bretigni, treaty of ii, 363 Brian, an Irish mariner, his resolution xiii, 250 Brill, seized by the Flemish exiles v., 165 & Bººl, besieged and taken by prince Rupert vi, 75. riots at xxi, 208 —, earl of, sent ambassador to Spain vi, 95. his negociations obstructed by Buckingham 104. disgraced on coming home 113. is impeached 164 ——, earl of, demands an explanation from the court of Madrid xiv, 40 Britain, by whom first peopled i, 2. manners and government of the inhabitants previous to the landing of Caesar, ib. their re- ligion 3. invaded by Julius Caesar 4. its subjection effected by Julius Agricola 7. abandoned by the Romans 9. harassed by the Picts and Scots, ib. Britany, by whom settled i, 17. annexed to the crown of France iii, 269 —, parliament of, their spirited opposition to the French king xiv., 186 British Museum erected xi, 314 * Brock, general, his gallant death in the defence of Canada xix, ‘243 Broderick, admiral, his ship burnt at sea xii, 291. assists in the defeat of M. de la Clue xiii, 71 * Broglio, marshal, escapes captivity xi, 23. Assists in taking Minden xii, 206. defeats the prince of Ysemburg at Sangers- hausen 349. defeats prince Ferdinand xiii, 151. his progress in Hanover 153. succeeds to the command of the army 161. is defeated by prince Ferdinand xiv, 33. is recalled 74 Broke, captain, his gallant capture of the Chesapeak xix, 319 Brook-house committee, inquiry into their conduct viii, 382 Brooklyn, defeat of the Americans at xv, 254 º Brougham, Mr. (lord Brougham) his denunciations of the objects of the holy alliance xx, 147, his benevolent zeal for the educa- tion of the poor, 186. 232. his proposal to government in favor of queen Caroline 236. meets her at St. Omers 238. his powerful defence of his client in the house of lords 252. his fracas with GENERAL INDEX. 323 Mr. Canning in the house of commons 307. his denunciation of a military premier xxi, 105. created lord chancellor with a peerage 185. his powerful advocacy of the reform bill 204. dis- missed from office 289 Brouncker, inquiry into his conduct viii, 41 Brown, count, fights the king of Prussia at Lowoschutz xii, 97. defeated near Prague 192. his death 202 Bruce, Robert, his claim to the crown of Scotland, how founded ii, 192. rejected by Edward, in favor of Baliol 200 , the younger, serves in the English army ii, 236. gained over to the Scottish interest by Wallace 238. Retreats to Scotland 244. his declaration to the nobility, ib. kills Cummin 245. routs the English, and is crowned at Scone 246. defeated by Aymer de Valence, ib. acknowleged by the whole country 262. defeats Edward at Bannockburn 264. makes an unsuccess- ful expedition to Ireland 265. concludes a truce with Edward 271. invades England 289. concludes a treaty with Mortimer 292. dies 295. See David —, David, succeeds his father Robert ii, 295. sent to France 299. recalled to Scotland 340. invades England, ib. taken pri- soner by queen Philippa 341. recovers his liberty 357 , Mr. assists in effecting the escape of Lavallette xx, 103 Brueys, admiral, his admirable skill at the battle of the Nile xviii, 111. his heroic death 114 Brunel, Mr. commences the construction of the Thames tunnel xxi, 53 Brunswick, Charles duke of, furnishes troops to the allied army xii, 202. his territories possessed by the French 210. with whom he concludes a treaty 328. arrêt of the evangelical body at Ratisbon in his favor, xiii, 176 , hereditary prince of, a distinguished leader xii, 208 , Francis, prince of, killed at Hochkirchen Xii, 365 —, Luneburg, prince of, his marriage with the sister of George III. xiv, 119. invades France xvii, 172. compelled to retreat 176. resigns the command 298. killed at Jena Xviii, 382 Brunswick clubs, their violence and zeal in the cause of pro- testant ascendency xxi, 124 Buchan, earl of, defeats the duke of Clarence at Baugé iii, 89. created constable of France 90. defeated and killed at Verneuil 103 Buchanan, George, assists in the cause of Mary queen of Scots, before the English commissioners v, 103 Buckeburg, count of, taken into British pay for the defence of Hanover xii, 261. assumes the command ili Portugal xiv, 76. saves that country by his talents 78. rewarded by his Portu- guese majesty, ib. Buckingham, duke of, favors Richard III's pretensions to the crown iii, 215. becomes discontented, and forms schemes against Richard 220. tried and executed 224 - , duke of, offends cardinal Wolsey iv, 20. tried and executed, ib. —, George Williers, created duke of vi, 61. accom- 324 GENERAL INDEX. panies prince Charles to Madrid 102. determines to break off the treaty of marriage 105. misrepresents the affair to parlia- ment, ib. procures the treasurer Middlesex to be impeached 111. prevails on the king to send Bristol to the Tower 113. Is impeached 164. makes love to the queen of France 179. engages England in a war with France, ib. assists the Rochellers 180. his indiscreet attack of the isle of Rhé, ib. is assassinated 199. Buckingham, Williers, duke of, accompanies Charles II. to Scot- land vii, 242. one of the cabal ministry viii, 83. dismissed from the ministry 134. favors the intrigues of France, and receives bribes from that court 158. introduces the manufacture of glass from Venice 375. character of his Rehearsal 379. ———, marquis of, his munificence xvii, 196 —, Mr. his endeavors to establish the freedom of the press in India xxi, 6. sent to England 8 Buenos Ayres, unsuccessful attack on, by the British and Portu- guese xiv, 83. its capture by general Beresford xviii, 317. relin- quished 318. is attacked without success by general White- locke xix, 24. separates itself from the mother country xx, 219. commences war with Brazil xxi, 53 Bunker's-hill, sanguinary conflict at, xv, 203 Buonaparte, Napoleon, his courage and conduct at the siege of Toulon xvii, 263. his rapid promotion 267. his successes in Italy 309. his triumph over the sections and national guard xviii, 29. becomes general-in-chief of the army of the interior, ib., his marriage with madame Beauharnois, ib. assumes the command of the army in Italy 46. forces the passage of the bridge of Lodi 48. enters Milan in triumph, ib. suppresses insurrections at Milan and Pavia 49. defeats Wurmser and Davidowitch 50. forces Alvinzi to take refuge in the Austrian Alps 51. takes possession of Leghorn, ib. defeats Alvinzi, and gets possession of Mantua 76. signs a preliminary treaty with Austria 77. quells the insurrection at Verona, ib. re-establishes the direc- tory of Paris 78. concludes the treaty of Campo Formio 79. procures the release of la Fayette 89. embarks for the invasion of Egypt 108. takes possession of Grand Cairo 109. carries Jaffa by assault, and besieges Acre 157. is compelled to raise the siege of Acre by Sir Sidney Smith 158. returns to France, ib. dissolves the Directory 159. is nominated first consul 160. makes proposals of peace to the British government 162. crosses the Alps at Great St. Bernard 176. enters Milan and Pavia, ib. gains a decisive victory at Marengo 177. concludes the treaty of Luneville 179. and that of Amiens 211. banishes a number of jacobins from France 218. ratifies a concordat with the pope, ib. annihilates the independence of Switzerland 224. created con- sul for life, ib. commits numerous aggressions on the English 231. detains all British subjects in France at the resumption of hostilities 235. his seizure of Hanover 247. a plot formed to subvert his government 256, he gives orders for the trial and execution of the duc d'Enghien, ib. assumes the imperial dig- nity 258. crowned king of ltaly, and incorporates Genoa with the French empire 273. his preparations to invade England 276. GENERAL INDEX. 325 gains possession of Ulm 283, obtains a decisive victory at Au- Sterlitz 293. makes peace with Austria 296. dethrones the king of Naples 297. defeats the Prussian army at Auerstadt and Jena 322, makes a triumphant entry into Berlin 323. declares the British isles in a state of blockade, ib. fights a drawn battle at Eylau xix, 15. and obtains a decisive victory at Friedland 16. concludes the treaty of Tilsit 17. obtains pos- Session of Portugal 26, takes advantage of the dissensions in Spain to obtain military possession of that country 30. opposed in his designs by popular enthusiasm 33, transfers the crown of that country to his brother Joseph 34. has an interview with the emperor Alexander at Erfurth 68. offers peace to Great Britain 69. assumes the command of the armies in Spain 70. enters Madrid 71, takes possession of Astorga 79. recalled to Paris by the Austrian war 80. imprisons the pope 126. again enters Vienna ib. repulsed at Aspern by the archduke Charles 127. gains a decisive victory at Wagram, and grants peace to Austria, ib. is divorced from Josephine, and contracts a marriage with Maria Louisa 154. his prosperity enhanced by the birth of a son 198. prepares for a rupture with Russia, ib. sets out on his Russian expedition 246. his magnificent display at Dresden 247. gains an unproductive victory at Borodino, and takes possession of Moscow 248. is compelled to retreat in con- sequence of the conflagration of that city 249. quits his army, and returns to Paris, ib. repairs to Germany 988. defeats the allies at Lutzen and Bautzen 289. repels the Austrians at Dresden 290. his reverses, ib. sustains a total defeat at Leip- sic 291. represses the attack of the Bavarians, ib. liberates the pope and Ferdinand of Spain, ib. rejects the offers of the allies 292. deserted by Murat xx, 3. repulses the Austrians and Prus- sians 4. who, however, reach the capital 5. abdicates the em- pire 11, arrives at Elba, ib. escapes to France 62. received with enthusiasm by the army 63. arrives at Paris 64. offers a new constitution to the nation 65. quits Paris, ib. arrives at Belgium 72. defeats the Prussians at Ligny 73. proceeds to La Belle Alliance 79. attacks the British at Waterloo 82, his total overthrow 94. again abdicates the throne, and retires to Mal- maison 97. puts himself into the hands of captain Maitland, and arrives at Plymouth 104. is sent to St. Helena 105. his acri- monious disputes with Sir Hudson Lowe 106. his death and funeral 271 , Lucien, president of the council of five hundred Xviii, 159, refuses to pronounce a decree of outlawry against his brother, ib. seeks an asylum in England xix, 156 , Joseph, created king of Naples by his brother xviii, 297. proclaimed king of Spain xix, 34. defeated at Tala- vera 117. compelled to evacuate Madrid 269. his return 271. obliged to retreat to Vittoria 298. his total defeat at this place 299. retreats to the Pyrenees 303 , Jerome, created king of Westphalia xix, 17 ——, Louis, created king of Holland xix, 17. resigns his crown, and retires into Germany 154 *=s* *º 326 GENERAL INDEX. Burdet, Thomas, cruel execution of iii, 202 Burdett, Sir Francis, his censures on the house of commons in a letter to his constituents xix, 144. committed to the Tower on the speaker's warrant, ib. his liberation 145, his humane en- deavors for the mitigation of military punishment 189. is tried and convicted for a libel on the government xx, 208 Turgesses of corporations, when first summoned ii, 164. why they formed one body of the legislature, with the represent- atives of counties 215 Burgos, unsuccessful siege of by lord Wellington xix, 269 Burgoyne, general, surprises the Spanish army xiv, 77, attacks them by night, and disperses the army 78. appointed to serve in America xv, 203. his advance from Canada 319. takes pos- session of Ticonderoga 320. his insuperable difficulties, ib. his failures 321. repels the attack of Arnold with great loss 322. fortifies his position, ib. compelled to retreat to Saratoga 324. surrounded on all sides, ib. capitulates 325. terms of conven- tion, ib. conduct of the American congress regarding the troops 327. throws up his appointments xvi., 46 Burgundians and Armagnacs, import of those distinctions iii, 74. 81 Burgundy, John, duke of, his disputes with the duke of Orleans iii, 73. causes him to be assassinated, ib. expelled France, and solicits the aid of England 77. his treaties with Henry W. and the dauphin 84. assassinated by the dauphin's retinue 85 —, Philip, duke of, treats with Henry V. iii, 86. quarrels with the duke of Glocester 104. takes Joan d’Arc prisoner 121. makes peace with Charles 126. concludes a truce with the English 130 , Charles, duke of, makes an alliance with Edward IV. iii, 180. assists him against the earl of Warwick 186. his death and character 200 ———, Margaret, duchess of, her character iii, 253. patronises the pretensions of Lambert Simnel, ib. raises up the imposture of Perkim Warbec 274 Burke, Mr. appointed private secretary to the marquis of Rock- ingham xiv., 148. his first display of parliamentary eloquence 160. opposes the expulsion of Wilkes xv, 43, brings forward measures for the restoration of tranquillity to America 188. 233. his projects of economy xvi, 74. his plan of reform 113. his scheme of public economy passed 179. his impeachment of Warren Hastings xvii, 14., incurs a vote of censure from the house of commons 107. his unqualified condemnation of the French revolution 129. publishes his Reflections on the Re- volution of France 133. his irreconcilable quarrel with Fox 155. introduces a novel species of oratory 220, his strictures on the character of La Fayette 281. his death and character xviii, 40 - , his trial and execution xxi, 120 |Burley, Sir Simon, executed by Glocester and his party iii, 18 Burlington Arcade, its erection xx, 219 g Burmese, their fierce and warlike nature xxi, 9.. their persecution GENERAL INDEX. 327 of the Mughs, ib. they commence hostilities with the British government 14. are compelled to quit Rangoon. 16. defeated at Kemmendine 17. commence an unsuccessful attack on the British position at that place 24, again defeated at Prome 28. driven from Melloone 33. obliged to accept disadvantageous terms of peace 34 - - Burnet, Dr. Gilbert, promoted to the see of Salisbury ix, 4. some account of him, ib. discovers a plot 59. his pastoral letter burnt by the hangman 143. his death 235 Burrard, Sir H., supersedes Sir A. Wellesley in Portugal xix, 59. generous vindication of his conduct by Sir A. Wellesley 61 Burton, a divine, is cruelly sentenced by the star-chamber vi, 234. his sentence reversed 289 - Busacos, battle of xix, 173 Bute, lord, his character xiv, 2. influences the counsels of George III. 18. appointed secretary of state 25. first lord of the treasury 69. his unpopularity 85. proposes a tax on cider 106. resigns 107 Butler, a character of his Hudibas viii, 380 , TJr., charged with promoting a popish conspiracy xiv, 58 Buxar, battle of xiv, 200 Byng, Sir George, destroys the Spanish fleet off cape Passaro x, 283. created viscount Torrington 296 —-, admiral, sent on a cruise to intercept de la Mothe xii, 5. his engagement with the French 49. Superseded, and sent home a prisoner 53. his trial 141, is executed 146. remarks on his fate 147 - Byron, captain, destroys a French fleet, and the town of Caleurs xiii, 267 , lord, tried in Westminster-hall for the murder of Mr. Chaworth xiv., 156. found guilty of manslaughter 157 , marshal, his generosity to Rodney xvi, 24 , lord, his death at Missolonghi xxi, 56 Cabal, character of that ministry viii, 83 Cabot, Sebastian, sent out by Henry VII. on discovery iii, 312. discovers Newfoundland, ib. t Cade, John, heads an insurrection in Kent iii, 147. gets pos- session of London, ib. his followers dispersed 148. he is killed, ib. Cadiz, an expedition against v, 290. taken and plundered 291 Caen, taken and plundered ii, 332 Caesar, Julius, invades Britain i, 4 Calais, taken by Edward III. ii., 343. retaken by the duke of Guise iv, 333 - Calcutta described xi, 348. taken by the viceroy of Bengal xii, 79. its reduction by the English 174 Caledonian canal, opening of xx, 302 Calendar altered xi, 285, note Calicut, describéd xi, 346 £alvi, siege of xvii, 294 328 GENERAL INDEX. çambray, league of iv, 74 . Qambridge university, by whom founded i, 37 Camden, character of vi. 50 - - ~, earl of, his character xiv, 9.. directs the liberation of Mr. Wilkes 113. maintains the illegality of general warrants 119, opposes the taxation of the American colonies 169. is made chancellor 178. dismissed xv, 66 - , battle of xvi, 100 - Campbell accuses Patrick Hamilton of heresy iv, 163. his extra- ordinary death 164 - , Sir Archibald, appointed to the command of the army in the Burmese war xxi, 15. attacks and carries the enemy’s stockades at Kemmendine 19, defeats the Burmese at the # * pagoda 20. repulses the attacks of the enemy 25, makes himself master of Prome 28. totally defeats the enemy at this Place 33, determines to advance on Ava. 32. concludes a *Y of peace with the Burmese 34. honors awarded to his “I skill and gallantry 36 Øampe, peace of iv., 193 - - - Campeggio, cardinal, appointed to try the validity of the mar- *89 of Henry VIII. with Catharine of Arragon iv, 64. his abrupt prorogation of the court 68 Campo ormio, treaty of xviii, 79 te Canada, total reduction of xiii, 266. bill for settling the ad- *stration of xy, 163. its invasion by the Americans 210. its brave defence by governor Carleton, ib., the invading army 99"Pelled to retreat 243. unsuccessfully invaded by general º!!, Kix, 243. its dissensions with the mother country XXi, 3. Cºnning, Mr., his powerful vindication of the measures of Mr. Pitt xviii, 119, his violent party-spirit 313. joins the Portland *ministration xix, 9. wounded in a duel with lord Castle- *gh 132. resigns office 133, is elected member for Liver- pool 272. joins the ministry, and again relinquishes office, ** 162. his temporising policy towards queen Caroline 245. his defence of catholicemancipation 267. appointed governor of India 284. his opposition to parliamentary reform 395. be. °9′es foreign secretary 299. his liberal policy 302. his fracas with Mr. Brougham 307. obtains the appointment of British °onsuls to the South American colonies 315. his magnificent Speech at Plymouth, ib. procures the recognition of South American independence 317. his able support of the free-trade §stºm xxi, 58. opposes all attempts of parliamentary reform, 62. his vigorous system of foreign policy 66. his illness and recovery 72. accepts the office of premier 80. his popularity 1. encounters violent opposition in the house of lords 90. his financial statements 93. his death and character 97. parlia- mentary grant to his family 109 - Qanning, Mrs. her promotion to the peerage xxi, 109 Cannon, when first used in sieges iii, 109 - Qanon law, commissioners appointed to frame a body of iv, 260 Canute, his ravages in England i, 114. Succeeds to the crown of GENERAL INDEX. 329 England 116. conquers Norway 119. exposes the flattery of his courtiers 120. his expedition against the Scots, ib. Cape Breton, taken xi, 161. restored to France 220 Cape of Good Hope, first discovered: iii, 311. assaulted by com- modore Johnstone xvi, 136. captured by the British xviii, 317. Commotions at xxi, 3 Capet, Hugh, state of France at his accession to that kingdom i, 289. 291 Capo d'Istria installed first president of Greece xxi, 122. his as- Sassination 212 Capua seized by the British xviii, 154 Caraccas, its resistance to the oppressions of the mother country xix., 162 Caraccioli, prince, is cruelly put to death by the orders of Nelson xviii, 153 Caractacus, defeated by the Romans i, 6 Carbonari, their suppression by the holy alliance xx, 259 Cardigan-bay, descent of the French on xviii, 70. their speedy repulse, ib. Carew, Sir Peter, raises an unsuccessful insurrection against queen Mary, and flies to France, iv, 297 - Caribbs of St. Vincents, insurrection of xv., 123 Caribee isles, transferred to Great Britain xiv, 79 Carleton, general, his able defence of Canada xv, 210. his escape to Quebec 211. repulses the enemy 212. baffles all their de- signs 242. pursues the Americans in their retreat 244. he re- signs his command in disgust 319. Succeeds Sir Henry Clinton in the command in America xvi, 191 Carlile, his trial and sentence for blasphemous publications xx, 298 - Carnac, major, routs and takes prisoner Shah Zaddah, and M. Law xiv, 28. assumes the command of the British forces in India 198. his generous treatment of Sujah TJowla, ib. Carnot, his great military genius and prudence xvii, 267 Carolina, North and South described xi, 361 Caroline, queen of George II., her death xi, 49. Caroline, the sister of George III., her marriage with the king of Denmark xiv., 186. her misfortunes and death XV, 112 Caroline, consort of George IV., her marriage xviii, 11. parlia- mentary provision made for her, ib. investigation of her con- duct 302. her resistance to the restrictions imposed on her in- tercourse with her daughter xix, 279. excites popular sympathy in her favor xx, 25. quits England 27. her name omitted in the liturgy at the demise of George III. 223. complains of the in- sults she receives from foreign courts 237. rejects the offers of government 240. her arrival in England 241. a bill of pains and penalties introduced against her in the house of lords 248. her letter to the king 249. her great popularity ib. commencement of her trial 250, the bill abandoned by ministers 254, reflections on her conduct, ib. she returns public thanks in St. Paul’s ca- thedral 255. contest between her partisans and the government 262. decline of her popularity 264. her exclusion from the cere- 330 GENERAL INDEX. mony of the coronation 272. her mortification 274. her last ill- º and death 276. tumults in the metropolis at her fune- ral $277 Carre, Robert, his introduc,ion to James I. vi., 49. promoted to the peerage, ib. contracts a friendship with Sir Thomas Over- bury 51. marries lady Essex, and is created earl of Somerset 54, procures the death of Overbury ib. is convicted of murder, pardoned, and dies in obscurity 60 Carrickfergus, siege of ix, 46. account of MI. Thurot's descent at Nili, 2.47 - Carteret, lord, appointed secretary of state x, 314. becomes earl Granville xi, 154. his character xiv, 8 Casal, the siege of ix, 201 Cash payments at the Bank, suspension of xviii, 62. reflections on that measure 64. legislative enactments for their resumption XX, 194 Cassel, capture of, by prince Ferdinand xiv., 75 Cassilis, earl of, taken prisoner at Solway iv., 175. his honorable conduct and releasement 178 Cassimir, prince, assists the French Hugonots v, 163 Castile, king of, his cruelties ii., 367. chased from his dominions by du Guesclin 369. restored by prince Edward 370, murdered by his brother, ib. Castlereagh, lord, accepts the office of foreign secretary xviii, 275. joins the Portland administration xix, 9. engaged in trafficking for seats in parliament 90. plans a fatal expedition to the Scheldt 129. his duel with Mr. Canning 132. resigns his office 133. his defence of the Walcheren expedition 139. rejoins the Perceval cabinet 234. deputed as ambassador to the head-quar- ters of the allies xx, 2. his spirited remonstrance 5. approval of his conduct by the house of commons 23. an ambassador at the congress of Vienna 29. his restrictions on public liberty by the introduction of the six acts 214. palliates the enormities of the Turks 296. puts a period to his existence 298 Catamaran project, its failure xviii, 262 Catesby concerts the gunpowder plot vi, 24. is killed 28 Catharine becomes the wife of Henry V. iii, 88 of Arragon, married to prince Arthur iii, 297. after- wards becomes the wife of Henry VIII., ib. her behavior at the trial of her marriage iv, 66. her death, and letter to Henry 109 princess of Portugal, married to Charles II. viii, 23. accused of being concerned in the popish plot 190 of Russia, imprisons her husband, and ascends the im- perial throne xiv, 73. withdraws her troops from the service of Prussia 74. her political sagacity 102. acquires an ascendency in Poland 135. her conquests in Turkey xv, 87, refuses to hire her forces to Great Britain for the suppression of the Americans £26. endeavors to injure Britain by the establishment of an armed neutrality xvi, 153. her death and character xviii, 55 Cathcart, general, commands the troops in the expedition to Den- mark Xix, 19 GENERAL INDEX. 331 Catholic Association, its establishment xx, 321. is re-organised xxi, 117. its great influence, ib. announces its dissolution 126 Catholic relief bill, its introduction to the commons xxi, 126. presented to the lords 134. receives the royal assent 139 Catholics, persecution of, in Scotland xvi, 47. destruction of their chapels and dwelling-houses during the riots in London 85. relieved from the operation of penal laws xvii, 157. their committee in Ireland, its violence, &c. xix, 194 Cato-street conspiracy, account of xx, 224. apprehension and punishment of its contrivers 227 & Cattle allowed to be imported into England from Ireland xiii, 32. Cavaliers, who vii. 31 Cavendish, Sir Thomas, his successful expedition and voyage round the world v, 251 Cecil, Sir William, is committed to the Tower with the protector Somerset iv, 258. made secretary of state on the accession of Elizabeth w, 4. his advice to Elizabeth, on Mary's taking refuge in England 99. appointed one of the commissioners to inquire into the conduct of Mary 107. his great influence over Elizabeth 122, created lord Burleigh 152. discovers the duke of Norfolk's conspiracy, ib. his death and character 300 Ceorles, who i, 164 Cerdic, the Saxon, establishes the kingdom of Wessex i, 20 Chads, captain, invested with the command of the naval expe- dition to Kemmendine xxi, 22. his zealous co-operation with the army 25. Superseded by captain Alexander 26. commands the flotilla at Prome 29. a British commissioner to conclude peace with the Burmese 34 Chalier, his execution at Lyons xvii, 255. impious fête in honor of his memory 262 g Chamberlain, Dr. Hugh, projects paper circulation on land se- curity is, 167. and the land-bank 217. proposes paper credit in Scotland x, 36 Chandageer, unsuccessful attack on xiv, 201. is taken by Sir Robert Fletcher 209 Charette, general, his gallant defence of La Vendée xviii, 19. completely defeated by general Hoche 41 Charlemagne, emperor, enters into an alliance with Offa, king of Mercia i, 40. his cruelty to the pagans in Germany 53. conse- quences of his conduct, ib. Charleroi, the siege of ix, 153. taken by the French republicans xvii, 304 Charles I. becomes prince of Wales vi, 48. goes to Madrid to visit the infanta 99. persuaded by Buckingham to oppose the marriage 105. his accession to the crown 152. his marriage with the princess Henrietta, ib. his moderation towards the catholics excites discontent 161. issues privy seals for borrow- ing money, ib. threatens the commons 166. imprisons two commoners, who managed Buckingham's impeachment 167. forced to release them, ib. publishes a declaration in 'defence of himself 170. raises money by arbitrary authority 171. levies ship-money 172. engages in war with France 177. sends a fleet 332 GENERAL INDEX. to the assistance of the Hugonots 180. assents to the petition of right 195. dissolves the parliament 210, imprisons some of the members, ib., makes peace with France and Spain 213. assists Gustavus, king of Sweden, in his invasion of Germany 214. levies money irregularly 224. revives monopolies 226. enlarges the powers of the council of York, and court of star- chamber 227. levies ship-money over the whole kingdom 230. introduces the canons and liturgy in Scotland 249. tumults at Edinburgh on this account 250, revolt of the Scots, and the covenant universally subscribed 252. sends a fleet and an army against the Scots 259. concludes a pacification with them 261. assembles a parliament, after an interval of eleven years 264. his pleas for supplies, ib. dissolves the parliament abruptly 371. his schemes for supplying himself with money 273. meet- ing of the long parliament 281, passes the act for triennial parliaments 302. interposes in favor of Strafford 316. gives his assent to Strafford's attainder 318. passes popular measures 319. is presented with the remonstrance and petition of the Commons vii, 25. impeaches lord Kimbolton and five com- moners 33. goes to the house of commons to demand them 35. retires to Hampton-court 37. removes to York 46. refuses to pass the militia bill 47. issues commissions of array 49. erects his standard at Nottingham 53. marches toward London 65. returns to Oxford 66. besieges Glocester 77. raises the siege 83. battle of Newbury, ib. is defeated at Naseby 138. his fortitude under disasters 144, puts himself into the hands of the Scottish army 150. delivered up to the English com- missioners 156. seized by the army 162. flies to the isle of Wight 176. again seized by the army 194, his trial 199. his execution 205. his character 206 Charles II. sent by his father into the west vii, 140. retires to Paris 142. proclaimed king by the Scots 216. crowned at Scone 241. marches into England 243. routed by Cromwell at Worcester 244. embarks for Normandy 247. keeps a court at Bruges 307. restored by parliament 345. lands at Dover 346. passes an act of indemnity viii, 4, restores episcopacy and the liturgy 11. marries Catharine of Portugal 24. sells Dunkirk to the French 28. declares war against the United Provinces 41. treaty of Breda 56. banishment of Clarendon 60. concludes the triple alliance 66. treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 67. deserts the triple alliance, and leagues with France 88. shuts the exchequer 97. suspension of the navigation act, ib. declares war against the l)utch 99. his demands from the States 110. peace concluded 128. enters into a scheme for restoring popery 128, note. concludes an alliance with the States, to oblige France to peace 155. concludes a treaty with the States to oblige Louis to evacuate Flanders 158. his conduct in regard to the treaty of Nimeguen 162. is warned of a popish plot 173. protects his queen from the accusation of Oates and Bedloe 190. desires his brother to retire beyond sea 198. proposes to parliament limitations on a popish successor 204. habeas cor- pus act passed 207, dissolves the parliament at Oxford 243. GENERAL INDEX. 333 persecutes the dissenters 259. issues a writ of quo warram to against the city of London 261. conditions on which he restored the charter 263. makes profit by the surrender of corporation charters, ib. escapes the Rye-house plot 267. his death and character 285 Charles the Simple, king of France, resigns Neustria to Rollo i, 109 - the Fair, king of France, secretly countenances the con- spiracy of queen Isabella against Edward II. ii, 273 -, dauphin of France, seduced by Charles king of Navarre ii, 349, betrays him into the hands of his father, ib. succeeds to the crown 365. invades the English provinces in France 372 − VI. of France, fatal effects of his imbecility iii, 73. dies 2 - - VII. of France, his character, and situation at the death of his father iii, 97. recovered from his despair by Joan d’Arc 112. marches into Rheims, and is crowned there 118, makes peace with the duke of Burgundy 126. concludes a truce with the English 132. recovers Normandy and Guienne 138. dies 17.3 - VIII. of France, invades Britany 259. marries the duchess of Britany 269. invades ltaly 283 - IX. of France, is forced to an accommodation with the protestants 143. 145. orders the poisoning of the queen of Navarre 158. Imassacre of Paris, ib. his death and character 162 X. his accession to the throne of France xxi, 5. his ex- pulsion 177 - W. emperor of Germany, his extensive dominions iv., 15. motives of his visit to Henry VIII. 16. makes war against France 20. concludes an alliance with the pope and Henry, against Francis, ib. again visits England, and is installed knight of the garter 30. invades France, and takes Fontarabia 40. battle of Pavia, and captivity of Francis 44. restores Francis by the treaty of Madrid 50, war declared against him by France and England 55. challenges Francis to single com- bat, ib. peace of Cambray with Francis 74. passes through France to the Netherlands 155. his ungrateful insincerity towards Francis 161. irritates Henry against Francis, and concludes an alliance with him 180. invades France in concert with Henry 187. his conduct relating to the council of Trent 324. his treacherous behavior toward the princes of the protest- ant league, ib. is reduced to grant an equitable peace to the protestants 292. makes an unsuccessful attempt on Metz 293. proposes his son Philip as a husband to queen Mary of Eng- land, ib. resigns his dominions to his son Philip 325, retires to a monastery, ib. his character 327 -, king of Navarre, his character ii, 348, seduces the dauphin, who betrays him into the hands of his father 349. is thrown into prison, ib. escapes 359 - de Blois is taken prisoner by the countess de Mountfort ii, S40, is slain in Britany 366 334 GENERAL INDEX. Charles X., king of Sweden, his success in the north vii, 283 ——- XII., king of Sweden, invades Zealand ix, 293. defeats the czar at Narva 302, note. worsted at Pultowa x, 130. his behavior at Bender 197. he returns to Sweden 236. his death 275 - II., king of Spain, bequeathes his dominions to the duke of Anjou ix, 297 -, archduke of Austria, declared king of Spain, and arrives in England ix, 393. defeats king Philip at Saragossa, and enters Madrid X, 143. elected emperor 161. his death xi, 76 - -, prince of Lorrain, defeated near Prague, in which he is besieged xii, 192. harasses the besiegers in their retreat 202 • IV., king of Spain, resigns his crown into the hands of Napoleon xix, 34 - of Austria, archduke, his military genius xviii, 41. de- feats general Jourdan 43. drives Moreau across the Rhine 45. liberates Germany from the presence of the French 46. again defeats Jourdan 149. is deprived of his command 173. re- pulses Buonaparte at Aspern xix, 127. defeated by him at Wagram, ib. Charleston, surrender of that city to the British xvi, 98, re- covered by the Americans 189 Charlotte Sophia, daughter of the duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, demanded in marriage by George III. xiv, 45. her nuptials 48. her coronation, ib. parliamentary grant to her 52. Buckingham- house purchased for her residence 62. her encouragement of English manufactures 145. her domestic habits xv., 102. is entrusted with the care of his majesty's person during his illness xix, 153. her death and character xx, 188 —, princess, daughter of George IV., her birth xviii, 36. restrictions imposed on her intercourse with her mother xix., 279. her flight from the control of her father xx, 26. her return 27. united to the prince of Saxe Coburg 151. her death 177 Charmouth, battle of i, 54 Charnock, Mr. Robert, his trial and execution ix, 218 Chartres, duc de, (Louis Philippe) escapes to the Austrian camp xvii, 243. raised to the throne of France xxi, 177 Chassé, general, his gallant defence of Antwerp xxi, 191 Château Cambresis, peace of v, 13 Chatelrault, the earl of Arran, created duke of iv, 238. effects an accommodation between the queen regent and the congregation v, 24. enters into a conspiracy against Mlary 69. takes refuge in England 70. retires to France 71 Chatham, earl of, (W. Pitt) signalises himself in the house of commons xi, 34.78. appointed secretary of state xii, 117. com- manded to resign 151. restored to office 152. his character xiv., 10. his determination to adhere to the Prussian alliance 17, his re- jection of the offer of a separate peace with France 39. recom- mends an immediate declaration of war with Spain 41. is opposed by the majority of the cabinet, ib. resigns the Seals 43. opposes peace with France 85. his objections to the pre- liminary treaty of Fontainbleau 95. his interview with the king 114. condemns the prosecution of Wilkes 118. opposes GENERAL INDEX. 335 American taxation 129, is unwilling to accept office with the king's friends 146. his quarrel with lord Temple 176. accepts the office of privy seal, and is raised to the peerage 178. makes an unsuccessful attempt to establish a northern confederacy 179. becomes unpopular 183. his increasing embarrassments, 184. resigns office xv, 40. bis speeches on American and do- mestic affairs 63. his violent motions 72. his opinions on American resistance 176. deprecates the farther continuance of hostilities 286. his indignant remonstrances at the employment of Savages 330. his remarks on the capitulation of Burgoyne's army 333. his assertions contradicted by lord Amherst 334. his last appearance in the house of peers xvi, 18. his closing speech, ib. his death 20. honors paid to his memory 21 Chatham, earl of, appointed to the command of an expedition to the Scheldt xix, 130. gains possession of Flushing 131. ad- vances to Walcheren, ib, returns to England, ib. Chauvelin, M., his correspondence with lord Grenville xvii, 218 Chaworth, Mr., killed in a duel with lord Byron xiv., 156 Cherburg, expedition against xii, 296 Cherokee Indians, where settled xi, 361. they espouse the British interest xii, 77. chastisement inflicted on xiv, 27 Chesapeak-bay, described xi, 360 ja Chesapeak, its capture by captain Broke, of the Shannon xix, 319 Chester, when first erected into a bishopric iv., 140 Chevalier de St. George acknowleged king of England by the French ix, 328. embarks at Dunkirk for Scotland x, 101. his design defeated 103. arrives in Scotland 253. retires to France 254, -A - - the younger, embarks for Scotland xi, 165, takes possession of Edinburgh 167. gains the battle of Preston-pans 168. penetrates as far as Derby 173. retreats to Scotland 175. worsts Hawley at Falkirk 177. defeated at Cul- loden 182. arrested at Paris 247 Cheyte Sing, rajah of Benares, his oppression and arrest by Warren Hastings xv, 299. is deposed 300 Chili, its separation from the mother country xx, 219 China, restrictions on its trade removed xxi, 251 Chivalry, account of ii, 108 Choiseul, duc de, displaced by the intrigues of madame du Barry xv, 89 Cholera, its ravages in India xxi, 210. its rise and progress in Pritain, ib. Christ church, Oxford, history of its foundation iv, 213. fire at xix., 134 Christianity, its first introduction among the Anglo-Saxons i, 24 Churches, parliamentary grant for the erection of xx, 183 Cider tax imposed xiv., 107. repealed 170 Cintra, convention of xix, 60 Circuits, by itinerant justices i, 350 Cities in England, state of, at the time of the Norman conquest i, 164 336 GENERAL INDEX. * Ciudad Rodrigo, its capture by the French xix, 169. retaken by the British 253 Clairfait, general, assists, the duke of York at the capture of Wa- lenciennes, xvii, 245. defeated by the republicans 303. his able and successful campaign xviii, 23 Clanricard, earl of, forms a combination among the Irish catholics, and invites Ormond back from France vii, 219. obliged to sub- mit to the parliament 252 Clapperton, captain, sets out on an expedition to Africa xxi, 53. dies at Soccatoo, ib. Clarence, George duke of, leagues with the earl of Warwick iii, 178. flies to France 183. reconciled to his brother Ed- ward 186. deserts Warwick 193, drowned in a butt of malmsey 204 Clarendon, summary of the constitutions of i, 306. abrogated by pope Alexander 308 —, Hyde, earl of, and chancellor, his character as an his- torian vii, 360. his character and influence with the king viii, 10. his daughter married to the duke of York, ib. causes of his fall 56. impeached by the commons 58. retires to Calais 59. is banished, and composes his history of the civil war 60, review of his life and conduct, ib. , (Edward Hyde) earl of, engages in a plot to restore king James ix, 88. sent to the Tower 90. Clarke, Mrs. her deposition to the charges instituted against the duke of York xix, 88 Claypole, Mrs., her character and death vii, 311 Clement VII. elected to the papacy iv, 37. Rome sacked by the imperial troops, and himself taken prisoner 53. is applied to by Henry VIII. for a divorce from Catharine of Arragon 60. re- ceives queen Catharine's appeal 84. pronounces sentence against Henry precipitately 89. his authority renounced by the Eng- lish convocation and parliament 91. dies 107. , Jaques, assassinates Henry III. of France v, 273 Clementines and Urbanists, source of those distinctions iii, 4.5 Clements, captain, assists in defeating M. Thurot xiii, 248 Clergy, review of the usurpations of i, 297, an estimate of the value of their benefices in the early part of Henry III. ii, 132. deprived of all protection from the laws, by Edward J. on their refusal to grant supplies 222. reduced to compliance 223. obliged to take the oath of supremacy by Elizabeth v, 58. are jealous of king William's proceedings is, 3, a great number of thern refuse to take new oaths 52. their petition against sub- scription to the thirty-nine articles, rejected by the commons x v, 103 Clermont, council of, i, 230 Cleveland, duchess of, her character, and influence over Charles II. viii, 34 Cleves, duchy of, taken by the French for the empress queen xii, 183. 226 Clifford, Sir Robert, engages in the imposture of Perkin Warbec GENERAL INDEX. 337 iii, 277. betrays his secrets, and becomes a spy on him 278. accuses Sir William Stanley as an accomplice 279 Clifford, Sir Thomas, his character viii, 84. obtains a peerage for the hint of shutting up the exchequer 96 Clinton, lord, makes an unsuccessful descent on the coasts of Britany iv, 339 - , Sir Henry, despatched by government to America xy, 203. his gallantry at Bunker's hill 205. projects an unsuccessful attack on Sullivan's island 246. gains possession of Rhode island 268. his expedition up the Hudson 322. takes possession of forts Clinton and Montgomery 323. a division of his army burns Kingston, ib. he retreats to New York, ib. takes the command of the British army xvi, 27. harassed by Washington in his retreat on New York 29. takes Stony Point and Ver- planks 57. his expedition against South Carolina, and siege of Charleston 97. gains possession of that city, and reduces the whole province 98. retires to New York, ib. intercedes with Yºshington for the life of major André 105. is recalled 191. —, fort, captured by Sir Henry Clinton xv, 323 Clive, colonel, (lord Clive) his first exploits in the East Indies xi, 351. he visits England xii, 78. assists in retaking Calcutta 174, defeats the nabob of Hengal 175. co-operates with admirals Watson and Pocock in the reduction of Chandernagore 177. worsts the nabob a second time, and concurs in deposing him 179. his measures to defeat the Dutch hostilities in the river of Bengal xiii, 144. is appointed governor of India xiv, 205. his Bentinents and conduct on his arrival, ib. concludes a treaty with the nabob of Oude 208. his arrangements respecting the inland trade 211. his reduction of military expenses, and stop- page of double pay 212. Conspiracy of his officers suppressed by his decision 213. his departure for England 216. is arraigned in he house of commons xy, 127. his defence and death 1 & Closter Seven, convention of xii, 211 Clue, M. de la, defeated by admiral Boscawen xiii, 70 Coaches, when first introduced into England v, 371 Coal, when first dug in England ii, 179 Coats of arms, when first used ii, 29. 117 Cobbett, Mr., imprisoned and fined for a libel on the German legion xix, 185. his remarks on the trial of queen Caroline xx, 241. 245. 247. becomes meinber for Oldham xxi, 294 Cobham, lord, head of the ſlollards, escapes from prison iii, 70. conspires against the king 71. taken and executed, ib. , —, condemned, but pardoned for a conspiracy against James I. vi., 7. his accusation of Sir Walter Raleigh, ib. Cochrane, lord, convicted of a fraud at the stock-exchange xx, 27. his degradation and imprisonment 28, is re-elected member for Westminster, ib., his escape from prison, and re-capture b0. is appointed commander of the Chilian navy 219 , Sir Alexander, assists in the capture of the city of EN 9. XXI. Y 338 GENERAL INDEX. Washington xx, 34, makes an unsuccessful attack on Baltimore Cockerell, Mr., purchase of the relievos discovered by him at Phigalia by parliament xx, 163 Codrington, Sir Edward, commands the combined squadrons of Great Britain, France, and Russia xxi, 102. gains the victory at Navarino 103 - Coghlan, lieutenant, gallant exploit of xviii, 180 Coke, Sir Edward, a curious passage from his Institutes iv, 349. queen Elizabeth's haughty treatment of him when speaker of the commons v., 278. his severe treatment of the earl of Essex 316. grossly abuses Sir Walter Raleigh on his trial vi, 7 Colburg taken by the Russians xiv, 32 Coleman, arrested on account of the popish plot wiii, 179. tried and executed 194 - Coligni, admiral, forms a scheme for the taking of Calais, which is executed by the duke of Guise iv, 332. declares in favor of the protestants in France v, 32. commands the protestant forces 55. his progress in Normandy 59, battle of St. Denis 143. be- sieges Poictiers 144. defeated at Moncontour 145, killed in the massacre of Paris 1.58 College, a joiner, his trial and execution viii, 246 Collier, Sir George, his support of the British incursion in Con- necticut xvi, 58. causes the disaster of the Americans at Pe- nobscot 60. resigns his naval command, ib. Collingwood, admiral, takes his station off Cadiz to watch the Spanish fleet xviii, 379. his admirable manoeuvres to bring the enemy to action 284. his inimitable skill and gallantry in the battle of Trafalgar 286. assumes the chief command after the death of Nelson 290. honors conferred on him 992. his active and judicious co-operation with the Spanish patriots xix, 48. his death 184 Colonna, Prosper, defends Milan against the French iv., 40 Columbia, its emancipation from Spain xx, 219. Bolivar elected its first president, ib. Columbus, Christopher, his first voyage for discovery of the western world iii, 311 Combat, single, how instituted in the Anglo-Saxon laws i, 174. ii, 108 Combermere, lord, his siege and capture of Bhurtpoor xxi, 37. he is raised to the dignity of viscount 39 Commercial panic Xxi, 51. measures adopted for its relief by the legislature 56 Committee of safety, formed by the officers after the expulsion of the long parliament vii, 327. negociates with general Monk Common Prayer Book, composed by a committee of divines iv., 244. is revised 266. authorised by the parliament 270 Commons, house of, regularly formed by the earl of ſleicester, with the admission of members from boroughsii, 164, real epoch of 211. choose a speaker for the first time iii, 2. * Commonwealth of England, commencement of vii, 210, its disso- GENERAL INDEX. 330 lution by the restoration of Charles II. 345. a review of man- ners, &c. at this time 347 Compiegne besieged by the duke of Burgundy, and Joan d’Arc taken prisoner there iii, 121 Compurgators, what i, 174 Condé, prince of, declares in favor of the protestants in France V, 32. saved from destruction by the death of the king 33. takes arins in favor of the protestants 53. taken prisoner at the battle of Dreux 55. obtains his liberty 60. obliges the court to an ac- commodation 143. is killed at the battle of Jarmac 144 , the young prince of, placed at the head of the protestants after the death of his father v., 144. obliged to renounce the protestant faith 153. puts himself at the head of the German protestant auxiliaries 162. defeated by the duke of Guise 272 —, prince of, his obstinate battle with the prince of Orange at Seneffe viii, 133. succeeds Turenne in Alsace 139. forces the imperialists to repass the Rhine 140 —, prince of, commander of the army of the Lower Rhine xiv, 74 —, garrison of, surrenders to the allies xvii, 246. recaptured by the French 313 Conflans, M. de, is defeated by Sir Edward Hawke xiii, 76. Congregation of the Lord, &ccount of the bond so styled v, 17. they oppose the regent 21. enter into an accommodation with her 22. take Perth and Edinburgh 33, deprive the queen dow- ager of the regency 25. conclude a treaty with Elizabeth, and receive a fleet and forces from her 27. call a parliament, and establish the presbyterian discipline 29 Connecticut, expedition in by the British xvi, 53 Conrad, marquis of Montferrat, conducts the German army to Palestine ii, 6. claims the kingdom of Jerusalem 11. is assas- sinated 15 Constance, council of, burns John Huss and Jerome of Prague iii, 93 Constantine, king of Scotland, defeated by Athelstan i. 82 , grand duke, his renunciation of the throne of Russia xxi, 54 Constantinople taken by the Turks ifi, 312. Surprising revolution there x, 375. disturbances at xiii, 76 Contades, M. de, sent under M. d’Etrées into Germany xii, 182. is defeated at Minden xiii, 155 Contractors excluded from a seat in the house of commons xvi, 175 Conventicles, act of parliament against viii, 81. severe law against, in Scotland 165. allowed by the declaration of indulgence 319 Convention of states called in Scotland, without the king's au- thority vii, 89. enforce the covenant 90 — parliament offers the crown to the prince of Orange and his consort viii, 360 , Scottish, its proceedings at the revolution ix, 19 —— with Spain xi, 56. Substance of 59. debates on 60 340 GENERAL INDEX, Convocation, the first assembling of deputies of the inferior clergy by Edward I. ii, 216 Conway, lieutenant-general, deprived of his commission for his vote in favor of Wilkes xiv., 123. becomes secretary of state in the Rockingham administration 147. is superseded xw, 5. his plan of reconciliation with the American provinces xvi, 84 Cook, captain, his voyage to the South seas under the patronage of George III. xv, 33. his death 279 Cooke, Mr., his trial and execution ix, 221 Coote, colonel, assists in the reduction of Calcutta xii, 174. routs general Lally at Wandewash xiii, 147. conquers the provinge of Arcot 149. invests and takes Pondicherry xiv, 27. defeats Hyder Ali xvi, 125. 127. his death 129 Cope, Sir John, defeated at Preston-Pans xi, 168 Copenhagen besieged by Charles X. of Sweden, vii, 327. battle of xviii, 199 - Copley, Sir John, (lord Lyndhurst) his powerful opposition to the catholic claims xxi, 74. becomes lord chancellor 81. advo- cates the removal of catholic restrictions 135. displaced by lord Brougham 184. whom he succeeds 290. again relinquishes office 300 Copper coin, when first introduced vi, 142 Corbett, major, surrenders St. Helier into the hands of the French xvi, 132. is tried by a court-martial, and dismissed the service 133 Cork, siege of ix, 78 Corn, remarks on the statute prices of, during Henry III. ii, 175. prices of during James I. vi., 134. public magazines of, esta- blished, ib. an act relating to the bounty on, when exported xi, 306, riots on aceount of its high price xii, 110. Inew legislative regulations respecting xviii, 255. fresh prohibitory duties, xx, 65. their unpopularity, ib. discussion on their nature and ten- dency xxi, 284 Cornish, sheriff of London, convicted on false evidence, and exe- cuted viii, 303 , admiral, reduces Carical xiii, 272. assists in taking Pon- dicherry 322, commands the fleet in the Manilla expedition. xiv, 83 Cornwall, an insurrection there against Henry VII. iii, 287. The rebels defeated at Blackheath 290 , Richard, earl of, elected king of the Romans ii, 136. taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes 159. recovers his liberty 163. dies 172 Cornwallis, lord, arrives in America xv, 245. his campaign in the Jerseys 272. takes possession of Philadelphia 315. opens the passage of the Delaware 317. defeats the Americans at Camden xvi, 100. his acts of severity, ib. his unsuccessful campaign in Virginia 142. engages the enemy at Guildford court-house 143. retreats to the Chesapeak 148. is besieged in York-town 149. surrenders to Washington 150, his judicious government in In- dia xvii, 159. his spirited conduct to Tippoo 201. is compelled to. retreat 203, besieges Seringapatam 305, grants peace to Tippoo GENERAL INDEX. 341 207. his kind reception of his sons as hostages 268. arrives in England, and is created a marquis 210. is appointed lord lieu- tenant of lreland xviii, 105. his judicious administration, ib. succeeds the marquis Wellesley in India, and reverses his poli- tical system xx, 103. his death 109 Corporation and test acts, unsuccessful motion for their abolition xvii, 36. repeal of xxi, 110 - Corporations, when first erected in France, and with what view ii, 90. most of the English surrender their charters to Charles II. viii, 263. conditions on which they were restored, ib. their reform effected by government xxi, 253 Corresponding societies, their nature and object xviii, 30 Corsicans, their revolt xi, 129. they resist the oppressions of the Genoese xiv., 136. their fortresses occupied by French troops, ib. their island purchased for the French from the Genoese xv. 12. incorporated into the dominions of Louis XV., 13. are reduced by lord Hood xvii, 294 Cortes, Spanish, their decrees annulled by Ferdinand on his libe- ration xx, 16. restoration of their power 257 , Portuguese, their meeting, and the acceptance of the eCT- stitution by the king xx, 379 Coruña, battle of xix, 82 Covenant, one framed and subscribed in Scotland against re- ceiving the canons and liturgy vi, 252. enforced under pain of excommunication 256 Covent-garden theatre, its destruction by fire xix, 134 Coventry, Sir John, assaulted and maimed for a satirical reflec- tion on Charles II. viii, 91 £overdale, bishop, is imprisoned on the accession of queen Mary iv, 287 Council of officers, resolves on bringing Charles I. to trial wii, 179. seizes the king 193. the parliament purged by 195. plans a republican form of government 195. turns the members out of the house by violence 361, chooses Oliver Cromwell protector 272. deposes Richard Cromwell 320. restores the long parlia- Iment $22 Counties, the first division of England into i, 72. the first at- tempts at appointing members for, to parliament ii, 143 County courts, first appointment of i, 74 Courfeu-bell, observance of i, 372 Courts baron, ancient form and nature of ii, 89.93 Coutras, battle of v, 372 it Cowley, his character as a poet wi, 359. his death, ib. Cradoek, Sir John, his active exertions for the independence of Portugal xix, 97. endeavors, without success, to secure Cadiz to the Spanish patriots 99, measures adopted by him for the security of Lisbon, ib. Craig, a minister of Edinburgh, refuses to publish the banns be- tween queen Mary and Bothwell v, 87. remonstrates against this marriage, ib. Cranborne, his trial and execution ix, 330 *** * ranmer, Dr., his first introduction to Henry VIII. iv., 77. Inada 342 GENERAL INDEX. archbishop of Canterbury 86. pronounces the marriage of the king with Catharine of Arragon invalid, ib. favors the pro- testant tenets 98. protected by the king against the catholic courtiers 195. his importunity with Jºdward VI. to sign the Warrant for the execution of Joan Bocher, 247. signs the patent for the succession of lady Jane Gray 278. imprisoned and con- victed of treason 288. is degraded 328. is burnt 329. his cha- racter 330 Crawfurd, general, his death and funeral honors at Ciudad Ro- drigo xix, 253 Crecy, battle of ii, 336 Crema, cardinal de, anecdote of i, 268 Cressingham, treasurer of Scotland, exasperates the Scots by his oppression ii, 231. is slain in an action with Wallace 234 Cricklade, disfranchisement of xvi, 176 Crillon, duc de, his attack on Minorca xvi, 135. captures that for- tress 165. his unsuccessful attack on Gibraltar 194 Criminal law among the Anglo-Saxons, a view of i, 168 Cromartie, earl of, joins the young chevalier xi, 176. taken pri- !, Soner 180. condemned 188, reprieved 189 Cromwell, Thomas, defends his patron, cardinal Wolsey, in the house of commons iv, 71. made secretary of state 98. appointed vicar-general 113. promotes Henry's marriage with Anne of Cleves 154. is made earl of Essex, and knight of the garter 157. causes which procured his fall, ib. committed to the Tower 158. his accusation and condemnation, ib. his execution and cha- racter 159 Cromwell, Oliver, is stopped, with other puritans, from transport- ing himself to America vi, 236. defeats the royalists at Gains- borough vii, 85. his gallant behavior at Marston-moor 103. be- comes a leader of the independents 110. eludes the self-denying ordinance as to himself 115. his character 116. commands the right wing at the battle of Naseby 137. chosen general by the army 163. Suppresses the agitators, and reduces the army to obedience 178. seizes the king, and confines him in Hurst- castle 194. appointed one of the king’s judges 199. procures himself to be appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland 220. Storms Tredah and Wexford 224. all Munster submits to him 225. takes Kilkenny, ib. leaves Ireland 237. marches an army to Scotland 238.' defeats Lesley at Dunbar 240, defeats Charles at Worcester 244. expels the members from the house of com- mons 262. account of his birth and private life 263. is declared protector 272. makes peace with the Dutch 275. executes the Portuguese ambassador's brother for assassination, ib. issues letters of reprisal against France 284. Jamaica taken 289. vigor of his foreign transactions 292. his domestic administration, ib. endeavors to be made king 300. the crown is offered to him by parliament, which he refuses 301, concludes an alliance with France 307. escapes assassination 311, is disturbed with ap- prehensions and domestic troubles, ib. dies 314. his character, l , Richard, his character vii, 306. acknowleged protector GENERAL INDEX. 343 319. cabals formed against him 320. forced to resign the pro- tectorship 321 Cromwell, Henry, his character vii, 299. made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, ib. resigns his command 322. his death viii, 134, note Cropredy-bridge, battle of vii, 106 Crosby, alderman, is committed to the Tower by the house of commons during his mayoralty xv, 96. is released 97 Crown-point, taken possession of by general Amherst xiii, 107. conquest of, by the Americans xv, 209. abandoned by them 245. Crusades, their rise and progress i, 228 Cuesta, general, his choleric and arbitrary conduct xix, 65. his resistance to the orders of the junta 67. is promoted to the coln- mand of the Spanish army 95. embarrasses the movements of lord Wellington 107. suffers a shameful repulse 112. his con- ference with lord Wellington, ib. is rescued from a dangerous position 120. resigns his command, ib. Cumberland, duke of, serves as a volunteer with Sir John Norris xi, 75. wounded at Dettingen 127. defeated at Fontenoy 159. assumes the command in Scotland 178. gains the battle of Cul- loden 182. takes possession of Inverness 184. defeated at Laffeldt 205. takes the command of the allied army xii, 202. is forced to sign the convention of Closter Seven 211. he returns to England, and resigns all his military commands 215. forms a political connexion with the duke of Newcastle xiv, 70. endea- vors to form a new administration, but is unsuccessful 146. his death 148 —, duke of, son of George III. wounded in his sleep by his valet xix, 149 Cummin, John, chosen regent of Scotland ii, 240. betrays Robert Bruce's secrets to Edward 243. is killed by 13ruce 245 Cunersdorf, battle of xiii, 169 Curacao, island of, places itself under British protection xviii, 180. surrenders to commodore Brisbane xix, 25 Curtis, captain, his gallant conduct at the siege of Gibraltar xvi, 195. his signal humanity 196 Custom-house in London, its conflagration xx, 31 Customs, produce of, in queen Elizabeth's reign v, 363. amount of these duties in the reign of James I. vi., 131. amount of, in the reign of Charles I. before the civil wars wi, 354 D. D’Albiney, Philip, defeats the French fleet ii, 116 D'Almaine, Henry, joins Leicester and the barons against Henry III. ii, 152. gained over to the royal cause 155. surren- ders to Leicester 160. recovers his liberty 168, is assassinated by his cousins 170 Dalrymple, Sir Hew, censured by a court-martial for signing the convention of Cintra xix, 61 Damien, Robert Francis, his attempt to assassinate the king of France xii, 180 Dampierre, general, his death xvii, 245 Danby, earl of, his character viii, 134. communicates information 344 GENERAL INDEX. of the popish plot 185. impeached by the commons 192. is committed to the Tower 201. freed by the house of lords 296. concurs in an invitation to the prince of Orange 340 Dance, captain, extraordinary instance of his gallantry xviii, Danegelt, occasion of imposing that tax i, 120 1)anes, nature of their first piratical inroads into England i, 52. sack Winchester 58. seize York and other places 59. defeat Alfred 62. routed by Alfred 64. receive tribute from Ethelred 105. a massacre of 111. destroy the English fleet 120 Dangerfield, author of the meal-tub plot, his character viii, 220 Danton, his ferocious spirit xvii, 174. 244. his memorable words previous to his death 258 Dantzic, siege of xi, 21. its capture by the French xix, 15 D'Aquila, Don John, commands the Spanish troops in an inva- sion of Ireland v, 333. forced to capitulate to Mountjoy the deputy 335 Darcy, lord, joins Aske’s insurrection iv., 132. is executed 134 Darien settlement, proceedings relating thereto ix, 185. 211. 267. 278. 288 Darnley, lord, married to Mary, queen of Scots v, 68. becomes jealous of David Rizzio 74. causes Rizzio to be assassinated in the queen’s presence 75. prevailed on to disavow all concern in the murder 76. blown up with gunpowder 82 3Daubeney, lord, defeats the Cornish rebels iii, 290 Daun, count, takes the command of the Austrian army xii, 197. his character, ib. routs the king of Prussia at Kolin 199. worsted by the king of Prussia at Lissa 241. obliges him to raise the siege of Olmutz 356. routs the king of Prussia at Hochkirchen 365, sends a reinforcement to the Russian army before the battle of Cunersdorf xiii, 168. surrounds and takes the Prussian army under general Finck 171. Telieves T)resden 309. is worsted at Torgau 317 David, king of Scotland, invades England, and is routed i, 278. , prince of Wales, tried and executed as a traitor by Ed- ward I. ii, 188 Davis’s straits discovered v, 366 Davison, secretary, his cruel treatment by Elizabeth y, 246 Davoust, marshal, defeats the Prussians at Auerstadt xviii, 322. delivers Paris to the allies xx, 99 Davy, Sir Humphrey, his discovery of the safety-lamp xx, 162. honors conferred on him, ib. Dawson, Daniel, his trial and execution for poisoning race- horses xix., 277 Deane, Silas, his mission to France xy, 260. obtains a supply of arms and ammunition 261 Death, captain, his fate xii, 257 Debates in parliament, publication of, established XV, 94 Deccan, campaign in the xx, 126. is emancipated from the Sove- reignty of Bajee Row by the British 136 Declaratory act passed xiv, 169 Decretals of pope Gregory IX., character of ii, 178 De Grasse, admiral, defeated and captured by Rodney Xvi, 182 GENERAL INDEX. 34.5 De Guichen, his defeat by Rodney xvi, 94. forms a junction with the Spanish fleet 193. is baffled by lord Howe, ib. De Launay, governor of the Bastile, murder of xvii, 118 Delaware Indians espouse the British interest xii, 77. treaty between them and the British colonies xiii, 103 Denham, Sir John, his character as a poet vii, 359. his death, ib. Denmark, its alliance with Russia and Sweden, in opposition to the right of search xviii, 187. is compelled to renounce the northern confederacy 203. delivers up its fleet to Great Britain xix., 21. her West Indian islands captured by that power 38. makes peace with Great Britain xx, 2. deprived of Norway by the congress of Vienna 57 Dennewitz, battle of xix, 290 Derby, earl of, his letter in answer to Ireton's summons vii, 375 , popular disturbances at xx, 172. trial and execution of the rioters, ib. disturbances at xxi, 207 De Ruyter, the Dutch admiral, engages Sir George Ayscue Wii, 258, defeated by Blake and others, ib. be and Tromp defeat Blake, ib. attacks the English settlements viii, 59. he and Tromp engage the English fieet 47, defeated 49. Sails up the Medway and Thames, and burns the English ships 55. battle of Solebay 104. engaged with prince Rupert 120. killed 141 Derwentwater, Ratcliff, earl of, proclaims the pretender x, 248. beheaded 257 Desaix, general, his death on the plain of Marengo xviii. 177 Desborough opposes Cromwell's acceptance of the title of king vii, 304, engages in the cabal at Wallingford-house 320. obliges Richard Cromwell to dissolve his parliament 321 Despard, colonel, his trial and execution xviii, 232 1)espenser, Hugh le, favorite of Edward 11. his character ii, 266. the barons combine against him 267. the parliament pronounce a sentence of exile on him and his father 268. is recalled by the king, with his father 269, his father murdered by the baroris 275. is himself put to death 276 D'Estaing, his conquests in the island of Sumatra xiv, 27. is despatched with a fleet to America xvi, 30. his unsuccessful attack on Rhode island 32, is shamefully repulsed by admiral Barrington 35. captures St. Vincent's and Grenada 52. his failure at Tobago 53. his pusillanimous conduct, ib. attempts ineffectually to reduce Savannah 55. returns to France 56 De Suffrein, his engagements with the British fleet xvi, 126 Detroit, fort, preserved from the ravages of the American Indians xiv, 130 Devonshire, insurrection there to oppose the reformation iv, 252 De Wit, Cornelius, is with De Ruyter defeated by the English fleet under Blake Wii, 258. tortured on an accusation of attempt- ing to poison the prince of Orange viii, 111. is, with his brother, cruelly murdered by the populace 112 , John, the Dutch minister, his character viii, 41. motive of his protracting the negociations of Breda 54. his negociations with Sir William Temple, to oppose the French conquests in the Netherlands 64, concludes the triple alliance 66, is opposed : g g § ‘. : 346 GENERAL INDEX. by the Orange faction 101. opposes the repeal of the perpetual edict 103. his cruel death 112 Diercke, general, defeated and taken by the Austrians xiii, 178 1)igby, Sir Everard, engages in the gunpowder plot vi, 25. is executed for it 28 Dill:es, Sir Thomas, destroys a great number of French ships ix, º, destroys a part of the French fleet, and relieves Gibraltar X, Directory for public worship, established in room of the liturgy vii, 118 — in France, establishment of xviii, 29. its dissolution by Buonaparte 158 Dispensing power, obstinate continuance of it by James II. viii, 307. abolished by the bill of rights 314, note Dissenters, unsuccessful attempts to relieve them from subscrip- tion xv., 123 Dodd, Dr., convicted of forgery, and executed xy, 290 Doggerbank, engagement on the, between admiral Parker and the Dutch fleet xvi, 136 Dolben, Sir William, his motion for alleviating the sufferings of slaves during the middle passage carried xvii, 76 Dolphin ship, deplorable distress of, at sea xiii, 63 Domesday-book, explained i, 215 Domingo, St., its surrender to Toussaint xviii, 117. under whom it successfully resists the French arms 225 - Dominica, capture of, by the British xiv, 26. is taken by the French xvi, 35 Dominicans and Franciscans, observations on ii, 179 Donne, a character of his satires vi, 148 TJonnop, count, his gallant death in the attack on fort Mifflin Xv,317 Donoobew, assault of, by the British troops xxi, 27 Dorislaus, his history, and murder vii, 226 - Dorset, marquis of, commands the English forces at the expedi- tion to Fontarabia iii, 323. discovers the double dealing of Fer- dinand of Aragon 324 - Douay, a seminary founded there by Philip II. for English catholics v., 182. siege of x, 142 - - Douglas, lord, invades England, on the death of Edward II. ii, 289. attempts to seize Edward III. in his camp 291. goes on a crusade against the Moors, where he is slain 297 * , Sir Archibald, defeats Edward Baliol, and drives him to England ii, 299. is defeated and killed at Halidown-bill 300 –, earl, his irruption into England, and capture iii, 54. assists young Percy at the battle of Shrewsbury 56 —, Sir James, captures Dominica xiv, 27. ravages the country of the Cherokees, ib. - º , Sir John and lady, their testimony against the princess of Wales xviii, 302 iDover, tumult at i, 128. burnt by Philip of France ii, 205 . JDrake, Francis, his voyage round the world, and depredations on the Spaniards v., 180, is knighted by Elizabeth 181, his expe- dition to the Spanish West Indies 211, destroys a Spanish fleet GENERAL INDEX. 347 at Cadiz 250. takes a rich carrack at Terceira 251, commands against the Spanish armada, under lord Effingham 257. under- takes an expedition against Portugal 267. destroys a Spanish fleet 268. makes an unsuccessful attack on Lisbon, ib. burns Vigo, ib. makes an unsuccessful attempt on Porto Rico 289. is repulsed at Darien, where he dies 200 - Draper, Sir William, his gallantry at Madras xiii, 135. commands the expedition against Manilla xiv, 82 Dresden, seized by the king of Prussia xii, 95, enormities com- mitted there 96. is recovered by the imperial army xiii, 172. defeat of the allies at xix, 290 Dreux, battle of y, 55 Druids, their office, power, &c. i, 3. their chief seat at Anglesea destroyed, and themselves burnt 6 Drury-lane theatre, its destruction by fire xix, 134 Dryden, his character as a poet viii, 379 Dublin, a university founded there v, 306. dangerous insurrec- tions in xiii, 82. xviii, 244 Duckworth, Sir J. T. captures three French line-of-battle ships xviii, 316. forces the passage of the Dardanelles xix, 21. is compelled to retreat 22 udley, employed by Henry VII. in oppressing his people iii, 298. tried and executed to gratify the people 317 , the lord Guilford, married to lady Jane Gray iv, 276. executed on occasion of Suffolk's conspiracy 300 - Dugommier, general, commander of the republican forces at the siege of Toulon xvii, 263, his powerful recommendation of Napoleon 267. his death 312 Du Guesclin, a gentleman of Britany, employed in the wars of Charles king of France ii, 366. his resolute demands of the pope at Avignon 368. chases Peter king of Castile from his do- minions 369, defeated by prince Edward 370. Imade constable of France 373 Dumanoir, base and ferocious conduct of, at the battle of Tra- falgar xviii, 290. the ships under his command surrender to Sir Richard Strahan 292 Dumas, M., his conference with the French ambassador at the Hague xv, 259 Dumouriez, general, minister for foreign affairs to Louis XVI. xvii, 163. acquires a high military reputation 175. gains the battle of Jemappe 176, arrests the republican commissioners who summon him to Paris 242. escapes to the Austrian camp 243 Dunbar, surrendered to Edward l. ii, 218. battle of vii, 239 Duncan, natural son of Malcolm, king of Scotland, seizes the kingdom i, 227 , admiral, defeats the Dutch fleet at the Texel xviii, 75. is raised to the peerage, ib. Dundas, Mr., (lord Mlelville) lord advocate of Scotland, supports the measures of Mr. Pitt xvi, 118. appointed treasurer of the navy 231, his firmness 234. forms the plan of the expedition to Egypt xviii, 209. is impeached by the house of commons for corrupt practices, 269, his name erased from the list of privy counsellors 275. his trial and acquittal 311 : 348 GENERAL INDEX. Dundee taken by general Monk vii, 253 ; (Graham) viscount of, defeats Mackay at Killycrankie, but is killed iz, 29 Dunes, battle of, vii, 308. - Dunkirk delivered to Oliver Cromwell vii, 308. sold to the French by Charles II. viii, 29. its fortifications demolished x, 206. is ineffectually besieged by the duke of York xvii, 248 Dunmore, lord, expelled from the government of Virginia by po- pular violence xy, 212. his unsuccessful resistance, ib. Dunning, Mr., his motions on the increase of crown influence xvi, 81. is defeated 82 Dunois, count of, over-rules Joan d’Arc's instructions iii, 113. probably prompted all her measures 117. his farther successes against the English 124. recovers Guienne from the English 138. commands the troops of Britany 260 Dunstan, St., abbot of Glastonbury, his life and character i, 88, his insolent behavior to king Edwy 91. banished, ib. returns and heads the rebellion against Edwy 92. promoted to the see of Canterbury, ib. * Dupleix, M., his proceedings in the East Indies Xi, 349. 354 Dupont, general, surrounded by the Andalusian forces xix, 35. his surrender at Baylen 36 Durham, lord, remarkable speech of, in favor of the reform bill xxi, 217 E. East Anglia, history of the Saxon kingdom of i, 37 Easter, disputes among the Saxon clergy concerning i, 50 East India company, the first patent granted to, by queen Eliza- beth w, 366. differences between, and the Dutch company vi, 141. abolished, and a new one erected ix, 262. the old company re-established 288. account of their factories along the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel xi, 346. convention between them and the French company 356. violated by them both xii, 78. hostilities between them and the Dutch xiii, 114. their accom- modation 146. they augment their dividends xiv., 185. oppress- ive conduct of their servants 194–196. 201. their remon- strances with the governor and council 203. embarrassed state of their finances xv, 119. interference of government, ib. obtain a loan 125. desperate state of their affairs at the commencement of Warren Hastings's administration 291. coalition formed by native powers to expel them from their territories xvi, 91. alteration in their state by the bill of Mr. Pitt 266. empowered to make an addition to their stock xvii, 10. improvements in their government 11. declaratory bill 59. extension of their influence and territory under lord Cornwallis 209. advantages derived from the administration of lord Wellesley xviii, 146. review of their state from that period to 1823 xx, 108. lord Amherst's administration xxi, 8, settlement of their charter, and circumscription of their monopoly 251 East Indies, new passage to, round the Cape of Good Hope, first discovered iii, 311 . GENERAL INDEX. 349 East Retford, borough of, convicted of corruption xxi, 94 Edgar, his wise administration i, 93. kills Athelwold 99. espouses Elfrida, ib. Atheling, judged unfit for the succession i, 133. Submits to William the Conqueror 182. excites an insurrection 194. his death 253 Edge-hill, battle of vii, 63 Edinburgh Castle besieged and taken ix, 27 Edmond Ironside, state of the kingdom at his accession i, 115. his battle with Canute 116. murdered, ib. Edmund, his short reign and violent death i, 85 Edred, quells the Danes, and receives homage of Malcolm, king of Scotland i, 86 Edric, duke, his treacherous behavior i, 112. executed by Canute 117 Edward the Confessor, the Saxon line restored by his accession to the crown i, 124, his partiality to the Normans 127. his death and character 139 — the Elder, son of Alfred, his reign i, 78 – the Martyr, his tragical death i, 102 - I. son of Henry III., obliged to swear obedience to the twenty-four barons ii, 145. taken prisoner by Leicester 155. restored by the king's compliance with the barons, ib. occa- sions his father’s defeat at Lewes 159. escapes from custody 166. defeats Leicester at Evesham 167. engages in a crusade 171. proclaimed king 180. does homage to Philip for his French dominions 181. his cruelty towards the Jews 183. annexes the principality of Wales to the crown 188. claims of the competitors for the crown of Scotland referred to his decision 193. endeavors to establish a claim to the kingdom of Scotland 194. obtains possession of the Scotch fortresses 199. decides in favor of Joha Baliol 200. provokes the Scots and their new king by his acts of usurpation 201. loses the province of Guienne 904. occasion of changing the feudal military service into pecuniary supplies 205. Summons the representatives of the people in parliament 213. Summons deputies of the inferior clergy to parliament 216. subdues all Scotland, and carries Baliol prisoner to the Tower £20. makes another unsuccessful attack on Guienne, ib. op- posed in his demands by the clergy 221. excludes them from all protection of the laws 222. Teduces them to compliance 223. his oppressive extortions on trade 294. confirms the charters £29. concludes a truce with France 230. the Scots rise against him 232. Overthrows them at Falkirk 236. endeavors to fix his government over that country 941. executes Wallace as a traitor 242. dies 246. his character 247 II. Succeeds to the crown ii, 253. his attachment to Piers Gavaston 254. Imarries Isabella of France 255. obliged to banish Gavaston 256. invites him back from banishment 250. the earl of Lancaster raises an army against him, ib. his rage at Gavaston’s murder 260. reconciled to his barons 261. assembles a great army against the Scots, ib. defeated by Robert Bruce 350 GENERAL INDEX. at Bannockburn 264. character of Hugh le Despenser, and his father 266. the barons insist on his dismissing those favorites 267, recalls them 269. overpowers his barons, ib. his disputes with France 271. Isabella forms a conspiracy against him 274. she is joined by the barons, ib., he is confined in Kenilworth- Castle 276. deposed by parliament 277. a resignation extorted from him, ib. is murdered 278. his character 279 Edward Ill., his accession ii, 288. Inarrowly escapes the attempt of earl Douglas 291. enters into a scheme to seize Mortimer 294, encourages the pretensions of Edward Baliol to the crown of Scotland 297. defeats the Scots at Halidown-hill 300. pre- pares for a war with France 300. assumes the title of king of France 308. obtains a great victory over the French fleet 312. is obliged to pass an act for redress of grievances 321. patron- ises the pretensions of the count de Mlountfort to the duchy of Britany 323, invades Normandy 330. penetrates as far as Paris 332. defeats the French at Crecy 336. captures Calais 343. turns out the inhabitants, and peoples it with Englishmen, ib. invades France from Calais, while his son invades it from Guienne 350. battle of Poictiers 352. John, king of France, brought prisoner to London 356. concludes a treaty with John, which is rejected by the dauphin 360. invades France 361. treaty of Hretigni 363. loses most of his territories in France $74. dies 375. his character, ib. , prince of Wales, son to Edward III., attends his father in an expedition to France ii, 330. his gallant behavior at the battle of Crecy 337. invades and ravages Languedoc and other parts of France 350. defeats king John at Poictiers, and takes him prisoner 353. protects Peter, king of Castile 369, his death and character 375 , prince, son to Henry VI., his death iii, 194 — IV., his accession iii, 164. routs the Lancastrians at Towton 169. marries lady Elizabeth Grey 176. disgusts the earl of Warwick, who makes a party against him 178. Imarches against Warwick's army 187. flies to Holland, ib. lands in Yorkshire 191. enters London 192. defeats Warwick at Barnet 193. defeats queen Margaret's army at Tewkesbury 194. in- vades France 197. agrees to peace 198. procures Clarence’s trial and execution 203. his death and character 206 -— V., his accession iii, 206. murdered in the Tower, with his brother, by order of Richard IIl. 217 VI., his accession iv, 214. his reluctance at signing the warrant for the execution of Joan Bocher 248. Signs the patent for the succession of lady Jane Gray 278. his death and cha- Tacter 279 Edwy, successor to Edred i, 90 - Effingham, lord Howard of, commands the English navy destined to oppose the Spanish armada v, 256. disconcerts the armada at Calais 263. takes and plunders Cadiz 291. created earl of Not- tingham 292 - Egbert, king of Wessex, unites the heptarchy under his govern- Iuent i, 46 GENERAL INDEX. 351 Egmont, count, defeats the French governor of Calais iv, 340. put to death by the duc d’Alva, v, 149 Egremont, lord, succeeds Mr. Pitt as foreign secretary xiv, 43. his death 114 Egypt, its invasion by the French xviii, 107. evacuated by capi- tulation 208. its occupation by general Fraser, who is €om- pelled to retreat xix, 22 - El Arisch, battle of xviii, 157 Eldon, lord, created lord chancellor xviii, 193, his opposition to the remission of capital punishments xx, 186. his aversion to the policy of Mr. Canning 283. his vehement opposition to all schemes of reform xxi, 44. relinquishes office at the com- mencement of Mr. Canning's administration 80. His opposition to the repeal of the test and corporation acts 111. and to the emancipation of the catholics 137 Eleanor marries prince Henry, son of Matilda i, 286. instigates her sons to revolt against their father 339. Imade regent by her son Richard I. ii, 2 Elfrida treacherously obtained in marriage by Athelwold i, 98. espoused by Edgar 99. causes her son-in-law to be killed 102 Elgin marbles, their purchase by parliament XX, 163 Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII. confined by her sister Mary iv, 298. released by the mediation of Philip 308. owes this protection to his policy, ib. her accession w, 1. restores the protestant religion 4. her violent jealousy against Mary queen of Scots 15. sends a fleet and army to Scotland in support of the protestants 27. treaty of Edinburgh 28. her reply to Mary’s request of being declared successor to the English crown 43. her prudent administration 45. assists the French protestants after the battle of Dreux 55. favors the marriage of Mary with lord Darnley 66. encourages the Scottish malcontents 69. remonstrates with Mary against her marriage with Bothwell 88. Cecil’s advice to her on Mary's flight to England 99. requires Mary to clear herself from the murder of her husband 101. appoints commissioners for hearing the cause at Hampton-court 107. lays the result before her privy-council 110. enters into a fruitless negociation for marriage with the archduke Charles 114. her endeavors to balance the factions in Scotland 130. is excommunicated by pope Pius V. 133. allows men to be raised for the assistance of the French protestants 145. Teceives proposals of marriage with the duke of Anjou 146. protects the Flemish refugees 149. discovers Norfolk's con- spiracy, who is tried and executed 153. concludes a defensive alliance with France 157. her reception of Fenelon, the French ambassador, after the massacre of Paris 159. assists the Hugo- nots 165. receives an embassy from the revolted Hollanders 168. lveland invaded by the Spaniards 179. her displeasure at the cruelty exercised in reducing them 180. countenances the depredations of Francis Drake, and knights him, ib. rejects the duke of Anjou 190. establishes the court of ecclesiastical commission 202. concludes another league with the States, and takes possession of the towns assigned her for secu- rity 209, concludes a league with James for their mutual 352 GENERAL INDEX. defence 214. appoints a commission for the trial of Mary queen of Scots 223. the duplicity of her conduct in regard to Mary 235. her behavior on the execution of Mary 245. pre- pares for defence against the Spanish armada 256. visits the camp at Tilbury 259. receives supplies from parliament, on the destruction of the armada 264. assists Henry of Navarre 272. concludes a new treaty with the United Provinces 287, fits out an armament which takes and plunders Cadiz 290. sends Essex lord lieutenant to Ireland 309. sends lord Mountjoy to Ireland in the room of Essex 315. causes Essex to be examined before the privy-council 316. consents to his death 329. is reduced to pay her soldiers in Ireland with base money 332. is induced to restrain her enormous grants of monopolies 337. falls into a profound melancholy 340. dies 342. her character, ib. - Elizabeth, princess, daughter of James I. married to the electo palatine vi, 49 , daughter of Charles I., dies of grief vii,310 X. , empress of Russia, proclaimed xi, 96. conspiracy against her 129. her declaration against the king of Prussia xii, 188, she accedes to the treaty between the courts of Vienna, Versailles, and Stockholm. 255. sends two armies against the king of Prussia 358. who defeats them at Zorndorf 359. her troops defeat the Prussians at Zullichaw xiii, 168. and Cunersdorf 169, they make an irruption into Brandenburg 313. and take Berlin 314. her death xiv, 70 Ellenborough, lord chief-justice, admitted to a seat in the cabi- net xviii, 301. his mortification at the trial of Mr. Home xx, 172. his death 188 Elley, Sir John, his remarkable intrepidity and strength at the battle of Waterloo xx, 86 Elliot, general, (lord Heathfield) his gallant defence of Gibraltar _xvi, 194. is raised to the peerage, with a pension 196 Ellis, Mr., seizes the city of Patna xiv, 195. is made prisoner, ib. is cruelly assassinated with his infant child 198 Elphinstone, admiral, captures the Dutch squadron xviii, 52 Ely, Longchamp, bishop of, appointed joint guardian of the realm by Riehard I. ii, 5. arrests his coadjutor 12. forced to fly beyond sea 13 —, riots at xx, 153 tº Emmett, leader of the insurrection in Dublin xviii, 245. his trial and execution 246 - - Empson, the instrument of the oppressions exercised by Henry VII. iii, 298. summoned before the privy council of Henry VIII. 316. executed to please the people 317 Enghien, duc d’, seized in the territory of Baden by the orders of Napoleon xviii, 256. tried by a military tribunal, and shot, ib. Entails allowed ii, 249, a law of Henry VII. to empower the owners of estates to break them iii, 308 - tº & Erskine, Mr., his eloquent defence of Horne Tooke, &c. *W* . 291. created lord chancellor 301 - Escheats, the great advantages made of them by the Anglo- • Norman kings ii., 98 - Bssex, history of the Saxon kingdom of i, 41 GENERAL INDEX. 353 Essex, earl of, attends the earl of Leicester, in his expedition to the United Provinces v, 210. joins Sir Francis Drake in his expedition against Portugal 268. commands a body of forces sent to the assistance of Henry IV. of France 275. commands the forces sent against Cadiz 290. takes Cadiz by assault, and plunders it 291. is sent to Ireland as lord-lieutenant 309. his unsuccessful expedition 311. his sudden journey to London, and conference with the queen 313. is committed to custody, ib. the sentence pronounced against him 317. enters into a conspiracy against the queen 323. is tried and condemned 327. is executed 329. his character, ib. , earl of, encourages the opposition of the commons to Charles I. vii, 29. is made general of the parliament’s army 51. Battle of Edgehill 63. takes Reading 68. obliges the king to raise the siege of Glocester 83. battle of Newbury, ib. his forces in Cornwall reduced by the king 106. defeats the king at Newbury 107. resigns his command 115. dies 156 , earl of, enters into the duke of Monmouth’s conspiracy viii, 264, is apprehended 269. his death 277 Pºs. entailment of, allowed ii, 249. admitted to be broken iii, 30 Etching, the art of, by whom invented viii, 375 Ethelbert, king of Kent, is converted to christianity i, 28 Ethelred, brother of king Edward the Martyr, becomes tributary to the Danes i, 105. causes a massacre of them 111. retreats to Normandy 113. returns 114. dies 115 Etrees, M. d’, lays the electorate of Hanover under contribu- tion xii, 206. worsts the duke of Cumberland at Hastenbeck 207 --. Eugene, prince of Savoy, relieves Coni ix, 95. his progress in Italy 324. worsted by the French at Luzzara 356. joins Marl- borough before the battle of Hochstadt x, 18. defeats the French at Turin 66. disappointed in an attempt on Toulon 89. defeats the French at Oudenard 108. invests and takes Lisle 110. re- duces Ghent 114. takes Tournay 126. defeats the French at Malplaquet 127. reduces Mons 129. takes Douay 141. defeats the Turks at Peterwaradin 265, note. and at Belgrade 275, his death xi, 36 Butaw springs, battle of xvi, 146 Evesham, battle of ii, 167 Exchange, royal, by whom first built v, 370 Exchequer, court of, primitive institution of ii, 94. shut up by Charles II. viii, 96 Bxcise, first introduction of, in England vii, 97 Exclusion-bill against James duke of York, passed by the com- mons, and rejected by the lords viii, 231 Exeter besieged by Perkin Warbec iii, 92 , Courtney, marquis of, enters into a conspiracy with car- dinal Pole iv., 142. is executed for it 143 Exmouth, lord, his mission to Algiers xx, 155. appointed to the command of an expedition against that city 156. This attack 158. PNG, XXI. Z 354 GENERAL INDEX. and capture of the place 160. honors conferred on him 161. he is raised to the dignity of a viscount, ib. F. Factory bill, its nature xxi, 252 Fairfax, a character of his translation of Tasso vi, 148 , lord, commands for the parliament in the north of Eng- land vii, 69. is defeated at Atherton-moor 85 , Sir Thomas, defeats the royalists at Wakefield vii, 85. defeats prince Rupert at Marston-moor 103. takes possession of York 105. appointed general in the room of Essex 115. de- feats the king at the battle of Naseby 137. reduces the west of England 142. is appointed general in chief 171. takes Colchester 193. detained from rescuing the king by stratagem 205. resigns 238 Fairy Queen, of Spenser, a character of that poem V, 377 Falkirk, battle of ii, 236 Falkland, lord, secretary to Charles I., is killed at the battle of Newbury vii, 84. a short summary of his life and character, ib. Farringdon Market, opening of xxi, 154 Fastolfe, Sir John, defeats the count of Dunois iii, 109. retreats from the French, and is degraded from the order of the garter 117 - Fawkes, Guy, engages in the gunpowder-plot vi, 24. is appre- helided 27. discovers the conspiracy, ib. Fayal is taken by Sir Walter Raleigh v, 293 Fayette, marquis de la, embarks in the American cause xv, 262. is wounded in the battle at the Brandywine 315. defeated by the British xvi, 26. urges the execution of major André 105. fails in his design of capturing Arnold 140. appointed by the Parisians to the command of the national guard xvii, 119. en- deavors to arrest the progress of the revolution 147. resigns his command of the national guard 162. is compelled to seek safety in the Austrian lines 175. Severe remarks on his character by Mr. Burke 281. is released from prison at Olmutz by the inter- vention of Buonaparte xviii, 89 Felton stabs the duke of Buckingham at Portsmouth vi, 199. seized and examined 200 Fenelon, the French ambassador, his reception by queen Eliza- beth after the massacre of Paris V, 159 - - Fenwick, Sir John, eludes a search ix, 120. apprehended 233. attainted and beheaded 240 Ferdinand, king of Arragon, obtains possession of Castile by the death of Philip iii, 303. seizes on Naples 319. deludes Henry VIII. into an expedition to Guienue 323. engages in a treaty with Louis 339. dies iv, 9 , brother to Charles V., puts the elector palatine under the ban of the empire vi, 86 —, prince of Brunswick, takes possession of Leipsie for the king of Prussia xii, 95, appointed commander of the allied army 253. he takes possession of Bremen, Verden, &c. 34%. passes the Rhine 345. reduces Dusseldorf 348, cause of his GENERAL INHD.EX. 355 animosity to lord George Sackville xiii, 154. he defeats the French at Minden 155. he worsts a French detachment at T)illemburg 284. defeats the French at Warburg 291. miscarries in an attempt on Gottingen 300 Ferdinand VII., prince of the Asturias, his enmity to Godoy xix, 30, proclaimed king of Spain 32. is persuaded by Savary to meet Napoleon at Bayonne, ib. resigns the crown of Spain into his hands, and is put into confinement 34. is restored to liberty XX, 15. his ingratitude and cruelty 16. re-establishes the in- quisition 17. detects a formidable conspiracy 179. his rigorous punishments 218. compelled to recal the Cortes 257. restored to arbitrary power by a French army 305. becomes unpopular with the ultra royalists xxi, 55. abolishes the Salique law in Spain 189. his death, and succession of his infant daughter 256 Ferguson, general, his gallantry at the battle of Vimiero xix, 58 Ferrers, (Shirley) earl, apprehended for murder xiii, 234, his conviction 238. and execution 240 Ferris, captain, his successful manoeuvre at the mouth of the Garonne xix, 229 Feudal system, its introduction into England i, 197. its origin ii, 77. the nature of it explained 79. decay of, to be dated from the revival of the arts iii, 233 Feversham, earl of, defeats the duke of Monmouth at Sedgemoor viii, 299. his cruelty after the battle 300 Fiefs, how they came to descend in families ii., 80 Figueras, capture of xvii, 312 Finch, Sir John, impeached by the long parliament, and flies to Holland vi, 284 Finck, general, surrounded and taken, with his whole army, by Daun xiii, 174 - Finland, its occupation by the emperor Alexander xix, 46 First-fruits, when first levied on ecclesiastical benefices ii, 251 Fisher, bishop of Rochester, refuses to take the oath regulating the succession of the crown iv, 91. is imprisoned 105. created a cardinal by the pope 106. is condemned and beheaded for denying the king's supremacy, ib. Fitzherbert, Mr., signs provisional articles of peace with the American commissioners xvi, 197 Fitz-Richard, mayor of London, joins the barons and Leicester against Henry III. ii, 154. is punished by fine and imprison- ment 170 Fitz-Walter, Robert, chosen general of the barons' army, on king John’s refusal to confirm their liberties ii, 64 Five nations (Indian) or Iroquois, their habitation xi, 358. an English garrison among them massacred xii, 73. they are aban- doned to the French 166 Flammoc, Thomas, a lawyer, heads an insurrection in Cornwall iii, 287, defeated and executed 290 Flanders, a summary view of the state of that territory at the time of Edward III. ii, 306 - Fleetwood, colonel, obtains the government of Ireland vii, 299. ..i ! t } *. 356 GENERAL INDEX. º opposes Cromwell’s accepting the title of king 304. Cabals against Richard 320 • - Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, his motion in the Scottish parkia- ment concerning a successor to the crown ix, 378, his reply to the earl of Stair x, 36 º * • ‘ Tleurus, battle of xvii, 304 - - Fleury, cardinal, his death xi, 130 Florence revolts from the authority of the family of Medicis iv, 63. is again subdued to their sovereignty 75 Flouden, battle of iii, 337 - - Flushing, its capture by the British xix, 131. demolition of its defences and basin, ib. - - * Fontainbleau, preliminaries of peace signed at xiv, 86. the terms of that treaty 89. opposed by Mr. Pitt 96 Forde, colonel, defeats M. Conflans in the East Indies xiii, 140. routs the Dutch at Chandernagore 145 - Fº severe laws renewed against offenders in, by Richard I. 11, • *-x- Forma pauperis, suits in, first granted to the poor iii, 306 Forster, Mr., proclaims the pretender x, 248. attacked at Preston, and surrenders at discretion 249. escapes from Newgate to the continent 257 , captain, his gallantry and humanity contrasted with the bad conduct of the Americans xv, 242 Roundling hospital, remarks on xii, 114 Fourmigni, battle of iii, 138 Fox, Richard, made bishop of Winchester iii, 247. introduces Wolsey to the king 329 - - —, George, founds a new sect, who are denominated quakers' '' vii, 349 - *- —, Mr. Charles, his ‘entrance on public life xv, 66. joins the opposition 151. made secretary of state xvi, 169. his junction with lord North 201. introduction of his India bill 226. his contests with Pitt for political power 236. his quarrel with Burke xvii, 155. his name erased from the list of privy coun- sellors xviii, 127. resumes office after the death of Mr. Pitt 301. his death and character 314 Foy, general, his frightful cruelties xix, 293 Francis I. succeeds to the crown of France on the death of Louis XII. iii, 341. his character, ib. defeats the Swiss at Marignan iv, 7. is unsuccessful in his pretensions to the imperial crown 14. is visited by Henry 17, the pope, emperor, and Henry conclude an alliance against him 20. is worsted in Italy 32. the duke of Bourbon revolts against him, and enters the em- peror's service 38. he besieges Pavia 42. is defeated and taken prisoner by the imperialists 43, recovers his liberty 50. peace concluded with Charles at Cambray 74. renews his friendship with Henry 108. overruns Luxemburg, and takes Landrecy . 182. forces Charles to abandon the siege of Landrecy 183. is invaded by Charles and Henry 187. concludes a separate peace with Charles 188. equips an armament for a descent on England 190. makes peace with Henry at Campe 193 { GENERAL INDEX. , 357 Francis II. married to the young queen of Scotland iv, 337. becomes king of France v, 15. dies 32 , father, is recommended by James II. to Cambridge for a degree, but is refused viii, 325 —, duke of Lorrain, elected emperor ºxi, 156. concludes a treaty with France against Prussia xii, 103 , Mr., is wounded in a duel with Warren Hastings xv, 298 - Franciscans and Dominicans, reflections on the institution of those two orders ii, 179 Frankalmoigne, the nature of ii, 206 Frankfort on the Maine treacherously seized by the French Xiii, 150 Franklin, Dr., chosen agent for Massachusets xiv, 167. forwards the correspondence of Hutchinson and Oliver to his province xy, 137. his dignified demeanor before the privy council 142. his departure from England 195. appointed by congress to Superintend the post-office 201. suggests the adoption of paper-money, ib. his letter to Ml. Dumas 241. his reply to the offers of lord Howe 253. is present at a conference with lord Howe on Staten island 256. his endeavors to procure aid from France 257. he narrowly escapes captivity 262. gives a decisive turn to the counsels of the French court xvi, 2. am- bassador at the French court 34 Fraser, major-general Mackenzie, his unsuccessful expedition to Egypt xix, 22 Frazer, general, defeats the American forces under general Thompson xv, 243 Frederic I. emperor of Germany, engages in a crusade i, 356. dies ii, 6 II. emperor, excommunicated ii, 127 , king of Naples, his kingdom conquered by France and Spain iii, 319 r , elector palatine, married to the princess Elizabeth vi, 49. is offered the crown of Bohemia 78, defeated at Prague 80. put under the ban of the empire 86. totally dispossessed of his patrimonial dominions 116 Frederic III., king of Prussia, invades the queen of Hungary’s dominions xi, 76. concludes a treaty with her at Breslau 109. he invades Bohemia 147, concludes a treaty with England 157. invades Saxony 158. concludes peace with Hungary and Saxony, ib. misunderstanding between him and the czarina 288. concludes a negociation with England xii, 37, he invades Saxony, and publishes a manifesto 94, he enters Dresden, and blocks up the king of Poland at Pirna 95. he invades Bohemia, and fights count Brown at Lowoschutz 97. he is put under the ban of the empire 184, declaration of the czarina against him 188, he enters Bohemia 190, he gains a complete victory over the Austrians near Prague 192. invests Prague 194. defeated at Kolin 199. evacuates Bohemia 202. the French enter his dominions 217. several parts of his dominions invaded by the French, Swedes, and Austrians 232. he subjects Leipsic to 358 GENERAL INDEX. * military execution 233. he defeats the French and imperial, army at Rosbach 235. becomes master of all Silesia 243. defeats the Russians at Zorndorf 359, he is surprised and defeated at Hochkirchen 365. he oppresses the inhabit- ants of Saxony 374. is routed at Cunersdorf xiii, 169. his army under general Finck surrounded and taken 173. and that under general Diercke 175. his capital taken by the Au- strians and Russians 314. defeats count Daun at Torgau 315. loses Schweidnitz xiv, 32. extricated from his difficulties by the death of the czarina 70. his subsidy from Great Britain discontinued 72. concludes the peace of Hubertsburg 98. his aversion to form connexions with Great Britain 180. his resent- ment against George III. xv., 152. his death xvii, 22 Frederic prince of Wales, breach between his father and him xi, 38. heads the opposition 102. his death and character 277 - Frederic, duke of York, his birth xiv, 115. is sent to command the British army in Flanders xvii, 245. gains possession of Va- lenciennes 246. is defeated at Hondscoote, and compelled to retreat from Dunkirk 248. is defeated at Turcoing, and nar- rowly escapes captivity 301. returns to England 316. again appointed to the command of an expedition to Holland xviii, 155. compelled to re-embark 157. resigns his office of com- mander-in-chief in consequence of the charges exhibited against him xix, 89. his restoration to his former office 193. appointed guardian of the king's person at the demise of the queen xx, 192. his memorable protest against the catholic claims 267. his popularity with the high church party, ib. his renewed opposition to catholic emancipation xxi, 43. his death 72 Friedland, battle of xix, 16 Friend, Sir John, his trial and execution ix, 219 Frobisher, Sir Martin, is killed before Brest y, 277. three trials made by him for the discovery of a north-west passage 366 Fullarton, Mr., his duel with the earl of Shelburne xvi, 79 Funds, consolidation of xi, 297. Xiii, 216 G. Gage, general, appointed governor of Massachusets XV, 167. removes the legislature to Salem, ib. he fortifies Boston-neck 169. his resistance to the provincial congress 171. sends a fruitless expedition to secure stores at Salem 197. another unsuccessful attempt to destroy the ammunitions, &c. at Con- cord 198. is superseded by general Howe 208 Gainsborough, battle of vii, 85 Galileo, comparison between, and lord Bacon vi, 149 - Galissonière, M. de la, his engagement with admiral Byng xii, 49 Galway, earl of, appointed commander in Spain x, 26, defeated at Almanza 87 GENERAL INDEX. 359 Gama, Vasquez de, his first passage to the East Indies, round the Cape of Good Hope iii, 311 Gambier, admiral, obtains possession of the Danish fleet xix, 20 Ganganelli, pope, his death and character XV, 166 Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, opposes the reformation iv, 98. foments a cruel persecution of heretics 161. endeavors to pro- cure an impeachment of Catharine Parr for heresy 197. is committed to the Tower 246. is released by queen Mary 286. engages Bonner and others to persecute the reformers 316. dies 322 Gardiner, colonel, slain at Preston-Pans xi, 168 Garnet, a Jesuit, engages in the famous gunpowder plot vi, 25. is executed 28 Garrick, David, his retirement from the stage xy, 237 Garter, institution of that order of knighthood ii, 346 Gas lights, their introduction in London xix, 135 Gascoigne, judge, imprisons prince Henry, for insulting him in his office iii, 68. his kind reception by Henry, when king, ib. Gaston de Foix, his character iii, 325. is killed in a victory he gained over the Spanish and papal armies 326 Gates, general, commands the army destined to arrest the in- vasion of general Burgoyne xv, 321. surrounds the British at Saratoga 324. accepts their capitulation 525. his signal deli- cacy and humanity 326. appointed to the command in South Carolina xvi, 99, defeated by lord Cornwallis at Camden 100. is superseded by general Greene 101 Gaunt, Mrs., her cruel fate viii, 302 Gavaston, Piers, his ascendency over Edward II. ii, 254. a con- federacy formed against him 256. his banishment demanded, ib. is recalled by the king 259. is taken prisoner 260. beheaded in Warwick-castle, ib. Gavelkind, origin of i, 179 Genoa applies to France for assistance against the Corsi- * xiv, 136. conventional treaty between the two countries, l D, , its surrender to the Austrians xviii, 174, re-occupied by the French 178. is captured by lord William Bentinck xx, 18. transferred to the king of Sardinia by the congress of Vienna 30 Geoffrey, third son of Henry II., instigated by his mother to re- volt against him i, 339. is slain in a tournament 355 George, prince of 1)enmark, appointed generalissimo and high admiral ix, 345. his death and character x, 118 I. proclaimed king of Great Britain x, 224. he arrives in England 227. the tories totally excluded from his favor, ib. Purchases Bremen and Verden 236. discontents in England, ib. engages in the triple alliance with France and Holland 261. joins in the quadruple alliance with the emperor, France, and Holland 276. sends a fleet to the Mediterranean, which attacks and destroys the Spanish navy 283. declares war against Spain 288. concludes a peace with Spain 315. he dies on his way to Hanover 349, his character, ib. 360 GENERAL INDEX. George II, ascends the throne x, 351. characters of his chief ministers 352. concludes a treaty with France and Spain 369. signs the treaty of Vienna 373. receives the investiture of Bre- men and Verden xi, 3. misunderstanding between him and the prince of Wales 38. his queen dies 49. concludes the conven- tion with Spain 56. declares war against Spain 71. reconciliation between him and his son 104. he embarks for Germany 123. he defeats the French at Dettingen 126. concludes a treaty with Austria and Sardinia at Worms 127. declares war against France 140. he returns to England, on an advice of an insurrec- tion in Scotland 166. peace concluded between the belligerent powers at Aix-la-Chapelle 220. harmony restored in his family $42. rupture between him and France xii, 5. he concludes a treaty with Prussia 37. a mutual declaration of war between him and France 64.67, commands Mr. Pitt and Mr. Legge to resign 151. their restoration to office 152. his electorate laid under contribution by the French 206. convention at Closter- Seven 211. his electoral dominions again invaded by the French 353. he is alarmed with an invasion from France 387. his elec- toral dominions again invaded by the French xiii, 293. his death and character 323. recapitulation of the principal events of his reign 324 – III. Succeeds to the throne xiv, 13. is secretly guided by lord Bute 18. falls from his horse 20. his admirable reprimand of Dr. Wilson, ib. recommends the appointment of judges for life 23. Selects the princess Charlotte Sophia for his future queen 45. his nuptials 48. his coronation, ib. issues a declara- tion of war against Spain 65. his patronage of literature and the fine arts 87. erases the name of lord Temple from the list of privy councillors 113. his interview with Mr. Pitt 114. his in- flexibility in imposing a direct tax on America 125. his encou- ragement of domestic manufactures 145. takes disgust at the Grenville administration, and endeavors to form a new one 146. but is compelled to retain his former cabinet, ib. his answer to the remonstrance of the livery of London xv, 71, is addressed by alderman Beckford 78. his domestic habits and skill in agri- culture 102. signs the order for military interference during the riots in London xvi, 87. exhibits a remarkable instance of dig- nity and self-command 154. holds a naval levee at the Nore 164. his perplexities at the formation of the coalition ministry 208. his interview with Mr. Adams 220. his disgust at the coa- lition ministry 224. he dissolves it, and selects Mr. Pitt as prime minister 230. his efficient support of that statesman 237. his dignified determination 243. his answer to the proposed in- terview between the duke of Portland and Mr. Pitt 253. dis- solves the parliament 259. stabbed by Margaret Nicholson xvii, 18. his displeasure at the conduct of the heir apparent 22. pub- lishes his letters to Arthur Young 60. his domestic habits and benevolence 61. is seized with illness, accompanied with men- tal derangement 79. his recovery 96. public thanksgiving on that event 97. his admiration of Burke’s treatise on the French revolution 149, remarkable instance of his coolness and GENERAL INDEX. 361 intrepidity xviii, 31. his life threatened, and character defamed 37. his life twice in danger during one day 172. his generous protection of the princess of Wales 302. dismisses the whig ad- ministration in consequence of their advocacy of the catholics xix., 9.. jubilee at the commencement of the fiftieth year of his reign 133. incurable recurrence of his mental derangement 150. his death and character xx, 221 George IV., his birth xiv., 87. parliamentary grant appointed for him xv., 101. his elegant accomplishments, and connexions xvi, 163. formation of his separate establishment 216. attaches him- self to Mr. Fox and the whig party 236, forms an acquaintance with Mrs. Fitzherbert, and involves himself in pecuniary em- barrassments xvii, 21. his debts liquidated by a parliamentary grant 43. his first speech in parliament, against revolutionary clubs 190. his marriage xviii, 11. is separated from his wife 37. settlement of his income by parliament 219. his injudicious ap- plication to his father for efficient military rank 243. changes his sentiments with regard to catholic emancipation 267. insti- tutes an investigation of the conduct of the princess 302. re- lieves her from her pecuniary difficulties xix, 133. he is in- vested with the regency 153. retains the Perceval administra- tion at the expiration of the restrictions 233. his arrangements of military dress 283. his unpopularity at the visit of the allied sovereigns xx, 25. his habits of seclusion 152. is assaulted by the mob on his return from the house of lords 163. Imakes a ces- sion of £50,000 per annum to the public exigences 164. con- verts Buckingham-house into a palace for the reigning monarch 190. his accession to the throne 222, his dangerous illness 223. prosecution of his queen on a charge of adultery 248. his un- popularity 249. again appears in public 271. celebration of his coronation 274., arrives in Ireland 276. his enthusiastic recep- tion at Dublin 277. visits Hanover 279. his encouragement of literature, ib. his visit to Scotland 297. his donation of the library of George III. to the public 313. secludes himself from public observation xxi, 116. is reluctantly compelled to yield catholic emancipation 125. his final sickness 168. his death and character 170 Georgia, colony of, settled xi, 3. the assembly of, petitions the the British legislature against the stamp act xiv., 159. military operations in xvi, 54 Gerard, Balthazar, assassinates the prince of Orange v, 206 Geriah, battle of xiv., 196 Germaine, (Sackville) lord George, animosity between him and prince Ferdinand xiii, 154. his situation at Minden 156. 296. he demands a court-martial 226, sentence of the court 234. made secretary for the American department Xv, 291. raised to the peerage xvi, 166 Germans, ancient character of i, 13. their troops hired by Great Britain to repress the insurrection in America xv, 226 Germany, how divided under the feudal system i, 143. the commencement of the reformation in, by Martin Luther iv, 26 Gerona, its siege and capture by the French xix, 123 362 GENERAL INDEX. Ghent, conferences at, respecting the American war xx, 31. treaty of peace concluded at 48 - Gibbs, general, his arrival at New Orleans xx, 42. his gallantry at the siege of that place 46 Gibraltar, taken by the British x, 26. besieged by the Spaniards XV i, 50. relieved by Rodney 93. distress of its garrison 133. furious bombardment of by the Spaniards 134. works of the besiegers destroyed 135. siege and relief of 194 Gin act passed xi, 32. repealed 121 Ginckel, general, reduces Athlone ix, 99. defeats the Irish at Aghrim 100. takes Limerick 103 Girondists, a powerful party in France at the revolution xvii, 161. its leaders denounced and executed 243 Githa, mother of Harold, excites an insurrection against William the Conqueror i, 190 Glamorgan, earl of, his commission from Charles I. with regard to Ireland vii, 145, committed to prison by the lord lieutenant 146 Glanville, the justiciary, takes William king of Scotland pri- Soner i, 346 Glasgow, magistrates of, arrested x, 338. riots at xx, 228. appre- hension and punishment of the ringleaders 229 Glass, the manufacture of, when first brought into England viii, 375 Glencoe, massacre of ix, 112 Glendour, Owen, his insurrection in Wales iii, 52 Głocester, when first erected into a bishopric iv., 140 , Robert, earl of, defeats Stephen, and takes him pri- soner i, 281 , Gilbert, earl of, takes Henry III. prisoner at the battle of Lewes ii, 159. assists prince Edward in escaping from the custody of Leicester 166. attends him on a crusade 171 , duke of, uncle to Richard II., his character iii, 2. Sup- planted in his influence over the king 11. deprives Richard of his regal power 13. his arbitrary proceedings 16. removed from the council-board 19. sent over to Calais by the king 23. mur- dered 36 , Humphrey, duke of, brother to Henry V., left regent during the minority of Henry VI. iii, 91. constituted guardian of the kingdom during the duke of Bedford's absence 96. mur- dered 134 , duke of, youngest son of Charles I., is sent abroad by Cromwell vii, 210. his death and character viii, 8 , William, duke of, his death ix, 292 ——, duke of, elected chancellor of Cambridge xix, 230 Godfrey of Bouillon, created king of Jerusalem i, 243 e , Sir Edmondbury, murdered viii, 181. general confusion on this event 182 Godolphin, lord, placed at the head of the treasury iN, 84.300. dismissed from his office x, 147. his death and character 196, . Godoy, Emanuel, chief minister of the king of Spain xix, 25. his enmity to Ferdinand 26. prevails on Charles IV. to resign his crown to Napoleon 34 GENERAL INDEX. 363 Godwin, earl, his bravery i, 119. murders Alfred, son of Ethelred 122. his exorbitant power 1:7. flies to Flanders 130. received into favor 131 Gold coast, British settlements on, attacked by the Ashantees, who are compelled to retreat xxi, 3 Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, remonstrates against Sir Walter Raleigh's expedition to Guiana vi, 72 Goorkalese defeated by general Ochterlony xx, 120. conclude a treaty of peace with the British 122 Gordon, lord George, his intemperate invective on the king's speech xvi, 70. his inflammatory language to the populace 84. his violence repressed in the house of commons 85. committed to prison 88. aequitted of high treason 90. his death, ib. Goree, its capture by the British xviii, 180 Goring is made governor of Portsmouth by the commons vii, 42. declares for the king, and is reduced by the parliament's forces 59 Gortz, baron, arrested x, 26.2, beheaded £75 Gourdon, a Norman archer, wounds Richard I. with an arrow, which occasions his death ii, 26. his cruel fate 27 Gowry, earl of, enters into an association for seizing the young king James from the power of Lenox and Arran v., 191. is tried and executed 197 Graaf, Wan, governor of St. Eustatia, his partiality to the Ame- rican cause xv, 289. his recall demanded by Sir Joseph Yorke, ib. - Graeme, colonel, is deputed by George III. to select a fit consort for him xiv., 45 Grafton, duke of, killed at the siege of Cork ix, 78 ——, is appointed secretary of state xiv., 147, is placed at the head of the treasury 177. chancellor of the uni- versity of Cambridge xv. 34. resigns office Q31. his death 23 Graham, general, (lord Lynedoch) defeats the French at Barosa xix., 203. storms the fortress of St. Sebastian 307. fails in his attack on Bergen-op-Zoom xx, 5 Grampound, borough of, its corruption xx, 216. bill for its dis- franchisement introduced 230, transfer of its privileges to the county of York 268 Grand Cairo captured by the French xviii, 109 Grant, colonel, ravages the country of the Cherokees xiv, 97 Granville, cardinal, his arbitrary conduct occasions a revolt of the Flemish protestants v., 148 Grattan, Mr., his patriotic efforts xvii, 233. his name erased from the list of privy counsellors xviii, 1:7. his death xx, 25.6 Gravelines, battle of iv, 340 Graves, admiral, dreadful losses sustained by his fleet xvi, 193 Gray, lady Elizabeth, her history iii, 176. captivates Edward IV. ib. married to him, ib. consents to a marriage between the princess Elizabeth and Henry earl of Richmond 233. supposed to be privy to the insurrection of Lambert Simnel 250. dies in confinement 952 —, lady Jane, is married to lord Guilford Dudley iv, 276. is 364 GENERAL INDEX. * proclaimed queen 282. deserted by the council and the people 284. executed 300 Gray, lady Catharine, committed to the Tower by queen Elizabeth, where she dies v, 48 - —, lord, sent by queen Elizabeth to the assistance of the pro- testant malcontents in Scotland v, 27. besieges and takes Leith from the French party 28 Great Harry, the first ship properly of the royal navy, built by Henry VII. iii, 312 Greek language, how imported and cultivated in Europe iii, 312 Greeks, their resistance to Turkish oppression xx, 280. horrible cruelties inflicted on 296. injurious treatment of, at the con- gress of Verona 300. their cause advocated by Great Britain, France, and Russia xxi, 101. choose Capo d'Istria as their first governor 122. narrow boundaries of their territories 143, prince Leopold refuses to become their king 191. are rent asunder by civil commotions 212. appoint Otho of Bavaria their king 253 Greene, major-general, his able support of Washington xy, 267. is appointed by congress to supersede general Gates xvi, 101. urges the execution of major André 105. bis masterly retreat from lord Cornwallis 143. succeeds in recovering part of Georgia, and the two Carolinas 145. attacks the British at Eutaw Springs 146. rewarded by congress, ib. recovers Charles- ton 189, honors awarded to him, ib. Greenland, when discovered vi, 140 Gregory the Great, pope, sends Augustine into Britain i, 27 Gregory VII. pope, his disputes with the emperor Henry IV. i, 209, his usurpations over other princes 210. prohibits the marriage of priests 211. projects a confederacy against the Mahometans 229 IX., pope, a character of his decretals i, 178 — XI., pope, issues a bull for taking Wickliffe into cus- tody iii, 42 Grenada, capture of xiv, 79 Grenville, Mr. George, his character by Burke xiv, 7. secretary of state 69. prime minister 108. is urged by George III. to propose a direct tax on America 125. offends the princess dowager 143. opposes the expulsion of Wilkes xv, 43. intro- duces a bill for regulating the proceedings of the commons on elections xv, 74. which is made permanent 146 , Mr., (lord Grenville) sent to Paris to open negocia- tions for peace at the close of the American war xvi, 179. carries certain amendments to his father’s bill for regulating the trial of controverted elections xvii, 72. is advanced to the peerage 195. his correspondence with M. Chauvelin 218. his communications with Mſ. Otto on the subject of a general peace xviii, 183. his resignation of office 192. assumes the head of the government at the death of Mr. Pitt 301. disso- lution of his ministry xix, 8, is installed chancellor of the university of Oxford 185. refuses to join the ministry 238 Gresham, Sir Thomas, builds the Royal Exchange v, 370 Grey, lord Leonard, executed for treason iv, 163 GENERAL INDEX. 365 Grey, major-general, surprises the Americans under general Wayne xy, 315 —, Mr., (earl Grey) his spirited invective against the mea- Sures of Mr. Pitt xvii, 189. introduces an unsuccessful measure of reform into the house of commons 230. opposes Mr. Pitt's bill for the prevention of seditious meetings N viii, 33. obtains the office of foreign secretary at the death of Mr. Fox 316. his refusal to join the ministry of Mr. Perceval xix, 239. opposes the ministry of Mr. Canning xxi, 90, supports the duke of Wel- Hington’s catholic relief bill 136. expresses his want of confi- dence in the general measures of his government 173. is ap- pointed first lord of the treasury 185. introduces the reform bill into the house of lords 201. his great popularity on the rejection of that measure, ib. again introduces it into the house of peers 215. resigns office 227. is reinstated 232. carries the reform bill 233. retires from office 264 Griffin, second son to Lewellyn, prince of Wales, rebels against his fatherii, 152, is taken prisoner, and committed to the Tower 153. loses his life in attempting an escape, ib. Grimaldi, marquis de, his answer to the American embassy to Spain xv, 263 Grindal, archbishop, persecuted in the star-chamber for favoring the puritans V, 202 Groine, the ships and troops there defeated by Sir Francis Drake v, 268 Gross-Beeren, battle of xix, 290 Guadaloupe, its reduction by the British xiii, 90. xvii, 293. xix, 158. ceded to Sweden xix, 985 Gueldres besieged by the French xii, 187. 202. capitulates 225 Guelf and Ghibbelin, rise of these factions i, 210 Guiana is taken possession of by Sir Walter Raleigh for the English crown vi, 73. afterwards captured by the Spaniards, ib. Guichen, MI. de, joins the Spanish admiral in an attack on Mli- norca xvi, 135 Guienne, province of, is with Poictou mortgaged to William Rufus i, 238. Edward I. deprived of that province ii, 204. ineffectual attempts of the English to recover 205. restored to Edward I. by treaty 231 Guinegate, battle of iii, 334 Guise, duke of, repulses the emperor Charles W. in his attack on Metz iv, 293. takes Calais from the Fnglish 334. he and his family engross all the authority of the French government v, 31. strengthens himself against the protestants by an alliance with Philip II. of Spain 53. besieges Orleans 59. is assassin- ated by Poltrot 60 , duke of, son of the former, defends Poictiers v, 144. his character, ib. forms the famous catholic league 163. defeats the German auxiliaries of the Hugonots 272. is with his brother assassinated by the king's order 273 , Mary of, marries James V. of Scotland iv., 153. death of her husband 175. goes to France to solicit assistance against the earl of Arran 333, her daughter, the young queen Mary, 366 GENERAL INDEX. married to the dauphin of France 337. protects the English reformers who fled from the persecution of queen Mary v, 16. is petitioned by the association of reformers called the Congre- gation of the Lord 19. assembles an army to suppress the pro- testant riots 21. enters into an accommodation with the Con- gregation 22. receives reinforcements from France 24. is deprived of the regency by the Congregation 25. her death and character 28 Gunilda, a Danish princess, her death and prophecy i, 111 Gunpowder, when invented iii, 313 Gunpowder-plot, a history of vi, 23. the conspiracy discovered 27, the conspirators punished 28 Gustavus, king of Sweden, his character and exploits in Ger- Inany vi, 214, is killed at the battle of Lutzen 215 III., king of Sweden, procures the restoration of regal power xv, 114 H. Habeas Corpus act passed viii, 207. the personal securities af- forded by this statute, ib. Haddington taken by the duke of Somerset, and fortified iv, 236. besieged by the Scots and French 237. is dismantled 254 Hainault, Jaqueline countess of, leaves her husband, and puts herself under the protection of the duke of Glocester iii, 104. enters into a precipitate marriage with him, ib. fatal conse- quences of this measure 105 Hales, Sir James, refuses to sign the patent for the succession of lady Jane Gray iv, 278. is imprisoned for opposing queen Mary's schemes, and kills himself 287 - , Sir Edward, is prosecuted on the test act with a view to establish the dispensing power in the king viii, 310. impeached ix, 56 ——, Dr. Stephen, his death xiv, 63 Halidown-hill, battle of iii, 300 IIalifax, marquis of, his character viii, 258. promotes a recon- ciliation between the duke of Monmouth and the king 279. his death ix, 190, note —, lord, viceroy of Ireland xiv, 56. his disinterested con- duct 57. is at the head of the admiralty 69. secretary of state 108. issues a general warrant, for the apprehension of the authors, printers, and publishers of the North Briton, No. X L V . Halsey, captain, hanged for murder xiii, 56 Hambden, John, attempts to go to America, but is prevented vi, 236. is tried by the judges for refusing to pay ship-money 240, the consequences of this trial 242. is appointed one of the committee to attend the king to Scotland 324. impeached by the king vii, 33. is killed in a skirmish with the royalists 74. his character, ib. , John, grandson of the former, enters into the duke of Monmouth's conspiracy viii, 266. is tried and fined for misde- GENERAL INDEX. 367 meanor only 276. joins in the invitation to the prince of Orange 340 Hamburg occupied by the French troops xviii, 323. declared by Napoleon a part of the French empire xix, 198 Hamilton, Patrick, controverts the popish doctrines iv, 163. is burnt 164 —, marquis of, is sent by Charles I. with a fleet and army against the covenanters vi, 259. imprisoned by the king vii, 129. recovers his liberty, and raises a Scottish army in the king's favor 184. enters England 191. is defeated and taken prisoner by Cromwell 192, is tried and executed 211 -, duke of, becomes head of a party against the duke of Lauderdale, and applies to the king viii, 166. 171 –, duke of, killed in a duel with lord Mohun x, 195 –, lord Archibald, his unsuccessful attempt to reform the representation of Scotland xx, 308 Hampton-court palace built by cardinal Wolsey, and presented by him to Henry VIII. iv, 49 Handel, George Frederic, his death xiii, 63, note. commemo- ration in honor of xvi, 270 Hanover raised to an electorate ix, 130, succession settled by the Euglish parliament 305. precaution taken by the whigs for its security x, 212. 221. 224. taken by the French xii, 206. the duke de Randan's generous and humane conduct there 343. it is abandoned by the French 344. who enter the dominions of it again 352, they evacuate them xiii, 159, its territories re- possessed by the French 300. again seized by the French xviii, 247, transferred to Prussia 290. annexed to the kingdom of Westphalia by Buonaparte xix, 15.5. resumes its ancient dynasty 291. recognised as a kingdom by the congress of Vienna xx, 30 Hans-towns, the inhabitants of, encouraged to settle in England iv, 266. their privileges taken away 967. disputes between the merchants of, and queen Elizabeth w, 367 Harcla, Sir Andrew, defeats the earl of Lancaster at Borough- bridge ii, 270. executed for a treasonable correspondence with the Scots 271 Harcourt, earl of, appointed viceroy of Ireland xv, 131. his ex- cellent administration 132 Hardicanute put in possession of Denmark i, 121. Succeeds to the crown of England 192. dies of intern perance 134 Hardy, Sir Charles, protects the channel against the incursion of the French and Spanish fleets xvi, 51 - * —, Mr. Thomas, arrested on a charge of high treason XVii, 278. brought to trial 289. acquitted 290 Harfleur besieged and taken by Henry V. iii, 77 Harleian collection of manuscripts purchased by parliament xi, 315 Harlem, its vigorous defence against the Spaniards v., 167 Harley, Robert, brings in the bill for triennial parliaments ix, 178, opposes Sir J. Fenwick's attainder 240. chosen speaker of the house of commons 301. created secretary of state X, 10. 368 GENERAL INDEX. forms a party against Marlborough 94. appointed chancellor of the exchequer 147, stabbed at the council-board 152. created earl of Oxford and lord high treasurer 153. dissension between him and Bolingbroke 207. 218. impeached 240. his trial 270. his death 330, note Harold Harefoot, son of Canute, succeeds to the crown of Eng- land i, 121. shares it by treaty with his younger brother Har- dicanute 123 , Son of earl Godwin, succeeds to his father's possessions i, 131. obtains the dukedom of Northumberland for his brother Tosti 132. Swears to renounce his own pretensions to the English crown, and forward those of William 137. evades his oath, ib. succeeds quietly at the death of Edward the Confessor 140, his preparations to oppose the Norman invasion 147. battle of Hastings 152. killed by an arrow, ib. Harrington, a character of his Oceana vii, 360. his death, ib. Harris, general, besieges and captures Seringapatam xviii, 137 Harrison, colonel, is appointed one of the judges of Charles I. vii, 199. is deprived of his commission 293. is tried and exe- cuted viii, 6 Harrison, Mr., obtains a reward from parliament for his time- keeper xy, 130 —, a factious demagogue, his trial and conviction xx, 206 Harvey, Dr., discovers the circulation of the blood vii, 360. his death, ib. Hastings, battle of i, 152 , lord, extraordinary murder of iii, 213 -, lady Anne, refuses to become empress of Muscovy v, * 366 , Warren, is appointed president of Bengal xv, 291. his character, and the nature of his government 292. obtains the collection and disbursement of the revenue 293. bargains for the subjugation of the Rohillas with the vizir of Oude 295. in- stances of his shameful rapacity and cruelty 296. obtains an ascendency in the council 298. fights a duel with Mr. Francis, ib. oppression and imprisonment of Cheyte Sing 299. treatment of the female relatives of that unfortunate prince 300. plunders the mother and widow of Sujah Dowla 302, his extortions to Fy zoolla Khan, ib. resigns his office, and embarks for England 304. his conduct incurs the censure of the house of commons xvi, 178. is impeached by Mr. Burke xvii, 14. various charges preferred against him carried in the commons 43. taken into custody, and admitted to bail 51. opening of the trial at West- minster-hall 63. its continuation 151. conclusion of the trial xviii, 8. rewards conferred on him by the company 9 Hatton, Sir Christopher, his exhortation to Mary queen of Scots, to submit to trial v, 224. is made chancellor 253 Havannah, siege of, xiv, 80. is captured 82 - Havre de Grace, is delivered up to queen Elizabeth v, 51. is be- sieged by the French, and surrendered by capitulation 61. bom- barded by Rodney xiii, 69 Hawke, Sir Edward, defeats the French at sea xi, 211, his expe- GENERAL INDEX. 369 dition against Rochefort xii, 154. obtains a complete victory over the French xiii, 76. his operations in the bay of Quiberon 273 Hawley, general, worsted at Falkirk xi, 177 Haynes, colonel, condemned and executed as a traitor by the British xvi, 145 Hazelrig, Sir Arthur, prevented from transporting himself to America vi, 236. impeached by the king vii, 33. is created a peer by the protector, but chooses to take his seat with the com- Inons 307. his character 335 * Helie, lord of la Fleche, disturbs William Rufus in his Norman possessions i, 237 Helier, St., its capture by the French xvi, 132. who are compelled to relinquish their conquest 133 Hengist and Horsa land with a body of Saxons in Britain i, 15. Horsa killed 16. Hengist subdues the Britons, ib. Henley, lord, character of xiv, 8. becomes lord chancellor 23 Henrietta, princess of France, is married to Charles I. vi., 152. her character 216. goes over to Holland vii, 44. brings over a reinforcement to the king 52. is impeached by the commons 101. flies to France 142, visits her son on his restoration viii, 8 Henry I. seizes England on the death of William Rufus i, 244. grants a charter of liberties, ib. invaded by his brother Robert 250. treaty between them, ib. conquers Normandy 252. his death and character 269 Henry II., his succession to the crown of England i, 288. punishes the incursions of the Welsh 293. his acquisitions on the conti- nent 294. creates Thomas à Becket archbishop of Canterbury 300. determines to check the clerical usurpations 305. consti- tutions of Clarendon 306. institutes proceedings against Becket 309. sequesters the revenues of Canterbury on 13ecket's flight 314. prohibits all appeals to the pope 315. is reconciled to Becket 320. his perplexity on the murder of Becket 325. ob- tains a grant of Ireland from Rome 331. receives absolution for Becket's murder 337. his sons revolt against him at the instiga- tion of queen Eleanor 339. confines his queen, ib. appeals in vain to the pope against his sons 340. makes peace with them 348. reforms the administration of justice 349. his son Henry revolts again, but submits 353. his grief for his death 354. engages in a crusade 356. war between him and France 359. dies 300. his character 361 —, eldest son of Henry II. revolts against his father i, 339. 3.53. dies 354 Ill. his accession ii, 112. grants a renewal of the great charter 120. his plea for not observing it 126. disgusts among the people on his grants to foreigners 128. his incapacity for quieting the discontents of his barons 137. the sovereign au- thority vested in twenty-four barons by the parliament at Qxford 143. cedes Normandy to Louis IX. of France 148, ob- ains absolution from his oath to observe the provisions of Oxford 150. is reduced to comply again with them 155. de- ENG. XX I. 2 A 370 GENERAL INDEX. feated and taken prisoner in the battle of Lewes 159. his narrow escape from death at Evesham 168. dies 172. his character, ib. Henry IV. accuses the duke of Norfolk iii, 27. his banishment 29, returns on the death of his father 30. procures the depo- sition of Richard II. 36. quells an insurrection 50. subdues the Scots 53. defeats and kills young Percy at Shrewsbury 56. takes prince James of Scotland prisoner 59. his death 64. his character, ib. - W., his sudden reformation on his accession iii, 68. detects a conspiracy 76. invades France 77. battle of Azincour 79. in- vades France again 83. takes Rouen 86. marries the princess Catharine 88. dies 92. his character, ib. — VI., his accession iii, 96, crowned at Paris 120. married to Margaret of Anjou 133. loses his French possessions 137. pre- tensions of the duke of York to the crown 140. taken prisoner at the battle of St. Albans 155. reinstated in his regal authority 157. taken prisoner at Northampton 159. retaken by queen Margaret 163. deposed 164. restored by the earl of Warwick 188. again in the power of Edward 192. his death 194 VII., carried into Britany iii, 195. lands at Milford-haven 227. battle of Bosworth 228. his accession 237. his prejudices against the house of York 241. married to the princess Elizabeth 248. revolt of Ireland under Lambert Simnel 251. defeats Simnel's general at Stoke 255. obtains a supply from parliament to assist Britany 265. carries over an army to France 272. makes peace with France 273. detects Perkin Warbec’s imposture 277. de- tects and executes Sir William Stanley 279. sends Sir Edward Poynings to reduce the malcontents in Ireland 283. Poynings's memorable statute, ib. defeats the Cornish insurgents at Black- heath 289. defeats and executes Perkin Warbec 294. executes the young earl of Warwick 295. his avarice, and oppression of his people by Empson and l)udley 298. his remorse and deeds of atonement 303. his death and character 304 VIII. forced into a marriage with Catharine of Arragon iii, 297. his accession 314. punishes the instruments of his father's oppressions 317. deluded by Ferdinand of Spain into a fruitless expedition to Guienne 323. disputes with Scotland 327. maxims inculcated by Wolsey 330. invades France in person 333. defeats the French at the battle of Spurs 334. takes Tour- nay 335. defeats the Scots at Flouden 337. Imakes peace with Scotland 338. peace with France negociated 340. is visited by the emperor Charles V. iv., 16. goes over to Ardres to visit Francis 17. visits the emperor at Gravelines 19. trial and ex- ecution of the duke of Buckingham 21. writes against the opi- nions of Luther £7. is again visited by the emperor 30. declares war against France 31. joins the league against the emperor 52. account of his scruples with regard to his marriage with Catha- rine of Arragon 57. cardinals Wolsey and Campeggio appointed by the pope to try his marriage 64. the trial opened 66. de- prives Wolsey of the great seal, and confiscates his moveables 70. his inducements to break off all connexion with the court of Rome 76, refuses the pope's summons to appear at Rome 79. GENERAL INDEX. 371 celebrates his marriage with Anne Boleyn 85. passes an act against all appeals to Rome, ib. his marriage with Catharine declared invalid 86. declared supreme head of the church by parliament 92. is excommunicated by the pope 107. renews his friendship with Francis 108. appoints Cromwell his vicar- general 113. a visitation of the monasteries, ib. the lesser mo- nasteries suppressed by parliament 114. Orders Anne Boleyn and some of her attendants to be confined 119. trial of the Queen 121. marries lady Jane Seymour the day after Anne Boleyn's execution 123. articles of faith framed by convocation, and corrected by him 128. discontents excited among the people by the dispersed monks 130. prince Edward born, and the death of the queen 134. suppresses the larger monasteries 136. enters into a formal disputation with Lambert concerning the eucharist 145. Sentences Lambert to the stake 147. passes the bill of six articles 148, the parliament grants the force of laws to his pro- clamations 149. marries Anne of Cleves 156. commits Cromwell to the Tower 158. is divorced from Anne of Cleves 160. marries Catharine Howard 161. persecutes the reformers, ib. the queen attainted 168. and executed 169. proclaims war with Scotland 173. battle of Solway 175. leagues with the em- peror against Francis 180. marries Catharine Parr 182. in- Vades Scotland, and burns Edinburgh 186. Concerts an in- vasion of France with the emperor 187. takes Boulogne 188. makes peace with France and Scotland 193, protects Cranmer against the cabals of his catholic courtiers 195. orders the queen to be impeached for heresy 197, her prudent caution in evading this danger, ib. dies 202. his character 203 Henry prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., his death and character vi, 48 II. of France; his character iv, 225. his conduct toward the protestant league in Germany, ib. Calais taken 334, con- cludes the peace of Château Cambresis with Spain and Eng- land v, 13. is killed at a tournament 15 III. of France, his character, and first views on his ac- cession v, 163. grants peace to the Hugonots, ib. declares himself head of the catholic league 164. declares war against the Hugonots 207. is defeated by Henry of Navarie 272. is driven from Paris, ib. orders the duke of Guise and his brother to be assassinated 273, is assassinated himself, ib. 1.W. of France, his accession w, 273. receives aid from queen Elizabeth to oppose the citholic league 274, battle of Yvrée, ib, is disconcerted by the duke of Parma, ib. renounces the protestant faith 283. declares war against Spain 287. con- cludes a separate peace 297. concludes a treaty with James I. for the support of the United Provinces vi, 5. is assassinated by Ravaillac 43 IV. emperor of Germany, his disputes with pope Gregory VII. i., 209 VI. emperor of Germany, obtains possession of Richard I. of England ii, 18, produces and accuses him before the diet at Worms 20, consents to release him 22 372 GENERAL INDEX. Henry, Patrick, his violence in the Virginian assembly xiv., 151 Hensey, Đr. Florence, convicted of treason xiii, 3 Heptarchy, establishment of i, 21 Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun earl of, confederates with Lei- cester, ii, 141. is gained over to the royal cause 155. refuses to Serve in the expedition against Gascony 225. refuses to attend the king to Flanders, ib. joins in the confederacy against Piers Gavaston 259 - Heriot, what 175, note * Heritable jurisdiction, &c. in Scotland confirmed by the union X, 60. abolished xi, 3.02 Hernhutters, their tenets xiii, 329 Herries, lord, his embassy to Elizabeth v., 101. is appointed by Mary one of the commissioners at Hampton-court 103. he and his associates break up the conference 110 Herrings, battle of iii, 109 - Hertford, earl of, married to lady Catharine Gray v, 47. is prose- cuted in the star-chamber 48 Hesse-Cassel, prince of, elected king of Sweden x, 303 ——, William, landgrave of, his advantageous treaty with Britain xii, 21. his territories taken possession of by the French 210. 348, his death xiii, 281 —, Frederic, marries the princess Mary xi, 75. em- braces the catholic religion 365. succeeds to the landgraviate of xiii, 281 Hewson, his conspiracy at New York xi, 98 Hexham, battle of iii, 173. riots at xiv, 24 High commission, or ecclesiastical commission, origin of that court v, 202. is abolished in England by parliament vi, 322 Highlanders came originally from the Irish i, 368 Highways, the first toll mentioned for repairing ii, 385 Hill, Sir Rowland, his remarkable exploit at Arroyo Molino xix, 227. his brilliant attack on the bridge of Almarez 263 Hislop, Sir Thomas, commands the army of the Deccan xx, 126 - Historians, monkish, a character of i, 22 History, ancient, causes of its uncertainty pointed out i, i. 15 Hoadley, Dr., proceedings of the convocation against his writings x, 271. his death xiv, 63 - Hobbes, a character of his philosophy and politics vii, 359, his death 360 - Hoche, general, his successes in La Vendée xviii, 20. attempts to effect a landing in Ireland, but is compelled to retreat 53 Hodgson, general, commands the forces at the siege of Belleisle xiv, 26 Hohenlinden, battle of xviii, 179 Holderness, lord, character of xiv, 8. resigns his office of secre- tary of state 23 - Holkar, reduction of his power by the marquis Wellesley xviii, 144. reduced by lord Lake to sue for peace xx, 110, his fero- cious disposition 111. his death 113 º Hollis, his sentence by the court of king's bench vi, 211. is im- GENERAL INDEX. 373 peached by the king vii, 33. promoted to the peerage by Charles II. viii, 2. is sent ambassador to treat with the Dutch at Breda 53 Holloway, a merchant of Bristol, is executed for the duke of Monmouth's conspiracy viii, 276 Holmes, Sir Robert, his expedition against the Dutch settlements viii, 39. burns a fleet of Dutch ships in harbor 50, his attempt on the Dutch Smyrna fleet 98 Holmes, admiral, his engagement with a French squadron xii, 78. his operations against Quebec 122, &c. his conduct and success at Jamaica 270 Holwell, Mr., his defence of Calcutta, and cruel usage there xii, 79, &c. Homeldon, battle of iii, 54 Homilies, twelve, published iv, 222 Hondscoote, battle of xvii, 2. Hone, Mr., his trial and acquittal for the publication of political parodies on the Litany xx, 172 - Hood, lord, his conquest of Corsica xvii, 294 Hooper, bishop of Glocester, cruelly burnt for heresy iv, 315 Hope, Sir John, his capture by the French xx, 15 Hopton, Sir Ralph, reduces Cornwall for Charles I. vii, 70. is defeated at Torrington 142 Horncastle, battle of vii, 85 Horne, William Andrew, detection of a murder committed by him xiii, 223 Horne Tooke, his struggles with Wilkes for notoriety xv, 86. establishes the Constitutional Society 87. is summoned by the commons for a libel on the speaker, and discharged 146. pub- lishes a seditious libel 216. his trial and sentence, ib. appre- hended on a chargé of high treason xvii, 278, brought to trial 290. is acquitted 292. retains his seat as member of Old Sarum xviii, 196 Hornsby, William, esq., incurs the censure of the house of com- mons xvi, 178 Horsley, Dr., supports a bill for the exemption of catholics from the operation of penal laws xvii, 158 Horton, Mrs., married to the duke of Cumberland xv., 108 Hosier, admiral, his expedition to the West Indies x, 340. and death 341 Hoste, captain, his gallant exploit off the island of Lissa xix, 228 Hotham, Sir John, made governor of Hull by the house of com- mons vii, 42. sent up to London, and executed 85 , admiral, damps the ardor of Nelson in the Mediterranean xviii, 17 Houchard, general, defeats the duke of York, and compels him to raise the siege of Dunkirk X vii. 248. is condemned and exe- cuted by a revolutionary tribunal, ib. Houses, additional tax on xii, 264. repeal of the duty on xxi, 287 Howard, Sir Edward, destroys Barton, the Scottish pirate iii, 327. ravages the coast of France 331. is killed, ib. 374 GENERAL INDEX. Howard, lord, commands the main body of the English army at the battle of Flouden iii, 337. created earl of Surrey 338 , lady Catharine, is married to Henry VIll. iv, 161. ac- cused of incontinency 166. is attainted by parliament 168. beheaded 169 , lady Frances, married to the earl of Essex vi, 52. is di- vorced, and married to the earl of Somerset 54. procures Over- bury to be poisoned, ib. is found guilty of Overbury’s death 60. dies in obscurity, ib. , lord, his evidence against lord Russell viii, 270. gives evidence against Algernon Sidney 275. and against Hambden Q76 —, Mr., his death, and eulogy by Burke xvii, 150 Howe, lord, his death and character xii, 320 —-, lord, his engagement with a part of the French squadron xii, 4. reduces the isle of Aix 155. conducts the Nnarine arma- ment sent against France 292. his operations in the bay of Quiberon 273 ——, general, appointed to serve in America xv, 203. assists in the defeat of the Americans at Bunker’s-hill 205. endeavors to compass his designs on New York by effecting a landing on Staten island 249. gains possession of New York 265, attacks Washington’s lines on White Plains 266. captures fort Wash- ington 267. his skilful movements in the Jerseys 312. defeats Washington in the battle of the Brandywine 314. is recalled xvi, 27. inquiry into his conduct 45 - ——, lord, arrives in America as a mediator, in behalf of the British government Xv, 252. his address to Washington, and correspondence with Franklin 253. holds a conference with a deputation from congress 256. his relief of Gibraltar xvi, 196. his glorious victory over the French fleet xvii, 295. honors awarded to him for his gallantry 296. obtains a redress of grievances for the seamen at Spithead xviii, 67 Hubert de Burgh is chosen joint protector of the realm ii, 118. his character, 123 Hubertsburg, treaty concluded at, between Austria and Prussia xiv, 98 Hudibras, character of that performance viii, 381 Huddy, captain Joshua, captured and executed by the American loyalists xvi, 190 Hudson's Bay company, its charter when first granted viii, 374, Hughes, Sir Edward, storms Trincomalee xvi, 126. his conflicts with de Suffrein, ib. - Hugonots, or French protestants, the catholic league formed against them by the duke of Guise V, 163. assistance sent to them by Elizabeth 272. Rochelle reduced vi, 201. a toleration continued to them, ib. are persecuted and driven out of France by the revocation of the edict of Nantz viii, 309 Hull, general, surrender of his force to the British in Canada xix, 243 Humbert, general, makes a descent on the Irish coast, in support GENERAL INDEX. 375 of the rebels xviii, 105. defeats general Lake 106, is defeated by lord Cornwallis, ib. Hume, lord, procures the regency of Scotland to be conferred on the duke of Albany iv, 4. makes war against the regent, and is put to death 6 - Hungary, queen of, her dominions invaded by Prussia xi, 76.91. fidelity of her Hungarians 94. convention between her and Prussia 109. her dominions invaded by Prussia 147. her he- reditary dominions secured by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 221. she listens to the French proposals xii, 21. treaty between her, France, and Russia 89, her kingdom of Bohemia invaded by Prussia 97. her army fights the Prussians at Lowoschutz 98. her troops defeated near Prague 193. but rout the Prussians at Rolin 200. she admits French garrisons into Ostend and Nieu- pert 225. her forces lay Berlin under contribution 232. her kingdom of Bohemia laid under contribution 239. her army is defeated at Lissa 240. she loses Silesia 243. her troops surprise and defeat the king of Prussia at Hochkirchen 365. her troops surround and take the Prussian army under general Finck Xiii, 174. and that under general Diercke 175. they take possession of Berlin 314. her army defeated at Torgau 316. She concludes the peace of Hubertsburg xiv, 98 Hunt, Mr. Henry, presides at seditious assemblies in Spa-fields xx, 154. 166. takes the chair at the Manchester meeting 204. his imprisonment on a charge of high treason 208. the charge abandoned, and he enters publicly into London 309. his con- viction and sentence for sedition, ib. elected member for Preston xxi, 186: Husbandry, regulations to promote iii, 310 Huskisson, Mr., his opposition to the depreciation of the currency xx, 187. becomes president of the board of trade 302. is chosen to represent Liverpool at the resignation of Mr. Canning 304. his able advocacy of the principles of free trade 319. xxi, 47. 58. his adherence to place 100. his differences with the duke of Wellington 107. his premature resignation of office 113. his melancholy accident and death 187 Huss, John, burnt for heresy by the council of Constance iii, 93 Hutchinson, Mr., succeeds Sir Francis Bernard in the government of Massachusets xv, 90. his disputes with the house of repre- sentatives 133. his private correspondence with the British government inspected by JDr. Franklin 138. laid before the privy council 139. their report 142. he dissolves the assembly 144. is superseded by general Gage 167 —-, general, succeeds to the command of the British army after the death of Abercromby xviii, 207. reduces Grand Cairo, ib. gains possession of Alexandria, and wrests Egypt from French usurpation 208 —, Mr., his spirited invective against the corruption of the house of commons xix, 91 —, captain, assists in effecting the escape of Lavallette xx, 103 Hutchesonians, their principles xiii, 329 376 GENERAL INDEX. Huy invested and taken by the confederates ir, 176 Hyder Ali usurps the government of Mysore xv, 57. is defeated by the British 58. appears before Madras, and compels the governor and council to accept terms of peace 59, his disputes with the Madras government xvi, 120. his progress in the Carnatic 121. defeats the British 123. reduces Arcot 124. his ; at the repulse of his army near Cuddalore 125. his death Ibrahim Pasha reduces the city of Navarino xxi, 56 Iºbasilike of Charles I. an inquiry into its authenticity vii, Ida conquers Northumberland, and founds the kingdom of Ber- nicia I, 21 Images, when they began to be worshipped i, 52 Impey, Sir Elijah, chief-justice of Bengal, his recall solicited by the house of commons xvi, 178. accused of delinquency xvii, 71. the charges abandoned 72 Improvements in London xiv., 156. xxi, 53 Ina, king of Wessex, his wise and glorious reign i, 43 lncendiaries, progress of xxi, 178 lncome tax, oppressive nature of xviii, 118. raised from six and a half to ten per cent 309. its abolition xx, 28 Independents, rise and character of that party vii, #08. they adopt republican principles 110. obtain the intire command of the parliament, by the violent exclusion of the presbyterian members 195 lndia, bill for the regulation of, carried xvi, 268. first steam vessel to xxi, 53 Indulgence, declaration of, published by king Charles II. viii, 30. a general declaration of, published by James II. 319. is repeated, and ordered to be read in churches 327 Indulgences, the sale of them promoted by pope Leo X. iv, 25. licentious conduct of the venders of them 26 Inniskilliners defeat and take general Macarty ix, 36. obtain a victory over the Irish under O’Kelly 47. give way at the Boyne 70 Innocent III., pope, his character ii., 43. lays England under an interdict on account of John’s opposition 48. excommunicates the emperor Otho 51. publishes a crusade against the Albi- genses, ib. excommunicates John 52. offers his kingdom to Philip of France 53. takes off his interdicts 59. inclines to favor John, against his barons 62. annuls the great charter by a bull 71 Inoculation of the small-pox introduced into England x, 330, In Ote Intercursus magnus, or great treaty of eommerce, concluded be- tween England and the Flemings iii, 291 Interest of money, when first regulated by law iv, 212. On the public funds reduced xi, 256 Investitures, disputes concerning i, 209. 254. artifices of the popes, to annex the privileges of, to the papacy ii., 43 GENERAL INDEX. 377 Ireland, an expedition against, undertaken by Henry II. i, 329. state of, at that time 330. revolts under the pretensions of Lambert Simnel iii, 251. Sir Edward Poynings sent over to reduce the malcontents in that kingdom 283. his memorable statute, ib. erected into a kingdom by parliament iv, 351. is invaded by the Spanish general San Josepho v, 179. the cruelty of lord Gray on reducing the invaders 180. again invaded by the Spaniards 333. Tyrone and the Spaniards reduced 334. the civilisation of, undertaken by James I. vi., 45. a conspiracy formed to expel the English vii, 7. massacre of the English 10–13. a new rebellion excited by the pope’s nuncio 218. Cromwell's rapid successes there 224. is reduced by Ireton 252. violent measures of king James in favor of popery viii, 315. invasion there by MI. Thurot xiii, 247. disturbances in - xiv, 58. Suppressed by the military, ib. committee appointed by the house of commons for a revision of her trade-laws xvi, 14. opposition of the merchants of Liverpool and Bristol 15. lord Nugent's motion regarding the trade of, defeated 47. reso- lution of merchants of 48. armed associations in that country, and effects of them, ib. efforts in favor of free-trade 67. riots in favor of a short money-bill, ib. propositions introduced by lord North for the relief of 72. establishment of its legis- lative independence 175. its rejection of the plan of commer- cial intercourse proposed by Mlr. Pitt 282. popular meetings, and prosecutions by government, ib. popular commotions in xvii, 231. an association formed under the title of United Irishmen, for the promotion of civil and religious liberty 235. relaxation of penal enactments against Roman catholics 237. a college established at Maynooth for the education of the catho- lic priesthood xviii, 13. increase of revolutionary principles 14. formation of Orange societies 15. institution of armed yeomanry 16. intercourse established with the French Direc- tory, ib. origin, progress, and close of the great rebellion 93. its union with England 186. dreadful insurrections in 944. restrictions on public liberty in xx, 29. suspension of habeas corpus 282. dreadful famine in, ib. suppression of unlawful associations in xxi, 42. disfranchisement of forty-shilling free- holders in 140. reflections on its disturbed and unsettled state 15() - Ireland, father, tried and executed with Grove and Pickering, for the popish plot viii, 194 Ireton, son-in-law to Oliver Cromwell, is wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Naseby vii, 138. his character 178. proposes to bring the king to a trial, ib., his cruelty on taking Colchester 193. left commander-in-chief in Ireland by Crom- well 237. takes Limerick, and dies of the plague 252 Irish church reform bill passed into a law xxi, 248. dissensions among the whig cabinet respecting its appropriation 258 Irish union, debates on xviii, 127. 167. completion of that mea- sure 186 Irwin, Mr., his scheme for finding the longitude at sea xiii, 62 Isabella, daughter of Philip king of France, married to Edward II. 378 GENERAL INDEX. ii, 255. goes to Paris to mediate between her husband and brother 272, becomes acquainted with Roger Mortimer, ib. engages in a conspiracy against the king 273. lands with an ºmy in Suffolk 274. She calls a parliament, which deposes Edward 276, is confined on the execution of Mortimer 235 Italy, its defenceless state when invaded by Charles VIII. of France iii, 283. the powers of, confederate with the emperor Charles V. against Francis I. iv, 37. the French driven out of #. character of the writers of, on the revival of learning vi, 146 Jackson, general, his gallant defence of New Orleans xx, 36. his disinterested conduct 48 Jaffa, its capture by Buonaparte xviii, 157 Jamaica, island of, taken from the Spaniards by Pen and Ve- nables vii, 289. insurrection of the negroes there xiii, 268, regu- lations in that island 270 James I. of Scotland, taken prisoner and educated by Henry IV. iii, 59. restored by the duke of Bedford 100. murdered, ib. II. of Scotland, general view of his conduct iii, 170. how killed, ib. – III. of Scotland, his character iii, 257. murdered 272 IV. of Scotland, receives Perkin Warbec iii, 285. mar- ries a daughter of Henry VII. 297. sends a fleet to assist the French 328. ravages Northumberland 336. defeated, and sup- posed to be killed at the battle of Flouden 337 . V. of Scotland flies from the power of the earl of Angus iy, 94. refuses to concur with his uncle Henry in shaking off the yoke of Rome 95. Henry publishes a manifesto against him 173. battle of Solway 175. his death and character, ib. I. proclaimed and crowned, an infant v, 96. his party openly espoused by queen Elizabeth 156. 161. is seized by an association of the nobility out of the hands of Lenox and Arran 190, makes his escape 196. remonstrates to queen Elizabeth against the execution of his mother 233. his behavior on this event 248. prepares to assist Elizabeth against the Spanish invasion 258. negociates to ensure his succession to the crown of England 321. his succession admitted by Elizabeth on her death bed vi, 2. concludes a treaty with France for the support of the United Provinces 6. a conspiracy against him detected, ib. summons a conference of divines at Hampton-court 8. his mistaken notions of government and regal prerogative 17, con- cludes a peace with Spain 21. history of the gunpowder con- spiracy 23. his plan for the civilisation of Ireland 45. creates #. earl of Somerset 54. is informed of the secret of Sir Thomas Overbury’s death 60. pardons Somerset and his lady, ib. delivers up the cautionary towns to the Dutch for money 62. visits Scotland 64. endeavors to establish episcopal au: thority in Scotland 65. releases Sir Walter Raleigh, and grants permission for his expedition to Guiana 72. executes Raleigh on his return 76. refuses to acknowlege the elector palatine as king of Bohemia 79, the commons remonstrate 86. he dissolves the parliament, and punishes the leaders of the opposition 89. GENERAL INDEX. 379 negociates with the emperor in favor of the elector palatine 93. his consent obtained for prince Charles’s journey to Spain 99. yields to Buckingham's opposition to the match 105. agrees to a war with Spain 109. enters into a treaty for the marriage of Charles with the princess Henrietta 115. dies 117. his cha- racter, ib. - James II., his accession and first professions viii, 288. Sends an agent to the pope 290. Monmouth's rebellion suppressed 299. his resolute exertion of the dispensing power 310. his violent measures for the establishment of popery in liteland 315. revives the court of high commission 318. Suspends the penal laws against nonconformity 319. commits six bishops, with the primate, to the Tower, for petitioning against the declara- tion of indulgence 329. is informed by Louis XIV. of the prince of Orange's schemes 343. his army and navy become disaffected and mutinous 344. retracts his measures 346. sends commissioners to treat with the prince of Orange 351. sends away the queen and prince, and flies 353. is seized by the populace, and brought back to London 355.. embarks for France 356. arrives in Ireland ix, 31. besieges Londonderry 34. convenes the Irish parliament 36. is routed at the Boyne 71. he embarks for France 72. protests against the negociations at Ryswick 250. his death 327 Jansenism, disturbances in France on account of xi, 250. 299. 319. 366. xii, 110. 385 Jarnac, battle of v, 144 Jasper, sergeant, his gallantry during the attack on Sullivan's island xv. 247 Java, conquest of by the British xix, 230 Jefferies, lord chief justice, procures the conviction of Algernon Sidney viii, 276. his 'cruelty towards those who had engaged in Monmouth's rebellion 301. is killed by the mob 354 Jemappe, battle of xvii, 176 Jena, battle of xviii, 322. university of, zeal of its students for the restoration of civil liberty xx, 178 Jenner, Dr., is rewarded by parliament for the introduction of vac- cine inoculation xviii, 223 Jerome of Prague burnt for heresy by the council of Constance iii, 93 Jersey, its invasion by the French xvi, 132, who are compelled to relinquish its possession 133 Jersey, New, campaign in, by Washington XV, 271 Jerusalem conquered by the Mahometan Arabs i, 228. mastered by the Turks, ib. their depredations on christian pilgrims the first rise of crusades 229. taken by the crusaders 24? Jervis, captain, (earl St. Vincent) his brilliant success against the French xvi, 192. rewarded with the order of the Bath, ib. gains the battle of Cape St. Vincent xviii, 71. raised to the peerage 72 - Jesuits, motives of the establishment of that order v., 182. their estates in Portugal sequestered, for a conspiracy against the king xiii, 188, their army routed at Paraguay 277, completely 380 GENERAL INDEX. suppressed in France xiv, 137. expelled from Portugal and Spain xv, 7. the order abolished by Clement XIV. 9. causes of their downfall 10 - Jews, character of that people ii, 2. how they came to practise usury, ib. massacres of 3. 154 Joan d'Arc, her history iii, 111. raises the siege of Orleans 114. attends the coronation of Charles at Rheims 118. goes to the assistance of Compiegne, and is taken prisoner 120. tried for sorcery 122. burnt 123 John, fourth son of Henry II., sent to reduce Ireland, without effect i, 353. his father's grief on finding him a party in his brother Richard's revolt 360. is seduced from his allegiance by the offers of Philip of France ii, 14. his treacherous conduct to Philip 24. his accession to the crown 31. concludes a peace with Philip 32. takes young Arthur, duke of Britany, prisoner $6. kills him 37. the possession of Normandy recovered by the French 41. makes a disgraceful expedition to Rochelle 42. ex- pels the monks of Christ-church 47. the kingdom interdicted 48. is excommunicated 52. his bishops withdraw out of the king- dom, ib. is deserted by his nobility, ib. his subjects absolved from their allegiance 53. resigns his kingdom to the pope 55. his abject submissions to Langton and the prelates who re- turned with him 58. his barons confederate for a renewal of their charter of liberties 61. they commence hostilities against him 64. he signs the great charter of English liberties 65. re- ceives forces from abroad 71. the barons offer the kingdom to Louis, son of Philip of France 73. dies 75. his character, ib. ——, king of France, is defeated and taken prisoner at Poictiers, by prince Edward ii, 355. is nobly treated by Edward, ib. is carried to London 356. concludes a dishonorable treaty with Edward, which is disclaimed by the dauphin 360. recovers his liberty by the treaty of Bretigni 363. returns to England, and dies 365. ——, Don, of Austria, appointed governor of the Low Countries v, 169. agrees to the pacification of Ghent, ib. breaks this treaty, and seizes Namur, ib. projects a marriage with Mary queen of Scots, ib. is poisoned 171 —– V., king of Portugal, his death and character xi, 372 Johnson, Sir William, undertakes an expedition against Crown- point xii, 12. defeats the French 15. he defeats the French near Niagara, and reduces the fortress xiii, 111. he assists at the re- duction of Montreal, 264. 266. concludes a treaty with the Indian tribes xiv, 132 , Mr., murdered by earl Ferrers xiii, 324 —, Dr., obtains a pension from George lil. xiv, 87. advo- cates the expulsion of Wilkes xv. 54. his rebuke of Junius 85. his defence of American taxation 193. observations on his Tax- ation no Tyranny 236. his death xvi, 270 # * * Jones, Inigo, is prosecuted by the parliament for assisting in re- building the cathedral of St. Paul's vii, 355 ' 4" ——, Mr. John Gale, committed to Newgate by the house of commons xix, 143 GENERAL INDEX. - 381 Jonson compared with Shakspeare as a dramatist vi, 147 Joseph, archduke, elected king of the Romans ir, 81. emperor X, 40. rupture between him and the pope 116. his death 154 , king of Portugal, his accession xi, 273. dreadful earth- quake at his capital xii, 32. attempt against his life 384. detec- tion and punishment of the conspirators xiii, 185. misunder- standing between him and the pope 277. his spirited resistance to the aggressions of France and Spain xiv, 66 - , archduke, elected king of the Romans xiv., 135. endea- vors to arrest the conquests of Catharine in Turkey, after his accession to the empire xv, 86. his endeavors to open the navi- gation of the Scheldt 271. failure of his scheme for annexing Bavaria to his dominions 284. his oppressions in the Nether- lands xvii, 109 - Joubert, general, slain, and his army defeated at Novi xviii, 151 Jourdan, general, defeats the Austrians at Wattignies xvii, 250. removed from the chief command, ib. his gallant conduct at the battle of Fleurus 304, is hard pressed by the Austrians, and agrees to a suspension of hostilities xviii, 24. is defeated by the archduke Charles, and compelled to retreat 43. again sustains defeat from the archduke Charles 149. advises Joseph Buona- parte to avoid a battle with the British at Talavera xix, 115. sustains a total defeat at Vittoria, where his baton is taken by the British 299 Joyce, cornet, seizes king Charles I. vii, 162 , Rev. Jeremiah, apprehended on a charge of high treason xvii, 278. his letter to Horne Tooke, ib. his acquittal 292 Judges, itinerant, why first appointed ii, 95 Julius II. pope, joins in a league with the emperor, and the kings of France and Spain, against the Venetians iii, 319. interdicts the council of Pisa 321. dies 326 Junius, his strictures on the conduct of government XV, 54. his letter to the king prosecuted 79 Junot, general, remarkable instance of his gaiety and self-posses- sion xvii, 263. his endeavors to reduce the T’ortuguese to sub- mission xix, 51. sustains a signal defeat at Vimiero 57. eva- cuates Portugal in consequence of the convention of Cintra 60. Juries, origin of the appointment of i, 74 Jurisprudence, revival of the Roman, and its advantages over those modes which preceded its revival iii, 231. why it did not become the municipal law of England 232 Justice of peace, first institution of that office ii, 248 Justiciary, chief, when abolished ii, 248 Justinian's Pandects, how far advantageous to the revival of civil policy iii, 231 Jutes, where settled in Britain i, 18, note Juxon, bishop, attends Charles I. at his execution vii, 204 K. Katharine's Docks, opening of xxi, 120 - Keats, captain, his successful manoeuvre in an action with the French and Spaniards xviii, 210 * * * Keith, marshal, conducts the Prussian army into Bohemia xii, 97. 382 GENERAL INDEX. his gallantry at Lowoschutz 98. opposes the king of Prussia's attacking Daun at Kolin 199. brings off the rear of the Prus- sians after that action 202. killed at Hochkirchen 366 Kellerman, general, his decisive charge at the battle of Marengo xviii, 177 - Kemmendine, capture of the stockades at xxi, 19. repulse of the enemy at that place 24 Kempenfeldt, admiral, his gallant encounter with the French fleet xvi, 65. suggeeds in capturing twenty transports 163. is lost in the Royal George 194 Kenmuir (Gordon) viscount of, joins the partisans of the pre- tender x, 249. beheaded 257 IXent, history of the Saxon kingdom of i, 23 , earl of, brother to Edward 11. engages in a conspiracy against his brother ii, 274. is ensnared by the arts of Mortimer, condemned, and executed 293 Kenyon, lord, created chief justice of the king's bench xvii, 79. his panegyric of George Ill. xviii, 38 Keppel, commodore, sent to demand satisfaction of the Algerines Xi, 252. assists in concluding a treaty with Tripoli and Tunis 299. accompanies the troops at the siege of Belleisle xiv, 26, engages with the French off Ushantxvi, 37, his dispute with Sir Hugh Pal- liser, ib. his declarations in the house of commons 39. is acquitted honorably by a court martial 40. public rejoicings on that event, ib. Kersin, M. de, his attempt on Cape-Coast castle xii, 173 Ket, a tanner, heads an insurrection in Norfolk iv, 253, is de- feated and executed, ib. Kevenhuller, count, concludes a convention between the emperor and Hungary xi, 123 Kidd, captain, his expedition ix, 282. executed 315 Kilkenny, council of, a cessation agreed with, by the earl of Ormond vii, 94. Glamorgan's treaty with 146. concludes a peace with Ormond, and engages to assist the king 217 JKillycrankie, part of king William’s troops under Mackay de- feated at ix, 28 Kilmarnock, (Boyd) earl of, joins the young chevalier xi, 170. tried 188. and beheaded 189 Rilsyth, battle of vii, 143 Kilwarden, lord, his barbarous murder in the streets of Dublin xviii, 246 Kingston, in Jamaica, contentions concerning xii, 137 , duchess of, her trial for bigamy XV, 235 , in America, reduced to ashes by a division of Clinton's army xv, 323 Kirchdenkern, battle of xiv, 33 Kirkaldy of Grange, commander of the castle of Edinburgh, de- clares for queen Mary v., 155. is reduced by the English, and he is executed by his countrymen 157 Kirke, colonel, his savage cruelty after the battle of Sedgemoor viii, 300. sent to the relief of Londonderry ix, 35 * Kleber, general, signalises himself at the battle of Fleurus xvii. 304. is left by buonaparte in Egypt with the chief command xviii, 182, is assassinated 183 GENERAL INDEX. 383 Knevet, Sir Thomas, engages the French admiral Primauget, and the two commanders blown up iii, 325 & & - Knights of shires, when first called to assist in parliament ii, 43 1 Knolles, Sir Robert, defeated by du Guesclinii, 373 Knollis, lieutenant, his bravery and death xiii, 249 Knowles, admiral, his operations in the West Indies xi, 132. his trial for misbehavior 220. and sentence xii, 113, note. inquiry into his conduct as governor of Jamaica 137. is detached to take the isle of Aix 154 Knox, John, the Scottish reformer, arrives in Scotland from Geneva V, 20. inspires the people with zeal against popery, ib. becomes chief director of the Congregation of the Lord 23. his insolent speeches to Mary 38. insults lord Darnley 68 Knyphausen, general, his skilful defence of New York xvi, 101 Kosciusko is wounded and taken prisoner in defending the liberties of Poland xvii, 320 - - Kozinsky seizes the person of the king of Poland xv, 98. implores his pardon 99 L. Labedoyère, general, joins the standard of Buonaparte xx, 62. his trial and execution 102 Laci, Roger de, constable of Chester, his gallant defence of Château Gaillard ii, 39. his generous treatment by Philip 40 Lake, general, commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland xviii, 97. defeats the rebels at Vinegar-hill 103. is defeated by the French 106 —, lord, his judicious advocacy of British interests in India xx, 109. reduces Holkar to sue for peace 110 Lally, general, arrives in the East Indies xii. 320, marches into Arcot 332. routed by colonel Coote at Wandewash xiii, 148. unsuccessful in his defence of Pondicherry xiv, 27. is cruelly imprisoned and executed on his return to France 30 Lambert, a schoolmaster, controverts the real presence iv., 145. Henry VIII. enters into a formal disputation with him 146. is burnt 147 , Cromwell appointed protector by his means vii, 271. opposes the motion for giving Cromwell the title of king 301. is deprived of his commissions 306. suppresses an insurrection of royalists 325. is cashiered 326. expels the parliament, ib. is Committed to the Tower 334. is excepted from the act of in- demnity on the restoration viii, 4. is tried 25. is reprieved and confined in Guernsey 27 , brigadier-general, his gallantry at the siege of Bel- leisle xiv, 26 , Daniel, his enormous size xix, 135 Lancashire plot ix, 108. 183–185 Lancaster, Edmond earl of, makes an unsuccessful attack on Guienne ii, 220. dies, ib. , Thomas earl of, heads a confederacy of barons against Piers Gavaston ii, 256, puts Gavaston to death 260, combines 384 GENERAL INDEX. with the barons to ruin the Despensers 267. is defeated and executed 270 Lancaster, John of Gaunt, duke of, son to Edward III. accom- panies his brother in his expedition to Castile ii, 369. the ad- ministration of government committed to him by his father 374. his great authority during the minority of Richard II. iii, 3. disappointed in hopes of obtaining Castile 10. dies 29 , James, his successful captures from the Spaniards, and expedition to Brazil w, 228. commands the first fleet fitted out by the East India company 366 Landais, Peter, put to death by the nobles of Britany iii, 259 Land-bank established ix, 217 Landrecy unsuccessfully besieged by Charles V. iv., 182. taken by the duke of Saxe Coburg xvii, 300 Langara, admiral, defeated and taken prisoner by Rodney xvi, 92 Langside, battle of v, 98 Langton, cardinal, appointed archbishop of Canterbury ii., 46. stimulates the barons to an assertion of their liberties against John 61. refuses to publish the pope's bull of excommunication against the barons 71. is suspended, ib. Lansdown, battle of vii, 72 - Laon, battle of xx, 5 Lasnes, marshal, gets possession of Saragossa xix, 97 latimer, bishop, resigns his bishopric on the passing the law of six articles, and is imprisoned iv., 149. is again imprisoned on the accession of queen Mary 287. is burnt for heresy 317 Laud, bishop of London, his character vi, 217. introduces new ceremonies into the church, ib. exalts the regal authority 2:22. is made archbishop of Canterbury 229. impeached by the house of commons 283. is tried vii, 123. and executed 124 - Lauderdale, duke of, one of the cabal ministry viii, 83. becomes chief minister for Scotland 165. his violent and arbitrary admi- nistration, ib. his death 281, note Laudohn, general, defeats a party of the Prussians xii, 232. harasses the king of Prussia in his retreat from Olmutz 357. reduces Glatz xiii, 305. is defeated by the king of Prussia 311. raises the siege of Cosel, and evacuates Silesia xiv, 20. cap- tures Schweidnitz 39 - Laurens, Mr., captured by the British, and committed to the Tower xvi, 112, is released in exchange for general Burgoyne 162 Lavallette, general, deserts to Napoleon, after his return from Elba xx, 64. his trial and sentence 102. his eacape from prison 103 La Vendée, opposition to the republic in that province xvii, 245. conclusion of the war in xviii, 21 Law, first written code of, in England j, 30 , civil, the early reception and study of iii, 231 —, common, first rise of i, 75 —, criminal, among the Anglo-Saxons, a view of i, 168 —, feudal, the origin of, traced i, 77 —, Mr., the projector, disputes about x, 316 p GENERAL INDEX. 385 Law, Mr., assists Shah Zaddah in the invasion of Bengal xiv, 28. is taken prisoner by major Carnac, by whom he is generously treated, ib. Laybach, congress of xx, 259 Layer, Mr. Christopher, tried and executed for high treason x, *C).) 392 League, catholic, formed by the duke of Guise v, 163. declines on the conversion of Henry IV. 287 Leake, Sir John, relieves Gibraltar x, 46. relieves Barcelona 65. assists in the reduction of Minorca 114 Learning, decline of, traced ii, £30, account of the revival of, in Europe v., 146 Leather duty, repeal of xxi, 161 Le Clerc, general, his successes in the West Indies xviii, 225. falls a victim to the climate, ib. Lee, major-general, obtains a command under Washington xv, 208. his judicious remonstrances with Washington 265. is cap- tured by surprise 268. exchanged for general Prescot 313. his disgrace xvi, 30 , Mr., an American agent, procures promises of aid from France x v, 257. his mission to the court of Spain 263 Leeds, duke of, impeached for corruption ix, 188 –, riot at xi, 319 Leeward Islands, motion respecting the, in the house of commons xx, 310 Legatine court, erected by cardinal Wolsey iv., 12. its oppressions checked 13 Legge, Mr., appointed chancellor of the exchequer xi, 341. he is commanded to resign xii, 151. replaced 152. his character xiv. 6. is dismissed from office 26 Legibelli, a Moorish king of, some account of xii, 309 Leheup, Mr., his case xi, 340 Leicester is stormed by Charles I. and taken vii,137. retaken by Fairfax 140 , earl of, his insolent behavior i, 343 —, Simon de Mountfort, earl of, his history ii, 140. joins with the barons against the king 141, is placed at the head of the council of twenty-four, to regulate the government 143. levies war on the king 154. takes prince Edward prisoner 155. defeats Henry at Lewes, and takes him prisoner 159, calls a parliament, forms a house of commons, and appoints members to be sent by the boroughs 164. Edward escapes from him 166. defeated and killed at Evesham by Edward 167 , lord, Robert Dudley, proposed as a husband by queen Elizabeth to Mary queen of Scots v, 63. his character, ib., dis- covers Norfolk’s designs to Elizabeth 123. forms an association of courtiers for the protection of the queen 199. commands the forces sent over to the United Provinces 210. recalled by the queen 252. dies 275 - - * * ... - * Leigh, Mr., his proceedings at the Westminster election Xi, 265. 281 Leipsic, battle of vi, 214, taken possession of by prince Ferdi- ENG. XXI. 2 B 386 GENERAL INDEX. nand xii, 95. Subjected to military execution by the Prussians 233. Buonaparte defeated at xix, 291 Lenox, earl of, patronises the protestant interest in Scotland iv., 184, is forced to fly to England 187. is invited to Scotland with his son lord Darnley v, 66. implores justice for the murder of his son 83. claims the regency, as grandfather to the young king 95. is chosen regent 130. is seized and put to death by queen Mary’s party 156 , count d’Aubigny, earl of, causes the earl of Morton to be tried and executed v, 172. the king taken out of his hands by an association of nobility 191. retires to France, where he dies, ib. Lenthal chosen speaker of the long parliament vi, 279 Leo X., pope, his character iii, 326. excommunicates all who adhere to the council of Pisa 328. his motives to the sale of in- dulgences iv, 25. Temarks on his conduct on this occasion, ib. bestows the title of Defender of the Faith on Henry VIII. 27. dies 30 Leofric, his contest with Harold i, 131 Leolf, the robber, kills king Edmund i, 85 Leopold, archduke of Austria, arrests Richard I. in his return from Palestine ii, 18 , emperor of Germany, enters into the alliance against France ix, 18. his death x, 40 Lesley, bishop of Ross, is appointed by Mary queen of Scots one of her commissioners in the cause between her and Murray v, 103. engages in the duke of Norfolk’s conspiracy 151. is im- prisoned 153 —, David, defeats the earl of Montrose vii, 143. is com- pelled to attack Cromwell at Dunbar, and is defeated 339 Lestock, admiral, his conduct off Toulon xi, 141 Levellers, their plan for government vii, 213. 221 Leven, Lesley earl of, marches with a Scottish army to the assist- ance of the English parliament against Charles I. vii, 91. Sur- renders the king to the parliamentary commissioners 155 Levison, Sir Richard, commands a fleet in an expedition to the coasts of Spain v, 339 Lewellyn, prince of Wales, applies to Henry III. for protection against his son Griffin ii, 152 , son to Griffin, succeds his grandfather in the princi- pality of Wales ii, 153. confederates with Leicester, and in- wades England, ib. is subdued by Edward I. 187. is defeated and killed by AIortimer 188 Lewes, battle of ii, 159. the treaty called the Mise of 160 Lexington, defeat of the king’s troops at xv, 199 -- Leyden is besieged by the Spaniards V, 167 Lidington, Maitland of, made secretary of state by queen Mary v, 36. enters into a confederacy of Scottish nobles, to protect prince James 91 Iligtly, battle of xx, 73 Lilburn, his cruel prosecution in the star-chamber vi, 238 Limerick is besieged and taken by Ireton vii, 252, invested by king William III. ix, 77. capitulation of 104 GENERAL INDEX. 387 Lincoln, general, defeated by colonel Maitland, xvi, 55. joins with d’Estaing in an ineffectual attempt to reduce Savannah, ib. is captured, with his garrison, at Charleston 98 Lindsay, Mr., his sentence and death x, 11 Lisbon, earthquake at xii, 32 Lisle, lady, the cruel persecution of viii, 302 Liturgy, one framed by a committee of bishops and divines iv., 244. is authorised by parliament £70. is suppressed by queen Mary 295. restored by queen Elizabeth w, 10. abolished by the assembly of divines at Westminster vii, 118. again admitted at the restoration viii, 11 Liverpool, lord, becomes premier xix, 240. introduces the bill of pains and penalties against queen Caroline xx, 250. his relin- quishment of that measure 254. seized with an incurable para- lytic attack xxi, 72. his death and character 119 and Manchester railway, opening of xxi, 187 Loano, battle of xviii, 19 Loans arbitrarily exacted by queen Elizabeth y, 352. a general one required by Charles I. vi., 172 - Lochlevin-castle, Mary queen of Scots confined there w, 92. sh Imakes her escape 97 Locke, John, appointed a commissioner of trade ix, 233, note Logie, captain, assists in defeating MI. Thurot's squadron xiii, 284 Loison, general, his cruelties in Portugal xix, 52 Lollards, their tenets iii, 41 London, a florishing Roman colony there, destroyed by the Britons i, 7. burnt by the Danes 56. rebuilt by Alfred 67. is burnt viii, 50. writ of quo warranto issued against the city 261. conditions on which the charter was restored 263. two earth- quakes at xi, 266. bill for improving its streets xii, 208. riots in Xvi, 85. chapels and dwelling-houses of catholics destroyed, ib. prisons, &c. burnt 87. Suppression of tumults, ib. trials of the rioters 90. tumults at, in consequence of the high price of provisions xviii, 183. alarming riots in consequence of the en- actment of the corn laws xx, 66. seditious meetings at 153 Corresponding Society, its Lature and objects X vii, 186. 277 University, opening of xxi, 120 Londonderry, siege of ix, 33.36 Long Island, gallant expedition of the Americans against XV, 311 Longitude, scheme for finding at sea xiii, 62 Longueville, duke of, defeated and taken prisoner at the battle of Spurs iii, 334. negociates a peace between Henry and Louis 340 Lopez, Roderigo, physician to queen Elizabeth, is executed for an intention to poison her v, 286 Lords, house of, their jurisdiction refused to be acknowleged by the commons vii, 307. the peers resume their seats 345. assume the administration of government on the fight of James II. viii, 354. desire the prince of Orange to assume the government, and sºmon a convention 358, their conference with the commons * f <^* 388 GENERAL INDEX. Lords of articles in the Scottish parliament, an account of their institution vii, 2. are abolished, ib. Lorrain, cardinal of, concerts a massacre of the French Hugonots v, 71. founds a seminary at Rheims for the education of Eng- lish catholics 182 Loudon, lord, is sent by the Scots to mediate between the king and parliament vii, 87, does public penance for countenancing the royalists 192 Loudon, (Campbell) earl of, appointed commander in chief in North America xii, 64 - Toudon-hill, battle of viii, 213 Louis the Gross, king of France, disturbs Normandy i, 262. de- feated by Henry I. 263 VII. divorces Eleanor i, 286. encourages the revolt of prince Henry against his father 341. disappointed in a trea- cherous scheme against Rouen 347. peace concluded between him and Henry 348 —-, eldest son of Philip of France, the barons of England offer him the kingdom ii, 73. arrives in England with an army 74. loses his influence among the English barons, ib. concludes a peace with Pembroke, and goes back to France 117 VIII. invades Poictou, and takes Rochelle ii, 122 IX. his character ii, 147. Henry refers the differences be- tween him and Leicester to his arbitration 156. decides in favor of Henry, ib. dies at Tunis 171 XI. king of France, his character and ambitious views iii, 179. leagues with Warwick and queen Margaret 184. buys peace of Edward IV. at a tribute during his life 198. ransoms queen Margaret 200 ? XII, subdues the duchy of Milan iii, 295. joins in a league against the Venetians 320. loses his conquests in Italy 326. ex- communicated by Leo X. 328. concludes a treaty with Henry VIII. 340. dies 341 — XIV. succeeds to the crown of France, an infant vii, 283. joins the Dutch in the war with England viii., 46. his rapid conquests in the Low Countries 62. the triple alliance formed against him 66. his sudden irruption into Lorrain 89. declares war against Holland 100. his rapid successes 105. enters Utrecht 107. his demands from the Dutch deputies 108. enters into tréaty with Charles II. to restore popery in England 128, note. takes Ghent and Ypres 156. treaty at Nimeguen concluded 161. revokes the edict of Nantz 309. a league formed against him by the prince of Orange 336. he receives James II. with great cor- diality ix, 29. whom he assists in his Irish expedition 40. de- taches the duke of Savoy from the confederacy 225. treaty of peace between him and the confederates at Ryswick 243. 249. negociates the first partition treaty 269. negociates the second treaty of partition 291. he acknowleges James II.'s son as king of England 328. war declared against him by England 346. ineffectual conferences between the allies and him at Gertruy- denburg x, 140, concludes peace with England and the con- federates at Utrecht 198. 208. his death 246 x & GENERAL INDEX. 389 Louis XV., war declared between him and England xi, 140. concludes a treaty of peace with England at Aix-la-Chapelle 220. his disputes with his parliaments 299, &c., ambitious schemes of his subjects in North America 328. rupture between him and England xii, 4. he threatens Britain with an invasion 41. mutual declarations of war between him and England 64. 67. an attempt by Damien to assassinate him 180. his views in the German war 335. his ministers stop payment xiii, 177, he concludes peace with Great Britain xiv., 105. his arbitrary sup- pression of parliaments XV, 99. his death 165 XVI., his marriage with Marie Antoinette xv, 89. dissen- sions with his parliaments xvii, 114. assembles the states- general 115, compelled to quit Versailles and return to Paris by popular insurrection 124. his flight, and capture at Warennes 160. his palace at the Tuilleries assaulted by an armed rabble 170, his admirable firmness, ib. murder of his Swiss guards 174. is deposed 211. executed 222 - XVIII. establishes his abode in Great Britain xix, 28. his public entry into London on his restoration xx, 19. arrives in Paris 20. ratifies a treaty with the allies, ib. quits the capital at the approach of Napoleon 63. repairs to Ghent 64. returns to Paris with the allies 99. his death xxi, 5 - - Philippe raised to the French throne xxi, 177 Louisa, princess, sister of George III., her death xv, 33 Louisburg, surrender of xii, 318 Louise of Savoy, her character iv, 38. makes overtures of mar- riage to Charles duke of Bourbon, ib. deprives him of his pos- ... sessions by a law-suit, ib. concludes an alliance with England 46 - Louisiana sold to the United States xviii, 248. unfortunate expe- dition against, by the British xx, 36 - • *- Louviers, peace concluded there ii, 25 Lovat, lord, espouses the chevalier's cause xi, 70. tried and be- headed 189 - Lovel, viscount, heads an insurrection against Henry VII. iii, 948. supposed to be killed at the battle of Stoke 255 Lowe, Sir Hudson, governor of St. Helena, his disputes with Buonaparte xx, 106 . . -- Lowick, Mr., his trial and execution ix, 220 Luddités, their dangerous combinations xix, 195 Ludlow, lieutenant-general, obtains command of the army in Ire- land vii, 252. engages in the cabal of Wallingford-house 320. arrives in England from the continent, but is obliged to with- draw ix, 61 - * Luneville, peace of xviii, 179, . Lusignan, Guy de, becomes king of Jerusalem ii, 10. loses his kingdom ib, made king of Cyprus by Richard I. 15 Luther, Martin, his character, and the motives of opposing the sale of indulgences iv, 26, is patronised by the elector of Saxony 27. his doctrines embraced by the Lollards in England, ib. is written against by Henry VIII., ib., his sharp reply to Henry's book, ib. 390 GENERAL INHD.EX. Tuttrell, colonel, offers himself a candidate for Middlesex in opposition to Wilkes xv, 45. is pronounced duly elected by the commons, ib. Luxemburg, marshal, defeats the prince of Orange at St. Omers viii, 146. worsts the confederates at Fleurus ix, 80. routs them. at Steenkirk 124. reduces Huy 150. defeats king William at Landen 151. takes Charleroi 153. his death 194 flyons, insurrections at, in favor of the Girondists xvii, 255. Siege of that city by the republicans 259. is compelled to capitulate 260. horrible executions at 261. riots at xxi, 211 M. Macarthy, Sir Charles, defeated and slain by the Ashantees xxi, 3 Macartney, general, tried for the murder of the duke of Hamilton, put acquitted x, 260 , lord, governor of Madras, forms a successful plan for the reduction of the Dutch settlements xvi, 126 Macbeth, a Scottish nobleman, murders Duncan, and usurps the crown i, 132. is defeated and killed, ib. Maccail, a Scottish covenanter, his triumphant death viii, 73 Macclesfield, (Parker) earl of, lord chancellor, his trial for bribery x, 331 Macdonald of Glencoe, and several of his people massacred ix, 113 —, general, sustains a signal defeat by Suwarrof xviii, 150. his army almost annihilated by Blucher xix, 290. his honorable fidelity to Napoleon xx, 11. is deserted by his army on the approach of Buonaparte 63. he accompanies Louis XVIII. to Ghent, ib. is raised by him to the command of the army 101 Mack, general, appointed to the command of the Neapolitan forces xviii, 123. his imbecility and cowardice, ib. surrenders Ulm to Napoleon 283 Mackay, general, defeated at Killycrankie ix, 28. is killed at Steenkirk 125 Mackinnon, general, his death and funeral honors at Ciudad Rodrigo xix, 253 -- Mackintosh, brigadier, joins the English insurgents x, 248. escapes from Newgate 257 —, Sir James, opposes the political axioms of Burke in his Vindiciae Gallica Xvii, 129. his endeavors to effect a re- formation in the criminal code xx, 193. 231. 307 Mackrel, Dr., heads an insurrection against Henry VIII. iv., 130. is taken, and executed 131 Macrea, Miss, her melancholy fate xvi, 6 Madeira, island of, secured by the British xviii, 204 Madras, state of, previous to the government of lord Pigot xy, 304. its distress from the ravages of Hyder Ali xvi, 127 Madrid, treaty of iv, 50. insurrections at xiv., 186. xix, 33. taken possession of by lord Wellington xix, 270. occupied by Joseph Buonaparte 271 Maegbota, what i, 169 GENERAL INDEX. 391 Magdalen college, Oxford, its contest with James II. viii, 26 hospital, institution of xiii, 5 Magna Charta granted by king John ii, 65 Maha Bandoola, his invasion of Arracan, and subsequent retreat xxi, 21. assumes the command of the Burmese army 22, he attacks the British at Kemmendine 24. his death 27 * Mahomet, a general review of the transactions of him and his followers i, 228 tº - Mainfroy, his contest with the pope for the crown of Sicily ii, - 133 J. - Maitland, colonel, defeats the American general Lincoln xvi, Malcolm, Sir John, sent as envoy to the shah of Persia xx, 115. he returns to Calcutta, ib. his pursuit of Cheetoo 131. his active exertions and conciliatory conduct in central India 133. concludes a treaty with Bajee Row 136 Malmesbury, lord, his unsuccessful mission to recomCile differ- ences with the French xviii, 57. his return to England 58. again fails in his pacific negociations with the French republic 81 Malta, knights of, refuse to surrender up their revenues to Henry VIII.iv., 157. their order dissolved by parliament, ib. its capture by the French xviii, 108. its conquest by the British 182 Man, regalities in the isle of, purchased from the duke of Athol xiv, 142 Manbote, what i, 169, note - Manchester, earl of, is by the parliament appointed general of an association of several counties against Charles I. vii, 82. defeats the royalists at Horncastle 85. assists in defeating the king at Marston-moor 103. as also at Newbury 107. disputes between hiº and gromwell 111. is appointed lord-chamberlain by Charles • Will, - -, disturbances at xx, 170. 187. meeting at, to petition for parliamentary reform 207. its dispersion by the yeomanry, and tragical result, ib. opening of the railway between that town and Liverpool xxi, 187 Manheim taken by the French republicans xviii, 23. recaptured by the Austrians 24. taken again by the French 149 Manilla taken by the British xiv, 83 Manners, review of, in the thirteenth century ii, 108. in the reign of Edward II. 284. during that of queen Elizabeth v, 372. quring that of James I. vi., 128, during the commonwealth vii, 347, great alteration in, produced by the restoration viii, 375 Mansfeldt, count, commands an army in the service of the elector palatine vi, 94 Mansfield, lord, confirms the judgment respecting the illegality of general warrants xiv., 19. his dignified and upright conduct XV, 32. Opposes lord Chatham 63. his judgment on libels 80. destruction of his residence, &c. by the rioters 86, his opinion on the legality of military interference 89. retires from the bench xvii, 79 Mantua, surrender of, to the French xviii, 76 Manufactures, state of, in the reign of queen Elizabeth w, 370. 392 GENERAL INDEX. state of, in the reign of James I, vi, 138. great increase of, after the restoration viii, 374 Manwaring is impeached by the commons for his sermon on the regal prerogative in levying taxes vi, 194 Mar, earl of, promotes the union x, 37. created secretary of state 38. Sets up the pretender's standard in Scotland 246. engages §le at Dumblane 251. retires with the chevalier to France 25- Marat, his violence and cruelty xvii, 243. assassinated by Char- lotte Corday 244 Marche, count de la, his wife Isabella taken from him, and mar- Tied to king John ii, 33. marries Isabella on John's death 128 Marengo, battle of xviii, 177 Margaret of Anjou married to Henry VI. iii, 133. joins the faction against the duke of Glocester, ib. suspected of having Some hand in Glocester's murder, ib. defeats and kills the duke of York 162. defeats the earl of Warwick at St. Albans 163. her army routed at Towton 169. retires with Henry to Scotland 170. solicits assistance in France 173. defeated at Hexham, ib. enters into a league with the earl of Warwick ; routed at Tewkesbury 194. ransomed by Louis of France 4 A of Norway succeeds to the crown of Scotland ii, 190. treaty of marriage between her and prince Edward 191. dies on her passage to Scotland 192 , daughter to Henry VII. married to James IV. of Scot- land iii, 297. marries the earl of Angus, on the death of James IV. iv, 4. is divorced, and marries again 94 Maria, donna da Gloria, refuses to marry Don Miguel xxi, 5. arrives in Europe 115, proclaimed in Lisbon 254 Maria Louisa becomes the wife of Napoleon xix, 154, gives birth to a son 198 Marie Antoinette, her marriage with Louis XVI. xv, 89. her active interference in favor of America xvi, 2. endeavors to re-establish the authority of the king x wit, 123. narrowly escapes assassination 124, her heroism 173. her trial and exe- cution 257 Marigalante submits to general Barrington xiii, 101 Marignan, battle of iv, 7 Marine society formed xii, 63, note Markham, Sir George, his oppressive treatment by the court of star-chamber vi, 233 Marlborough (lord Churchill) distinguishes himself against the imperialists viii, 139. joins the prince of Orange 349, he re- duces Cork and Kinsale ix, 78. dismissed from his employ- ments 107. sent to the Tower 190. he regains king William's favor 269. appointed general and ambassador to Holland 323. narrowly escapes being taken 354. created a duke, and grati- fied with a pension of sf 5000, 365, defeats the French and Ba- varians at Schellenburg x, 17. intirely overthrows them at Hochstadt 19. declared a prince of the empire 23. the manor of Woodstock bestowed on him by the queen 32. forces the GENERAL INDEX. 393 French lines 41. visits the imperial court 44. defeats the French at Ramillies 62. at Oudenard 108. at Malplaquet, and reduces Mons 127. his interest declines 145. he is insulted 149. Surprises the French lines, and reduces Bouchain 157. dismissed from his employments 170. he retires to the conti- nent 196. restored to his command 227. his death 319, note. death of his duchess xi, 154 Marlborough, (Spencer) duke of, account of his expedition against St. Maloes xii, 292. appointed to the command of the British troops in Germany 295. dies at Munster 353. account of the transaction between him and Mr. Barnard xiii, 8, note Marlebridge, laws enacted by the parliament summoned there ii, 173 Marmont, marshal, supersedes Massena in his command in Spain xix, 215. makes an ussuccessful attack on the British position at El Bodon 225. his communications with Soult in- tercepted 263. his signal defeat at Salamanca 366 Marr, Mr., atrocious murder of himself and family xix, 196 Marre, Donald earl of, appointed regent on the death of the earl º Murray ii, 297. is defeated and killed by Edward Baliol 298 - Marseilles, a plague there x, 316 Marshal, lieutenant, his bravery and death xii, 327 Mlarshal's court abolished by the long parliament vi, 323 Marston-moor, battle of vii, 103 Alartinique, conquest of xiv, 79. again surrendered to the British xvii, 293 Martyr, Peter, desires leave to withdraw from England at the accession of queen Mary iv, 389. generously assisted by bishop Gardiner, ib. r Mary, princess, sister to Henry VIII. married to Louis XII. of France, who dies quickly after iii, 341. Inarries the duke of Suffolk 342 , princess, daughter of Henry VIII., is excluded from the succession by parliament iv., 98). is illegitimated by parliament 125. is restored to her right of succession 184. continues obs- tinate in the catholic faith 264. her measures to secure pos- session of the crown 281. imprisons the protestant bishops 287. all Edward's statutes on religion repealed 290. orders the execution of lady Jane Gray and her husband 3X). is married to Philip 305. an express commission issued to extirpate heresy 319. her oppressive extortions from her subjects 334. is opposed in her design of engaging the kingdom in a quarrel with France $30. Calais taken by the duke of Guise 334. pre- pares a great fleet for a descent on Britany 339. dies 341. an estimate of her character, ib. , daughter of James W. of Scotland, becomes queen by the death of her father iv., 175, is married to the dauphin 537. refuses her assent to the parliamentary reformation of religion V, 30. her husband Francis II. dies 32. resolves to return to Scotland 33. arrives there 35. bestows her confidence on the leaders of the reformed party 36. exposed to insults 37. is 394 GENERAL INDEX. married to lord Darnley 68. a confederacy formed against her at Stirling 69. drives the rebels into England 70. her attachment to David Rizzio 73. Rizzio assassinated in her presence by Darnley's order 75. is detained prisoner in her palace 76. makes Darnley disavow all concern in his murder, and then leaves him in disdain, ib. delivered of a son 77. her intimacy with Bothwell 81. Darnley blown up with gunpowder in a lone house 82. is suspected to have concerted his murder with Bothwell, ib. is seized by Bothwell, to afford her the plea of violence 85. is married to Bothwell 88, a confederacy of nobility formed against her 91. is confined in the castle of Lochlevin 92. is forced to resign the crown 95. escapes from Lochlewin-castle 97. an army raised in her favor, ib. receives offers of assistance from Elizabeth 98. is defeated by Murray at Langside, ib. retires to England, craving protection from Elizabeth 99. submits her cause to Elizabeth 101. Murray accuses her of the murder of her husband, and her com- Inissioners refuse to answer 108. is removed to the custody of the earl of Shrewsbury 112. enters into the duke of Norfolk's conspiracy 151. enters into Habington's conspiracy 221. is conveyed to Fotheringay-castle 223. is prevailed on to submit to trial 225. the commissioners sentence her to death 229. her behavior on the approach of death 238. is executed 244. her character, ib. Mary, lady, daughter of James duke of York, is married to the prince of Orange viii, 152. concurs in the settlement of the crown of England on her husband 366. coldness between her and the princess Anne ix, 61. she is invested with the re- gency of the kingdom 66. precautions taken by her for the defence of the nation 119. her death and character 180 Masham, Mrs., her political intrigues x, 94. 207. 218 Massachusets, hostilities between the legislative assembly of, and governor Bernard xiv., 172. by whom it is prorogued xv, 19. renewed disputes, ib, the assembly dissolved 20. deter- mined opposition of the new assembly 51. their resistance to governor Hutchinson 133, their publication of the corre- spondence of Hutchinson and Oliver, with their petition to the king 138. their petition dismissed 142. a bill enacted for the better regulation of their government 153. another for the impartial administration of justice 157. their spirited conduct 167. they resist the fortification of Boston-neck 170. resolve themselves into a provincial congress 171. remonstrate with general Gage, ib. Mass-book reviewed and altered by Henry VIII. iv., 172. re- vived by queen Mary 287. is finally abolished by Elizabeth w, 10 Massena, general, his successes in Genoa xvii,309, surprises and defeats the Austrians at Loano xviii, 19. checks Suwartof in Switzerland, and compels him to retreat 151. is driven by the Austrians within the ramparts of Genoa 173. is compelled to surrender that city to the Austrians 174. sent to command the French army in Portugal xix, 164. gains possession of GIENERAL INDEX, 395 Ciudad Rodrigo 169. captures Almeida 170. repelled in an attempt to force the British lines at Busacos 173. blockades the defences of Torres Vedras 179. compelled to retreat 181. quits Santarem 207. is opposed by Ney, whom he deprives of his com- mand 210. is driven across the Portuguese frontier 211. de- feated at Fuentes Onoro 215. resigns his command to Marmont, ib. Massey, governor of Glocester for the parliament, his character vii, 77. is besieged by the king, ib. his vigorous defence 82. is relieved by the earl of Essex 83 Masters, Richard, vicar of Aldington, in Kent, concerts the im- posture of the holy maid of Kent iv., 103. confesses the artifice, and is punished 104 Alasulipatam taken by colonel Forde xiii, 140 Mathews, general, captures the city of Bednore xvi, 130. is com- pelled to surrender to Tippoo Saib, ib. .. Matilda, daughter of king Henry I., lands in England to assert her pretensions against Stephen i, 280. receives homage of the barons 281. cultivates the favor of the clergy 282. besieged in Winchester 284, flies, and exchanges Stephen for her brother Robert, ib. Matthews, admiral, his conduct in the Mediterranean xi, 115. 131. 141 , Mr., murdered by Stirn xiii, 242 Matueof, count de, the Russian ambassador, arrested x, 117 Maurepas, MI., favorable to the cause of the Americans xv, 260 Maurice, elector of Saxony, the grounds of his quarrel with Charles V. iv, 292. raises an army of protestants against him, ib. reduces Charles to grant a peace favorable to the protest- ants, ib. —, prince, son of the elector palatine, sent by king Charles I. into the west vii, 72. is shipwrecked 251 Maximilian, king of the Romans, marries Anne of Britany iii, 267. who is afterwards forced into a marriage with the king of France 269. Inakes peace with France 274. his conduct as emperor 319. joins in the league of Cambray against the Venetians 320. con- cludes an alliance with Henry VIII. and Ferdinand against France 328. serves under Henry, and receives pay from him in his French expedition 333. allies with Spain and France 339, his ineffectual invasion of Milan, and treaty with France and Venice iv, 9. his death 14 Mayence, surrender of, to the Prussians xvii, 246 Maynooth college, establishment of xviii, 13 Mazarin, cardinal, succeeds Richelieu in the French ministry vii, 283. temporises with Cromwell 285. concludes the treaty of the Pyrenees with Spain 328 Meal-tub plot viii, 220 Meaux, besieged and taken by Henry V. iii, 90 Medicis, Catharine de, is appointed regent during the minority of Charles IX. v., 32. is forced to embrace the Guise party against the prince of Condé 53, consents to an accommodation with the 396 GENERAL INDEX. protestants 60. comes to an agreement with Elizabeth 62. con- certs a massacre of the French protestants 71 Medina Sidonia, duke of, appointed to the command of the Spanish armada v., 260. is worsted, and sails to Calais 262. is attacked and disconcerted by the English admiral, ib. his fleet destroyed by a storm, ib. Meigs, colonel, his exploits in Long-island rewarded by congress xy, 312 - Melas, marshal, assumes the command of the Austrian forces in Italy xviii, 173. sustains a signal defeat at Marengo 177 Melbourne, lord, succeeds earl Grey as premier xxi, 266. his dis- missal from office 289. his re-appointment 300 Melvil, James, assassinates cardinal Beaton iv, 227 Memel taken by the Russians xii, 218 Menai Strait suspension bridge, commencement of xx, 220. its Completion and opening xxi, 71 Menou, general, commander of the French forces in Egypt at the $ºh of Kleber xviii, 183. surrenders Alexandria to the British O8 Merchant-adventurers, when first formed ii, 252 Mercia, Saxon kingdom of, its extent, and by whom founded i, 37 Merino sheep, their first introduction into England xix, 135 Merton, a synod called there ii, 149 Messina, a great plague there xi, 132, note Methodists, some account of xiii, 329 Metz ineffectually attacked by Charles V. iv, 292 Middlesex, earl of, impeached by means of Buckingham vi, 111 " * election, resolutions regarding, expunged from the journals of the house of commons xvi, 175 Middleton, earl, sent commissioner to Scotland viii, 13. his arbi- trary conduct 69 Mifflin, fort, unsuccessful attack on by the British xv, 317 Miguel, Don, his attempt to dethrone his father xxi, 5. visits England, ib. assumes the government of Portugal, and commits the most outrageous excesses 115. 145. attempts the life of his sister 146. his troops defeated at Terceira, ib. his revolting Cruelties 190. his fleet captured 254 Milan, duchy of, subdued by the French iii, 295. Maximilian Sforza reinstated in that duchy 326. surrendered to Francis I. iv, 8. conquered by the imperialists under the duke of Bourbon 53 Military discipline, severity of xv., 145 Military service, origin and nature of ii, 78. changed into pecu- niary supplies 211 Militia, the first establishment of, by Alfred i, 67. law of queen Mary for the regulation of iv, 343. state of, during the reign of queen Elizabeth v, 369. state of, in the reign of James I. vi, 136. a bill framed by the commons, and passed, taking it into their own hands vii, 43. carried into execution without the concurrence of the king 47. establishment of, by parliament on the restoration viii, 33. state of, between the restoration and revolution 373. new laws relating to it xiii, 28, attempt to esta- blish one in Scotland 202 GENERAL INDEX. 397 Mill, Walter, burnt for heresy v., 18. Millenarians, or fifth monarchy men, their rise vii, 213 Milton, John, his character as a writer vii,357. his Paradise Lost, how rescued from oblivion, ib. remarks on the fate of the au- thor 358. his death, ib. Minden taken by the French xii, 206. xiii, 154. battle of xiii, 155 Minorca taken, and ceded to Great Britain x, 115. account of its reduction by the French xii, 52–59. relieved by Rodney xvi, 93. is compelled at length to surrender to the French 165. retaken by the British xviii, 117 Minto, lord, succeeds Sir George Barlow in the government of India xx, 111. his successful expedition against Java 114. resigns his government 116 Mir Cossim becomes nabob of Bengal on the deposition of his father in law xiv., 189. resists the illegal traffic of the com- pany’s servants 191. is deposed 195. takes refuge with Sujah Dowla 198 Mir Jaffier, nabob of Bengal, abdicates the sovereignty xiv., 190. is reinstated 195. oppressive extortions on, by the company's servants 201. his death 202 Mirabeau, his exertions to promote a moderate reform in the French government xvii, 148. his death 160 Miranda surrendered to the Spaniards xiv, 76 Mise of Lewes, the treaty so termed ii, 160 Missolonghi invested by the Turks xxi, 56. its capture 71 Mohun, lord, tried for murder ix, 147, killed in a duel with the duke of Hamilton x, 195 Monasteries, subjected intirely to the king's regulations by the parliament of Henry VIII. iv, 90. commissioners appointed to visit them 113. the lesser suppressed by parliament 114. the greater monasteries suppressed 136 - Monckton, general, appointed to serve under general Wolfe xiii, i 12. assists at the battle of Quebec 127. commands the British forces in the West Indies xiv, 79 Monckton, colonel, remarkable attachment of his soldiers towards : xvi, 30 Moncontour, battle of v, 145 Moncorvo surrendered to the Spaniards xiv, 76 Money, the value of, among our Saxon ancestors i, 177. re- marks on the highest interest it bore in the thirteenth century ii, 175. the interest it bore in the reign of Richard I. 389. a . view of the state of, in the reign of Henry V. iii, 9.5. the rate of, in the time of Henry VII. 299, note. the interest of, when first fixed by law iv, 212. how limited in England and France at the time of queen Elizabeth v, 370 Moneyage, an explanation of ii, 98 Monge, MI., his bombastic tirade against the British government xvii, 221 Monghir, capture of, by the British xiv., 197 Monk, general, reduces Scotland to obedience to the common- wealth vii, 253. commands under Blake, in an engagement with the Dutch 258. defeats Tromp, who is killed 274. his family and history 329, marches into England 334, arrives in 398 GENERAL INDEX. Westminster 336. executes the orders of the parliament in apprehending the refractory citizens 338. orders the parliament to dissolve, and call a new one, ib. communicates his inten- tions to Sir John Granville 341. advises Charles II. to leave Spain for Holland, ib. the king proclaimed 345. is created duke of Albemarle viii, 2.—See Albemarle Monkish historians, character of i, 22 Monmouth, James duke of, his birth and character viii, 198. defeats the Scottish covenanters at Bothwell-bridge 214. is deprived of his command, and sent abroad 218. engages in a collspiracy 264. is banished 279. invades England on the accession of James II. 297. is defeated at Sedgemoor 299. is executed 300 Monothelites, who, i, 51 - Montacute, brother of the earl of Warwick, defeats the Lancas- trians at Hexham iii, 173. leagues against king Edward 186. drives Edward from his camp 187 Montague is sent with a squadron to the Baltic, to mediate between Sweden and Denmark vii, 327. carries the fleet to Holland, to bring Charles II. over 346. created earl of Sand- wich viii, 2. killed at the battle of Solebay 104 Montcalm, marquis de, reduces Oswego xii, 76. his precautions for the defence of Quebec xiii, 115. repels general Wolfe at Montmorenci, 118. is defeated and slain at Quebec 129 Monteagle, lord, communicates intimation of the gunpowder-plot vi, 26 - Montecuculi obliges Louis XIV. to abandon his conquests in the Low Countries viii, 123 - Monte Video, unsuccessful attack on xviii, 318. its capture and relinquishment by the British xix, 23 Montgomery, general, his conquest of St. John’s and Montreal Xv, 210. joins with Arnold in an unsuccessful attack on Quebec 212. is killed, ib. Montgomery fort, captured by Sir Henry Clinton xv, 323 Montmorency, constable, is defeated, and taken prisoner, at the battle of St. Quintin iv, 332. joins the duke of Guise v, 52. taken prisoner at the battle of Dreux 5.5. released by treaty 60. killed at the battle of St. Denis 143 Montreal, conquest of, by the Americans XV, 211. is abandoned by the enemy 243 Montrose, earl of, is imprisoned in Scotland for his attachment to Charles I. vii, 128. defeats lord Elcho 130. defeats lord Burley, ib. routs Argyle's forces 132. takes and plunders l)undee, ib. defeats Urrey and Baillie 133. defeats the cove- nanters at Kilsyth 143, is conquered by 1)avid Lesley, ib. retires abroad 152. lands in Scotland, is defeated, and taken prisoner 930. is executed 233 Moore, captain, his gallant exploit near Cadiz xviii, 260 , Sir John, assumes the command of the British army in Portugal xix, 73. advances into Spain 74. his great difficulties 75, determines to retreat into Portugal 76. wretched situation of the British army 80. he repels the attack of marshal Soult at Lugo 82. is killed at the mounent of victory at Coruña 83 GENERAL INDEX. 3 Q Q Moravians, their tenets xiii, 329 Morcar and Edwin rebel against Tosti duke of Northumberland, and Morcar is made duke i, 138. head the English against the Normans, after the battle of Hastings 181. reduced 192 Mordaunt, Sir Jobn, appointed commander of the land forces sent against Rochefort xii, 154. inquiry into his conduct 157. he is acquitted 163 More, Sir Thomas, the great seal committed to him iv, 70. re- signs it 83. is tried and executed for denying the king's su- premacy 106 , Roger, forms a conspiracy to expel the English from Ire- land vii, 7. abandons the cause 12 Morea, Turkish fortresses in, reduced by the French xxi, 122 Moreau, general, penetrates into Bavaria xviii, 44. retreats through the Black Forest, ib. defeated by the archduke Charles 45. recrosses the Rhine, ib. assumes the command of the army of Italy 151. prevents the Austrians from prosecuting effective operations in the Italian provinces 175. defeats the Austrians at Hohenlinden 179, engages in a plot to subvert the consular government 256. is allowed to retire to the United States, ib. Moreno, don Juan de, commands the allied fleet of France and Spain in the attack of Gibraltar xvi, 195 Morocco, scandalous treatment of the English ambassador there xi, 253. and of captain Barton and his crew xii, 326 Mortier, general, takes possession of Hanover xviii, 247 Mortimer, Roger, his first acquaintance with queen Isabella ii, 273. joins in a conspiracy against the king, ib. invades Eng- land with Isabella 974. procures the death of the king 278. ar- rogates to himself all authority in government 291. concludes a treaty with Robert Bruce 292. is seized by the king 294, tried and executed, ib. ' —-, Roger, earl of March, declared successor by Richard II. iii, 22. killed in Ireland 30 Mortimer's cross, battle of iii, 163 Mortmain, the first statute of, when passed ii, 250 Morton, earl of, chancellor of Scotland, advises Darnley to cut off Rizzio v, 74. appointed commissioner in the cause of Mary 103. chosen regent on the death of the earl of Mar 156. retires 177. returns and resumes an influence over government 178. is tried and condemned for being an accomplice in Darnley's murder, ib. Ioscow, pestilence at xv, 98, its destruction by the Russians to ensure the downfall of Napoleon xix, 249 Moultrie, colonel, his galiant defence of Sullivan's island Xv, 246 Mountfort, count de, endenvors to acquire possession of Britany ii, 322. engages Edward Ill. to patronise his pretensions 323. is confined in the Louvre, ib. —, Jane countess of, besieged by Charles de Blois at Hennebonne ii, 394, relieved by an English fleet 325, takes Charles de Blois prisoner 340 - Mountjoy, lord, is sent lord deputy to Ireland v, 315, his suc- &= -s. 400 GENERAL INDEX. cesses against the rebels 333. reduces the Spaniards, and de- feats Tyrone 334. Tyrone surrenders himself to him 340 Mughs, their persecution by the Burmese xxi, 9. they find pro- tection within the British frontier, ib. their unconditional sur- render demanded by the Burmese 10. their predatory and rest- less habits 13. their levy and artillery dispersed by the Bur- mese chief 21 Muir, Mr., is transported to Botany-bay for fourteen years on a charge of sedition xvii, 273 Munro, major Hector, assumes the command of the British army in India xiv, 199. subdues the rebellious spirit of his army 200. defeats the enemy at Buxar, ib. makes an unsuccessful attempt on Chandageer 201, reduces Negapatam xvi, 126 Murat, his military executions at Mladrid xix, 33. created king of Naples 34. invades Sicily without success 157. is left in the supreme command of the French forces 249. flies to Naples, ib. joins the allies xx, 3. attacks the Austrians, and is routed 65. is taken prisoner, tried, and executed 104. his character, ib. Murray, earl of, becomes discontented at the marriage of Mary with lord Darnley v, 69. joins a confederacy of malcontents, ib. reconciled to Mary 76. appointed regent 96. raises forces on Mary's escape from Lochlevin-castle 98. defeats her at Lang- side, ib. is required by Elizabeth to justify his conduct toward Mlary 101. accuses Mary before the commissioners at Hamp- ton-court 107. proposes to the duke of Norfolk a marriage with Mary 120. discovers Norfolk’s design to Elizabeth 123. is as- sassinated 129. his character, ib. , hon. Alexander, proceedings against xi, 283. his re- leasement from Newgate 285, animosity of the commons to- wards him 293 ——-, general, assists in the capture of Quebec xiii, 127. ap- pointed commander at Quebec 133. is worsted by the French 261. but obliges them to abandon the siege of Quebec 262. co- operates in the reduction of Montreal 267 , general, his spirited conduct during the riots of 1780 xvi, 85 - ., Sir John, invests Tarragona xix, 295. his retreat from that fortress, ib. Murviedro taken by Suchet xix, 227 Muscovy, trade established with iv, 342 Mylne, Mr., his plan for the bridge at Blackfriars preferred xiii, 244 - tº- N. Najara, battle of ii, 370 Najim u Dowla appointed nabob of Bengal on the death of Mir º: xiv, 202. presents extorted by the company’s servants on this occasion, ib. his death 215. - Namur, siege of, by the confederates ix, 195. its capture 199 Nantz, the edict of, revoked by Louis XIV. viii, 309 Napier, admiral, captures the fleet of Don Miguel xxi, 254 Naples, its occupation by the forces of the French republic Xviii, GENERAL INDEX. 401. 324, transferred by Napoleon to his brother Joseph 297. as- signed to Murat by Buonaparte xix, 34. invaded by the British without success 129. its struggles for liberty suppressed by the holy alliance xx, 259 Napper Tandy, indicted on a charge of high treason xviii, 106. suffered to quit the kingdom, ib. Naseby, battle of vii, 137 Nº. its siege and capture by Ibrahim Pacha xxi, 56. battle of 103 Navarre, invasion of, by Ferdinand of Spain iii, 324 —, Antony, king of, declares in favor of the protestants v, 32. joins the duke of Guise 52. is mortally wounded at the siege of Rouen 55 Navigation act, passed by the commonwealth parliament vii, 255 Navy, English, state of, in the time of queen Mary iv, 342. im- provement of, by queen Elizabeth V, 368. State of, during James I. vi., 137. State of, from the restoration to the revolu- tion viii, 373. Naylor, James, a quaker, his extravagances vii, 351 Neckar, M., endeavors to restore the exhausted finances of France xvi, 164. is compelled to retire from office, ib. recalled xvii, 114. flies from France 147 Negapatam captured xvi, 126 - Nelson, lord, loses an eye at the siege of Calvi xvii, 294. mag- nanimity of his conduct, ib. is the chief cause of the success of admiral Hotham in the Mediterranean xviii, 17. Superintends the evacuation of Porto Ferrajo, and the island of Capraia 52. invested with the order of the Bath for his gallant conduct at Cape St. Vincent 72. loses an arm at the unsuccessful siege of Teneriffe 74. is appointed to pursue the French fleet 109. arrives at Alexandria 110. battle of the Nile 112. honors paid him on that occasion 115. defends Sicily from the inroads of the French republic 124. annuls the treaty made with the Nea- politan revolutionists, and sanctions the execution of prince Caraccioli 153. fights the battle of Copenhagen, and obtains a splendid victory, in violation of the orders of Sir Hyde Parker 199. arranges an armistice with the crown prince of l)enmark 203. is raised to the rank of viscount, ib. attacks the French flotilla at Boulogne 209. pursues the French fleet without success 278. appointed to the command of the fleet 282. his arrival at Cadiz 284. his manoeuvres and instructions to his officers, ib. his ;Pº for battle 285. engages the enemy at Trafalgar 286. his death at the moment of victory 290. honors paid to his memory 291 * - Nero, emperor, sends Suetonius Paulinus to Britain i, 6, recalls him 7 Netherlands, severe behavior of Charles V. toward the protestants there v, 147. cruelties of the duke of Alva 167, he is recalled, ib. the treaty called the Pacification of Ghent 169. treaty concluded with Elizabeth 170. Over-run by Louis XIV. viii, 105. their resistance to the oppressions of the emperor Joseph xvii, 109. inhumanity of the French towards 307 JEN G. XXI. 2 C 402 GENERAL INDEX. Nevil, admiral, his expedition to the West Indies ix, 246. his death 247 - Neville’s Cross, battle of ii, 341 Newark is besieged by the parliamentary forces vii, 100. sur- renders to the Scottish army 151 Newbury, battles of vii, 83. 107 Newcastle, (Pelham) duke of, appointed secretary of state xi, 187. elected chancellor of Cambridge 241. appointed first lord of the treasury 341. his character xiv, 3. resigns office 69. his disinterested conduct, ib. forms a political connexion with the duke of Cumberland 70, is appointed to the office of privy seal 148. his death xv, 33 w , duke of, his opinion of Mr. Canning xxi, 91. ejection of his tenantry at Newark 163. his castle at Nottingham burnt by the mob 207 New England states, their strong remonstrances against colonial taxation xiv, 126. they take the lead in their opposition to the mother country xv, 132. bill for the restriction of their com- merce 184 New Forest, how and when made i, 216 º Newfoundland, first discovery of iii, 312. ceded to Great Britain x, 200 New Jersey, operations of the British at xvi, 33 New London Bridge, its commencement xxi, 53. is opened by William IV. 200 New Orleans, its unsuccessful siege by the British xx, 46 New Post Office, opening of xxi, 154. its improved system, ib. New South Wales, its rapid and extensive progress in cultivation XXi, 4 - Newton, Sir Isaac, his character viii, 378. his death, ib. New York is taken from the Dutch viii, 39. ceded to the English by the treaty of Breda 56. congress at xiv, 152. alarming riots at 175. the legislative power of their assembly suspended Xv, 4. its assembly again permitted to meet 22. expedition against by the British 248. arrival of Washington, ib. captured by the British 265. operations of the British army at xvi, 32 New Zealanders, their increasing civilisation xxi, 4 Ney, marshal, appointed by Napoleon to the command of the French expedition against England xviii, 277. Tefuses to concur with Soult in the invasion of Portugal xix, 120. captures AS- torga 167. invests Ciudad Rodrigo, ib. Superseded by Massena 169, commands the rear-guard in its retreat from Portugal 208. deprived of his command by Massena 210. his gallant conduct at Borodino 248. is totally routed at Dennewitz by the crown prince of Sweden 290. sends in his adhesion to the provisional government after the capture of Paris xx, 11. obtains the com- mand of the army from Louis XVIII. 62. joins Napoleon 63, is repulsed by the British at Quatre Bras 76. his courage signal- ised at Waterloo 95. his arrest and execution 102 Niagara successfully defended against the American Indians xiv, 131 Nicholas, emperor of Russia, his accession to the throne xxi, 54. GENERAL INDEX. 403 assists the Greeks 101. proclaims war against Turkey 114. * peace to that power 143. his subjugation of Poland 189. Nicholson, Margaret, her attempt on the life of George III. xvii,18 gºuen, peace of viii, 161. surrender of, to the French xvii, Noailles, marshal de, worsted at Dettingen xi, 126 Non-conformists, their ministers ejected out of their livings viii, 28, a bill for their relief passed 119 Nonjurors, their rise ix, 9 Nootka Sound seized by the Spaniards from the English xvii, 139. restored 141 ore, dangerous mutiny of seamen at xviii, 66. suppressed, and the ringleaders punished 68 Norfolk, Roger Bigod, earl of, refuses military service, and quar- rels with Edward I. ii, 224. obtains a full confirmation of the charters from the king on his return 227 , earl of, brother to Edward II. engages with queen Isabella in a conspiracy against him ii, 274. is executed by Mortimer 293 -- —, duke of, challenges the duke of Hereford iii, 28. ba- nished for life 29 , duke of, defeats James IV. of Scotland at Flouden iii, 337. opposes the progress of the reformation iv, 98. an enemy to his niece Anne Boleyn 120. disperses Aske's insurrection 133, routs another insurrection, ib. proposes the bill of six articles to the house of lords 148. influences the king to a cruel persecution of heretics 161. appointed to command in the war against Scotland 174. checked in a scheme of ruining Cranmer 195. is committed to the Tower 200. ordered for execution, but Saved by the king's death 201. released by queen Mary 286. sent to suppress Wyat's insurrection, but forced to retire by a desertion of his troops 298 , duke of, entertains hopes of marrying Mary queen of Scots v., 106. obtains the countenance of several of the nobility to this scheme 121. secures the concurrence of France and Spain 123. is committed to the Tower 125. released 127. re- news his correspondence with Mary 151. enters into a con- spiracy against Elizabeth 152. his scheme discovered by 13ur- eigh, ib. is tried 153. executed 154 Norham, castle of, conference there, between Edward I. and the Scottish parliament, to determine the right of the crown of Scotland ii, 196 Normandy, settled by Rollo the Dane i, 109. history of his suc- cessors 110, character of the Normans 143. 246. William, duke of, obtains the crown of England 182. finally reduced to the government of France iii, 138 Norris, Sir John, joins Sir Francis Drake in his expedition to Portugal v, 267. commands the English forces sent to reduce Britany 286. sent to reduce insurrections in Ireland 287, is deceived by Tyrone, and dies of vexation 307 404 .GENERAL INDEX. North, lord, becomes chancellor of the exchequer xv, 5. is made premier 68. promotes the repeal of the American revenue act 74. elected chancellor of the university of Oxford 130. deter- mines on the adoption of coercive measures in America, 149. introduces a pacific motion 185. his conciliatory bills xvi, 8. his propositions for the relief of Ireland 72. his disagreement with Sir Fletcher Norton 79. his facetious sarcasm on the in- competency of the commanders in America 151. resigns office 169. forms a coalition with Mr. Fox 201. his defence of his con- duct 205 North Briton, a periodical, its seditious and immoral tendency xiv, 109. contains an atrocious libel on George III. 111. which is burnt publicly by order of the commons 118 Northern confederacy, origin of xviii, 187 Northumberland, history of the Saxon kingdom of i, 32 ———, earl of, defeats earl Douglas at Homeldon iii, 54, rebels against Henry IV., ib. his submission accepted 56. retires to Scotland, and is killed in an irruption into England 95 * - —, Dudley earl of Warwick, made duke of iv, 268. causes Somerset and his friends to be arrested, ib. procures the patent to be passed in favor of lady Jane Gray, 278. proclaims her as queen 282, deserted by his army, and proclaims queen Mlary 285. is tried and executed, ib. -*- , earl of, raises an insurrection with the earl of Westmorland in the north V, 125. is taken by Murray, and con- fined in the castle of Lochlevin 126. is delivered up and exe- cuted 154 North-west passage, three attempts for the discovery of, made by Sir Martin Frobisher w, 366. Davis's Straits discovered, ib. attempts for the discovery of, made in the reign of James I. vi, 140. voyage of captain Parry in search of xx, 256 Norton, Sir Fletcher, elected speaker of the house of commons xv, 69. his spirited address to George III. 285. receives a vote of approbation from the house 286. his disagreement with lord North xvi, 79. joins the opposition 80. loses his re-election to the chair 111. raised to the peerage 170 Norway, its cession to Sweden by the congress of Vienna XX, 57 Nottingham, countess of, discovers to queen Elizabeth her trea- chery to the earl of Essex v, 341 , earl of, appointed secretary of state ix, 4. Opposes the bill of abjuration 333. reflects on king William's memory X, 30. opposes the union 80. opposes the Septennial act 258 , riots at xxi, 207 Nova Scotia, schemes for a settlement in xi, 242. disputes about its limits 244. description of 322. perfidious practices of the French there 331. whence they are expelled xii, 7 Novi, battle of xviii, 151 Nowell, Dr., his sermon before the house of commons canvassed x v, 110 Nullum tempus bill xv, 13. ecclesiastical nullum tempus bill 107 GENERAL INDEX, 405. O. Oates, Titus, his account of a popish plot viii, 175. obtains a pen- sion 186. is heavily fined for defaming the duke of York 278. convicted and sentenced for perjury 295, obtains a pardon and pension from king William ix, 42 Ochterlony, captain, affecting anecdote of xiii, 119, note ——, general, restores the lustre of the British arms in the Nepaulese war xx, 119 O'Connell, Mr., his extensive influence over the catholic popu- lation of lreland xx, 321. is elected member for the county of . Clare xxi, 116. re-elected after the passing of the catholic relief bill 141. is apprehended, and pleads guilty 210. his violent phi- lippics against earl Grey’s administration 242. his unsuccess- ful endeavors to repeal the union 256. procures the resignation of earl Grey 264 Odo, bishop of Baieux, aspires to the popedom i, 217. seized by William the conqueror, and confined during his reign, ib. en- gages in a conspiracy against William Rufus 223 Offa, king of Mercia, his treacherous murder of Ethelbert i, 39 Ogle, Sir Chaloner, sent to the West Indies xi, 76. joins admiral Vernon 87 Olivenza taken by marshal Soult xix, 200 Oliver, alderman, committed to the Tower by the house of oom- mons xv, 96. his release 97 Oliver, lieutenant-governor of Massachusets, his correspondence with the British ministry published xv, 138. laid before the privy council 139. their report 142 Omoa captured by the British xvi, 62 O'Neale, Shan, his history and character v, 304 , Sir Phelim, engages in Roger More’s conspiracy vii, 7. his cruel massacre of the English in Ulster 10, is taken, and executed by Ireton 252 eidas, mission of, to the provincial assembly xy, 240 Opdam, the Dutch admiral, killed in an engagement with the duke of York viii, 41 * Oporto, its assault and capture by marshal Soult, xix, 100. is recovered by the English 104. captured by Don Pedro xxi, 237. its siege raised 254 - Orange, William prince of, is condemned as a rebel v, 166. unites the towns of Holland and Zealand against the Spanish government, ib. concludes the pacification of Ghent 169, con- cludes a treaty with queen Elizabeth 170. is assassinated 206 -, Maurice, prince of, succeeds the earl of Leicester in the government of the United Provinces v, 252. battle of Tourn- holt 288. renews the war with Spain vi, 114 , William Henry, prince of, marries the princess Anne xi, 21. elected stadtholder 204. 217. his death and character 288 - - , princess of, endeavors to adjust the difference between England and Holland xii, 307, 393. her death and character xiii, 54 406 GENERAL INDEX. Orange lodges, their zeal and violence for the promotion of protestant ascendency xxi, 118 Ordeal, several species of, in the Anglo-Saxon law i, 175 Orders of council issued by the British government against the Berlin and Milan decrees xix, 18. additional restrictions 26 Ordinance, self-denying, passed by the long parliament vii, 115 Orleans, city of, besieged by the earl of Salisbury iii, 108. the siege raised by Joan d'Arc 114. besieged by the duke of . Guise V, 59 —, Louis duke of, assassinated by the duke of Burgundy iii, 73 ———, duke of, his engagements with George I. x, 246. 261. conspiracy against him 289. his death 329 - Ormesby left justiciary of Scotland ii, 231. the Scots irritated at his oppressions 232, flies to England, on the appearance of William Wallace 233 Ormond, earl of, reduces the Spanish general, San Josepho, in Kerry V, 180 - - , earl of, his successes against the Irish rebels vii, 92. resigns Dublin, and all other forts, by the king’s order, to the parliamentary forces 152. concludes a peace with the council of Kilkenny, and engages it to assist the king 217. retires to France 219. comes to England to concert a conspiracy against the protector 309. is made lord lieutenant of Ireland, where he suppresses an intended insurrection viii, 74. is seized by Blood, but rescued 92.. is again sent lord lieutenant of Ireland 248. is recalled by James Il. 315. takes possession of Dublin ix, 73. entertains king William at Kilkenny 77. taken prisoner 152. his expedition to Cadiz 357. lord lieutenant of Ireland 371. x, 147. appointed commander in Flanders x, 181. he pro- claims a cessation of arms 192. dismissed 228. impeached and attainted 243, 244. disappointed in an attempt on England 291 Orphans’ fund, in London, established by act of parliament ix, 16 t Orthes, battle of xx, 7 Ossory, lord, his bold speech to the duke of Buckingham viii, 92. commands in the fleet under prince Rupert 120, justifies his father's administration in Ireland 250 Ostend, siege of v, 339, note. it receives a French garrison xii, - East India company erected x, 326. dissolved 379. un- successful attempt against xviii, 117. Oswego, fort of, its reduction by the British xx, 32 Otho, prince of Bavaria, created king of Greece xxi, 253 Otterborne, battle of iii, 20 Otto, M., his negociations with the British government on the subject of peace xviii, 183 Otway, the poet, his unhappy fate viii, 381 Oudinot, marshal, his total defeat at Gross-Beeren xix, 290 * Overbury, Sir Thomas, assists the earl of Somerset with good advice vi, 51. is committed to the Tower by his deceitful GENERAL INDEX. 407. contrivance 53. is poisoned, by order of Somerset and his lady 54 Oxford university, by whom founded i, 76. lectures on civil law, when first read there iii, 231. Severities exercised on some of its students xi, 239. its addresses rejected 240. in- stallation at xiii, 63. instance of its munificence xvii, 196. its magnificent reception of the allied sovereigns xx, 25. rejects Mr. Peel as their representative on account of his adherence to catholic emancipation xxi, 126 - , corruption of the mayor and corporation of xv, 15. who are reprimanded by the speaker, ib. P. Paget, Sir Edward, suppresses the mutiny of his troops in the Hurmese war xxi, 21 Pakenham, Sir Edward, his signal courage at the battle of Sala- manca xix, 266. arrives at New Orleans xx, 42. his gallant death at the siege of that place 46 Palestine, state of, at the arrival of Richard I. and Philip ii, 11 Pakleotti, marquis de, hanged for murder x, 271 Palliser, Sir Hugh, his disputes with admiral Keppel xvi, 37. his defence in the house of commons 39. is acquitted by a court-martial 40 - - Palmer, Sir Thomas, bis accusation against Somerset iv, 269. apprehended for joining the party of lady Jane Gray 285. is executed 286 - , Rev. Mr., transported to Botany-bay for fourteen years on a charge of sedition xvii, 273 - Pampeluna surrendered to the Spaniards xix, 313 Pandolf, legate from pope Innocent III. procures the submission of John to the popé ii, 54. receives the resignation of his kingdom, and homage from him 55 Paoli, general, his brave defence of Corsica xiv, 136. he remon- strates with the French monarch, ib. makes an unsuccessful attempt to procure the mediation of England and Austria, ib. Parga, fortress of, its delivery into the hands of the Turks xx, 216. embarkation of its inhabitants 217 Paris, massacre of the Hugonots in that city, on the eve of St. Bartholomew w, 158. its capture by the allies xx, 10. occupied by Wellington and Blucher 99. is stripped of its trophies of victory, ib. Parker, archbishop, his character V, 201 * , bishop of Oxford, is violently appointed president of Magdalen-college by James II. viii, 326 *. - , Sir Peter, assists general Clinton in the attack on Sulli- , van’s island xv, 246 , Sir Hyde, admiral, engages the Dutch fleet off the Dog- gerbank xvi, 136. resigns his command in disgust, ib., his orders disobeyed by Nelson at the battle of Copenhagen xviii, 201 - , Richard, chosen president of the committee of delegates by the mutinous seamen at the Nore xviii, 67. tried by a , court-martial, and executed 68 - § 408 GENERAL INDEX. Parliament, English, a view of, in its feudal form ii, 87 Parma, prince of, appointed to the command of the Low Countries Y; 171. reduces several provinces to obedience to Spain 206? his successes against the earl of Leicester 212. refuses to join the armada on its ill success 263. marches to assist the catholic league in France 274 : Parr, Catharine, married to Henry VIII. iv., 182. her narrow escape from impeachment for heresy 197. marries lord Sey- mour 239, dies in child-bed 241 - Parry, William, is instigated by the Jesuits to take away the life of queen Elizabeth v, 204, is discovered and executed 205 --, captain, his voyage in search of a north-west passage xx, 256 Partition-treaties signed ir, 270. 291. condemned by the English. parliament 309 3. Pascal II. pope of Rome, his disputes with king Henry I. about investitures i, 254. compromise between 259 * Pasturage, laws enacted by Henry VIII. to restrain iv, 211 Patans and Pindarries, their extensive system of plunder xx, 112, their dispersion by the marquis of Hastings 132 Patna, conquest of, by Mr. Ellis xiv, 195. is recaptured by the Indian governor, ib. retaken by major Adams 198 t Paul, Rev. Mr. William, executed x, 258 —, the Russian emperor, concludes a treaty with Great Britain xviii, 119. eulogy on his character by Mr. Pitt 120. withdraws from the confederacy 152. his inveterate hostility to Great Britain 188. is assassinated by his nobles, and succeeded by his son Alexander 203 - -— Jones, commander of an American privateer, his ravages at Whitehaven and Kirkcudbright xvi, 41, his engagement with captain Pierson 63. presented with the order of merit by Louis XVI., and protected by the Dutch, ib. Paulus Hook, British garrison surprised at xvi, 60 Pavia, battle of iv., 43 - Payne, Thomas, contributes materially to the establishment of American independence by the publication of his Common Sense xv, 250. publishes his Rights of Man xvii, 149 *. Pecquigni, treaty of iii, 198 - Pedro, Don, obtains the sovereignty of Brasil xxi, 55. his ty. rannical and imprudent conduct, ib. nominates Don Miguel regent of Portugal 115. despatches his daughter to that country 116. refuses to compromise her claims 148. prepares for a descent on Portugal 211, takes possession of Oporto 237. his decided successes 254 - Peel, Sir Robert, his first speech in parliament xix, 138. his bill for the resumption of cash payments xx, 195, he is ap- pointed home secretary 283. his opposition to the claims of the catholics 285. and to the depreciation of the currency 288. his exertions for the reform of the criminal code 308. xxi, 60. declines office under Mr. Canning’s government xxi, 80. his opposition to that minister 92, his improvements of the crimis naj code 95. joins the Wellington administration 100. advo- cates the repeal of the test and corporation acts 111, becomes GENERAL INDEX. 409. the advocate of catholic claims, and resigns the representation of Oxford 126. carries the bill in favor of catholic emancipation through the house of commons 134. establishes a metropolitan police 155. defends the duke of Newcastle 164. advocates the Giminution of capital punishments 167. opposes the reform bill 199, succeeds lord Melbourne as premier 290. resigns office 300 Peers, when first created by patent iii, 47 Peine forte et dure abolished xv., 112 º Henry, esq., his character x, 383. xi, 226, his death. zi, 340 Peltier, M., convicted of a libel on Buonaparte xviii, 231 Pembroke, earl of, is marshal of England, at the death of king John ii, 112. is chosen protector of the kingdom 113. en- Jeavors to conciliate the affections of the barons to the young king 114. the barons conclude a peace with him 117. dies 118 Pen, admiral, commands the protector's fleet sent to the West Indies vii, 288. makes an attempt on St. Domingo 289. takes Jamaica, and is sent to the Tower, ib. Penderell of Boscobel, his noble conduct towards Charles II. vii, 245 - Penn, W., engages in a plot to restore king James iz, 89 Pennsylvania, when settled viii, 374 Penobscot, American disaster at xvi, 60 . - Penruddock, and other royalists, excite an insurrection against Cromwell vii, 280 Penry, a Brownist, his cruel prosecution for writing against the hierarchy v, 358 Penryn, borough of, convicted of corruption xxi, 94 Perceval, Mr., the legal adviser of the princess of Wales xviii, 303. chancellor of the exchequer xix, 9. created first lord of the treasury 133. assassinated in the house of commons 236. gthumous honors to his memory, and pensions to his family. Percy, Thomas, earl of Worcester, rebels against Henry IV. iii, 54. taken prisoner at the battle of Shrewsbury, and exe- cuted 56 - , engages in the gunpowder-plot vi, 23. flies on the dis- covery of the scheme 28. is killed, ib. Perkins, Sir William, tried and executed ir, 219 Perry, commodore, his defeat and capture of the British squadron under captain Barclay Xix, 318 Perthshire, riots in xviii, 83 Peter the Hermit, undertakes to rescue the holy land from the Turks i, 229. leads a vast multitude on this enterprise 232 —, czar, travels in disguise ix, 249. defeated at Narva by Charles XII. of Sweden 302, note. rupture between him and gºrge 1. x, 273. his generosity to the English 315. his death - III. of Russia, concludes a peace and treaty of alliance with Frederic III. xiv, 71. his death 73 410. GENERAL INDEX. Peterborough, earl of, his progress in Spain x, 46.64, &c. ap- pointed ambassador to Sicily 208. arrested in ltaly, for which an apology is made by the pope 276, note \ - Peters, Hugh, is tried and executed viii, 7 £eter's pence, occasion of imposing that taxi, 39 Petition of right receives the king's assent vi, 195, the petition at large 343 Petitioners and abhorrers, an account of the origin of those dis- tinctions viii, 221 Petty, lord Henry, (marquis of Lansdowne) becomes chancellor of the exchequer xviii, 301. joins the ministry of Mr. Canning XXi, 92. accepts office in the Grey administration 186 Peyton, ensign, an affecting anecdote of xiii, 119, note - Philadelphia, general congress assembled at xv,172. its acts enu- merated 173. it is broken up, after appointing another meeting the following year 174, it again assembles 201. occupied by the British 315. licentious conduct of the soldiery there xvi, 25. evacuated by the British 29 Philibert, duke of Savoy, commands the Spanish army against France iv, 332. Besieges St. Quintin, ib. defeats the constable : Montmorency, and takes him prisoner, ib. . Philip, king of France, engages in a crusade i, 356. arrives in Palestine, and assists at the siege of Acre ii, 11. returns to Europe 12. invades Normandy 19. is routed, and his records taken by Richard 24. takes Arthur duke of Britany under his protection 31. the Norman barons appeal to him against John 34. is appealed to by the Bretons on the murder of Arthur by John 37. acquires the possession of Normandy with the other English provinces 41. accepts the offer of the kingdom of Eng- land made by pope Innocent III. 53, prepares an armament to acquire possession of it, ib. his reflections on the offer of the kingdom of England by the barons to his son Louis 73. sends forces over with Louis 74. dies 122 king of France, gains the province of Guienne, by artifice from the English ii, 204. defeats their attempts to recover it 205. concludes a truce with England 230 - the Fair, of France, his cruel treatment of the knights templars i, 281 de Valois receives homage for Guienne from Edward III: ii, 304. prepares to oppose the hostile pretensions of Edward to his crown 309. concludes a truce with Edward 316. his surprise and movements on Edward's invasion of Normandy 331. his precipitate behavior in following Edward to Crecy. 335. his memorable defeat there 336. concludes a truce with Edward 344. his death and character 347 - , son of the emperor Charles V. arrives in England, and is married to queen Mary iv, 305, his attempts to acquire popu- larity 308. his motives for protecting Elizabeth, ib. leaves Eng- land, and retires to Flanders 323, his father makes a formal re- signation of all his hereditary dominions to him 325, ungrate- fully neglects paying his father's pension 326, endeavors to en- gage England in his quarrel with France 328. battle of St. GENERAL INDEX. 41 + Quintin 332. peace of Château Cambresis with France v, 13. issues rigorous orders for the prosecution of the heretics 50. forms an alliance with the duke of Guise 53, the Flemish pro- testants revolt 148. determines to overthrow the Flemish pri- vileges 149. remonstrates to Elizabeth against her countenance of the Flemish exiles 163. revolt of Holland and Zealand 166. the revolted Hollanders associate under the prince of Orange, ib. recalls the duke of Alva at his own request 167. the pacifi- cation of Ghent concluded 169. invades Ireland 179. projects an invasion of England 253. fits out the invincible armada 255. his behavior on the destruction of the armada 264. makes peace with France 297. dies 301. his character vi, 4 Philip III. of Spain, character of him, and his minister the duke of Lerma, vi, 5. concludes a peace with James I. 21. acknow- leges the independence of the United Provinces, and concludes a truce with them 34 — IV. of Spain, honorably receives prince Charles vi, 102 , archduke of Austria, forced by a storm on the coast of England, pays Henry a visit at Windsor iii, 301. obliged by him to surrender the earl of Suffolk, whom he had protecte S03. arrives in Spain, and dies, ib. !. , duke of Anjou, succeeds to the throne of Spain ix, 297. renounces the crown of France x, 185. 194. accedes to the quadruple alliance 297. abdicates the throne 331, which he resumes, and concludes an alliance with the emperor 334. his death xi, 199, note Philippa, wife of Edward III. raises an army to repress the Scots in Edward’s absence, and takes their king prisoner ii, 341. goes over to Edward's camp at Calais, ib. intercedes with Edward for the deputies of Calais at its surrender 343 Phillipon, his gallant defence of Badajos xix, 258 - Pichegru, general, promoted to the chief command of the repub- lican forces xvii, 250. sustains a defeat near Tournay 302. his rapid conquests, 314. takes possession of Manheim xviii, 23. engages in a plot to subvert the consular government 256. strangles himself in prison, ib. - Picton, Sir Thomas, his gallantry at the attack on El Bodon xix, 226. storms the breaches at Ciudad Rodrigo 253. is mainly in- strumental to the capture of Badajos 260. remarkable display of his chivalrous courage at the battle of Vittoria 299. decides the victory at Orthes xx, 8. his zealous co-operation at the battle of Toulouse 13. receives the thanks of the house of com- mons for the seventh time 24, is severely wounded at Quatre Bras 77. his gallant death at Waterloo 35 . Picts and Scots harass the Britons i, 9 Pierson, captain, his engagement with Paul Jones xvi, 63 , major, his gallant defence of St. Helier xvi, 133. his death 133 Pigot, lord, appointed governor of Madras Xv, 306. is opposed by a majority in the council, ib. is put under arrest 307, he and the council ordered home 308. his death, ib. judgment of the • Courtof king's bench 309 \ 412 GENERAL INDEX, Pinkey, battle of iv, 231 Pisa, council of, interdicted by the pope iii, 321 Pitt, fort, is bravely defended from the American Indians by colonel Bouquet xiv, 131 —, Mr. William, son of the earl of Chatham, his first speech in parliament xvi, 114, his motion in favor of parliamentary reform 176. becomes chancellor of the exchequer, and leader of the house of commons 185, declines his majesty's solicitations for his continuance in office 208. his prudent and honorable conduct 210. becomes prime minister at the dissolution of the coalition ministry 230. his great difficulties 232. his disinter- estedness 235. bis India bill rejected by the commons 241. is presented with the freedom of the city of London 247. his triumph over his opponents 257. procures the dissolution of parliament 259, returns highly favorable to him, ib. his India bill passed into a law 269. is defeated in a new measure of par- liamentary reform 274. his plan for adjusting the commercial intercourse between England and Ireland rejected by the Irish legislature 982. his establishment of an efficient sinking-fund passed into a law xvii, 9. carries his grand scheme of financial reform 33. interferes in favor of the stadtholder 53. his plan for liquidating the claims of the American loyalists 73. his great popularity at the commencement of the French revolution 126. curious avowal of his change of opinion 187. created warden of the cinque ports 195. his examination at the Old Bailey on the trial of Horne Tooke 292. his bill to prevent se- ditious meetings xviii, 32. his great popularity 38. fights a duel with Mr. Tierney 92. resigns office 191. is again placed at the head of administration 253. attempts to form a new coalition 263. his reconciliation with Mr. Addington, ib. his opinion on the subject of catholic disabilities 265. delivers his last speech in parliament 273. succeeds in forming a new coalition 274. decline of his health 275. his death 298. houors paid to his memory, ib. review of his policy and character, ib. Pius V. pope, excommunicates queen Elizabeth w, 23 VI. pope, carried into exile by the French xviii, 122 — VII. excommunicates Napoleon, and is imprisoned by him at Fontainbleau xix, 126. his restoration to liberty xx, 17 Plague, a great one in the time of Edward III. ii, 347. great one at London viii, 45 Plunkett, Mr., (lord Plunkett) his powerful advocacy of the catholic claims xxi, 75. created lord chancellor of Ireland 186 Plymley, Peter, his severe strictures on Mr. Canning xix, 40 Plymouth, construction of a breakwater at xix, 276 - Pocock, admiral, assists in the reduction of Chandernagore xii, 177. succeeds to the chief command of the fleet 3:29. worsts MI. d’Apché 329. 331. xiii, 143. in conjunction with lord Albe- marle, captures the Havannah xiv, 82 Poets, eminent, account of viii, 332 Poictiers, battle of ii, 353 - w º º Poland, factions in xii, 189. S78. invaded by the Prussians xiii, GENERAL INDEX. 413 163. 166. dissensions in xiv., 187. her first partition xv, 115. ber Second partition xvii, 178. ceases to be a kingdom 320. expul- sion of the grand duke Constantine from its territories xxi, 188. its complete subjugation by the emperor Nicholas 189. 212 Pole, Reginald dela, inveighs against the conduct of Henry VIII. iv, 142, created a cardinal, ib. enters into a conspiracy with Some English noblemen, who are discovered and executed, ib. his mother attainted by parliament 151. and executed 162. ar- rives in England, and invites the parliament to reconcile them- selves to the see of Rome 306. gives the parliament and king- dom absolution, ib. is made archbishop of Canterbury 330. Opposes the war with France, ib. his death and character 341 Police, metropolitan, establishment of xxi, 155 Polignac, M., becomes prime minister of France xxi, 144. his unpopularity 145. his downfall and imprisonment 177 Political unions, their dangerous power xxi, 207. 224 Poltrot assassinates the duke of Guise v, 60 Pombal, marquis, his extensive reforms in Portugal xiv., 101 Pompadour, madame, death of xiv, 137. cause of the suppression of the Jesuits xv, 11 Pondicherry, siege and capture of xiv, 27. the town and fortifi- cations leveled with the ground, ib. Poniatowski, count, elected king of Poland xiv., 135 Ponsonby, Sir William, his gallant charge, and glorious death at Waterloo xx, 86 Poor laws, their first legal establishment v, 371, bill for their amendment, its introduction xxi, 279. passed into a law 282 Popham, Sir Home, obtains possession of the Cape of Good Hope xviii, 317. captures Buenos Ayres, ib. makes an unsuccessful attack on Monte Video 318. is recalled, and censured by a court martial, ib. Porteous, captain John, hanged at Edinburgh xi, 35. proceedings of parliament on that affair 41 Portland, (Bentinck) earl of, settles the articles of peace with France ix, 250. signs the first partition treaty 270. impeached and acquitted 320 e * , duke of, at the head of the coalition ministry xvi, 209 Porto Rico, an attempt against, by Francis Drake v, 289 * * * - Portsmouth, conflagration of the royal dock-yard at xiii, 245. xv, 278 Portugal, revolts from Spain vii, 286, its spirited resistance to the united French and Spanish forces xiv, 76. xviii, 204, at length compelled to yield Xviii, 204. is overrun by the French troops xix, 26. is relinquished by the royal family, who take refuge in the Brasils, ib. the inhabitants rise against the French 36. organised by marshal Beresford to a successful resistance of their persecutors 100. sinks into the rank of a tributary state to the Brasils xx, 179. suppression of its struggles for liberty 258. meeting of its Cortes 279. arrival of the king from Brasil, and his acceptance of the constitution, ib. his restoration to arbi- trary power 305, unsuccessful attempts of Don Miguel to usurp the crown xxi, 5. obtains a constitutional government 65, ob- 414 GENERAL INDEX. tains Speedy and efficient support from Great Britain, against the menaces of France and Spain 70. is rent asunder by the factions of Don Pedro and Miguel 115. Donna Maria proclaimed queen of 254 Post office established by parliament viii, 8 - Pownal, governor, his prudent advice to government in the American contest xv, 47. proposes the repeal of all duties 75. his humane proposal xvi, 7 -Poynings, Sir Edward, sent over to Ireland to reduce the mal- Contents there iii, 283. passes the memorable statute which bears his name, ib. disappoints Perkin Warbec in his designs on that kingdom 285 Prague, battles of vi, 80. xii, 193 º Prejeant, a French admiral, defeats the English fleet iv, 331. in- wades the coast of Sussex 332 Prelacy abolished in Scotland ix, 26 Presbytery established jin Scotland by parliament v, 29. meaning of that term explained vi, 255, note. distinctions between pres- byterians and independents vii, 109. is established in England 147. Suppressed on the restoration of Charles II. viii, 11. the presbyterian clergy ejected 28 - Prescot, general, surprised by the Americans, and exchanged for general Lee Xv, 313 Press, liberty of, its commencement viii, 376 Preston, battle of vii, 192 Prevost, general, his conquests in East Florida xvi, 36. fails in his endeavors to surprise Charleston 54. his gallant defence of Savannah 55 - , Sir George, his unsuccessful attempt to reduce Sacket’s harbor xix, 317. is accused of neglect of duty and Inisconduct xx, 33 Price, Dr., his work on Civil Liberty xy, 236 ". Pride, colonel, violently excludes and confines the presbyterian members of the long parliament vii, 195 - Priestley, Dr., his answer to Mr. Burke xvii, 163. destruction of his house and property at 13irmingham by the rabble 165 Primauget, a French admiral, engages Sir Thornas knevet, and is blown up with him iii, 325 Printing, by whom first introduced into England iii, 208, note. one of the causes of the quick progress of the reformation iv, 28 Prior, Mr., sent to Fontainbleau x, 164. taken into custody 239 Proclamations, royal, declared by parliament to have the force of laws iv., 149. this law repealed 334 Procter, colonel, his contests with the Americans on the Detroit frontier xix, 316. is compelled to retreat 319 Prome, its occupation by the British xxi, 28. defeat of the Bur- Inese at 29 Prophesying, among the puritans, explained vi, 10 Protectorate, the supreme government altered to this form vii, 27.2. outlines of this form of government explained, ib. Provisors, statute of, when first enacted ii, 38% GENERAL INDEX. 415 Prussia, review of her condition at the close of the septennial war xiv, 96. her military conquests for the restoration of the stadtholder xvii, 54. forms a treaty of alliance with Great Britain and Holland 78. commences war with the French re- public 176. withdraws from the coalition 299. joins the Russians in the investment of Warsaw 320. makes peace with the French republic Xviii, 2. its selfish policy 274. accepts the electorate of Hanover from Napoleon 296. proclaims war against France 321. makes peace with France, with the loss of half her monarchy xix, 17. forms alliances with England and Russia against France 288. her aggrandisement by the congress of Vienna xx, 54. her severe restrictions on the liberty of the press 178 Prynne, his severe sentence in the star-chamber vi, 228. reversed by the commons 289 4. Pulteney, William, esq., some account of x, 184, his name struck out of the list of privy-counsellors $90, created earl of Bath xi, 104 Pultowa, battle of x, 130 Puritans, account of, at the infancy of the reformation v., 115. de- pressed by queen Elizabeth 119. 172. their pretensions wi, 195 Purveyance, the hardships of i, 266 Putnam, general, his patriotic courage XV, 200. his humanity at the battle of Bunker's-hill 205. is deceived by the movements of Clinton 322 Pym, his death and character vii, 99 Pyrenees, treaty of, between France and Spain vii, 338 . Quadripartite treaty, nature of xxi, 289 Quakers, origin of vii, 349. their affirmation allowed instead of an oath ix, 218, note Quatre Bras, battle of xx, 75 Quebec, expedition against, and reduction of xiii, 111 Quesnoy, capture of, by the Austrians xvii, 247. retaken by the French 313 Quo Warranto, a writ of, issued against the city of London Wiii, 261. conditions on which the charter was restored $63 R. Raikes, Mr., the originator of Sunday schools, is patronised by queen Charlotte xvi, 109 Raine, Mr. Henry, account of his hospital xiii, 4 Raleigh, Sir Walter, his first expedition to Guiana v. CS9, enters into a conspiracy against James vi, 6. is sentenced to death. but reprieved 7. writes his liistory of the World during his eon- finement in the Tower 72, spreads reports of a sold mine in Guiana, ib. is released, and obtains permission for his expe- dition there, ib. his son killed by the Spaniards on landing 73. disappointed in the mine, and plunders St. Thomas, ib. carried back prisoner by his men 75, executed, ib. 416 GENERAL INDEX. Rajaº duc de, his generous and humane conduct in Hanover xii, 243 Rangoon, its capture by the British xxi, 15 Ratcliff, Charles, esq., titular earl of Derwentwater, beheaded xi, 189 Ravaillac, assassinates Henry IV. of France vi, 43 Ravenna, battle of iii, 326 Rawdon, lord, (marquis of Hastings) his gallantry at the battle of Camden xvi, 100. surprises colonel Sumter at the Catawba Fords, ib. attacks the Americans at Hobkirk's-hill 144. quits the army 145. his unsuccessful communications with lords Grey and Grenville xix, 238. Succeeds lord Minto as governor- general of India xx, 117. declares war against the Nepaulese, ib. his military operations 118. his dispersion of the Patans and Pindarries 132. reduces the peishwah to submission 136. establishes the supremacy of Great Britain, ib. his beneficent domestic administration, ib. returns to England 138 Reading besieged and taken by the earl of Essex vii, 67 Real presence, why the clergy were so much attached to iv, 246 Reform bill, its introduction into the house of commons xxi, 193. its rejection by the lords 206. disappointment of the country at that event, ib. is again introduced 212. passed into a law. 233 Reformation, rise and progress of iv, 26 Regicides, trial and execution of viii, 6.25 Regnier, general, is defeated by the British at Maida xviii, 319 Rebearsal, a character of this satirical play viii, 379 Remonstrance, an account of that framed and passed by the tººs in the long parliament vii, 19. is answered by the Çing 25 Regueseas succeeds the duke of Alva in the command of the Low Countries v., 167. undertakes the siege of Leyden, ib. dies 169 Revenue of the Anglo-Norman kings ii., 96. state of, at the time of Henry V. iii, 94. in queen \lary's time iv, 331. in the reign of James I. vi., 131. in the protectorate of Richard Cromwell vii, 354. between the restoration and revolution viii, 370 Revenue-officers excluded from voting in parliamentary elections xvi. 175 Rhé, isle of, attacked by the duke of Buckingham vi, 180 Rhode island, unsuccessful attack on, by the Americans and French xvi, 32. evacuated by the British 61 - Riard, his execution at Lyons xvii, 255 Richard I. instigated by his mother Eleanor to revolt against his father i, 339. peace concluded with his father 359. his acces- sion ii, 1. prepares for a crusade to the Holy Land 2. meets Philip of France at Wezelay 6. conquers and imprisons Isaac, prince of Cyprus 10. arrives in Palestine, and assists at the siege of Acre, ib. defeats Saladin 16. concludes a truce with Saladin 17. is arrested on his return, and delivered up to the emperor Henry VI., who imprisons him 18., obtains his liberty 22. goes over to Normandy, and defeats Philip at Fretteval 24. GENERAL INDEX. 41 7 concludes a truce with him, ib. his brother John submits to him 25. is wounded by Bertrand de Gourdon 26. dies 27, his character, ib. Richard II., his accession iii, 1. form of government during his minority 2. popular insurrections 5. his prudent behavior at the death of Wat Tyler 8. heads the army against the Scots 9. deprived of his regal power by a council appointed by the duke of Głocester 13. removes Głocester and Warwick from the council 19. marries Isabella of France 21. procures Glo- cester to be murdered at Calais 26. prevents the duel between the dukes of Hereford and Norfolk, and banishes them º. opposes the succession of Hereford to the dukedom of Lan- caster 29. embarks for Ireland 30. returns to oppose the in- vasion of the duke of Lancaster 31. seized and confined in Flint castle 32. heads of accusation preferred against him in parliament 33. deposed by parliament 36. murdered in Pom- fret castle 39. his character, ib. III. left regent of the kingdom by his brother Edward IV. during the minority of his son iii, 207. orders the death of the earl of Rivers 211. concerts the murder of lord Hastings 213. accepts the crown 217. orders the murder of Edward V. and the duke of York in the Tower, ib. appoints the duke of Buckingham constable 219. procures his execution for rebel- lion against him 2:24. obtains a parliamentary sanction of his sovereignty 225. marches to oppose the invasion of the earl of Richmond 227, killed at the battle of Bosworth 228. his cha- racter 229 Richardson, Mr. Samuel, his death xiv, 63 Richelieu, cardinal, prime minister of France, his character vi, 177. rivals the duke of Buckingham in his addresses to the queen of France 179. throws a mole across the harbor of Ro- chelle, to complete the blockade 201. Supplies the covenanters in Scotland with money 257. the conclusion of his administra- tion, and death vii, 283 , duc de, account of his siege and reduction of St. Philip’s castle xii, 53–59, he supersedes the marshal d'Etrees in Germany 209. fixes his head-quarters at Hanover 355. is superseded by the count de Clermont 343 Ridley, bishop of London, imprisoned on the accession of queen Mary iv, 287. is burnt for heresy 317 Rinuccini excites the Irish to break the pacification concluded with Ormond vii, 218. is driven out of Ireland 219 Ripon, treaty of, between Charles I. and the Scottish covenanters vi, 375 Rivers, earl of, his character iii, 208. the first who introduced printing into England, ib. arrested by the duke of Glocester 209, murdered in Pomfret castle 211 Rizzio, David, his introduction to the court of Mary queen of Scots v, 73. promotion and character, ib. excites the jealousy of Darnley 74. incurs the hatred of the protestants, ib. is assassinated in the queen's presence 75 EN G, XX {. 2 D 4.18 GENERAL INDEX. Robert III. king of Scotland, his character iii, 59. his son taken prisoner by Henry IV., ib. dies of grief, ib. , the eldest son of William the Conqueror, his character i, 212. 223. revolts against his father 213. reconciled to him 214. , succeeds to the duchy of Normandy 222. mortgages his dominions to his brother, and joins the crusade 233. loses the kingdom of England 243. returns and invades England 249. enters into an accommodation with Henry I. 250. imprisoned for life 253 lºobespierre, his violence and cruelty towards the Girondists xvii, 243. his miserable death 308 Robinson, Mr., (earl of Ripon) his introduction of a prohibitory duty on foreign grain xx, 66. his unpopularity, ib. becomes chancellor of the exchequer 302. raised to the peerage xxi, 81. becomes premier on the death of Mr. Canning 98. resigns office º joins the administration of earl Grey 186. resigns office c) 5 C. Rochambeau, count de, arrives in America with a reinforcement from the lºrench court xvi, 102 Rocheford, lord, brother to Anne Boleyn, is accused by his wife of intimacy with his sister iv, 118. is tried, together with the queen 121. condemned 122 , viscountess of, calumniates queen Anne Boleyn iv, 118. conducts the secret amours of Catharine Howard 168, is beheaded, together with the queen 169 Tochefort, account of the expedition against xii, 153 Tochelle, squadron sent by the Dutch against vi, 160. Bucking- ham brings a fleet and forces to assist the town, and is refused admittance 180, the blockade effected by throwing a mole across the harbor 201. forced to surrender at discretion, ib. Rockingham, marquis of, becomes prime minister xiv., 147. his ministry dissolved 178. is again placed at the head of the treasury xvi, 169. his death 184 Rocroy, defeat of the Spaniards there by the prince of Condé vii, 286 Rodney, admiral, bombards Havre-de-Grace xiii, 69, destroys some vessels on the coast of France 273. makes a conquest of the French Caribee isles xiv, 79. his character and services xvi, 22. his answer to the proposals of Louis XVI. 23. is appointed to the command of the fleet in the West Indies 64. his success against the Spaniards, and capture of admiral Langara 92. his humane suggestions regarding prisoners 93. relieves Minorca and Gibraltar, ib. arrives in the West Indies, ib. His actions with the French fleet 94. proceeds to the coast of North America 96. compels the island of St. Eustatius to surrender, where he obtains a vast booty 137. his conduct here censured by Burke 160. his defence, ib. his glorious victory over the French fleet 180. receives the thanks of parliament, with a peerage and pension 182. melancholy fate of his prizes 193 Roger, archbishop of York, crowns prince Henry i, 321, sus- pended at 13ecket's instigation 322 GENERAL INDEX. 419 Rogers, prebendary of St. Paul's, burnt for heresy iv, 315 Rohillas, their sale to the vizir of Oude by Warren Hastings Xv, 295. their gallant, though unavailing resistance 296 Roland, M., minister of the interior to Louis XVI. xvii, 163 Rollo the Dane, his history i, 107. makes inroads into France 108. marries the daughter of Charles the Simple 109. his pru- dent government, ib. ——, lord, takes possession of the island of St. John xii, 318. disarms the Canadians xiii, 266. captures Dominica xiv, 27 Romana, marquis de la, transported to Spain from Denmark xix, 65. his death 200 Romans, their first arrival in Britain i, 4. subdue it all except Caledonia 8. abandon it 9. refuse assistance to the britons 10 Rome occupied by French troops xviii, 122. is seized by the British under captain Louis 154 Romilly, Sir Samuel, his humane endeavors for the mitigation of the criminal code xix, 45. 193. XX, 185. is elected member for Westminster xx, 188. puts a period to his existence, ib. Rooke, Sir George, takes Gibraltar x, 27. worsts the French fleet off Malaga 105 Rookwood, Mr., his trial and execution ix, 220 Rosene, his horrid cruelty at the siege of Londonderry ix, 35 Rosewell, a presbyterian preacher, his prosecution for treasonable words viii, 278 Rosni, marquis of, minister to Henry IV. of France, comes over to Dover to confer with Elizabeth w, 331. discovers Elizabeth to have entertained the same views with Henry, of establishing a new system of policy in Europe 332. is sent ambassador to king James, on his accession vi, 4. proposes to James a league against the house of Austria 5. concludes a treaty for the support of the United Provinces 6 Ross, general, his capture of the city of Washington xx, 34. is mortally wounded in an unsuccessful attack on Baltimore 35 Rouen, besieged and taken by Philip of France ii, 41. taken by Montmorency V, 55, parliament of, their spirited remonstrance xiv, 186 Roundheads, appellation of, when and to whom given vii, 31 Roundway-down, battle of vii, 73 Roussillon, its invasion by the Spaniards repelled by the repub- lican forces xvii, 253 Roy, M., nature of his ministry xxi, 121 Royal Academy, establishment of Xv, 33 — George, loss of Xvi, 193 Society, first institution of viii, 377 Rullecourt, baron de, takes possession of St. Helier xvi, 132. is killed in an engagement with the British 133 Rumbold, Sir Thomas, a bill of pains and penalties carried against him xvi, 178 , Sir George, is seized at Hamburg by order of Buona- parte, and imprisoned in the Temple xviii, 262. is liberated from confinement, ib. Runnemede, Magna Charta signed there by king John ii, 65 420 GENERAL INDEX. Rupert, prince, son of the elector palatine, offers his service to Charles I. vii, 62. defeats a party of Essex's at Worcester, ib. and Edge-hill 64. takes Bristol 76. is defeated at Marston- moor 103. urges the battle of Naseby 137. retires to Bristol 140. capitulates, is dismissed by the king, and leaves England 141. commands under the duke of York against the Dutch viii, 41. joins Albemarle during his engagement with Tromp and de Ruyter 48. obtains the command of the English fleet 120. engages the Dutch on their own coast, ib. his death 281, note. the inventor of etching 375 Bussell, lord, suppresses an insurrection in Devonshire, excited to oppose the reformation iv, 252 , lord, favors the French intrigues viii, 158, note. his character 219. enters into the duke of Monmouth's conspiracy 264. sent to the Tower 268. tried 269. executed 274 —, admiral, defeats the French fleet off La Hogue ix, 121. appointed first commissioner of the admiralty 171, note. re- lieves Barcelona 173. bombards Palamos 202. disappoints a threatened invasion 215. created earl of Orford 243, note , lord John, his zeal in the cause of parliamentary reform xx, 216. his bill for the disfranchisement of Grampound 216. 230. 268. his unsuccessful endeavors to extend the elective franchise 268. 295. assists in the repeal of the test and corpo- ration acts xxi, 111. joins the administration of earl Grey 186. introduces the reform bill to the house of commons 193. be- comes leader of the opposition against the administration of Sir Robert Peel 293. appointed home secretary 300 Russia, commercial treaty with xiv, 169. her disputes with Sweden accommodated xvii, 108. differences with Great Britain 152. signs a treaty with that power to oppose the ambition of the French republic 239. concludes a provisional treaty with Great Britain xviii, 119, forms a northern con- federacy against the claims of Great Britain 187. concludes a treaty of peace with that power 203. joins Great Britain and Austria in a coalition against France 274. involved in a war with Turkey 323. peace concluded with France and Turkey by the treaty of Tilsit xix, 18. its invasion by Buonaparte, who loses his army in his retreat 247. extent of her empire at the conclusion of the war xx, 57. extent of her territories in the north-west coast of America 280. her disputes with Turkey arranged at the congress of Verona 300. she unites with Great Britain and France in favor of the Greeks xxi, 101. commences war with Turkey 114. makes peace with that power 143 Ruthven, governor of Plymouth for the parliament, is defeated by the royalists on Bradoc-down vii, 71 Rutland, earl of, created duke of Albermarle by Richard II. iii, 26. degraded 38. conspires against Henry IV., and betrays his associates 50. killed at the battle of Azincour 80 duke of, his death in Ireland during his vicegerency xvii, 62. regret of the Irish at his loss, ib. Rye-house-plot, history of viii, 267 Ryswick, peace of ix, 251 GENERAL INDEX. 421 S. Sa, Don Pantaleon, executed by Cromwell for assassination vii, 275 Sacheverel, Dr. Henry, proceedings against x, 132. 139. honors paid him 148. promoted 206. death 330, note Sadler, Sir Ralph, concludes a treaty of marriage between prince Edward and Mary queen of Scots iv., 177 , Mr., his powerful speech against concession to the catho- lics xxi, 132 Safety, committee of, elected vii, 327 Safety-lamp, its discovery by Sir Humphrey Davy xx, 162 Saladin, king of Egypt, his characteri, 356. recovers Palestine from e crusaders, ib. Acre taken from him by the christians ii, 12. defeated by the christians under Richard l. 16. concludes a truce with Richard 17. dies, ib. Salamanca, battle of xix, 266 Saldanha, count, prevented from landing at Terceira by the British government xxi, 147 Salem, removal of the legislature to, by general Gage xy, 168. spirited conduct of the inhabitants, ib. Salique law of succession to the crown of France traced ii, 302. its abolition in Spain xxi, 189 Salisbury, an insurrection of royalists there, under the protector- ate vii, 280 —, earl of, commands the English fleet against Philip of France, and destroys his ships in their harbor ii, 57. , earl of, besieges Orleans iii, 108. killed before the town, ib. , earl of, instances of generalship in, at the battle of Blore-heath iii, 158. taken by queen Margaret at the battle of Wakefield, and beheaded 162 , countess of, is attainted and condemned by parliament iv, 151. executed 163 r Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, refuses the oaths to William and Mary, is suspended, and deprived is, 53.90 Sanctuaries for debt in London abolished is, 242, x, 326 Sandwich, lord, appointed first lord of the admiralty xiv., 108. mo- tion for his censure xvi, 42. for his dismissal 43. his defence in the house of peers 44 Sandwich-isles, colony established at xxi, 4 Sanquhir, lord, executed for assassination vi, 47 Saragossa, siege of xix,95. is captured by marshal Lasnes 95 Sardinia kept in check by the republican forces xvii, 254. obtains a cession of Genoa at the congress of Vienna xx, 55. Sarsfield, colonel, (earl of Lucan) intercepts king William's con- voy ix, 77. surrenders Limerick on honorable terms 103 Saumarez, Sir James, his gallant action with the French and Spaniards xviii, 210 Savannah taken by the British xvi, 36. gallantly defended by ge- neral Prevost 55 & Savile, Sir George, his bill for the relief of Roman catholics passed xvi, 16 * * * Savoy, a conference at the viii, 16. 422 GENERAL INDEX. Savoy, duke of, joins the confederacy against France ix, 79. in- vades Dauphiné 129. engages in an alliance with France and Spain 307. concludes a treaty with the emperor 389. becomes king of Sicily x, 200. and Sardinia 276. ,” , annexation of, to the French republic Xvii, 177 Saxe, count de, appointed commander of the troops designed for an invasion of England in favor of the chevalier de St. George xi, 137. his progress in the Netherlands 146. 149. 158. 192., &c. Saxe Coburg, prince of, assists the duke of York in the capture of Valenciennes xvii, 245. Succeeds in taking Landrecy 300. orders the allies to retreat at the battle of Fleurus 305 , prince Leopold of, his marriage with the princess Charlotte xx, 151. refuses the government of Greece xxi, 191. becomes king of Belgium, ib. Saxons, national character of i, 14. arrive in Britain under Hen- gist and Horsa 15, subdue Britain, and settle there 16. reduced to despair by the ravages of the Danes 63. admit the Danes to settle with them after defeating them 66. review of the Saxon government in England 154, finally subdued by William duke of Normandy 153. 180 Sayre, Mr., committed to the Tower on a charge of treason xv, 217. recovers ºf 1000 damages for illegal imprisonment, ib. Scherer, general, appointed by the Directory to the command of the army of Italy xviii, 149. is defeated, and resigns his com- mand 150 Schomberg, marshal, lands in Ireland ix, 46. his death and cha- I’acter 71 Schwartzenburg, prince, assumes the command of the allied armies xix, 290. makes an unsuccessful attack on Dresden, ib. his victory at Leipsic 291. crosses the Rhine xx, 3. repulsed by Napoleon 4, storms the heights of Montmartre 10. enters Paris, ib. Schwerin, marshal, killed near Prague xii, 193 Scio, its capture and oppression by the Turks xx, 296 Scotland, the catholic religion suppressed, and the presbyterian discipline established by parliament in v, 29. revolts against James on the coming over of the prince of Orange viii, 353. the convention makes a tender of the crown to him and his princess 360. its union with England completed x, 84. riots in, from ap- prehension of relief to papists xvi, 47. bill passed for the re- storation of forfeited estates in 270. restoration of forfeited peerages in xxi, 63 Scott, major, his defence of the government of Warren Hastings xvii, 14. 106 Scottish episcopalians transfer their allegiance to the house of Hanover xvii, 21. their emancipation from certain legal re- straints 185 r Scutage, explanation of that term ii, 98 Seabury, Dr., bishop of Connecticut, consecrated at Aberdeen xvii, 21 Sebastiani, general, confirms the resolution of the grand signor in his opposition to Great Britain xix, 22 p *-*. GENERAL INDEX. 423 Secker, archbishop of Canterbury, his death and character xv, 34 Sedgemoor, battle of viii, 299 Self-denying ordinance passed by the long parliament vii, 115 Selkirk, lord, his mansion at Kirkcudbright pillaged by Paul Jones xvi, 41 Seneffe, battle of viii, 133 Senegal, expedition to xii, 309. captured by the French xvi, 56 Septennial act passed x, 259 Severus, emperor, completes Adrian's ramparti, 8 Seville taken by marshal Victor xix, 159 Seymour, lady Jane, married to Henry VIII. the day after Anne Boleyn's execution iv., 123. dies in child-bed 134 , Sir Thomas, marries Catharine Parr iv, 339. cabals against his brother the protector 240. desires a reconciliation with his brother 241. addresses lady Elizabeth, ib. committed to the Tower 242. attainted by parliament 244, executed, ib. Sforza, Francis, obtains the investiture of Milan iv, 75 - Shaftesbury, earl of, his hint of shutting up the exchequer viii, 96. is made chancellor 98. deserts the court, and joins the country party 119. sent to the Tower 145. presents reasons to the grand jury of Middlesex, for indicting the duke of Yor; as a popish recusant 222. accused of treason, but acquitted 252. instigates the duke of Monmouth’s conspiracy 264. retires to Holland, and dies 266. his character, ib. Shah Allum, the emperor, concludes an alliance with Sujah Dowla for the restoration of Mir Cossim xiv., 198. hard terms imposed on him by the British 210 Shah Zaddah invades Bengal, but is routed and taken prisoner by major Carnac xiv, 28 Shakspeare, character of his dramatic writings vi, 146. compared with Jonson 147 Sharp, a Scottish presbyterian commissioner, abandons their cause, and is made archbishop of St. Andrews viii, 14. his cruelty toward the covenanters 72. is murdered 212 Shaw, a life-guard man, his remarkable prowess and intrepidity at the battle of Waterloo xx, 86. his death, ib. Shebbeare, Dr., his trial xiii, 4 Shelburne, earl of, secretary of state xiv., 178. his duel with Mr. Fullarton xvi, 79. is placed at the head of the cabinet 185. compelled to relinquish office 207. created marquis of Lans- downe 270 Shepherd, James, tried for a scheme to assassinate king George I. and executed x, 278 Sheridan, Mr., his first speech in parliament xvi, 115. specimens of his eloquence in the charges of Warren Hastings at West- minster-hall xvii, 66. his animated denunciations of war with France 216. his pungent satire on Mr. Pitt 271. supports the Addington administration xviii, 226. brilliant specimen of his patriotic eloquence 228. his firmness at the conflagration of Drury-lane theatre xix, 134. his intrigues to exclude the whigs from office 238 - ——-, Dr., his trial and acquittal xix, 195 424 GENERAL INDEX. Sheriffs, primitive nature of their office ii, 209 Sherlock, bishop of London, addresses an affectionate letter to George III. xiv., 14. his death 63 Shiel, Mr., his zeal in forwarding the views of the catholics xxi, 117 Ship-money, imposed on occasion of Spanish invasion v., 352. ex- tended over the whole kingdom by Charles I. vi, 230. trial of Jghn Hambden, for refusing to pay it 240. declared illegal ~91 Ships, list of, lost, taken, and destroyed, by the English and French during the war xiii, 338–340 Shirley, Dr., and Fag, disputes between the two houses occasioned by viii, 136 —, governor, succeeds to the command of the army in North America xii, 11. is succeeded by general Abercrombie Xili, 64 Shore, Jane, accused by the duke of Glocester in council iii, 213. her history 214 Shoreham, borough of, disfranchised for corruption xv, 94 Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, bombards Dunkirk and Calais is, 173. 222. commands the fleet at the reduction of Barcelona x, 46. wrecked on the rocks of Scilly 90 Shrewsbury, battle of iii, 56 Sicily, crusade published against, by the pope ii, 134, defended from the incursions of the French by the energy of Nelson xviii, 124. invaded by Murat without success xix. 157 Sidney, Algernon, secretly negociates with France viii, 158, note. enters into the duke of Monmouth’s conspiracy 266. his life and character 274. is tried 275. executed 276 —. Sir Henry, lord deputy of Ireland, reduces Shan O’Neale v, 305. his vigilant administration, ib. —, Sir Philip, dissuades queen Elizabeth from marrying the duke of Anjou v., 188. his death and character 212 Silk-weavers, tumultuous assemblies of xiv., 145. are patronised by their majesties, ib. Simier, sent over by the duke of Anjou, to prosecute his suit with queen Elizabeth w, 184. discovers Leicester's marriage to the queen, ib. Simnel, Lambert, opens his pretensions in Ireland iii, 251. crowned at Dublin, ib. invades England 254. defeated at Stoke 25.5 Sinclair, Oliver, defeated by the English at Solway iv., 175 Sindercome is condemned for attempting the life of Oliver Crom- well vii, 311. poisons himself, ib. Sinking fund established x, 269 Siward, duke of Northumberland, his history i, 132 Slavery, remarkable discussion on, at Liverpool xxi, 240, abo- lished in the British colonies 249 Slaves, or villains, how considered among the Anglo-Saxons i, 16.5 Slave-trade, measures for its abolition commenced by quakers xvi, 216. is passed by the commons, but rejected in the upper GENERAL INDEX, 4:25 house 254, passed into a law during the whig administration Nix, 8 Sligo, marquis of, his trial and conviction for seducing seamen xix, 377 Sloane, Sir Hans, his museum purchased by parliament Xi, 314 Smalcalde, league of iv, 75 Smirke, Mr., his restoration of York \ſinster xxi, 154 Smith, Sir Sidney, his gallantry at the siege of Toulon xvii, 265. captured by the French xviii, 53. his escape from confinement 108. compels Buonaparte to raise the siege of Acre 158. assists in forcing the lyardanelles xix, 31 —, Mr., condemned to death for exciting the negroes to revolt xxi, 2. his death in prison, ib. Society for the encouragement of arts, manufactures, and com- merce instituted Niii, 7 * for the encouragement of drawing, sculpture, Sc. xiii, 8 for propagating the Gospel, projected by Đr. Bray ix, 266 Islands, their cultivation and improvement XXi, 4 Sodalitium, or Saxon bond of compact, described i, 161 Soldiers, common, their pay in the time of Edward III, ii, 335, In Ote Solebay, battle of viii, 104 Soltikoff, count, defeats the Prussians at Zullichaw xiii, 168. and at Cunersdorf 169 Solway frith, battle of iv., 175 Solyman, sultan, conquers Hungary, and besieges Vienna iv, 75 Somers, lord, appointed lord chancellor iX, 243, note. his cha- racter 259. impeached 315. tried and acquitted 319 Somerset, duke of, obliged to surrender Normandy to Charles VII. iii, 137. sent to the Tower 154, killed at the first battle of St. Albans 155 —, protector during the minority of Edward VI, iv, 217, defeats the Scots at the battle of Pinkey 231. passes laws favorable to the reformation 234. commits his brother to the Tower, and orders a prosecution of him 3-12. signs the warrant for his execution 244. conspiracy formed against him 257. sent to the Tower 958. confesses the charges laid against him ; is deprived of his offices, and fined 259. re-admitted to the council 260. again arrested 268. executed 269. his character 270, reflections on his fate, ib. Soubise, prince de, sent with a French army into Germany xii, 183. is defeated at Rosbach 235, takes possession of Gottingen 352. enters Frankfort xiii, 150. Supersedes marshal Broglio xiv, 7.4 Souham, general, defeats the English and Austrians at Turcoing xvii, 301 Soult, marshal, his intrepidity during the retreat of the French to Genoa xviii, 173. horrible slaughter perpetrated by his orders at the battle of Austerlitz 295. is repelled by the British at the battle of Coruña xix, 82. advances into Portugal, and captures Oporto 100. is compelled to retreat 104. defeats the Spaniards in the battle of Ocana 125. captures Olivenza 200. is repulsed 426 GENERAL INDEX. by the British at Albuera 216. relieves Badajos 221. his com- munications with Marmont intercepted 263. again assumes the chief command 303. endeavors to relieve St. Sebastian and Pampeluna 304. compels Sir Thomas Picton to retire, ib. is dislodged from his position on the Pyrenees by lord Wellington 306. recrosses the Bidassoa, ib. retreats to Bayonne, 314. Oc- cupies a strong position in front of that city 315. Sustains a defeat at Orthes xx, 8. and another at Toulouse 12. sends in his adhesion to the provisional government, ib. becomes mi- mister of war to Louis XVIII. 63. joins the standard of Napo- leon, ib. whom he preserves at the battle of Waterloo 96. collects the scattered wreck of the army 98, is banished beyond the Rhine 104 South American states, their spirited resistance to the mother country xx, 219. consuls received from the British government 315, their independence recognised by Great Britain 317 Southampton, Wriothesly, deprived of the chancellorship, and removed from the council iv, 218. cabals with Warwick against the protector 257. enters into a plot against him, ib. retires from the council, and dies of vexation 259 —, earl of, enters into Essex's conspiracy v, 323. is tried with Essex, and condemned 327. is spared, but detained in prison 330 South-Sea scheme projected X, 298. Some account of 303. breaks 305 Southwark bridge, opening of xx, 219 Spa-fields, seditious meetings at xx, 153. 166 Spain, state of, at the time of Henry VII. iii, 257. peace of Château Cambresis v, 13. acknowleges the independ- ence of the United Provinces vi, 34, its situation at the time of the treaty of Nimeguen viii, 161. war proclaimed against xiv, 65. in conjunction with her French allies, she determines to invade Portugal 66. seizes Falkland's islands xv, 84. secretly encourages the Americans 264. determines on hostilities with Great Britain xvi, 49, issues a decla- ration of war 50. joins her fleet with France, ib. attacks West Florida, and the British settlements on the Mississippi 62. failure of her attack on Gibraltar 196. signs a treaty of peace with Great Britain 218. also a convention xvii, 20. dispute with Great Britain relative to Nootka Sound 138. which is adjusted 141. her unsuccessful invasion of Roussillon 252. capture of fortresses 311. renewal of war with Great T}ritain xviii, 261. her resistance to French usurpation xix, 35. dissensions of her provincial juntas 62. ill success of her mili- tary operations 95. tyrannical treatment of her transatlantic colonies 161. her establishment of a new regency 250. her de- graded and oppressed state under Ferdinand xx, 16. loss of her transatlantic dominions 219. recall of her Cortes by Ferdinand 257. abolition of the Salique law in xxi, 189 Spenser, his character as a poet V, 377 Spithead, mutiny of seamen at xviii, 65. suppressed 66 Spurs, battle of iii, 334 GENERAL INDEX. 427 St. Albans, battles of iii, 155. 163 St. Aubin, battle of iii, 264 St. Bartholomew, massacre of v, 158 St. Croix, his gallant defence of Belleisle xiv, 26 St. Denis, battle of v, 143 St. Edmondsbury, comfederacy of the barons formed there ii, 61 St. Eustatius captured by Rodney, xvi, 137. surrendered to the French 138 St. John, his ineffectual negociations with the States-General vii, 254. excites a quarrel between the commonwealth and the States 255 - of Jerusalem, the order dissolved by parliament iv, 157 ——, Newfoundland, captured by the French xiv, 79, is reco- vered by the British 80. its conquest by the Americans xv, 211 St. Lucie, capture of by the British xiv, 79. xvi, 35 St. Maloes, expedition against Xii, 292. 298 St. Omers, the prince of Orange defeated there viii, 146 St. Quintin, battle of iv, 332 St. Sebastian, its siege and capture by Sir Thomas Graham xix, 307 St. Vincent, capture of, by the British xiv, 79 Stafford, lord, tried for the popish plot viii, 232. executed 235 Staffordshire, riots at xx, 153 Stair, (Dalrymple) earl of, his character x, 245. thwarted at the battle of Dettingen Xi, 126. made commander in chief 139 Stamps, duty on, in the American colonies passed xiv., 141, is repealed 169 Standard, battle of the i, 278 Stanhope, colonel, takes Minorca X, 115. appointed prime minis- ter 267. his death 309 r Stanislaus elected king of Poland x, 34. xi, 12. abdicates the throne xi, 36 Stanley, lord, his ambiguous conduct previous to the battle of Bosworth iii, 228. declares for Richmond, ib. —, Sir William, detected in abetting Perkin Warbec iii, 279. tried and executed 280 Stannary courts suppressed by the long parliament vi, 323 Stanwix, fort, ill success of the British at Xv, 321 Star-chamber, how founded, and when established iii, 306. abo- lished by parliament vi, 32.2 States-general in France, meeting of X vii, 115 Statute merchant, and statute staple, account of xiii, 42 Staunton, captain, totally defeats Bajee Row XX, 124 Steel, Richard, esq., expelled the house of commons for his writings x, 211 —— engraving, its introduction XX, 220 Stephen, king of England, assumes the crown i, 274. taken pri- soner by the empress Matilda 281. his party laid under the papal interdiction 285. enters into a compromise with Henry, son of the empress Matilda 287, dies, ib. his character, ib. 4 28 GENERAL INDEX. Stevens, admiral, sails for the East Indies xii, 164. assists colonel Coote in the siege of Pondicherry xiv, 27 - Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury, encourages the English to resist the Normans i, 181. degraded and imprisoned 200 Still-yard, merchants of, when established into a company iv, 266. the privileges of, annulled by the council of Edward VI. 267 Stirn, Mr., assassination by xiii, 242 - Stoke, battle of iii, 254 Stony-Point captured by Sir Henry Clinton, xvi, 57. retaken by general Wayne 59. re-occupied by the British 60 Strafford, Wentworth earl of, his character vi, 217. his general unpopularity at the meeting of the long parliament 280. im- peached by the house of commons 282. is accused by the Irish parliament 304. his defence 308. is attainted by the commons 314, his attainder passed 318. executed 320. his character, 10. Strahan, Sir Richard, captures four French ships escaped from Trafalgar xviii, 292 Stratford, archbishop of Canterbury, enters into a combination against Edward III. ii, 318. his bold defiance of the king 319 Stratton, battle of vii, 72 t Strongbow, Richard, earl of Strigul, engages to assist Dermot king of Leinster i, 333, marries his daughter, and succeeds to his kingdom, ib. receives from Henry the commission of se- neschal of Ireland 335 Struensee, count, his seizure and execution xv, 113 Stuart, Sir John, his defeat of the French at Maida xviii, 319 Style altered xi, 285, note - Suchet, marshal, his ill success in Valencia xix, 167. Imakes himself master of Tortosa 200. storms Tarragona 222, captures Murviedro 227. invests the city of Valencia 228. abandons' Tarragona, and retires to the Pyrenees 295. Suetonius Paulinus, sent by Nero to Britain i, 6. subdues An- glesea, ib. defeats Boadicea 7. recalled, ib. Suffolk, earl of, negociates a truce with Charles VII. of France iii, 132. concludes a treaty of marriage between Henry VI. and Margaret of Anjou 133. impeached by the commons 143. ba- nished by the king 145. murdered 146 , Edmond de la Pole, earl of, flies to Flanders, and why iii, 301. deluded over to England and committed to the Tower 303. beheaded by Henry VIII. 532 –, Charles Brandon, duke of, secretly marries Mary, sister to Henry VIII. iii, 342. Henry reconciled to him, ib. sent by Henry to invade France iv, 39. dies 194. the king’s character of him, ib. , duke of, defends his daughter Jane’s pretensions to the crown iv, 283. declares for queen Mary 284. engages in a con- spiracy against Mary 297. is tried and executed 301, ... * Sujah Dowla, nabob of Oude, affords protection to Mir Cossim xiv, 199. is totally defeated at the battle of Buxar 200. Con- cludes a treaty of peace with lord Clive 208. throws himself on the generosity of the English 210. purchases the concurrence of GENERAL INDEX. 429 Warren Hastings in his conquest of the Rohillas xv, 295. his pusillanimity 296. his death 298 Sullivan, general, his retaliation on the Indians xvi, 61 Sullivan's island, unsuccessful assault of, by the British xv, 246 Sunday, sports and exercises allowed on, by proclamation of James I. vi., 70. renewed by Charles I. 228 Surinam, its capture by the British xviii, 157 Surrey, earl of, made admiral of England, and by Charles V. admiral of the imperial dominions iv, 30. commands the Eng- lish incursions into France 31. commands in the invasion of Scotland 33, motives of Henry's aversion to him 200. his açcusation and execution, ib. —, , earl of, (afterwards duke of Norfolk) renounces the catholic faith xvi, 109 Suspension-bridge, its erection over the Menai Strait xx, 220 Sussex, history of the Saxon kingdom of i, 42 Sutherland, colonel, his defeat of the Ashantees xxi, 3 Sutton, Mr. C. M., elected speaker of the house of commons xx, 166 Suwarrof, general, his diabolical cruelty at Warsaw xvii, 320. defeats the army of Macdonald xviii, 150. gains the battle of Novi 151. is defeated by Massena in Switzerland, and com- pelled to retreat, ib. resigns his command 152 Swart, Martin, sent by the duchess of Burgundy to the assist- ance of Lambert Simnel iii, 254, defeated and killed at the battle of Stoke 255 Sweating sickness, first appearance of iii, 243 Sweden joins in the triple league viii, 66. accedes to a treaty of peace with Frederic III. of Prussia xiv, 71. insurrection of peasants at 187. revolution effected by Gustavus III. xv, 114. her disputes with Russia and Turkey Xvii, 107. accommodated 108. her resistance to the claim of a right to search by Great Britain xviii, 187. compelled to relinquish the northern con- federacy 203. joins Great Britain, Austria, and Russia against France 274, obtains possession of Norway at the congress of Vienna xx, 57 Sweyn, king of Denmark, his invasion of England i, 104. exacts tribute of Ethelred 105. dies at Gainsborough 113 Swiss league with pope Julius II. against the French iii, 3:0. drive the French out of Milan 326. excel other nations in their infantry 332. invade Burgundy 335. defeated by Francis I. at Marignan iv, 7 Switzerland, its invasion and subjugation by the French republic xviii, 107 Talavera, battle of xix, 117 Talleyrand, his communications with Fox relative to a general peace xviii, 304. broken off by the death of the latter 507. instrumental to the restoration of the Bourbons xx, 10. Created minister for foreign affairs 101 Talliages levied by the Anglo Norman kings ii, 97 430 GENERAL INDEX. Tallien, horrible cruelty of xviii, 21 Tancred, his usurpation of Sicily ii, 7 Tangiers yielded to Charles II. viii, 23 Tarleton, colonel, defeated by the Americans at the Cowpens xvi, 142 - Tarragona stormed by the French xix, 222 Tavora, the marquis and marchioness of, &c. arrested for a con- spiracy against the king of Portugal xii, 385. their trial and execution xiii, 186, &c. º Taxes, how imposed in the reign of Edward I. ii, 251. arbitrarily increased by Edward III. 381. oppressively raised by Henry VIII. under the name of loans iv, 35. exorbitant levies of, "in the reign of Edward VI. 353. a review of those imposed during the time of the commonwealth vii, 352 Taylor, parson of Hadley, burnt for heresy iv, 316 Templars, knights, character of that order ii, 280. their cruel treatment by Philip the Fair 281. the order abolished by pope Clement W. 282 Temple, Sir William, sent to concert an opposition to the French conquests in the Netherlands viii, 64. concludes the triple alliance with the States and Sweden 66. is sent plenipotentiary to the treaty at Aix-la-Chapelle 67. his remonstrance to the king 131. is sent to the congress at Nimeguen 142. concludes an alliance with the States, to oblige Louis to comply with the treaty of Nimeguen 158. his character as a writer 380, his death, ib. Temple, lord, his character xiv, 6. resigns the privy seal on the retirement of Mr. Pitt 43. loses his seat in the privy council, &c. by his partiality to. Wilkes 113. refuses to join the ministry 146. his quarrel with the earl of Chatham 176. their recon- ciliation xv, 63 - Tenchebray, battle of i, 252 Tenures, feudal, explained il, 79 Terceira, unsuccessful invasion of, by Don Miguel xxi, 146. its occupation by count Saldanha prevented by the British govern- ment 147 Terouene besieged by Henry VIII. iii, 333. capitulates 334 Test act passed viii, 119. repeal of xxi, 110 Tewkesbury, battle of iii, 194 Texel, engagement between prince Rupert and de Ruyter, at the mouth of viii, 121. defeat of the Dutch fleet at xviii, 75 Thames tunnel, commencement of xxi, 53 Thanes, among the Saxons, import of that distinction i, 163 Theatres, cause of the licentiousness of, after the restoration viii, 378. how corrected 379 Thelwall, Mr. John, apprehended on a charge of high treason xvii, 278. tried and acquitted 292 Theodore proclaimed king of Corsica xi, 131. ungenerously treated in England 298 Thermidorians, triumph of xviii, 25 Thistlewood committed to the Tower on a charge of high treason xx, 167, the charge abandoned 172. takes the lead in a con- GENERAL INDEX. 431 spiracy to assassinate the cabinet ministers 224, his detection and apprehension 227. his trial and execution, ib. Thomas à Becket, his history i, 298. appointed chancellor, ib. created archbishop of Canterbury 300. opposes the king 305. Subscribes the constitutions of Clarendon 307. condemned for contempt 310. appeals to the pope, and leaves the kingdom 313. his reception in France 314. excommunicates Henry's ministers 316. is reconciled to Henry 320. murdered at the altar 324. his character, ib. - Thompson, Mr., disobeys the orders of the house of common xv, 95 ——, general, his unsuccessful attack on the British forces xv, 243 - - Throgmorton, Sir John, convicted of a conspiracy iv, 301. is released from confinement by Philip 308. made ambassador to Paris, and sends over intelligence of the hostile measures of the French court V, 26. is employed to encourage an insurrec- tion in Scotland against Mary 69. sent ambassador to Scotland, on the captivity of Mary 93 Thurlow, Mr., lord chancellor xvi, 67. his advice to George III. 208. the great seal stolen from his house 270 Thurot, M., an account of xiii, 73. he makes a descent at Car- rickfergus 247. is slain, and his squadron taken 248 Ticonderoga abandoned by the French, and taken possession of by general Amherst xiii, 107 – fort, surprised by colonel Allen xv, 209. recovered by the British 320 Tierney, Mr., his duel with Mr. Pitt xviii, 92. joins Mr. Can- ning’s ministry xxi, 9% Tillotson, Dr. John, created archbishop of Canterbury ix, 90. his death 179 Tilsit, treaty of xix, 17 Tindal flies to Antwerp, from the power of Henry VIII. iv, 99. makes a translation of the scriptures 100. is artfully supplied with money to perfect it, by bishop Tonstal, ib. Tippoo Saib, son of Hyder Ali, defeated by the British xvi, 122. becomes sovereign of Mysore at the death of his father 128. deserted by his French allies at the conclusion of the American war 129. loses the city of Bednore, which he recaptures 130. concludes a treaty of peace with the British 131. his arbitrary and cruel conduct, ib. his aggressions on the company’s terri- tories and allies 198. besieged by lord Cornwallis in Seringa- patam 205. compelled to make a disadvantageous peace 207. renews his intrigues against the English xviii, 132. is defeated, and retires to Seringapatam 136. besieged in that fortress by general Harris 137. his death 139 Tithes, when first obtained by the clergy i, 57 Tithings, subdivision of counties into, by Alfred i, 72 Tobacco, when first introduced into England v, 211 Tobago, island of, taken possession of by the French, who are obliged to evacuate it xi, 245, conquest of, by the British xiv, 432 GENERAL INDEX. 79. is reduced by the French under de Bouillé xvi, 139. re- captured by the British xvii, 293 Toleration act passed ix, 13 * Tonnage and poundage, a short history of those grants vi, 202 Tonstal, bishop, dismissed the council for opposing the reform- ation iv, 223. his character 27.2. restored by queen Mary 287 Torgau taken by the imperialists xiii, 172. 315. battle of xiv., 20 Torrington, (Herbert) earl of, makes a fruitless attempt on Cork ix, 48. defeated by the French off Beachy-head 74. sent pri- soner to the Tower 75. tried and acquitted 76 Tortosa, its capture by the French xix, 200 Tortuga captured by the French xiv, 137. is restored, ib. Tory, origin of that name viii, 221 Tosti, duke of Northumberland, brother to Harold, his subjects rebel against him i, 138. Superseded by Morcar 139. his de- predations on the English coasts 147. defeated and killed by Harold, ib. Toulon, its siege by the republicans xvii, 262. means suggested by Buonaparte to effect its capture 263. borrible massacre at 266 Toulouse, count de, despoiled of his dominions for protecting the Albigenses ii, 51. battle of xx, 12 Tournay besieged by Edward III, ii, 314, taken by Henry VIII. iii, 335 Tournholt, battle of V, 288 Tours, truce concluded there between England and France iii, 132 Toussaint l’Ouverture submits to the French arms under the promise of pardon, and dies in prison xviii, 225 Townley, Mr., his collection of statues purchased by government xix., 277 Townshend, hon. George, forms a plan for landing the troops near the heights of Abraham xiii, 124. and assists in the exe- cution of it 127. his station at the battle of Quebec, ib. his gallant behavior 129. the command devolves to him, ib. his farther operations in completing the victory, ib. , Mr. Charles, made chancellor of the exchequer xiv, 178. his vacillating principles xv, 3. his premature death 5 , lord, viceroy of Ireland xv, 6. his popularity, ib. establishes a preponderance of English interests 38, is displaced by the earl of Harcourt 131 Towton, battle of iii, 169 Trade, regulation of, among our Saxon ancestors i, 173. board of, when erected viii, 374 Trafalgar, battle of xviii, 286 Tran-stamare, Henry count de, engages Charles king of France to invade his brother Peter ii, 368. becomes possessed of Castile By the flight of his brother 369. defeated by Edward the black prince, and Peter restored 370. murders Peter, and regains the kingdom, ib. GENERAL INDEX. 433 Treason, high, cases of, limited by law, in the reign of Edward IIl. ii., 378. rigorous statutes against, enacted by Henry VIII. iv, 205. statutes of Elizabeth, concerning V, 141 Trent, council of iv, 224 Trentham, lord, account of his election for Westminster xi, 265. 281—285 Tresilian, Sir Robert, his execution iii, 17 Treves taken from the French by the imperialists viii, 140 Triennial act passed is, 179. repealed x, 259 Trincomalee stormed by the British xvi, 126. is recaptured, ib. Trinity college, Cambridge, when and by whom founded iv, 213 Triple alliance formed viii, 66 Trollop, major, blown up at Guadaloupe xiii, 96 Trollope, captain, his gallant encounter with six French frigates xviii, 53 Tromp, the Dutch admiral, engages Blake vii, 257. he and de Ruyter defeat Blake 258. engages Blake for three days, and is worsted 259, again defeated 274. killed in an engagement with Monk, ib. —, son of the former, sustains an engagement against the duke of York viii, 41. he and de Ruyter engage the duke of Albemarle four days 47. defeated at the mouth of the Thames 49. his commission taken from him, ib. Troppau, congress of XX, 259 Trotter, Mr., paymaster to lord Melville xviii, 268. investigation of his conduct 969 Troye, treaty at iii, 86 Tryon, governor, his expedition into Connecticut xvi, 58 Tucker, dean, first advocates the liberation of America xiv, 139 Tuckey, captain, falls a victim to the climate in exploring the interior of Africa xx, 153 r Tudor, Sir Owen, marries Catbarine, widow of Henry V. iii, 93. taken prisoner and beheaded 163 Tullibardine, (Murray) marquis of, joins the earl of Mar x, 246. lands in Scotland 291. taken prisoner, and sent to the Tower Xi, 184 Tunis bombarded by Blake vii, 288 Turcoing, battle of xvii, 301 Turenne, marshal, his successes in Alsace viii, 133. prevents Montecuculi from passing the Rhine 139. is killed, ib. Turgot, M., placed over the finance department by Louis XVI. xv, 165 Turkey, commencement of the trade with v, 367. by the instiga- tions of France, proclaims war against Great Britain and Russia xviii, 323. peace restored xix, 246. her dissensions with the Greek colonies xx, 280. horrible cruelties of 296. her disputes with Russia arranged at the congress of Verona 300. her haughty rejection of all interference in the affairs of Greece XXi, 101. destruction of her navy in the battle of Navarino 103. is engaged in war with Russia 114. obtains a disadvantageous peace 1 {3. escapes the designs of Russia by the intervention of Great Britain and France 255 IEN G. |X X ſ. 2 E 434 GENERAL INDEX. Turks invest Missolonghi xxi, 56 Turnpikes, first law for the erection of viii, 375 Tyler, Wat, head of an insurrection iii, 6. has a conference with the king 7. is killed 8 Tyrawley, lord, commands the British auxiliaries in Portugal xiv, 7t, Tyrconnel, earl of, his oppression of the protestants in Ireland viii, 315. made lord lieutenant 316 Tyrone, earl of, his character v, 307. enters into a correspondence with Spain, ib. his treaty with the earl of Essex. 312. breaks the truce 315. joins the Spaniards who invade Ireland 334, de- feated by Mountjoy, ib. surrenders to Mountjoy 340. is par- doned, ib. Tyrrel, Sir James, murders Edward V. and the duke of York in the Tower, by order of Richard III. iii, 217. executed for another crime 302 U. Ulm, surrender of, by general Mack xviii, 283 Ulster, company formed in London for planting colonies in vi, 47. insurrection of the Irish, and massacre of the English there vii, 9, extensive insurrections in xy, 39. subdued, ib. Uniformity, act of, passed viii, 20 - Union with Scotland completed x, 84. one with Ireland effected xviii, 170 Unitarian dissenters relieved from pains and penalties xix, 284 United Provinces of the Low Countries, commencement of their association against the dominions of Spain v, 166. pacification of Ghent 169. their freedom acknowleged by Spain vi, 34. ob- tain of James 1. a resignation of the cautionary towns 62. ac- quire their full freedom by this restitution 63. decline the pro- posed coalition with the English commonwealth vii, 254. their ships taken by the English 256. make peace with Cromwell 275. war declared against them by the English viii, 41. treaty of Breda 53. triple alliance 66. war declared by England 99. war declared by France 100. Sea fight at Solebay 104. rapid progress of Louis XIV. on their territories 105. general consternation of the States 106. the prince of Orange made stadtholder 111. peace with England 125. Peace of Nimeguen 161. join in a league against Louis XIV. 336. concur with the prince of Orange in his expedition to England 342, agree to the peace of Utrecht x, 198 Urbanists and Clementines, source of those distinctions iii, 45 Urrey, colonel, deserts from the parliament army vii, 74. defeated by Montrose 133. executed in Scotland 234 Ushant, naval engagement off xvi, 37 Usury, laws against iii, 308. iv, 271 Utrecht taken by Louis XIV. viii, 106. peace of x, 198 Uxbridge, earl of, commands the cavalry at Waterloo xx, 95. loses his leg in that battle, ib. created marquis of Anglesea 106 y Vaccine inoculation, introduction of, by Dr. Jenner xviii, 225 GENERAL INDEX. 435 Valencia invested by Suchet xix, 228 Valenciennes besieged and taken by the duke of York xvii, 246 Vandamme, general, his disaster in Bohemia xix, 290 \ and eput, Sir George, account of his competition for Westminster xi, 265. 381—285 Van Dieman's Land, its advances in civilisation xxi, 4 Vane, Sir Henry, procures the condemnation Gf the earl of Strafford vi, 312. negociates a confederacy with the Scots vii, 89. procures the solemn league and covenant to be framed, ib. becomes a leader of the independents 110. encourages discon- tents against the protector 279, confined by the long parliament on its restoration 335. excepted from the act of indemnity on the restoration v iii, 4. is tried 25, executed 27. his character, ib. Vansittart, Mr., his endeavors to adjust disputes between Mir Cossim and the company xiv., 192. his agreement disavowed by the council 194 Vassalage, the origin and nature of, explained ii, 78 Vaudreuil, marquis de, his surrender of Montreal xiii, 265 Vaughan, general, assists Rodney in the reduction of St. Eusta- tius xvi, 137. his defence of his conduct against the censures of Burke 160 Venables takes Jamaica, with Penn, and is sent to the Tower vii, 289 Venner, an account of his insurrection viii, 12 Vergennes, count de, his interference in favor of the Americans xv, 260, his reply to the commissioners 263. lais active inter- ference in their behalf xvi, 2 Verneuil, battle of iii, 102 Vernon, admiral, sent to the West Indies xi, 70. takes Porto- Bello 73. his operations at Carthagena 88. his farther operations in the West Indies 116. commands in the channel 179 Verona, insurrection and massacre of the French at xviii, 77. con- gress at XX, 300. its arrangements, ib. Verplanks captured by Sir Henry Clinton xvi, 57 Versailles, disturbances at xvii, 124 Vervins, peace of v, 297 Vice-chancellor, appointment of xix, 377 Victor Amadeus, king of Sardinia, resigns his throne to his son X, 369. is imprisoned by him for intriguing to regain it xi, 3 Victor, marshal, his attack on the 13ritish repelled Xix, 115. ad- vises Joseph 13uonaparte to risk a battle at Talavera, ib. takes possession of Seville 159. is defeated by general Graham at Barosa 203 Victoria, princess, her birth xx, 221. provision made for her by parliament xxi, <00 Vienna, its occupation by Napoleon xviii, 292. xix, 126. peace concluded at xix, 127. Congress of, opened XX, 29, its arranse- ments 51 Vigo taken and burnt by Sir Francis Drake v, 368 Villa Flor, count, defeats the troops of Don Miguel at Terceira xxi, 146 Villains, among the Anglo-Saxons, what i. 165 Will atte, surprise of his corps by lord Wellington xix, -96 436 GENERAL INT) EX. Villèle, M. de, nature of his ministry xxi, 121 Villeneuve, admiral, puts to sea from Toulon xviii, 278. his squadron dispersed off Ferrol by Sir Robert Calder 281. takes shelter in Cadiz ib. quits that port 285. his skilful prepara- tion for an engagement 286. his total defeat and capture 290, his return to France, and melancholy fate, jb. Vinegar-hill, defeat of the Irish insurgents at xviii, 103 Virginia, the first settlers planted there by Sir Walter Raleigh, desert it v, 211. the settlements there resumed and effected vi, 143. disputes between the governor and people xi, 364. assembly of, their violent resolutions xiv., 151. petition the British legislature against the stamp act 159. compel lord Dunmore to abdicate the government xy, 214. Successful ope- rations of the British in xvi, 57 Vittoria, battle of xix, ‘299 Volunteers, bounties given to xiii, 54. demonstrations of their public spirit in their resistance of the threats of French in- vasion xviii, 242 Vorstius, a disciple of Arminius, banished from the United Pro- vinces vi, 44 W. Wager of battle, extraordinary instance of xx, 190. law passed for its repeal, ib. Wagram, battle of xix, 127 Wakefield, battles of iii, 162. vii, 85 Wakeman, Sir George, accused of an intention to poison Charles II. viii, 174. is acquitted 211 - Walcheren, isle of, its capture by the British xix, 131. dreadful mortality of the troops, and its relinquishment, ib. Walcot, lieutenant-colonel, his trial and execution viii, 269 Waldeck, prince of, defeats the French at Walcot ix, 48. routed and killed at Fleurus 80 - Waldegrave, dowager-countess of, her marriage with the duke of Glocester x v, 108 - Wales, its reduction by Edward I. ii, 188. united to the English government by parliament iv, 92 - , princess-dowager of, her influence over George III. xiv, 2. her death and character Xv, 114 - Walker, Rev. Mr. George, his bravery at Londonderry ix, 33. embarks for England 30. killed at the Boyne 73 - Wall, Mr., the Spanish minister, his conferences with lord Bristol xiv, 59 Wallace, William, his character ii, 232, becomes a leader of the discontented Scots, ib. chases Ormesby, the English justiciary, to England 233. countenanced by Robert Bruce, ib. gains, a victory over earl Warrenne 234. made regent of Scotland, ib. makes an incursion into England, ib. routed at Falkirk by Edward 236. gains Bruce over to the Scottish interest 237. betrayed into the hands of Edward 241. executed 242. Waller, Edmund, the poet, his anecdote of James I. Yi, 58. forms a party in favor of the king vii, 79. discovered, and con- GENERAL INDEX. 437 demned by a court-martial 80. pardoned, on paying a fine 81. his character as a poet 353, his death 359 W alier, Sir William, a parliamentary general, his rapid exploits vii, 69. joins the earl of Essex 70. defeated on Roundway- down 73. routed by the king at Cropredy-bridge 106 Wallingford-house, cabal of wii, 320 \\ almoden, general, left by the duke of York in the command of the allied army xvii, 316. is compelled to quit Holland 313 Walpole, Horatio, Esq., his character x, 363 —, Sir Robert, appointed secretary at war X, 105. dis- missed 147. made paymaster to the army, and to Chelsea- hospital 228, his contluct in parliament 243. resigns 266. appointed first commissioner of the treasury 310. Imade a knight of the garter 334, note. his character 353. proposes the excise scheme xi, 6. his motives for avoiding a war 51. motion for removing him from his majesty's councils and presence for ever 80.83, his power decreases 101. created earl of Orford 103. inquiry into his conduct 106. his death 155, note Walsingham, minister to queen Elizabeth, countenances the puritans V, 119. is sent ambassador to France, Cº. occasiºn of the intended marriage between Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou 186. averse to the French marriage 188. discovers Babington's conspiracy 220. Seizes the conspirators 222, justi- fies his conduct towards Mary queen of Scots, on her trial 229. his death and character 399 Waltheof, earl, enters into a conspiracy against William the Conqueror i, 206, betrayed by his wife, ib. executed 256 Walworth, mayor of London, kills Wat Tyler iii, 8 W ampum of the American Indians described xiii, 104 War, reflections on the state of, and manner of carrying 3D, in the early times of the English history iii, 80. 138 Warbec, Perkin, his parentage iii, 274. sent to Ireland, and assumes the character of the duke of York ºf 5, invited to Paris by Charles VIII. 276. retires to the duchess of Bur- gundy, ib. received by James IV. of Scotland, and murried to lady Catharine Gordon 285. Tetires to Ireland 292. Inakes a descent on Cornwall, ib. besieges Exeter, ib. persuaded to surrender 293. conducted to London in mock triumph, ib. makes a confession, which is published, ib. escapes :94. re- taken, ib. concerts an escape with the earl of Warwick, ib. executed, ib. Wardle, colonel, his charges against the duke of York xix, 88 Wardships, a branch of the revenue of the Anglo-Norman kings ii, 99, the oppressive nature of the prerogative y, 353 Warren, Sir J. B., captures two French line of battle ships xviii. 316 Warrenne, earl, joins prince F.C. ward in support of the royal cause against the earl of Leicester ii, 155. his reply, when required to show his title to his estate 185. defeats the Scots, and takes the castle of Dunbar 218. left governor of Scotland 220. collects an army to suppress Wallace 233. defeated by 4.38 GENERAL INDEX. him 234. retreats to England, ib. joins the confederacy of the earl of Lancaster against Piers Gavaston 259 Warrington, captain, his trial xxi, 209 Wºw, battle of vii, 283. city of, sacked by Suwarrof xvii, 3% Warwick, Guy earl of, confederates with the earl of Lancaster against Piers Gavaston ii, 259. seizes Gavaston, who is put to death at Warwick castle 260 sm ſº º , earl of, left by Henry V. guardian of his infant son 111, *i. besieges Montargis 107. becomes regent of France 130. dies, ib. —, , earl of, distinguished by the appellation of King- maker, his character iii, 141. made governor of Calais 157. arrives at London 159. defeats and takes Henry at North- ampton, ib. defeated by queen Margaret at St. Albans 163. his behavior previous to the battle of Towton 169. disgusted with Edward's marriage 177. makes a party against the king 178. enters into a league with queen Margaret 184. the king expelled 187. defeated and killed at the battle of Barnet 19.3 —, Edward Plantagenet, earl of, imprisoned in the Tower by Henry VII. iii, 241. executed 295 , earl of, takes the command of Havre-de-Grace for queen Elizabeth w, 55. is besieged by the French 61. the garrison infected with the plague, ib. capitulates, ib. Warwickshire, riots in xii, 110 Washington, George, his transactions in America xi, 331. 363. his appointment as commander-in-chief of the republican forces xv, 206. his life and character, ib. his arrival at Boston, and disposition of his army 208. difficulties of his situation 238. gains possession of Dorchester-heights 239. makes a triumphal entry into Boston 240. defends New York against general Howe and his brother 248. a conspiracy detected against his person 249. sustains a severe defeat at Brooklyn 254. evacuates New York, and retreats to White Plains 265. is here attacked 266. his able retreat behind the Delaware 267. he crosses that river 271. his brilliant successes at Trenton and Princetown, ib. recovers great part of the Jer- seys, and saves Philadelphia 273. is defeated at Brandy- wine 314. makes an unsuccessful attack on the British at German-town 316. selects Valley Forge for winter quarters 317. sufferings of his troops 318. he remonstrates with con- gress, ib. attacks Clinton on his retreat from Philadelphia xvi, 29. reprimands general Lee 30. counteracts the French plans regarding Canada 35. his cautious policy 61. invested with the supreme command of the French army in America 102. refuses to mitigate the sentence of major André 105. his schemes to mislead Sir Henry Clinton 108. suppresses a mutiny in his army 141. invests York-town 149. compels lord Corn- wallis to surrender 150. his sternness in retaliating the murder of Huddy 191. his civil services at the conclusion of the war 220. bids adieu to his officers 221. resigns his command to congress 222. chosen president of the United States 223. GENERAL INDEX. 4:39 re-elected to that station 224. his final retreat and death, l g Washington, fort, captured by the British xv, 267 , city of, its capture and devastation by the British xx, 34 Watches, when first introduced into England v, 370 Waterloo, battle of xx, 79 Waterloo-bridge, opening of xx, 177 Watson, admiral, arrives in the East Indies xii, 84, his proceed- ings there 84. 174. 177. his death 180 —, Dr., bishop of Llandaff, his anticipations of the happy effects resulting from the union with Ireland xviii, 130 , Sen, a ringleader in the Spa-fields riots xx, 154, com- mitted to the Tower on a charge of high treason, with three others 167. his trial and acquittal 171 , jun. shoots a gentleman in the Spa-fields riots xx, 154. escapes to America, ib. Wattignies, battle of xvii, 249 Wayne, general, surprised by the British xv, 315. retakes Stony Point xvi, 59. instance of his gallantry, ib. Webb, general, defeats a large body of French at Wynendale x, 112. dismissed from the service 242 Welles, Sir Robert, heads an insurrection in Lincolnshire iii, 182. defeated and executed 183 Wellesley, marquis, appointed governor-general of India xviii, 132. expostulates with Tippoo on his hostile movements 135. directs the advance of the army 136. his judicious partition of the Mysorean territory 139. satisfactorily arranges the affairs of the Carnatic 141. reduces the power of the Mahratta princes 143. is succeeded in his government by the marquis Cornwallis 147. review of his administration, ib. appointed envoy extra- Ordinary in Spain xix, 120. promoted to the office of foreign Secretary 133. resigns his office 233. he is appointed lord-lieu- tenant of Ireland xx, 282. his unpopularity with the Orange party 306. opposes the restriction on public meetings in Ireland xxi, 263 , Sir Arthur, (duke of Wellington) his victorious career in India xviii, 145. accompanies lord Cathcart to Den- mark xix, 19. lands at Coruña 53. superseded by Sir H. Bur- rand 57. obtains a decisive victory at Vimiero, ib. returns to England after the convention of Cintra 61. assumes the com- mand of the British army in Portugal 103. recovers Oporto 104. his difficulties 106. he advances into Spain 109. his interview with Cuesta 112. defeats the French at Talavera 117. is raised to the peerage 122. retreats into Portugal 126. his distrust of the Spaniards 160. his plans counteracted by the Portuguese regency 165, he repels the attack of Massena and Ney on his position at Busaco 173. retreats to the lines of Torres Vedras 177. his spirited remonstrances with the British and Portuguese governments 180. compels the enemy to retreat 181. overtakes them at Pombal 208. defeats Massena at Fuentes Onoro 215. gets possession of Almeida, ib. invests Badajos 220, threatens 440 GENERAL INDEX. to resign his command 222. repels the attack of Marmont at El Bodon 225. invests Ciudad Rodrigo 227, takes the place by Storm 253. his illness and recovery 255. storms Badajos 257. overtakes Marmont at Salamanca 263, his signal victory at that place 266. enters Madrid in triumph 270. his unsuccessful siege of Burgos, ib. retires into Portugal 271. repairs to Lisbon 272. receives a grant of £100,000 from parliament 276. surprises a French corps of Villatte at Salamanca 296. attacks the French rear-guard at Morales 297, inflicts a signal defeat on the enemy at Vittoria 299. promoted to the dignity of field marshal 303. invests Pampeluna and St. Sebastian, ib. dislodges Soult from his position on the Pyrenees 306. issues a humane proclamation previous to his invasion of France 313. his passage of the Ni- velle 314. invests Bayonne xx, 7. defeats Soult at Orthes, ib. and gains a complete victory at Toulouse 12. he arrives in England, and is raised to the dukedom 23, his reception by the house of commons, ib. deputed by the regent as ambassador to the congress of Vienna 30, assumes the command of the British forces in Belgium 70. repels the attack of Ney at Quatre Bras 75. totally overthrows the enemy at Waterloo 79, issues a pacific proclamation to the French people 97. enters Paris 99. his answer to the appeal of marshal Ney 102. receives a par- lianuentary grant of £200,000 for the erection of a mansion 106. ambassador at the congress of Verona 300. promoted to the office of commander in chief xxi, 7.2. resigns office at the com- Inencement of Mr. Canning’s administration 80. his explana- tions in the house of peers 86. resumes the command of the army 98. which he again resigns, and accepts the office of premier 100. his differences with Mr. Huskisson 107. procures the repeal of the test and corporation acts 111. refuses to admit the explanations of Mr. Huskisson 113. apathy of his foreign policy 114. his letter to Dr. Curtis 118. determines to carry the catholic question 125. completes the enactment of that great measure 139. fights a duel with the earl of Winchelsea, and excites the enmity of the tories 141. procures the abolition of the beer and leather duties 161. decline of his ministry in public estimation 175. 182. postpones the king’s visit to the city 182. dissolution of his cabinet 184. opposes the reform bill 203. his house assaulted by the mob 207. becomes foreign secretary 291. resigns office 300 Welsh judicature, its abolition xxi, 168 Wentworth, Peter, his spirited conduct in the house of commons in favor of liberty y, 173. his firm behavior before the star- chamber 175. is sent to the Tower 279 , general, his proceedings at Carthagena xi, 89. farther account of his operations in the West Indies 116 Weregild, what i, 171 Wessex, history of i, 42 West, admiral, his behavior in the action with M. de la Galisson- nière xii, 49 - West Indies, effects resulting from the discovery of vi, 37. abo lition of slavery in xxi, 249 - GENERAL INDEX. 441 Westminster, assembly of divines called there vii, 118. remark- able election at xi, 264. 281–285 Westphalia, peace of vii, 282 West Point, fortification of, committed to general Arnold xvi, Wetherell, Sir Charles, his violent opposition to the claims of the catholics xxi, 123. opposes the reform bill 208. his narrow escape at Bristol, ib. - Wexford, its capture by the Irish rebels xviii, 100. relieved by general Moore 103 Weymouth, lord, appointed secretary of state xv, 5. his letter of approbation to the Surrey magistrates denounced by Wilkes 40. complains of a breach of privilege 42, resigns his office 92 Wheble, Mr., arrested by the sergeant at arms xv, 95. prosecutes the Gfficers by whom he has been seized, ib. Whig, origin of that name viii, 221 Whitelocke, general, makes an unsuccessful attack on Buenos Ayres xix, 24. his disgraceful capitulation with the Spanish ºmmandant 25. is brought to a court-martial, and cashiered, 1 O. White Plains, action at x v, 266 Whitgift, archbishop, prosecutes the puritans v, 202 Whitworth, lord, British ambassador at the court of Buonaparte xviii, 226 Wickham, William of, bishop of Winchester, made chancellor hy Richard II. iii, 19 Wickliffe, John, his character. iii, 41. his doctrines 42. a bull issued for taking him into custody, lb. protected by the duke of Lancaster, ib. a new bull issued against him, but is pro- tected by the people 43. his address in explaining away his tenets 44. dies of a palsy, ib. Wilberforce, Mr., takes the lead in the abolition of the slave trade xvii, 74. renewal of his exertions on that subject 101. 153. 192. his opposition to Mr. Pitt 322. Inakes unsuccessful mo- tions for the abolition of the slave trade xviii, 8.93. 131. ob- tains its adoption by the commons 254, and its final enactment X1X, S. - Wilkes, Mr., his violent invectives in the North Briton xiv., 109. his factious and immoral conduct, ib. is prosecuted for a libel on George III. 111. is apprehended by a general warrant, and com- mitted to the Tower, ib. applies for a writ of habeas corpus, and is released on a breach of privilege 112. his renewed violence 113. retires to France, ib. is censured by resolutions of the house of commons 116. fights a duel with Mr. Martin 117. ob- tains a verdict in his favor against the secretaries of state 119. escapes to the continent 120. expelled the house of commons 121. receives sentence of outlawry 123. returns to England, and makes unsuccessful overtures to the Rockingham administra- tion xv, 26. is returned to parliament for Middlesex 27. is com- mitted to prison by the court of king's bench 28. alarming riots of his partisans 29. sentence of the court for the publication of obscene and seditious libels 32, his violent declamations 40. is 442 GENERAL INDEX. expelled the house of commons 44. re-elected, ib. is displaced in favor of colonel Luttrell 45. is chosen an alderman of London 46. discharged from confinement 71. his struggles for popu- larity with Horne Tooke 87. resists with impunity the orders of the commons 97. is elected lord mayor, and presents an address to the king for the dismissal of ministers 193, his furious phi- lippic against the corporation of London 237. succeeds in his motion for expunging from the journals of the house of com- Imons the resolutions regarding the Middlesex election xvi, 175. his address to Mr. Pitt 255 Wilkins, bishop, the first promoter of the Royal Society viii, 377 William I. (the Conqueror) declared successor to the duchy of Normandy by his father i, 134. visits Edward the Confessor, who entertains intentions of leaving him the succession 135. engages Harold to swear a renunciation of his pretensions 136. projects an invasion of England 142. embarks, and lands in Sussex 148. battle of Hastings 152. is crowned 183, places all power in the hands of Normans 186. insurrections during bis ab- sence in Normandy 189. reduces Edwin and Morcar in the north 192. Quells the insurgents 195. his tyrannical government 196. introduces the feudal law 197. subjects the church to it 198. attempts to suppress the English language 202. repels Malcolm king of Scotland, and receives homage from him 204. the Nor- man barons rebel against him 205. Suppressed 207. his son Ro- bert rebels against him 213. is reconciled to him 214. causes a survey of all England to be made 215. account of Domesday- book, ib. wastes Hampshire, to make the New Forest 216. makes war against France 218. occasion of his death, ib. his character 219 II. (Rufus) his accession to the crown of England i, 222. his tyrannical disposition 223. quells an insurrection 224. invades Normandy 225. makes peace with Robert, ib. assists him to reduce their brother Henry 226. invades Normandy again 227. obtains a mortgage on it from his brother Robert 233. opposes Urban in his pretensions to the papacy 236. accident- aijy killed 239, his character, ib. —, son of Robert duke of Normandy, protected by Fulk count of Anjou i, 261. put in possession of Flanders 266. killed, ib. , son of Henry I. drowned in his passage from Normandy i, 264 , king of Scotland, taken prisoner by Ralph de Glanville i, 346. does homage to Henry II. for his crown 348 III. appointed general and admiral of the United Pro- vinces viii, 102. is made stadtholder 111. unites the Dutch to oppose the conquests of Louis XIV. 113. marries the princess Mary 152. forms a league against Louis XIV. 336. refuses to concur in the designs of James II. 337. is formally invited over to England by the principal men 310. his preparations to oppose king James 342. lands at Torbay 348. Summons the convention $59, summons a convention at Edinburgh 360. receives an offer of the crown of Scotland, ib. the crown settled on him and the GENERAL INDEX. 443 princess 367. his efforts in favor of the dissenters is, 11. de- clares war against France 19, he becomes unpopular 51. threatens to leave the government 60. countenances the pur- chasing of votes 64. gains the battle of the Boyne 69. signs a warrant for the massacre of Glencoe 113. defeated at Steenkirk 125. routed at Landen 151. negociates with France at Ryswick 244. 249. &c. negociates the first partition treaty 270. obliged to send away his Dutch guards 275. prohibits all correspond- ence with the settlement at Darien 278. negociates the second treaty of partition 291. obliged to acknowlege the king of Spain 312. orders his ambassador to leave France 328. his last speech to parliament 330. his death and character 338 William IV., his birth xiv., 156. Sails as a midshipman under Rodney xvi, 65. opposes the abolition of the slave-trade xvii, 194, conducts the allied sovereigns to England xx, 24. his mar- riage 185. accepts the office of lord high admiral xxi, 81. his resignation of that post 114. succeeds to the throne 170. sim- plicity of his habits, ib. his appearance in public, and great popularity 174. postpones his visit to the city 182. his corona- tion 200 Williams, bishop of Lincoln, his severe prosecution in the star- chamber by Laud vi, 236. insulted by the populace vii, 31 , Mr., sentenced to the pillory for republishing the North Briton xiv., 157 —, John, commits suicide in Coldbath-fields prison xix, 197 Williamson, Mr., atrocious murder of himself and family Nix, 197 Wilson, Dr. Thomas, his servility reproved by George III. xiv, Alsº —, Sir Robert, his zealous co-operation in organising the defence of Portugal xix, 97. suffers imprisonment for assisting in the escape of Lavallette xx, 103. deprived of his commission for his conduct at the funeral of queen Caroline 278 Winchelsey, Robert de, archbishop of Canterbury, joins the confederacy of the earl of Lancaster against Piers Gavaston ii, 259 Winchester, Henry bishop of, encourages the pretensions of the empress Matilda i, 280. instigates the Londoners against her 283, besieges her in Winchester 284. his legatine commission withdrawn 285. pronounces sentence against Iłecket at the council of Northampton 310 ——, Peter des Roches, bishop of, is chosen joint pro- tector with Hubert de Burgh ii, 1 18. his character 125. the barons combine against him, ib. his dismissal procured 126 —, Iſenry Beaufort, bishop of, entrusted by parliament with the tutorage of Henry VI. iii, 97. Inis character 105, his disputes with the duke of Glocester, ib. advises a truce with France 131. contrives the ruin of the duke of Glocester 134. dies 135 Windham, colonel, secretes Charles II. after the battle of Wor- cester vii, 246 -, Mr., his support of the principles of Mr. 13urke, in opposition to the French revolution xvii, 136, 216. accepts the 444. GENERAL INDEX. office of secretary of war 301. equity and utility of his military arrangements 308. his death xix, 134 * , Windsor castle, when built ii., 380 T * - - Wintoun, earl of, joins the rebels x, 248. impeached 255, con- demned 257 . -- - - - Wishart, the Scottish reformer, account of iv, 225. condemned and burnt for heresy. 226 - • -- Witches, numbers burnt under that accusation vii, 237 Wittenagemot, particulars relating to i, 157 - Woden, some account of i, 24 - 4 - Wolfe, general, his bravery at Louisburg xii, 317. invested with the command against Quebec xiii, 112. his manifesto on the isle of Orleans 113. takes possession of Point Levi 115. en- camps by the falls of the river Montmorenci 116., sails up the river St. Lawrence 117. lands at the heights of Abraham 125. falls at the battle of Quebec-128 - Wolfe Tone convicted of high treason, and puts a period to his existence xviii, 107 r - Wolseley, Sir Charles, chosen member of parliament for Bir- mingham by a tumultuous assembly xx, 205. his trial and im- prisonment 206 . - - - Wolsey, Thomas, his introduction to Henry VII. iii, 328. en- courages Henry VIII. in his pleasures 329. his character 330. is promoted to the see of York iv, 1. made chancellor 3. per- suades Henry to deliver up Tournay 10. appointed legate in England 12. his ostentation, ib. bis arbitrary exertions of power, ib. is inspired with the hopes of the papacy 16, regu- lates the interview between Henry and Francis 17. His enor- mous revenues 19. concludes an alliance against Francis 20. procures the condemnation of the duke of Buckingham 21. obtains the legatine commission for life 37. erects two col- leges, ib. becomes odious for his bad counsels and oppressive conduct 48. goes over to France, and makes a treaty with Francis 54. is appointed by the pope to try the king's marriage, jointly with cardinal Campeggio 64. the trial opened 66. ab- ruptly prorogued 68. the great seal taken from him 70. prose- cuted in the star-chamber 71. prosecuted on the statute of provisors 72. pardoned by the king, ib. arrested for high treason 79. his death, and a review of his conduct 80 Women, a body of... petition the long parliament vii, 40. mob of, rout a synod at Perth 375 - .* * * * * - Wood, William, clamor in Ireland on account of his coinage x, 328 J. - Woodfall, the printer, prosecuted for a libel on king George III. by Junius xv, 79 - Woodville, lord, routed and slain by the French iii, 264 - Woollen cloths, state of the English manufacture of, in the reign of James I. vi., 139 Worcester burnt by order of Hardicanute i, 124. Charles II. routed there by Cromwell vii, 244 ——, John Tibetot, earl of, taken and executed by the Lan- castrians iii, 189 7 GENERAL INDEX. 445 Wotton, Dr., one of queen Elizabeth’s ambassadors at the treaty of Château Cambresis v, 13. signs the treaty of Edinburgh 28. his character 213. forced to fly from Scotland on account of his political schemes 214 - Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel, his graphic description of the intelli- gence of hord Cornwallis's surrender to the Americans xvi, 15 r Wright, Fortunatus, his gallantry and death xii, 61 —, captain, taken prisoner by the French xviii, 5S. his death 262 - - ——, Susannab, her trial and conviction for continuing the publication of Carlile's blasphemies xx, 298 Writers, English, a review of, during the reign of Charles I. and the commonwealth vii, 357 Wurmser, general, takes Manheim from the republicans xviii, 24. defeated by Buonaparte 51. Surrenders the citadel of Mantua to Buonaparte 76 Wyat, Sir Thomas, engages in a conspiracy against queen Mary iv, 297. is suppressed, taken, and executed 298 Wycherley, a character of his dramatic writings viii, 380 - Wyoming, its destruction by American savages xvi, 33 i r Yeo, Sir James, his reduction of Oswego xx, 32. is compelled to retire from Sackett's harbor 33. prefers an accusation against Sir George Prevost, ib. Yeomen of the guard, first institution of iii, 243 York, city of, its size at the time of the Norman conquest i, 164. burnt 194. council of peers summoned there by Charles I. vi, 275. is besieged by the parliamentary army, but relieved by prince Rupert vii, 102. is obliged to surrender after the battle of Marston-moor 105. destruction of its cathedral by fire xxi, 154 - —-, Richard duke of, appointed successor to the duke of Bed- ford as regent of France iii, 127. concludes a truce with the duke of Burgundy 130. his pretensions to the crown of England 140. his character, ib. levies arms against the king, and gains the battle of St. Albans 155. formal reconciliation between the partisans of York and Lancaster 157. retreats to Ireland 158. returns, and opens his pretensions 159. his right of succession and present administration acknowleged 160. defeated, and killed by queen Margaret at Wakefield 162 —, Edward, duke of, embarks as a volunteer with lord Howe xii, 295. his death xv, 5 —-, cardinal, his death xix, 28 —, duchess of, her marriage xvii, 165, her death and character xx, 256 Yorke, Mr., accepts the seals, and is raised to the peerage XV, 67. puts a period to his existence, ib. - , Sir Joseph, makes a requisition to the States-General of 6000 troops xii, 42. presents a memorial concerning Ostend and Nieuport 246. has conferences relative to the seizing of the 446 GENERAL INDEX. Dutch ships 306. 391. 393. presents a memorial concerning the contraband trade carried on by their merchants in favor of Framee xiii, 180. and concerning the hostilities committed by the Dutch in Bengal 279. demands the recall of the Dutch governor of St. Eustatia xv, 289. his remonstrances with the States-General on their partiality to the Americans xvi, 63 Y pres taken by Louis XIV. viii, 156 Ysemburg, prince of, defeated by the duc de Broglio at Sangers- hausen xii, 349. killed at Bergen xiii, 152 Yvrée, battle of v, 274 Z. Zoutman, admiral, engages the English fleet off the Doggerbank xvi, 136 THE EN ID, PRINTED BY A. J. V.A LPY, RED LIox courT, FLEET STREET. New Edition of the Continuation, in Octavo. First of October was published in 8vo, Price 10s. 6d. VOL. W. O'R THE HISTORY OF ENG LAN #2 FYROM THE ACCESSION OF GEORGE III. 1760 to 1835. BY THE REV. T. S. HUGHES, B. D. PREBEN DARY OF PETER BOROUGH, LATE CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE AT CAAIBRIDGE, &c. &c. 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