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THE UTILIZATION OF ART. OFICES IN VARIOUS
STUDY ON 916
MEANS OF TRAAISPONBRARN AND OF THE
SERVICES OF TRAINED SPECIALISTS
1916 f
PREPARED BY THE WAR COLLEGE DIVISION, GENERAL STAFF CORPS
AS A SUPPLEMENT TO THE STATEMENT OF A PROPER MILITARY
POLICY FOR THE UNITED STATES
WCD 9053-111
ARMY WAR COLLEGE : WASHINGTON
NOVEMBER, 1915
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STATES
OF AM
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UNITED
WAR
LXXVIIB.
OFFICE
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE
1916
535
WAR DEPARTMENT,
Document No. 535.
Office of the Chief of Staff
STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF OUR RESOURCES IN
VARIOUS MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION AND OF THE
SERVICES OF TRAINED SPECIALISTS.
PRESENT STATUS.
1. Motor transport.-Automobiles can now be manufactured in
the United States at the rate of over 50,000 per month, motor trucks
at the rate of about 5,000 per month, and motorcycles at the rate of
about 4,000 per month. There are now about 1,500,000 motor cars,
140,000 motor trucks, and 100,000 motorcycles in the United States.
An army of 1,000,000 men might need about 4,000 motor cars, 4,000
motorcycles, and 24,000 motor trucks.
2. Only a small proportion of existing motor vehicles are suitable
for military service, and in view of the small number of such
vehicles required and the rapidity with which they can be manu-
factured, it would be neither economical nor wise to plan upon
using any and all kinds of motors offered for service.
Accepting and using old motor vehicles of many different models
when new ones of a few good models can be obtained as soon as
needed would result in poor transportation and great cost for the
United States. It is, therefore, not planned to use every vehicle
that may be presented, but rather to accept individuals as chauffeurs
and mechanicians, and only such vehicles as may be of an approved
type and serviceable. A bonus might encourage the accumulation
of suitable types of motor vehicles, but it is not thought to be
necessary.
3. The type of motor ambulance best suited for military use in
this country is now under consideration by a board of Army medical
officers. Few automobile ambulances suitable for military purposes
are available at present, and most of them will probably continue
to be needed by the cities, hospitals, etc., now using them.
Types of motor trucks and tractors for use in the other depart-
ments of the Army are under trial and study at the present time.
4. Aircraft.-No private aircraft suitable for military purposes
are known to be available to the Federal Government at present.
It is estimated that military aeroplanes can be manufactured in this
country at the rate of about 200 per month. The few civilian aero
pilots or mechanicians available in this country will be commissioned
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30669_No. 535-16
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or enlisted, but only machines of approved types should be taken
over; all others should be purchased new.
5. Medical personnel.-Civilian physicians, trained nurses, hos-
pital attendants, pharmacists, laboratory workers, etc., who volunteer
for military service may be utilized in certain positions in the Medi-
cal Department, which is attempting to improve the Medical Reserve
Corps and to perfect organizations comprising all the necessary
personnel of complete sanitary units in various localities. These
units will be listed, kept track of, and used as far as possible in time
of war.
6. Ordnance personnel.--Civilians suitable for employment in the
Ordnance Department who volunteer for military service are to be
utilized as officers, etc., in that department according to their qualifi-
cations. Information regarding this is contained in General Orders,
No. 3, Office of the Chief of Ordnance, United States Army, August
25, 1913, and in War Department General Orders, No. 57, 1909, and
No. 26, 1911.
7. Signal Corps personnel.Civilian telegraphers, telephone op-
eratives, aviators, etc., to be employed with the military forces are
to be organized and used in that corps as men of similar qualifications
are organized and employed in the regular Signal Corps, field and
telegraph battalions, and aero squadrons. Other telegraph and tele-
phone operatives working for military forces are to be organized,
employed, and controlled about as they habitually are for their work
in civil life.
8. Engineer personnel.–Volunteer civilian railroad builders and
operators, bridge builders, civil, mechanical, and other engineers can
now have their names placed on an eligible list (G. O., 57, 1909, as
amended), and in time of war will be offered commissions as engineer
staff officers or in engineer organizations. These organizations will
be pioneer, ponton, or railway battalions or regiments wherein will
be found need for specialists in all branches of engineering, in the
various building trades and mechanic arts, and in the construction,
operation, and maintenance of railways.
9. Quartermaster personnel.-Volunteer civilians having special
training in handling transportation or knowledge of other quarter-
master duties are to be organized and employed in the Quartermaster
Corps in a manner similar to that described for the other depart-
ments. Individual experts can have their names placed on the eli-
gible list. When volunteers are authorized, motor-truck companies,
wagon companies, bakery companies, etc., will be organized, and
the necessary number and class of experts will be commissioned in the
Quartermaster Corps.
10. The foregoing are the plans of the various departments of the
Army, but aside from the laws providing for the Medical Reserve
535
5
Corps and for the list of persons eligible for volunteer commissions
there are no provisions of law that authorize any measures of pre-
paredness along the lines indicated. Neither in the Medical Reserve
Corps nor in the "List of eligibles” is there a dependable source
of officers, for there is absolutely no assurance that any of them will
respond when their services are required, nor is there any provision
in the laws compelling them to do so.
WAR COLLEGE PLANS.
11. The War College Division recommends utilizing these great
resources of the Nation in men and matériel in two ways: First, by
forming the various units that make up divisions, and lines of com-
munications, etc.; and, second, by commissioning individuals whose
personal abilities make them desirable for planning in time of peace
and for execution in time of war.
These two methods which require legislation are to be put into
operation as follows:
(a) Organizations such as motor-truck companies, motor-cycle
companies, motor-ambulance companies, etc., are to be provided for
in a civilian force, organized and trained in time of peace, and for
convenience called the continental army. They can be formed in
such numbers as the law may authorize and the Secretary of War
may direct.
(6) Individual experts will be provided for in an officers' reserve
corps. It is proposed, in time of peace, to commission as reserve
officers all kinds of experts from civil life in such numbers and pro-
portions as the law may authorize and the Secretary of War may
direct.
12. In connection with this subject it is submitted that without
legislation authorizing this civilian army and the officers' reserve
corps nothing can be done that is of the least value. Peace-time
volunteer organizations, unsanctioned by law, can not be relied upon
for use in time of war; they can be of value only when their mem-
bers are legally bound to render military service to the United States
for a fixed period and to serve in the armies in any war that may
occur during that period if legally called upon to do so.
13. Methods suggested.The following is an outline of how the
War College Division plans to utilize the national resources hereto-
fore discussed, if authority therefor can be obtained from Congress:
A. IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY.
(1) Motor truck companies. Organized and trained under the Quarter-
master Corps. These will include chauffeurs, drivers, mechan-
icians, etc.
(2) General hospital units;
(3) Base hospital units;
535
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(4) Field hospital companies; and
(5) Ambulance companies.
Organized and trained under the Medical Corps. These will
include physicians, surgeons, pharmacists, hospital assistants,
nurses, laboratory assistants, chauffeurs, drivers, mechanicians,
etc.
(6) Field battalions, Signal Corps;
(7) Telegraph battalions, signal Corps; and
(8) Aero squadrons.
These will be organized and trained under the Signal Corps
and will include telephone and telegraph engineers, wireless ex-
perts, and aero pilots, telephone, telegraph, and wireless opera-
tors, and mechanics, mechanicians, chauffeurs, motorcycle men,
etc.
(9) Railway regiments.
(10) Engineer regiments.
These will be organized and trained under the Corps of Engi-
neers and will include railway officials and engineers, civil,
mechanical, electrical, and other engineers; enginemen, firemen,
conductors, brakemen, train dispatchers, signalmen, bridgemen,
trackmen, machinists, and all other railway operatives. They
will also include carpenters, blacksmiths, mechanics, draftsmen,
surveyors, lithographers, etc.
B. IN THE OFFICERS' RESERVE COBPS. (A reserve of officers to replace casual-
ties in organizations of the Regular, Continental, and Volunteer
Armies.)
(1) Quartermaster Corps. Automobile engineers and experts, wagon
and other vehicle experts, railway transportation experts.
(2) Medical Corps. Physicians, surgeons, chemists, dentists, hospital
superintendents, laboratory experts, sanitary experts, etc.
(3) Signal Corps. Telephone, telegraph, and wireless engineers, aero
pilots.
(4) Corps of Engineers. Civil, mechanical, electrical, and other engi-
neers; railway officials, including experts in the operating, mainte-
nance of way, bridges and buildings, signal, motive power, car
building, car repairing, and other departments.
LEGISLATION.
14. The draft of a proposed bill to authorize a civilian force, called
herein the Continental Army, will be submitted in the near future, if
desired. It is now under preparation.
15. The draft of a proposed bill to authorize the officers' réserve
corps was submitted in War College Division memorandum No.
9153–2, 1915.
535
O
DEC 29 1916
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