§ 2\\\\ll N

Department of Science.
BIOLOGY.
º “…
4.- 15-/ſ23
I N T R O I) U C T I () N.
The chief aims in the elementary science courses of
the High School are three-fold: First, to develop in
the pupil the power of independent, accurate and sys-
tematic observation; secondly, to aid him in acquiring the
ability to describe clearly and concisely the facts of his
own observation and study; thirdly, to teach him to cor-
rellate facts observed and draw from them logical infer-
ences and conclusions, thus leading him into self-reli-
ance and independence of thought.
The method of instruction is inductive and rests upon
the individual observation of the pupil. The aim is to
develop rather than inform; hence the laboratory method
of study is more important than the information in-
volved. Accuracy in observation is a prerequisite to
accuracy and clearness in description or statement, and
these must precede logical, inference and conclusion.
Biology is the first science study of the High School
curriculum and is planned as a continuous year's work.
It is placed upon a laboratory basis, and so far as its
chief, that is to say, disciplinary aim is concerned, it
affords a preparation for subsequent science study. In
the scope of its subject-matter, it embraces the study of
typical representatives of the chief groups of animals
and plants. The special line along which observation
is directed is the structure and comparative morphology
of the types introduced. The subjects of classification
(57)
58
and geographical distribution cnter into this course only
to a very limited extent, and that of embryology and
physiology in the strict sense, are practically omitted.
However, the subject of physiology in its usually ac-
cepted sense, receives a considerable amount of atten-
tion in a comparative way.
In addition to the principal, or disciplinary aim, as
already defined, this course seeks to develop and foster
an abiding interest in Nature; it aims to cultivate a love
for Nature's forms, and laws and teachings.
TH H M ETH () I) () ſº I, AIX () RAT() R Y WORK.
Of equal importance with a laboratory and its equip-
ment, is a method or plan by which it is made possible
for one instructor to direct the work of a large class of
pupils at the same time. This is made possible by pro-
viding each pupil individually with both material for
study, and a copy of a guide or manual which will direct
him in his work. The class being so provided, the in-
structor is free to render such individual assistance in
the technique and execution of the work, as may be
necessary.
The pupil studies the material as directed in his out-
line, and notes the facts of his observations and the
conclusions drawn from them. His notes, illustrated
by numerous sketches, or drawings of the structures
studied, are subsequently cast into clear, concise, and
connected statements which constitute a description of
the plant or animal under consideration.
Careful drawings are also made upon a standard
drawing paper, the aim of which is to bring under ob-
servation or represent a summary of the principal struc-
º, 9
tural characteristics of the type studied. The sketches
and drawings should therefore be diagrammatic, clear
and distinct in outline, without any attempt to represent
light and shade or to produce artistic effect.
The course requires only a relatively small amount of
dissection, and this is done principally upon the higher
invertebrate and lower vertebrate forms, and upon plants.
The dissection of types above the Frog is not required
of pupils, but temporary or permanent preparations
made by the instructor are used in demonstration.
I) I WIS J O N () F TIM H.
The laboratory work constitutes the basis of the
course as already stated, and receives at least half of
the aggregate amount of time allotted to recitations.
Two recitation periods per week are given to laboratory
work, and two to other work. ()f the latter, one lesson
per week is a recitation or quiz upon previous work in
the laboratory and is supplemented by lectures and
demonstrations; the other is a recitation upon collateral
study from text-book and works of reference.
The following list shows the branches, or groups of
animals and plants represented in the course, and the
types selected for laboratory study. In each instance
the type first named is preferred, but for good reason
any other named in the list may be used instead. The
figures to the right of the respective groups, indicate the
number of weeks to be devoted to the study of each
group.
(3()
A LIST OF GROUPS WITH A LTERNATIVE TYPES FOR
LA 13OIRAT()IRY STUI) Y.
ANIMAL TYPEs.
I. Protozoa (1).
(t. A moeba.
b. Paramoecium.
c. Vorticella.
d. Rhizopod.
II. Porifera (1).
(t. Spong ill a (Fresh-water
Sponge).
b. Any marine sponge.
III. Coplenterata (2).
a. IIydra (Fresh-water Hy-
dra).
b. Hydrozoa.
IV. Echinodermata (?).
(t. Starfish.
b. Sea-urchin.
V. Vermes (2).
(t. Earthworm,
b. Leech.
6. Tapeworm.
d. I liver-ſluke.
VI. Ch'ustacea (?).
a. Crayfish.
b. Lobster.
c. Sow-bug.
d. Cyclops.
VII. Insecta (?).
a. Grasshopper.
b. Bootlo.
c. Moth
(l. Bee.
e. Fly.
VIII. Mollusca, a n d
dea (?)
(t. Clam.
b. Snail.
C. Bryozoa.
IX. Pisces (?).
(t. Perch,
b. Any bony ſish.
A. Amphibia (?).
(t. Frog.
b. Salamander.
XI. Jºeptilia (?).
(t. Turtle.
b. Snake.
Molluscot-
A II. Aces (2).
(t. Pigeon.
b. Any bird.
XIII. Mammalia (?),
(t. Cat.
b. Rabbit.
PLANT TYPES.
YIV. Protophyta (1).
(t. Protococcus.
b. Oscillaria.
C. Nostoc.
d. Yeast,
Y V. Zygophyta (1).
(t. Pand-Scum (Spirogyra).
b. Water Flannel(Cladophora)
c. Black Mould (Mucor).
A VI. Oóphyta (1).
a. Green I'elt (Waucheria).
b. Rockweed (Fucus).
c. Fly-Fungus (Saprolegnia).
A VII. Carpophyta (1).
(t. Stone worl (Nitella or
Chara).
b. Wheat, Rust (Puccinia).
c. Cup Fungus (Peziza).
Y VIII. Bryaphyta (1).
(t. Liver worſ, (Marchantia).
b. A Moss (Funaria).
NIX. Pteridophyta (?).
IIorsetail (Equisetum).
(t. Ferm (Pteris).
b. Any other Fern.
(t. Large Club-Moss (Lycopo-
dium).
b. Little Club Moss (Selagi-
nella).
NX. Gymnosperma (1).
a. Scotch Pine.
b. Any other Pine.
A XI. Angiosperma (/).
a. Trillium.
b. Any ot, he r
dol).
(t. Tºhlox.
b. Any other l)icotyledon.
A XII. Plant Anſulysis (4),
Monocotyle-
(; l
ANIMA 1, TY PEs.
I. THE AM (EBA. , 1s ( ///ye of u/, /cc//////, /t/, /////s.
.1. I,(thor///0// ||7)// .
(t. The general appearance, size, and structure.
b. The nature of the Amoeba body and the peculiar-
ities of a unicellular animal.
c. The changes in Amo-ba and their significance.
d'. The absence of organs and the method of its
physiology.
e. The simple mode of reproduction and the ab-
sence of a natural death.
..f. Drawings of Amoeba.
/3. (O//e), JJ’o,"/:
(t. The characteristic properties of protoplasm.
b. The essential elements and nature of a cell.
c. The general functions performed in the animal
body.
d. The characteristics of Gregorina and Paramae-
cium.
e. Comparison of Amoeba, Gregorina and Para-
maecium with reference to their morphology,
physiology, habits and reproduction.
..f. The parasitic habits of Gregorina and the nature
of a parasitic animal. w
ſ/. The characteristics and the classes of Protozoa.
II. THE FRESH-WATER Suo NGE. .1s ( ///ye of unſce///-
/(t)' (ºn///s /oose// associatfed in a colony.
A. Laboratory Work:
(t. The morphology of the amoeboid elements or
individuals in the sponge colony.
b. The relation and arrangements of cells.
62
. c. The spicules as a common skeleton or frame-
work of the colony.
d. The structure and nature of the “gemmules.”
-- (3.
Drawings of Amoeboid cells, spicules and
“gemmules.”
J3. Other, JWo/;
(0.
b.
d.
(3.
f.
The anatomy of the sponge colony.
The specialization of cells and a physiological
division of labor.
Non-sexual reproduction, and the simplest form
of sexual reproduction by two specialized cells
of different. nature.
The character of calcareous, horny and siliceous
Sponges.
The source and use of the sponge of commerce.
The characteristics and the classes of Porifera.
III. THE HYDRA. As a type of a true mult/cellular an-
Żmal ºn the simple gastru//t form.
A. Laboratory Work:
(t.
b.
J3.
The form, structure and plan of the Hydra body.
The nature of the digestive cavity and the two
cell-layers of its walls. *
The typical cell in the Hydra body and its various
modifications with corresponding functions.
Drawings of Hydra, including its various forms
of tissue.
Other Wor/º:
a. The common origin of the two cell-layers of the
body-wall.
b. The specialization and functions of ectoderm and
endoderm.
33
C.
ſ/.
/.
Demonstration of the simplest form of muscular
and nervous cells. -
The two-fold method of reproduction and a
comparison of each with reproduction in Amoeba
and Spongilla.
Comparison of Hydra with types already studied.
The general morphology of the Hydrozoa col-
ony, Coral Polyp, Sea-anemone and Physalia.
The relation between Hydra and other forms of
the group.
The characteristics and the classes of Coelenterata.
IV. THE STARFISH. As an eaſample of the Jºe/ºnoderm,
or radžal type.
A. Laboratory Work:
(t.
b.
d.
(”.
The regions of the body and their radial plan
of arrangement.
The significance of the oral and aboral aspects.
The idea of procimal and distal as applied to
the regions of the rays.
The general topography of the body and the
designation of the rays with reference to bººm.
and trivium. -
The external structures of the oral and aboral
surfaces, with inferences concerning their func-
tions.
The oral nerve-ring, radial nerves, and eye-spot.
The morphology of the internal organs and their
arrangement.
The hard parts in the body wall and their cal-
CareOuS Inature.
Drawings of oral and aboral surfaces and of the
anatomy.
64
13.
(/.
/.
(///e). Jj?,’ſ.’
A demonstration of the systems of organs in the
Starfish.
The general morphology of the Sea-urchin,
Sand-dollar, Synapta and Sea-cucumber.
Comparison of forms in this group.
Comparison of Echinodermata with lower groups.
The development of the Starfish.
The characteristics and the classes of Echino-
dermata.
V. THE EARTH worM. As a simple form of the bi-lateral
type (tw//t/s.
A. Laboratory Work:
(!.
/).
d.
(”.
13.
(!.
/.
The external morphology of the body with spe-
cial emphasis upon its bi-laterally symmetrical
condition, and its definite anterior and posterior
regions.
The uniformly segmented body and absence of
Segmented appendages.
The internal anatomy with special attention to
the segmental arrangement of the organs.
A study of the tissues from permanent prepara-
tions.
Drawings of external and internal anatomy.
(///le, Wom").
The general anatomy and physiology of the
Earthworm.
The general morphology and habits of the Tape-
worm, Trichina, Pasteworm and Leech, with
Comparisons.
The strongly parasitic tendency of this group,
and the degenerate condition of certain systems
of organs in parasitic animals.
65
(/.
..f.
The life-history of the Tapeworm, or that of the
Liver-fluke.
The relation of the Earthworm to the soil and its
production.
The characteristics and the classes of Vermes.
VI. THE CRAY Fish. As a typical crustacea), with more
or less (//s///cf// /////eſ/ body reſ/Woms and seſ/-
//ented (t///en/lºſſes.
A. Laboratory Work:
(!.
b.
(?.
(!.
(”.
..f.
(///e), JJoy"/".
J3.
(/.
b.
(*.
(l.
(’.
The external morphology of the body, with spe-
cial reference to the distinctly marked abdom-
inal region and somewhat fused head and thorax.
The plan and structure of the exo-skeleton.
The morphology of the appendages and their
structural variation in different regions of the
body with inferences concerning their functions.
The sense organs, and the structure of the con-
pound eyes.
The internal anatomy with reference to systems
of organs.
Drawings of external and internal structures.
A general view of the morphology and physiol-
ogy of the Crayfish.
The general morphology of the Lobster, Spider,
Crab, Hermit Crab and Sow-bug.
A comparison of the forms of this group, with
reference to structure and habits.
A comparison of the crustacean type with the
types already studied.
The life-history of the Crayfish.
The biology of food.
{}{}
ſ/. The power in the Crustacea and lower groups to
:ast off mutilated parts and reproduce new ones.
h. The characteristics and the classes of Crustacea.
VII. THE GRAss Hop PER. As an ºrd myſe of the insect
//pe of (tw////t/s.
A. Laboratory JJ’orº.
a. The external morphology of the body and ap-
pendages.
b. The structure of the wings and their adaptation.
c. The internal anatomy and respiratory apparatus.
d'. A comparison of specimens representing the
different orders of insects.
c. Drawings.
/3. (/#/ey, JVoy'/':
4. The physiology and morphology of respiration
and circulation in Insects.
b. The general characteristics of the Moth (or But-
terfly), Beetle, Bee, etc., and Spider.
c. The habits of Insects and their injurious and
beneficial relations to man.
d'. Intelligence in Insects, and in the lower types
of animals.
6. The relation of Insects to Plants.
f. The life-history and metamorphosis in Insects.
ſy. The characteristics and the classes of Insecta.
VIII. THE CLAM. As an eraſ//e of f/e J/o///s/. type.
A. Laboratory Wor/.
a. The morphology of the shell including its struc-
ture and composition.
/. The external morphology of the Clam body and
the relation of the latter to the shell.
c. The mechanism in the movement of the valves.
67
//.
/’.
/3.
( /.
/).
/
t
The anatomy of the Clam.
Drawings.
(///a/. Mºo/*/.
The general characteristics of the Oyster, Snail,
Squid, Cuttlefish and Nautilus, with compari-
§().I.) S.
The significance of the absence of appendages
and segmented body in the typical Mollusk:
The high degree of development of the heart in
Mollusca.
The development of the Clam.
Oyster culture and other commercial interest in
Mollusca.
The characteristics of Bryozoa and Ascidians.
The characteristics and the classes of Mollusca.
A comparative review of the organs of digestion
in the groups of Invertebrates.
The same in regard to the organs of respiration
and circulation.
The same in regard to the sense organs.
. The same in regard to the hard parts, or exo-
skeletons of the Invertebrate groups.
The same in regard to the muscular systems.
IX. THE PERCH. As an erample of 7/e ſource certebrate
|
*
4. e
/.
(7.
or fish fy//e.
//tboratory Iſop/.
The external morphology of the body with spe-
cial reference to its symmetry and topography.
The morphology of the appendages; their rela-
tion and position.
A study of the endo-skeleton and exo-skeleton.
The anatomy of the Perch.
68
(? -
Studies of preparations of the representatives
of the lower vertebrates.
..f. Drawings.
/3.
(/.
/.
(".
(/.
(*
()#/le, Wor/";
The general characteristics of Amphyoxus and
the Lamprey.
A comparison of the characteristics of the
Elasmobranchs, Ganoids and Bony Fishes.
The development of the Perch from the ovum.
The systems of circulation and respiration in
Fishes.
The characteristics and the classes of Pisces.
X. THE FRog. As an eaſt/0//e of the 24/7”/d/, ////e.
A.
//.
b.
(*.
(/.
(?.
..f.
ſ/.
Laboratory Work:
The external morphology of the body.
The morphology of the limbs with special refer-
ence to their position, relation and homology.
The general anatomy.
A study of the principal tissues from perma-
ment preparations.
The organs of special sense.
A study of the skeleton of a Frog.
Drawings.
B. (/#/le, Wor/.
(ſ.
b.
C.
d.
The development and metamorphosis of the
Frog.
The general morphology of Salamanders and
Newts.
A comparison of the different forms of Amphi-
bia with the typical stages in the development
of the Frog. •
The gradual transition of the Frog and Toad
from aquatic to terrestrial habits.
69
e. A comparison of the Amphibia with the Fishes.
f. The relation and inter-dependence of organs in
a higher animal.
ſy. The characteristics and the classes of Amphibia.
XI. *THE TURTLE. As an eſcample of the Reptº/ian type.
A. Laboratory Work:
a. The external morphology, including the nature
and structure of the shell, and the plates which
compose it.
b. The structure of the head and beak.
c. The morphology of the limbs; the number of
digits, etc.
d. The anatomy of internal organs.
6. The endo-skeleton.
f. The study of special preparations.
ſy. Drawings.
B. Other Work:
a. The general characteristics of the Snake and the
Lizard.
b. Respiration and circulation in Reptilia.
c. A comparative study of the exo-skeleton and
endo-skeleton in the Snake, Lizard and Turtle.
d The characteristics and classes of Reptilia.
XII. *THE PIGEON. As an example of the Bird type.
A. Labora tory Work:
(ſ. The external morphology with special attention
to the structural modification of the anterior
limbs for flight. -
*NOTE.-It is not the plan to supply each pupil with a speci-
men of the Turtle, but to provide a series of preparations and so
arrange the work as to enable several pupils to study a certain
preparation at the same time. This plan also applies to the
study of the Pigeon and Cat.
7()
;
º
(ſ.
J
(?.
.f.
The structure of the exo-skeleton of feathers.
The internal anatomy with special attention to
the digestive apparatus. -
The highly devéloped organs of special sense.
A study of the skeleton of the Bird.
Drawings.
B. (/t/e). Iſoy'ſ ;
(ſ.
h.
(/.
The general characteristics of the principal types
of Birds.
The close resemblance between Birds and Rep-
tiles.
The development of a Bird from the egg.
The characteristics and the classes of A ves.
The migration, habits and distribution of Birds.
The subject of variation and its causes. Exam-
ples from pigeons.
The theory of Natural Selection and the leading
facts upon which it is based.
XIII. *THE CAT. As an ºrd//e of f/2 May,////d/, ///).
A. J.0/oratory Work:
(/.
b.
(?.
(/.
/.
The external morphology.
The special structure of the limbs and digits.
The exo-skeleton of hair.
The teeth and throir arrangement and specializa-
tion.
The internal anatomy.
The endo-skeleton and its special modifications.
A comparative study of special points in the
skeleton of Vertebrates.
Drawings. *
*See Note on page 69.
7
1
/3. (///e, JWo//.
a. The characteristics of the various types of Mam-
mals.
b. The development of teeth and the dental form-
ulae in Mammals.
c. Homology of the limbs in Vertebrates.
d. The circulation in Mammals and Birds.
2. The characteristics and the classes of Mammals.
f. Comparison of the organs of respiration, circu-
lation, digestion and the nervous systems in the
various groups of Vertebrates.
g. The affinity of the groups in the animal king-
dom.
PLANT TY PEs.
XIV. PROTococcus AND THE YEAst PLANT. .1s ºram-
p/es of the simpſest forms of unſce///ar plants
or /?rofo))//fe. w
A. Laboratory Wor/.
a. The morphology of Protococcus and its mode of
reproduction. -
b. The morphology of the Yeast Plant and mode
of reproduction.
c. A comparison of the morphology and physiology
of Protococcus and the Yeast Plant.
d. Drawings.
B. Oţ/º/, JJ7, 7.
a. The nature of a unicellular plant and its essen-
tial elements.
b. The functions of chlorophyl, starch, cellulose
and sugar.
c. The characteristics of a true or typical plant;
of a saprophyte; of a parasite. -
72
d. The morphology and physiology of the Bacteria.
e. The characteristics and the classes of Protophyta.
XV. SPIRogy RA. As an eaſtmp/e of a un/secut' plant
or Z//0///fe.
A. Laboratory Work:
(t. The morphology of the thallus and relation of
the cells.
b. The use of reagent, and tests for cellulose, pro-
toplasm, starch and sugar. -
c. The chlorophyl and its distribution.
d. A study of other forms of Algæ, including Di-
atoms, Desmids, Oscillaria, etc.
c. Reproduction in Spirogyra.
..f. Drawings.
B. ()//ley Woy"/".
a. The claracteristics of some of the forms of
Zygophyta.
b. A comparison of the Protophyta and Zygophyta.
c. The characteristics and the classes of Zygophyta.
XVI. THE WAUCHERIA. As an erºſºp/e of the egg-spore
plants or (26//, /t/ſ.
A. Laboratory Wor/:: *
a. The morphology of the thallus.
b. The morphology of the reproductive organs.
c. The general and gross anatomy of the Rock-
weed, and the study of the fruiting thallus from
preparations. º
d. Drawings from Vaucheria and Rock-weed.
/3. (Off/le, Wor/º:
a. The life-history of Waucheria.
b. The general morphology of Volvox, Water-
moulds, and Mildew.
73
c. A comparison of the thalli in groups already
studied.
d. A comparison of the reproduction in Proto-
phyta, Zygophyta and Oophyta.
e. The economic interest in the Fungi of this group.
..f. The characteristics and classes of Oophyta.
XVII. THE NITELLA. As ſty, cºſt//e of f/2 spore-frº/
//a/fs 0/' ( /////0///fa.
A. Laboratory Work:
(t. The gross morphology of the plant-body.
b. The elements of stem, nodes, internodes and
leaves.
c. The morphology of the reproductive organs.
d. The study of a mushroom or toadstool.
c. Drawings.
/3. (Of/le, JJ7),').
(t. The nature of Wheat-rusts, Smuts, Black Knot,
etc., and their migratory and parasitic habits,
and the relation of host to parasite.
b. The life-history of Wheat-rusts.
c. The mode of vegetation and reproduction in the
saprophytic fungi, including Puff-balls, Mush-
rooms, etc.
d. The peculiarity of Lichens.
c. Sexual and non-sexual reproduction in the Car-
pophyta.
..f. The characteristics and the classes of Carpophyta.
XVIII. THE MARCHANTIA. .1s ºn cram/e of the moss-
^offs or /3//o/, /t/t.
A. Laboratory Work:
(t. The gross morphology of the plant body.
74
b. The general histology of the thallus and rhizoid,
and primitive woody tissue.
c. The gemmae cups and gemmae.
(/. The morphology of the reproductive organs.
e. A comparison of Marchantia with a Moss.
..f. Drawings.
/3. (Ot/le, JJ’oy'ſ.
(t. The life-history of Marchantia.
b. The principal characteristics of the Mosses.
c. A comparison of the Bryophyta with lower
groups. -
d. The characteristics and classes of Bryophyta.
XIX. THE EQUISETUM. As an era,0//e of the Fern-
w/'0/'ís.
A. Lahorſfor y Wor/.
(ſ. The gross morphology of the plant body, with
special attention to the hollow, jointed stem, the
roots, and leaves. -
/. A study of the reproductive organs.
c. The development of spores and prothallium.
d. Drawings.
/3. Off/le, JJ'op/.
(t. The life-history of the Horsetails.
/. The significance of an alternation of generation
of Oöphore and Sporophore.
c. The characteristics of the Horse-tails.
XX. THE PTERIs. As an eſca/e of f/he ſºns.
A. Laboratory Work:
a. The general morphology of the plant body, in-
cluding rhizome, frond, and rhizoids.
/. General histology of the rhizome and stipe.
c. The structure of the Sori, sporangia, and spores.
75
(/, Germination of spores and development of pro-
thallia.
c. Drawings.
/3. (///ney Woy'/':
a. The life-history of the Fern.
b. The characteristics of some types of Ferns.
c. The development of spores from plant-hairs
with a comparison of this origin in lower forms.
ſ/. The significance of apospory.
c. The characteristics of the Ferns.
XXI. *THE SELAGINELLA. .1s (1), crºſſ/c of f/c (7//-
7// (),SS ("S.
A. Laboratory Iſor/.
a. The general morphology of the stem and leaves.
b. The morphology of the microspores and macro-
spores.
c. Drawings.
/3. (/#/e), JJ’o,"/:
(ſ. The general characteristics of the Club-mosses.
/). The characteristics and the classes of Pterido-
phyta.
c. A comparative review of the types of crypto-
gams, with special reference to the develop-
ment of the roots, stems, leaves and plant hairs.
(/. A comparative review of the cryptogamic types
with reference to sexual reproduction.
XXII. THE PINE. , 1s an ord///, of f/c s/m/er form
of //oncer/nſ/ / /a://s.
A. Laboratory Iſor/.
(ſ. The general gross morphology of stem, roots
and leaves.
*NOTE. – The laboratory work upon the Club-moss may be omit -
led and the allotted time added to the review of other Cryptogams.
7 (;
/. The morphology of the reproductive organs, in-
cluding the male and female flowers.
c. The germination of pollen grains and the study
of the prothallia.
d. The fertilization of the ovules, and the develop-
ment of the Pine seedling.
e. Drawings.
/3. (///e, Woy").
4. The life-history of the Pine.
b. The special characters of other orders of Gym-
nosperms.
c. The characteristics and orders of the class Gym-
nosperms. -
XXIII. THE TRILLIUM. As an eled//e of f/he hiſ/her
//ower//ſ/ ///t/s of f/he monoco///edonors
łſ///e. *
A. Laboratory Work:
a. The general, gross morphology of the stem,
leaves and roots.
h. The morphology of the flower and its numerical
plan.
c. The essential reproductive organs.
d. The minuter structure of the stem and leaves.
c. Drawings.
/3. (///er Work:
a. The life-history of Trillium.
/. The principal types of the monocotyledons.
c. A comparison of Thrillium, “Wandering Jew,”
“Jack-in-the-Pulpit,” Grass, Sedge and Orchid.
d. The characteristics and orders of the monocot-
yledonous plants, or Endogens. --
77.
XXIV. THE PHLox. . As an ºrd//e of a more com-
A
/3.
..!.
//ºr flower/nſ/ /a/f of f/c d/oofy/edomous
////e.
. Laboratory Work:
a. The general, gross morphology of the stem,
leaves and roots.
b. The morphology of the flower and inflorescence.
c. The study of the organs of reproduction and
their development.
d. A study of trichomes in Phlox and other plants.
e. A study of the principal tissues in Phlox.
..f. Drawings.
(/#/e, JJ’oy"/".
a. The special characters of the principal types
of Exogens.
/. A comparison of Exogens and Endogens.
c. A comparison of Phenerogams and Angiosperms.
d'. The characteristics and principal orders of Ex-
ogens.
SU PPI, H.M. ENTA R Y W () RIK.
MiscºLLANEOUs LABor ATORY AND FIELD Work.
The work specified under this heading may be
omitted unti) the study of Types has been com-
pleted; but much of it can conveniently be done in
connection with the study of Types.
(t. Germination of the seed of the Maize, Bean,
Buckwheat and Maple.
b. The morphology of the Seedling.
c. The examination of special forms of Stems.
d. The examination of special forms of Roots.
c. The examination of special forms of Leaves.
78
..f. One or more representatives of the following
named families should be examined, more or less
carefully as time may permit:
(1) Crowfoot, (6) Nightshade, (11) Sedge,
(2) Lily, (7) Honeysuckle, (12) Grass,
(3) Violet, (8) Mint, (13) Maple,
(4) Spiderwort, (9) Willow, (14) IIickory,
(5) Arum, (10) Oak, (15) Rose.
Learn the use of the “Key ’’ in determining the
species of some of the simpler representatives
of the above named families.
/3. Other Wor/.
(ſ. The nature and function of the members of the
plant body, and the process of transforming
, energy in the plant.
h. The plan of classification in an artificial system.
In a natural system.
c. Nature and morphology of the “botanical fruit,”
and the miscellaneous nature of ‘‘ edible fruit.”
d. Fertilization in the Angiosperms.
c. A summary of the principal distinguishing
characteristics of the above named families.
f. A review of the year’s work with a summary of
the characteristics of Animal life and Plant life.
LA BORATORY EQUIPM ENT,
All necessary laboratory equipment is provided by
the Board of Education, excepting that, each pupil is
required to supply himself with the following named
articles: -
A case of laboratory tools containing
1 pair of Scissors.
1 pair of forceps.
79
1 Scalpel.
1 blow-pipe.
1 pair of needles with handles.
1 hand magnifier. Price of set about $1.15.
*A set of laboratory tablets consisting of
1 drawing tablet.
1 writing tablet.
1 pair of covers.
1 set of fasteners. Price of set, 55 cents.
1 hard pencil (HHHH. A. W. Faber). Price,
5 cents.
SPECIAL BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
The following books are authorized by the Board of
Education, as desk copies and works of reference.
These books together embrace the essentials of the var-
ious topics introduced in connection with the laboratory
work in this Syllabus, and are recommended to the
teachers:
(1) Parker's Elementary Biology. Macmillan & Co.
(2) Gibson’s Elementary Biology. Longmans, Green
& Co.
(3) Huxley & Martin’s Practical Biology. Mac-
millan & Co.
(4) Campbell's Elementary Biology. Swan, Sonnen-
shein & Co.
(5) Sedgewich and Wilson's General Biology. Henry
Holt & Co.
(6) Claus' Text-book of Zoology (2 vols.) Mac-
millan & Co.
* The Laboratory Tablets published by Donahue & Henneberry
are authorized by the Board of Education.
8()
(7) Martin’s Human Body. Henry Holt & Co.
(8) Bessey’s Elements and the High School Botany.
Henry Holt & Co. -
(9) Arthur, Barnes & Coulter's Plant Dissection.
Henry Holt & Co.
(10) Bower & Vines’ Practical Botany.
(11) Stormouth's Manual of Scientific Terms. Mac-
lachlan & Stewart. *
(12) Whitman's Methods of Microscopic Investiga-
tions. Casino & Co.
iſſil
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