ARTES! 1837 VERITAS LIBRARY SCIENTIA OF THE ¦ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | P TUE SUI SUPERIS PENINSULAM AMOE NAMES. wall THIS BOOK FORMS PART OF THE ORIGINAL LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN BOUCHT IN EUROPE 1838 TO 1839 BY ASA GRAY I IT 377 B88 APPENDIX. 12-377 Eruce, Gauvi SELECT SPECIMENS OF NATURAL HISTORY, COLLECTED IN Travels to diſcover the Source of the NILE, IN EGYPT, ARABIA, ABYSSINIA, AND NUBIA. ΑΙΕΙ ΦΕΡΕΙ ΤΙ AIBYH KAINON Arist. Hist. Anim. Lib.8. VOL. V. (6 c AND HE SPAKE OF TREES, FROM THE CEDAR-TREE THAT IS IN LEBANON, EVEN UNTO THE HYSSOP THAT SPRINGETH OUT OF THE WALL: HE SPAKE ALSO OF BEASTS, AND OF FOWL, AND OF CREEPING THINGS, AND OF FISHES." I KINGS, chap. iv. ver. 33. EDINBURG H: PRINTED BY J. RUTHVEN, FOR G. G. J. AND J. ROBINSON, PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON. M.DCC.XC. CONTENTS OF THE FIFTH VOLUM E. INTRODUCTION, OF PLANTS, SHRUBS, AND TREES. Papyrus, P. i PI Baleſſan, Balm, or Balſam, Saffa, Myrrh, and Opocalpafum, VOL. V. 16 2 I Ergett, ii CONTENTS. Ergett Y'dimmo, P. 34 Ergett el Krone, 35 Enfete, 36 Kol-quall, 4I Rack, 44 Gir Gir, or Gefb el Aube, 47 Kantuffa, 49 Gaguedi, 52 Wanzey, 54 Farek, or Bauhinia Acuminata, 57 Kuara, 65 Walkuffa, 67 Wooginoos, or Brucea Antidyfenterica, 69 Cuffo, or Bankefia Abyffinica, 73 Teff 76 OF CONTENTS. iii Rhinoceros, Hyana, Ferboa, Fennec, Afbkoko, Booted Lynx, OF QUADRUPEDS. Niffer, or Golden Eagle, Black Eagle, Rachamah, Erkoom, Moroc, OF BIRD S. P.85 107 121 128 139 146 155 159 163 169 178 * a 2 Sheregrig, îv CONTENTS. ! ; Sheregrig, Waalia, Tfaltfalya, or Fly, El Adda, Ceraftes, or Horned Viper, Binny, Caretta, or Sea Tortoije, Pearls, MAP S. 1. General Map. 2. Itinerary from Gondar to the Source of the Nile, 3. Chart of Solomon's Voyage to Tarthiſh. 1 the queen, and who made, what the called, Drawings; thoſe of plants were fo little characteriſtic,that it was, ſtrictly ſpeak- ing, impoffible, without a very great confideration, to know one plant from another: while there was, at fame time, a man of the greateſt merit, M. de Seve, abfolutely without employment; tho', in my opinion, he was the beſt painter of every part of natural hiſtory either in France or England. KUAR A, " THIS HIS beautiful tree, now prefented to the reader, is the production of the ſouth and S. W. parts of Abyffinia. It is very frequent, and, with the ebony, almoſt the only wood of the province of Kuara, of which it bears the name; indeed in all Fazuclo, Nuba, and Guba, and the countries where there is gold. It is here defigned in its natural fize both leaves, flowers, and fruit, the whole fo plainly, that it is needleſs to defcant upon its particular parts, well known to naturalifts. It is what they call a Corallodendron, probably from 66 APPENDIX. from the colour of its flowers or of its fruit, both equal in colour to coral. ITs fruit is a red bean, with a black ſpot in the middle of it, which is incloſed in a round capfula, or covering, of a woody nature, very tough and hard. This bean feems to have been in the earlieft ages ufed for a weight of gold among the Shangalla, where that metal is found all over Africa; and by repeated experiments, I have found that, from the time of its being gathered, it varies very little in weight, and may perhaps have been the very beft choice that therefore could have been made between the collectors and the buyers of gold. I HAVE faid this tree is called Kuara, which fignifies the Sun. The bean is called Carat, from which is derived the manner of efteeming gold as fo many carats fine. From the gold country in Africa it paffed to India, and there came to be the weight of precious ftones, eſpecially diamonds ; fo that to this day in India we hear it commonly ſpoken of gold or diamonds, that they are of fo many carats fine, or weight. I have ſeen theſe beans likewife from the Weft-Indian iſlands. They are juſt the fame fize, but, as far as I know, are not yet applied to any uſe there. WALKUFFA. } Walkaffa London Publisha Dec11789. by Robinson & Co. APPENDI X, 2.7 + THIS WALK UFFA. IS tree grows in the Kolla, or hotteſt part of Abyffi- nia. It does not flower immediately after the rains, as moft trees in Abyffinia do, that is, between the beginning of September and the Epiphany, when the latter rains in November do ſtill fall in violent periodical fhowers, but it is after the Epiphany, towards the middle of January, that it firſt appears covered with bloffoms. However beautiful, it has no fmell, and is accounted deftructive to the bees, for which reafon it is rooted out and deftroyed in thofe coun- tries that pay their revenue in honey. It refembles the Kentish cherry-tree in appearance, eſpecially if that tree has but a moderate, not overſpreading top. The wood im- mediately below its bark is white, but under that a brown- ifh yellow, fomething like cedar; the old trees that I have feen turn darker, and are not unlike to the wood of the la- burnum, or peafe-cod tree. The natives fay it does not ſwim in water. This however I can contradict upon experiment. The wood, indeed, is heavy, but ftill it fwims. VOL. V. L ALTHOUGH GS APPENDIX. • ALTHOUGH the painting of this tree, which I here exhibit, is neither more nor lefs accurate in the delineation of its. parts than every other defign of natural hiſtory given in. this work to the public, yet the inimitable beauty of the fubject itſelf has induced me to bestow much more pains. upon it than any other I have publifhed, and, according to my judgment, it is the beft executed in this collection. All its parts are ſo diſtinctly figured, the flower expoſed in ſuch variety of directions, that it fuperfedes the neceflity of de- fcribing it to the fkilful botanift, who will find here every thing he poffibly could in the flower itſelf. This is a great advantage, for if the parts had been ever fo ftudiouſly and carefully reſerved in a hortus ficcus as they are fpread upon. the paper, it would have been impoffible not to have loft fome of its finer members, they are fo fragil, as I have often. experienced in different attempts to dry and preſerve it.. THE flower confifts of five petals, part of each overlapping or fupporting the other, fo that it maintains its regular fi- gure of a cup till the leaves fall off, and does not ſpread and disjoin firft, as do the generality of theſe rofaceous flowers before they fall to the ground: Its colour is a pure white, in the midft of which is a kind of fheath, or involu- crum, of a beautiful pink colour, which furrounds the piftil, covering and concealing about one-third of it. Upon the top of this is a kind of impalement, confiſting of five white upright threads, and between each of theſe are difpofed three very feeble ftamina of unequal lengths, which make them ſtand in a triangular oblong form, covered with yel low farina. THE Woogineos or Brucea Antidysenterica APPENDIX. 69 THE piftil is a yellow tube, divided at the top into five fegments, and fixed at the bottom in what appears to be the rudiment of a fruit"; but I never faw this in any ftate of perfection, and the Abyffinians ſay it never produces any- thing but a ſmall, round, black feed, concerning which I can ſay no further. The perianthium conſiſts of five ſharp- pointed fegments, which incloſe the flower when not arri- ved to maturity, in a conical pod of a light-green colour, which colour it likewife keeps in its more advanced ſtate when ſpread. I do not know any other name it has but that of Walkuffa, nor do I know the fignification of that name in any language. WOOGINOOS, OR BRUCEA ANTIDYSENTERICA. THIS HIS fhrub, the branch of which is before us, is a pro- duction of the greateſt part of Abyffinia, eſpecially the ſides of the valleys in the low country, or Kolla. It is indeed on the north fide of Debra Tzai, where you firſt de- fcend into the Kolla. This drawing was made at Hor-Ca- L 2 camoot, APPENDIX. camoot, in Ras el Feel, where the Wooginoos grows abun dantly, and where dyfenteries reign continually, Heaven having put the antidote in the fame place where grows the poifon. SOME weeks before I left Gondar I had been very much tormented with this difeafe, and I had tried both ways of treating it, the one by hot medicines and aftringents, the other by the contrary method of diluting. Small dozes of ipecacuanha under the bark had for feveral times procured me temporary relief, but relapfes always followed. My ftrength began to fail, and, after a fevere return of this dif- cafe, I had, at my ominous manfion, Hor-Cacamoot, the val- ley of the shadow of death, a very unpromising profpect, for I was now going to paſs through the kingdom of Sen- naar in the time of year when that difeafe moft rages. SHEBA, chief of the Shangalla, called Ganjar, on the frontiers of Kuara, had at this time a kind of embaffy or meffage to Ras el Feel. He wanted to burn fome villages in Atbara belonging to the Arabs Jeheina, and wifhed Ya- fine might not protect them: they often came and fat with me, andone of them hearing of my complaint, and the appre- henfions I annexed to it, feemed to make very light of both, and the reaſon was, he found at the very door this fhrub, the ftrong and ligneous root of which, nearly as thick as a parſnip, was covered with a clean, clear, wrinkled bark, of a light-brown colour, and which peeled eaſily off the root. The bark was without fibres to the very end, where it fplit like a fork into two thin divifions. After having cleared the infide of it of a whitifh membrane, he laid it to dry in the fun, and then would have bruiſed it between two flones, 2 APPENDIX. 71 ftones, had we not fhewn him the eaſier and more expedi- tious Way of powdering it in a mortar. THE first doze I took was about a heaped tea spoonful in a cup of camel's milk; I took two of thefe, in a day, and then in the morning a tea-cup of the infufion in camel's milk warm. It was attended the first day with a violent drought, but I was prohibited from drinking either water or bouza. I made privately a drink of my own; I took a Itle boiled water which had ftood to cool, and in it a ſmall quantity of fpirits. I after uſed fome ripe tamarinds in water, which I thought did me harm. I cannot fay I found any alteration for the first day, unlefs a kind of hope that I was growing better, but the fecond day I found myfelf fenfibly recovered. I left off laudanum and ipeca- cuanha, and refolved to truft only to my medicine. looking at my journal, I think it was the 6th or 7th day that I pronounced myfelf well, and, though I had returns afterwards, 1 never was reduced to the neceffity of taking one drop of laudanum, although before I had been very free with it. I did not perceive it occafioned any extraor- dinary evacuation, nor any remarkable fymptom but that continued thirſt, which abated after it had been taken fome time. In In the courfe of my journey through Sennaar, I faw that all the inhabitants were well acquainted with the virtues of this plant. I had prepared a quantity pounded into powder, and ufed it fuccefsfully everywhere. I thought that the mixing of a third of bark with it produced the effect more fpeedily, and, as we had now little opportunity of getting milk, we made an infufion in water. I tried a fpiritous tincture, 72 APPENDIX. tincture, which I do believe would fucceed well. I made fome for myſelf and fervants, a ſpoonful of which we uſed to take when we found ſymptoms of our diſeaſe returning, or when it was raging in the place in which we chanced to refide. It is a plain, fimple bitter, without any aromatic or refinous taſte. It leaves in your throat and pallet fome- thing of roughneſs reſembling ipecacuanha. THIS ſhrub was not before known to botanists. I brought the feeds to Europe, and it has grown in every garden, but has produced only flowers, and never came to fruit. Sir Joſeph Banks, prefident to the Royal Society, employed Mr Miller to make a large drawing from this fhrub as it had grown at Kew. The drawing was as elegant as could be wifhed, and did the original great juſtice. To this piece of politeness Sir Jofeph added another, of calling it after its diſcoverer's name, Brucea Antidy fenterica: the prefent fi- gure is from a drawing of my own on the ſpot at Ras el Feel. THE leaf is oblong and pointed, ſmooth, and without col- lateral ribs that are viſible. The right fide of the leaf is a deep green, the reverſe very little lighter. The leaves are placed two and two upon the branch, with a ſingle one at the end. The flowers come chiefly from the point of the ftalk from each fide of a long branch. The cup is a perian- thium divided into four fegments. The flower has four petals, with a ſtrong rib down the center of each. In place of a piſtil there is a ſmall cup, round which, between the fegments of the perianthium and the petala of the flower, four feeble ftamina arife, with a large ftigma of a crim- 2 fon APPENDIX. 73 $ ſon colour, of the fhape of a coffee bean, and divided in the middle. CUSSO, BANKESIA ABYSSINICA. THE Cuffo is one of the most beautiful trees, as alfo one of the moſt uſeful. It is an inhabitant of the high country of Abyffinia, and indigenous there; I never faw it in the Kolla, nor in Arabia, nor in any other part of Aſia or Africa. It is an inftance of the wiſdom of providence, that this tree does not extend beyond the limits of the diſeaſe of which it was intended to be the medicine or cure. THE Abyffinians of both fexes, and at all ages, are troubled with a terrible diſeaſe, which cuſtom however has enabled them to bear with a kind of indifference. Every individual, once a month, evacuates a large quantity of worms; theſe are not the tape worm, or thoſe that trouble children, but they are the fort of worm called Afcarides, and the method of promoting thefe evacuations, is by infusing a handful of dry Cuffo # علي 74 APPENDIX. Cuſſo flowers in about two Engliſh quarts of bouza, or the beer they make from teff; after it has been ſteeped all night, the next morning it is fit for uſe. During the time the pa- tient is taking the Cuffo, he makes a point of being invifi- ble to all his friends, and continues at home from morning till night. Such too was the cuſtom of the Egyptians upon taking a particular medicine. It is alledged that the want of this drug is the reafon why the Abyffinians do not travel, or if they do, moſt of them are fhort-lived. THE feed of this is very fmall, more fo than the femen fantonicum, which feems to come from a fpecies of worm- wood. Like it the Cuffo ſheds its feed very eafily; from this circumſtance, and its fmallnefs, no great quantity of the feed is gathered, and therefore the flower is often fubftitu- ted. It is bitter, but not nearly fo much as the femen fan- tonicum. THE Cuffo grows feldom above twenty feet high, very rarely ftraight, generally crooked or inclined. It is planted always near churches, among the cedars which furround them, for the uſe of the town or village. Its leaf is about 24 inches long, divided into two by a ſtrong rib. The two divifions, however, are not equal, the upper being longer and broader than the lower; it is a deep unvarnished green, exceedingly pleaſant to the eye, the fore part covered with foft hair or down. It is very much indented, more fo than a nettle-leaf, which in fome meaſure it reicmbles, only is narrower and longer. THESE leaves grow two and two upon a branch; between each two are the rudiments of two pair of young ones, pre- I pared Cusso of Banksia. Abissinica Flower of the Banksia Hilsinica APPENDIX. 75 * pared to to fupply the others when they fall off, but they are terminated at laft with a fingle leaf at the point. The end of this ſtalk is broad and ſtrong, like that of a palm-branch. It is not folid like the gerid of the date-tree, but opens in the part that is without leaves about an inch and a half from the bottom, and out of this aperture proceeds the flower. There is a round' ftalk bare. for about an inch and a quarter, from which proceed crooked branches, to the end of which are attached fingle flowers; the ſtalk that car- ries thefe proceeds out of every crook or geniculation; the whole cluſter of flowers has very much the ſhape of a cluſter of grapes, and the ftalks upon which it is fupported. very much the ſtalk of the grape; a very few fmall leaves are ſcattered through the cluster of flowers. THE flower itſelf is of a greenish colour, tinged with pur- ple; when fully blown, it is altogether of a deep red or pur- ple; the flower is white, and confifts of five petals, in the midft is a ſhort piftil with a round head, furrounded by eight ftamina of the fame form, loaded with yellow farina. The: cup confifts of five petals, which much refemble another flower; they are rounded at the top, and nearly of an equal. breadth.every way.. THE bark of the tree is ſmooth, of a yellowish white, in- terſperſed with brown ſtreaks which paſs through the whole body of the tree. It is not firm or hard, but rather ftringy and reedy. On the upper part, before the firſt branch of leaves fet out, are rings.round the trunk, of ſmall filaments, of the confiftence of horſe hair; theſe are generally fourteen or fixteen in number, and are a very remarkable character- iftic belonging to this tree. VOL..V. M. As APPENDIX. As the figure of this plant is true and exact beyond all manner of exception, I cannot but think it may be found in latitudes or 12° north in the Weft Indies or America; and having been found a gentle, fafe, and efficacious medicine in Abyffinia, it is not doubted but the fùperior ſkill of our phyſicians would turn it to the advantage of mankind in general, when uſed here in Europe. In confequence of the eſtabliſhed prerogatives of difcoverers, I have named this beautiful and uſeful tree after Sir Jofeph Banks, Prefi- dent of the royal Society. T E F F. $ TH HIS grain is commonly fown all over Abyffinia, where it ſeems to thrive equally on all forts of ground; from it is made the bread which is commonly uſed throughout Abyffinia. The Abyffinians, indeed, have plenty of wheat, and fome of it of an excellent quality: They likewife make as Teff London Publish'd Feb 1700 by Robinson & Co G. APPENDIX. 77 as fine wheat-bread as any in the world, both for. colour and for tafte; but the ufe of wheat-bread is chiefly confi- ned to people of the firft rank. On the other hand, Teff is ufed by all forts of people. from the king downwards, and there are kinds of it which are eſteemed fully as much as wheat. The beſt of theſe is as white as flour, exceedingly light, and eafily digefted. There are others of a browner colour, and fome nearly black; this laft is the food of fol- diers and fervants. The caufe of this variation of colour is manifold; the Teff that grows on light ground having a moderate degree of moiſture, but never dry; the lighter the earth is in which it grows, the better and whiter the Teff will be; the huſk too is thinner. That Teff, too, that ripens before the heavy rains, is ufually whiter and finer, and a great deal depends upon fifting the hulk from it after it is reduced to flour, by bruifing or breaking it in a ſtone- mill. This is repeated feveral times with great care, in the fineſt kind of bread, which is found in the houſes of all people of rank or fubftance. The manner of making it is by taking a broad earthen jar, and having made a lump of it with water, they put it into an earthen jar at ſome dif- tance from the fire, where it remains till it begins to fer- ment, or turn four; they then bake it into cakes of a cir- cular form, and about two feet in diameter: It is of a fpun- gy, foft quality, and not a difagreeable fouriſh tafte. of theſe cakes a day, and a coarfe cotton cloth once a-year, are the wages of a common fervant. Two AT their banquets of raw meat, the flesh being cut in ſmall bits, is wrapt up in pieces of this bread, with a pro- portion of fotfile falt and Cayenne pepper. Before the com- pany fits down to eat, a number of theſe cakes of different M 2 qualities * ST. APPENDIX. qualities are placed one upon the other, in the fame man- ner as our plates, and the principal people, fitting firſt down, eat the white Teff; the fecond, or coarſer fort, ſerves the ſe- cond-rate people that fucceed them, and the third is for the fervants. Every man, when he is done, dries or wipes his fingers upon the bread which he is to leave for his fucceffor, for they have no towels, and this is one of the moſt beaftly cuftoms of the whole. • THE Teff bread, when well toafted, is put into a large jar, after being broken into ſmall pieces, and warm water poured upon it. It is then fet by the fire, and frequently ftirred for ſeveral days, the mouth of the jar being cloſe co- vered. After being allowed to ſettle three or four days, it acquires a fouriſh taſte, and is what they call Bouza, or the common beer of the country. The bouza in Atbara is made in the fame manner, only, inſtead of Teff, cakes of barley-meal are employed; both are very bad liquors, but the worst is that made of barley. THE plant is herbaceous: from a number of weak leaves proceeds a ſtalk of about twenty-eight inches in length, not perfectly ſtraight, fmooth, but jointed or knotted at par- ticular diſtances. This talk is not much thicker than that of a carnation or jellyflower. About eight inches from the top, a head is formed of a number of fmall branches, upon which it carries the fruit and flowers; the latter of which is fmall, of a crimfon colour, and fcarcely perceptible by the naked eye, but from the oppofition of that colour. The piſtil is divided into two, feemingly attached to the germ of the fruit, and has at each end fmall capillaments form- ing a brush. The flamina are three in number, two on the lower APPENDIX. 79 lower fide of the piftil, and one on the upper. Theſe are, each of them, crowned with two oval ftigmata, at firſt green, but after, crimſon. The fruit is formed in a capfula, confiſt- ing of two conical, hollow leaves, which, when cloſed, feems to compoſe a ſmall conical pod, pointed at the top. The fruit, or feed, is oblong, and is not fo large as the head of the ſmallest pin, yet it is very prolific, and produces theſe feeds in fuch quantity as to yield a very abundant crop in the quantity of meal. WHETHER this grain was ever known to the Greeks and Romans, is what we are no where told. Indeed, the vari- ous grains made uſe of in antiquity, are fo lamely and poorly defcribed, that, unless it is a few of the moft com- mon, we cannot even gueſs at the reft. Pliny mentions feveral of them, but takes no notice of any of their quali- ties, but medicinal ones; fome he ſpecifies as growing in Gaul, others in the Campania of Rome, but takes no notice of thofe of Ethiopia or Egypt. Among theſe there is one which he calls Tiphe, but fays not whence it came; the name would induce us to believe that this was Teff, but we can only venture this as a conjecture not fupport- ed. But it is very improbable, connected as Egypt and Ethiopia were from the firft ages, both by trade and reli- gion, that a grain of ſuch conſequence to one nation ſhould be utterly unknown to the other. It is not produced in the low or hot country, the Kolla, that is, in the borders of it; for no grain can grow, as I have already faid, in the Kolla or Mazaga itſelf; but in place of Teff, in thefe bor- ders, there grows a black grain called Tocuffo. The ftalk of this is ſcarce a foot long; it has four divifions where the grain is produced, and feems to be a fpecies of the meiem mfalib, 80 APPENDIX. mſalib, or gramen crucis, the grafs of the croſs. Of this a very black bread is made, ate only by the pooreft fort; but though it makes worſe bread, I think it makes better bouza. * SOME have thought, from the frequent uſe of Teff, hath come that diſeaſe of worms which I have mentioned in the article Cuffo. But I am inclined to think this is not the caſe, becauſe the Gibbertis, or Mahometans, born in Abyffinia, all uſe Teff in the fame proportion as the Chriftians, yet none of theſe are troubled with worms. And from this I fhould be led to think that this diſeaſe ariſes rather from eating raw meat, which the Mahometans do not, and therefore are not affected with this diſorder as the Chri- ftians are. $ ( OF OF QUADRUPEDS. I BELIEVE there is in the world no country which pro- duces a greater number, or variety of quadrupeds, whether tame or wild, than Abyffinia. As the high coun- try is now perfectly cleared of wood, by the wafte made in that article from the continual march of armies, the moun- tains are covered to the very top, with perpetual verdure, and moſt luxuriant herbage. THE long rains in fummer are not fuddenly abforbed by the rays of the fun: a thick veil defends the ground when it is in the zenith, or near it, affording heat to promote ve- getation without withering it by deftroying the moiſture, and by this means a never-failing ftore of provender is conftantly provided for all forts of cattle. Of the tame or cow-kind, great abundance preſent themſelves everywhere, differing in ſize, ſome having horns of various dimenfions; 3 fome $2 APPENDIX fome without horns at all, differing alfo in the colour and length of their hair, by having boffes upon their backs, ac- cording as their pafture or climate varies. There are kinds. alſo deſtined to various ufes; fome for carriage, like mules or affes, fome to be rode upon like horfes; and thefe are not the largest of that kind, but generally below the middle fize. As for that fpecies bearing the monftrous horns, of which I have often fpoke in my narrative, their fize is not to be eſtimated by that of their horns; the animal itſelf is not near ſo big as a common Engliſh cow; the growth of the horn is a diſeaſe which proves fatal to them, becauſe encouraged for a peculiar purpoſe. Whether it would be otherwife curable, has not yet, I believe, been ever afcer- tained by experiment. But the reader may with confidence affure himſelf, that there are no fuch animals as carnivo- rous bulls in Africa, and that this ftory has been invented for no other purpoſe but a deſire to exhibit an animal worthy of wearing theſe prodigious horns. I have always wifhed that this article, and fome others of early date, were blotted out of our philofophical tranſactions; they are abfurdities to be forgiven to infant phyfic. and to early travels, but they are unworthy of ſtanding among the cautious, well-fup- ported narratives of our preſent philofophers. Though we may. fay of the buffaloe that it is of this kind, yet we can- not call it a tame animal here; fo far from that, it is the moft ferocious in the country where he refides; this, how- ever, is not in the high temperate part of Abyffinia, but in the fultry Kolla, or valleys below, where, without hiding himſelf, as wild beafts generally do, as if confcious of fups- riority of ftrength, he lyes at his eaſe among large fpread- ing fhady trees. near the cleareſt and deepeſt rivers, or the largeſt ſtagnant pools of the pureft water. Notwithſtand- ing APPENDIX. 83 ing this, he is in his perfon as dirty and flovenly as he is fierce, brutal, and indocile; he ſeems to maintain he ſeems to maintain among his own kind the fame character for manners that the wolf does among the carnivorous tribe. BUT what is very particular is, this is the only animal kept for giving milk in Egypt. And though apparently theſe are of the fame ſpecies, and came originally from Ethi- opia, their manners are fo entirely changed by their mig- ration, difference of climate or of food, that, without the ex- ertion of any art to tame them, they are milked, conducted to and fro, and governed by children of ten years old, with- out apprehenfion, or any unlucky accident having ever hap- pened. AMONG the wild animals are prodigious numbers of the gazel, or antelope kind; the bohur, faffa, feeho, and mado- qua, and various others; theſe are feldom found in the cul- tivated country, or where cattle pafture, as they chiefly feed on trees; for the most part, they are found in broken ground near the banks of rivers, where, during the heat of the day, they conceal themfelves, and fleep under cover of the bushes; they are ftill more numerous in thoſe provinces whoſe inhabitants have been extirpated, and the houſes ruin- ed or burnt in time of war, and where wild oats, grown up fo as to cover the whole country, afford them a quiet refidence, without being disturbed by man. Of this I have mentioned a very remarkable inſtance in the firſt attempt I made to difcover the fource of the Nile, (vol. III. p. 439.) The hyæna is ftill more numerous enough has been ſaid about him; I apprehend that there are two fpecies. There are few varieties of the dog or fox kind. Of theſe VOL. V. N the 8 + APPENDIX, the moſt numerous is the Deep, or, as he is called, the Jackal, this is precifely the fame in all refpects as the Deep of Bar- bary and Syria, who are heard hunting in great numbers, and howling in the evening and morning. The true Deep, as far as appears to me, is not yet known, at leaſt I never yet faw in any author a figure that reſembled him. The wild boar, fmaller and ſmoother in the hair than that of Barbary or Europe, but differing in nothing elfe, is met frequently in fwamps or banks of rivers covered with wood. As he is accounted unclean in Abyffinia, both by Chriftians and Ma- hometans, confequently not perfecuted by the hunter, botir he and the fox fhould have multiplied; but it is probable they, and many other beafts, when young, are deſtroyed by the voracious hyæna.. THE elephant, rhinoceros, giraffa, or camelopardalis, are inhabitants of the low hot country; nor is the lion; or leopard, faadh, which is the panther, feen in the high and cultivated country. There are no tigers in Abyffinia, nor, as far as I know, in Africa; it is an Afiatic animal; for what reaſon ſome travellers, or naturaliſts, have called him the tiger-wolf, or miſtaken him altogether for the tiger, is what I cannot difcover. Innumerable flocks of apes, and baboons of different kinds, deftroy the fields of millet every where; thefe, and an immenfe number of common rats, make great deftruction in the country and harveſt. I never ſaw a rabbit in Abyffinia, but there is plenty of hares; this, too, is an animal which they reckon unclean; and not being hunted for food, it ſhould feem they ought to have in- creaſed to greater numbers. It is probable, however, that the great quantity of eagles, vultures, and beafs of prey, has 2 kcpt. Rhinoceros of Africa. London Publish'd Dec 1789 by GRobinson & Co 3 Heath Sc APPENDIX. 85 kept them within reaſonable bounds. The hippopotamus and crocodile abound in all the rivers, not only of Abyffinia, but as low down as Nubia and Egypt: there is no good figure nor deſcription extant, as far as I know, of either of theſe animals; fome unforeſeen accident always thwarted and prevented my fupplying this deficiency. There are many of the afs kind in the low country towards the frontiers of Atbara, but no Zebras; thefe are the inhabitants of Faz- uclo and Narea. RHINOCEROS. NAT ATURALISTS feem now in general to be agreed that there are two ſpecies of this quadruped, the firſt ha- ving two horns upon his nofe, the fecond one. It is alſo a generally received opinion, that thefe different ſpecies are confined to diſtant places of the old continent; that with one horn is thought to be exclufively an inhabitant of Afia, that with two horns to be only found in Africa. N2 WHETHER 86 APPENDIX. 1 WHETHER this divifion is right in all its parts, I fhall not advance. That there is a rhinoceros in Afia with one horn is what we pofitively know, but that there is none of the other fpecies in that part of the continent does not appear to me as yet fo certain. Again, there is no fort of doubt, that though the rhinoceros with two horns is an inhabitant of Africa, yet is it as certain that the fpecies. with one horn is often found in that country likewiſe, eſpecially in the eaſtern part, where is the myrrh and cih- namon country, towards Cape Gardefan, which runs into the Indian ocean beyond the Straits of Babelmandeb. And if I was to credit the accounts which the natives of the refpective countries have given me, I fhould be induced to believe that the rhinoceros of the kingdom of Adel had but one horn. They fay this is the cafe where little rain falls, as in Adel, which, though within the tropics, is not liable to that fe- veral months deluge, as is the inland part of the country more to the weftward. They ſay further, that all that woody part inhabited by Shangalla, correfponding to Tigré and Siré, is the haunt of the rhinoceros with two horns. Whether this is really the cafe I do not pretend to aver, I give the reader the ſtory with the authority; I think it is probable; but as in all cafes where very few obſervations can be re- peated, as in this, I leave him entirely to the light of his own. underſtanding.. THE animal reprefented in this drawing is a native of Teherkin, near Ras cl Feel, of the hunting of which I have already spoken in my return through the defert to Egypt, and this is the first drawing of the rhinoceros with a double horn that has ever yet been prefented to the public. The irft figure of the Afiatic rhinoceros, the fpccics having but one ་ APPENDIX.. 8'7 one horn, was painted by Albert Durer, from the life, from one of thofe fent from India by the Portuguefe in the bc- ginning of the fixteenth century. It was wonderfully ill- executed in all its parts, and was the origin of all the mon- ftrous forms under which that animal has been painted, ever fince, in all parts of the world. Several modern philo- fophers have made amends for this in our days; Mr Par- fons, Mr Edwards, and the Count de Buffon, have given good figures of it from life; they have indeed fome faults, owing chiefly to preconceived prejudices and inattention. Thefe, however, were rhinocerofes with one horn, all Afia- tics. This, as I have before faid, is the firft that has been publiſhed with two horns, it is defigned from the life, and is an African; but as the principal difference is in the horn, and as the manners of this beaſt are, I believe, very faith- fully defcribed and common to both ſpecies, I fhall only note what I think is deficient in his hiſtory, or what I can ſupply from having had an opportunity of feeing him alive and at freedom in his native woods. It is very remarkable, that two fuch animals as the ele- phant and rhinoceros fhould have wholly eſcaped the de- fcription of the facred writers. Mofes, and the children of Ifracl, were long in the neighbourhood of the countries that produced them, both while in Egypt and in Arabia, The claffing of the animals into clean and unclean, feems to have led the legiflator into a kind of neceffity of defcri- bing, in one of the claffes, an animal, which made the food of the principal Pagan nations in the neighbourhood. Con- fidering the long and intimate connection Solomon had with the fouth-coast of the Red Sea, it is next to impoflible that he was not acquainted with them, as both David his 4: father 23 $8 APPENDIX. father, and he, made plentiful uſe of ivory, as they fre- quently mention in their writings, which, along with gold, came from the fame part. Solomon, beſides, wrote exprefsly upon Zoology, and, we can ſcarce fuppofe, was ig- norant of two of the principal articles of that part of the creation, inhabitants of the great Continent of Afia eaſt from him, and that of Africa on the fouth, with both which ter- ritories he was in conftant correfpondence. The one THERE are two animals, named frequently in fcripture, without naturalifts being agreed what they are. is the behemoth, the other the reem, both mentioned as the types of ftrength, courage, and independence on man, and as fuch exempted from the ordinary lot of beafts, to be fubdued by him, or reduced under his dominion. Tho' this is not to be taken in a literal fenfe, for there is no animal without the fear or beyond the reach of the power of man, we are to underſtand this as applicable to animals poffcffed of ſtrength and fize fo fuperlative as that in theſe quali- tics other beaſts bear no proportion to them. THE behemoth, then, I take to be the elephant; his hi- ftory is well known, and my only bufinefs is with the recm, which I fuppofe to be the rhinoceros. The derivation of this word, both in the Hebrew and the Ethiopic, feems to be from erectness, or flanding firaight. This is certainly no particular quality in the animal itfelf, who is not more, or even fo much erect as many other quadrupeds, for, in its Ences it is rather crooked; but it is from the circum- fance and manner in which his horn is placed. The horns of all other animals are inclined to fome degree of paral- delizm, with his nofc, or frontis. The horn of the rhino- es ceros APPENDIX.. ceros alone is erect and perpendicular to this bone, on which it ftands at right angles, thereby poffeffing a greater pur- chaſe, or power, as a lever, than any horn could poffibly have in any other poſition. THIS fituation of the horn is very happily alluded to in the facred writings." My horn ſhalt thou exalt like the "horn of an unicorn*:" and the horn here alluded to is not wholly figurative, as I have already taken notice of in the courſe of my hiſtory †, but was really an ornament, worn by great men in the days of victory, preferment, or rejoi cing, when they were anointed with new, fweet, or freſh oil, a circumſtance which David joins with that of erecting. the horn. SOME authors, for what reaſon I know not, have made the reem, or unicorn, to be of the deer or antelope kind, that is, of a genus whofe very character is fear and weak- nefs, very oppofite to the qualities by which the reem is deſcribed in fcripture; befides, it is plain the reem is not of the clafs of clean quadrupeds; and a late modern travel- ler, very whimſically, takes him for the leviathan, which certainly was a fifh. It is impoffible to determine which is the fillieft opinion of the two. Balaam, a prieſt of Mi- dian, and fo in the neighbourhood of the haunts of the rhinoceros, and intimately connected with Ethiopia, for they themselves were fhepherds of that country, in a tran- ſport, from contemplating the ftrength of Ifrael whom he was brought to curſe, fays, they had as it were the ſtrength of * Pfalm xeii. ver. 19.- † Vol. iii. p. 229. - 2 90 APPENDIX. R of the reem T. Job* makes frequent allufion to his great ftrength, and ferocity, and indocility. He afks, Will the reem be willing to ferve thee, or abide by thy crib? that is, Will he willingly come into thy ftable, and eat at thy man- ger? And again, Canft thou bind the recm with a band in the furrow, and will he harrow the vallies after thee†? In other words, Canft thou make him go in the plow or harrows? ISAIAH, who of all the prophets feem to have known Egypt and Ethiopia the beſt, when prophecying about the deſtruction of Idumea, fays, that the reem fhall come down with the fat cattle; a proof that he knew his habitation was in the neighbourhood. In the fame manner as when fore- telling the defolation of Egypt, he mentions as one man- ner of effecting it, the bringing down the fly§ from Ethio- pia to meet the cattle in the deſert, and among the buſhes, and deftroy them there, where that infect did not ordinari- ly come but on command, and where the cattle fled every year to fave themfelves from that infect. THE Rhinoceros, in Geez, is called Arwé Hariſh, and in the Amharic, Auraris, both which names fignify the large wild beaft with the horn. This would feem as if applied to the ſpecies that had but one horn. On the other hand, in the country of the Shangalla, and in Nubia adjoining, he is called Girnamgirn, or horn upon horn, and this would feem to denote that he had two. The Ethiopic text renders the Ifaiah, chap. xxxiv. ¶ Numb. chap. xxiii. ver. 22. Job, chap. xxxix. ver. 10. Ifaiah, chap. vii. ver. 18. and 19. Exod. chap. viii. ver. 22. *Job, chap. xxxix. ver. 9. ver. 7. APPENDIX. 91 the word Reem, Arwé Hariſh, and this the Septuagint tran. flates Monoceros, or Unicorn. If the Abyffinian rhinoceros had invariably two horns, it ſeems to me improbable the Septuagint would call him Monoceros, eſpecially as they must have feen an animal of this kind expoſed at Alexandria in their time, then firſt men- tioned in hiſtory, ar an exhibition given by Ptolemy Phila- delphus at his acceffion to the crown, before the death of his father, of which we have already made mention. THE principal reaſon of tranſlating the word Reem, Uni- corn, and not Rhinoceros, is from a prejudice that he muft have had but one horn. But this is by no means fo well-founded, as to be admitted as the only argument for eſtabliſhing the exiſtence of an animal which never has appeared, after the fearch of fo many ages. Scripture ſpeaks of the horns of the unicorn *, fo that, even from this circumſtance, the reem may be the rhinoceros, as the Aſia- tic, and part of the African rhinoceros, may be the unicorn. It is fomething remarkable, that, notwithstanding Alexan- der's expedition into India, this quadruped was not known to Ariftotle. Strabo and Athenæus both ſpeak of him from report, as having been ſeen in Egypt. Paufanius calls him an Ethiopic bull; the fame manner the Romans called the elephants Lucas bovis, Lucanian oxen, as being firſt ſeen in that part of Magna Grecia. Pompey exhibited him firſt VOL. V. O in Deut. chap. xxxiii. 17. Pfalm xxii. 21. + This fhews that the Mofaic pavement of Prænefte is not a record of Alexander's ex. pedition into India, as Doctor Shaw has pretended, fect. vii. p. 423. 92 APPEND I X. in Italy, and he was often produced in games as low Heliogabalus. As all theſe were from Afia, it ſeems moft probable they had but one horn, and they are reprefented as fuch in the medals of Domitian. Yet Martial * fpeaks of one with t wo horns; and the reality of the rhinoceros fo armed being till now uncertain, commentators have taken pains to per- fuade us that this was an error of the poet; but there can be now no doubt that the poet was right, and the commen- tators wrong, a caſe that often happens. a I Do not know from what authority the author of the En- cyclopedia † refers to the medals of Domitian, where the rhi- noceros, he fays, has a double horn; in all thoſe that have been publifhed, one horn only is figured. The ufe made of thefe horns is in the turning-loom; they are made into cups, and fold to ignorant people as containing antidotes againſt poiſons; for this quality they generally make part of the prefents of the Mogul and kings of Perfia at Conftantinople. Some mo- dern naturalifts have fcarce yet given over this prejudice; which might have had a poffibility of truth while the Galenical fchool flourished, and vegetable poifons were chiefly uſed; but it is abfurd to fuppofe, that what might diſcover folanum, or deadly night-fhade, upon contact, would have the like effect upon the application of arſenic; and from experience I can pronounce, that a cup of this is alike uſeleſs in the difcovery of either. The handles of * Martial de Spectac. Sce Supplement to Chambers's Dia. APPENDIX. 93 of daggers are always, in Abyffinia, made of this horn, and theſe being the only works to which they are applied, is one of the reaſons why I have faid we fhould not rafhly pro- nounce that the Afiatic rhinoceros has but one horn, mere- ly becauſe the foremost, or round horn, is the only one of the many that have been fent from India. In Abyffinia we ſeldom ſee the hunters at the pains to cut off or bring to market the ſecond horn of the rhinoceros they have flain, becauſe, being flat, in place of round, it has not diameter or fubftance enough to ferve for the ufes juft fpoken of; fo that the round horn is the only one that appears either at Gon- dar or Cairo ; and if we were to judge from this circumftance, the African rhinoceros is unicorn for the fame reaſon as we do the Afiatic. The horns of this animal are hard and folid, of a reddiſh brown on the outfide, a yellow inclining to gold within, and the heart a ſpot of black, which occu- pics the ſpace of near two inches where the diameter of the horn is five. The furface takes a perfect polish, but when dried is very liable to fplinter and crack. It likewiſe warps with heat, and ſcratches eafily. And this was the reaſon that, though exceeding beautiful when new, it never would endure any time when made into the form of a fnuff-box, but warped and fplit with the heat of the pocket, though this I believe was chiefly owing to the lamina, or flat picces into which it was cut, being always left too thin, The foremoſt of theſe horns crook inward at the point, but by no means with fo fudden a curve as is reprefented by the Count de Bufon. How fenfible the animal is in this part, may be known from the accident I was eye-wit- neſs to in hunting him at Tcherkin, where a mufquet- ball breaking off a point of that horn, gave him fuch a hock, as to deprive him for an inſtant of all appear- 0 2 ance If APPENDIX. ance of life. Behind the foremoft, or crooked horn, is the flat ftraight one, and again immediately behind that I have feen diftinctly the rudiments of a third, and the horn full an inch long. If we may judge by its baſe, it would ſeem this third horn was intended to be as long as the o- ther two. THE hunters of thefe large beafts are called Agageer, from Agaro, to kill, by cutting the hams or tendon of Achil- les with a fword. I have already defcribed the manner of this hunting. Theſe Agageers, the only people that have an opportunity of obferving, if they would only tell what they do obſerve truly, fay, they frequently fee rhinocerofes with three horns grown; that this laſt is round, but does not crook at the point, and is not quite fo long as are the other two, nor tapered fo much as the forcmoft or crooked one; but this I leave entirely upon their ve- racity. I never did fee the animal myſelf, nor three grown-horns adhering to each other, as I have feen two. So if this is truth, here is a third fpecies of this quadruped. They fay the third horn is only upon the male, and does not grow till he is advanced in years; the double horn which I have is fixed to a ſtrong muſcle or cartilage; when dry, exceedingly tough. It comes down the os frontis, and along the bone of the noſe; but not having obſerved accu- rately enough at the time the carcafe was lying before me, I do not remember how this mufcle terminated or was made faft, either at the occiput or on the nofe. It has been imagined by feveral that the horn of the rhinoceros and the teeth of the elephant were arms which nature gave them againſt each other: that want of food, and vexation from be- ing deprived of their natural habits, may make any two beasts APPENDIX. 95 beafts of nearly equal ftrength fight or deſtroy each other, cannot be doubted; and accordingly we fee that the Romans made theſe two animals fight at thows and public games: but this is not nature, but the artifice of man; there muſt be ſome better reaſon for this extraordinary conftruction of theſe two animals, as well as the different one of that of fo many others. They have been placed in extenfive woods and deferts, and there they hide themſelves in the moft inaccef- fible places; food in great plenty is round about them; they are not carnivorous, they are not rivals in love; what motive can they have for this conftant premeditated defire of fight- ing? I HAVE faid the rhinoceros does not eat hay or grafs, but lives entirely upon trees; he does not fpare the most thorny ones, but rather feems to be fond of them; and it is not a fmall branch that can eſcape his hunger, for he has the ftrongeſt jaws of any creature I know, and beft adapted to grinding or bruifing any thing that makes refiftance. He has twenty-eight teeth in all, fix of which are grinders, and I have ſeen ſhort indigeſted pieces of wood full three inches diameter voided in his excrements, and the fame of the ele- phant. BUT befides theſe trees, capable of moft refiftance, there are in thefe vaft forefts within the rains, trees of a fofter con- fiftence, and of a very fucculent quality, which feem to be deſtined for his principal food. For the purpoſe of gaining the higheſt branches of theſe, his upper lip is capabie of being lengthened out fo as to increaſe his power of laying hold with this in the fame manner as the elephant deas with his trunk. With this lip, and the afitance of his tongue, 3. 96 APPENDIX. tongue, he pulls down the upper branches which have moft leaves, and theſe he devours firft; having ftript the tree of its branches, he does not therefore abandon it, but placing his fnout as low in the trunk as he finds his horn will en- ter, he rips up the body of the tree, and reduces it to thin pieces, like ſo many laths; and when he has thus prepared it, he embraces as much of it as he can in his monſtrous jaws, and twifts it round with as much eaſe as an ox would do a root of celery, or any fuch pot-herb or garden-ſtuff. fo Sucu, too, is the practice of the elephant; we ſaw, at eve- ry ſtep in theſe immenſe forefts, trees in different progref- fes of this operation, fome divefted of their leaves and bran- ches, and cut over as far down the trunk as was foft, and pliable, and was capable of being ſnapped off by one bite, without ſplitting or laceration; others, where the trunk was cut into laths or ribbands, fome of which were ate in part, others prepared, but which had been left from fatiety or ap- prehenſion of danger, a feaſt without labour for the next that should find it. In fome places we faw the trees all con- fumed, but a ftump that remained about a foot from the ground, and thefe were of the moft fucculent kind, and there we diftinctly perceived the beginning of the firſt la- ceration from the bottom; and what, beſide the teftimony of the hunters, confirmed this fact beyond doubt was, that in feveral places large pieces of the teeth of elephants, and horns of the rhinoceros were brought to us, partly found lying on the ground at the foot of theſe trees, and part flick- ing in them. NEITHER the elephant nor rhinoceros eat grafs; if their food depended upon that, many times in the year they must be reduced APPENDIX. 97 reduced to a ſtate of ſtarving, for the graſs is naturally parch- ed up in ſome ſeaſons, and at others burnt purpofely by the Shangalla. It is true, that in Europe their chief food is hay; trees cannot be every day fpoiled for them in the quantity they would need. But this is not their natural food, more than the fugar and the aquavitæ that are given them here. THE roughneſs of the tongue of the rhinoceros is another matter in difpute: it is faid to be fo rough, that the animal with that can lick off the fleſh of a man's bones. Others ſay, the tongue is ſo ſoft that it reſembles that of a calf. Both of theſe are in fome meaſure true, but aggravated by the reporters. The tongue of the young Rhinoceros is foft, for the ſkin is much tougher and thicker too, than that of a calf, and has apparently fome furrows or wrinkles in it, but it has no puftules nor rudiments of any that are dif- cernible, nor indeed has any uſe for them. On the other hand, the tongue and infide of the upper lip of the old Rhi- noceros are very rough, and this appears to me to ariſe from the conſtant uſe he makes of thefe parts in feizing the branches of trees which have rough barks, particular- ly the acacia. It is, when purſued, and in fear, that we ſce he poffeffes an aftonithing degree of ſwiftnefs, confidering his fize, the apparent unwieldynefs of his body, his great weight before, and the thortnefs of his legs. He is long, and has a kind of trot, which, after a few minutes, increaſes in a great proportion, and takes in a great diftance; but this is to be underſtood with a degree of moderation. It is not true, that in a plain he beats the horſe in ſwiftnefs. I have paffed him with eaſe, and feen many worfe mounted do the fame, and though it is certainly true, that a horſe I can 98 APPENDIX. can very feldom come up with him, this is owing to his cunning, but not his fwiftnefs. He makes conftantly from wood to wood, and forces himfelf into the thickeft part of them. The trees that are fruth, or dry, are broke down, like as with a cannon fhot, and fall behind him and on his fide in all directions. Others that are more pliable, greener, or fuller of fap, are bent back by his weight and velocity of his motion. And after he has paffed, reſtoring them- felves like a green branch to their natural pofition, they fweep the uncautious purfuer and his horfe from the ground, and daſh them in pieces againſt the ſurrounding trees. THE eyes of the Rhinoceros are very fmall, and he fel- dom turns his head, and therefore fees nothing but what is before him. To this he owes his death, and never ef- capes, if there is fo much plain as to enable the horfe to get before him. His pride and fury, then, makes him lay afide all thoughts of efcaping but by victory over his ene- my. He ftands for a moment at bay, then, at a flart, runs ilraight forward at the horſe, like the wild boar, whom in his manner of action he very much reſembles. The horſe cafily avoids him, by turning fhort to afide, and this is the fatal inftant: The naked man, with the ſword, drops from behind the principal horfeman, and unſeen by the Rhinece- ros, who is feeking his enemy the horfe, he gives him a froke acroſs the tendon of the heel, which renders him in- capable of further flight or refiftance. IN fpeaking of the great quantity of food neceffary to fupport this enormous mafs, we mult likewife confider the vatt quantity of water which he needs. No country but that APPENDIX. 99 that of the Shangalla, which he poffeffes, deluged with fix months rains, and full of large and deep bafons, made in the living rock, and ſhaded by dark woods from evapora- tion; or watered by large and deep rivers, which never fall low or to a ſtate of drynefs, can fupply the vaft draughts of this monftrous creature; but it is not for drinking alone that he frequents wet and marſhy places; large, fierce, and ſtrong as he is, he muft fubmit to prepare to defend himſelf a- gainſt the weakeſt of all adverſaries. The great confump- tion he conſtantly makes of food and water neceffarily con- fine him to certain limited ſpaces; for it is not every place that can maintain him, he cannot emigrate, or feek his de- fence among the fands of Atbara. THE fly, that unremitting perfecutor of every animal that lives in the black earth, does not ſpare the rhinoceros, nor is afraid of his fiercenefs. He attacks him in the fame man- ner as he does the camel, and would as eaſily fubdue him, but for a ftratagem which he practiſes for his prefervation. The time of the fly being the rainy ſeaſon, the whole black earth, as I have already obferved, turns into mire. In the night when the fly is at reft, he chooſes a convenient place, and there rolling himſelf in the mud, he clothes himſelf with a kind of cafe, which defends him againſt his adver- fary the following day. The wrinkles and plaits of his fkin ferve to keep this muddy plafter firm upon him, all but about his hips, ſhoulders, and legs, where it cracks and falls off by motion, and leaves him expoſed in thoſe places to the attacks of the fly. The itching and pain which fol- low occafion him to rub himſelf in thoſe parts againſt the rougheſt trees, and this is at leaſt one cauſe of the puftules VOL. V, P or 3 1૦૦ APPENDIX. or tubercules which we fee upon thefe places, both on the elephant and rhinoceros. The Count de Buffon, who be- lieves theſe puftules to be natural parts of the creature, fays,. in proof of this, that they have been found in the fœtus of a rhinoceros. I do not pretend to difbelieve this; it may be,. that theſe punctures happening to the old female at the time ſhe was with young, the impreffion of her fufferings might have appeared upon the young one. However this is, I cannot conceal that I have heard, not from hunters only,. but men worthy of credit, that this is the origin of theſe protuberances; and many rhinoceroſes, flain in Abyffinia, are known to have been found at the feafon of the fly, with their ſhoulders and buttocks bloody and excoriated. It is likewife by no means true, that the ſkin of the rhinoceros is hard or impenetrable like a board. I ſhould rather ſuſpect this to be diſeaſe, or from a different habit acquired by keeping; for in his wild ſtate he is flain by javelins thrown from indifferent hands, which I have ſeen buried three feet in his body. A mufket fhot will go through him if it meets not with the intervention of a bone; and the Shangalla kill him by the worſt and moſt inartificial arrows that ever were uſed by any people practiſing that weapon, and cut him to. pieces afterwards with the very worſt of knives.. I HAVE faid that, in the evening, he goes to welter in the mire. He enjoys the rubbing himſelf there fo much, and groans and grunts fo loud, that he is heard at a confidera- ble diſtance. The pleaſure that he receives from this en- joyment, and the darkneſs of the night, deprive him of his ufual vigilance and attention. The hunters, guided by his noiſe, ſteal fecretly upon him, and, while lying on the ground, APP 101 APPENDIX. " ground, wound him with their javelins moſtly in the belly where the wound is mortal. A SURGEON of the Shaftesbury Indiaman was the firſt whe obferved and mentioned a fact which has been rafhly enough declared a fable*. He obferved on a rhinoceros newly taken, after having weltered and coated itſelf in mud, as above mentioned, ſeveral infects, fuch as millepides, or ſcolopendra, concealed under the ply of the ſkin. With all fubmiffion to my friend's cenfure, I do not think he is in this ſo right or candid as he ufually is; not having been out of his own country, at leaſt in any country where he could have ſeen a rhinoceros newly taken from weltering in the mud, he could not poffibly be a judge of this fact as the officer of the Shaftesbury was, who faw the animal in that ſtate. Every one, I believe, have feen horſes and cows drinking in foul water feized by leeches, which have bled them exceſſively, and fwelled under the animal's tongue to a monſtrous ſize. And I cannot fay, with all ſubmiſſion to better judgment, that it is more contrary to the nature of things, that a leech ſhould ſeize an animal, whoſe cuſtom is to welter in water, than a fly bite and depofit his eggs in a camel in the fun-fhine on land. But further I muft bear this teſtimony, that, while at Ras el Feel, two of theſe ani- mals were flain by the Ganjar hunters in the neighbour- hood. I was not at the hunting, but, though ill of the flux, I went there on horſeback before they had ſcraped off their muddy covering. Under the plies of one I faw two or three very large worms, not carnivorous ones, but the common P 2 * Vid. Buffon Hift. rhinoceros, p. 225. Edwards, p. 25. and 26. large 102 APPENDIX. large worm of the garden. I ſaw likewiſe ſeveral animal like earwigs, which I took for young fcolopendræ, and two fmall, white, land-fnail fhells. I fought no further, but was told a number of different infects were found, and fome of them that fucked the blood, which I take to be a kind of leech. There is then no fort of reaſon to accuſe this gentleman of telling a falſehood, only becauſe he was a better obſerver, and had better opportunities than others have had, and it is indeed neither juft nor decent; on the contrary, it is a coarſe manner of criticifing, to tax a man with falfehood when he ſpeaks as an eye-witnefs, and has faid nothing phyfically impoffible.. THE rhinoceros fhewn at the fair of St Germain, that which the Count de Buffon and Mr Edwards faw, kept clean in a ſtable for feveral years, I fhall believe had neither worms noi ſcolopendræ upon it, neither does this officer of the Shaftesbury report it had; but he ſays, that one covered with mud, in which it had been weltering, had upon it animals that are commonly found in that mud; and this neither Mr Parfons nor Mr Edwards, nor the Count de Buffon, ever. had an opportunity of verifying.. * CHARDIN fays, that the Abyffinians tame and train the rhinoceros to labour. This is an abfolute fable; befides, that we have reaſon to believe the animal is not capable of inftruction, neither hiftory not tradition ever gave the ſmalleſt reafon to make us believe this, nor is there any motive for attempting the experiment, more than for belie- ving *Chardin, tom. iii. p. 45- 1 APPENDIX. 123 ving it ever was accomplished. Tractable as the elephant, is, the Abyffinians never either tamed or inftructed him ; they never made uſe of beaſts in war, nor would their coun- try permit this training; fo much the contrary, as we have already feen, that Ptolemy Philadelphus, and his fucceffor Ptolemy Evergetes, did every thing in their power to pez- fuade them to take the elephant alive, that they might tame them; but, as he was a principal part of their food, they never could fucceed; and the latter prince, for this very purpoſe, made an expedition into Abyffinia, and was obliged to extir- pate theſe hunters, and fettle in their place a colony of his own at Arkeeko near Mafuah, which he called Ptolemais I heron for that very reaſon; after which, he himſelf tells us in the long Greek inſcription he left in the kingdom of Adel, that he had fucceeded fo far, by means of his colony of Greeks, as to train the Ethiopic elephant foas to make him fuperior to thoſe in India; but this he could never do by employing Abyffinians. It is a general obfervation made in every part where this animal refides, that he is indocile, and wants talents; his fierceness may be conquered, and we fee, with a moderate degree of attention, he is brought to be quiet enough; but it is one thing to tame or conquer his fiercenefs, and ano- ther to make him capable of inftruction; and it feems ap- parently allowed to be his caſe, that he has not capacity. A fteady, uniform fiercenefs in the brute creation, is to be ſub- dued by care and by hunger, this is not the caſe with him, his violent tranfports of fury upon being hungry, or not being ferved in the inftant with food, feems to bar this manner of taming him. His behaviour is not that of any other animal; his revenge and fury are directed as much againſt himſelf as againſt an enemy; he knocks his head againft 104 APPENDIX. againſt the wall, or the manger, with a feeming intention to deftroy himſelf, nay, he does deftroy himſelf often. That fent from India to Emanuel king of Portugal, in the year 1513, and by him prefented to the pope, was the cauſe the fhip* that carried him was funk and loft, and the one that was fhewn in France purpoſely drowned itſelf going to Italy. THE rhinoceros and the elephant are the principal food of the Shangalla. The manner of preparing the flesh I have already defcribed, and fhall not repeat. He is ate too with great greedinefs by all the inhabitants of the low country, and Atbara. The moft delicate part about him is ſuppoſed to be the foles of his feet, which are foft like thoſe of a camel, and of a griftly fubftance; the rest of the fleſh ſeems to reſemble that of the hog, but is much coarfer. It fmells of muſk, and is otherwiſe very taſteleſs}; I ſhould think it would be more fo to the negroes and hunters, who eat it without falt. The only hair about it is at the tip of its tail; they are there few and ſcattered, but thick as the loweft wire of a harpsichord; ten of theſe, faſtened fide by fide, at the diſtance of half an inch from each other, in the figure of a man's hand, make a whip which will bring the blood every ſtroke. THIS rhinoceros was thirteen feet from the noſe to its anus; and very little lefs than feven feet when he ftood, meaſuring from the fole of his fore-foot to the top of the ſhoulder. The firft horn was fourteen inches. The fecond 2 forne- Tran. Phlifoph. No. 470. APPENDIX. fomething less than thirteen inches. The flat part of the horn, where it was bare at its baſe, and divefted of hair, was four inches, and the top two inches and a half broad. In the middle it was an inch and quarter thick; it was fla- ped like a knife; the 'back two inches, and, when turned, meaſured one fourth of an inch at the edge. It ſeems now to be a point agreed upon by travellers and naturaliſts, that the famous animal, having one horn only upon his forehead, is the fanciful creation of poets and painters; to them I ſhould willingly leave it, but a Swediſh naturalift, Dr Sparman, who has lately publiſhed two vo- Lumes in quarto, in which he has diftinguifhed himſelf by his low illiberal abuſe of learned foreigners, as much as by the fulfome flattery he has bestowed on his own countrymen, has fhewed an inclination to revive this an- tiquated fable. I do not, for my own part, believe the au- thority will be thought fufficient, or have many followers. The publiſher, by way of apology, as I fuppofe, for his ruf- ticity and ill-manners, fays, that he was einployed in labour to earn a ſufficient fum upon which to travel. What la- bour he applied to is not faid; it was not a lucrative occu- pation furely, or the Doctor was not an able labourer, as the fum produced was but 38 dollars, and I really think his knowledge acquired feem to be pretty much in pro- portion to his funds. KOLBE mentions what would feem a variety of the rhino- ceros at the Cape. He fays it has one horn upon its nofe, and another upon his forehead. This the Count de Buffon thinks is untrue, and, from other circumstances of the nar- rative, fuppofes that Kolbe never faw this rhinoceros, and has 106 APPENDIX. has defcribed it only from hear fay. Though this, too, is Doctor Sparman's opinion, yet, unwilling to let flip an op- portunity of contradicting the Count de Buffon, he taxes it as an improper criticiſm upon this rhinoceros of Kolbe: he fays the defcription is a juſt one, and that a man of the Count's learning fhould have known that the forehead and nofe of all animals were near each other. though he has gi- ven a ſtrange drawing of the ſkeleton of the head of a.rhi- noceros, where the nofe and the forehead are very diftinct- ly different, yet, in another drawing, he has figured his rhi- noceros bicornis, with a head feemingly all nofe, and much liker an aſs than any thing we have feen pretended to be a rhinoceros ever fince the time of Albert Durer. He pre- tends that, in his travels at the Cape, he faw an animal of this form, which had two horns upon his forehead, or his noſe, whichever he pleaſes to call them. If fuch an animal does really exift, it is undoubtedly a new fpecies; it has not the armour or plaited fkin, feen in every rhinoceros till this time. He tells us a heap of wonderful ftories about it, and claims the honour of being the firſt diſcover- er of it; and really, I believe, he is fo far in the right, that if he can prove what he fays to be true, there is no man that will pretend to difpute this point with him. Befides its having a ſkin without plaits, it has two horns on the fore- head, ſo looſe that they claſh againſt one another, and make a noiſe when the animal is running: then he has one of theſe only that are moveable, which he turns to one fide or the other when he chooſes to dig roots; an imagination fcarcely poffible, I think, to any one who has ever ſeen a rhinoceros. With theſe looſe and claſhing horns he diverts himſelf by throwing a man and horfe into the air; and, though but five feet high, at other times he throws a load- 4 ed Hywna London Publish'd. Jan 191790 by Robinson Co APPENDIX. 107 ed, covered waggon, drawn by two oxen, over hedges into the fields. THIS rhinoceros very luckily is not carnivorous, for he is among the ſwifteſt of animals, and ſmells and ſcents peo- ple at a great diſtance; and yet, with all theſe advantages, .though his conftant occupation, according to Dr Sparman, ſeems to be hunting waggons and men alſo, he never was fo fuccefsful as to kill but one man, as far as was ever known. HYEN A. THE 'HERE are few animals, whoſe hiſtory has paffed under the confideration of naturalifts, that have given oc- cafion to fo much confufion and equivocation as the Hyæna has done. It began very early among the ancients, and the moderns have fully contributed their ſhare. It is not my intention to take up the reader's time with difcuffing the errors of others, whether ancient or modern. With- VOL. V. е out 308 APPENDIX. out diſplaying a great deal of learning to tell him what it is not, I ſhall content myſelf with informing him what it is, by a good figure and diftin&t relation of what in his hiſtory hath been unknown, or omitted, and put it in the reader's power to reject any of the pretended Hy- enas that authors or travellers fhould endeavour to im- poſe upon him. At the fame time, I fhall fubmit to his decifion, whether the animal I mention is a new one, or only a variety of the old, as it muſt on all hands be allow- ed that he is as yet undeſcribed. MOST of the animals confounded with him are about fix times fmaller than he is, and fome there are that do not even uſe their four legs, but only two. The want of a critical knowledge in the Arabic language, and of natural hiſtory at the ſame time, has in ſome meaſure been the oc- cafion of this among the moderns. Bochart difcuffes the ſeveral errors of the ancients with great judgment, and the Count de Buffon †, in a very elegant and pleaſant man- ner, hath nearly exhaufted the whole. I Do not think there is any one that hath hitherto writ- ten of this animal who ever faw the thoufandth part of them that I have. They were a plague in Abyffinia in eve- ry fituation, both in the city and in the field, and I think furpaffed the ſheep in number. Gondar was full of them from the time it turned dark till the dawn of day, ſeeking the different pieces of flaughtered carcafes which this cruel and * Bach. vol. I. cap. xxxiii. † Buffon vol. IX. 4to. : APPENDIX. 109 and unclean people expoſe in the ftreets without burial, and who firmly believe that theſe animals are Falafha from the neighbouring mountains, transformed by magic, and come down to cat human flesh in the dark in fafety. Many a time in the night, when the king had kept me late in the palace, and it was not my duty to lie there, in going a- crofs the fquare from the king's houfe, not many hundred yards diftant, i have been apprehenfive they would bite me in the leg. They grunted in great numbers about me, though I was furrounded with feveral armed men, who feldom paſſed a night without wounding or flaughtering fome of them. ONE night in Maitfha, being very intent on obfervation, I heard fomething pafs behind me towards the bed, but up- on looking round could perceive nothing. Having finished what I was then about, I went out of my tent, refolving di- rectly to return, which I immediately did, when I percei- ved large blue eyes glaring at me in the dark. I called upon my ſervant with a light, and there was the hyæna ftanding nigh the head of the bed, with two or three large bunches of candles in his mouth. To have fired at him I was in danger of breaking my quadrant or other furniture, and he feemed, by keeping the candles fteadily in his mouth, to with for no other prey at that time. As his mouth was full, and he had no claws to tear with, I was not afraid of him, but with a pike ftruck him as near the heart as I could judge. It was not till then he fhewed any fign of fierceness; but, upon feeling his wound, he let drop the candles, and endea- voured to run up the fhaft of the fpear to arrive at me, fo that, in felf-defence, I was obliged to draw out a piſtol from my girdle and ſhoot him, and nearly at the fame time my fervant Q² IIO } APPENDIX. fervant cleft his ſkull with a battle-ax. In a word, the hyena was the plague of our lives, the terror of our night-walks, the deftruction of our mules and affes, which above all o- thers are his favourite food. Many inftances of this the reader will meet with throughout my Travels.. THE hyana is known by two names in the eaft, Deeb and Dubbah. His proper name is Dubbah, and this is the name he goes by among the beſt Arabian naturaliſts. In Abyffinia, Nubia, and part of Arabia, he is, both in writing and converſation, called Deeb, or Deep, either ending with a bor p; and here the confufion begins, for though Dub- bah is properly a hyana, Dabbu is a fpecies of monkey;; and though Deeb is likewiſe a hyæna, the fame word fig-- nifies a jackal; and a jackal being by naturaliſts called a wolf, Deeb is underſtood to be a wolf alſo. In Algiers this difference is preferved ftrictly; Dubbah is the hyana; Deeb is the jackal, which run in flocks in the night, crying like hounds. Dubb is a bear, fo here is another confufion, and the bear is taken for the hyæna, becauſe Dubb, or Dubbalı, feems to be the fame word. So Poncet, on the frontiers of Sennaar, complains, that one of his mules was bit in the thigh by a bear, though it is well known there never was any animal of the bear-kind in that, or, I believe, in any other part of Africa. And I ftrongly apprehend, that the leopards and tigers, which Alvarez and Don Roderigo de Lima mention molefted them fo much in their journey to Shoa, were nothing elfe but hyanas. For tigers there are certainly none in Abyffinia; it is an Afiatic animal. Though there are leopards, yet they are but few in number, and are not gregarious, neither, indeed, are the hyenas, only as they gather APPENDIX. gather in flocks, lured by the ſmell of their food; and of theſe it would ſeem there are many in Shoa, for the capital of that province, called Tegulat, means the City of the Hyæna. If the deſcription given by M. de Buffon is an elegant and good one, the draught of the animal is no lefs fo. It is exactly the fame creature I have ſeen on Mount Libanus and at Aleppo, which makes me have the lefs doubt that there are two ſpecies of this animal, the one partaking more of the dog, which is the animal I am now deſcribing, the other more of the nature of the hog, which is the hyæna of M. de Buffon. Of this the reader will be eaſily ſatisfied, by comparing the two figures and the meaſures of them. The ſame diſtinction there is in the badger. THE animal from which this was drawn was flain at Te- awa, and was the largeſt I had ever feen, being five feet nine inches in length, meafuring from his nofe to his a- nus; whereas the hyæna exhibited by M. de Buffon was not half that, it being only three feet two inches nine lines in length. Notwithſtanding the great fuperiority in fize by which the hyæna of Atbara exceeded that of M. de Buffon, I didnot think him remarkable for his fatnefs, or that he owed any of his fize to his being at that time in more than ordi- nary keeping; on the contrary, I thought the moſt of thoſe I had before feen were in a better habit of body. As near as I could gueſs, he might weigh about 8 ſtone, horſeman's weight, that is, 14 pound to the ftone, or 112 pound. THE length of his tail, from the longeſt hair in it to its infertion above the anus, was one foot nine inches. It was compofed 112 APPENDIX. compoſed of ſtrong hair of a reddiſh, brown colour, with- out any rings or bands of blacknefs upon the points. In the fame manner, the mane confifted of hairs exactly fimi- lar both in colour and fubftance, being longer as they ap- proached the neck, where they were about feven inches long; and though it was obvious that, upon being irritated, he could raiſe them upon his back, yet they were not rigid enough, and were too long to have the reſiſtance of briftles of the hog or boar. This mane reached above two inches beyond the occiput between his ears, but then turned ſhort, and ended there. FROM the occiput to his noſe he was one foot three inch- es and a half. The length of the noſe, from the bottom of the forehead, was five inches and a half, in fhape much like that of a dog, the whole head, indeed, more fo than that of the wolf or any other creature. The aperture of the eye was two inches nearly; that of the mouth, when not gaping or ſnarling, about four inches and a half. The ear, from its baſe to its extreme point, was nine inches and a quarter; it was moftly bare, or covered with very thin, fhort hair. From the infide of one ear to that of the other, meaſured acroſs the forehead, was ſeven inches and a half. From the edge of the opening of one eye to that of the o- ther, meaſured in the fame manner, it was three inches near- ly. From the fole of the fore-foot, as it flood on the ground, to the top of the back above the ſhoulder, it was three feet feven inches; but his back was ſmooth and plain, not riſing or curved as the hyana of M. de Buffon appears to have been. The fore-leg was two feet in length, the foot flat, and four inches broad. From the fole of the foot to the middle of the fore joint was fix inches and a half, and this 3 joint APPENDIX. 113 joint ſeemed to be ill-made, and as it were crooked and half bent. He has four toes, and a ſtraight nail between each of them, greatly refembling that of a dog, ftrong and black, but by no means calculated for tearing animals, and as little for digging, by which occupation he is faid chief- ly to get his food. He ſtands ill upon his hind-legs, norcan his meaſure there be marked with precifion. It is obfervable in all hyænas, that when they are firſt diflodged from cover, or obliged to run, they limp fo remarkably that it would appear the hind- leg was broken, and this has often deceived me; but, after they have continued to run fome time, this affection goes entirely away, and they move very ſwiftly. To what this is owing it is impoffible for me to ſay. I expected to have found fomething likely to be the origin of it in the diffec- tion of this animal given by M. de Buffon, but no fuch thing appears, and I fear it is in vain to look for it elfe- where. I APPREHEND from the fole of his hind-foot to the join- ing of the thigh at his belly, was nearer two feet ſeven in- ches than any other meaſure. The belly is covered with hair very little fofter and fhorter than that of his back. It grows ſhorter as it approaches his hind-legs. His colour is of a yellowish brown, the head and ears the lighteft part of him. The legs are marked thick with black bands which begin at the lower hinder joint, then continue very dark in colour till the top of the thigh, where they turn broad and circular, reaching acroſs the whole fide. Over the fhoul- der are two femicircular bands likewife, then come very fre- quent bands down the outside of the fore-leg in the fame manner 514 APPENDIX. manner as the hind. The infide of all his legs are without marks, fo are the neck, head, and ears, but a little above the thorax is a large black ſtreak which goes up along the throat, and down to the point of the lower jaw. His nofe is black, and above the point, for fome inches, is of a dark colour alfo. THE Hyæna is one of thoſe animals which commenta- tors have taken for the Saphan, without any probability whatever, further than he lives in caves, whither he retires in the fummer to avoid being tormented with flies. Cle- ment of Alexandria introduces Mofes faying, You fhall not eat the hare, nor the hyæna, as he interprets the word faphan; but the Hyena does not chew the cud; they are not, as I ſay, gregarious, though they troop together upon the ſmell of food. We have no reaſon to attribute extra- ordinary wisdom to him; he is on the contrary brutiſh, in- dolent, flovenly, and impudent, and feems to poffefs much the manners of the wolf. His courage appears to proceed from an infatiable appetite, and has nothing of the brave or generous in it, and he dies oftener flying than fighting; but leaſt of all can it be faid of him that he is a feeble folk, being one of the ſtrongeſt beafts of the field. UPON the moſt attentive confideration, the animal here re- preſented ſeems to be of a different ſpecies from the hyæna of M. de Buffon. This of Atbara ſeems to be a dog, whereas the firſt fight of the hyæna of M. de Buffon gives the idea of a hog, and this is the impreffion it ſeems to have made upon the I * Clem. Alexan. lib. ii. Pædagog. cap. 1o. 1 APPENDIX. 115 { the firſt travellers that deſcribe him. Kempfer * calls him Taxus Porcinus, and fays he has briftles like a hog. We have an example of variety of this fort in the badger. There is a fow of that kind, and a dog. The dog is carni- vorous, and the fow lives upon vegetables, though both of them have been fufpected at times to eat and devour animal food. THEhyæna about Mount Libanus,Syria, the north of Aſia,and alfoabout Algiers, is known to live for the moſt part uponlarge fucculent,bulbous roots, eſpecially thoſe of the fritillaria, and fuch large, fleſhy, vegetable ſubſtances. I have known large fpaces of fields turned up to get at onions or roots of thoſe plants, and theſe were chofen with ſuch care, that, after having been peeled, they have been refufed and left on the ground for a ſmall rotten ſpot being diſcovered in them. It will be obferved the hyæna has no claws either for feizing or fe- parating animal food, that he might feed upon it, and I there- fore imagine his primitive manner of living was rather up- on vegetables than upon fleſh, as it is certain he ftill con- tinues his liking to the former; and I apprehend it is from an opportunity offering in a hungry time that he has ven- tured either upon man or beaft, for few carnivorous animals, fuch as lions, tigers, and wolves, ever feed upon both. As to the charge againſt him of his diſturbing fepul- chres, I fancy it is rather fuppofed from his being unable VOL. V. R . to Kemp. p. 411. and 412. 116 APPENDIX. to feize his living prey that he is thought to attach himſelf to the dead. Upon much inquiry I never found one ex- ample fairly proved. The graves in the eaſt are built over with mafon-work; and though it is against the law of the Turks to repair theſe when they fall down, yet the body is probably confumed long before that happens; nor is the hyæna provided with arms or weapons to attempt it in its entire ftate; and the large plants and flowers, with fleſhy bulbous roots, are found generally in plenty among the graves. BUT the hyena of Atbara ſeems long to have abandoned his primitive food of roots, if that was ever his, and to have gone largely and undeniably into the flaughter of living creatures, eſpecially that of men. Indeed, happily for him- felf, he has adopted this fuccedaneum; for as to roots or fruit of any kind, they are not to be found in the deſert country where he has chofen his domicil; and he has no difficulty from the fepulchres, becauſe whole nations periſh without one of them being buried. Add to this, that the. depravity of human nature, the anarchy and bad govern- ment of the country, have given him greater opportunities than anywhere elfe in the world to obtain frequent and. eaſy victories over man. Ir is a conſtant obfervation in Numidia, that the lion a voids and flies from the face of man, till by fome accident they have been brought to engage, and the beaſt has prevail- ed againſt him; then that feeling of fuperiority imprinted by the Creator in the heart of all animals for man's preferva- tion, ſeems to forfake him. The lion, having once tafted human blood, relinquishes the purfuit after the flock. He repairs APPENDIX. I'I' epairs to fome high way or frequented path, and has been known, in the kingdom of Tunis, to interrupt the road to a market for ſeveral weeks; and in this he perfifts till hunters or foldiers are fent out to deftroy him. THE fame, but in a much greater extent, happens in At- bara. The Arabs, the inhabitants of that country, live in encampments in different parts of the country, their ancient patrimony or conqueft. Here they plow and fow, dig wells, and have plenty of water; the ground produces large crops, and all is profperity fo long as there is peace. Infolence and prefumption follow eafe and riches. A quarrel hap- pens with a neighbouring clan, and the first act of hoſtili- ty, or decifive advantage, is the one burning the others crop at the time when it is near being reaped. Inevitable famine follows; they are provided with no flores, no ftock in hand, their houſes are burnt, their wells filled up, the men flain by their enemies, and many thouſands of the helpleſs remainder left perfectly deftitute of neceffaries; and that very ſpot, once a ſcene of plenty, in a few days is reduced to an abfolute defert. Moft of the miferable fur- vivors die before they can reach the next water; they have no ſubſiſtence by the way; they wander among the acacia- trees, and gather gum. There, every day lofing their ſtrength, and deſtitute of all hope, they fall fpontaneouſly, as it were, into the jaws of the mercilefs hyena, who finding fo very little difference or difficulty between flaying the li- ving and devouring the dead, follows the miferable re- mains of this unfortunate multitude, till he has extirpated the laſt individual of them. Thence it comes that we find it remarked in my return through the defert, that the whole country is ftrewed with bones of the dead; horrid R 2 monuments 118 APPENDIX. monuments of the victories of this favage animal, and of man more favage and cruel than he. From the eaſe with which he overcomes thefe half-ftarved and unarmed peo- ple, ariſes the calm, ſteady confidence in which he furpaffes all the reſt of his kind. IN Barbary I have ſeen the Moors in the day-time take this animal by the ears and pull him towards them, without his attempting any other reſiſtance than that of his drawing back and the hunters, when his cave is large enough to give them admittance, take a torch in their hand, and go ftraight to him; when, pretending to fafcinate him by a fenſeleſs jargon of words which they repeat, they throw a blanket over him, and haul him out. He ſeems to be ſtupid or fenfeleſs in the day, or at the appearance of ftrong light, unleſs when purſued by the hunters. I HAVE locked up a goat, a kid, and a lamb with him all day when he was fafting, and found them in the evening alive and unhurt. Repeating the experiment one night, he ate up a young afs, a goat, and a fox, all before morning, fo as to leave nothing but fome fmall fragments of the afs's bones. IN Barbary, then, he has no courage by day; he flics from man, and hides himſelf from him: But in Abyffinia or Atbara, accuſtomed to man's fleſh, he walks boldly in the day-time like a horſe or mule, attacks man wherever he finds him, whether armed or unarmed, always attaching himſelf to the mule or afs in preference to the rider. I may fafely fay, I ſpeak within bounds, that I have fought him a bove fifty times hand to hand, with a lance or fpear, when I had APPENDIX, 119 I had fallen unexpectedly upon him among the tents, or in defence of my ſervants or beaſts. Abroad and at a diſtance the gun prevented his nearer approach; but in the night, evening, or morning, we were conftantly in cloſe engage- ment with him. THIS frequent victory over man, and his daily feeding upon him without refiftance, is that from which he furely draws his courage. Whether to this food it is that he owes his fuperior fize, I will not pronounce. For my own part, I confider him as a variety of the fame rather than another fpecies. At the fame time I muſt fay, his form gave me di- ftinctly the idea of a dog, without one feature or likeneſs of the hog, as was the cafe with the Syrian hyæna living on Mount Libanus, which is that of M. de Buffon, as plain- ly appears by his drawing. I HAVE oftentimes hinted in the courfe of my Travels at the liking he has for mules and affes; but there is another paſſion for which he is ſtill more remarkable, that is, his liking to dog's fleſh, or, as it is commonly expreffed, his a- verſion to dogs. No dog, however fierce, will touch him in the field. My greyhounds, accuſtomed to faſten upon the wild boar, would not venture to engage with him. On the contrary, there was not a journey I made that he did not kill feveral of my greyhounds, and once or twice robbed me of my whole ſtock: he would feck and feize them in the fervants tents where they were tied, and endeavour to car- ry them away before the very people that were guarding them. THIS 120 APPENDIX. THIS animofity between him and dogs, though it has eſcaped modern naturalifts, appears to have been known to the ancients in the eaſt. In Ecclefiafticus (chap. xiii. ver. 18.) it is faid, "What agreement is there between the hyæna and the dog?" a fufficient proof that the antipathy was fo well known as to be proverbial. AND I muſt here obſerve, that if there is any preciſion in the definition of Linnæus, this animal does not anſwer to it, either in the cauda recta or annulata, for he never carries his tail erect, butalways clofe behind him like a dog when afraid, or unleſs when he is in full ſpeed; nor is the figure given by M. de Buffon marked like the hyena of Atbara, though, as have I faid, perfectly reſembling that of Syria, and the figure I have here given has, I believe, fcarcely a hair mif- placed in it. Upon the whole, I fubmit this entirely to my reader, being fatisfied with having, I hope, fully proved what was the intent of this differtation, that the ſaphan is not the hyæna, as Greek commentators upon the fcripture have imagined. JERBOA Jerboa Heath Se London Publisha Dec1789 by Robins &. APPENDIX. £21 JER BOA. I HAVE already obferved that the Arabs have confounded the Saphan with feveral other animals that have no fort of reſemblace to it; there are two of theſe very remark- able, the Fennec and Jerboa, of which I am now to treat. As I have given excellent figures of both, by drawings ta- ken from the creatures alive, I have no doubt I fhall pre- vent any confuſion for the future, and throw fome light upon facred fcripture, the greateft profit and ufe that can refult from this fort of writing. If the rabbits been frequently confounded with the faphan, and flood for it in the interpretation of the Hebrew text, the fame has likewiſe happened to another animal, the Jerboa, ftill more diffimilar in form and in manners from the faphan, than even the rabbit itſelf, and much leſs known. The Jerboa is a ſmall harmleſs animal of the defert, nearly the fize of a common rat: the ſkin very ſmooth and ſhining, of a brown tinged with yellow or gold colour, and the ends of the hairs tipt with black. It lives in the fmootheft plains or places of the defert, eſpecially where the foil is fixed gra- 2 vel, : 1.12 APPENDIX. vel, for in that chiefly it burrows, dividing its hole below into many manfions. It feems to be apprehenfive of the falling in of the ground; it therefore generally digs its hole under the root of fome ſpurge, thyme, or abfinthium, upon whoſe root it ſeems to depend for its roof not falling in and burying it in the ruins of its fubterraneous habitation. It feems to delight moft in thoſe places that are haunted by the ceraftes, or horned viper. Nature has certainly impofed this dangerous neighbourhood upon the one for the good and advantage of the other, and that of mankind in general. Of the many trials I made, I never found a Jerboa in the body of a viper, excepting once in that of a female big with young, and the Jerboa itſelf was then nearly confumed. THE Jerboa, for the moft part, ftands upon his hind-legs; he reſts himſelf by fitting backwards fometimes, and I have feen him, though rarely, as it were lie upon all four; whe- ther that is from fatigue or fickneſs, or whether it is a na- tural poſture, I know not. The Jerboa of the Cyrenaicum is fix inches and a quarter in length, as he ftands in the drawing. He would be full half an inch more if he was laid ſtraight at his length immediately after death. The head, from his nofe to the occiput, is one inch two lines. From the noſe to the foremoſt angle of the eye, fix lincs. The opening of the eye itſelf is two lines and a quarter; his ears three quarters of an inch in length, and a quarter of an inch in breadth; they are ſmooth, and have no hair within, and but very little without; of an equal breadth from bottom to top, do not diminiſh to a point, but are rounded there. The buttocks are marked with a femicir- cle of black, which parts from the root of the tail, and ends at the top of the thigh. This gives it the air of a compound 4 animal, APPENDIX. 123 animal, a rat with bird's legs, to which the flying pofture ftill adds reſemblance. From this ftroke to the center of the eye is three inches, and to the point of his toe the fame meaſure; his tail is fix inches and a quarter long, feems aukwardly fet on, as ftuck between his buttocks, without any connection with his fpine; half of it is poorly covered with hair of a light or whiter colour than his body; the o- ther half is a beautiful feather of long hair, the middle white, the edges jet black: this tail, which by its length would feem an incumbrance to him, is of a ſurpriſing ad- vantage in guiding and directing him in his jumping. : FROM the fhoulder to the elbow of the fore-foot is half an inch from the elbow to the joining of the paw, ths of an inch. The claw itfelf is curved, and is fome- thing less than a quarter of an inch. It has very long mu- ftachoes, fome of them ftanding backward, and fome of them forward from his nofe; they are all of unequal lengths, the longeſt an inch and a half; his belly is white: he ſeems to be of a very cleanly nature, his hair al- ways in great order. From his fnout to the back part of the opening of the mouth is half an inch; his noſe pro- jects beyond his under jaw three quarters of an inch. He has four toes in his hind-foot, and a fmall one behind his hcel, where is a tuft of hair coloured black. The fore-foot hath three toes only. THE ancients have early defcribed this animal; we fee him in fome of the first medals of the Cyrenaicum, fitting under an umbellated plant, fuppofed to be the filphium, whofe figure is preferved to us on the filver medals of Cy- rene. The high price fet upon it is mentioned by feveral hifto- VOL. V. S rians, ! 324 APPENDIX. rians, but the reaſon of that value, or the ufe of the plant, I have never yet been able to comprehend, I fuppofe it was an adventitious plant, which the curiofity and correfpon- dence of the princes of that frate had probably brought from fome part of Negroland, where the goats are broufing upon it at this day with indifference enough, unconſcious; of the price it bore in the time of the Ptolemies. HERODOTUS *, Theophraftus †, and Ariftotle ‡, all men- tion this animal under the name of διπες, γαλαι διποδες, or, two-footed rats. This animal is found in moſt of the parts. of Arabia and Syria, in every part of the fouthern deferts of Africa, but no where fo frequently, and in fuch num- bers, as in the Cyrenaicum, or Pentapolis. In my unfor tunate journey there, I employed the Arabs, together with my fervants, to kill a number with flicks, fo as that the tkins might not be injured by fhot. I got them dreffed in Syria and in Greece, and fewed together, making uſe of the tail as in ermine for the lining of a cloak, and they had a very good effect; the longer they wore, the gloffier- and finer appearance the ſkins made. The Jerboa is very fat and well-coloured; the buttocks, thighs, and part of I have eaten the back, are roaſted and ate by the Arabs. them; they are not diftinguishable from a young rabbit. either in colour or tafte; they have not even the ſtrong: taſte the rabbit has. Some writers have confounded theſe two animals together; at leaſt they have miſtaken this for } * Herod. Melp. fect. 192. A the + Theoph. apud Elian. Hift. Anim. lib. xv. cap. 26. Arift. de Mareb. Egypt. lib. vi, { APPENDIX. 125 the faphan, and the faphan for the rabbit. This, however, is plainly without foundation. Thefe long legs, and the neceffity of leaping, demand the plain ground, where na- ture has always placed this creature. THE Arabs Ibn Bitar, Algiahid, Alcamus, and Damir, and many others, have known the animal perfectly, though ſome of them ſeem to confound it with another called the Afhkoko. Ibnalgiauzi fays, that the Jerboa is the only kind that builds in rocks, which from ten thouſand exam- ples I am fure he does not, nor is he any way made for it, and I am very certain he is not gregarious. They have a number of holes indeed in the fame place, but I do not re- member ever to have feen more than two together at a time. The Arab Canonifts are divided whether or not he can be lawfully caten. Ibnalgiauzi is of opinion he can- not, nor any other animal living under the ground, except- ing the land crocodile, which he calls Fl Dabb, a large lizard, faid to be uſeful in venereal purfuits. Ata and Achmet, Ben- hantal, and feveral others, exprefsly fay, that the eating of the ferboa is. lawful. But this feems to be an indulgence, as we read in Damir, that the uſe of this animal is granted becauſe the Arabs delight in it. And Ibn Bitar fays, that the Jerboa is called Ifraelitish, that the flesh of it is dried in the outward air, is very nourishing, and prevents coftiveness, from which we fhould apprehend, that medicinal confidera- tions entered into this permiffion likewife. However this may be, it ſeems to me plain, fuch was not the opinion of the old tranflators of the Arab verfion from the Hebrew; they once only name this animal exprefsly, and there they fay it is forbidden. The paffage is in Ifaiah, They that fanc- tify themſelves and purify themfelves in the gardens "behind one tree in the midt, eating fwine's flesh, S 2 CC and 126 APPENDIX. << "and the abomination, and the moufe, fhall be confumed together, faith the Lord *." The Hebrew word fignifies mouſe, and fo our Engliſh tranſlation renders it. But the Arabic verfion calls it exprefsly the Jerboa, and claffes it with the abomination and ſwine's fleſh, that is, in the claſs of things in the higheſt degree forbidden. THERE is little variety in this animal either in ſize or co- lour, in the wide range that they inhabit. Towards Aleppo they have broader nofes than the African ones, their bodies alſo thicker, and their colour lighter; a thing we always fee in the Syrian animals, compared to the African. The firſt of theſe I ſaw was in London, in the hands of Dr Ruffel, who has wrote the hiſtory of Aleppo, of whom I have before made mention. Haym publiſhed an account of the Jerboa, fo does Dr Shaw, but there exifts not, that I know, one good figure of him, or particular deſcription. THE figure given us by Edwards is thick and ſhort, out of all proportion. His legs are too short, his feet too large, he wants the black mark upon his heel, the nails of his fore- feet are greatly too long, and there is certainly a latitude taken in the deſcription, when his head is faid very much to reſemble that of a rabbit. Dr Haffelquiſt has given us a kind of deſcription of him without a figure. He ſays the Arabs call him Garbuka, but this is not fo, he goes by no other name in all the east, but that of Jerboa, only the let- ter J, fometimes by being pronounced Y, for Jerboa he is called Yerboa, and this is the only variation in name. THE Liab, chap..lxvi. ver. 17. APPENDIX. 127 THE Arabs of the kingdom of Tripoli make very good diverfion with the Jerboa, in training their grey-hounds, which they employ to hunt the gazel or antelope after in- ftructing him to turn nimbly by hunting this animal. The prince of Tunis, fon of Sidi Younis, and grandſon of Ali Bey, who had been ſtrangled by the Algerines when that capital was taken, being then in exile at Algiers, made me a preſent of a ſmall grey-hound, which often gave us excel- lent fport. It may be perhaps imagined a chace between theſe two creatures could not be long, yet I have often ſeen, in a large incloſure, or court-yard, the greyhound employ a quarter of an hour before he could maſter his nimble adverſary; the ſmall ſize of the creature aſſiſted him much, and had not the greyhound been a practiſed one, and made uſe of his feet as well as his teeth, he might have killed two antelopes in the time he could have killed one Jerboa. Ir is the character of the faphan given in ſcripture, that he is gregarious, that he lives in houfes made in the rock, that he is diftinguiſhed for his feeblenefs, which he fup- plies by his wifdom: none of theſe characteriſtics agree with the Jerboa, and therefore though he chews the cud in common with fome others, and was in great plenty in Judea, fo as to be known by Solomon, yet he cannot be the faphan of the fcripture. FENNEC 128 APPENDIX. FENNE C. . 'HIS beautiful animal, which has lately fo much excited the curiofity, and exerciſed the pens rather than the judgment of fome naturalifts, was brought to me at Al- giers by Mahomet Kais, my drugoman or janizary, while conful-general to his Majeſty in that regency. MAHOMETkais bought it for two fequins from an acquaint- ance, a Turkish oldafh, or foot-foldier, juft then returned from Bifcaza, a fouthern diflrict of Mauritania Cæfarienfis, now called the Province of Conflantina. The foldier faid' they were not uncommon in Bifcara, but more frequently met with in the neighbouring date territories of Beni Mez- zab and Werglah, the ancient habitations of the Melano- Gætuli; in the laft mentioned of which places they hunted them for their fins, which they fent by the caravan to t 2 fell Fennec Heath Se London Published Dec11789. by Robinson & Co. APPENDIX. 129° J * fell at Mecca, and from whence they were after exported to India. He faid that he had endeavoured to bring three of them, two of which had eſcaped by gnawing holes in the cage. I kept this for ſeveral months at my country-houte near Algiers, that I might learn its manners. I made fere- ral drawings of it, particularly one in water colours of its natural ſize, which has been the original of all those bad copies that have ſince appeared. Having fatished myſelf of all particular concerning it, and being about to leave Al- giers, I made a preſent of him to Captain Cleveland, of his majefty's fhip Phoenix, then in that port, and he gave him to Mr Brander, Swediſh conful in Algiers. A young man, Balugani, of whom I have already ſpoken, then in my fer- vice, in which, indeed, he died, allowed himſelf ſo far to be furpriſed, as, unknown to me, to trace upon oiled paper a copy of this drawing in water-colours, just now mentioned. This he did fo fervilely, that it could not be miſtaken, and was therefore, as often as it appeared, known to be a copy by people* the leaſt qualified to judge in theſe matters. The affectation of the poſture in which it was fitting, the extraordinary breadth of its feet, the unnatural curve of the tail, to fhew the black part of it, the affected manner of diſpoſing its ears, were all purpoſely done, to fhew particular details that I was to defcribe, after the animal itſelf ſhould be loft, or its figure, through length of time, fhould be lefs freſh in my memory.. DOCTOR SPARMAN, with his natural dullnefs, and a dif ingenioufnefs which feems partly natural, partly acquired, and Sparman, vol. II. p. 186. 130 APPENDIX. and improved by conftant plagiariſms, from the works of others, pretends in favour of his country and countrymen, to fteal this into a Swedish difcovery. He fays that Mr Bran- der has published an account of it in fome Swediſh tranſ- actions, a book I never faw, but that being long importu- ned by his friend Mr Nicander, to give the figure of the ani- mal itſelf to be published, he conftantly refuſed it. WHETHER this fact is fo or not, I do not pretend to give my opinion if it is, I cannot but think Mr Brander's con- duct in both cafes was extremely proper. The creature itſelf paffed, by very fair means, from my poffeffion into Mr Bran- der's, who cannot doubt that I would have given it to him in preference to Mr Cleveland, if I had known he thought it of the leaſt conſequence; he was then, as having had the ani- mal by just means in his poffeffion, as much entitled to de- ſcribe him as I was; or as the Turk, the prior poffeffor, who gave him to me, had he been capable, and fo inclined. On the other hand, Mr Brander likewife judged very pro- perly in refuſing to publish the drawing at the request of Mr Nicander. The drawing was not justly acquired, as it was obtained by a breach of faith, and feduction of a fervant, which might have coft him his bread. It was con- ducted with a privacy feldom thought neceflary to fair deal- ing, nor was it ever known to me, till the young man be- gan to be dangerously fick at Tunis, when he declared it vo- luntarily to me, with a contrition, that might have atoned for a much greater breach of duty. DR SPARMAN attempts to conceal theſe circumſtances. He fays Mr Brander told him, that I ſaw this animal at Algiers, and that I employed the fame painter that he did to make I the APPENDIX. 131 the drawing of him, and fpeaks of a painter found at Al- giers as readily as if he had been at the gates of Rome or Naples. Theſe are the wretched fubterfuges of low minds, as diſtant from fcience as they are from honour and vir- tue. Why, if the animal was equally known to Mr Bran- der and me, did he not, when writing upon it, give his name, his manners, the ufes to which he was deftined, and the places where he reſided? why ſend to Algiers for an account of him, after having him fo long in his poffeffion, fince at Algiers he was probably as great a ftranger as he was at Stockholm? why call him a fox, or pronounce his genus, yet write to Algiers for particulars to decide what that genus was? > THE Count of Buffon *, content with the merit of his own works, without feeking praiſe from fcraps of information picked up at random from the reports of others, declares candidly, that he believes this animal to be as yet anonyme, that is, not to have a name, and in this, as in other refpects, to be perfectly unknown. If thoſe that have written con- cerning it had ftopt here likewife, perhaps the lofs the pub- lic would have ſuffered by wanting their obfervations would not have been accounted a great detriment to natural hif- tory. MR PENNANT †, from Mr Brander's calling it a fox, has taken occafion to declare that his genus is a dog. Mr Sparman, that he may contribute his mite, attacks the de- fcription which I gave of this animal in a converſation with VOL. V. the T Supplement to Tom. iii. p. 148. + Vol. I. p. 248. 132 APPENDIX. the Count de Buffon at Paris. * He declares I am miftaken ; for in confequence, I fup- by ſaying that it lives on trees pofe, of its being a fox, he fays it burrows in the ground, which, I doubt very much, he never faw an African fox do. His reafon for this is, that there is a fmall animal which lives in the fands at Camdebo, near the Cape of Good Hope, which is rofe-coloured, and he believes it to be the animal in queſtion, for he once hunted it till it efcaped by burrowing under ground, but he did not remark or diftin- guifh his ears t. I DO really believe there may be many fmall animals found at Camdebo, as well as in all the other fands of Africa; but having feen the reſt of this creature during the whole time of a chace, without remarking his ears, which are his great characteristic, is a proof that Dr Sparman is either miftaken in the beaft itſelf, or elſe that he is an unfor- tunate and inaccurate obferver. There is but one other animal that has ears more confpicuous or difproportioned than this we are now ſpeaking of. I need not name him to a man of the profeffor's learning. The Doctor goes on in a further deſcription of this animal that he had never ſeen. He lays his name is Zeṛda, which I fuppofe is the fweetest tranſlation of the Arabic word Jerd, or Jerda. But here Dr Sparman has been again unlucky in his choice, for, befides many other differences, the Jerd, which is an animal well known both in Africa and Arabia, has no tail, but this per- haps is but another inftance of the Doctor's ill fortune; in the Sparman's voyage to the Cape, vol. ii. p. 185. + P. 185. APPEND I X. 133 the firſt caſe, be overlooked this animal's ears; in the ſecond, he did not perceive that he had a tail. THE Arabs who conquered Egypt, and very foon after the reſt of Africa, the tyranny and fanatical ignorance of the Khalifat of Omar being overpaft, became all at once excellent obſervers. They addicted themſelves with won- derful application to all forts of ſcience; they became very ſkilful phyſicians, aftronomers, and mathematicians; they applied in a particular manner, and with great fuccefs, to natural hiſtory, and being much better acquainted with their country than we are, they were, in an eſpecial man- ner, curious in the accounts of its productions. They paid great attention in particular to the animals whoſe figures and parts are defcribed in the many books they have left us, as alfo their properties, manners, their ufes in medicine and commerce, are fet down as diftinctly and plainly as words alone could do. Their religion forbade them the uſe of drawing; this is the fource of the confufion that has hap- pened, and this is the only advantage we have over them. I BELIEVE there are very few remarkable animals, either in Africa or Arabia, that are not ftill to be found defcribed in ſome Arabian author, and it is doing the public little fer- vice, when, from vanity, we ſubſtitute crude imaginations of our own in place of the obfervations of men, who were na- tives of the country, in perpetual uſe of ſeeing, as living with the animals which they defcribed. There cannot, I think, be a ſtronger inftance of this, than in the fubject now be- fore us; notwithſtanding what has been as confidently as ignorantly aſſerted, I will venture to affirm, that this ani- mal, ſo far from being unknown, is particularly deſcribed in all T 2 the 34 APPENDIX. the Arabian books; neither is he without a name; he has one by which he invariably paffes in every part of Africa, where he exifts, which in all probability he has enjoyed as long as the lion or the tiger have theirs. He is white, and not rofe-coloured*; he does not burrow in the earth, but lives upon trees; he is not the jerda, but has a tail, and his genus is not a dog, for he is no fox. Here is a troop of er- rors on cne fubject, that would give any man a ſurfeit of modern deſcription, all arifing from conceit, the cacoethes fcri- bendi, too great love of writing, without having been at the pains to gain a fufficient knowledge of the ſubject by fair inquiry and a very little reading, THE name of this quadruped all over Africa is El Fennec; fuch was the name of that I firſt faw at Algiers; fuch it is called in the many Arabian books that have deſcribed it. But this name, having no obvious fignification in Arabic, its derivation has given rife to many ill-founded gueffes, and laid it open to the conjectures of grammarians who were not naturaliſts. Gollius fays, it is a weafel,' and ſo ſay all the Arabians. He calls it muſtela fænaria, the hay weafel, from fænum, hay, that being the materials of which he builds his neft.. But this derivation cannot be admitted, for there is no fuch thing known as hay in the country where the Fennec refides. But fuppofing that the dry grafs in all countries may be called hay, ftill fænum, a Latin word, would not be that which would expreſs it in Africa. But when we confider that long before, and ever after Alex- ander's conqueft, down as low as the tenth century, the lan- t guage Sparman, vol. II. p. 185. APPENDIX. 13'5 guage of thefe countries behind Egypt was chiefly Greek, an etymology much more natural and characteriſtic will prefent itſelf in the word qovie, a palm tree, whence comes phoenicus, adjective, of or belonging to the palm or date- tree. GABRIEL SIONITA* fays, the Fennec is a white weafel that lives in Sylvis Nigrorum, that is, in the woods of the Melano-Gætuli, where indeed no other tree grows but the palm-tree, and this juſt lands us in the place from which the Fennec was brought to me at Algiers, in Biſcara, Beni- Mezzab, and Werglah. It will be obſerved, that he does not ſay it is an animal of Nigritia; for that country being within the tropical rains, many other trees grow befides the palm, and there the date does not ripen; and by its very thin hair, and fine fkin, this creature is known at firſt fight to belong to a dry, warm climate. to leave no fort of doubt, he calls him Gætulicus, which fhews preciſely what country he means. There, in the high palm-trees, of which this country is full, he writes, the Fennec builds its neft, and brings up its young. Gig- geius tells us, that their ſkins are made ufe of for fine pelif- fes; Ibn Beitar, that quantities of this fur is brought from the interior parts of Africa, and Damir and Razi ſay, that their ſkins are uſed for fummer peliffes †. But AFTER leaving Algiers I met with another Fennec at Tu- * Clem. 1. part 1. * Vid. Epiſt. J. Caii, Angli ad Gefnerum. nis ; 136 * APPENDIX. nis; it had come laft from the iſland of Gerba*, and had been brought there by the caravan of Gadems, or Fezzan. I bought one at Sennaar, from whence it came I know not. I kept it a confiderable time in a cage, till finding it was no longer ſafe for me to ſtay at Sennaar, I trufted it by way of depofit in the hands of a man whom it was neceſſary to deceive, with the expectation that I was to return, and only going for a few days to the camp of Shekh Adelan. It was known by Mahomet Towaſh, and feveral people at Sennaar, to be frequently carried to Cairo, and to Mecca, with paro- quets, and fuch curiofities which are brought by the great caravan from the Niger which traverſes the dreary de- fert of Selima, and takes the date villages in its way eaſt- ward. ALL theſe animals found at feparate times did exactly reſemble the first one feen at Algiers. They were all known by the name of Fennec, and no other, and faid to inhabit the date villages, where they built their nefts upon trees perfectly conformable to what the Arabian authors, whe- ther naturalifts or hiftorians, had faid of them. THOUGH his favourite food feemed to be dates or any fweet fruit, yet I obferved he was very fond of eggs: pigeons eggs, and fmall birds eggs, were firft brought him, which he devoured with great avidity; but he did not feem to know how to manage the egg of a hen, but when broke for him, he ate it with the fame voracity as the others. When he was hungry, he would eat bread, eſpecially with honey or * Meninx Ins. APPENDIX. 137 or fugar. It was very obfervable that a bird, whether con- fined in a cage near him, or flying acroſs the room, engroffed his whole attention. He followed it with his eyes where- ever it went, nor was he at this time to be diverted by placing bifcuit before him, and it was obvious, by the great intereſt he ſeemed to take in its motions, that he was ac- cuſtomed to watch for victories over it, either for his plea- fure or his food. He feemed very much alarmed at the approach of a cat, and endeavoured to hide himſelf, but fhewed no fymptom of preparing for any detence. I never heard he had any voice; he fuffered nimfelf, not without fome difficulty, to be handled in the day when he feemed ra- ther inclined to fleep, but was exceedingly unquiet and reſtleſs ſo ſoon as night came, and always endeavouring his efcape, and though he did not attempt the wire, yet with his ſharp teeth he very foon maſtered the wood of any common bird-cage. FROM the fnout to the anus he was about ten inches long, his tail five inches and a quarter, near an inch on the tip of it was black. From the point of his fore-fhoulder to the point of his fore-toc, was two inches and ths. He was two inches and a half from his occiput to the point of his nofe, the length of his ears three inches and ths. Theſe were doubled, or had a plait on the bottom on the outſide the border of his cars in the infide were thick-covered with ſoft white hair, but the middle part was bare, and of a pink or rofe colour. They were about an inch and a half broad, and the cavities within very large. It was very difficult to meafure thete, for he was very impatient at ha- ving his ears touched, and always kept them erect, unleſs when terrified by a car. The pupil of his eye was large and 3 1 138 APPENDIX. and black, furrounded by a deep blue iris. He had ftrong, thick muſtachoes; the tip of his nofe very fharp, black, and poliſhed. His upper jaw reached beyond the lower, and had four grinders on each ſide of the mouth. It has fix fore- teeth in each jaw. Thoſe in the under jaw are ſmaller than the upper. The canine, or cutting teeth, are long, large, and exceedingly pointed. His legs are ſmall, and his feet very broad; he has four toes armed with crooked, black, fharp claws; thoſe on his fore-feet more crooked and ſharp than behind. All his body is nearly of a dirty white, bordering on cream colour; the hair of his belly rather whiter, fofter, and longer than the reft, and on it a number of paps, but he was fo impatient it was impoffible to count them. He very feldom extended or ſtiffened his tail, the hair of which was harder. He had a very fly and wily appearance. But as he is a folitary animal, and not gregarious, as he has no particular mark of feebleneſs about him, no ſhift or parti- cular cunning which might occaſion Solomon to qualify him as wife; as he builds his neft upon trees, and not on the rock, he cannot be the ſaphan of the fcripture, as fome, both Jews and Arabians, not fufficiently attentive to the qualities attributed to that animal, have nevertheleſs erro- neouſly imagined. ASHKOK O. Ashkoko London Publishid Dec11789. by G.Robinson & Co. APPENDIX. 139 ASHKO K O. THI HIS curious animal is found in Ethiopia, in the caverns of the rocks, or under the great ſtones in the Mountain of the Sun, behind the queen's palace at Kofcam. It is alfo frequent in the deep caverns in the rock in many other places in Abyffinia. It does not bur- row, or make holes, as the rat and rabbit, nature having in- terdicted him this practice by furniſhing him with feet, the toes of which are perfectly round, and of a ſoft, pulpy, ten- der fubftance; the fleshy parts of the toes project beyond the nails, which are rather broad than fharp, much fimilar to a man's nails ill grown, and theſe appear rather given him for the defence of his foft toes, than for any active uſe in digging, to which they are by no means adapted. His hind foot is long and narrow, divided with two deep wrinkles, or clefts, in the middle, drawn acrofs the centre, on each fide of which the fleſh riſes with confiderable pro- tuberancy, and it is terminated by three claws, the middle one is the longeft. The forefoot has four toes, three difpo- VOL. V. fed U 140 APPENDIX. fed in the fame proportion as the hind foot; the fourth, the largeſt of the whole, is placed lower down on the fide of the foot, fo that the top of it arrives no farther than the bottom of the toe next to it. The fole of the foot is di- vided in the centre by deep clefts, like the other, and this cleft reaches down to the heel, which it nearly divides. The whole of the forefoot is very thick, fleſhy, and ſoft, and of a deep black colour, altogether void of hair, though the back, or upper part of it, is thick-covered like the reft of its body, down to where the toes divide, there the hair ends, ſo that theſe long round toes very much reſemble the fin- gers of a man. In place of holes, it feems to delight in leſs cloſe, or more airy places, in the mouths of caves, or clefts in the rock, ør where one projecting, and being open before, affords a long retreat under it, without fear that this can ever be re- moved by the ftrength or operations of man. The Afhkoko are gregarious, and frequently feveral dozens of them fit upon the great ftones at the mouth of caves, and warm themſelves in the fun, or even come out and enjoy the freſh- nefs of the fummer evening. They do not ſtand upright upon their feet, but feem to fteal along as in fear, their belly being nearly cloſe to the ground, advancing a few steps at a time, and then paufing. They have fomething very mild, feeble like, and timid in their deportment; are gentle and eaſily tamed, though, when roughly handled at the firſt, they bite very feverely. THIS animal is found plentifully on Mount Libanus. I have ſeen him alſo among the rocks at the Pharan Promon- torium, 3. APPENDIX. 141 torium, or Cape Mahomet, which divides the Elanitic from the Heroopolitic Gulf, or Gulf of Suez. In all places they ſeem to be the fame, if there is any difference it is in fa- vour of the fize and fatnefs, which thofe in the Mountain of the Sun ſeem to enjoy above the others. What is his food I cannot determine with any degree of certainty. When in my poffeffion, he ate bread and milk, and feemed rather to be a moderate than voracious feeder. I fuppofe he lives upon grain, fruit, and roots. He feemed too timid and backward in his own nature to feed upon living food, or catch it by hunting. THE total length of this animal as he fits, from the point of his noſe to his anus, is 17 inches and a quarter. The length of his fnout, from the extremity of the noſe to the occiput, is 3 inches and ths. His upper jaw is longer than his under; his noſe ſtretches half an inch beyond his chin. The aperture of the mouth, when he keeps it cloſe in profile, is a little more than an inch. The circumference of his fnout around both his jaws is 3 inches and ths ;; and round his head, juſt above his ears, 8 inches and ths; the circumference of his neck is 8 inches and a half, and its length one inch and a half. He ſeems more willing to turn his body altogether, than his neck alone. The circum- ference of his body, meaſured behind his forelegs, is 9 inches and three quarters, and that of his body where great- eſt, eleven inches and ths. The length of his foreleg and toe is 3 inches and a half. The length of his hind thigh is 3 inches and th, and the length of his hind leg to the toe taken together, is 2 fect 2 inches. The length of the forefoot is 1 inch and ths; the length of the middle toe 6 lines, and its breadth 6 lines alfo. The diſtance between U 2 the 142 APPENDIX. the point of the noſe and the firft corner of the eye is one inch and ths; and the length of his eye, from one angle to the other, 4 lines. The difference from the fore angle of his eye to the root of his ear is one inch 3 lines, and the opening of his eye 2 lines and a half. His upper lip is covered with a pencil of ſtrong hairs for muſtachoes, the length of which are 3 inches and {ths, and thoſe of his eye- brows 2 inches and ths. He has no tail, and gives at firft fight the idea of a rat, rather than of any other creature. His colour is a grey mixt with a reddish brown, perfectly like the wild or war- ren rabbit. His belly is white, from the point of the lower jaw, to where his tail would begin, if that he had one. All over his body he has ſcattered hairs, ftrong and poliſhed like his muſtachoes, thefe are for the moſt part two inches and a quarter in length. His ears are round, not point- ed. He makes no noiſe that ever I heard, but certainly chews the cud. To diſcover this, was the principal reaſon of my keeping him alive; thoſe with whom he is acquaint- ed he follows with great affiduity. The arrival of any li- ving creature, even of a bird, makes him feek for a hiding- place, and I ſhut him up in a cage with a ſmall chicken, after omitting feeding him a whole day; the next morning the chicken was unhurt, tho' the Afhkoko came to me with great figns of having fuffered with hunger. I likewife made a fecond experiment, by inclofing two ſmaller birds with him, for the ſpace of feveral weeks; neither were theſe hurt, though both of them fed, without impediment, of the meat that was thrown into his cage, and the ſmalleſt of thefe a kind of tit-mouſe, ſeemed to be advancing in a fort of familiarity with him, though I never faw it venture to perch APPENDIX. 143 perch upon him, yet it would eat frequently, and at the fame time, of the food upon which the Aſhkoko was feeding; and in this confifted chiefly the familiarity I fpeak of, for the Afhkoko himſelf never fhewed any alteration of be- haviour upon the prefence of the bird, but treated it with a kind of abfolute indifference. The cage, indeed, was large, and the birds having a perch to fit upon in the upper part of it, they did not annoy one another. IN Amhara this animal is called Afhkoko, which I appre- hend is derived from the fingularity of thoſe long herina- cious hairs, which, like fmall thorns, grow about his back, and which in Amhara are called Aſhok. In Arabia and Sy- ria he is called Ifrael's Sheep, or Gannim Ifrael, for what reaſon I know not, unleſs it is chiefly from his frequenting the rocks of Horeb and Sinai, where the children of Ifrael made their forty years peregrination; perhaps this name ob- tains only among the Arabians. I apprehend he is known by that of Saphan in the Hebrew, and is the animal erro- neouſly called by our tranflators Cuniculus, the rabbit or coney. MANY are the reaſons againſt admitting this animal, mentioned by fcripture, to be the rabbit. We know that this laſt was an animal peculiar to Spain, and therefore could not be fuppofed to be either in Judea or Arabia. They are gregarious indeed, and fo far reſemble each other, as alſo in point of fize, but in place of ſeeking houfes in the rocks, we know the cuniculus' defire is conſtantly ſand. They have claws, indeed, or nails, with which they dig holes or burrows, but there is nothing remarkable in them, or their frequending rocks, fo as to be defcribed by that cir- cumflance; 144 APPENDIX. cumftance; neither is there any thing in the character of the rabbit that denotes excellent wifdom, or that they fup- ply the want of ftrength by any remarkable fagacity. The ſaphan then is not the rabbit, which laft, unleſs it was brought to him by his fhips from Europe, Solomon never faw. It was not the rabbit's particular character to haunt the rocks. He was by no means diftinguiſhed for feeble- nefs, or being any way unprovided with means of digging for himſelf holes. On the contrary, he was armed with claws, and it was his character to dig fuch, not in the rocks, but in the fands. Nor was he any way diftinguiſhed for wiſdom, more than the hare, the hedge-hog, or any of his neighbours. LET us now apply theſe characters to the Aſhkoko. He is above all other animals fo much attached to the rock, that I never once faw him on the ground, or from among large ſtones in the mouth of caves, where is his conſtant re- fidence; he is gregarious, and lives in families. He is in Judea, Paleſtine, and Arabia, and confequently muſt have been familiar to Solomon. For David defcribes him very pertinently, and joins him with other animals perfectly known to all men: "The hills are a refuge for the wild goats, and the rocks for the ſaphan, or aſhkoko *. And Solomon fays, "There be four things which are little upon the earth, but they are exceeding wife † :"-" The faphan- nim are but a feeble folk, yet make they their houſes in the rocks ." Now this, I think, very obviously fixes the Aſhkoko to be the faphan, for this weakneſs ſeems to al- "" lude * Pfalm civ. ver. 18. + Prov. chap. xxx. ver. 24. + Prov. chap. xxx. ver. 26. APPENDIX. 145 fude to his feet, and how inadequate theſe are to dig holes in the rock, where yet, however, he lodges. Theſe arc, as I have already obferved, perfectly round; very pulpy, or fleſhy, ſo liable to be excoriated or hurt, and of a foft fleſhy fubftance. Notwithstanding which, they build houfes in the very hardeſt rocks, more inacceffible than thofe of the rabbit, and in which they abide in greater ſafety; not by ex- ertion of ſtrength, for they have it not, but are truly as Solo- mon fays, a feeble folk, but by their own fagacity and judg- ment, and are therefore juftly deſcribed as wife. Laftly, what leaves the thing without doubt is, that ſome of the Arabs, particularly Damir, fay, that the faphan has no tail; that it is lefs than a cat, and lives in houſes, that is, not houſes with men, as there are few of theſe in the country where the faphan is; but that he builds houſes, or nefts of ftraw, as Solomon has faid of him, in contradiftinction to the rabbit,. and rat, and thoſe other animals, that burrow in the ground, who cannot be faid to build houſes, as is expreſs- ly faid of him. THE Chriftians in Abyffinia do not eat the flesh of this animal, as holding it unclean, neither do the Mahometans, who in many refpects of this kind in abſtinence from wild meat, have the fame fcruple as chriftians. The Arabs in Arábia Petrea do eat it, and I am informed thofe on Mount Libanus alfo. Thofe of this kind that I faw were very fat, and their fleſh as white as that of a chicken. Though killed them frequently with the gun, yet I never happened to be alone fo as to be able to eat them. They are quite devoid of all finell and ranknels, which cannot be faid of the rabbit. I I HAVE 146 APPENDIX. * I HAVE no doubt that the El Akbar and the El Webro of the Arabs, are both the fame animal. The El Akbar only means the largeſt of the Mus-montanus, under which they have claffed the Jerboa. The Jerd, and El Webro, as alfo the Aſhkoko or Akbar, anſwer to the character of having no tail. BOOTED LYNX. HIS is a very beautiful fpecies of Lynx, and, as far as TH I know, the ſmalleſt of the kind. His body from the tip of the noſe to the anus being only 22 inches. His back, neck, and forepart of his feet are of a dirty grey. His belly is of a dirty white, fpotted with undefined marks, or ſtains of red. Below his eyes, and on each ſide of his noſe, is a red- diſh brown,the back of his ears being of the fame colour, but rather darker; the infide of his ears is very thickly clothed with fine white hair, and at the end is the pencil of hairs diſtinctive of this genus. On the back of his forefeet, he has a black ſtreak or mark, which reaches from his heel I two Lynx. London Publifhd Dec11789. by 6 Robinson & to. APPENDIX. 147 two inches up his leg. On his hinder foot he has the fame, which reaches four inches from the heel, and ends juſt be- low the firſt joint, and from this circumſtance I have given him his name. His tail is 13 inches long, the lower part of it, for 6 inches, is occupied with black rings. Between theſe rings his tail is nearly white, the reft much the fame colour as his back. From his noſe to his occiput is 4 inches and three quarters. From one eye to the other, meafuring acroſs his nofe, is one inch and three quarters. From the bafe of one ear to that of the other, is 2 inches and ths. The aperture of the eye three quarters of an inch, and of a yellow iris. The length of his ear from its bafe to the point of the pencil of hairs at the top of it, 4 inches and three quarters. From the fole of his forefoot to his fhoulder, as he ftands, 13 inches and three quarters. From the fole of his hind foot, to the top of his rump, 15 inches and a quarter. He has very much the appearance of a common cat, both from the length of his tail, and the fhape of his head, which however is broader, and his neck thicker than that of a domeftic animal. He is an inhabitant of Ras el Feel, and, fmall as he is, lives among thofe tyrants of the foreft, the elephant and rhinoceros. I do not mean that he has any hunting connections with them, as the jackal with the lion, I rather think he avails himſelf of what is left by the hun- ters of the carcafes of thofe huge beafts. But the chief of all his food is the Guinea-hen, of which the thickets and bufhes of this country are full. For thefe he lurks chiefly at the pools of water when they drink, and in this act of violence I furpriſed him. He is faid to be exceedingly VOL. V. X fierce, 148 APPENDIX. fierce, and to attack a man if any way preffed. At this time he mounts eaſily upon the higheft trees; at other times he is content with hiding himſelf in buſhes, but in the feafon of the fly he takes to holes and caverns in the ground. I never faw its young ones, nor did I ever hear any noiſe it makes, for the ſhot killed him outright, but did not in the leaft disfigure him; ſo that the reader may depend upon this repreſentation of him as I have given it, with all poffi- ble truth and precifion. OF F OF BIRD S. THE HE number of birds in Abyffinia exceeds that of other animals beyond proportion. The high and low coun- tries are equally ftored with them, the firſt kind are the carnivorous birds. Many fpecies of the eagle and hawk, many more ftill of the vulture kind, as it were overftock all parts of this country. That fpecies of glede called Haddaya, fo frequent in Egypt, comes very punctually into Ethiopia, at the return of the fun, after the tropical rains. The quantity of fhell-fiſh which then covers the edges of the defert, and leaves the falt fprings where they have been nouriſhed, ſurpriſed by the heat, and deſerted by the moif- ture, are the first food thefe birds find in their way. They then are fupplied in the neighbouring Kolla, by the carca- fes of thofe large beafts, the elephant, rhinoceros, and gi- raffa, the whole tribe of the deer kind, and the wild affes X 2 that 1.50. APPENDIX. that are flain by the hunters, part of which only are uſed! in food. THE vast quantity of field-rats and mice that appear af- ter harveſt, and fwarm in the cracks, or fiffures in the ground, are their next fupply. But above all, the great flaughter made of cattle upon the march of the army, the beafts of burden which die under carriage and ill treat- ment, the number of men that perish by diſeaſe and by the: fword, whoſe carcafes are never buried by this barbarous and unclean people, compofe fuch a quantity, and variety of carrion, that it brings together at one time a multitude of birds of prey, it would feem there was not fuch a number in the whole earth. Theſe follow the camp, and abide by it; indeed, they feem another camp round it, for, beſides thoſe that ventured among the tents, I have ſeen the fields covered on every fide as far as the eyes could reach,. and the branches of the trees ready to break under the pref fure of their weight.. THis unclean multitudė remain together in perfect peace- till the rains become conftant and heavy; which deprive them of their food by forcing the hunters and armies to re- tire home. Nor are other circumftances wanting equally obvious, which account for the great number of birds that live on infects. The fly, of which we have already ſpoken fo often, reigns in great fwarms from May to September on the plains, and in all the low country down to the fands. of Atbara. Theſe are attended by a multitude of enemies, fome of whom feck them for food; others feem to perfe- cute them from hatred, or for ſport, from the multitude they ſcatter upon the ground, without further care concern- 1 ing APPENDIX. ing them. Honey is the principal food of all ranks of peo- ple in Abyffinia, and confequently a multitude of bees are produced everywhere. Part of theſe are kept in large ca- ges, or baſkets, hung upon the trees; others attach them- felves to the branches, others build nefts in the foft wood of the trees, eſpecially the Bohabab, whoſe large and frag- rant flower furniſhes them with a honey which it ftrongly perfumes. The honey generally borrows its colour from the flowers and herbs from whence it is gathered. At Dix- an we were furpriſed to ſee the honey red like blood, and nothing can have an appearance more difgufting than this, when mixed with melted butter. There are bees which build in the earth, whoſe honey is nearly black, as has been obferved by the jefuit Jerome Lobo, I willingly place this truth to his credit, the only one, I think, I can find in his natural hiſtory, a ſmall atonement for the multitude of falſehoods this vain and idle romancer has told on every occafion. Nor are the granivorous birds fewer in number or worſe provided for; all the trees and fhrubs in Abyffinia bear flowers, and confequently feeds, berries, or fruit, of fome kind or other; food for all or fome particular ſpecies of birds. Every tree and buſh carries theſe likewiſe in all flages of ripeneſs, in all feafons of the year.. THIS is, however, not to be underſtood as meaning that any tree produces in the fame part, fruit or flowers more than once a-year; but the time of each part's bearing is very particularly diſtributed. The weft fide of every tree is the first that bloffoms, there its fruit proceeds in all ftages of ripenefs till it falls to the ground. It is fucceed- ed by the fouth, which undergoes the fame process. From this it croffes the tree, and the north is next in fruit; laft 2. of: 152 APPENDIX. of all comes the eaft, which produces flowers and fruit till the beginning of the rainy feaſon. In the end of April new leaves puſh off the old ones without leaving the tree at any time bare, ſo that every tree in Abyffinia appears to be an evergreen. The laft I faw in flower was the coffee- tree at Emfras the 20th of April 1770: from this time till the rains begin, and all the ſeaſon of them, the trees get fully into leaf, and the harveſt, which is generally in theſe months throughout Abyffinia, fupplies the deficiency of the feed upon buſhes and trees. All the leaves of the trees in Abyffinia are very highly varniſhed, and of a tough lea- ther like texture, which enables them to fupport the con- ftant and violent rains under which they are produced. THIS proviſion made for granivorous birds, in itſelf fo ample, is doubled by another extraordinary regulation. The country being divided by a ridge of mountains, a line drawn along the top of thefe divides the feafons likewife; fo that thoſe birds to whom any one food is neceffary be- come birds of paffage, and, by a fhort migration, find the fame feafons, and the fame food, on the one fide, which the rains and change of weather had deprived them of on the other. THERE is no grcat plenty of water-fowl in Abyſſinia, efpecially of the web-footed kind. I never remember to have ſeen one of theſe that are not common in moſt parts of Europe. Vaft variety of ftorks cover the plains in May, when the rains become conftant. The large in- digenous birds that refide conflantly on the high mountains of samen and Taranta, have mofl of them an extraordinary provifion made againfl the wet and the weather; each fea- ther is a tube, from the pores of which iffue a very fine duft 3 or APPENDIX. 153 or powder, in ſuch abundance as to ftain the hand upon grafping them. This I fhall prefently mention in the def cription of one of theſe birds, the golden eagle of Lamal- mon. In looking at this duft through a very trong mag- nifying power, I thought I difcerned it to be in form of a number of fine feathers. THOUGH all the deep and graffy bogs have ſnipes in them, I never once faw a woodcock: fwallows there are of many kinds, unknown in Europe; thofe that are common in Europe appear in paffage at the very feafon when they take their flight from thence. We faw the greateſt part of them in the iſland of Mafuah where they lighted and tarried two days, and then proceeded with moon lightnights to the fouth- weft. But I once faw in the country of the Baharnaga'h, in the province of Tigré, the blue forked-tailed fwallow, which builds in the windows in England, making his nett out of ſeaſon, when he thould have been upon his migra- tion; this I have already taken notice of in my journey from Mafuah to Gondar. THERE are few owls in Abyffinia; but thoſe are of an immenſe ſize and beauty. The crow is marked white and black nearly in equal portions. There is one kind of a- ven; he, too, of a large fize, his feathers black intermixed with brown; his beak tipt with white, and a figure like a cup or chalice of white feathers on his occiput, or hinder part of his head. I never faw either fparrow, magpie, or bat in Abyffinia. Pigeons are there in great numbers, and of many varieties; fome of them very excellent for eating. I fhall hereafter defcribe one of them whofe name is Waalia, All the pigeons but one fort are birds of paffage, that one lives in. 154 APPENDIX. in the caves of houſes or holes in the walls, and this is not eaten, but accounted unclean for a very whimſical reaſon; they fay it has claws like a falcon, and is a mixture from that bird. The fame fort of imagination is that of the Turks, who fay, that the Turkey, from the tuft of black hair that is upon his breaſt, partakes of the nature of the hog. This pigeon's feet are indeed large, but very dif ferent in formation from that of the falcon. THERE are no geefe in Abyffinia, wild or tame, excepting what is called the Golden Gooſe, Gooſe of the Nile, or Gooſe of the Cape, common in all the South of Africa: thefe build their nefts upon trees, and when not in water, gene- rally fit upon them. I HAVE already ſpoken of fiſhes, and have entered very ſparingly into their hiftory. Theſe, and other marine pro- ductions of the Arabian Gulf, or even the ſmall ſhare that I have painted and collected, would occupy many large vo- lumes to exhibit and defcribe, and would coft, in the engra- ving, a much larger fum than I have any proſpect of ever being able to afford. NISSER. t Nisser Work) London Publijha Dec11789 by 6.Robinson & Co. K # APPENDIX. 1.55 1 I NISSER, OR GOLDEN EAGLE. HAVE ventured from his colour to call this bird the Golden Eagle, by way of diftinction, as its Ethiopic name, Niffer, is only a generic one, and imports no more than the Engliſh name, Eagle. He is called by the vulgar Abou Duch'n, or Father Long Beard, which we may ima- gine was given him from the tuft of hair he has below his beak. r I SUPPOSE him to be not only the largeſt of the eagle kind, but furely one of the largeſt birds that flies. From wing to wing he was 8 feet 4 inches. From the tip of his tail to the point of his beak when dead, 4 feet 7 inches. He weigh- ed 22 pounds, was very full of flesh. He feemed remark- ably fhort in the legs, being only four inches from the joining of the foot to where the leg joins the thigh, and from the joint of the thigh to the joining of his body 6 VOL. V. inches, Y 156 APPENDIX. A inches. The thickneſs of his thigh was little lefs than 4 inches; it was. extremely mufcular, and covered with fleſh. His middle claw was about 2 inches and a half long, not very ſharp at the point, but extremely ftrong. From the root of the bill, to the point, was 3 inches and a quarter, and one inch and three quarters in breadth at the root. forked bruſh of ſtrong hair, divided at the point into two, proceeded from the cavity of his lower jaw at the beginning of his throat. He had the ſmalleft eye I ever remember to have ſeen in a large bird, the aperture being ſcarcely half an inch. The crown of his head was bare or bald, fo was the front where the bill and fcull joined. THIS noble bird was not an object of any chace or pur- fuit, nor ſtood in need of any ftratagem to bring him with- in our reach. Upon the higheſt top of the mountain La- malmon, while my fervants were refreshing themſelves from that toilfome rugged afcent, and enjoying the pleaſure of a moft delightful climate, eating their dinner in the outer air with feveral large diſhes of boiled goats fleſh before them, this enemy, as he turned out to be to them, appeared fuddenly; he did not ſtoop rapidly from a height, but came flying flowly along the ground, and fat down cloſe to the meat within the ring the men had made round it. A great fhout, or rather cry of diſtreſs, called me to the place. I faw the eagle ftand for a minute as if to re- collect himſelf, while the fervants ran for their lances and fhields. I walked up as nearly to him as I had time to do. His attention was fully fixed upon the flefh. I faw him put his foot into the pan where was a large piece in water prepared for boiling, but finding the fmart which he had not APPENDIX. 157 not expected, he withdrew it, and forfook the pie ce which he held. THERE were two large pieces, a leg and a ſhoulder, lying upon a wooden platter, into theſe he truffed both his claws, and carried them off, but I thought he looked wiftfully at the large piece which remained in the warm water. Away he went flowly along the ground as he had come. The face of the cliff over which criminals are thrown took him from our fight. The Mahometans that drove the affes, who had, as we have already obſerved in the courſe of the jour- ney, ſuffered from the hyana, were much alarmed, and af- fured me of his return. My fervants, on the other hand, very unwillingly expected him, and thought he had already more than his ſhare. As I had myſelf a defire of more intimate acquaintance with him, I loaded a rifle-gun with ball, and fat down cloſe to the platter by the meat. It was not many minutes before he came, and a prodigious fhout was raiſed by my attend- ants, He is coming, he is coming, enough to have diſcouraged a leſs courageous animal. animal. Whether he was not quite fo hungry as at the firft vifit, or fufpected fomething from my appearance, I know not, but he made a ſmall turn, and fat down about ten yards from me, the pan with the meat being between me and him. As the field was clear before me, and I did not know but his next move might bring him oppofite to fome of my people, and ſo that he might actually get the reft of the meat and make off, I fhot him with the ball through the middle of his body about two inches below the wing, fo that he lay down upon the graſs without a fingle flutter. Upon laying hold of his monstrous carcafe, I was Y 2 not 1 139 APPENDIX. not a little ſurpriſed at feeing my hands covered and tinged with yellow powder or duft. Upon turning him upon his belly, and examining the feathers of his back, they produced a brown duft, the colour of the feathers there. This duft was not in fmall quantities, for, upon ftriking his breaft, the yellow powder flew in fully greater quantity than from a hair-dreffer's powderpuff. The feathers of the belly and breaft, which were of a gold colour, did not appear to have any thing extraordinary in their formation, but the large feathers in the fhoulder and wings feemed apparently to be fine tubes, which upon preffure fcattered this duft upon the finer part of the fea- ther, but this was brown, the colour of the feathers of the back. Upon the fide of the wing, the ribs, or hard part of the fea- ther, feemed to be bare as if worn, or, I rather think, were renewing themfelves, having before failed in their func- tion. " WHAT is the reaſon of this extraordinary proviſion of na- ture is not in my power to determine. As it is an unuſual one, it is probably meant for a defence againſt the climate in favour of thoſe birds which live in thoſe almoſt inaccef- fible heights of a country, doomed, even in its lower parts, to ſeveral months of exceffive rain. The pigeons we ſaw upon Lamalmon, had not this duft in their feathers, nor had the quails; from which I gueſs theſe to be ſtrangers, or birds of paſſage, that had no need of this proviſion, created for the wants of the indigenous, fuch as this eagle is, for he is unknown in the low country. That fame day I fhot. a heron, in nothing different from ours, only that he was fmaller, who had upon his breaſt and back a blue pow der, in full as great quantity as that of the eagle. BLACK 1 Nisser Tokoor London Publight Dec11789. by Robinson & Co. APPENDIX. rsa BLACKE A G L E. > * THIS 氤 ​HIS beautiful bird was the firſt ſubject that fuffered the lofs of liberty, after the king and whole army had vindicated theirs, had paffed the Nile in circumſtances ſcarcely within the bounds of credibility, had eſcaped all the deep-laid ſchemes of Fafil, and by a train of accidents almoſt miraculous, paffed triumphantly on before him af- ter the battle of Limjour, having joined Kefla Yafous, advanced and encamped at Dingleber the 28th of May 1770. J THIS bird, who from the noblenefs of his kind was ap pofitely enough thought to be a type of the king, fell by a fate, in which he fill more reſembled him, overpowered by the ſtrength and number of a ſpecies of birds in cha- racter infinitely below him. It has been repeatedly ob ferved in the courſe of my narrative, that an inconceivabie number 160 APPENDIX. f number of birds and beafts of prey, eſpecially the former, follow an Abyffinian army pace by pace, from the firſt day of its march till its return, increaſing always in pro- digious proportion the more it advances into the coun- try. An army there leaves nothing living behind, not the veftige of habitation, but the fire and the fword reduces everything to a wildernefs and folitude, THE beafts and birds unmolefted have the country to themſelves, and increafe beyond all poffible conception. The flovenly manner of this favage people, who after a battle neither bury friends nor enemies, the quantity of beaſts of burden that die perpetually under the load of baggage, and variety of mitmanagement, the quantity of offal and half-eaten carcafes of cows, goats, and ſheep, which they conſume in their march for their fſuſtenance, all furniſh a ſtock of carrion fufficient to occaſion contagious diftempers, were there not fuch a prodigious number of voracious attendants, who confume them almoſt before pu- trefaction. In their voracious ftomachs lies the grave of the braveft foldier, unleſs very high birth or office, or very extraordinary affection in their attendants, procure them a more decent, though more uncommon fate, a fepulchre in a neighbouring church-yard, There is no giving the reader any idea of their number, unleſs by comparing them to the fand of the fea. While the army is in motion they are a black canopy, which extend over it for leagues. When encamped, the ground is diſcoloured with them beyond the fight of the eye, all the trees are loaded with them. I need not ſay that theſe are all carrion birds, fuch as the vulture, kite, and raven, that is a ſpecies to which nature has refu I fed APPENDIX. 161 1 fed both the inclination and the power of feeding upon li- ving fubjects. By what accident this fmall eagle, who was not a car- rion bird, came among thefe cowardly and unclean feeders, is more than I can fay; but it met the fate very common to thoſe who affort with bad company, and thoſe of fenti- ments and manners inferior to their own. One of theſe, a kite, vulture, or raven, I know not which, ftruck the poor eagle down to the ground juſt before the door of the king's tent, and hurt him fo violently, that he had fcarcely ftrength to flutter under the canopy where the king was fitting; pages and officers of the bed-chamber foon feized him. It was not long before they made the application that the king was to be dethroned by a ſubject, and Fafil was in everybody's mouth. The omen was of the kind too un- pleaſant to be dwelt upon; the fenfible people of the at- tendants hurried it away, and it of courſe came to me with all the circumftances of the accident, the moral of that tale, and twenty prophecies that were current to confirm it. I confeſs my own weakneſs; at firſt it made a ſtrong impref- fion upon me. In the moment the paffage of Shakeſpeare came into my mind, 66 "On Tueſday laft, A falcon tow'ring in his pride of place, "Was by a moufing owl hawk'd at and kill'd." And this recollection occupied my mind fo forcibly, that I ftood for a moment fpeechlefs, and as it were rivetted to the ground. This behaviour, unuſual in me, who uſed always to 102 APPENDIX. to laugh at their prefages, and prophecies, was obferved bý the page that brought me the bird, and was reported to the king; and though he did not ſpeak of it that time, yet fome days after, when I was taking my leave of him, on his retreat from Gondar to Tigré, he mentioned it to me faid we were miſtaken, for the omen referred to Powuffen' of Begemder, and not to Waragna Fafil. AFTER ſketching his genteel and noble manner while alive, our unfortunate prifoner found his death by the needle, was put out of fight, and carried to Gondar, where the drawing was finished. He was altogether of a dark brown, or chefnut, leading to black. The whole length, from the extremity of the tail to the nofe, was two feet four inches. The breadth, from wing to wing, four feet fix inches. He was very lean, and weighed ſomething leſs than five pounds. The fourth feather of his wing after the three largeft, was white. The feathers of the lower fide of his tail were of a bluish brown, checkered with white, and thoſe of the upper fide of the tail were black and white alternately. His thighs were thick-covered with feathers, and fo were his legs, down to the joining of the foot. His feet were yellow, with ftrong black claws. The infide of his wings was white, with a mixture of brown. His leg, from the joining of the foot, was three inches. His beak, from the point to where the feathers reached, was two inches and a quarter. The length of his creft from the head to the longeſt feather, five inches. The eye was black, with a caft of fire colour in it, the iris yellow, and the whole eye ex- ceedingly beautiful. He feemed wonderfully tame, or rather fluggiſh, but whether that was from his nature or misfor- 2 Rachamah London Publish'd Feb101790 by G.Robinson & Co. APPENDIX. 163 misfortune I cannot be a judge, never having feen an- other. RACHAMA H. THIS bird is met with in fome places in the fouth of Syria and in Barbary, but is no where fo frequent as in Egypt and about Cairo. It is called, by the Europeans, Poule de Faraone, the hen or bird of Pharaoh. It is a vulture of the leffer kind, not being much larger than our rook or crow, though, by the length of its wings, and the erect man- ner in which it carries its head, it appears confiderably larger. In Egypt and all over Barbary it is called Rachamah, and yet it has been very much doubted what bird this was, as well as what was the origin of that name. Some of the Arabs will have it derived from Archam, which fignifies variegated, or of different colours. It has been anfwered, that this is not the derivation, as archam in Arabic figni- fies variegated, or of more colours than two or three blended VOL. V. Z together, 164 APPENDIX. 3 together, whereas this is in its feathers only black and white, ſeparate from one another, and cannot be called variegated. But I muft here obferve, that this is by no means a proper interpretation of the Arabic word. Among many examples I could give, I fhall adduce but one. There is a particular kind of ſheep in Arabia Felix, whoſe head and part of the neck are black, and the reft of the beaft white; it is chiefly found between Mocha and the Straits of Babelmandeb. This in Arabic is called Rachama, for no other reafon but becauſe it is marked black and white, which are precifely the two colours which distinguish the bird before us. BUT I ftill am induced to believe the origin of this bird's name has an older and more claffical derivation than that which we have juſt ſpoken of. We know from Horus Apollo, in his book upon Hieroglyphics, that the Rachma, or ſhe- vulture, was facred to Ifis, and that its feathers adorned the ftatue of that goddefs. He fays it was the emblem of pa- rental affection, and that the Egyptians, about to write an affectionate mother, painted a the-vulture. He fays fur- ther, that this female vulture, having hatched its young ones, continues with them one hundred and twenty days, providing them with all neceffaries; and, when the flock of food tails them, fhe tears off the fleshy part of her thigh, and feeds them with that and the blood which flows from the wound. Rachama, then, is good Hebrew, it is from Rechem, female love, or attachment, from an origin which it cannot have in men. In this fenfe we fee it uſed with great propriety in the first book of Kings * in 崇 ​Chap. iii. ver. 26. APPENDIX. 165 in Iſaiah *, and in Lamentations †, and it ſeems particularly to mean what the Egyptians made it a hieroglyphic of in very ancient ages, and before the time of Moſes, maternal affection towards their progeny. No mention is here made of the male Rachama, nor was he celebrated for any parti- cular quality. FROM this filence, or negative perfonage in him, aroſe a fable that there was no male in this fpecies. Horus Apollo ‡, after naming this bird always in the feminine gender, tells us roundly, that there is no male of the kind, but that the female conceives from the ſouth wind. Plutarch §, Am- mianus ||, and all the Greeks, fay the fame thing; and Tzetzes ¶, after having repeated the fame ftory at large, tells us that he took it all from the Egyptians, fo there feems to be little doubt either of the origin or meaning of the name. THE fathers in the firſt ages, after the death of Chriſt, ſeem to have been wonderfully preffed in point of argument be- fore they could have recourſe to a fable like this to vindi- cate the poſſibility of the Virgin Mary's conception with- out human means. Tertullian, Orgines +, Bazil, and Am- brofius ++, are all wild enough to found upon this ridicu- lous argument, and little was wanting for fome of theſe learned Z 2 ‡ * Chap. xlix. ver. 15. Hieroglyph. lib. i. cap. 11. * || Lib. xvii. In Valentin. cap. 10. In hexaem homil. 8. + Chap. iv ver. 10. f Plut. In quefl. Rom. queſt. 93. ¶ Chil. 12. hift. 439. + Lib. Contra Celfum. In hexaem, page 27. ! 166 APPENDIX. learned ones to land this fable upon Mofes, who probably knew it as a vulgar error before his time, but was very far from paying any regard to it; on the contrary, it is witli the utmoſt propriety and preciſion, that, ſpeaking to the people, he calls it Rachama in the feminine, becauſe he was then giving them a liſt of birds forbidden to be ate * among which he felected the female vulture, as that was beſt known, and the great object of idolatry and fuperfti- tion; and the male, and all the leffer abominations of that fpecies, he included together in the word that followed his kind; though the Engliſh tranſlator, by calling the female vulture him, has introduced an impropriety that there was not the leaft foundation for. That Mofes was not the au- thor of or believer in this Egyptian fable, is plain from a verſe in Exodus, where, at another time, he ſpeaks of this. bird as a male, and calls him Racham, and not Racha- ma. It will not be improper that I here take notice, that the Engliſh tranſlator, by his ignorance of language, has loft all the beauty and even the ſenſe of the Hebrew original. He makes God fay, Ye have feen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles wings, and brought you unto myſelf †". Now, if the expreffion had been really Eagle, the word would have been Nifr, and would have fignified no- thing; but, in place of eagle, God fays Vulture, the emblem of maternal affection and maternal tenderneſs towards his chil- dren, which has a particular connection with," brought you unto myſelf;" fo that the paffage will run thus, Say to the children * Dent. chap. xiv. ver. 13. + Exod. chap. xix. ver. 4. { APPENDIX. If children of Ifracl, See how I have puniſhed the Fey tians, while I bore you up on the wings of the Rachm that is, of parental tenderneſs and affection, and brou you home to myſelf. It is our part to be thankful that truths of Holy Scripture are preferved to us entire,, ſtill it is a rational regret that great part of the beauty of the original is loft. NOTWITHSTANDING all that has been faid, this bird has been miſtaken nearly by all the interpreters Hebrews, Syrians, and Samaritans; the Greeks, from imaginations of their own, have thought it to be the pelican, the ftork, the fwan, and the merops. Bochart, after a variety of gueffes, acknowled- ges his own ignorance, and excufes it by laying equal blame upon others. Hitherto, fays he, we have not been able to condeſcend upon what bird this was, becauſe thoſe that have wrote concerning it were as ignorant in the na- tural hiſtory of things as they were fkilful in the interpreta- tion of words.. THE point of the beak of this bird is black, very harp and ftrong for about three quarters of an inch, it is then covered by a yellow, fleshy membrane, which clothes it as it were both above and below, as likewife the forepart of the head and throat, and ends in a fharp point before, nearly oppoſite to where the neck joins the breat; this membrane is wrinkled, and has a few hairs growing thinly feastered upon the lower part of it. It has large, open noftrils, and prodigious large cars, which are not covered by any feathers whatever. The body is perfect white from the middle of the head, where it joins the yellow ineni- branc, down to the tail. The large feathers of its wing mem- are 168 APPENDIX. are black; they are fix in number. The leffer fea- thers are three, of an iron-grey, lighter towards the middle, and theſe are covered with three others leffer ftill, but of the fame form, of an iron ruſty colour; thoſe feathers that co- ver the large wing-feathers are at the top for about an inch and a quarter of an iron grey, but the bottom is pure white. The tail is broad and thick above, and draws to a point at the bottom. It is not compofed of large feathers, and is not half an inch longer than the point of its wings. Its thighs are cloathed with a ſoft down-like feather, as far as the joint. Its legs are of a dirty white, inclining to fleſh colour, rough, with fmall tubercules which are foft and fleſhy. It has three toes before and one behind; the middle of theſe is confiderably the longeſt; they are armed with black claws, rather ftrong than pointed, or much crooked. It has no voice that ever I heard, generally goes fingle, and oftener fits and walks upon the ground than upon trees. It delights in the moſt putrid and ſtinking kind of carrion, has itſelf a very ftrong fmell, and putrifies very ſpeedily. It is a very great breach of order, or police, to kill any one of theſe birds near Cairo. But as there are few of its fpecies in Egypt, and its name is the fame all over Africa and Arabia, it ſeems to me ftrange that the Arabian or He- brew writers ſhould have found ſo much difficulty in dif- covering what was the bird. It lays but two eggs, and builds its neft in the moſt deſert parts of the country. More of its hiſtory or manners I do not know. The books are full of fanciful ftories concerning it, which the inſtructed reader at firſt ſight will know to be but fable. 3 ERKOOM Abba Gumba. Heath Sc London Publish'd Dec.1789. bu 6 Robinson & Co. APPENDIX. 169 Pa 1 ERK OOM. T would appear that this bird is part of a large tribe, the greateſt variety in which lies in his beak and horn. The horn he wears fometimes upon the beak, and fometimes upon the forehead above the root of the beak. Theſe are the only parts that appear in collections. I gave to the ca- binet of the king of France the first bird of this kind ſeen entire, and I have here exhibited the firſt figure and defcrip- tion of it that ever was feen in natural history, drawn from the life. In the eaft part of Abyffinia it is called Abba Gumba, in the language of Tigré; on the western fide of the Tacazzè it is called Erkoom; the firft of its names is apparently from the groaning noiſe it makes, the fecond has no fignification in any language that I know. I beargent, the AT Ras el Feel, in my return through Sennaar, I made this drawing from a very entire bird, but flightly wound- ed; 170 APPENDIX. ed; it was in that country called Teir el Naciba, the bird of deftiny. This bird, or the kind of it, is by naturalifts called the Indian crow, or raven; for what reafon it is thus claffed is more than I can tell. The reader will fee, when I deſcribe his particular parts, whether they agree with thoſe of the raven or not. There is one characteristic of the ra- ven which he certainly has, he walks, and does not hop or jump in the manner that many others of that kind do; but then he, at times, runs with very great velocity, and, in running, very much reſembles the turkey, or buſtard, when his head is turned from you. THE Colour of the eye of this bird is of a dark brown, or rather reddiſh caft; but darker ſtill as it approaches the pupil; he has very large eye-lafhes, both upper and lower, but especially his upper. From the point of the beak to the extremity of the tail is 3 feet 10 inches; the breadth from one point of the wing to the other extended, is 6 feet, and the length 22 inches. The length of the neck 10 inches, and its thickneſs 3 inches and a half; the length of the beak meaſuring the opening near the head ftraight to the point, 10 inches; and from the point of the beak to the root of the horn 7 inches and ths. The whole length of the horn is 3 inches and a half. The length of the horn from the foot to the extremity where it joins the beak, is 4 inches. The thickneſs of the beak in front of the opening is one inch and ths. The thick- nefs of the horn in front is one inch and gths. The horn in height, taken from the upper part of the point to the beak, 2 inches. The length of the thighs 7 inches, and that of the legs 6 inches and ths. The thickneſs in profile 7 lines, and front 4. lines and a half. It has three tocs before behind, but they are not very ftrong, nor feem- ingly 2 7 APPENDIX. 171 1 ingly made to tear up carcafes. The length of the foot to the hinder toe is one inch 6 lines, the innermoft is one inch 7 lines, the middle 2 inches 2 lines, and the laſt out- er one 2 inches one line. THIS bird is all of a black, or rather black mixed with foot-colour; the large feathers of the wing are ten in number, milk-white both without and within. The tip of his wings reaches very nearly to his tail; his beak and head meafu- red together are 11 inches and a half, and his head 3 inches and a quarter. At his neck he has thoſe protuberances like the Turkey-cock, which are light-blue, but turn red upon his being chafed, or in the time the hen is laying. I HAVE feen the Erkoom with eighteen young ones; it runs upon the ground much more willingly than it flies, but when it is raiſed, flies both ſtrong and far. It has a rank fmell, and is faid to live in Abyllinia upon dead car- cafes. I never faw it approach any of thefe; and what con- vinces me this is untrue, is, that I never faw one of them follow the army, where there was always a general affembly of all the birds of prey in Abyflinia. It was very eaſy to ſee what was its food, by its place of rendezvous, which was in the fields of teff, upon the tops of which are always a number of green beetles, thefe he ftrips off by drawing the ftalk through his beak, and which operation wears his beak fo that it appears to be ferrated, and, often as I had occafion to open this bird, I never found in him any thing but the green fcarabeus, or beetle. Hc has a putrid or ftinking ſmell, which I fuppofe is the rea- fon he has been imagined to feed upon carrion. VOL. V. A a THE APPENDIX. THE Erkoom builds in large, thick trees, always, if he can, near churches; has a covered neft like that of a mag pie, but four times as large as the eagle's. It places its neft firm upon the trunk, without endeavouring to make it high from the ground; the entry is always on the eaſt ſide. It would feem that the Indian crow of Bontius is of this kind: it is difficult, however, of belief, that his natural food is nutmegs; for there ſeems nothing in his ſtructure or inclination, which is walking on the ground, that is ne ceffary or convenient for taking ſuch food. . ABOU HAN NE S THE HE ancient and true name of this bird ſeems to be loft. The preſent one is fancifully given from obſervation of a circumſtance of its economy; tranflated, it fignifies, Fa ther John, and the reaſon is, that it appears on St John's day, the precife time when firſt the freſh water of the tropical rains is known in Egypt to have mixed with the Nile, and to have 2 Abou Hannes. Heath Se London Publiha Dec11789. by G. Robinson & Co. APPENDIX. 173 have made it lighter, fweeter, and more exhaleable in dew, that is in the beginning of the ſeaſon of the tropical rains, when all water-fowl, that are birds of paffage, reſort to Ethi- opia in great numbers. As I have obferved this bird has loft its name, fo in the hiftory of Egypt and Ethiopia we have loft a bird, once very remarkable, of which now nothing remains but the name, this is the Ibis, to which divine honours were paid, whoſe bodies were embalmed and preferved with the fame care as thofe of men. There ſtill remain many repoſitories full of them in Egypt, and appear everywhere in collections in the hands of the curious. Though the manner that theſe birds are prepared, and cauftic ingredients, with which the body is injected, have greatly altered the conſiſtency of their parts, and the colour of their plumage, yet it is from theſe, viewed and compared deliberately, and at leifure, that I am convinced the Abou Hannes is neither more nor lefs than the Ibis. SEVERAL authors, treating of this bird, have involved it in more than Egyptian darkneſs. They have firſt faid it was a ftork, then the hæmatopus, or red-legged heron; they then fay its colour is of a fine fhining black, its beak and legs of a deep red. Some have ſaid it was from it that men learn- ed the way to adminifter clyfters, others, that it conceived at the beak, and even laid eggs that way, and that its fleſh is fweet and red like that of a falmon. All theſe and many more are fables. We know from Plutarch, that in the plumage, it is black and white like the pelargus. And the mummy pits, by furniſhing part of the bird itſelf, confirm us in the opinion. A a 2 THE 174 APPENDIX. THE Abou Hannes has a beak fhaped like that of a cur lew, two-thirds of which is ftraight, and the remaining third crooked; the upper part of a green, horny ſubſtance, and the lower black. From the occiput to where it joins the beak is four inches and a half. Its leg, from the lower joint of the thigh to the foot, is fix inches, the bone round and ſtrong, according to the remark of Cicero, and from the lower joint of the thigh, to where it joins the body, is five inches and a half. The height of the body as it ftands, from the fole of its foot to the middle of the back, ís nine- teen inches. The aperture of the eye is one inch. Its feet and legs are black; has three toes before, armed with ſharp, ftraight claws it has a toe alſo behind. Its head is brown, and the fame colour reaches down to the back, or where the back joins with the neck. Its throat is white, fo are its breaft, back, and thighs. The largeft feathers of its wings are a deep black for thirteen inches from the tail,. and from the extremity of the tail, fix inches up the back. is black likewife. Now the meaſures of the beak, the tibia, the thigh-bone, and the fcull, compared with the moſt perfect of the em- balmed birds taken from the mummy pits, do agree in every thing as exactly as can be expected. The length of the beak in my drawing feems to exceed that of the embalmed bird, but I will not be poſitive; this fmall error is not in the de- fign, though the white feathers are fcorched in the em- balmed birds, yet there is no difficulty in perceiving the colour diftinctly; there is lefs in diftinguiſhing the black upon the wings and above its rump. The meaſure of both fo exactly agree that they can ſcarcely be mistaken. THE APPENDIX. 175 THE reaſon, we are told, why this bird was held in ſuch veneration in Egypt, was the great enmity it had to fer- pents, and the uſe of freeing the country from them ; but for my own part, I must confefs, that as I know, for certain, there are no quantity of ferpents in Egypt, as the reafon of things is that they fhould be few, fo I can never make myſelf believe they ever were in fuch abundance, as to need any particular agent to diftinguifh itfelf by deftroying them. Egypt Proper, that is the cultivated and inhabited part of it, is overflowed for five months every year by the Nile, and it is impoffible vipers can abound where there is fuch long and regular refrigerations. The viper cafts his ſkin in May, and is immediately after in his renewed youth and fulneſs of vigour. All this time he would be doomed in Egypt to live under water, or hid in fome hole, and this is the time when the Ibis is in Egypt, ſo that the end of his coming would be fruſtrated by the abfence of his enemy. their abode in the fandy defert of Libya, where even dew does not fall, where the fand is continually in motion, parch- ed with hot winds, and glowing with the fcorching rays of the fun. There the Ibis could not live; the country is not inhabited by man, and confequently vipers there would be no nuiſance. Nay, we know thefe vipers of Libya are an article of commerce in Egypt. The Theriac is com- pofed of them at Venice and at Rome, and they are difper- fed for the ufes of medicine throughout the different parts of the world. The vipers have Now, in this light, the Ibis could not live among them, nor would he be of benefit even if he could; but as we have it from a number of credible hiftorians that the Ibis was plentiful in Egypt, that vipers, at leaft, in fome part of τ it, 575 APPENDIX. it, were fo frequent as to be a nuiſance, and that we know as furely two other things, that neither the vipers are a nuiſance, nor is the Ibis in Egypt at this day, we muſt look for fome change in the economy of the country which can account for this. We know in a manner not to doubt, that in ancient times Egypt was inhabited, and extended to the edges of the Li- byan Deſert; nay, in fome places, conſiderably into it; large lakes were dug in this country by their firft kings, and theſe, filled in the time of the Nile's inundation, continued im- menſe reſervoirs, which were let out by degrees to water the plantations and pleaſure ground that had been created by man, in what was formerly a defert. Nothing in fact was wanting but water, and theſe large lakes fupplied this want abundantly, by furniſhing water of the pureft and moſt perfect kind in the neighbourhood of thefe artifi cial plantations, there can be no doubt the viper muſt be a nuifance. Being indigenous in this his domicil, it is not probable he would quit it eaſily, and any deficiency of them in number would not have failed to be fupplied from the deferts in the neighbourhood. The prodigious pools of ftagnant water would bring the Ibis thither, and place him near his enemy, and after man had once difcerned his uſe, gratitude would foon lead him to reward him. BUT after, when thefe immenfe lakes, and the conduits leading to them, were neglected, and the works ruined which conducted theſe artificial inundations, and covered the deferts of Libya with verdure; when war and tyranny, and every fort of bad government, made people fly from the country, or live precariously and infecure in it, all this temporary APPENDIX 177 temporary paradife vanished: the land was overflowed no more; the ſands of the defert reſumed their ancient ſtation; there were no inhabitants in the country, no pools of water for the Ibis, nor was the viper a nuifance. The Ibis retired to his native country Ethiopia, in the lower part of which, that is, in a hot country full of pools of ftagnant water, he remains, and there I found him.. Ir is probable in Egypt he had increaſed greatly by the quantity of food and good entertainment he had. Upon theſe failing, he probably died and wore out of Egypt ; and in: the proportion in which he was at firft created, which feems to have been a ſlender one, he remained in his native Ethio- pia, for his emigration and increaſe in Egypt was merely accidental. This, I apprehend, is the true cauſe why the Ibis is now no longer known in Egypt; but I am fatisfied to reſtore him to natural history, with at least a probable conjecture, why he is now unknown in thoſe very regions where once he was worſhipped as a god. His figure appears frequently upon the obelisks among the hieroglyphics, and further confirms my conjecture that this is the bird. THE Count de Buffon has published the bird, which he calls the white * Ibis of Egypt, the half of his head crim- fon, with a ſtrong beak of a gold colour, liker to that of a toucan, and long, purple, weak legs, and a thick neck; in ſhort, having none of the characters of the bird it is in- tended to repreſent. THE Buffon, Plan. Enlum. 389. 178 APPENDIX. THE reader may be affured there is no fuch Ibis in Egypt; none ever appeared from the catacombs but what were black and white, as hiftorians have deſcribed *, fo that this is ſo diſguiſed by the drawing and colouring as not to be known, 'or elſe it came from fome other country than Egypt. MORO Ca I HAVE already ſaid in the introduction which immedi- ately precedes the hiftory of birds, that among thoſe that live upon infects there are fome that attach them- felves to flies in general, and others that feem to live upon bees alone: Of this laft fort is the bird now before us. I never faw him in the low country where the fly is, nor in- deed anywhere but in the countries where honey is chiefly produced as revenue, fuch as the country of the Agow, Goutto, and in Beleffen. HE * Vide Plutarch de Ifide. Bee Cuckoo London Publish & Jan 191790 by G.Robinson &lo. APPENDIX. 179 He ſeems to purſue the bees for vengeance or diverfion as well as for food, as he leaves a quantity of them feat- tered dead upon the ground without ſeeking further after them, and this paftime he unweariedly purfues without in- terruption all the day long; for the Abyffinians do not look fo near, or confider things fo much in detail, as to imagine all the wafte which he commits can make any difference in their revenue. His name is Maroc, or Moroc, I ſuppoſe from Mar, ho- ney, though I never heard he was further concerned in the honey than deſtroying the bees. In fhape and fize he ſeems to be a cuckoo, but differs from him in other reſpects. He is drawn here of his natural fize, and in all refpects fo minutely attended to, that I fcarcely believe there is a fea- ther amiffing. THE Opening of his mouth is very wide when forced open, reaching nearly to under his eyes. The infide of his mouth and throat are yellow, his tongue ſharp-pointed. It can be drawn to almoſt half its length out of its mouth beyond the point of its beak, and is very flexible. Its head and neck are brown, without mixture. It has a number of exceeding ſmall hairs, ſcarcely viſible at the root of his beak. His eye-brows are black likewife. His beak is pointed, and very little crooked; the pupil of his eye is black, furround- ed with an iris of a dufky dull red. The fore part of his neck is light-yellow, darker on each fide than in the middle, where it is partly white; the yellow on each fide reaches near the ſhoulder, or round part of the wing; from this his whole breaſt and belly is of a dirty white to under the tail; from this, too, his feathers begin to be tipt gently with VOL. V. white, B b 180 APPENDIX. outfide of his wing; fize increaſes with the The large feathers of white, as are all thoſe that cover the but the white here is clear, and the breadth and length of the feathers. his wing are eight in number, the ſecond in fize are fix. The tail confifts of twelve feathers; the longeft three are in the middle, they are cloſely placed together, and the tail is of an equal breadth from top to bottom, and the end of the feathers, tipt with white. Its thighs are covered with fea- thers of the fame colour as the belly, which reach more than half way down his leg; his legs and feet are black, marked diſtinctly with fcales. He has two toes before and one behind, each of which have a ſharp and crooked claw. I never faw his neft; but in flying, and while fitting, he per- fectly reſembles the cuckoo. I never heard, nor could I learn from any others, that he had any voice or fong. He makes a ſharp, fnapping noiſe, as often as he catches the bees, which is plainly from clofing his beak. JEROME LOBO, whom I have often mentioned, deſcribes this bird, and attributes to him a peculiar inftinct, or fa- culty of diſcovering honey; he fays, when this bird has diſcovered any honey he repairs to the high-way, and when he fees a traveller, he claps with his wings, fings, and by a variety of actions invites him to follow him, and flying from tree to tree before him, ſtops where the honey is diſcovered to be, and there he begins to fing moft melodi- ouſly. THE ingenious Dr Sparman could not omit an opportuni- ty of building a ftory upon fo fair a foundation. He too gives an account of a cuckoo in fize and ſhape reſembling a fparrow, and then gives a long defcription of it in Latin, 1 from APPENDIX. 181 from which it ſhould not reſemble a fparrow. This he calls Cuculus Indicator*. It ſeems it has a partition treaty at once both with men and foxes, not a very ordinary affocia- tion. To theſe two partners he makes his meaning equally known by the alluring found, as he calls it, of Tcherr Tcherr, which we may imagine, in the Hottentot lan- guage of birds, may fignify Honey; but it does not fing, it ſeems, fo melodiouſly as Jerome Lobo's bird. I cannot for my own part conceive, in a country where fo many thouſand hives of bees are, that there was any uſe for giving to a bird a peculiar inſtinct or faculty of diſcovering honey, when, at the fame time, nature had denied him the power of availing himſelf of any advantage from the dif covery, for man ſeems in this cafe to be made for the fer- vice of the Moroc, which is very different from the common ordinary courfe of things; man certainly needs him not, for on every tree and on every hillock he may fee plenty of combs at his own deliberate difpofal. I cannot then but think, with all fubmiffion to theſe natural philoſophers, that the whole of this is an improbable fiction, nor did I ever hear a fingle perſon in Abyffinia fuggeft, that either this, or any other bird, had fuch a property. Sparman fays it was not known to any inhabitant of the Cape, no more than that of the Moroc was in Abyffinia; it was a fecret of nature, hid from all but thefe two great men, and I moft willingly leave it among the catalogue of their particular difcover- ies, B b 2 I HAVE Sparman's voyage, vol. ii. p. 192. 782 APPENDIX. · I HAVE only to add, that though Dr Sparman and his learned affociates, that feed upon the crumbs from other people's tables, may call this bird. a cuckoo, ftill I hope he will not infift upon correcting my miſtake, as, in the article of the fennec, by ignorantly tacking to it ſome idle fable of. his own, that he may name it Cuculus. Indicator. SHERE GRIG. { THIS HIS bird is one of thoſe called Rollier in French; and Rollier in Engliſh, without either nation being able to fay what is its fignification in either language. In the French it is the name of a tribe, always as ill delineated as it is deſcribed, becaufe fcarce ever feen by thoſe that either defcribe, or delineate it; in Latin-it is called Merops. Its true name, in its native country, is Sheregrig, and by this name 2. ît Sheregrig Heath Le London Publifhd Dec1789.by & Robinson & . APPENDIX. 1:83 it is known in Syria, and Arabia, and in the low country of Abyſſinia, on the borders of Sennaar, wherever there are meadows, or long grafs, interfperfed with lofty or fhady. trees. } • THERE are two different kinds of this bird in Syria con-- fiderably varying in colours, the brown of the back being eonfiderably darker in that of the Syriac, and the blue much deeper, chiefly on its wings; the back of the head likewiſe brown, with very little pale-blue throughout any part of it, and wanting the two long feathers in the tail. It is a fly-catcher, or bee-eater, of which theſe long feathers are the mark. It is faid by Dr Shaw, and writers that have deſcribed it, to be of the ſize of a jay, to which indeed the Syrian bird approaches, but this before us ſeems the leaſt of his kind, and weighs half an ounce more than a blackbird. It is confequently true, as Dr Shaw ſays, that it has a ſmaller bill than a jay, becauſe the bird itſelf is ſmaller, neither is there any diſproportion in the length of its legs. Shaw fays, it is called Shagarag, which he ima- gines, by a tranfmutation of letters, to be the fame with Sharakrak of the Talmudifts, or Shakarak of the Arabian authors, and is derived from ſharak, to fhriek or fquall. 4 BUT all this learning is very much misplaced; for from the brightness of the colour, it is derived from a word which fignifies to ſhine. Its belly and infide of its wings are of a moft beautiful pale blue. The ſhoulder, or top of its wings, a dark blue. The middle of the wing is traverſed by a band of light blue; the extremity of the wing, and the Largeft feathers, are of a dark blue. The two feathers of its tail,. 184 APPENDIX. tail, where broad, are of a light blue, but the long fharp fingle ones are of a dark blue, like the tips of the wings. Its bill is ftrong and well made, and has a pencil of hairs as whiſkers. Round where the beak joins the head, the fea- thers are white; the eye black, and well proportioned, fur- rounded by a light flame-coloured iris. The back is of a very light brown inclining to cream colour, and of a caft of red. The feet are fleſh-coloured and fcaly, has three toes before and one behind, each with a ſharp claw. - NOTWITHSTANDING what has been faid as to the deriva- tion of its name, I never heard it fcream or make any fort of noife. It has nothing of the actions of either the mag- pie or the jay. Buxtorf interprets the fheregrig by merops the bee-eater, and in fo doing he is right, when he applies it to this bird, but then he errs in miftaking another bird for it, called Sirens, a fly-catcher, very common in the Levant, which appear in great numbers, making a fhrill, fqualing noiſe in the heat of the day; and of theſe I have feen, and de- figned many different forts, fome very beautiful, but they fly in flocks, which the fheregrig does not; he attaches himſelf equally to fwarms of bees and flies, which he finds in the woods upon the trees, or in holes in the ground among thẹ high graſs. Of theſe there are great ſwarms of different kinds in the low part of Abyffinia. THE Count de Buffon has published two figures of this bird, one from a fpecimen I gave him from Abyffinia *; the other from one ftuffed, which he received from Senegal †, fo *Buffon, plan. enlum, 626. + Buffon, plan. enlum. 3261 - APPENDIX. 185 3 ſo that we know the bird poffeffes the whole breadth of Africa nearly on a parallel. I may be allowed to ſay, that, when I gave him mine, I did not expect he would ſo far have anticipated my publication as to have exhibited it as a part of the king's cabinet till he had heard my idea of it, and what further I could relate of its hiſtory more than he had learned from ſeeing the feathers of it only. When I faw the draught, it put me in mind of the witty poem of Mar- tial: A man had ſtole ſome of his verſes, but read them fo ill, that the poet could not underſtand them well enough to know they were his own-- Sed male dum recitas incipit eſſe tuum. The bird is fo ill-defigned that it may pafs for a different fpecies. It is too ſhort in the body; too thick; its neck too ſhort and thick; its legs, the pupil and iris of the eye, of a wrong colour; its tail affectedly fpread. Theſe are the conſequences of drawing from ſtuffed fubjects. The brown upon the back is too dark, the light-blue too pale, too much white upon the fide of its head. Theſe are the conſequen- ces of having a bad painter; and the reader, by comparing my figure with thoſe drawn by Martinet in Buffon, may cafily perceive how very little chance he has to form a true idea of any of theſe birds, if the difference is as great be- tween his other drawings and the original, as between my drawing and his. De Seve would have given it a jufter pic- ture. WAALIA 186 APPENDIX. WAALI A. THIS HIS pigeon, called Waalia, frequents the low parts of Abyffinia, where it perches upon the higheſt trees, and fits quietly in the ſhade during the heat of the day, ſo that it is difficult to diſcover it, unleſs it has been feen to alight. They likewife fly extremely high, in great flocks, and for the most part affect afpecies of the beech-tree, upon the maft or fruit of which they feem chiefly to live for food. They are rarely feen in the mountainous part of the coun- try unleſs in their paffage, for in the beginning of the rainy ſeaſon, in the Kolla, they emigrate to the fouth and S. W. In this direction they are feen flying for days to- gether. It is fuppoſed the high country, even in the fair ſeaſon, is too cold for them; and their ſeeking another habi- tation towards the Atlantic Ocean, where it is warm, and where the rains do not fall fo copiouſly in that ſeaſon as they do in the Kolla in Abyffinia, makes this conjecture ſtill more probable. THEY Waalia London Publih Dec 1789 by 6 Robinson & Co. APPENDIX. 187 THEY perch for moft part upon the tops of trees, beyond the ſphere of the action of Abyffinian powder; but they ſit ſo cloſe together that I have fometimes fhot fix or more at the diſcharge of a fingle barrel. The reft immediately plunge down almoſt to touch you, apparently ignorant whence fo unaccustomed a found comes; there, if you are a good markſman, and alert, you have another chance, though but a ſhort one, for they immediately tower to an immoderate height, and never alight in fight unleſs they are wounded. They are exceedingly fat, and by far the beſt of all pigeons ; when they fall from a height, without life, upon their back, I have known the fleſh on each ſide of their breaſt-bone ſe- parated by the concuffion, and the fat upon their rump bruiſed like the pulp of an orange. for ALTHOUGH this is undoubtedly a pigeon, the Abyffinians do not eat it; nay, after it is dead they will not touch fear of defiling themſelves, any more than they would do a dead horfe. The waalia is lefs than the common blue pi- geon, but larger than the turtle-dove. Its whole back, and ſome of the ſhort feathers of its wings, are of a beautiful unvarniſhed green, lighter and livelier than an olive. Its head and neck are of a deader green, with fill lefs luftre. Its beak is of a bluish white, with large noftrils; the eye black, with an iris of dark orange. The pinion, or top of its wing, is a beautiful pompadour. The large feathers of the wing are black; the outer edge of the wing narrowly marked with white; the tail a pale, dirty blue; below the tail it is ſpotted with brown and white. Its thighs are white, with ſmall ſpots of brown; its belly a lively yel- low. Its legs and feet are a yellowish brown. Its feet ftronger and larger than is generally found in this kind of bird. I VOL. V. Сс never r&'8: APPENDIX. never heard it coo, or make any noife. I killed this, and many others, in our road to Tcherkin. In M. de Buffon's collection I fee a bird refembling this, coming from the. weft of Africa, as I remember;. but his birds in general. are ſo very ill-drawn, and his coloured ones fo fhamefully. fo daubed, that nothing,certain can be. founded upon refɛm. blance.. f } TSALTSALYA, OR F.LY.. THE HE infect which we have here before us is a proof how fallacious it is to judge by appearances. If we confider its ſmall fize, its weakneſs, want of variety or beau-. ty, nothing in the creation is more contemptible and infig- nificant. Yet paffing from theſe to his hiſtory, and to the account of his powers, we must confeſs the very great injuftice we do him from want of confideration. We are Isaltsalya. El Adda Londen. Published Dec1789 by G. Robinson & Co. APPENDIX. 189 are obliged, with the greatest furpriſe, to acknowledge, that thofe huge animals, the elephant, the rhinoceros, the lion and the tiger, inhabiting the fame woods, are ftill vaftly his in- feriors, and that the appearance of this fmall infect, nay, his very found, though he is not feen, occafions more trepi- dation, movement, and diſorder, both in the human and brute creation, than would whole herds of thefe monstrous animals collected together, though their number was in a tenfold proportion greater than it really is. THE neceſſity of keeping my narrative clear and intelli- gible as I proceeded, has made me anticipate the principal particularities relating to this infect. His operations are too materially interwoven with the hiftory of this country, to be left apart as an epiſode. The reader will find the * deſcription of its manners in that part of my hiftory which treats of the Shepherds, and in feveral places throughout the narrative he will meet with accounts of the confequences of its wonderful influence. Providence, from the beginning it would feem, had fixed its habitation to one fpecies of foil, being a black fat earth, extraordinary fruitful; and ſmall and inconfiderable as it was, it feems from the firſt to have given a law to the fettlement of the country. It prohibited abfolutely thofe inhabitants of the fat earth, called Mazaga, domiciled in caves and mountains, from en- joying the help or labour of any beafts of carriage. It de- prived them of their fiefh and milk for food, and gave rife to another nation, whofe manners were juft the reverfe of the firſt. Theſe were the Shepherds, leading a wandering Cc 2 life, * Vol. i. book 2. p. 388. - :192 ΑΡΡΕΝ D'I X. the fame in the Ethiopic, where Tfaltfalya alone fignifies .dog-fly, without the addition of any other word whatever. What is the derivation of this is doubtful, becauſe there are feveral words, both in the Ethiopic and Hebrew, that are exceedingly appoſite and probable. Salal, in the Hebrew, fignifies to buzz, or to hum, and, as it were, alludes to the noife with which this animal terrifies the cattle; and Ifalt- falya feems to come from this, by only doubling the radi- cals. t'Tfalalou, in Amharic, fignifies to pierce with vio- lence; from this is derived Tfalatie, the name of a javelin with a round point, made to enter the rings of a coat of mail, which, by its ftructure, is impervious to the round cutting points of the ordinary lance or javelin. In the book of Job* this ſeems to mean a trident, or fishing-ſpear, and is vaguely enough tranflated Habergeon in the Engliſh copy. I do not know that this infect, however remarkable for its activity and numbers, has ever before been deſcribed or delineated. Chap. xli. ver. 26. EL APPENDIX... EL ADD A.. THE HERE is no genus of quadrupeds that I have known in. the eaſt ſo very numerous as that of the lizard, or of which there are fo many varieties. The eaftern, or defert parts of Syria, bordering.upon Arabia Deferta, which ftill have moiſture fufficient, abound with them beyond a pof- fibility of counting them. I am poſitive that I can fay, without exaggeration, that the number I faw one day in the great court of the Temple of the Sun at Baalbec amount- ed to many thouſands; the ground, the walls and ftones of the ruined buildings, were covered with them, and the va- rious colours of which they conſiſted made a very extraor- dinary appearance, glittering under the fun, in which they lay fleeping, or baſking. It was in vain, in a place fo full of wonders as Baalbec, to think of ſpending time in deſigning lizards. I contented myfelf with collecting and prefer- ving thoſe I could catch entire, many of which have pe- rished: 2. 194 APPENDIX. rifhed by the accidents of the journey, though fome of very great beauty have eſcaped, and are in my collection in great preſervation. for As I went eastward towards the defert, the number of this animal decreaſed, I fuppofe, from a fcarcity of water; example, at Palmyra, tho' there were ruins of ancient build- ings, and a great folitude, as at Baalbec, the lizards were few, all of the colour of the ground, without beauty or va- riety, and ſeemingly degenerated in point of fize. THE Arabian naturalifts and phyficians were better ac- quainted with the different ſpecies of this animal than any philofphers have been fince, and in all probability than any ſtrangers will ever be; they lived among them, and had an opportunity of diſcovering their manners and every detail of their private œconomy. Happy if fucceeding the Greeks in theſe ſtudies, they had not too frequently left obſervation to deviate into fable; the field, too, which theſe various fpecies inhabit is a very extenfive one, and comprehends all Aſia and Africa, that is, great portion of the old world, every part of which is, from various cauſes, more inacceffible at this day, than after the Arabian conqueft. It is from the Arabian books then that we are to ſtudy with attention the deſcriptions given of the animals of the country. But very great difficulties occur in the courſe of theſe difquifitions. The books that contain them are ſtill extant, and all the ani- mals likewife exift as before; but, unfortunately, the He- brew, the Syriac, and the Arabic, are languages very ambi- guous and equivocal, and are in terms too looſe and vague for modern accuracy and preciſe deſcription, and eſpecially fo in that of colours; beſides, that unbounded liberty of tranf- pofition 1 APPENDIX. 195 pofition of letters, and fyllables of words, in which the wri- ters of thoſe languages have indulged themſelves, from no- tions of elegance, feem to require, not only a very ſkilful and attentive, but alſo a judicious and fober-minded reader, that does not run away with whimſical, or firft conceptions, but weighs the character of his author, the common idi- oms of language which he ufes, and opportunities of in- formation that he had concerning the fubjects upon which he wrote, in preference to others that may have treated the fame, but who differ from them in facts. THE ſmall lizard here defcribed is a native of Atbara beyond the rains, in that fituation where we have faid the ifland and city of Meroë formerly were. It feemed alfo to be well known by the different black inhabitants that came from the westward by the great caravan which croffed the defert north of the Niger, and is called the Caravan of Sudan, of which I have often ſpoken, as being the only barbarians who ſeem to pay the leaſt attention to any articles of natu- ral history. Theſe bring to Cairo, and to Mecca, multitudes of green paroquets, monkeys, weafels, mice, lizards, and fer- pents, for the diverſion and curiofity of the men of note in Arabia, or of the Beys and the women of the great at Cairo. This lizard is called El Adda, it burrows in the fand, and performs this operation fo quickly, that it is out of fight in an inftant, and appears rather to have found a hole, than to have made one, yet it comes out often in the heat of the day, and bafks itſelf in the fun; and if not very much frightened, will take refuge behind ftoncs, or in the wither- ed, ragged roots of the abfinthium, dried in the fun to near- ly its own colour. VOL. V. Dd ALMOST 196 APPENDIX. ALMOST the whole of this large tribe of lizards is, by the Arabians, defcribed as poifonous. Experiment has de- tected the falfehood of this, in very many ſpecies; the fame idea has led them to attribute to them medicinal virtues in the fame proportion, and, I am apt to believe, with nearly as little reafon; at leaſt, though the books prefcribing them are in everybody's hands, the remedy is not now made ufe of in the places where thoſe books were wrote; and this affords a ftrong proof that the medicine was never very efficacious. THE El Adda is one of the few which the Arabs in all times have believed to be free of poifonous qualities, and yet to have all the medicinal virtues that they have fo a- bundantly laviſhed upon the more noxious fpecies. It has been reputed to be a cure for that moſt terrible of all dif- cafes, the Elephantiafis; yet this diftemper is not, that I know, in the hotter parts of Africa, and certainly this lizard is not an inhabitant of the higher or colder parts of Abyffinia, which we may call excluſively the domicil of the elephan- tiafis. It is likewife thought to be efficacious in cleanſing the ſkin of the body, or face, from cutaneous eruptions, of which the inhabitants of this part of Africa are much more afraid than they are of the plague; it is alfo uſed againſt films, and fuffufions on the eyes. I never did I never did try the effect; of any of theſe, but give their history folely upon the au- thority of the Arabian authors. I HAVE drawn it here of its natural fize; which is 6½ inch- es. Though its legs are very long, it does not make uſe of them to fland upright, but creeps with its belly almoft cloſe to the ground. It runs, however, with very great ve- 3. locity. # APPENDIX. 197 locity. It is very long from its fhoulder to its noſe, being nearly two inches. Its body is round, having ſcarce any flatnefs in its belly. Its tail too is perfectly round, ha- ving no flatnefs in its lower part. It is exceedingly fharp- pointed, and very eaſily broke, yet I have ſeen ſeverals where the part broke off has been renewed fo as fcarcely to be difcernible. It is the fame length, 2 inches, between the point of the tail and the joint of the hinder leg, as was between the noſe and the fhoulder of the foreleg. Its fore- head from the occiput is flat, its ſhape conical, not point- ed, but rounded at the end in the fhape of ſome ſhovels or fpades. The head is darker than the body, the occiput darker ftill; its face is covered with fine black lines, which croſs one another at right angles like a net. Its eyes are ſmall, defended with a number of ftrong black hairs for eye-laſhes. Its upper jaw is longer, and projects confider- ably over the under; both its jaws have a number of ſhort, fine, but very feeble teeth, and when holding it in my hand, though it ftruggled violently to get looſe, it never attempt- ed to make uſe of its teeth; indeed it feems to turn its neck with great difficulty. Its ears are large, open, and nearly round. Its body is a light-yellow, bordering on a ſtraw-co- lour, croffed with eight bands of black, almoft equally diſtant, except the two next the tail. All theſe decreaſe both in breadth and length from the middle towards each ex- tremity of the animal. The fcales are largeſt along the back, they are very clofe, though the divifions are fufficient- ly apparent. Their furface is very polifhed, and feems as if varniſhed over. Its legs from the fhoulder to the middle toe are nearly an inch and three quarters long; its feet are compofed of five toes, the extremity of each is armed with Dd2 a brown 198 APPENDIX. 1 a brown claw of no great ftrength, whofe end is tipt with black. I HAVE heard fome of the common people call this lizard Dhab: This we are to look upon as an inſtance of igno- rance in the vulgar, rather than the opinion of a naturalift well informed; for the Dhab is a fpecies perfectly well known to be different from this, and is frequently met with in the deferts which ſurround Cairo. CERASTES, OR HORNED VIPER. THE HERE is no article of natural hiftory the ancients have dwelt on more than that of the viper, whether poets, physicians, or hiftorians. All have enlarged upon the particu lar fizes, colours, and qualities, yet the knowledge of their manners is but little extended. Almoſt every author that has treated of them, if he hath advanced fome truths which he has left ſlenderly established by proof or experiment, by way of compenfation Cemastars London Publyha Dec17y. by Robinson & Co. חוההווה Heath Se m APPENDIX. 1997 compenfation, hath added as many falfehoods ſo ſtrongly afferted, that they have occafioned more doubt than the others have brought of light, certainty, and conviction. LUCAN, in Cato's march through the defert of the Cyren- aicum in ſearch of Juba, gives fuch a catalogue of theſe ve- nomous animals, that we cannot wonder, as he infinuates, that great part of the Roman army was destroyed by them; yet I will not fcruple to aver this is mere fable. I have tra- velled acroſs the Cyrenaicum in all its directions, and never faw but one fpecies of viper, which was the Ceraftes, or Horned Viper, now before us. Neither did I ever ſee any of the fnake kind that could be miſtaken for the viper. I ap- prehend the ſnake cannot ſubſiſt without water, as the Ce- raftes, from the places in which he is found, ſeems affured- ly to do. Indeed thofe that Lucan fpeaks of muft have been all vipers, becauſe the mention of every one of their names is followed by the death of a man. THERE are no ferpents of any kind in Upper Abyflinia that ever I faw, and no remarkable varieties even in Low, excepting the large fnake called the Boa, which is often above twenty feet in length, and as thick as an ordinary man's thigh. He is a beaft of prey, feeds upon antelopes, and the deer kind, which having no canine teeth, conſe- quently no poiſon, he ſwallows whole, after having broken all its bones in pieces, and drawn it into a length to be more eafily maſtered. His chief refidence is by the graffy pools of rivers that are ftagnant. Notwithstanding which, we hear of the Monk Gregory telling M Ludolf, that ferpents were fo frequent in Abyffinia, that every man carried with him a ftick bent in a particular manner, for the more com- modiouДy 200 APPENDIX. modiouſly killing thefe creatures, and this M. Ludolf re-. commends as a difcovery. And Jerome Lobo, among the reſt of his fables, has fome on this ſubject likewiſe. A cold and rainy country can never be a habitation for vipers. We fee, on the contrary, that their favourite choice are de- ferts and burning fand, without verdure, and without any moiſture whatever. THE very learned, though too credulous, Profper Alpinus, fays, that many have affured him, that near the lakes conti- guous to the fources of the Nile there is a number of bafilifcs, about a palm in length, and the thickneſs of a middle fin- ger; that they have two large fcales, which they ufe as wings, and creſts and combs upon their head, from which they are called Bafilifci or Reguli, that is, crowned, crefted, or kingly fetpents; and he fays that no 'perfonn ca approach theſe lakes without being deſtroyed by theſe creſted ſnakes. WITH all fubmiffion to this naturalift's relation, I ſhould imagine he could not have heard the defcription of theſe lakes from many travellers, if all thofe that approached them were killed by the bafiliſcs. I fhall only anſwer for this, that having examined the Lake Gooderoo, thofe of Court Ohha, and Tzana, the only lakes near the fources of the Nile, I never yet faw one ferpent there, whether crowned or uncrowned, nor did I ever hear of any, and therefore believe this account as fabulous as that of the Acontia and other animals he ſpeaks of in this whole chapter *. The bafi- life is a fpecies of ferpent, frequently made mention of in fcripture, * Profp. Alpin. lib. iv. cap. 4. APPENDIX. 201 (6 fcripture, though never deſcribed, farther than that he can- not be charmed fo as to do no hurt, nor trained fo as to de- light in mufic; which all travellers who have been in Egypt know is exceedingly poffible, and frequently feen. For, behold, I will fend ballifcs among you, faith the fcripture, which will not be charmed, and they fhall bite you, faith the Lordt". And‡"Thoufhalt tread upon the lion and bafilifc&c. I SHALL mention one name more, under which the Ce- raftes goes, becaute it is equivocal, and has been mifunder- ftood in fcripture, that is Tfeboa, which name is given it in the Hebrew, from its different colours and ipots. And hence the Greeks § have called it by the name of Hyæna, becauſe it is of the fame reddith colour, marked with black ſpots as that quadruped is. And the fame fable is ap- plied to the ferpent and quadruped, that they change their fex yearly. : SOME Philofophers, from particular fyftem, have judg d from a certain difpofition of this animal's fcales, that it s what they term, Coluber, while others, from fome arrange- ment of the ſcales of its tail, will have it to be what they call Boa. I enter not into the difpute, it is here as faithfully reprefented as the fize will permit, only I fhall obferve that, unlefs Jerem. chap. viii. ver. 17. ‡ Pfalm ix. ver. 13. It is to be obferved here, it is the Greek text that calls it Bafilife. The Hebrew for the most part calls it Tfepha, which are a fpecies of ferpents real and known. Our Eng- lifh tranflation, very improperly, renders it Cockatrice; a fabulous animal, that never did exift. I fhall only further obferve, that the bafilife, in feripture, would feem to be 2 fnake, not a viper, as there are frequent mention made of their eggs, as in Ifaiah, chap. lix. ver. 5. whereas, it is known to be the characteristic of the viper to bring forth living § Elian. Hift. lib. i. cap. 25. Horia. hieroglyph. lib. i. chap. 65. young. 202 APPENDIX. unlefs Boa means fomething more than I know it does, the name is ill chofen when applied to any fpecies of poi- fonous ferpents, becauſe it is already the proper name of the large fnake, juft mentioned, that is not viviparous, and has no poiſon. Pliny and Galen fay, that the young vipers are fo fierce as to become parricides, and deftroy their mother up- on their birth. But this is furely one of the ill-grounded fan- cies theſe authors have adopted. The Ceraftes is mentioned by name in Lucan, and without warranting the feparate exiſtence of any of the reft, I can ſee ſeveral that are but the Ceraftes under another term. The thebanus ophites, the ammodytes, the torrida dipfas, and the prefter *, all of them are but this viper defcribed from the form of its parts, or its colours. Cato muſt have been marching in the night when he met this army of ferpents. The Ceraftes hides it- felf all day in holes in the fand, where it lives in contiguous and ſimilar houſes to thoſe of the jerboa, and I have already faid, that I never but once found any animal in this viper's belly, but one jerboa in a gravid female ceraftes. I KEPT two of theſe laft-mentioned creatures in a glafs jar, fuch as is uſed for keeping fweetmeats, for two years, without having given them any food; they did not fleep, that I obſerved, in winter, but caft their ſkins the laſt days of April. THE Ceraftes moves with great rapidity, and in all direc- tions, forward, backward, and fideways. When he inclines to ſurpriſe any one who is too far from him, he creeps with his *Lucan. lib. ix. APPENDIX. 203 } his fide towards the perfon, and his head averted, till jud- ging his distance, he turns round, fprings upon him, and faftens upon the part next to him; for it is not true what is ſaid, that the Ceraftes does not leap or ſpring. I ſaw one of them at Cairo, in the houſe of Julian and Rofa, crawl up the fide of a box, in which there were many, and there lye ftill as if hiding himſelf, till one of the people who brought them to us came near him, and though in a very diſadvantageous poſture, ſticking as it were perpendicular to the fide of the box, he leaped near the diſtance of three feet, and faſtened between the man's forefinger and thumb, ſo as to bring the blood. The fellow fhewed no figns of either pain or fear, and we kept him with us full four hours, with- out his applying any fort of remedy, or his feeming inclin- ed to do fo. To make myſelf affured that the animal was in its perfect ftate, I made the man hold him by the neck fo as to force him to open his mouth, and lacerate the thigh of a pelican, a bird I had tamed, as big as a fwan. The bird died in about 13 minutes, though it was apparently affected in 50 feconds ; and we cannot think this was a fair trial, becaufe a very few minutes before, it had bit the man, and fo diſcharged part of its virus, and it was made to fcratch the pelican by force, without any irritation or action of its own. THE Ceraftes inhabits the greatest part of the eastern con- tinent, eſpecially the defert fandy parts of it. It abounds in Syria, in the three Arabias, and in Africa. I never faw fo many of them as in the Cyrenaicum, where the Jerboa is frequent in proportion. He is a great lover of heat; for tho' VOL. V. Ee the 204 APPENDIX چہ the fun was burning hot all day, when we made a fire at night, by digging a hole, and burning wood to charcoal in it, for drefling our victuals, it was feldom we had fewer than half a dozen of theſe vipers, who burnt themſelves to death approaching the embers. 瞬 ​I APPREHEND this to be the afpic which Cleopatra em- ployed to procure her death. Alexandria, plentifully fup- plied by water, muſt then have had fruit of all kinds in its gardens. The baskets of figs must have come from thence, and the aſpic, or Ceraftes, that was hid in them, from the ad joining defert, where there are plenty to this day; for to the weftward in Egypt, where the Nile overflows, there is no fort of ferpent whatever that I ever faw;.nor, as I have be- fore ſaid, is there any other of the mortal kind that I know in thoſe parts of Africa adjoining to Egypt, excepting the Ceraftes... Ir fhould feem very natural for any one, who, from motives of diſtreſs, has refolved to put a period to his exiſtence, eſpecially women and weak perfons unaccustom- ed to handle arms, to ſeek the gentleft method to free themſelves from that load of life now become infup- portable. This, however, has not always been the cafe with the ancients. Aria, Petus's wife, ftabbed herſelf with a dagger, to fet her huſband an example to die, with this me- morable afſurance, after giving herſelf the blow, “Petus, it "is not painful." Porcia, the wife. of. Brutus, died by the barbarous, and not obvious way of periſhing, by fwallowing fire; the violent agitation of ſpirits prevailing over the mo- mentary difference in the ſuffering. It is not to be doubted but that a woman, high-fpirited like Cleopatra, was alſo above the.. 2 APPENDIX. 205 the momentary differences in feeling; and had the way in which fhe died not been ordinary and ufual, fhe certainly would not have applied herſelf to the invention of a new one. We are therefore to look upon her dying by the bite of the Ceraftes, as only following the manner of death which ſhe had ſeen commonly adopted by thoſe who were intend- ed to die without torment. GALEN fpeaking of the Afpic in the great city of Alex- andria, fays, I have ſeen how ſpeedily they (the afpics) occa- fioned death. Whenever any perſon is condemned to die whom they wish to end quickly and without torment, they put the viper to his breaſt, and ſuffering him there to creep a little, the man is prefently killed. Paufanias fpeaks of particular ferpents that were to be found in Arabia among the balſam trees, feveral of which I procured both alive and dead, when I brought the tree from Beder Hunein; but they were ſtill the fame ſpecies of ferpent, only ſome from fex, and fome from want of age, had not the horns, though in every other reſpect they could not be miſtaken. Ibn Sina, called by Europeans Avicenna, has defcribed this animal very exactly; he fays it is frequent in Shem (that is the country about and fouth of Damafcus) and alſo in Egypt; and he makes a very good abfervation on their manners; that they do not go or walk ftraight, but move by contracting themſelves. But in the latter part of his deſcription he ſeems not to have known the ſerpent he is ſpeaking of, becauſe he ſays its bite is cured in the ſame manner as that of the viper and Ceraftes, by which it is implied, that the animal he was defcribing was not a Ceraf- tes, and the Ceraftes is not a viper, both which affertions are falfe. E e 2 THE 206 APPENDIX. THE general fize of the Ceraftes, from the extremity of its fnout to the end of its tail, is from 13 to 14 inches. Its head is triangular, very flat, but higher near where it joins the neck than towards the nofe. The length of its head, from the point of the noſe to the joining of the neck, is 12ths of an inch, and the breadthths. Between its horns is ths. The opening of its mouth, or rictus oris Its horns in lengthths. Its large canine teeth ſomething more than ths and. Its neck at the joining of the head 4 2 12 8 T2 ths. ths. The body where thickeſt ths. Its tail at the joining of the bodyths and The tip of the tail. th. The length of the tail one inch and ths. The aperture of the eyeths, but this varies apparently according to the im- preffion of light. THE Ceraftes has fixteen fmall immoveable teeth, and in the upper jaw two canine teeth, hollow, crooked inward, and of a remarkable fine poliſh, white in colour, inclining to blueish. Near one fourth of the bottom is ftrongly fixed in the upper jaw, and folds back like a claſp knife, the point inclining inwards, and the greateft part of the tooth is covered with a green ſoft membrane, not drawn tight, but as it were wrinkled over it. Immediately above this is a flit along the back of the tooth, which ends nearly in the mid- dle of it, where the tooth curves inwardly. From this aper- ture I apprehend that it ſheds its poifon, not from the point, where with the beſt glaffes I never could perceive an aper- ture, fo that the tooth is not a tube, but hollow only half. way; the point being for making the incifion, and by its preffure occaſioning the venom in the bag at the bottom of the fang to riſe in the tooth, and ſpill itſelf through the flit into the wound,. By APPENDIX. 207 By this flat pofition of the tooth along the jaw, and its being defended by the membrane, it eats in perfect ſafety; for the tooth cannot prefs the bag of poifon at the root while it lies in this pofition, nor can it rife in the tube to fpill itſelf, nor can the tooth make any wound ſo as to re- ceive it, but the animal is fuppofed to eat but feldom, or only when it is with young. THE viper has but one row of teeth, none but the ca- nine are noxious. The poiſon is very copious for fo ſmall a creature, it is fully as large as a drop of laudanum dropt from a vial by a careful hand. Viewed through a glaſs, it appears not perfectly tranfparent or pellucid. I ſhould imagine it hath other refervoirs than the bag under the tooth, for I compelled it to fcratch eighteen pigeons upon the thigh as quick as poſſible, and they all died near- ly in the fame interval of time; but I confeſs the danger at- tending the diffection of the head of this creature made me fo cautious, that any obſervation I ſhould make upon thefe parts would be lefs to be depended upon. PEOPLE have doubted whether or not this yellow liquor is the poiſon, and the reafon has been, that animals who had taſted it did not die as when bitten, but this reafon does not hold in modern phyfics. We know why the fa- liva of a mad dog has been given to animals and has not affected them; and a German phyfician was bold enough to diftil the pus, or putrid matter, flowing from the ulcer of a perſon infected by the plague, and tafte it afterwards without bad confequences; fo that it is clear the poifon has no activity, till through fome fore or wound it is ad- mitted into circulation. Again, the tooth itfelf, divefted of 3 that 208 AP PENDIX. V that poiſon, has as little effect. The viper deprived of his canine teeth, an operation very easily performed, bites with- out any fatal confequence with the others; and many in- ftances there have been of mad dogs having bitpeople cloath- ed in coarſe woollen ftuff, which had fo far cleaned the teeth of the faliva in paffing through it, as not to have left the ſmalleſt inflammation after the wound. . I FORBEAR to fatigue the reader by longer infifting upon this ſubject. A long differtation would remain upon the incantation of ferpents. There is no doubt of its reality. The feriptures are full of it. All that have been in Egypt have ſeen as many different inftances as they chofe. Some have doubted that it was a trick, and that the animals fo handled had been first trained, and then diſarmed of their power of hurting; and fond of the diſcovery, they have reſted themſelves upon it, without experiment, in the face of all an- tiquity. But I will not heſitate to aver, that I have ſeen at Cairo (and this may be feen daily without trouble or expence) a man who came from above the catacombs, where the pits of the mummy birds are kept, who has taken a Ceraftes with his naked hand from a number of others lying at the bottom of the tub, has put it upon his bare head, covered it with the common red cap he wears, then taken it out, put it in his breaft, and tied it about his neck like a necklace; after which it has been applied to a hen, and bit it, which has died in a few minutes; and, to complete the experiment, the man has taken it by the neck, and beginning at his tail, has ate it as one would do a carrot or a flock of celery, without any feeming repug nance. WE d APPENDIX. 209 We know from hiſtory, that where any country has been remarkably infefted with ferpents, there the people have been fcreened by this fecret. The Pfylli and Marmarides of old undoubtedly were defended in this manner,. i Ad Quorum cantus mites Jacuére Cerafia. SIL. ITAL. lib. iin. To leave ancient history, I can myſelf vouch, that all the black people in the kingdom of Sennaar, whether Funge or Nuba, are perfectly armed againſt the bite of either fcorpion or viper. They take the Ceraſtes in their hands at all times, put them in their bofoms, and throw them to one another as children do apples or balls, without having irritated them, by this uſage ſo much as to bite. The Arabs have not this ſecret naturally, but from their infancy they acquire an ex- emption from the mortal confequences attending the bite of theſe animals, by chawing a certain root, and waſhing them- felves (it is not anointing) with an infufion of certain plants in water.. QNE day when I was with the brother of Shekh Adelan, prime miniſter of Sennaar, a flave of his brought a Ce- raftes which he had juft then taken out of a hole, and was ufing it with every fort of familiarity. I told him my fufpicion that the teeth had been drawn, but he affured me they were not, as did his mafter Kittou, who took it from him, wound it round his arm, and at my defire ordered the fervant to carry it home with me. I took a chicken by the neck, and made it flutter before him; his feeming indiffer ence left him, and he bit it with great figns of anger, the chicken died almoſt immediately; I fay his fecming indif- ference 1 210 APPENDIX. ference, for I conftantly obſerved, that however lively the viper was before, upon being feized by any of theſe barba- rians he ſeemed as if taken with fickneſs and feebleneſs, fre- quently fhut his eyes, and never turned his mouth towards the arm of the perfon that held him. I aſked Kittou how they came to be exempted from this mifchief? he faid, they were born fo, and ſo ſaid the grave and reſpectable men among them. Many of the lighter and lower fort talked of enchantments by words and by writing, but they all knew how to prepare any perfon by medicine, which were decoctions of herbs and roots. $ I HAVE feen many thus armed for a feafon do pretty much the fame feats as thoſe that poffeffed the exemption naturally, the drugs were given me, and I ſeveral times armed myſelf, as I thought, refolved to try the experiment, but my heart always failed me when I came to the trial; becauſe among theſe wretched people it was a pretence they might very probably have ſheltered themſelves under, that I was a Chriftian, that therefore it had no effect upon me. I have ftill remaining by me a fmall quantity of this root, but never had an opportunity of trying the experiment. THE reader will attend to the horn which is placed over the eye in the manner I have given the figure of it, it is fluted, and has four divifions. He will likewiſe obſerve the tooth as viewed through a glafs. He may fuppofe the black repreſents a painter's pallet, for the eaſier difcerning the white tooth, which could not otherwiſe appear diſtinctly upon the white paper. A BINNY. Binny LondonPublish'd Jan 191790 by G.Robinson & Co APPENDIX. 211 L BINNY. K A LTHOUGH the fiſh we find in the eaft are generally more diſtinguiſhed for their beauty and variety of colours, or for their uncouth forms, rather than for the goodneſs of the fiſh itſelf, this before us appears to be an ex- ception; though it is not without fingularities, yet its form and colour are very ſimple, and, for the elegance of its taſte, may vie with, any fish caught in any river which runs either into the Mediterranean or Ocean. Whether it is the Latus, or the Oxyrinchus of antiquity, both fiſhes of the Nile, fo famous that divine honours were paid them, by large cities, nomes, or diftricts fituated upon that river, is what I am not naturalift enough to difcover. Such as it is, in all its parts, I have placed it before the reader faith- fully. VOL. V. Ff BY 212 APPENDIX. By the disproportion in the length of its jaws, I fhould imagine this to be a fifh of prey, though a circumftance concerning the bait with which it is taken feems to contra- dict this. The fish from which this drawing was made weighed 32 pounds Engliſh, but is often caught of 70 pounds and upwards, as I have been told by the fiſhermen, for I never faw one larger than the one I am now defcrib- ing. The largeſt of this kind are caught about Rofetto and the mouth of the river, but they are very numerous, higher up as far as Syene and the firft cataract. This was caught at Achmim, the ancient Panopolis, and the manner in which this is performed is very uncommon and ingenious, and by the few trials that I faw is alfo very fuccefsful. THEY take a quantity of oil, clay, flour, and honey, with ftraw, and ſome other thing that makes it ſtick together, they knead or tread it with their feet till it is perfectly mix- ed. They then take two handfuls of dates, and break them into ſmall pieces about the bignefs of the point of the finger, and ftick them in different parts of this mixture,. which begins now to have fuch confiftency as to adhere perfectly together, and appears in form like a Cheſhire cheeſe. In the heart of this cake they put feven or eight hooks, with dates upon them, and a ftring of ſtrong whip- cord to each. The fiſherman then takes this large mafs of paſte, and putting it upon a goat's ſkin blown with wind, rides behind it out into the middle of the ftream; there he drops it in the deepest part of the river, then cautiouſly holding the ends of each of the ftrings flack, ſo as not to pull the dates and the hooks out of the heart of the com- pofition, he gets again afhore upon his ſkin a little below where he had funk the folid maſs. I WHEN APPENDIX. 213 WHEN arrived on the fhore, he carefully feparates the ends of the ftrings, and ties them, without ftraining, each to a palm branch made faft on fhore, to the end of every one of which hangs a ſmall bell. He then goes and feeds his cattle, digs ditches, or lies down and fleeps as his bufi- nefs calls him. The oil refifts the water for fome time, at laft the cake begins to diffolve, pieces fall off, the broken dates dipped in the honey flow down the ſtream, and the large fith below catch ravenouſly at them as they paſs. The fiſh follow theſe pieces up the ftream, gathering them as they go along till they get to the cake at laft, when alto- gether, as many as are affembled, fall voraciously to feek the dates buried in the compofition; each fiſh that finds a date fwallows it, together with an iron hook, and feeling himſelf faſt, makes off as ſpeedily as poffible; the conſe- quence is, endeavouring to eſcape from the line by which he is faſtened, he pulls the palm branch, and rings the bell faftened to it. THE fiſherman runs immediately to the bell, and finding thereby the particula" line, hauls his prifoner in, but does not kill him; the hook being large, it generally catches him by the upper jaw, which is confiderably longer than the un- der. He then pulls him out of the water, and puts a ftrong iron ring through his jaw, tics a few yards of cord to it, and faftens him to the fhore, fo he does with the reft. Very rarely one hook is found empty. Thoſe that want fish at Girgé, a large town oppofite, or at Achmim it- felf, come thither as to a fifh-market, and every man takes the quantity he wants, buying them alive. Fifh when dead do not keep here, which makes that precaution neceffary. We bought two, which fully dined our whole boat's crew; Ff2 the } 214 APPENDIX. the fiſherman had then ten or twelve faftened to the fhore, all of which he pulled out and ſhewed us. I APPREHEND that formerly this method of fiſhing was oftener practiſed, and better known than it is now, for I have ſeen, in feveral fiſhing towns, a tree, in which there was a fish with a ring through its nofe, and befide it a bell. I likewife imagine that this is the fiſh which Mr Norden fays the Kennoufs caught at Syene, and which he calls a Carp; but as I have already obſerved, ſtreams are not the haunt of leather-mouthed, or fucking fish, as is the carp, but rather of fuch as are powerfully furniſhed with fins, as this is, to firuggle with, and traverſe the current in all its directions. I believe the carp to be a fish of northern climates; I have never even feen them in thefe, they are certainly not in Ethi- opia whence the Nile comes; their name, Cyprinus, feem to indicate they belong to Greece. They are found in the iſland of Cyprus, but whether exclufively from the reſt of the iſlands is what I cannot determine. THIS fish has two fins upon its back; the firft has a fharp fhort thorn before it, and is compofed of feven longer ones, ſharp pointed, but much weaker in ſhape, refembling the latine fail of a boat. The one behind it is compofed of eleven ſmall pliable bones, but not armed with any defence. The belly has two fins, made of pliable, unarmed bones likewife, and on its fide near the gills it has two others of the fame kind. The tail is forked into two fharp thin nar- row divifions, that below are confiderably fhorter than a- bove. Below its throat is a parcel of long bones hanging down like a beard, which grow longer as they approach the tail, the laſt being the largeſt of all. THE t . Tortoise Heath Ser London Publish'd Dec 1789 by Robinson & Co. APPENDIX. 215 THE whole body of this fish is covered with filver ſcales much reſembling filver fpangles, they lie clofe together. There is no variety of colour upon the whole fifh except- ing a fhade of red upon the end of the noſe, which is fat and fleſhy. His eye is large and black, with a broad iris of white ſtained with yellow. It has a number of ſmall teeth very ſharp and cloſely fet, nature has probably given him this quantity of fins to fave him from the crocodile, whom by his fize he ſeems deftined to feed. ! + 1 CARETTA, OR SEA-TORTOISE. : A MONG the natural productions of the Red Sea, which either have been or are at preſent articles of commerce, I ſhall juſt ſpeak a little of that fpecies of the Teftudo or Tortoife, called the Caretta or Hawk's-bill. It is greatly in- ferior in fize to the Weſt Indian or American fea-tortoiſe. The extreme length of the fhell of this was 3 feet 7 inches, and which 216 APPENDIX. Simple as it is, I do This This which I have which was eſteemed a large one. not know one good figure of it. fubmitted to the reader may be depended upon for its exact- nefs, otherwife the animal is well known, and has often been defcribed. ITs back is covered like the reft of other turtles, with a bony fubſtance, and this again is covered by lamina, or fcales of a thin tranfparent texture, variegated with dark brown ftreaks, difpofed in each fcale as radii proceeding from a centre. The outer rows of the great ſcales are irre- gular pentagons. The row that runs down the middle between theſe are regular hexagons, and round the whole circumference the large fcales are incloſed by a kind of quadrangular frame firmly united; the broadeft and largeſt of theſe ſcales being neareſt the tail. The loweſt of all, as it were in the centre of the lowest part of the figure, is notched, the centre of this divifion anſwering to a line drawn through the middle of the oval, and the head or occiput. THIS fiſh lays a multitude of eggs. Some have ſaid that theſe are laid among ftones, contrary to the practice of the large fea-turtle, which lays them upon fand. All I can ſay to this is, that I have feen them but feldom, and always upon fand, but never among ſtones. The fiſh itſelf is a very dry and coarſe food, very different from that delicate fpecies which comes from the Weſt Indies, if the difference does not lie a great deal in the cookery. At the time that I ate of this animal, I was going to view the junction of the Indian Ocean with- out the Straits of Babelmandeb, and the wind ſetting in con- trary, APPENDIX. 217 trary, we were in great fear of not being able to return, as the reader will have feen in our voyage. Particularly, I did not obferve any of the green fat, fo well known to our epi- cures, nor indeed any fat at all. fat at all. When roafled, it taſted to me much like old veal new killed. It is only an inhabitant of the mouth of the Gulf. They feldom come up the length of Mocha; when they do, they are few in number, are pro- bably fick, and not able to bear the agitation of the waves from the ſouth-weſters. THE Egyptians dealt largely with Rome in this elegant article of commerce. Pliny tells us, the.cutting them for fineering or inlaying, was firft practifed by Carvilios Pollio, from which we would prefume that the Romans were ig norant of the Arabian and Egyptian art of feparating the lamina by fire, placed in the infide of the fhell when the meat is taken out; for thefe fcales, though they appear perfectly diſtinct and ſeparate, do yet adhere, and oftener break than ſplit where the mark of feparation may be feen diſtinct. Martial* fays, that beds were inlaid with it. Juvenalt, and Apuleius, in his tenth Book mentions that the Indian bed was all over fhining with tortoiſe-ſhell in the outfide, and fwelling with ftuffing of down within. The im- menſe uſe made of it in Rome may be gueffed by what we learn from Velleius Paterculus ‡, who fays, that when Alex- andria was taken by Julius Cæfar, the magazines, or ware- houſes, were fo full of this article, that he propoſed to have made it the principal ornament of his triumph, as he did ivory Mart. lib. xii. and lxvii. epig. † Juv. fat. xi. Vell. Pat. lib. ii. cap. 56, ४ ! 218 APPENDIX. ivory afterwards when triumphing for having happily fi- niſhed the African war. THIS, too, in more modern times, was a great article in the trade to China, and I have always been exceedingly fur- priſed, ſince near the whole of the Arabian Gulf is com- prehended in the charter of the Eaft India Company, that they do not make an experiment of fiſhing both pearls and tortoifes; the former of which, fo long abandoned, muft now be in great plenty and excellence, and a few fiſhers put on board each fhip trading to Jidda, might furely find very lucrative employment with a long-boat or pinnace, at the time the veſſels were felling their cargo in the port, and while bufied in this gainful occupation, the coasts of the Red Sea might be fully explored. } Or } Pearls. London Published Dec. 11789,by G. Robinson & C OF PEARL S. THE fhips which navigated the Red Sea brought gold and filver from Ophir and Tarfhiſh; they brought myrrh, frankincenfe, and ivory, from Saba, and various kinds of fpices from the continent of Afia, acroſs the Indian ocean. If we judge by the little notice taken of them in very ancient times, the treaſures which lay nearer home, in their own feas, and upon their own fhores, were very little fought after, or ſpoken of, in the days when the navigation of the Arabian gulf was at its height. We are not, however, to be- lieve that the pearl fiſhery, even in thoſe days, was totally neglected; but foreign trade was grown to fuch a magnitude, and its value fo immenfe, that we are not to be furpriſed, that articles that were only a matter of ornament and luxury, or of domeſtic ufe, and did not enter into the medium of VOL. V. Gg commerce, Y 220 APPENDIX. 1 commerce, were little ſpoken of, however cloſely followed and well understood. We gather from fèripture, the only hiſtory of theſe early times to be depended upon, that precious ftones were im- ported from the fouthern coaft of Africa. This trade, how- ever great it might be, is mentioned but flightly, and as it were accidentally, being abforbed in the very great articles of commerce then fpoken of. In the fame manner we read of the beauty and excellence of pearls curforily intro- duced, often by allufions and comparifons throughout the facred books, but always in a manner which fufficiently fhews the great intrinſic eſtimation in which they were held. PEARLS are found in all the four quarters of the world, but in no degree of excellence, excepting in the eaſt of Africa and in Afia. They are in every part of the Red Sea, they are in the Indian Ocean, in that low part of the coaft of Arabia Felix called the Baherein, which joins to the Gulf of Perfia. There are banks where they are found about Gombron to the eastward of that Gulf, or in the flat. coaft there; and in the feas which waſh the iſland of Ceylon,. many have been found of the greatest beauty and price; and for number, they are nowhere fo plentiful as in the Bahe- rein, between the coaft of Arabia Felix and the iſland of Or- mus, whence they are tranfported to Aleppo, then fent to Leghorn, and circulated through Europe, and this above all others is the market for feed pearls. THE Oyſter is currently reported to be the fpecies of fiſh where this precious gueft is lodged, and many a weary fearch 2 I APPENDIX. 221 ſearch and inquiry I have made after thefe oyſters in the Red Sea, deſpairing always to fee a pearl, till we had firſt found an oyster. The fact, however, turned out to be, that there are no fuch fish as oyſters in the Arabian Gulf, and though our fuccefs in finding pearls was fmall, yet we got from the natives of the coaſt a ſufficient number as well as in- formation, to put it beyond doubt to what fiſh this beauti- ful and extraordinary production belonged. PEARLS are produced only in fhells that are bivalves, that is, which have an upper and lower ſhell cloſing by a hinge in a manner little differing from the oyster. It is common- ly faid by the fiſhermen, that all bivalves in the Red Sea have pearls of ſome kind in them. This is a very rude and large view of the matter, for though it is true that fome ex- creſcences, or fecretions, of the nature of pearls, may be found in the biffer, and the large bivalves with which this ſea abounds, yet it is well known to all converfant in theſe matters, that many of the pearl thell itfelf (I fhall not call it an oyſter, for it is not one) are found without any pearl or likeneſs of pearl in them; being, I fuppofe, not yet arrived to that age when the extravaſation of that juice which forms the pearl happens. THERE are three fhell fish in the Red Sea which regularly are fought after as containing pearls. The firft is a muffel, and this is of the rareft kind, whether they are now failed in number, or whether they were at any former time fre- quent, is now unknown. They are chiefly found in the north end of the Gulf, and on the Egyptian fide. The only part I have ever feen them was about Coffeir, and to the northward of it, where I muft obferve there was an ancient Gg 2 port, 222 APPENDIX. port, called Myos Hormos, which commentators have called the Port of the Moufe, when they fhould have tranflated it, the Harbour of the Muffel. This fish contains often pearls of great beauty for luftre and ſhape, but feldom of a white or clear water. Pliny relates this to be the cafe in the Ita- lian feas, and alfo in the Thracian Bofphorus, where he ob ferves they are more frequent. THE ſecond ſort of ſhell which generally contains the pearl is called Pinna. It is broad and femicircular at the top, and decreaſes till it turns fharp at the lower end, where is the hinge. It is rough and figured on the outfide, of a beautiful red colour, exceedingly fragil, and fometimes three feet long. In the infide it is cloathed with a moſt beautiful lining called Nacre, or mother-of-pearl, white, tin- ged with an elegant bluſh of red. Of this moft delicate. complexion is the pearl found in this fiſh, ſo that it ſeems to confirm the fentiments of M. Reamur on the formation of pearls, that they are formed of that glutinous fluid which is the firſt origin of the fhell, that it forms the pearl of the fame colour and water that is communicated to it from that part of the fhell with which it is more immediately in contact, and which is generally obferved in the pinna to be higher in colour as it approaches the broadeft, which is the reddeft end. UPON the matureft confideration, I can have no doubt that the pearl found in this fhell is the penim or peninim rather, for it is always ſpoken of in the plural, to which al- lufion has been often made in fcripture. And this derived from its rednefs is the true reafon of its name. On the contrary, the word pinna has been idly imagined to be de- I rived APPENDIX. 223 rived from penna, a feather, as being broad and round at the top, and ending at a point, or like a quill below. The Engliſh tranſlation of the fcripture, erroneous and innacu- rate in many things more material, tranflates this peninim by rubies *, without any foundation or authority, but bc- cauſe they are both red, as are bricks and tiles, and many other things of bafe and vile materials. The Greeks have tranflated it literally pina, or pinna, and the fhell they call Pinnicus; and many places occur in Strabo, Elian, Ptolemy, and Theophraftus, which are mentioned famous for this fpecies of pearl. I fhould imagine alfo, that by Solomon faying it is the most precious of all productions, he means, that this fpecies of pearl was the moft valued, or the beft known in Judea. For though we learn from Pliny that the excellency of pearls was their whitenefs, yet we know the pearls of a yellowish caft are thofe efteemed in India to this day, as the peninim, or reddiſh pearl was in Judea in the days of Solomon. THE third fort of pearl-bearing fhell is what I fup- pofe has been called the Oyſter; for the two fhells I have already ſpoken of furely bear no fort of likenefs to that fhell-fish, nor can this, though most approaching to it, be faid any way to reſemble it, as the reader will judge by a very accurate drawing given of it, now before him, BOCHART *See Proverbs, chap. xxxi. verfe 10. But in Job, where all the variety of precious flones are mentioned, the tranflator is forced, as it were unwillingly, to render Peninin pearls, as he ought indeed to have done in many other places where it occurs. Job, chap, xxviii, verfe 18. 224 APPEND I X. ' BOCHART fays thefe are called Darra, or Dora in Arabic, which feems to be the general word for all pearls in fcripture, whereas the peninim is one in particular. In the Red Sea, where it holds the firſt rank among pearls, it is called Lule fingle, or* Lulu el Berber, i. e. the pearl of Berber, Barabra, or Beja, the country of the Shepherds, which we have already ſpoken of at large, extending from the northern tropic, fouthward, to the country of the Shan- galla or Troglodytes. Androfthenes fays, the ancient name of theſe pearls was Berberis, which he believes to be an In- dian word, and fo it is, underſtanding, as the ancients´did, India to mean the country I have already mentioned be- tween the tropics. THE character of this pearl is extreme whiteneſs, and even in this whitenefs Pliny juftly fays there are fhades or differences. To continue to ufe his words, the cleareſt of theſe are found in the Red Sea, but thoſe in India have the colour of the flakes, or divifions of the lapis fpecularis. The moſt excellent are thofe like a folution of alum, limpid, milky like, and even with a certain almoſt imperceptible caſt of a fiery colour. Theophraflus fays, that thefe pearls are tranſparent, as indeed the foregoing deſcription of Pliny would lead us to imagine; but it is not fo, and if they were, it is apprehended they would lofe all their beauty and va- lue, and approach too much to glaſs. IT has been crronenouſly faid, that pearl fhells grow upon rocks, and again, that they are caught by nets. This is *Bochart reads this Lala falfely, miftaking the vowel point a for u, but there is no fuch word in Arabic. APPENDIX. 2·25. is certainly a contradiction, as nobody would employ nets to gather fish from among rocks. On the contrary, all kinds of pearl are found in the deepeft, ftilleft water, and fofteft bottom. The parts of moſt of them are too fine to bear the agitation of the fea among rocks. Their manners and œconomy are little known, but, as far as I have obferved, they are all ſtuck in the mud upright by an extremity, the muffel by one end, the pinna by the fmall fharp point, and the berberi, or lule, by the hinge or fquare part which projects from the round. IN fhallow and clear ftreams I have ſeen ſmall furrows or tracts, upon the fandy bottom, by which you could trace the muſſel, from its laſt ſtation, and theſe not ftraight, but deviating into traverfes and triangles, like the courfe of a ſhip in a contrary wind laid down upon a map, the tract of the muffel probably in purſuit of food. The general belief is, that the muffel is conſtantly ſtationary in a ſtate- of repoſe, and cannot transfer itſelf from place to place. This is a vulgar prejudice, and one of thoſe facts that are miſtaken for want of fufficient pains, or opportunity, to make more critical obfervation. Others finding the firft opinion a falfe one, and that they are endowed with power of chang- ing place like other animals, have, upon the fame founda- tion, gone into the contrary extreme, fo far as to attribute fwiftneſs to them, a property furely inconfiftent with their being fixed to rocks. Pliny and Solinus fay, that the muf- fel have leaders, and go in flocks, and that their leader is endowed with great cunning, to protect himſelf and his flock from the fishers, and when he is taken, the others fall an eafy prey. This however I think we are to look upon as a fable. Some of the most accurate obfervers having difco- vered 226 APPENDIX. vered the motion of the muffel, which is indeed wonderful, and that they lie in beds, which is not at all fo, have added the reſt to make their hiſtory complete. } It is obferved that pearls are always the most beautiful in thoſe places of the fea where a quantity of freſh water falls. Thus in the Red Sea they were always moft eſteemed that were fiſhed from Suakem fouthward, that is in thoſe parts correfponding to the country anciently called Berberia, and Azamia, from reafons before given; on the Arabian coaft, near the iſland Camaran, where there is abundance of freſh water; and the iſland of Foofht, laid down in my map, where there are ſprings; there I purchaſed one I had the pleaſure to ſee taken out of the fhell. It has been faid that the fiſh of theſe ſhells are good, which is an error; they were the on- ly fhell-fish in the Red Sea I found not eatable. I never faw any pearl fhells on either fide fouthward of the parallel of Mocha in Arabia Felix. As it is a fiſh that delights in rc- poſe, I imagine it avoids this part of the gulf, as lying open to the Indian Ocean, and agitated by variable winds. IN In that part of my narrative where I fpeak of my return through the Defert of Nubia, and the fhells found there, I have likewife mentioned the muffel found in the falt fprings that appear in various parts of that defert. Thefe likewife travel far from home, and are fometimes furpriſed by the ccafing of the rains, at a greater diftance from their beds than they have ſtrength and moiſture to carry them. In many of thefe fhells I have found thoſe kind of excrefcen- ces which we may call Pearls, all of them ill-formed, foul, and of a bad colour, but of the fame confiftence, and lodged in APPENDIX. 227 in the fame part of the body as thofe in the fea. The muffel, too, is in every refpect fimilar, I think larger, the outer fkin or covering of it is of a vivid green. Upon removing this, which is the epidermis, what next appears is a beautiful pink, without glofs, and feemingly of a calcareous nature. Below this, the mother-of-pearl, which is undermoft, is a white without luftre, partaking much of the blue, and very little of the red, and this is all the difference I obſerved be- tween it and the pearl-bearing muffel in the Red Sea; but even this latter I always found in ftill water, foft bottom, and far from ftony or rocky ground. None of theſe pearl muffels, either in the Red Sea or the defert, have any ap- pearance of being fpinners, as they are generally defcribed to be. I HAVE faid that the Baherein has been efteemed the place whence the greateſt quantity of pearls are brought. I would be understood to mean, that this has been the re- puted greateſt regular market from antiquity to the prefent time. But Americus, in his fecond navigation, fays, that he found an unknown people of that continent, who fold him above 54 pound weight for 40 ducats*. And Peter the Mar- tyr fays, that Tunacca, one of the kings of that country, ſeeing the great defire the Spaniards had for pearls, and the value they ſet upon them, fent ſome of his own people in fearch of them, who returning the fourth day, brought with them 12 pounds of pearls, each pound 8 cunces. If this is the caſe, America furcly excells both Africa and Afa in the quantity of this article. VOL. V. H h THE * The Spaniards have no gold ducats, fo this must have been filver, valuc about a crown,. fo that the fum-total was L. 10 Sterling. เก 7 228 APPENDIX. THE value of pearls depends upon fize, regularity of form, (for roundneſs is not always requifite) weight, fmooth- nefs, colour, and the different fhades of that colour. Sue- tonius fays, that Cæfar gave to Servilia, Marcus Brutus's mo- ther, a pearl worth about L. 50,000 of our money. And Cleopatra, after vaunting to her lover, Mark Antony, that fhe would give him a fupper which ſhould coft two hun- dred and fifty-thousand pounds, for this purpoſe diffolved one of the pearls which ſhe carried in her ears, which a- mounted to that price, and drank it. The other, it is faid, was carried afterwards to Rome by Auguftus Cæfar, fawn in two, and put in the ears of Venus Genetrix. THE price of pearls has been always variable. Pliny ſeems to have over-rated them much, when he fays they are the moſt valuable and excellent of all precious ftones. He muft probably have had thoſe juſt mentioned in his view, for otherwiſe they cannot bear compariſon with diamonds, amethyfts, rubies, or fapphires. It has been obſerved to me by the pearl fiſhers in the eaſt, that when the fhell is ſmooth and perfect, there they have no expectation of a pearl, but are ſure to find them when the ſhell has begun to be diſtorted and deformed. From this it would feem, as the fifh turned older, the veſ- fels containing the juice for forming the ſhell, and keeping it in its vigour, grew weak and ruptured; and thence, from this juice accumulating in the fiſh, the pearl was formed, and the ſhell brought to decay, perfectly in the manner, as I have before faid, fuppofed by M. Reamur. IN APPENDIX. 229 IN Scotland, eſpecially to the northward, in all rivers run- ning from lakes, there are found muffels that have pearls of more than ordinary merit, though ſeldom of large fize. I have purchaſed many hundreds, till lately the wearing of real pearls coming into faſhion, thoſe of Scotland have in- creaſed in price greatly beyond their value, and fuperior often to the price of oriental ones when bought in the eaſt. The reaſon of this is a demand from London, where they are actually employed in work, and fold as oriental. But the excellency of all glaſs or paſte manufactory, it is likely, will keep the price of this article, and the demand for it within bounds, when every lady has it in her power to wear in her ears, for the price of fixpence, a pearl as beautiful in colour, more elegant in form, lighter and eaſier to carry, and as much bigger as the pleaſes, than thoſe famous ones of Cleopatra and Servilia. I ſhall only further obſerve, that the fame remark on the hell holds in Scotland as in the eaſt. The fmooth and perfect muffel fhell rarely produces a pearl, the crooked and diſtorted ſhell ſeldom wants one. I SHALL here mention a very elegant fort of manufactory, with which I cannot pofitively fay the ancients were ac- quainted, which is fineering, or inlaying with the inſide of the fhell called mother-of-pearl, known to the dealers in trinkets all over Europe, and in particular brought to great perfection at Jerufalem. That of Peninim, though the moſt beautiful, is too fragil and thin to be employed in large pieces. It is the nacre, or mother-of-pearl taken from the Lulu el Berberi, or what is called Aby flinian oyfter, principally ufed in thofe fine works. Great quantities of this fhell are brought daily from the Red Sea to Jerufalem. Of theſe all the 230 APPENDIX. the fine works, the crucifixes, the wafer-boxes, and the beads, are made, which are ſent to the Spaniſh dominions in the new world, and produce a return incomparably greater than the ſtaple of the greateſt manufactory in the old. THE EN D, INDE X. A BYSSINIA divided into provinces, vol. iii. p. 248 Abyffinians, lift of their kings, i. 480 cuftoms, iii. 262 manner of marrying, iii. 306 manner of baptiſm, iii. 324 mode of adminiſtering the facra- ment of the fupper, iii. 334 religion, iii. 313 military force, iii. 308 -banished from Abyffinia, ii. 402 Alvarez, account of his journal, ii. 150 his account of Abyffinian baptifm, iii. 227 Amda Sion, his licentious conduct, ii. 6 attacks Adel, ii. 15 defeats the Moors, ii. 16 kings of Hadea, and Fatigar,ii. 22 the king of Adel, ii. 30 filences the murmurs of his practife circumcifion, iii. 341 books, i. 493 army, ii. 41 defeats the rebels, ii. 43 i. 50+ when converted to Chriſtianity, Amhara, account of, i. 401. and iii. 254 Amlac, Icon, reſtored to the kingdom, ii. 2 Arabia, its climate and productions, i. 373 Aroofli, iii. 572 Abreha makes war with the Arabians, i. 512 Abuna, law to bring him from Cairo, i. 534 Adelan, character, iv. 439 441 cavalry, beauty of, iv. 437. promifes the author protection, iv. Adowa, town, iii. 119 Agageers, account of them, iv. 298 Agews, i. 401 Aſhkoko, app. 139 Axum, capital of Tigre, iii. 129. when and by whom built, i. 378 Chronicle, i. 39S B. Baalbec, defcription of, Introd. 58 Alexander attempts to diſcover the fource Babelmandeb, account of, i. 311, 314 of the Nile, iii. 607 Alexandria, i. 10 Algiers, the author made conful there, Introd. 6. Ali Bey, account of him, i. 28. Alphonfo Mendes, patriarch, enters Abyfi- nia, ii. 349 VOL. V. violent conduct, in 355 Ji Bæda Mariam banishes his brothers to Wechne, ii. 80 his character, ii. 90 Bacuffa, character, ii. 595 annals of his reign imperfect, ii. 596 fingular accidents of his life, ii. 597, 598 Baharnagaſh, i. 483 Baleffan, INDE X. Baleffan, balm, or balfam, vol. i. p. 374 -- defcription of it, Appen. 16 Banja, battle of, iii. 374 Begemder, province of Abyflinia, iii. 253 Beja, i. 86 Bengazi, Introd. 43 Beni Koreifh, i. 521 Bermudes made patriarch of Abyffinia, ii. 169 makes fubmiffion of Abvilinia to the fee of Rome, ii. 170 procures affiftance for Abyffinia, ii. 178 violent conduct, ii. 195 leaves Abyffinia, ii. 198 —————death, ii. 187 Claudius, profperous beginning of his reign, ii. 175 defeats the Moors, ii. 191 flain by Nur, ii. 203 Gleopatra encourages trade, i. 46* Conftantina, Introd. 26 Coffeir, defcription of, i. 189 Covillan Peter, his character, ii. 104 ii. 108. fent to Abyffinia, ii. 106 fends diſpatches to Portugal,, Cuth peoples Abyffinia, i. 376 Cuffo, or Bankefia Abyflinica, Appen. 73 Beyla, Shekh of, fends a moullah to Teawa Cyrus, his expedition, i. 449 in favour of the author, iv. 385 author's friendly reception there, iv. 411. defcription of, iv. 414. Binny, appen, 211 Booted Lynx, appen. 146, Cairo, government, i. 24 Cambyfes, his expedition into Africa, i. 450 Cainera obfcura, defcription of one uſed by the author, Introd. 8 Candace, queen, i. 505 Canja, defcription of, i. 431 D. Dahalac, ifland, i. 348 Damot, province of Abyffinia, iii. 257. maffacre there,i. 526 Dancali, kingdom, ii. 82 Darius, his expedition, .i. 454 David III. defeats the Moors, ii. 137 136. # diftreffes his Portugueſe allies, ii. attacked and defeated by the Moors, ii. 161 Caretta, or fea-tortoiſe, app. 215 Carnac, and Luxor, ruins there, i. 13, 139 Carthage, ruins of, Introd. 21 Cæfar, his defire to know the fource of the Nile, iii..612 Ceraftes, or horned viper, Appen. 198.. Chendi, iv. 529. Chiggre, valley, iv. 559 Chriſtopher Father, account of him, Introd. 18 diftreffes of the king, ii. 163 fortitude, ii. 166 David IV. affembles the clergy, ii. 577. puts to death the Catholic priests, ii. 580. calls a ſecond meeting of the clergy, ii. 588 A infulted by them, ii. 589 puniſhes them, ii. 590 poiſoned, ii. 521 -procures letters for the au- Dembea, province, iii. 258. thor to Abyffinia, i. 35. Defan, cape, i. 443 Dendera, ruins, i. 103 Chriftopher de Gama, his gallant behaviour, Denghel Sertza, defeats the Moors, ii. 228 ii. 186 Dengher INDE X. Denghel Sertza defeats the Turks, vol. ii. p. 2 33 his death and character, ii. 235 Diodorus Siculus, his account of Meroe, iv. 542 Dixan, town, iii. 85 Dugga, ruins, Introd. 23 E. Eagle, Golden, appen. 155 Black, appen. 159 Egyptians, cuſtoms of, iii. 290 Egypt, not the gift of the Nile, iii. 672 El Adda, app. 193 Elephant, manner of hunting him defcribed, iv. 296 Enoch, book of, i. 497 Enfete, app. 36 Ergett Y'Dimmo, app. 34 Ergett el Krone, app. 35 Erkoom, app. 169 Eſther, Ozoro, marries Michael, ii. 699 her cruelty to the murderers of Mariam Barea, ii. 700 Ethiopia, that word ill applied, has rendered the ſcripture obſcure, i. 405 to 410 Eudoxus, his firſt voyage, i. 465 fecond voyage, i. 466 fails round Africa, i. 467 697 iii. 466 quarrels with Ras Michael, fi. defeated by him, ii. 705 defeated at Fagitta, ii. 714 defeated at Limjour, iii. 460 makes peace with the king, author's interview with him in his camp, iii. 510 gives the author leave to vifit the ſources of the Nile, iii. 530 his artful conduct with Soci nios, iv. 35 iv. 43 declares for Tecla Haimanout, Fatima, queen, furrenders to the Abyffinians, i 303 prudent conduct with Socinios, ii. 305 Fennec, Appen. 118 Ferriana, account of, Introd. 33 Fidele, the Shekh of Teawa his character, iv. 352 the author's first interview with him, iv. 357 his deceitful conduct, iv. 362 Fit-Auraris, account of that officer, iii. 400 Fly, tſaltſalya, zimb, or cynʊmyia, i. 388 its wonderful effect, i. 388, 399 -mention made of it by Iſaiah, app. 390 Excifion practifed by the Abyffinians, ii. 347 Foofht, ifland, i. 329 F. Facilidas, his prudent conduct, ii. 374 386 defeats the rebel Serca Chriſtos, ü. banishes the Catholics, ii. 402 his death and character, ii. 418 Falafha or Jews, their language, i. 404 account of them, i. 484 Farek, or Bauhinia Acuminata, Appen. 57 Fafil Waragna, made governor of Damot, ii. 673 Funge, iv. 458 flavish character, iv. 459 Frumentius converts Abyilinia to Chriſtia- nity, i. 509 Furthout, i. 114 G. Gafats, account of them, i. 402 Gaguedi, Appen. 52 Galla, account of that nation, i. 402. ii. 216 Gawa I i2 INDE X. Gawa, ruins, vol. i. p. 96 Geefh, province conferred on the author, iii. 472 Geeza, Pyramids, i. 41 not the ancient Memphis, i. 59 Geez language of the thepherds, i. 424, 5 Gerri, iii. 667 iv. 517 Gibbertis, account of them, ii. 9 Gingiro, kingdom, i. 320 Gir Gir, or Gefhe el Aube, appen. 47 Gojam, province of Abyffinia, iii. 256 Gondar account of it, iii. 380 Goog, village, iv. 20 Guangoul, defcription of him, iv. 99 Gurague, their mode of ſtealing, iv. 148 Gufho, his character, ii. 700 482 146 confpires againſt Michael, iii. 375 deceives Fafil, iii. 465, marches to Gondar, iii. 48 Henry king of Portugal, his ardour for pro- moting ſcience, ii. 95 attempts a paffage round Africa, ii. 96 fends an embaffſy to Abyffinia, ii. 103 Herodotus, paffage of his explained, ii. 562 account of the Nile's rife, iii. 685 Hieroglyphics founded on obfervation of the dog ſtar, i. 412 i. 415 abfurd opinion concerning them, Hor-Cacamoot, account of that place, iv. 324. Hyæna, defcription of, appen. 107 Hybeer, iv. 536 I. Jahaleen Arabs, iv. 456 Janni, his kind reception of the author, iii.. 120 author's interview with him, iii. Jemma river, beauty of, iv. 12 defeated at Serbraxos, iv. 144 Jerboa, defcription of, appen. 121' Jidda deſcription of, i. 265 offers the king terms of peace, iv. India, account of its climate and productions: refufed, 'v. 151 the author's fecond interview with hun, iv. 204 his army inveſts Gondar, iv. 229 forces Michael's army to furrender, iv. 231 created Ras, iv. 240 his bad conduct, iv. 244 flies from Gondar, iv. 2.16 taken and put in irons, iv. 247- releaſed, iv. 260 H.. Habeſh, meaning of that word, i. 397 Halouan, iſland of the Nile; i. 71 Hanno's periplus explained, ii. 552 vindicated, ii. 564 1. 371 Indian trade origin of it, i. 373 fluctuating state, i. 447 hurt by the expedition of the Per fians, i. 448 470 loft in the time of the Romans, i.. Joas confers his favour on the Galla, ii. 670. diſguſts Mariam Barea, ii. 675 his army defeated, ii. 679 claims the protection of Michael, ii. 680- rupture with Michael, ii. 701 attempts to affaffinate him, ii. 703 affaffinated by Michael, ii. 706 Ifcander makes war with Adel, ii. 116 flain by Za Saluce, ii. 118 Ifraelites, probable courfe of their journey from Egypt, i..230 Iteghe, her power, i. 507 Judith INDE X. Judith maffacres the royal family, vol. i. p.526 tranfinits the crown of Abyffinia to her poſterity, i. 527 K. Kantuffa, deſcription of, appen. 49 Kol-quall tree, appen. 41 Konfodah, i. 297 Koran, account of, i. 522 Kofcam, author's tranfactions there, iii. 211 palace, defcription of it, iv. 271 Kuara, province of Abyffinia, iii. 259 Kuara tree, appen. 65 L. Lalibala, his attempt to change the courfe of the Nile, i. 529 Lamalmon, iii. 183 Languages, fpecimens of various, i. 401, 2 Letters, origin of, i. 420 675 quarrels with Michael, ii. 674 deprived of his government, ii. his character, ii. 676 remonſtrates againſt the king's conduct, ii. 677 695 defeats the Galla, ii. 680 defeated by Michael, ii. 693 put to death by the king, ii. Mafuah, ifland, iii. 1 difeafes, iii. 33 trade and mufic, iii. 51, 52 Menas, king, baniſhes the Portugueſe prieſts, ii. 210 Menilek fon of Solomon, i. 480 Meroe when built, i. 378 539 ifland, fituation of, iii. 644, and iv. Michael Suhul, governor of Tigre, refuſes to obey the king's orders, ii. 649 not given by God to Mofes, i. 421 altered by Mofes, i. 422. taken prifoner, ii. 650 advances in the king's favour, ii. 652 reſtored to his government, Loheia, i. 302 ii. 654 M. Maffudi, character of him, ii. 115 defeated by Naod, ii. 123 called by the king to defend. him againſt Mariam Barea, ii. 680 marches to Gondar, ii. 68t reſtores order in the capital,. rewarded by the Turks, ii. 135 flain, ii. 140 ii. 684 marches against Mariam Ba- Mahomet pretends to be a prophet, i. 520 Mahomet Bey Abou Dahab, interview with rea, ii. 686 him, iv. 625 permits the Engliſh to trade to Suez, iv. 633 and iv. 23 Maitha, account of that province, iii. 546 Marble mountains, i. 187 Mariam Barea, affociated with the party of the Iteghe, ii. 671 709 him, iii. 217 defeats him, ii. 693 rupture with the king, ii. 704 defeats Fafil, ii. 705 affaffinates the king, ii. 706 puts Hannes II. to death, ii, defeats Fafil, ii. 715 author's firſt interview with Michael INDE X. Michael Suhul his character, vol iii. p. 226 confpiracy formed againſt him, iii. 375 .479 dar, iv. 72, 5 forced to leave Gondar, iii, cruelty on his return to Gon- impolitic conduct, iv. 111 defeats Gufho. and Powuffen at Serbraxos, iv. 144 retreats to Gondar, iv. 224 made priſoner, iii. 240 Mocha, meaning of that name, i. 442 Mchannan, the ancient Memphis, i. 54 Montes Lunæ of the ancients, i. 378 Moroc, defcription of, appen. 178 Mudgid cuts off the royal family at Wechne, H. 169 inquiry if poſſible to change its courſe, iii. 71.2 great cataract, ii. 425 memorable paffage of, iii. 448 Nilometer, iii. 690 changed by Omar, iii. 716 Norden's voyage, account of, iii. 630 Nuba, their character, iv. 419 religion, iv. 420 author kindly received by them, iv. 423 Nucta, iii. 716 -0. Omar conquers Egypt, iii. 689 Ombi, men-eaters, i. 142 Ophir, voyage to, account of, i. 433 Ofiris not the fun, but the dog-ſtar, i. 412 Ouftas ufurps the throne, ii. 540 favourable to the Catholic religion, ii. 569 depofed, 'ii. 572 N. Nacueta Laab refigns the crown of Abyffi- nia, 1. 532 Nagashi what, i, 524 Narea, kingdom, account of, ii. 312 Nearchus fails from India to the Perfian Gulf, i. 455 enters the Red Sea, i. 456 Nebuchadnezzar, diſpute about his canoniza- tion, iii. 367 Nero attempts to difcover the fource of the Nile, iii. 613 Niger, caufe of its increaſe, iii. 719 not a branch of the Nile, iii. 720 P. Paez Peter enters Abylina, ii. 244 converts Za Denghel, ii. 245 builds a convent at Gorgora, ii. 266 converts Socinios, ii. 344 his death and character, ii. 344 his pretenfions to difcover the fource of the Nile confuted iii. 617 Paleſtine, various nations fled from it, i. 399 Nile defcription of the cataract above Syenc, Palmyra, ruins, introd. 57 i. 156 difcovery of its fources, iii. 580. attempted by the ancients, iii, 606 defcription of its fources, iii. 634 courfe of that river, iii. 644 names, iii. 654 Papyrus, fhips made of it, i. 370 defcription of it, app. I Petronius Arbiter improves Egypt, iii. 696 Polygamy, caufe of its origin, i. 281 Poncet fent to Abyflinia, ii. 467 caufe of its inundation iii. 658 478 account of his travels, ii. 469 - rccovers the king of Abyffinia, ii Poncet INDE X. Poncet, his journal vindicated, vol. ii. p. 492 Portugal, attempts to difcover the Eaft In- dies, ii. 96 103 ii. 133 fends an embaffy to Abyffinia, ii. founds the Abyffinian Monarchy, is 476 Salama Abba, character of, iii, 201 condemned and executed, iv, tɗ Samen, province of Abyffinia, iii. 252 receives an embaffy from Abyffinla, Sancaho, iv. 376 Sand, pillars of, iv. 553-6 fends a reinforcement to David III. Saffa, append, 17 ii. 142 ii. 157 unfuccefsful iffue of the expedition, fends a fecond reinforcement to the king of Abyffinia, ii. 181 Pox, finall, when introduced, i. 514 Ptolemy 1. encourages. the Indian trade, i 457 II. his magnificent proceffion, i. 458 invades Ethiopia, i. 462 III. conquers Ethiopia, i. 463 R. Rachamah, defcription of, appen. 163 Rack tree defcription of, appen. 44 Sennaar, author arrives there, iv. 428 character of its king, iv. 430 account of his wives, iv. 418 treacherous conduct to the author, iv. 4.53. lift of its kings, iv. 464 -government, iv. 479 forces, iv. 480 climate, diſeaſes, iv. 481- Serbraxos, first battle of, iv. 140 fecond battle of, iv. 165 third battle of, iv. 199. Sefoftris improves Egypt, i. 368 Shangalla, account of that nation, ii. 546 · divifion of their country, iv. 327 Ras el Feel, the author made governor of Shaw, Dr. his mistake about Egypt, iii. zoo that province, iii. 364 Kas Sem account of, Introd. 39 Red Sea, caufe of that name, i. 237 Rhinoceros, hunting of him defcribed, iv. 295 85 defcription of that animal, appen. Roderigo de Lima attempts to enter Abyf- finia, iii. 628 Rofetto, i. 20 Roule M. le Noir fent to Abyffinia, ii. got imprudent conduct at Sen- naar, ii. 507 affaffinated, ii. 508 Saba, queen of, i. 471 S. 472 vities Jarníàlem, i. has a fon to Solomon, i. 4-6 Shalaka Welled Amlac, account of him, iv. 2 author's receptio "at : his houfe, iv. 6 Shell-fith found in the defert, iv. 339 Sheregrig, deſcription of, append.182 Shepherds, account of that people, i. 38 their various names, i. 385 habitation, i. 386 fubdue Egypt i. 395 Shoa, kingdom, iii. 255 Sid el Coom, iv. 460 Simoom, defcription of that poiſonous wind, iv. 34! Sire, town of, iii. 152 -province of Abyffinia, iii. 252 Sittinia, queen, iv. 531, Slave-trade, its origin, i. 392 Socinios claims the crown, ii. 250 defeats his rival Jacob, 259 the Galla, 275 Socinios INDE X. 2 Socinios crowned at Axum, ii. 278 expedition againſt Sennaar, ii. 298 fubdues Fatima queen of the Shep- herds, ii. 302 ii. 30S converted to the Catholic religion, fends ambaffadors to Rome, ii. 309 openly profelfes the Catholic reli- gion, ii. 344 359 bigotted conduct, ii. 552 limits the power of the Catholics, ii grants the Abyffinians full exercife of their own religion, ii. 396 death and character, ii. 397 Sofala, the Ophir of the ancients, i. 438 Spaitla, Introd. 30 Strabo, his account of Meroe, iv. 544 Suez, directions how to fail there, i. 223 Sugar canes, plantations of them in Upper Egypt, i. 81 Syene, or Affouan, i. 154 affumed by Eratofthenes for meaſuring an arch of the meridian, i. 160 T. Tacazze river, iii. 156, 7 why called Siris, i. 379 Taranta, mountain, iii. 76 Tarſhiſh, i. 439 Tecla Haimanout I. writes in favour of Du Roule, ii. 517 quells a rebellion, ii. 530 affaffinated, ii. 532 II. his character, ii. 709 the author's firſt interview with him, iii. 230 braxos, iv. 169 Tcherkin, iv. 243 cruelty, iv. 65 dangerous fituation at Ser- Teawa, defcription of it, iv. 350 Teff, appen. 76 Terfowcy wells, iv. 465 • dangerous fituation of the author there, iv. 566 Tesfos Ayto, governor of Samen, joins Gu- fho, iv. 189 his army cut off, iv. 192 Thebes when built, i. 380 i. 130 deſtroyed by the Shepherds, i. 394 ruins of, i. 122 fepulchres, i. 125 deſcription of two harps found there, Theodorus, king, opinion about him, ii. 64 Tifilis exccutes the regicides, ii. 534 defeats the rebel Tigi, ii. 532 Tigre, province, iii. 251 Time, Abyffinian manner of computing it, iii. 351 Tot, who, i. 416 Towaſh Mahomet, iv. 490 flain in the defcrt, iv. 586 account of him, iv. 610 Trade-winds, i. 431 Troglodyte Cufhites, their fettlement, i. 376 their progreſs, i. 383 Tunis, Introd. i. 21 Tyre, Introd. i. 59 Tzana Lake, deſcription of, iii. 386 Waalia, append. 186 W. Waldubba, monks of, iii. 177 Walkuffa, append. 67 Wanzey tree, account of, app. 54 War of the Elephant, i. 510 Wechne, royal family baniſhed there, ii. 415 Welleta Girgis, or Socinios, made king, iii. 482 author interview with him, iv. 46 Welleta į INDE X. Welleta Girgis flics from Gondar, iv. 51 Welled Sidi Boogannim, tribe of Arabs, in- trod. 24 Woodage Afahel, his character, iii. 421 gives the author the annals of Shoa, iv. 56 his account of the nations near Shoa, iv. 97 reveals Fafil's plans, iv, 33 Yafous, Keila, difcovers Fafil's ftratageni, iii. bravery, iv. 200. flain, iv. 201 Wooginoos, or Brucea Antidyfenterica, app. 69 453 marches to Delakus, iii. 456 crofes the Nile, iii. 457 Yemen once fubjećt to Abyllinia, i. 518 Y. Z. Yambo, i. 247 Yaline, his attention to the author, iv 329 Yafous I. his expedition to Wechne, ii. 428 defeats the Galla, ii. 434 his fon rebels againſt him, ii. 513 death and character, ii. 16 Yafous II. rebellion in the beginning of his reign, ii. 616 -- defeats the Arabs, ii. 652 addicted to building, ii. 634 attacks Sennaar, ii. 636 defeated, ii. 639 irritated at theNaybe of Mafuah,ii. 6.4 fummons Michael Suhul to Gon- 15 dar, ii. 649 takes him prifoner, ii. 650 makes a fecond expedition against Sennaar, ii. 655 Yafous Amha, prince of Shoa, iv. 93 Za Denghel reftored to the throne, ii, 242 converted to the Catholic faith, il. 245 Za Selfe rebels, ii. 247 250 defeats and flays Za Denghel, ii. defeated, ii. 257 joins Socinios, ii. 258 death and characer, ii. 268, 9 Zague, prince of, flein, i 689 Zara Jacob, fends ambaffadors to the council of Florence, ii. 69 perfecutes the idolaters in Abyffinia, ii. 70 Zebee river, ii. 318 Zerah, i. 406 Zipporah, wife of Mofes, i. 406 Zumrud, Jibbel, voyage there, i. 204 55. ERR A TA INTROD. p. ix. 1. 1. p. xix. 1. 6. VOL. i. p. 115. l. 7. p. 148. 1. 25. for Abbé Vertot, read Abbé la Pluche. for whole of it, read whole journey. for plantions, read plantations. for or field in the defert, read or field, in the defert. p. 152.1. 13. for kiootk, read kioſk.. p. 214. 1. 21. for pafter, read after. P. 256. 1.5. for fometimes read fometime. p. 281.1. 21. for un unanfwerable, read an unanfwerable. p. 284. 1. 1. dele the ſtar. p. 284. 1. 5. for may have changed, the proportion read may have changed the proportion, p. 398. I. 10. dele the ſtar. P. 444. 1. 2. for Babelmandeb, read Babelmandel. VOL. ii. p. 159. 1. 4. for from Hamazen on the 12th day, read from Hamazen; on the 12th day. p. 620. 1. 27. for and fame fincerity, read and with the fame fincerity. p. 660. 1. 2. for 1768, read 1769. P 692. 1. 27. for right wing, read left. p. 693.1. 3. for the right read the left. VOL. iii. p. 128. 1. 21. for eighth read eighteenth. p. 270. 1.:9. for touch, read touches. P. 340. 1. 2. for blefs, read blifs. P. 340. 1. 2. for is it, read it is. P. 548. 1. 2. for met, read meet. P. 723. l. 19. for tree, read trees. P. 702. 1. 27. for 23 p. 702. 1. 28. for 24 VOL. iv. p. 5. 1. 3. for moſt, P. 152. dele laft line. VOL. inches, read 26 inches.. inches, read 24 inches read muſt. p. 205. 1. 27. for Tecla Mariam, read Sertza Denghel. P. 206. 1. 5. for Tecla Mariam, read Sertza Denghel.. p. 277. 1. 1. for king's wing, read king's right wing. p. 618. l. 12. for Soliman, read Ifmael. v. p. 70. 1. 27. for bark, read root. P. 75. 1. 17. for flower, read coral. p.83. 1. 15. for feeho, read techo. p. 105. 1. 24. for feem, read feems. p. 129. 1. 28. for difingenioufnefs, read difingenuoufnefs... p. 132. 1. 22. for fweetifh, read Swedish. Pa135.1. 3. for Powis, read Borriž. . 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 ! 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 20 25 30 35 40 Degrees of Longitude East of Greenwich 45 50 55 __ Candia MEDITERRANEAN Tract of the Cyprus SEA Variable Palmyra Damascus Sidon Tyre Jericho Winds Alex Camp Jerusalem Alexandria. CAIRO al Zephon Pyramids ▲ Badeah Tabor Carmel Beersheba & Kadesh Bar nea LOWER EGYPT Migdol SUEZ Ezion ELOTH UPPER EGYPT Tropic of Cancer Limits of the Tropical Rains NIL E 1 Syene Gaber Mine JMBO } ARABIA PETREA HE Ꭱ Ꭼ Ꭰ Cosser April Aug Sep Oct N.W. Monsoon E. Monsoon RBLE GRE Desert NUBIA & Dongola SENNAAR Rains April Rains from May to RABI A RABACK H MECCA JIDDA Nov Dec Jan Feb May * June July March Mareb R ARKEEKO Tacazze River MASUAH in To THE RIGHT REVD JOHN Lord Bishop 101 of CARLISLE) This Map Shewing the Tract C = £ SOLOMONS FLEET C their thee Years Voyage from THE ELANITIC GULF to OPHIR and TARSHISH the Necessity of Employing in it that space of time ARABIA DESERTA ARABIA FELIX TEH M DAILALAC E ALOHEIA is Dedicates by his Most Obedient ervant е James Bruce 15 20 25 30 35 Perpetual Rain from about four Degrees A F R I Limits of the Tropical Rains Tropic of HOTENTOT S Tract of Cape of Good Hope : i BABRIC Tete Silver Mines FURA M Gold Mines Capricorn .. River Manica གལ་ལས་ GONDAR A BY DEMP TZA SSINI A SAB DIRE Η ΜΟΚΑ C.Babelmandel Babelmandeb Source of the Nile anazo K. OF K. OF BALIK. OF DAWAR O Muga IFAT Hawash River Alanalo NAREA KHADE K.OF CAFFA, Bizamo K.OF Bargamo CAMBATAlaha Sugamo BOSHAM K. OF GINGIRO OF ADEL 1 Fair of Adel Here the Portuguese found King David FATIGAR Encamped in the Year 2520. K.OF Gumar K OF MARA KINGDOM OF River Aco River Lebee or Quilmaney River Yass Galla South Lat. to four Degrees EQUINQCTIA LINE Rive North 滚 ​Galla ZAMBEZER Sena TAPA ΜΑΝΟΜΟ ΤΑΡΑ Massapa SOFA LA Sofala SABIA SEDANDA INHAMBANE A Galla ཡ ཡ ANGUEB 000 Shallous St Augustin O Cape Currents : the Variable Winds HTEEN IL-LLLLLIMATORI Scale 100 of Melinda TARSHISH Moka ་་་་ Socotra Island C.Gardefan SAM M H HAR Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct 1 1 1 i 1 1 Pemba 3 0 Zanzibar Monfa Is 1 } Patrum Padrao QI.Natal 1º Del Almirante IS St Francisco ISLES Alphonsina 5 May June Aug Sep Oct! Nov Dec Jan Feb March April John Martins Island #1 Anjouan THE Mohilia Comoro Is Mavota O Mofambique Channel t 200 1 M Leagues 300 ** Isle Glorieuse John de Nova Is Is Pedro Burbon 12 Isles 10 о Island 15 20 25 30 35 NA MANU TRA TANTRU UMUMY T SNIMIDA 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 J. Walker Sculpt 5 10 32 26 21 31 : f • 28 29 30 31 320 13 34 ᏢᎪ Ꭱ Ꭲ OF MEDITERRANEAN THE Roletto Fue ALEXANDRIA # Deirout BAHEREIN ΤΕΤΑ P/ Mylabel Damiata Manfoura Sifle ligt Afr SHER GIE SEA 36 37 39 3.9 A 42 15 46 MNW WNW NWWWWWWWWWN D W UN 32 Degrees of Longitude Eaft of Greenwich, 35 & JERUSALĒM THE KING. This Map, Containing a CHAKT of the 137 30 Ô Siwah 29 MINE 28 Aflunounein i Dar el Bayra Soradi Enfete or Shekh Abade RElwah Torhill M.Sinai Melawe EL Oasis Parva Oas TANI OR MONFALOUT å ol Anoopolis RA RIFE Zeit Island M.Ararib SIOUTL 27 Gawa Garbieh ASHERGIE Sandy U P Aboutige P SaltWater E Ain Di Takma 器 ​GIRGE' 26 ラード ​25 SELIMA OASIS MAGN Elwan Shekh Haled 33. Abou Said at..t. BENDERA nss - #shoute KENNE ¿ Gabba Badjunt * Darakmi Beris Negade IKUFT Maggs GYP ACHMIMOI PANOPPLIS Old colsen Th Ollicos Limué Portus &bust COSSEIRİ Benihafsan Arabs abreigs Pt Sanafor Fafateen Ylands Bry Shafiah Etibu youn Samatour Terane i & Hank MTAJA Wanlan halpub CAIRO GEEZAɗato Miser el Sticker Majiaba Barel Soldan M.WHEHBE Tyramid AAA Howadat Arabs SUE Adegn Raflagam METRAHENNY Abiar Alaina Birket el Karoun Tanias Gilaabel Nahal Etta L O WE R Ibudderraje Р T Benisuefh UNHS. Beranber Zagran FE SİNE Bahmasad 伍 ​Strone Hamm Ailah ruined Calantel Acaba Darel Hamra calvutel Moubeleh -Trabian Sulf With its Egyptian, Ethiopian and Arabian Coafts, from SUEZ to BAB EL MANDEB a 30 A Journey through ABYSSINIA to GONDAR, ¡/s Capital, From thence to the Source of the 29 1 } OF Chubbabeefh Arabs 24 Tropic of Cancer I 23 1 22 B 1 21 1 } 1 Caravan · GREAT DESERT Cubbabeeſh of Sudan to Cairo A Arabs 11 R Shab B= R ₫Mour_ bad Water ¿Mour_band Selima good Water THEBES Now caller. Ledlinat Tubou A Abrim Gu DEL oltophtos LUXOR SNE of Diofpolis Isily or smaragdus Mons LOMBO RAN Shekle Amme SYENE Sciclat Waadiel Arab Stiftelin - Abou Heren Gist with toltz Abow Ferige Thermometer 43 Good WaterHaimer zadi Ungwat Umarrack DESERT 7 A RAS. Pharan From Ras Selah Emerald Iland Magne Pilgrims to Mecca Giblein Alidecheli Ris Sent Kinaat et Moilah ABOU, JUBEE Filhar Maasaigh Debuli Nauman Gup Buy the Hilie Rad Yeid Jibbel Macowar B PETR ¿saliņa Ukesaja Mueserle KALAIS ¿Habeloter Abumaa Maidin Namra Daře & Kataenas Polima Roterlick ¿Fibbel Shekh Misghallad Baharin ¿Mîtsal Goboin Ajani Omotin Hafsana Galal Bitter Dogalat ¿Raş el Bint Dagbidy Mindabda ¿Shoban Favelavad Dejilra Abukaleb H. What Wifion ME "Nabat d • Rubick Tmbo Dejunum NA ¿Sabarim Yakiba Th JAMBO HDJAR The whole of that RIVER. from its Rowce to the MEDITERRANEAN. How first laid down from Astronomical Observations down/ OF All thofe points necefsary to Afcertain the form of its Courfe, The Return by SENNAAR and the GREAT DESERT Nubia and Beja 1111 laid down by ACTUAL SURVEY with the largest ) and moſt perfect Inftruments nowin ufe, By His MAJESTYS met dutiful and faithful Subject is Servant James&Bruce) PLAN of the Harbour of RABAC, 28 ツ ​27 Lat.22.46 3/3 33 .12 32 25 343344 Eugün Mile PLAN of the Harbour of IBR AIM · atara Granade Succoot Here we saw Pi Sandy Flat Naibey bad Water untai MARB Mays Island Briwes 11 *Tract of the Consting Vigsels Gilda in the North Wifl. Monfoom uoosuoj_M_YAO | Breakers wing to Harmel Imatmest Rabac RABAC Deneb Lat.20.12 24 Tropic lof Cancer 23 6. 6 16 12 15. Englife Vales КИМАНЦИТИРОК КАГЫНЫН RasHatibas Obhoor Riv?" 22 PLAN of the Harbour of SERT. PL MARAFAT NILE AT DESERT of NUBI GREAT TERFOWI El.Lown "Umdoom .308 Kilfit FatR Mofcho Capro Hertil the Hanedakė Golito 20 19 From the Niger led Baker D N moving Sand CHIGGRE Sharp Rocks iccaba Moving Sands El.Moot DelAned Dimokra Wagdi Halboub L Dongola Harir Chaigie Afsa Nanga Kaniss } 1 18 Carava T 19 17 Route the Caravan of Dar For to Mecca by Dongola Takaka Takaki Asero Baybe Chaigie KORTI 1 Cubbabeeſh Arabs Umbaya The Tract where is the Simo ome or poiſonous Wind of the Defert bunfoo) sùt. Tract of Haddendowe Stakem TES Nor? LAPTY Dec! Jan Tune-July___Aug! Sept! Ovit VW-Monjoon --d MECCA GIDDA Hajimar Tenman Abuud N • Shekh Ammer +Mersa Gi Gooss Namnam Abeled Raghum Masa Sout Marekat Salaz Chen Abiată LIBRAIM `Gibbel Surrynets Rasel skat E T 9 Lat:7.38 10 9 11 10 9 10 12 10 9 W // ذا 1 9 13 15 12 16 21 15 Englifa Miles HERMI JERKSKRA URBOLETA. 20 Haweeld Caravan of Sudan directly to Mee DESERT of BAHI OUDA Hysa Goos Beni Gerar Arabs Jaheleen Arabs 4 The People Myrab Acould the People Dopabia نام علم 16 11 " IT 11 NUBA HARRAZA Caravan of Sulan directly to Mecca by Suakem Limits of the Tropical Rains to the Nor FURGOS Arabs Beni Faisara Arabs Chandi Derreime قق Rabifatal Macabrab Eliabi Jaheleen. amer Gobalyvil J'Accaba ruini l'ills Willages BARBAR NUBA People 15 1 14 13 12 U NK N¨ W OR KORD OF AN PROVINCE of DA NUBA Lebiet a Collection of Villages | lately Conquered by SENNAAR from DAR FOWAR Bahar el Abiud or White River Shillook Now Funge Eltic kimmily's Watel Frook Harbagi Artibs THE ISLAND OF Wad Bast is Noago Suppofed Jalalfaia falifoon Shukorea Arabs E MEROE Colrala Sidial Geno Genipe Plain no Water Nubar Šitel Bet noWater & Wedeflimmbel Soliman Bapoch & Village N Mandera $ Was the Ancient Capital of the Shepherds &nfidence of their Queen it is so at this dai Plain without Water Teama tn Garland Village Bahary Rahad. Riv! Beyta WOOD Walcait Having lo Way Shuhan zaia. Rashat Good Wala bara ol NUBIA Marel Aftaboras 11 ་ ་ 1! " River HALLANGA TAKA DERI N Tacaze Welled Amrań Chief Tide of the Bifars RASAGEEG Ayiry H Welled MUSIE Hadon Daghebit Sabera Fatha Macciyie No Houd Mountain of Konfo KONFODAH Hafseer Ras H Gibbel Zeera Notworule. Mint Mers Ben Kutumbal Wedan Gibbel Michae Bahaban Millage ¿Gibbet Wysh Helali Arab Mersy Hol 119 Musa Gibbel Form Naschef Duright Fam Seilag Bujjureyes Mersi Sebt Comulli Ras Tarfa Mountains above th Part of Sebt Arab R 18 m 17 Baud 5 . Dades Z M ונייווי? بشمام ?. Aj Y R E AND orfa T E NUBA People SENNAAR Bacras hbbell Supul Teawa Jibbelly Moia Lowmey Fazuelo Villag Cuba El Kasab Myas AZ UCLO PROVINCE Mrupi Baha Giefi Water -6- Dender River Bahar Azerque Shangalla by Abm Debarke Danty Killa Apok Ganjar Serki Almay Tambisse Baut Wik KUARA Teal Cataraci Cataract GreatCataract Cataimet Zdajse Cataract Dubeno Baafa Angra gud kiver ར་ Mainut ALDUBBA ~~__ TukoorR Guangue R hangalla Sturlader Elmsi Slante O Mfateraga Megårber Sele Kirkhuda Bet Coom Altufafpes 23. Bahamag Hamazin amhar JASUAH penjacham Perghelle Lidde DOBARV ARKEEKOL Baing orborea ·SERAWE Bono SIRE Slander Maip=mm& Fremona Angucah k T R. Chigaga t "Axuni Iowa Ribiening Inha Amba itun n phalem Zolaban տո Dece Dahalac Sadom niel Andy palpesh Gem Stal Mahal Conss Penmmifarck. Dalacken 11 Royaume Kaceitas pelleshub Dubi ngoz Meguida üh ¡Ponean™ “Selma Sunken Rocks Madhadhül Miranda Sigul SchanzariOW Kellah Hazorta Sujho Wate Engali ?A Wakoer Bildergey Girana Kory Shavomoot Amanjook Shimlis ITCHERAN Dobretan Vaimatinon can CofLAST ippys plans Dev Rasel Feelz besque TCHELGA Werkleras Waalia fbro Til GONDAR/ Abargale Soulliou mum Salão K ahabar of DEMB TZANA Finfras or the Intlit Debra of Mariam DEMBFA annamora SPets BEA Umbarma Gongas Singsses- Gongas Garam antica allis ¿Neus Musa K. of BEGEMDER Wataract Škalibrała Bridae GOJAM Gamata Bashilo R Adaxa Mashilla Mariam R Nebelse Milibata ș- Ambájel Source of the Nile Aswari MARIAM Branż R cond Tmbra Chrífle K. OF AMHAR MINE 10 Amoro Galla OF BIZAMO Jimmali Bafso Galla/ Gooder Hadis JAme Villages 'OF DAMO afat Metchake & Debra Qure Lemak ALL Tolma Galla DEBRALIBAN Edjou Gaila pper Edjou Galla ambak SHON K.OF SE Edjou Galla ULEI GESHEN Haik Sabalet K. OF River UAM Hola R H RIVER Marrabet K.of DAWARO Gama Engana? faas Tembor GRE dorba Salam Menfus kidus Shiho Tibbet MAIOCHA DOBAS Higherbur 13 Salt Pitts, %% Sahar Towerbur 健 ​Ras Afsabo Corra Hanadelli Pagaus ol Montnefeld Tiersonnesus ASSABO Gab Island Cape Babelma TA ol. Saba Coror. Ifland of Babelmandch Rabied K. or DANCALI 12 Muchlola A Crudson Naschol Sunh Merya Dulcime Doohanab 1 ין 11 " 11 " " " 11 16 Fousht Surbat Rassl Cajstruk Benjaln Aral 7 Djour +LOHEIA لا يط Gibbel Teir Bomarif Camiran Rast Nummat Buy Gibel Teir Mountain of Loheia SANA Rajab 15 Sebaat Gzeir HODEIDA Het Fakik DAMAR ور Tibbel Segiver Jahate; Schenisjay Hits ERIT 14 Jobla ¹ABB Honschid FE BAY of ZEILA TAJOURA From this to Cape Gardefin is the Myrrh and Incense Country, K. OF BATI From this the Gaila made their irruption in 1559. 'I H A 10 1 D Kiltali G ¿Sebene Cooderoo O ODER Vino Latica O Plan of the Hand and Harbour of MASUAH Ganz Muga Alamale OF IF # Zawaja Lat.15.35.5. K.OF H Gibbel Gedeni 10 3: 10 10 12 Qualont Mafuah 7 4 4 3 4 4 5 79 Shekh Seide Scale of Engliſh Miles Sixty to a Dɩgree. 120 HOMERENISETİSY BALTZAREN PROTIPURIT (OP) FRUITECTURAL" 34:01:08:228JE DER2632K-T20II SLIKARIAI ATTI ZEJNIETIN21 BETETZELNE Conca Marthes Z 7. Marthes 2.10 180 State ENAREA K.OF|GURAGUE OF CAMBAT Buzamo ugamo Bargamo L Hawaſh RT K.OF FATIGAR 1 31. Fair of Adel "Here the Portuginji jõuad Lang David Encamped in the Yiar 1520. 2 OF A Gumar 20 15 20 12 25 20 Rus Gedem 7 Arkeeko M! Bruce's Tract, both Land and Sea That part of performit on the Nile is markit upon the fide of the River, in onder to make imore Viſible. M. Pencel's Tract BOSHAM KING DO M OF GINGIRO Zebec River کریں KINGDOM/ 7 26 English Miles 2 3 NO ME WUYNOW JEWOWOT 30 37 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 319 27 28 29 DW DA HO 4. 44 45 16 I Walker Scuip! Margaret Street Cavendish Square, 48 50 52 54 56 58 37 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 40 Degrees of Longitude East from Greenwich 38 C 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 Kemmon R. Tenkel Tshemmera Sarohha R Arico 血 ​Coltucca ta Delgu St Michael Mescalaxos Kedami Aret Mescaloxos 6 8 Chergue R. Dingleber Dingleber Bamba 4 2 12 56 54 58 Dagwassa Sankraber 52 50 46 44 Wainadega Arolei R. Guanguara " 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 Corra R. Ghel Ghel Derma R. Derma R. Chergue Azzargiha R. Kemmona Balangue Bewaha Abba Abram Bababating II Ghendis ங் # Gerri M. Vil Abuna Gorgora TZANA OR Moghetch R. Debra Tzai Koscam 38 40 42 44 46 40 GONDAR Tedda R. & S. George Mariam t Serbraxos Deg Ohha R. petch Gommara R. Correva Road to M.Wechne ستری B S 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 Amba Mariam 14 Alimoon Is Tchekla Winze. Metraha Is. Corno Kemmon Tangur Emfras Arno Riv Karoota GO Lamque RA Nebka Reb R. Waite Pagan Gommara R. a Is. D Dam R. A Ꭱ A Dara Vil. Ture Lebec B E E E Hot Wells R Dek THE LAKE OF Lim jour Erbatensa Kelti R. Ⅲ Turcon Abbo Azzaddari R. A Googue Avola R. the Nile Delakus DEMBE A 42 Bosken Abbot 40 38 Мо S M O 3.6 G Arroussi R 34 Afsar R. 32 Rooo 30 28 26 24 Zeegam 1st Cataract Kejla Jesuss Retreat. Kings Kaysage King's Retreat Mariam Nett 立 ​Ainlac Chhe Coga R. Abbo 2nd Cataract J Kings Retreat 1771 Keddus Michael Jemma R. Kerr & Welled Abea Abbo Eion Mariam Abbo Quchmee R. Deohha River 22 Fagitta Yasous 20 古 ​Tzeion Diwa River 18 16 14 12 10 8 S.Michael & Abbo Mintch R. Giddili R Jwoma R. Darola Kebezza R. Goggueri R. Tarnachiuli R. Catchino R. Mariam 6 Caggueri R Gumelli R 4 2 Market P of Saccala M.Samseen Karcagna Karcagna Amid Amid B 1 E D St Michael Derdera Court Ohha Tsoomwa A J G Burned Villages Road to 3d Cataract the Nile M S 3d Cataract DAMOT My Wority) and Learned Friend The Honourable DAINES BARRINGTON This Plan of tice Attempts to Arrive at the Source of the NILE C is dedicated by his most Obliged and faithful Humble Servant, Times Bruce J.Walker, Sculpt 81. Margaret Street, Cavendish Square. 12 10 8 6 4 2 12 58 56 54 52 50 RD 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 Bridge Gamala R. 30 28 26° 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Michael 11 Saccala 2 11 Source of the Nile Geesh 58 Where Mr Bruce was with the King and Army, and also alone Where M.Bruce went on discovery alone. 58 56 56 18 50 52 54 56 58 37 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 元 ​