U.S. NATIONAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE
THE NORTHERN LAKES STATES REGION
JUNE 1939



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June 1939 as
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The National Resources Committee, a Federal
agency planning for the better conservation and use of
our national resources, succeeded to the functions and
duties of the National Planning Board and the National
Resources Board. The National Resources Board was
established by President Roosevelt on June 30, 1934,
“to prepare and present to the President a program
and plan of pººr, dealing with the † social,
overnmental, and economic aspects of public policies
#. the development and use of §. water, and other
national resources and such related subjects as may
from time to time be referred to the Board by the
President.” *->
Throughout the course of its activities this planning
agency has issued a number of reports on national re-
sources. These reports, in general, are technical and
extensive. To give a summarized view of what the
reports have covered in the various fields of physical
and human resources, digests of the Committee’s reports
have been prepared for presentation in pamphlet form.
A conscientious effort has been made to interpret
each report within the limits of a brief pamphlet; the
Committee, however, is not responsible for interpreta-
tive comment made necessary by condensation.
NATIONAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE 1
HAROLD L. ICKES, Chairman
Secretary of the Interior
HARRY H. WOODRING HENRY A. WALLACE
Secretary of War Secretary of Agriculture
HARRY L. HOPKINS FRANCES PERKINS
Secretary of Commerce Secretary of Labor
FRANCIS C. HARRINGTON FREDERIC A. DELANO
Works Progress Administrator Vice Chairman
CHARLES E. MERRIAM
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
FREDERIC A. DELANO, Chairman
CHARLES E. MERRIAM
HENRY S. DENNISON BEARDSLEY RUML
STAFF
CHARLES W. ELIOT, 2d HAROLD MERRILL
Executive Officer Assistant Executive Officer
. 1 Functions of the Committee are transferred to the NATIONAL RESOURCES
PLANNING BOARD, effective July 1, 1939.
THE NORTHERN LAKES STATES
REGION
The Northern Lakes States Region, often called the
Cut-Over Area, is a vast empire of some 57 million acres,
taking in 86 counties in northern Michigan, Minnesota,
and Wisconsin. It is about half again as large as New
England and has a population of slightly over a million
and a half. This was once a prosperous section of the
country with ample natural resources, but many of
these resources have now been depleted. Markets have
disappeared, and too many people in this area suffer
from lack of economic opportunity. Too many are
unemployed. Too many have to have relief of one
kind or another. The people and the Region, faced with
excessive costs of local government, high taxes, and
relatively low income, now constitute one of the
Nation's most critical social and economic problems.
Many of the problems which we as a Nation face in
our endeavor to provide all our people with the oppor-
tunity for a healthful and comfortable living are less
than Nation-wide in scope. Some of them are peculiar
sto individual States; others involve a number of States
°or parts of States. They may relate to a drainage
basin, a drought area, or a stranded population. Obvi-
ously, these State and regional problems must be solved
on a State or regional basis. They are not, however, a
matter of indifference to the country as a whole, and
their solution often depends on joint action by the
State and Federal Governments.
Economic and social conditions in a specific region may
have a profound influence on these conditions in other
regions and on the national well-being. They may
result in migrations from one section of the country to
another. Prices for agricultural products, markets for
manufactured goods may be affected. Vast public
expenditures may be called for to develop or restore an

l
area, to provide for its inhabitants. A part—often a
large part—of the burden of these expenditures must be
borne by the entire country when the need is greater
than the region's available resources. The Federal
Government must then join with the States concerned
in seeking a solution of the problem.
The National Resources Committee, in planning for
the best use of the Nation's resources, has consistently
worked, and must work, in conjunction with other
Federal agencies and with the States. It has encouraged
the establishment of State and regional planning agencies
and has assisted them in studying their particular
problems. The Committee has published a series of
reports * resulting from these regional studies, of which
that on the Northern Lakes States is the eighth.”
For several years, the Federal Government and the
States have contributed large sums for relief and security
payments in the Northern Lakes States Region, but there
has been little improvement in basic conditions in the
Area. If it is not to become a chronic drain on the
Nation's resources, if these expenditures are to have a
positive and constructive result, then a way must be
found to make the Region again self-sustaining.
The situation is not hopeless. Probably the worst
has already happened. Some of the Region's resources
remain; others may in time be replaced. Most of the
timber has been cut, but reforestation is now being
undertaken. Forest fires have done their worst, and
scientific fire protection should minimize such losses in
the future. Large-scale colonization projects pushing
indifferent lands into cultivation are no more, and
thousands of the poorest farms have already been
abandoned. The people in the Area are trying to help
* Regional Planning, Part I–Pacific Northwest (May 1936); Regional Planning,
Part II—St. Louis Region (May 1936); Regional Planning, Part III—New England
(July 1936); Regional Planning, Part IV—Baltimore-Washington-Annapolis Area
(November 1937); Regional Planning, Part V–Red River of the North (August 1937);
Regional Planning, Part VI—Upper Rio Grande (February 1938); Regional Planning,
Part VII—Alaska, Its Resources and Development (December 1937). '
* Regional Planning, Part VIII—Northern Lakes States (May 1939).
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themselves, but for many of them the opportunities—
under present conditions—for a good living are extremely
limited. The problem is how to improve the economic
situation of these people, and until this problem is
solved, the Region will continue to be more or less of a
burden on the three States and the Federal Government.
The magnitude of the problem is such that joint action
by the State and Federal Government is necessary to
assist these people to help themselves.
Therefore, in the spring of 1938, at the request of
President Roosevelt, the National Resources Committee
organized a Northern Lakes States Regional Committee,
composed of representatives of the State planning
agencies and of the State departments of Michigan,
Minnesota, and Wisconsin, and of the Federal agencies
concerned, to undertake a study of the problems of the
Cut-Over Area. Out of this study, in which over 100
citizens of the three States participated, a program for
the rehabilitation of the Region was developed. This
program has as its primary objective to make the
Region once again self-supporting through the restora-
tion and development of its natural resources, through
the wise utilization of these resources, through the
encouragement of suitable industrial development, and
through the reduction of the costs of local government.
The Region
The Northern Lakes States Region is bounded on the
north by the chain of waters that separates Canada
from the United States and extends south 400 miles to
the more fertile lands of southern Minnesota, Wiscon-
sin, and Michigan. From the prairies at the edge of
the Red River Valley, it stretches east some 600 miles
to its Lake Huron boundary. It is essentially a forest
region, much of the land being unsuitable for agricul-
ture, and it is subject to severe climatic variations,
unfavorable to some crops. In addition to several
hundred miles of Great Lakes frontage, the Region is
4
dotted with thousands of smaller lakes and threaded
with a network of rivers. It contains the greatest iron
ore deposits in the United States and also some of the
best limestone in the country.
When the early explorers and fur traders first visited
the Region in the seventeenth century, they found a
virgin wilderness with a varied and valuable stand
of timber—hardwood and softwood—upland and
swamp. Forests and streams abounded with fur-
bearers—beaver, marten, fisher, otter—and it was these
furs, valuable, easily transported, and in great demand,
which attracted the early travelers there.
Background
For two centuries after its discovery there was little
development of any sort in the Region and exploitation
of the fur resources continued as the principal business.
Although lumbering was carried on in a small way for
years, it was not until after the Civil War that the real
mass attack on the forests of the Region began, and the
period 1870 to 1920 marked the heyday of the lumber
industry.
Lurnber
During this period, the Lakes States' softwood fur-
nished most of the construction timber, fence posts,
telephone poles, and ties for an expanding agricultural
and railroad empire. Its hardwoods made furniture,
flooring, and other household articles for the Nation.
By 1900 most of the pine was gone, and 20 years later the
cream of the hardwoods had been removed. Wasteful
logging practices, and forest fires took their toll. In
1890 Lakes States lumber production was 35 percent of
the Nation's total. Thirty years later it was but 8 per-
cent. Today it is 4 percent. - -
During these years, the lumber and allied industries
in the Region employed tens of thousands of men in the
woods and mills and indirectly supplied partial liveli-
hood to several times as many. Most of the cities in
the Region started as saw-mill towns. As the industry
passed its peak and declined, many of the lumberjacks
and millmen followed the industry into new fields and
went south and west, but many stayed.
Iron
The mining of iron ore, which also had been produced
in a small way for years, become important about the
time the lumber industry began to decline. Production
rose steadily from 1892 to 1916, with production in
1937 at about 62 million tons, which was close to the
all-time high of 1916. However, the number of men
employed in 1937 was far below the number employed
in the earlier period. It is estimated that about 35,000
men were employed in iron mining in 1910–11, while
in 1937, between 18,000 and 19,000 men were employed,
although 50 percent more ore was taken out in 1937
than in 1910. For the most part, the men who came to
the Region to mine remained there, and there was no
migration of miners to other sections of the country
comparable to that of lumberjacks and millmen.
Copper
Copper production increased steadily from 5 million
pounds in 1855 to 225 million pounds in 1905 and
reached a new high of about 260 million pounds a year
during the World War. Since then, the general trend
of production has been downward, though the industry
has experienced severe ups and downs. At its height,
the copper industry employed about 16,000 workers in
Houghton County, Mich., alone, and a population of
about 75,000 was almost wholly dependent upon it.
In 1923–24, 12,000 men were employed. Owing to
higher production costs and lower copper prices during
the past few years, less than 2,000 of these workers were
regularly employed in 1933. As the industry declined,
the miners and those dependent upon them stayed on
in the Region.
Agriculture
Agricultural development in the Region started early,
but it was years before it became of any real conse-
quence. As logging developed in the north Country
and cut-over land became available, small farms were
established, often as a place where married loggers
lived in the off-season and on which they raised some
of the food used by both men and horses in the logging
camps. This gave rise to a particular kind of farm
economy which was quite successful, even on relatively
poor land, so long as there were logging camps for
employment.
The real agricultural development of the Region came
later when the best “free’’ land in the Middle West
had been taken up. There was still a movement to
the soil, and, encouraged by the lumber companies,
colonization agencies, and even the State and Federal
governments, people settled to farm on good land, poor
land and all types of indifferent land in the Cut-Over
Area. Little was thought or said as to the sources of
cash income, as to outside markets. It was not until
the 1920's that people began to realize that possibly
more land was being put into farm production than
was needed, that some land was more suitable for forest
or grazing purposes than for farms. Much time, effort,
and money have been wasted in the Area farming worth-
less lands. Crop acreage per family has averaged too
low and tax loads too high to permit successful farming.
The lack of marketing facilities has also been a severe
handicap.
Taxes
In spite of all the efforts to convert the cut-over,
burned-over lands into farms, the area of such lands
increased steadily in the Region from the time of the
first logging. Where farms failed to follow forests at
the rate expected, the cost of holding cut-over land
became burdensome. Few, if any, owners thought of
7
growing a second crop of timber. Many owners stopped
paying taxes, and there are now 20,000,000 acres of State,
county, and Federal land in the Region.
When the Region was being developed, the usual public
improvements were installed. Roads, schools, and other
public buildings were built. The maintenance of these
improvements gradually became a burden to most
northern counties, owing to the small number of tax-
payers for the relatively large road mileage and large
number of scattered schools. As more and more land
was dropped from the tax rolls, the problem became more
acute. In practically every instance, the counties in the
Cut-Over Area are in very poor financial condition. In
many instances, they verge on insolvency.
Recredtion
When it was realized in the 1920's that not more than
a fifth of the land in the Cut-Over Area was suitable for
farming, other uses for the bigger areas of cut-over land
were discussed. State departments of conservation were
organized and reorganized. Forest, game, and fish
programs were developed. As highways were improved
and automobiles came to be widely owned, the recrea-
tional value of the Area became apparent, and the “tour-
ist industry” now leads all others in the Region.
Present Conditions
The situation at the present time is one of insufficient
opportunities for employment and of low income for
those employed, in combination with an out-go for
public services which is very high in relation to the
value of the Region's resources. These problems of
unemployment and a low standard of living are, of
course, not peculiar to the Northern Lakes States Region.
There is the difference, however, that in this Region
these Conditions existed prior to 1929 and will continue
to exist even after the country as a whole recovers with
better times, unless some means of rehabilitating the
Area are found. -
Employment
Unemployment in the Region first became a serious
problem when the better and more accessible stands of
timber had been cut. The lessened employment in the
iron mines is largely the result of general technological
trends which replaced men with machines, of the com-
pletion of preliminary work, and of the increase in
open-pit mining. The opening up of copper mines in
the Western States is also an important cause of decreased
employment in the mines. This shrinking in its major
sources of employment is the principal reason for the.
Region's distress today. Resources—especially timber
resources—have been depleted, and there is nothing to
take their place as a source of income.
The types of work and degree of employment vary
considerably from State to State. While recreation is
the leading industry in the Region, no separate census of
workers in this field has ever been taken. Forestry,
farming, game preservation, service trades, and others
interlock with, and participate in, the recreation
industry.
In northern Michigan, some 235,000. were listed as
gainful workers in 1930. Of these, 29.4 percent were
engaged in agriculture, 14 percent in forestry, fishing,
and mining, 19.3 percent in manufacturing and mechani-
cal industries, 6.3 percent in transportation, 17.3 per-
cent in trade and 13.7 percent in other industries. By
1935, the number of gainful workers in northern Michi-
gan had increased to 257,000. Sixty-five percent of
this employable population was gainfully employed,
about 8 percent was employed as unpaid family workers,
and 26 percent was without employment of any kind.
In northern Wisconsin, the majority of the employables
are engaged in agriculture and the forest industries,
over 40 percent in agriculture, 4 percent in forestry,
fishing, and mining, and 7 percent in lumber and paper
enterprises. These proportions differ considerably from
those for the State as a whole.
168967°–39—2 - 9
The 1930 census counted 150,000 employed persons
in northern Minnesota out of a population of 397,500.
Eleven thousand persons had described themselves as
“out of a job, able to work and seeking work,” and a
total of 2,700 people was listed as “persons having jobs
but on lay-off without pay, excluding those voluntarily
idle.” When the 1937 census of unemployment was
taken, 26,300 persons described themselves as being
“totally unemployed and wanting work;'' 11,000 per-
sons were working at W. P. A., N. Y. A., and C. C. C.
jobs; 14,300 persons were “partly employed and wanting
more work.”
Hurndn Distress
There is and has been much human distress in the
Region. Thousands lost their life savings and were
slowly starved out trying to farm submarginal lands.
The health status of the average family is considerably
lower in the cut-over portions than in the other por-
tions of the three States. The income of the average
family is so low that many of the things that make for
health and rehabilitation must be slighted. There is a
scarcity of doctors and nurses and hospitals in the north
and a general lack of adequate medical and dental care.
Such services as do exist have come increasingly to be
maintained at public expense. There is also a lack of
such standard home facilities as electric lights, running
water, and the like in the majority of the homes in the
Region.
Relief
The problem of relief in the Cut-Over Area is both
severe and persistent. The percentage of the total pop-
ulation on relief was higher in the northern than in the
southern portions of all three States not only during the
worst months of the depression but also throughout the
recovery period, and owing to the financial inability of
the counties, the State and Federal governments have
had to bear the brunt of this relief burden.
10
In Michigan, under normal conditions, it may be
expected that old-age assistance in the cut-over area will
amount to almost $3,000,000 a year; wages for public
works programs to $6,000,000 a year; and direct emer-
gency relief to $3,000,000 a year. This makes a total
expected annual expenditure of about $12,000,000 in
normal times, and, of course, a much greater expendi-
ture may be expected during depression periods. In
October 1937, when business conditions were good,
13,339 individuals were receiving old-age assistance,
10,558 families were receiving emergency relief, and
14,223 families were employed on the Federal works
programs, making a total of 38,120 cases on relief in
the cut-over area of the State, or 16.5 percent of the
1930 population of this area. This relief situation
cannot be expected to improve much over what it
was in the summer and fall of 1937 for some years to
come unless definite steps toward rehabilitation are
taken. Yet, in normal times, the public-aid rolls of
the cut-over area of the State of Michigan contain over
15,000 employable workers.
In Minnesota in June 1938, over 79,000 residents in
the 14 cut-over counties were receiving public assistance
or work relief of some sort. This represents almost 23
percent of the 1930 population of the area.
In Wisconsin, in the 26 cut-over counties, there were
in March 1938, 39,500 cases receiving public assistance,
involving about 118,000 people. These figures do not
reflect the full extent of dependency in these areas
because of the “on-and-off’’ character of the relief rolls.
The proportion of the population receiving relief
during a full year would be considerably higher.
In Florence County, for example, well over 70 percent
of the population received some form of public aid dur-
ing 1937. The usual number of young and old, feeble,
sick, blind, and otherwise unemployable people in
need of aid are found on the relief rolls of this cut-over
territory, but there are also an unusually high number
11
of employable people whose primary need is work.
Even with a Nation-wide improvement in economic
conditions beyond anything ever experienced or expect-
ed, there would yet not be enough local private em-
ployment in this area to take care of all those wanting
work.
Taxes
Unemployment and low income may be the bigger
parts of the problem in the Northern Lakes States
Region, but the high cost of governmental service,
together with the tremendous public debt loads, is an
important smaller part. In all three States settlement
is scattered. Roads and schools must be maintained
where tax returns are small or nonexistent. Except in
the iron ore districts and those with some virgin timber
left, assessed values per township are low, and except in
the better agricultural sections, the amount of tax
delinquency is high, with nearly all the land in many
areas having reverted to public ownership because of
tax delinquency. -
In Minnesota, over 5 million acres are delinquent for
5 or more years of taxes. This area, together with 5.3
million acres of publicly owned, tax-exempt land,
accounts for 64 percent of the gross land area of the
State and pays no taxes for the support of the local
government. This throws the burden of local govern-
ment on 36 percent of the area, and the tax base is
steadily dwindling. Moreover, tax valuations are
declining. To raise the funds necessary to operate local
governments—usually $150,000 to $600,000—requires
a levy of from 10 to 30 percent of the assessed value of
taxable property.
In Michigan, only 2 of the 15 counties in the Upper
Peninsula had an assessed valuation in 1930 of more than
$60 per acre. On the other hand, in the southern section
of the State, only 2 counties had an assessed valuation
of less than $60 per acre. Six of the 15 counties in the
12
Upper Peninsula and 23 of the 32 counties in the northern
part of the Lower Peninsula had an assessed valuation
of less than $2,000 per school census child. None of
the counties in the southern industrial and agricultural
section of the State had an assessed valuation of less
than $2,000 per child, and only 10 of these 36 counties
had an assessed valuation of less than $3,000 per school
census child. The low assessed valuation per acre and
per school child shows the limitations in the cut-over
counties to raising the requisite public funds for educa-
tion, public health, relief, roads, and other necessary
social facilities provided by local government.
Objectives
To solve these problems of unemployment and low
income by a policy of mass migration from the Region
would be expensive, contrary to the wishes of the people
affected, and negative in character, in that such a pro-
gram would retard the restoration of the Cut-Over Area.
While the adverse conditions which have been discussed
are widespread, serious, and of more frequent occurrence,
it should be understood that in certain localities and
under certain conditions within the Region, many in-
dividuals, groups, and communities are able to live in
good to excellent economic and social circumstances,
comparing favorably with other sections of the three
States and of the Nation. In view of this fact, it should
be possible, with careful planning and with governme
and private cooperation, to eliminate the scarcity of
opportunities for self-support which now exists in th
Region.
In order to transform the Northern Lakes States Region
into a self-supporting area, it will be necessary:
1. To develop opportunities for work within the
Region, both continuous and seasonal;
2. To encourage agriculture where feasible, both as
a full-time occupation and on a subsistence basis supple-
mented by other employment;
13
3. To renew and operate intelligently the forests;
to adjust the use of land and waters to the best ad-
vantage of the Region; to expand public acquisition of
lands; to develop the recreational possibilities of the
Region;
4. To explore, develop, and utilize properly its
mineral resources;
5. To encourage the development of industry through
research into the possibilities of the Region's resources
for manufacturing;
6. To attain uniformity of commercial fishing regu-
lations so as to stimulate the use of practices which will
renew and maintain that resource; -
7. To bring about practices which will promote
economical local government;
8. To coordinate Federal, State, and local efforts so
that regional problems may be attacked unitedly;
9. To encourage local leadership and initiative to
undertake the development of objectives and plans of
action.
Most, if not all, of the machinery needed to carry out
the above program is already set up and in operation.
The various lines of activity in the Region are possibly
more interdependent than is the case elsewhere. Success
or failure of one has a vital effect on others, and almost
any action which might be taken to solve a particular
problem will affect all of them. Therefore, it is es-
pecially important that the many agencies, Federal,
State, and local, dealing with the varied problems in
the Region have well coordinated programs, in order
that they may work together in a parallel and har-
monious manner.
A Way of Life
The future mode of living in the Cut-Over Area will
be essentially rural, but it need not be characterized by
that dreariness of isolation now endured in so many cases,
nor by the poverty that is inseparable from the farming
14
of sterile soil. Although hard work, energy, ambition,
and thrift will remain requisites for success, for most of
the people in the Region this existence will be far more
satisfactory than that offered by large urban centers.
Tomorrow's way will be one of adjustment—adjustment
of people to their surroundings, adjustment to new con-
cepts of land use and control. The local people will
get together and plan the needed adjustments and then
carry them out with State and Federal help.
The people will bolster farm income by following
various supplementary and seasonal forms of employ-
ment: work in the woods, servicing of vacationists,
mining, commercial fishing, and other activities that
should develop.
Farming will be confined to the better soils and ex-
cluded from the poor. Forests must be put back on
the stump lands. Tourists will grow in number, drawn
by recreational areas enhanced in interest and attrac-
tiveness by the carrying out of conservation and develop-
ment programs for water and wildlife and by improved
services, that will also afford extra employment.
The farmers of the future will move more closely
together on the better soils, along the more important
arteries of travel, in settlements which will support
schools and other community services at moderate Costs
to the individual.
There will be greatly increased public ownership and
management of land for timber production, wildlife,
recreation; protection of watersheds will be afforded by
the State and Federal governments and by local govern-
ments through community forests and parks.
In short, this future way of life, predominantly rural
in character for the dwellers there, will be fitted to the
highly seasonal nature of the Region's major activities
and to the fluctuating tempo of the mining industry,
all against a background of land and forest that govern-
mental aid and cooperation can transform into an eco-
nomic ally of the people.
15
The trend toward this new way of life is already be-
gun. The degree to which it may be achieved depends
upon the people of the Region and upon State and Federal
programs which must be continued, amplified, and co-
ordinated in order that the future possibilities may be
realized.
Conclusions and Recornmendations
The general objective should be the transformation of
the Cut-Over Area into a self-supporting region through
the restoration of the forest resources, the improvement
of lakes, streams, and other recreational facilities, the
rational development of the mining industry, the move-
ment of isolated settlers and those on very low-grade
soils to locations providing equal or better economic
opportunity where public services can be provided at
reduced cost, improvement in current farm practices,
and reforms in local governmental organization and pro-
cedure. The expenditure of public money and effort—
local, State, and Federal—to attain these ends is justified.
Land Use
The Northern Lakes States Region lends itself to a
variety of land uses, and properly conducted land inven-
tories will show where each use belongs. Land classi-
fication and geological investigations in the Region
must be completed to provide the necessary factual basis
for land use control.
Land use control may take the form of rural zoning,
soil conservation districts, community reorganization,
or State and Federal purchases dedicated to forest or
recreational use, depending on local needs and condi-
tions. The method adopted must have local leadership
and support, and the State and Federal governments,
through existing extension services, should give ade-
quate support to the necessary educational programs.
Settlers on lands unsuited to agriculture or otherwise
so located as to involve high public service costs should
be assisted in relocating on lands better adapted to
16
agriculture or more advantageously situated with re-
spect to possible employment, Schools, roads, and other
public services. The land acquisition divisions of public
agencies are in a strategic position to help isolated
settlers to get onto good land by buying up these hold-
ings as part of their land purchase programs. Programs
for the acquisition of poor farm lands should be con-
tinued, and special consideration should be given to
such purchases within existing public forests, parks,
and game refuges, and to restricted use districts where
rural zoning is in effect. Moreover, these land purchase
agencies need additional legal authority and funds to
carry out these programs and to assist farm families to
relocate on better lands.
A better coordination of the policies of public agencies
dealing with agricultural and wild lands is badly needed,
and there is also a need for the alteration of certain
programs to meet the particular needs of the Cut-Over
Area.
The policies of the State relief agencies, local welfare
boards, National Youth Administration, and the Works
Progress Administration should be more closely coor-
dinated to assist in making farmers self-supporting.
Steps have been taken in the agricultural adjustment
program to adapt it more closely to the needs and con-
ditions of the Region. However, further modifications
of the program are necessary if it is effectively to sup-
plement the efforts of the Farm Security Administration,
through supervised loans to farmers, to place the many
small farms throughout the Region on a better basis of
self-support.
In this Region, where a high percentage of well-
located farms have too small an acreage of cropland
for successful farming, the application of a policy of
crop control involving restrictions on clearing new
land is inadvisable, since farmers with too small an
acreage of developed farm land and without outside
employment too frequently become applicants for relief,
for part of the year at least. Reduction of acreage in such
168967°–39—3 & 1 7
crops as corn, potatoes, and grains is ordinarily not to
the small farmer's financial interest. The Agricultural
Adjustment Administration might well consider chang-
ing its program in the Cut-Over Area so as to empha-
size other desirable soil-building practices rather than
a shift in acres from “soil depleting” to “soil con-
serving” crops.
With the Department of Agriculture engaged in a
program of purchasing poor farm lands, neither the
Federal land bank nor State agencies should resell sub-
marginal lands for farming purposes.
Public programs in forest protection and development
should provide opportunities for local people. The
Civilian Conservation Corps program in the region
should be supplemented by small camp or noncamp
projects manned by local unemployed, to be hired,
supervised, and serviced by the existing Federal and
State conservation agencies.
Research must be undertaken to find uses and markets
for the Region's resources, such as peat, low-grade ores,
and scrub, and to arrive at better and cheaper pro-
cedures for the restoration of forests and the improve-
ment of agriculture. Areas having possibilities of com-
mercial mineral resources should be mapped to encour-
age their development.
Agriculture
In most parts of the Region, operating farms are
faced with tax loads out of all proportion to the earning
power of their lands. Supplemental income is still
necessary to these farmers as it was in the earlier period
when the first farming was on the basis of part-time
employment in mines, mills, and forests. It is highly
desirable, therefore, that as many farms as possible in
the Region be put on a self-sustaining basis. -
The Farm Security Administration and the extension
services of the college of agriculture can be of invaluable
aid in developing, to a point where the farm family can
18
be self-supporting, those farms which are well located
and on good or fair soil but only partly cleared.
The use of heavy equipment provided at cost by
public agencies is proving very effective in low-cost
clearing of additional land, and this practice should
be continued.
A policy of giving long-time capital loans on a sound
credit basis to settlers on good land for development
purposes should be adopted as rapidly as possible.
Such loans should have the provision that approved
farm plans be made and carried out. The work of the
Farm Security Administration in this field has already
been of much value.
Carefully planned, durable buildings are one of the
requirements for health, comfort, and success on the
farm. Too often farm buildings either do not meet
these requirements or have cost too much. The develop-
ment of ingenuity and ability in the use of local, low-
cost materials and in design and arrangement for com-
fort, convenience, Sanitation, and permanence is an
important task for research agencies, the agricultural
engineering departments, and the extension divisions of
the State agricultural Colleges.
By himself, the small farmer has neither the volume
of products nor the knowledge of markets to secure a
fair return for his products. Many livestock shipping
associations, cooperative creameries, cheese factories,
and potato growers' associations are rendering real
service to farmers and settlers in the Cut-Over Area. The
State colleges of agriculture must take the lead in the
educational work which needs to be done to enlarge
this marketing program.
Forestry
Originally, nearly all the 57 million acres in the
Region were forested. Although logging and land clear-
ing have been in progress over 50 years, 80 percent of the
region, or about 45 million acres, of which over 2%
19
million are old growth, is still forest land of one type
or another. Most of the present wild land should
probably never be farmed. There is no need for addi-
tional farm land, and but little of the wild land is fit
for such a use. Forests at one time gave more employ-
ment than any other resource. Their improvement
would employ many men, and when restored, the
tending, harvesting, and conversion of the crop would
give the further employment that is necessary for a
self-sustaining community.
To restore this resource means continuance and expan-
sion of the present fire-control programs of both the
State and Federal governments, with the cooperation
of the local people in preventing fires from starting.
All other forest programs hinge on fire protection. It
also involves State-wide plans for land ownership and
use, based on a complete land classification and social
economic inventory and supplemented by directional
measures to secure proper use and ownership of all wild
lands in conformity with the State-wide plans. Fur-
thermore, it involves completion of acquisition in
existing Federal units and exchanges between State and
Federal agencies.
These are largely State jobs. Inventory and general
plans should be a joint undertaking of State planning
boards, State departments of conservation, and State
agricultural agencies assisted by Federal agencies, with
a high degree of collaboration with local government.
The Federal Government should speed its acquisition of
land, and Congress should appropriate the full $5,000,000
authorized by the Fulmer Act for Federal purchase of
State forests.
The Federal Government should undertake a large-
scale public works program for forest restoration. Fire
control improvements should be made on all lands
regardless of ownership. Planting and stand improve-
ments should be concentrated on publicly owned lands
(county, State, and Federal) whose quality justifies
20
sº
such work. Administration should be decentralized,
and employment given to local people.
The practice of selective cutting should be adopted to
prolong the life of the lumber industry and protect
employment. The Forest Service should develop a
national plan to be submitted to interested agencies,
which would give consideration to (1) cooperation
between private owners and Government resulting in
voluntary practice of selective cutting, (2) Government
contracts with owners to purchase selectively cut lands
with payment for residual timber at conversion value
at the time of logging, or (3) Government regulation.
Research in reforestation techniques, to find uses for
the large volume of so-called inferior woods in the
Region, and to ascertain the best methods of cutting old
growth and caring for second growth stands should be
continued and expanded. A joint committee composed
of representatives from the State departments of con-
servation, the wood using industries, and the Forest
Products Laboratory should be set up to promote and
develop uses and markets for forest products of the
Region. It will be necessary for the Federal Govern-
ment to finance the Forest Products Laboratory and the
Lake States Forest Experiment Station to take care of
this work, and for the States to emphasize wood utiliza-
tion in the research carried on by chemistry, engineer-
ing, and forestry departments at the State colleges and
universities. The States must also increase materially
the amount and types of experimental cuttings on
State-owned land by State departments of conservation.
Recredition
The resort and tourist business gives much employ-
ment and although highly seasonal, furnishes some
cash income to a great number of people. However,
though there are many million of acres of publicly
owned land available for the recreationist, much of the
best recreational land is privately owned and not open
21
to the general public. Access to many water bodies is
made difficult by the existence of riparian rights held
by individuals. There is a decided need for public
acquisition of water frontage and other areas partic-
ularly valuable for recreation.
Certain public lands might well be set aside as wild-
derness or primitive areas with few, if any, man-made
improvements allowed. Recreational facilities, in-
cluding living accommodations, for organized groups
should be provided in selected areas of recreational
value. Beautification of road sides and better signing
of secondary roads is desirable. Woods and waters,
fish and game supplies within the recreational areas
should be improved. Moreover, if the tourist business
is to prosper, there is room for improvement in the
services and prices offered by restaurants, hotels, re-
sorts, and cabin camps in the region. Finally, the
United States Bureau of the Census should collect the
census data needed by the tourist and recreation
business.
Industry
The industries in the Cut-Over Area are of three types;
those extracting raw material, such as ore and oil, for
manufacture in other parts of the country; those proces-
sing raw materials found within the Region; and those
processing materials brought in from the outside.
Iron mining is the leading industry in dollar value in
the Region. The adjustment of the present tax systems,
the continuation of exploration, and the increased use of
beneficiated leaner ores offer the best opportunities for
stabilizing employment in this industry, meeting Com-
petition from foreign sources, and for extending the life
of the district indefinitely into the future. Continued
and accelerated progress in beneficiation, in particular,
points to a prosperous future. The Federal and State
governments and the mining companies are co-respon-
sible for the adoption and carrying out of such policies.
In northern Minnesota, the major industries are min-
22
ing, pulp, lumber, and small allied wood-using indus-
tries. In Wisconsin, there are lumber and lumber prod-
ucts plants, paper and pulp plants, and many small
cheese and butter plants. Industry in northern Michi-
gan is more diversified, with a considerable number of
plants producing salt, chemicals, pulp, paper, crushed
limestone and cement, and lumber. There are also
stone quarries, tanneries, and Canneries.
Commercial fishing, which is of vital importance to
all three States, has been declining; the industry is not
particularly prosperous. More people have turned to
commercial fishing during the depression years than the
resource could accommodate, and at present, overfishing
is a serious menace to the stock. It is very important
for this industry that there should be uniform laws and
regulations governing commercial fishing. Any solu-
tion of this problem involves granting discretionary
powers to the Michigan Department of Conservation,
the development of interstate compacts, and perhaps
international treaties.
In general, the trend of industrial development in the
Region has been downward, and it is probable that in-
dustry there will do well to hold its own in the immedi-
ate future. Increases in industrial activity, if at all,
will come when the forests are restored and the new
crop becomes marketable. The present local market
for manufactured articles is relatively small, and this,
coupled with the considerable distance to the large con-
suming Centers of the Country, does not afford a favor-
able opportunity at this time for industrial plants de-
signed to be secondary processors. Except insofar as
raw materials may be renewed or new mineral deposits
discovered, economic conditionso utside the Region will,
to a large extent, govern the status of its industries.
Transportation
The low-cost transportation which the Great Lakes
make possible is of the utmost importance to the Region
º
23
and its industries, and the work of the United States
engineers in providing improvements for water traffic
should be continued. The economic influence of the
proposed Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Waterway should
be thoroughly studied and anticipated so that, if and
when this project is completed, the Region will be pre-
pared to utilize such opportunities as are afforded by it.
Branch railroads which were used during the lum-
bering period and are no longer needed have been largely
abandoned, and still further abandonment of these
lines may be expected. Highway traffic has greatly
increased, and adequate roads are, of course, of great
importance to the recreational future of the Region.
No important additions to the road systems in the Area
are needed, except in the case of approaches to certain
resort areas and shore-line drives.
Power
There is plenty of undeveloped water power in the
Cut-Over Area but apparently little present demand for
its development. A study of needs and market possi-
bilities is the logical approach to any further hydro-elec-
tric development in the Region. In view of the scanty
hydrological data available, (1) additional stream
gaging stations should be installed by the United States
Geological Survey in cooperation with the three States;
(2) planimetric and topographic maps (U. S. Geologi-
cal Survey) should be completed; and (3) surveys of
streams of the Region to determine power possibilities
should be made by the Federal Power Commission and
other appropriate State and Federal agencies.
Regardless of the future needs and demands for power,
there is a present need for many dams to raise water
levels and stabilize inland lake levels in order to improve
recreational use, spawning grounds, wildlife refuges,
and forest fire protection. It must be remembered that
recreation in the Region is dependent on proper water
conditions in lakes and streams, and such conditions
24
are often jeopardized by the draw-down practices used
to insure a stable flow of power in hydroelectric plants.
Local Government
Uneconomic units of government should be elimi-
nated. State legislation is needed to enable counties
to take over town roads and also the responsibility for
health and welfare functions, and to permit the enlarge-
ment of school and assessment districts.
Federal aid to needy States for health and education
is particularly important in the Northern Lakes States
Region. Aids of this type should be administered
through appropriate State agencies, with the State
authorized to correlate this distribution with its own
aid system.
State aids for current governmental costs should be
made on the basis of need as determined by population,
assessed valuation, and the amount of publicly owned
land in the local unit. They should be administered
locally, with State supervision of standards of perform-
ance and State audit of expenditure, and should be
designed to encourage or compel better governmental
organization.
When the presence of federally owned and admin-
istered lands and of the employees administering them
adds to the cost of local government, this cost should
not fall entirely on the local people. In recognition
of this, certain Federal bureaus provide grants. There
is urgent need of a new basis for these contributions
in lieu of taxes. The new basis should provide an
immediate stable source of income and should, so far
as is possible, be the same in principle for all Federal
lands, regardless of administering agency. Aid pay-
ments should be made through the State, with the
State authorized to correlate their distribution with
its own aid system. Payments by the Federal Govern-
ment should be based on value instead of acreage.
In the interest of sound land utilization, rural zoning,
now in effect in most northern Wisconsin counties and
25
in one Michigan county, should be extended. The
United States Department of Agriculture program of
purchasing the holdings of isolated settlers is particu-
larly effective in counties having zoning ordinances.
Conclusion
The problems of the Northern Lakes States Region,
though aggravated and intensified by the depression,
existed before 1929. If further retrogression in the
Region is to be prevented and the Area rehabilitated,
effective solutions must promptly be found for these
problems. Only by making the Region once again self-
sustaining can the three States in which the Cut-Over
Area lies and the Nation be relieved of the burden of
supporting this stranded population.
These people are anxious to help themselves, and the
Region is worth rehabilitating. State and Federal aid,
however, is necessary to bring this rehabilitation about.
Most of the machinery to do the job is now set up and
in motion. It should be kept moving. An adjustment
of many current programs to meet local situations is
needed, and the plans of action of all public agencies—
Federal, State, and local—should be harmonized.
A regional coordinating board, composed of represen-
tatives of Federal, State, and other agencies, should be
established. Until such an organization is set up, the
Northern Lakes States Regional Committee should con-
tinue informally and hold meetings when necessary.
It should keep abreast of the situation in the Region,
be in a position to advise upon appropriate action and
essential coordination of efforts, and be prepared to
enlist the Cooperation of persons or agencies to assist
in the attainment of the objectives of the Region and of
its people. It should be alert to anticipate and explain
new opportunities for the Region and should stimulate
the educational efforts of established agencies, since
local understanding of the aims and opportunities of
the Northern Lakes States Region is essential.
26
COMMITTEE PUBLICATIONS
GENERAL
NATIONAL PLANNING BoARD REPORT 1933–34, dated August 1, 1934,
and issued November 16, 1934. “A Plan for Planning.” Final
report of the National Planning Board, which was succeeded by
the National Resources Board by Executive order of the President
on July 30, 1934.
Printed, 123 pages, paper cover, 5 illustrations, Superintendent
of Documents, 25 cents.
NATIONAL RESOURCES BOARD REPORT, published December 1, 1934,
issued December 18, 1934, and submitted to the President in accord-
ance with Executive Order No. 6777, June 30, 1934. A report on
national planning and public works in relation to natural resources
and including land use, and water and mineral resources, with
findings and recommendations.
Printed, paper cover, approximately 9 by 11% inches. Divided
into five parts, obtainable separately or together (bound in cloth,
$3.25), at the office of the Superintendent of Documents.
Prices for the separate paper covered parts are: Part I, Report
of the Board, 25 cents; Part II, Land Report, 35 cents; Part III,
Water Resources, $1; Part IV, Mineral Policy (out of print); and
Part V, Report of the Board of Surveys and Maps, 20 cents.
PROGRESS REPORT WITH STATEMENTS OF CoorDINATING COMMITTEES,
published June 15, 1936. A summary of the organization and
work of the National Resources Committee and its coordinating
committees during the year with suggestions for further activity
in the future. Supplementary reports by the Land, Water, and
Industrial Committees are included.
Printed, 61 pages, paper cover, 10 maps. Superintendent of
Documents, 25 cents.
PROGRESS REPORT-1937, published October 1937. A summary of
the organization and work of the National Resources Committee
and its coordinating Committees during the period June 1936 to
October 1937, together with a description of current activities
and a list of publications issued to date.
Printed, 20 pages, paper cover, illustrations. Superintendent
of Documents, 10 cents.
PROGRESS REPORT, 1938. A discussion of the planning activities at
the local, state, regional, and national levels; a summary account
of the work of the technical committees; and a statement of or-
ganization. -
Printed, 51 pages, quarto, paper cover, illustrations. Superin-
tendent of Documents, 15 cents.
TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS AND NATIONAL POLICY, published in June
1937, is the first major attempt to show the kinds of new inven-
tions which may affect living and working conditions in America
in the next 10 to 25 years. It indicates some of the problems
which the adoption and use of these inventions will inevitably
bring in their train. It emphasizes the importance of national
27
efforts to bring about prompt adjustment to these changing situa-
tions, with the least possible social suffering and loss, and sketches
some of the lines of national policy directed to this end.
Printed, 388 pages, paper Cover, quarto, 73 illustrations, Super-
intendent of Documents, $1.
OUR CITIES-THEIR Role IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY, published
June 1937 and transmitted to President Roosevelt. This report
was submitted to the National Resources Committee by its
Urbanism Committee. The report consists of a Foreword by
the National Resources Committee and three Parts. Part One
is composed of three sections under the following headings: The
Facts About Urban America; The Process of §. The
Problems of Urban America. Part Two discusses The Special
Studies of the Urbanism Committee. Part Three contains state-
ments of General Policy and Recommendations.
Printed, 87 pages, quarto, illustrated, Superintendent of Docu-
ments, 50 Cents.
URBAN GoverNMENT. Volume I of the Supplementary Report of
the Urbanism Committee. February 1939. This volume is in
five parts: Development of Urban Government, by Albert
Lepawsky; Federal Relations to Urban Government, by Wylie
Kilpatrick; Federal Reporting of Urban Information by the
Urbanism Committee; Associations of Cities and of Municipal
Officials, by Harold D. Smith; and Public Safety, by Louis Wirth
and Marshall Clinard.
Printed, quarto, 303 pages, illustrated. Superintendent of
Documents, 50 cents.
PopULATION STATISTICs, published in October 1937. This report is
comprised of three volumes: 1, National Data; 2, State Data; 3,
Urban Data. The first two volumes consist of tabular material
prepared for a study of population problems under the direction
of the Science Committee of the National Resources Committee
by a special committee on Population Problems. The third
volume contains a discussion of urban population changes and
of metropolitan regions, prepared for the use of the Urbanism
Committee.
Printed, vol. 1, 107 pages, vol. 2, 67 pages, vol. 3, 52 pages,
paper cover, quarto. Superintendent of Documents, vol. 1, 30
cents, vol. 2, 25 cents, vol. 3, 15 cents.
THE PROBLEMs of A CHANGING PoPULATION, published in May 1938,
and transmitted to President Roosevelt. This report was pre-
pared under the direction of the Science Committee of the National
Resources Committee by a special committee on Population
Problems. The major problems of our human resources are dis-
cussed in the report, which presents significant data in regard to
population trends, age groups, migration within the country,
health, education, and other similar questions.
Printed, 304 pages, quarto, illustrated. Superintendent of
Documents, 75 cents.
CONSUMER INCOMES IN THE UNITED STATES: Their Distribution in
1935–36. Published August 1938 and transmitted to President
Roosevelt. This report was prepared under the direction of the
28
Industrial Committee of the National Resources Committee and
presents for the first time an authoritative, broad, national pic-
ture of the division of income among the American people. Based
on a nation-wide Canvass of family incomes, the estimates have
been developed from data on over 300,000 families obtained
through a Works Progress Administration project, the Study of
Consumer Purchases conducted by the Bureau of Home Economics
and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, cooperating with the National
Resources Committee and the Central Statistical Board.
Printed, quarto, 104 pages, 19 charts, 16 tables. Superintendent
of Documents, 30 cents (paper cover).
ENERGY RESOURCES AND NATIONAL POLICY, Report of the Energy
Resources Committee to the National Resources Committee (H.
Doc. 160, 76th Cong., 1st Sess.), January 1939. A message from
the President of the United States, transmitting a report on energy
resources in the United States, which includes recommendations
for their prudent utilization and conservation in relation to each
other and to the national economic structure.
Printed, 435 pages, quarto, paper cover, illustrated. Superin-
tendent of Documents, $1.00. (Published by Congress.)
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING, HousING Monograph SERIES, No. 1, A
Technical Monograph on One Phase of Housing Prepared for the
Industrial Committee of the National Resources Committee, by
Lowell J. Chawner. Published in April 1939. This report is
the first in a series of four and deals with some of the broader
background factors which influence the demand for housing and
the methods of supplying this demand.
Printed, quarto, paper cover, 19 pages, 7 tables and 10 charts.
Superintendent of Documents, 10 cents.
LEGAL PROBLEMS IN THE HousING FIELD, HousING MonogFAPH
SERIES, No. 2, A Technical Monograph on One Phase of Housing
Prepared for the Industrial Committee of the National Resources
Committee; Part I, Private Housing Legal Problems, by Horace
Russell, and Part II, Legal Aspects of Public Housing, by Leon H.
Keyserling. Published in May 1939. Part I consists of a de-
scription of Federal legislation to facilitate private housing and
of a critical analysis of the State laws which affect the successful
operation of this legislation; and Part II, of an analysis of the
United States Housing Act and the complementary State legisla-
tion, together with a discussion of the legal problems raised by
this public housing program.
Printed, quarto, paper cover, 76 pages, tables, illustrated.
Superintendent of Documents, 25 cents.
LAND, MATERIALs, AND LABOR COSTs, HousING MonoGRAPH SERIES,
No. 3. Prepared for the Industrial Committee of the National
Resources Committee in six parts: Part I, Location Factors in
Housing Programs, by Jacob Crane; Part II, Site Planning, by
Frederick Bigger; Part III, The Significance of Small-House
Design, by Pierre Blouke; Part IV, Building Materials and the
Cost of Housing, by Theodore J. Kreps; Part V, Labor and the
Cost of Housing, by Mercer G. Evans; and Part VI, Building
Regulations and the Housing Problem, by George N. Thompson.
29
Printed, quarto, paper cover, 101 pages, illustrated. Superin-
tendent of Documents, 30 cents.
STATE PLANNING
STATE PLANNING—A REv1Ew of ACTIVITIES AND PROGRESS, published
in June 1935, shows the growth of State planning and the value
and importance of State responsibility for planning endeavor.
Printed, 9% by 11% inches, paper cover, 6 colored illustrations,
119 illustrations. Superintendent of Documents, 75 cents.
STATE PLANNING, PROGRAMS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS, published De-
cember 1, 1936, and transmitted to President Roosevelt on January
26, 1937. A report containing authorized statements of State and
regional planning boards, Concerning their activities during recent
months. It supplements the State Planning Report of 1935.
Printed, 128 pages, paper cover, quarto, frontispiece. Out of
print.
THE FUTURE OF STATE PLANNING, published in March 1938 and trans-
mitted to President Roosevelt. . A report by a special review group
on “what state planning boards might become” and a discussion
of the most suitable methods for their advancement. It includes
a directory of members of State Planning Boards and a bibliog-
raphy of publications.
Printed, 117 pages, paper cover, quarto, illustrated. Superin-
tendent of Documents, 25 cents.
REGIONAL PLANNING
REGIONAL FACTORs IN NATIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT, pub-
lished in December 1935, deals with important problems of plan-
ning and development which overlap State lines or which involve
Federal and State or local interests and jurisdictions.
Printed, 9% by 11% inches, paper cover, 160 illustrations. Sup-
erintendent of Documents, 50 cents.
REGIONAL PLANNING, PART I-PACIFIC NORTHwBST, published in
May 1936. This, the first of a series of reports on regional plan-
ning, deals with immediate and urgent problems in the Columbia
Basin and particularly with the policies and organization which
should be provided for planning, construction, and operation of
certain public works in that area, Bonneville and Grand Coulee
dams in particular.
Printed, 9 by 11% inches, paper cover, 56 illustrations, numerous
charts, 192 pages. Superintendent of Documents, 50 cents.
REGIONAL PLANNING, PART II—ST. LOUIS REGION, published in June
1936. The National Resources Committee has secured the coop-
eration of the St. Louis Regional Planning Commission in the
preparation of this document, Part II of the series on regional
planning, and has added a brief foreword with findings and
recommendations.
Printed, 9 by 11% inches, paper cover, 68 pages, 30 illustrations.
Out of print.
30
REGIONAL PEANNING, PART III—NEw ENGLAND, published in July
1936. This report, prepared by the New England Regional Plan-
ning Commission, illustrates the possibilities of cooperation
among state planning agencies for joint attack on interstate
problems. The National Resources Committee has added its
findings and recommendations.
Printed, 101 pages, 102 illustrations, paper cover. Out of print.
REGIONAL PEANNING, PART IV—BALTIMORE-WASHINGTON-ANNAP-
olis AREA, published by the Maryland State Planning Commis-
sion in November 1937. The report, prepared by a consulting
staff provided by the National Resources Committee, is an anal-
ysis of the problems of the area and their relative importance.
Final recommendations indicate measures necessary to bring about
needed improvements in the area, which embraces 2,500 square
miles.
Printed, 65 pages, quarto, Maryland State Planning Commis-
sion, 40 Cents.
REGIONAL PLANNING, PART V–RED RIVER OF THE NoFTH, published
August 1937 and transmitted to President Roosevelt. The report
was prepared by the Interstate Committee on the Red River of
the North with the assistance of Consultants from the National
Resources Committee. It represents the first attempt by the States
of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota to treat jointly
problems of conservation and transportation of water, pollution
and flood control of the Red River of the North Drainage Basin.
Printed, 80 pages, quarto, Superintendent of Documents, 25
CeſltS.
REGIONAL PLANNING, PART VI—UPPER RIO GRANDE. This is the
report on the Rio Grande Joint Investigation in the Upper Rio
Grande Basin in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas, 1936–37.
This report, published February 1938, furnishes a sound factual
basis for an apportionment of the waters of the Rio Grande above
Fort Quitman that would be fair to each of the States Concerned.
Printed, 566 pages, paper cover, 2 vols., text and maps, quarto,
Superintendent of Documents, $3.50, including maps.
REGIONAL PLANNING, PART VII—ALASKA, ITS RESOURCES AND DE-
veLopMENT, prepared by the Alaska Resources Committee in
accordance with a Congressional resolution and submitted to
President Roosevelt in December 1937. It is a study of the de-
velopment of Alaska resources up to the present and contains
recommendations for the future.
Transmitted to Congress on January 20, 1938, and ordered
printed as House Document 485. 213 pages, paper cover, quarto,
illustrated, Superintendent of Documents, 50 cents.
REGIONAL PLANNING, PART VIII—NoFTHERN LAKES STATES. Report
of the Northern Lakes States Regional Committee to the National
Resources Committee, May 1939. A report on conditions in the
cut-over area of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, with rec-
ommendations for making the region once again self-sustaining.
Printed, 63 pages, quarto, paper cover, illustrated. Superin-
tendent of Documents, 25 cents.
31
For EST RESOURCES of THE PACIFIC NORTHwBST, published in March
1938 and transmitted to President Roosevelt. This report was
prepared by the Pacific Northwest Regional Planning Commission
.# contains the report, findings, and recommendations of the
Commission itself, the report of the Forest Advisory Committee
relative to a forest program for the Pacific Northwest, and a staff
report dealing with conditions and problems in the Pacific North-
west forests and with the economic importance of the forest
industries of the Pacific Northwest.
Printed, 86 pages, paper cover, quarto illustrated. Superintend-
ent of Documents, 25 cents.
PUBLIC WORKS
PUBLIC WoRKS PLANNING, published December 1, 1936, and trans-
mitted to Congress by President Roosevelt on February 3, 1937.
A report recommending a proposed policy for planning, program-
ming, timing, and division of costs of public works, including
a report on Drainage Basin Problems and Programs. The report
was prepared by the Projects Division of the Federal Emergency
Administration of Public Works, a special research staff on divi-
sion of costs of public works and the Water Resources Committee
of the National Resources Committee.
Printed, 221 pages, paper cover, quarto, illustrated. Superin-
tendent of Documents, 60 cents.
CRITERIA AND PLANNING FOR PUBLIC WORKs, a research by Russell
V. Black, Research Consultant, June 1934. Prepared at the re-
quest of the former National Planning Board as one of a series of
researches on different aspects of public works. It is a report upon
a research in national physical planning, the magnitude of future
public works and criteria applicable to their selection and pro-
gramming, with tentative conclusions.
Mimeographed, 182 pages, 8 by 10% inches, paper cover, no
illustrations. Available in limited numbers, National Resources
Committee.
EconoMICs of PLANNING PUBLIC Works, by John Maurice Clark,
Professor of Economics, Columbia University. Presents a part
of the research work carried on by a staff serving under the
National Planning Board to answer the question: How may
Public Works be so handled as to contribute as much as they can
to industrial stability?
Printed, 194 pages, 6 by 9 inches, paper cover, six charts.
Superintendent of Documents, 25 cents.
PUBLIC WORKS IN PROSPERITY AND DEPRESSION, and their utilization
as an agency of economic stabilization, by Arthur D. Gayer,
September 23, 1935. This volume is a revised version of the
official report made to the National Planning Board by Dr. Gayer
in June 1934.
Printed in book form, 9% by 6% inches, cloth binding, 484 pages,
100 tables, 3 charts. Obtainable only at the National Bureau of
Economic Research, 1819 Broadway, New York City. Price, $3.
(Published by the National Bureau of Economic Research.)
32
LAND PLANNING
SUPPLEMENTARY REPORTS OF THE LAND PLANNING COMMITTEE incor-
porating the basic data and information collected in preparing
Part II of the National Resources Board report of December 1934.
The 11 reports are printed separately, illustrated, 9 by 11% inches,
paper covers, and are available at the office of the Superintendent
of Documents.
Part I, General Conditions and Tendencies Influencing the
Nation's Land Requirements, 47 pages, 20 cents.
Part II, Agricultural Exports in Relation to Land Policy, 114
pages, 30 cents.
Part III, Agricultural Land Requirements and Resources, 64
pages, 60 cents.
Part IV, Land Available for Agriculture Through Reclamation,
51 pages, 35 Cents.
Part V, Soil Erosion, A Critical Problem in American Agricul-
ture, 112 pages, 75 cents.
Part VI, Maladjustments in Land Use in the United States, 55
pages, 25 Cents.
Part VII, Certain Aspects of Land Problems and Government
Land Policies, 139 pages, 40 cents.
Part VIII, Forest Land Resources, Requirements, Problems, and
Policy, 114 pages, 50 cents.
Part IX, Planning for Wildlife in the United States, 24 pages, 10
CentS.
Part X, Indian Land Tenure, Economic Status, and Population
Trends, 73 pages, 20 cents.
Part XI, Recreational Use of Land in the United States, 280
pages, $1.25.
FARM TENANCY, a report of the President's Committee on this sub-
ject, prepared under the auspices of the National Resources
Committee. The report presents findings of the Committee,
recommendations for action, and official documents. It contains
a technical supplement tracing the distribution and growth of
tenancy and analyzing conditions and problems confronting farm
tenant families in the United States.
Printed, 108 pages, paper cover, illustrated. Published Feb-
ruary 1937. Available from the Superintendent of Documents,
30 cents.
(Published by the President's Committee.)
FUTURE OF THE GREAT PLAINs, a report of the Great Plains Drought
Committee, with a study of characteristics of the area, a Fº
program of readjustment and development, together with supple-
ments and appendices covering “Institutional Readjustment,”
“Education For Conservation,” a report of pertinent existing
legislation and a bibliography for the nonprofessional reader.
December 1936.
Printed, 194 pages, paper cover, illustrated. Available at the
Superintendent of Documents, 40 cents. -
(Published by the Great Plains Committee.)
33
WATER PLANNING
DevELOPMENT OF THE RIVERs of THE UNITED STATES (H. Doc. 395,
73d Cong., 2d Sess.) a message from the President of the United
States transmitting a preliminary report on a comprehensive plan
for the improvement and development of the rivers of the United
States with a view of giving the Congress information for the
guidance of legislation which will provide for the maximum
amount of flood control, navigation, irrigation, and development
of hydroelectric power.
Printed, 6 by 9 inches, paper cover, 123 pages, 57 maps. Avail-
able only at the office of the Superintendent of Documents, 80
CentS. .
(Published by Congress.)
REPORT of THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY COMMITTEE, dated October 1, 1934,
and issued December 23, 1934, a plan for the use and control of
water within the Mississippi drainage basin.
Printed, 234 pages, 8% by 11% inches, cloth covered, 15 colored
illustrations, 54 illustrations, and nine folded maps. Available
only at the office of the Superintendent of Documents, $1.50.
(Published by the Mississippi Valley Committee.)
INVENTORY OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES, June
1935. Multilithed, pº covered, about 9 by 11% inches. A
report covering basic data, present development, and potential
development of the water resources of the United States. The
report is divided into eight sections according to drainage areas
and the parts published separately.
Multilithed, paper covered, about 9 by 11% inches. Available
in limited numbers, National Resources Committee.
DRAINAGE BASIN PROBLEMS AND PROGRAMs, published December 1,
1936, represents the first attempt through joint efforts of Federal,
State, and local agencies, official and nonofficial, to formulate a
national water plan. The chief water problems in 118 drainage
basins are discussed and detailed project lists are proposed.
Printed, 539 pages, paper covered, quarto, illustrated. Superin-
tendent of Documents, $1.50. .
DRAINAGE BASIN PROBLEMs AND PROGRAMs—1937, published Febru-
ary 1938, and is a revision and extension of the initial report
published in December 1936. Contains specific project lists and
recommendations on national water policies.
Printed, 154 pages, illustrated. Superintendent of Documents,
65 cents.
DEFICIENCIES IN BASIC HYDROLOGIC DATA, published in September
1936. A report of the Water Resources Committee which proposes
remedies for current deficiencies in hydrologic data essential for
sound water conservation. Includes recommendations for stand-
ardization of procedures and measures.
Printed, 66 pages, paper cover, 25 illustrations. Superintendent
of Documents, 30 cents. . -
34
REPORT ON WATER PolluTION by the Special Advisory Committee
of the Water Resources Committee, appointed in December 1934
to study the Conditions of a comprehensive plan of attack on the
problem of pollution. Published in September 1935. w
Mimeographed, 82 pages, 8 by 10% inches, paper cover, one
illustration. Available in limited numbers, National Resources
Committee.
SEcoMD REPORT on WATER PolluTION, by the Special Advisory
Committee. Published as a part of the record of hearings on
H. R. 2711, H. R. 2300, and H. R. 3419. Published in May 1937.
Printed, 54 pages, paper, octavo. A limited supply of this
publication is available. Copies may be had by writing to the
National Resources Committee.
WATER PolluTION IN THE UNITED STATES, Third Report of the Special
Advisory Committee on Water Pollution (H. Doc. 155, 76th
Congress, 1st Sess.). Published in April 1939. A message from
the President of the United States transmitting a report on water
pollution in the United States, which outlines the status of pollu-
tion, the Cost of bringing about a reasonable degree of abatement,
and the financial, technical, and administrative aspects of such a
program.
Printed, 6 by 9 inches, paper cover, 165 pages, 14 tables and 37
illustrations. Superintendent of Documents, 25 cents. (Pub-
lished by Congress.)
Low DAMS-A MANUAL of DESIGN FOR SMALL WATER STORAGE
PROJECTs, published in March 1939 and prepared by the Subcom-
mittee on Small Water Storage Projects of the Water Resources
Committee of the National Resources Committee. “Low Dams’’
is a manual containing instructions, standards and procedures
intended to serve as a guide to safe practice in the design of small
water storage projects and appurtenant structures. It should be
understood that the manual is not intended to encourage in any
way the assumption of undue responsibility on the part of unquali-
fied personnel, but rather to serve technically trained and experi-
enced consultants with information and data necessary to the
proper accomplishment and checking of such work, and to provide
opportunity for the subordinate or partially trained engineer to
obtain necessary knowledge, to improve his work and to decrease
the amount of review and checking by his superior.
Printed, 6 by 9 inches, flexible fabrikoid cover, 431 pages, 207
illus., tables. Available only at the office of the Superintendent
of Documents, $1.25.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1939
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 10 cents
35
Date Due
D PLANNING
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NING BOARD, effective July 1, 1939.

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