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" - - - - - y - * , - -. - - - - - - - - - w ... • - ** - - * - - - - - * , ... * - - - - - - * , - • - 4- - - - - - . - - - - - * * … " ... - * - - - * ... f * * - - - - - - - w - - - - - - - - -, - - - - -- - . . . - - -º- - - . . . - - - 1 * . . " , * . . . . . . . - * * . , , .. - - º - - - * * - - * * - ," - - - . . - *x - . . . .-- - . . . . . - - - - - - - - - * - •', - * - - • - - - * . - • . - T- - - - ** a - - * - - * - - -- - - * - - - • * - * * - - 2 ** - - - - - -- . . . . . . . . - . . . . . ... • * * * . - - - - - - .* - * - - - y - - - * - - - - - - * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - • * * * _ - - - - - - - - .." - - a - * ... " + - - - -- - w - * . 4. - - * -- • . . . . . . - - ºf , 1.** “PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE * An Address delivered at a Meeting of the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS Held in New York City, Friday, September 26, 1902 BY CHARLES. F. SCOTT On his inauguration as President of the Institute tº ºr " : " ..., , ..., x** . - * ' ', * Gl. i; i, c > → * , * / - ? - 3 ºf PROPOSED E) EVELOPMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE. An address BY CHAS. F. SCOTT, President. GENTLEMEN:—To-day your newly-elected officers enter upon their duties, and another year begins. Before entering upon the routine of our regular work, let us pause to consider the functions of our INSTITUTE, its present status and its future possibilities. The position occupied by the electrical engineer is unique. º, The science which underlies his work is most fascinating and & most fruitful. Its applications are not confined to a limited s field. There is scarcely a branch of human activity; that sº has not received its quickening touch. So rapidly have §ec- trical novelites become commercial necessities and simple º, , experiments evolved great systems that a new branch of engineering has been developed in a score of years. The scope of the electrical engineering profession has developed ºfrom trivial beginnings until it includes works of the greatest diversity and magnitude and far-reaching consequences, in industrial, commercial and social life. This development has been the result not of mere chance, but of a combination of favoring conditions. Faraday and Maxwell laid the foundations of electrical science and the general mechanical, industrial and scientific evolution of the nineteenth century gave the necessary opportunity and impetus to its commercial application. Elec- tricity is usually a means, an agency, and is not in itself an end. In order that electricity may be applied, there must be that to which it can be applied. The electric motor, for example, would be of little consequence if there were no field for it—if there were no machine-shops or mills, no elevators or street cars. It is 3 because the steam engine has for a century been training men to use mechanical power, and because the existing methods of transmitting and distributing power have such fixed and narrow limitations, that the electrical system has so quickly taken its place between engine and lathe, between the waterfall and the loom. It is because the science of electrochemistry was advanc- ing that the dynamo found a place in electrochemical industries and, in turn, cheap electrical energy has accelerated electro- chemical development. It is notable that the greater part of the power developed at Niagara Falls is used in electrochemical and allied processes, in the manufacture of aluminium, carbor- undum, sodium, chlorine, caustic soda, calcium carbide, phos- phorous, graphite and barium hydrate; while in almost every case even the discovery of the processitself, as well as the develop- ment of the industry, has occurred since the work upon the power plant was begun. - It is a hackneyed theme—the infancy of electricity; and yet to obtain a just view of his position the electrical engineer must realize how brief compared with other branches of engineering is the experience upon which his work is based. Even the man who has been called the “Father of Electrical Engineering,” whose theoretical and mechanical skill made possible the suceess of the ocean cable, is still a vigorous worker, and quite recently the INSTITüTE was privileged to tender him a reception. I refer, of coºkse, jo our distinguished Honorary Member, Lord Kelvin. It is not yet twenty-seven years, the age required for full membership in the INSTITUTE, since the Centennial Exposi- tion gave an impetus to electrical invention and the telephone was made public. It was not until 1884, the year of the Phila- delphia International Electrical Exposition, that measures were taken for establishing a national Organization among electrical men, and the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERs was established. Its first President, Dr. Norvin Green, and half of its vice-presidents and managers were identified with the telegraph. The practical electricians of those days were telegraph men, but now a new generation has arisen to whom the click of the sounder is unintelligible. The past fifty years and notably the past decade have wit- nessed a general development of such magnitude that it marks an epoch in the World's history. And in this development, elec- tricity has been foremost. I will not attempt to recount and catalogue what has been accomplished, in how many ways 4 electricity has proven useful, the various purposes for which it is employed in industrial and manufacturing enterprises, nor to what extent the telephone, telegraph and cable have affected domestic, commercial, social and national life; I will not mention the results which the railway motor in city, suburban and inter- urban service is effecting in the cheapening of travel and the re- distribution of population; I will not dwell upon the far-reaching effects in the economic world of an agent which makes possible the combination of formerly diverse interests by operating in One great System local and interurban railways, mills, shops, ele- vators, street lighting and indoor illumination; nor will I even attempt to sum up all these achievements and estimate by how much the results of human activity are increased through the agency of electricity. The point I do make is the rapid growth and the magnitude of the work and the far-reaching responsi- bilities which have so quickly devolved upon the electrical pro- fession. Consider for a moment the financial aspect. It is estimated that the total investment in electrical applications outside of telegraphy and telephony at the time this INSTITUTE was founded, did not exceed $1,000,000. At the present time the estimated capitalization of electrical applications in the United States approximates $4,000,000,000. In other words, electricity repre- sents a value about one-third as great as that represented by the investment in our steam railway systems. Speaking generally,this enormous expansion has been made possible by the electrical engineer, and furthermore the successful outcome of these invest- ments depends upon his work. Even these figures do not fully measure the vast responsibilities which are entrusted to the electrical engineer, since they take no account of the importance of his work in the many industries and enterprises which use electrical apparatus in a merely subsidiary or auxiliary way. The work which the future has in store for the electrical engi- neer seems even greater. Scarcely a plan for future progress is proposed either by the practical and conservative business man, manufacturer or engineer, or by the sanguine promoter or the imaginative writer who portrays an Utopian civilization, which does not involve some application of electricity. We are now at a time of general prosperity. Will this con- tinue? Is prosperity a normal condition, or are successions of prosperity and depression inevitable? Continued prosperity requires high efficiency. Effort must not be wasted or dissipated. 5 The ordinary activities and functions of industrial and commer- cial life must be efficiently performed, and energy must not be lost through great undertakings which fail in the execution, or accomplish no useful result. Imagine the results had the hundreds of millions of pounds expended by England on the South African war been devoted to the development of the coun- try, by establishing electrical railways and lighting and power plants. Consider what a drain upon the resources of a coun- try both in wealth and in men, are a large standing army and navy. Even granting that wars have been necessary factors in the world's history, and that on the whole they have been beneficial, nevertheless they indicate how vast are the forces which have directly retarded rather than advanced material prosperity. There is no doubt but that the forces at hand are ample to maintain a constantly increasing condition of prosperity if they be wisely directed. A grave responsibility rests upon the intelligent, the wealthy and the directing classes. As a factor in maintaining prosperity, the work of the electrical engineer is of great consequence. Applied electricity so in- creases the efficiency of industrial and commerciallife that a given expenditure of energy can produce greater results in less time. The electrical engineer is called upon to advise and direct in many large undertakings and upon the Soundness of his judg- ment depends success or failure. Since electricity occupies so vital a place in the affairs of the present, and will be an increasing element in those of the future, the electrical engineer must be an important agent in avoiding depression and maintaining pros- perity. If we were to consider further the indirect as well as the direct relations of the electrical engineer to industrial and com- mercial and social interests we would be more deeply impressed with the responsibility of his part in the world's work In a pro- fession where there are so many workers, where the majority of them are young men, where their work is so closely connected with scientific investigation and with what is being done in allied pro- fessions, when the rate of advance is so great in scientific dis- covery, in invention, in application to processes which are new and to undertakings of increasing value, and particularly in a country which is recognized as foremost in electrical development, there is a unique field for a national Organization such as the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS. In a pro- fession whose interests are so diversified and so extended, 6 workers should be brought together. They should have a common meeting place. Here discoveries may be an- nounced, inventions described, engineering schemes criticized and new undertakings presented and discussed. Here the student and professor, the investigator, the inventor, the manu- facturer, the operator and the consulting engineer may meet upon common ground. The engineer who is tempted to ridicule scientific work finds that it is the foundation upon which his own work rests. The professor who regards slightly the work of the designing or constructing engineer may find that his own cher- ished formulae are derived from the rules and contain the con- stants which the practical man has determined for himself. Asso- ciation leads to mutual understanding, it curbs eccentricity and one-sided development, and promotes symmetrical advancement. It is the function of the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELEC- TRICAL ENGINEERS to bring individual workers into a common unity, to join them in a community of interest—a fraternity which is called the electrical engineering profession. It should place the profession of electrical engineering above suspicion of corruption and chicanery and should call for high standards of dignity and honorable accomplishment. It should discounte- nance the spirit of blind partisanship and of depreciation of others’ efforts among those who are divided by commercial inter- ests, whether they represent competitors or buyer and seller. While each has his individual interests, there is a general interest which is common to all. All share in that which discredits the profession as well as in that which elevates and advances it. It is the function of the INSTITUTE to bring together con- tinually the diversified achievements of many workers, which taken altogether constitute a single total of accomplishment—a total which is called progress. It should discriminate between that which is substantial and that which is not. It should place the stamp of recognition and approval upon all that is meritorious and marks an advance in the art. It is the function of the INSTITUTE to take the lead in such measures as will promote the general interests of the profession and the efficiency of electrical work. In the past the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGI- NEERs has represented the profession and advanced its interests in various ways: - It has taken a prominent part in establishing uniform insurance rules in a National Code. 7 It has been conspicuous in representing American engineers at international expositions and international congresses both in America and abroad. In the same connection it has been active in establishing international standards, and through its advocacy the name Henry, in honor of an American electrician, has secured a place in the list of electrical units. - It prepared in 1890 the standard wiring table for lighting and power purposes, which has been of great service in standardizing electrical calculations. It has established a code of standardization covering names, definitions, methods of rating, tests and the like, which is of the greatest service in unifying and simplifying electrical practice. It has established through the generosity of a few individuals a library which in historic value is unequaled. It has brought electricians together in annual conventions and in monthly meetings, it has stimulated activity through papers and discussions which have dealt with vital problems, it has developed in eighteen Volumes of TRANSACTIONs a pano- ramic history of American Electrical Engineering. Let us now turn our attention to the future and consider the specific ways in which the work of the INSTITUTE may be ad- vanced during the coming year: 1. The membership should be increased. The power and influence of the INSTITUTE is dependent upon the number, char- acter and activity of its members. There are many engineers eligible to membership who are not members, because they do not fully appreciate the scope and the work of the INSTITUTE. There are many electrical workers who would become worthy associate members if they realized the value of connection with the INSTITUTE. Is it not the privilege and the duty of an electrical engineer to give his best support to the INSTITUTE which stands for the highest interests of his profession? Are not the advantages which connection with the INSTITUTE affords such that no pro- gressive engineer can afford to be without them? If these things are so, then it rests upon the present members to build up the INSTITUTE by making its work known to those who should become members. During the past year the membership increased 25 per cent. and reached 1,546. This is less than one-half the membership in the British Institution of Electrical Engineers. If AMERICAN INSTITUTE membership bore the same relation to the kilowatt 8 capacity of the electrical power-stations of the country as does that of the British Institution, our membership should be 25,000. - - There are to-day cities in which are located engineering schools and large electrical interests, which have but three or four members. Five States east of the Mississippi River have but one or two members each, and there are three of the New England States that have but three members each. 2. Papers and discussions should be contributed from a larger proportion of the membership. The transactions of the INSTI- TUTE should be a record of the advance in electrical work, and should contain only that which is of material value to the advancement of the art. I submit that even their present high standard does not adequately represent American electrical progress. If it is true that our papers do not fully present the advance thought and best achievements of the time, it is simply because our advance workers do not contribute more. Material may be presented in formal papers, in original com- munications or in discussion. Some subjects do not provoke general discussion; others depend for their value upon the experience or the opinions of a large number of members. While the INSTITUTE is not as a body responsible for the statements or the opinions of its members, there is nevertheless an obligation resting upon its members not to leave unchallenged any inac- curate and misleading statements. Our last volume shows that 5 per cent. of the membership took part in the meetings, and that 2 per cent. furnished papers. Of these papers 10 per cent. came from miscellaneous sources, 20 per cent. came from college professors, 25 per cent. from Operat- ing and consulting engineers, and 45 per cent. from engineers connected with manufacturing companies. These figures indicate that electrical matters are advancing so fast that even the teachers in the great technical schools fall behind the pace, because the problems come first to the manu- facturer. To the manufacturing companies must be given credit for substantially advancing scientific investigation as well as practical development. Further examination of the last annual volume shows that although one-fourth of the members reside in New York and the monthly meetings are held there, yet only one-fifth of the papers were presented by New York members. The INSTITUTE is national in its scope, and there should be united effort through- 9 out the entire membership to increase the quantity as well as the quality and the usefulness of its published proceedings. 3. Local meetings of the INSTITUTE in various cities will broaden the interest in its work and generally extend its benefits. Some local organizations have been formed, but this department of our work should be greatly extended. While such organi- zations should be conducted in harmony with the general methods and purposes of the INSTITUTE, synchronizing as far as practicable with its general meetings, they should also be- come “self-exciting ' ' centers of local electrical activity. There is so much material available and there are so many subjects of local and general interest that a small amount of well-directed effort in organization will produce great results. 4. Universities and technical schools with electrical engineer- ing departments may organize local meetings of the INSTITUTE which would be of benefit to both instructors and students in keeping them in touch with the most recent developments and practice in electrical work. Meetings may be under the direction of the professor of electrical engineering and may be conducted in various ways to conform best to the local conditions. Local INSTITUTE members may join with the school meetings. A school should be the natural center for engineers of its vicinity. It supplies a suitable meeting place, and the discussion of INSTITUTE papers by engineers, instructors and students should be of benefit to all. In the thesis work of students the INSTITUTE may be helpful also in recognizing and publishing in abstract or in full, theses which are noteworthy. This would give an impetus to the preparation of theses and wholesome rivalry among differ- ent institutions, and would add to the value of our Transactions. The proper education of the engineer is a problem to which various solutions are offered. All however, will doubtless agree that the profession has already reached a stage and is advancing so rapidly that the purely “practical man '’ cannot hope to maintain himself in the front rank. The rate at which develop- ment is progressing demands a thorough grounding in funda- mental principles, in Order to impart the power for grasping and meeting new conditions. My predecessor spoke truly when he said that the primary aim of the educational institution should be to give the young engineer “a thorough understanding of the fundamental principles of electrical engineering and allied sciences, and a good knowledge of the methods of dealing with engineering problems.” The best education is that in which 10 theoretical training in fundamental principles predominates. The true function of practical workin a broad engineering educa- tion is not to produce skilled workmen or full-fledged engineers, but it is to supplement theoretical work, making it definite and certain, so that the student may properly assimilate the instruc- tion which he receives. Again, a student should not make his mind a storehouse of facts, but he should learn where facts and information can be obtained, and how to use them. The principal purpose for bringing the work of the INSTITUTE directly to the student is to enable him to keep in touch with actual things and give him a definite idea of the kinds of work which lie before him, and for which he is preparing. Fortunate will it be if we can lead him to see that in the development of an electrical engineer there should be something besides technical training—that logical thinking and clear expression and general culture are indispensable in a profession that is closely related to so many departments of science and engineering as well as industrial and commercial and Social activity, and that he must be a broad man with a broad educational foundation, who would aspire to the fullest usefulness and success. 5. The collection of engineering data and the establishment of standard practice in electrical engineering is one of the important functions of the INSTITUTE. The present years are formative years. Electrical engineering is crystallizing. Electrical theory and 1aws and electrical measurements are more definite than those relating to the allied professions; for example, com- pare the accuracy in the predetermination of the efficiency of a dynamo with that of an engine, or the ease and precision of measurement of dynamo output by a wattmeter with that of an engine by a mechanical dynamometer or brake. Electrical engineering practice, however, is now being established. The apparatus and the methods, both in detail and in general, which characterize present work are radically different from those of five or ten years ago. It is of the highest importance to the pro- fession that definitions and principles and laws ºpertaining to engineering practice should be determined and adopted as rapidly as circumstances will permit. General investigations should be made in various lines of electrical engineering work, not primarily for the purpose of devising theoretical standards or undertaking original investigation, but for the purpose of determining what is best in present practice, and of formulating and crystallizing it into what may be recognized as standard practice. 11 . We must not fail to realize the value of standards. An English engineer in a distant part of the British Empire in specifying the apparatus for a large electrical railway, strongly recom- mended that American standard apparatus be purchased as “England has no standard.” In Europe to-day there is a con- fusion of systems and frequencies and voltages, and a wide diversity in types of construction. Many foreign engineers pride themselves on devising that which is novel, instead of adapting that which is standard. American engineers are not divided by nationality and by language as are those of Europe; they have that unity in which there is strength; they appreciate the advantage of adhering to standard practice; they realize that the manufacture of dynamos and motors, as well as of shoes and clocks, of engines and bridges will be cheaper and quicker if made in quantity. Do you realize the relative magnitude of American electrical work? The United States with only one-fifth the population of Great Britain and Europe has two and one-third times the kilowatt capacity in power-stations, and three and one-half times the mileage of electric railways. The power-houses in operation and under contract in New York City would replace all the central stations for lighting and power in Great Britain or in Germany; they would operate all the electric rail- ways of Great Britain and Europe combined; one alone would be sufficient for the railways of Germany and the output of a single generator would run all the railways of Switzerland.* Although some foreign engineers are still in doubt as to the practicability of the rotary converter, yet the output of Ameri- can rotary converters is sufficient to operate all the railways in Great Britain and Europe combined. American designs, methods and practice are being introduced into half-a-dozen fac- tories in foreign countries. Electrical progress and leadership can be promoted by this INSTITUTE, as it draws together and unites the efforts of electrical workers and as it aids in establish- ing the standards for the future. Standards are not to prevent progress, but they are to make definite the steps already taken and they are the foundation for advancement. * See “Some Comparative Approximate Figures of Electric Light, Power and Traction Systems in European Countries and in the United States of America at the Present Day,” Philip Dawson, Engineering Magazine, February, 1902, page 712. 12 6. Our library merits a cordial support. The policy decided upon by the Library Committee is to place upon our shelves every book relating to electricity in the English language, and every book of any value in the French, German and other lan- guages. Let all who are able, coöperate in this important work of building up a complete reference library. Through good fortune and the generous assistance of Dr. S. S. Wheeler we have the Latimer Clark library as a foundation. Mr. Carnegie's kindly contribution has enabled the library to be catalogued and otherwise made useful. Various members, nota- bly Messrs. Mailloux, Hutchinson, Wetzler, Arnold, Keith, Cald- well, Jenks, Fish and Clarke, as well as the American Bell Telephone Co., The New York Electrical Society, and others, have contributed valuable sets of books, such as the proceed- ings of scientific societies, the records in patent litigation and the like. At least one member has provided by his will that a part of his technical library shall pass to the INSTITUTE and another is proposing an endowment for the future continuation of the sets which he has presented. The preceding sentence was written yesterday. I am au- thorized by the Board of Directors to state the contents of a 1etter received to-day from Mr. W. D. Weaver, the Chairman of the Library Committee—to whose efficient services the develop- ment of the Library is due. This letter reports the receipt of a check from Mr. Mailloux to be used as an endowment for continuing subscriptions to several of the valuable sets which he has presented to the Library. Among the books, a thousand or more, which he has presented, are some rare series, some of which have been secured at considerable cost, others by rare good fortune. Our Library is already assuming a high rank among electrical libraries, and even among general technical libraries. X- 7. Permanent quarters for the INSTITUTE should be an object of plans and anticipations. An Organization which is so closely connected with so many vital interests of such vast commercial value and which possesses such possibilities for promoting the best interests of the profession should not be hampered for want of the most convenient accomodations. Personal acquaintance and social intercourse are influential factors in unity of sentiment and of action. Our library is all but inaccessible in its present cramped quarters which do not permit normal growth. 8. Coöperation with similar institutions in other countries will 13 be mutually beneficial in various ways. In certain lines they may learn from us, but there is a great dealthat we can learn from them. In addition to general coöperation such as is promoted by international congresses, much is to be gained in less formal ways. For example, different institutions may at times discuss the same subject. Again, they may do a great service to electrical progress by harmonious working in the adoption of standards. The members of one institution may broaden their outlook by becom- ing members of other bodies. It is the hope and expectation of our INSTITUTE to have as its guest, within the next few years, the Institution of Electrical Engineers of Great Britain. The scope of our profession is world-wide. Let us welcome this com- ing opportunity to extend our acquaintance and broaden our ideas. In conclusion, I have realized the responsibilities which rest upon the President of this INSTITUTE, and it was with reluctance and misgiving that I yielded to some urgent friends and con- sented to become a candidate. I fully appreciate the confidence you have expressed by your votes and I now ask your coöpera- tion in continuing the high standard of work attained during the past year under my honored predecessor, whose able and enthu- siastic efforts have awakened the INSTITUTE to new activity and usefulness. The outlook is propitious. The Board of Directors at its meeting this afternoon authorized the appointment of a Committee on Membership, also a Committee on Local Organ- ization with authority to make immediate arrangements for the holding of 10cal meetings. This Committee also has under its direction the proposed INSTITUTE meetings in connection with technical schools. A Committee on Theses was provided for to consider the relations of the INSTITUTE to this branch of student work. A Transmission Committee was provided for to collect data with respect to present practice in high tension transmission, particularly with reference to the construction of transmission lines and to formulate this data for the use of electrical engineers. It was recognized that this branch of engineering is advancing rapidly and that it merits Special attention from the INSTITUTE in order that the best elements of present practice may be set forth. The standing Committees of the INSTITUTE are taking up their work with renewed vigor. If, my fellow-members, the objects of INSTITUTE endeavor which I have outlined are worth while, each of us can well afford to do his part towards realizing them. 14 *. l l l E MICHIGA l O È (/) CC Ll] > 2 1-D ș· esse wº : · · -ºse • • •