social WORK HY T4 l .A42 1933 ºrrºr; University of Michigan -Bu-R ·±Ģ, *•,,:.*..*Jº.-· ș-） - *: *~~ 9 H I I, p n B L = A R = S P R v I o E S T N R U R A L A R = R s Provided for under the Federal Social Security Act. Title V. Part 3 EXCERPTS FROM STATE PROGRESS REPORTS SIX MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1937 * -* ºr, * April 1938 Child Welfare Division CHILDREN's BUREAU .S. Department of Labor • U. ~~~~ *:: tº Note: This material is not available resºneral distribution TY.'"S OF AREAS IN WHICH LoCAL CHILD-WELFARE SERVICES ARE BEING DEVELOPED WITH STAFF PAID |N WHOLE OR IN PART FROM FEDERAL C. W. S. FUNDS APRIL 1, 1938 Sexº~~~~ \\CŞ *& ×2× O D 333333333 O & & 2 ** &xxxxx OO & ÇK. OKXC XXXXX OO S& OO * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * OC *Q& - county UNITs – staff working UNDER Local welfaRE BOARDS º: COUNTY UNITS – STAFF ASSIGNED BY STATE DEPARTMENT ARE AS COVERING SEVERAL TOWNS ſº ORGANIZATION AND CASE work IN DISTRICTS A TRIANGLE INoicates use of A SEcond METHOD of PRovi DING services - * t .. ... . - * p / tº : • ? * ſ } f .” J - ^, *. * ... ." # ºf * : *_ f ºn, L, ºr Detroit /-/.4/ C. a. SEp 2 & 1942 CHILD WELFARE SERVICES PROVIDED BY FEDERAL SOCIAL SECURITY FUNDS FOR THE PROTECTION AND CARE OF HOMELESS, DEPENDENT, AND NEGLECTED CHILDR"X, AND CHILDREN IN DANGER or Becom[NG DELINQUENT (As of Jamuary 3, 1938% . … =mº ºar ~ ****** wrūrake SERVICES IN COUNTY UNITS CWS AR MAS COW RING ORGANIZATION AND CAS]: STATE PROFESSIONAL STAFF FOR COUNTY assigned SºyºAL TOWNS WORK IN DISTRICTS - ORGANIZATION, CONSULTATION, AND - SPECIAL SERVICE Number of Number of Mumber of (Salaries paid in full or in part from No. Mo. Towns No. Co's Federal CWS funds) co's Part | Areas | Incl. Dists. | Incl. Part Cºſs Director; social Wrkr. for Demonstration CWS Director; Case Conslt.: Sup. of Foster Sr. CW Conslt. : CW Conslt–Lyndon; Sr. Case Wrkr.- Lyndon; Jr. Case Wrkr.-Lyndon; 5 Dist. Conslts. ; CWS Supervisor; Instructor in Trng. , #; CWS Supervisor; Conslt. on Juv. Ct. Work: CWS Director; Dir. of Trng. Service; Sup. of Dir. Div. CW, 1/9; Asst. Dir. CWS; Sup. of Trng. in Sp. Area; 3 Case Conslts. ; Conslt. on Intake & Discoarge: Psychologist: Field Agent, 1/9 2/; CWS Supervisor; 2 Conslts. ; Dir. of Trng.: CWS D1 rector: Field t Sup. ; Psychologist: ration Units; CWS Sup. ; 14 Case ts.: Sup. Special Study: Dir. :Dir. of Trng. & Sup. of Field Staff; Asst. Dir. of Trng. & Sup. of Field staff: State Conslt.: Conslt. on Adoption Study; l Dist. Sup. • G.B. 24; Sup. , ; Sup. Local CWS; 2 Dist. Sups...}; Field Wrkrs. .3/5: Medical Soc. 0. Acting Supervisor CWS; 2 CW Conslts. : Social a. Includes 2 workers giving special services to Negro children. k. Mobile Clinic gives examinations, consultation, and outlines treatment b. Worker in one county gives special services to Indian children. for cases referred by agencies and by public officials. c. Includes supervisor of child—welfare demonstration unit and training center. l. Includes in one county a supervisor of a training unit, one case worker, d. Includes 2 directors of training and 6 visitors in training in 2 counties. and 6 workers in training. e. One additional worker on educational leave. m. One worker in special area gives special services to Negro children. f. Includes 5 workers in training assigned to special projects or counties n. Pour additional workers on educational leave. in the districts. o. Supervising survey of orphanage population. g: Includes one worker previously assigned to a county assisting district p. Includes 5 workers in training. consultants. q. One worker in district of 8 counties; one worker handling special cases h. Includes 5 workers in training. without restriction to a particular district. 1. Includes 2 training units each with a full time supervisor of education r. Includes l; district supervisors, 2 state consultants assigned to and training. districts, and 6 workers in training. J. In addition, 6 students in training at a local school of social work are s. Appointment of one worker pending. doing field work in training units. t. Two additional workers on educational leave. C O N T E N T 5 Map-----Types of areas in which local Child-Welfare Services are being developed (staff paid in whole or in part from CWS funds). Chart---Child-Welfare Services provided by Federal funds--Types of areas and State and local staffs. State Reports Page Alabama-- - *g- 5 Arkansas tº sº. ººº- - 9 California--- 14. Colorado º 16 Connecticut —ºr * --~ *r = - sº - lº) Delaware----- -º- - 23 District of columbia * * * * * 26 Florida----- .*.*. ---- 33 Georgia -*— * -- 36 Hawaii * 39 Idaho -º- - 42 Illinois -º- •ºr-º-º-º-º: y- 45 Indiana - 5l. Iowa----- -----------ºr- 59 , Kansas - ſº 66 Kentucky 71 Louisiana-- ~r- --- — 75 Maine *- * = -º- 78 Maryland * * 81 Massachusetts 83 Michigen —r- -T —- - - - - - - 85 Contents (Cont'd.) sº State Reports Page Minnesota---- - s — 89 Hissouri º —-º- 92 Montana. *º- * *º- 97 Nebraska - -º- wº- 99 Nevada —y 104. New Hampshire---- 106 New Jersey J.O8 New Mexico.-- --— lll New York - tº ºsmºs agº, il6 North Carolina ll.9 North Dakota- -º- - 124 Ohio l28 Oklahoma 131 Oregon--- sººººs. ººgº 136 Pennsylvania * lá0 South Carolina 14.5 South Dakota--- * 150 Tennessee * 155 Texas - -— lé0 Utah 164 Vermont 168 Wirginia 171 Washington + l'7/. West Virginia 179 Wisconsin g 183 CHILD WELFARE SERVICES IN RURAL AREAS Provided for under the Federal Social Security Act, Title V, Part 3 gº EXCERPTS FROM STATE PROGRESS REPORTS - SIX MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1937. sº Under the provision made by the Sociel Security Act, Title V, Part 3, Federal funds for Child Welfare Services in rural areas became available to the States beginning in February, 1936. On January 1, 1938, plans approved by the Children's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor, were in operation in AA States and in Hawaii and the District of Columbia. In most of these States and in the District of Columbia activities financed by Federal funds had been in operation for periods varying from a year to almost two years; in Kentucky, Tennessee and New York from 8 to lo months; and in South Carolina and Hawaii for 6 months or less. A plan was approved for Alaskº, in October, 1937, but work did not get under way until February, 1938. In August, 1937 the Arizona plan was temporarily discontinued. - It has been the practice of the Child Welfare Division of the Chil- dren's Bureäu to request periodic reports of progress from the States participating in the program of Child Welfare Services under the Social Security Act. As the programs of the various States have developed it has been possible to obtain increasingly comparable information in regard to the activities under way. It should be remembered, however, that in two St.: - & rely sim ar. (The obje ive in all of the States is, in the words of the Social Security Act, Úo establish, extend, and strengthen, especially in predominantly rural areas, public- welfare services for the protection and care of homeless, dependent, and neglected children, and children in danger of becoming delinquent In States in which there are long-established State end local serv- ices for children it has been possible to use the Federal funds largely for the development in rural areas of more ndequate standerds of cºre and protection of children along lines that had been .established in urban areas, and to intensify the services already provided in a measure by State welfare departments. In other Stétes the services provided by State welfare departments, as well as local facilities for child care and protection, are still at a stage where the special Child Welfare Services must blaze the trail. In offering guidance and a ssistance to the various States in the development of constructive programs the Children's Bureau is, therefore, proceeding on a "cºse-work basis," taking into account existing conditions and resources in each State and suggest- ing gradually evolving plans for meeting the needs of children. - The Progress Reports from which excerpts are given in the follow- ing pages cannot be understood fully without a knowledge of the back- ground of State and local social welfare activities in each State and of the progress made since the initiation of the several programs under the Social Security Act. Without a comprehensive outline of public child welfare activities and the difficulties encountered in each State it is not possible to present an adequate picture of the advence that has been made through "Child Welfare Services." The summarics do, however, give a general idea of the objectives and . plans, and of methods of dealing. With...certain problems that are common to all States. * * * * ... , , . . . . . ., . . . v . .”- The purpose of securing these reports was primarily to aid the Children's Bureau, and particularly the field staff engaged in advis- ing with the States regarding the development of their child welfare services, to get a perspective through knowing something of the ex- periences of all States. The material was compiled also with the thought that the various States may gain, even from these very limited descriptions, ideas that will be useful to them in evaluating and ex- panding their own programs. In obtaining reports from the States, as in guiſling State pro- grams, it has nevar been the thought of the Child Welfare Division of the Children's Bureau that any great degree of uniformity is either practicable or desirable at this stage of development. As time goes on it is found increasingly that common problems emerge in the pro- grams of all States and that many units are experimenting with methods of dealing constructively with special phases of child welfare. The request that went out to the States for reports on progress during the six months ended December 31, 1937, therefore, suggested that certain Specific items should be included in addition to the general outline of objectives and brief descriptions of State and local chili welfare Services initiated or extended during the period covered by the re- ports. The outline suggested for the Progress Reports included the following items: A. Brief statement of objectives of State CWS program. B. Brief descriptions of methods used by the State in- (a) Organizing local services. - (b) Furnishing consultation service. (c) Providing supervision. (d) Developments in training program. (e) Cooperation with Crippled Children's Services, &nd with ºther State inedical and health programs. (f) Other activities or special features of interest dur- ing past six months. Use headings such as: Psy- chiatric Service; Psychological Service; Work for Negro Children; Work for Indian Children; Staff Library Service, and so forth. C. Local Services:--Brief statement regarding development of local services under CVS plan (workers paid in whole or in part from CWS funds): Demonstration counties; types of other demonstration areas; other methods of promoting local child—welfare services, such as consultant service from CWS State staff. In the compiling of excerpts the material is given in the order in which it appeared in the Strate reports, and there has been no attempt to make the presentation uniform or to bring together items relating to similar topics. In order to facilitate use of the material by those who wish to discover how the various States are dealing with certain problems, items have been entered in the margin according to the "marginal Huide" which follows. Failure to include such items does not indicate that a given State is not dealing with these problems, nor does brevity or length of State reports suggest the extent or the quality of a State's program for Child Welfare Sery.icee. The topics selected for marginal notes were those occur- ring in enough instances to warrant Setting them out. Certain other topics that were suggested were mentioned too infrequently to make it practicable to use them as guides. In a number of States special projects are being conducted that are not included in the excerpts because of limitations of spece. The chart which is included herewith should be studied in rela- tion to the progress report of each State in order to obtain an idea of the types of local and State organization and the personnel employed with funds provided through the Federal Social Security Act. MARGINAL GUIDE A.D.C.--------- Cooperation with, or services for, Aid to Dependent Chil- dren (or Mothers' Aid). Adv. Com. --———Advisory committees — State or local. Ag.-Inst.-------Relationships to private agencies and institutions; cooperative service for institutions; intake studies. Community------Interpretation; community planning; etc. Coordination---Coordination or cooperation of CWS with other public welfare activities. Courts--———Cooperation with juvenile courts and other courts; special services for courts. Cr. Ch.--------Cooperation with Crippled Children's Services. Del. Delinquency problems; studies; special activities. F. M. = -Problems of feeble-mindedness. Field Service—-State field service under CWS; organization of local service; consultants; supervision. Foster Care-—Provision of foster care for dependent children; State consultation service on child care. Hoalth———---- Cooperation with child health agencies and programs; health problems; medical programs for children in foster care. Indian ) Mexican)—--—Special activities for these racial groups. Negro ) Library——Child welfare and social service literature made avail— able to State and local workers; methods of distribution. Local partic.--Participation of local units in cost of administration, salaries of child welfare workers, etc. Organizing———Organizing local services. Psych.—-Psychiatric or psychological service by State staff; clinics; psychiatric social service. Recr. Development of recreation facilities, need for, etc. Schools—--—-Cooperation with schools, etc. Training————Training of personnel; training programs. A L A B A M A OBJECTIVES The Alabama plan for Special Child Welfare Services covering the year ending June 30, 1938, is concerned with an effort to strengthen, in predominantly rural areas, intensive case work service for the protection and care of homeless, dependent and neglected children and children in danger of becoming delinquent. While stress has been placed upon effective supervision of . social work through the State staff, 15 children's case workers have been assigned, one each, to 15 county departments of public welfare, These worka: s are carrying relatively small case loads and are concerneå with problems which re- late primarily to the individual child and to his family and are to be dealt with by case work methods. They are also concerned with problems which relate to the community and which, therefore, are dealt with by methods of community interpretation and by use of com- munity facilities. STATE SERVICES Organ- izing There has been no difficulty in the actual mechanism of organi- zing local child welfare services. Soon after the passage of the 1935 public welfare act, a public welfare board with a county de- partment of public welfare was set up in every county. Inasmuch as the original county child welfare boards passed out of existence only when the new county boards of public welfare were set up, a well de- fined philosophy of child welfare service existed in every county in the State. The task of interpreting the value of intensive case work to children has not, therefore, been difficult so far as county boards are concerned. In many instances boards end governing bodies have welcomed such strengthening of child welfare services as could come about by the assignment of a children's case worker with the remark that, "This type of service ič) the most economical and the most valuable we can have." Assignments of C.W. S. workers to county staffs have been based upon the county's willingness to participate in the cost of the service and the director's ability to supervise such service. g All local services are supervised through a coordinated field service from the State staff. Supplementing the supervision of the field staff, three consultants, one a Negro, with training and ex- perience in the children's field have been employed on the State staff and used in various ways to meet the problems of the county staffs as they are concerned with child welfare. The consultant has been found to be highly useful in installing the children's case workers. They precede her into the county, carefully analyze the total children's, case load and assist in selecting a special case load to be taken over by the children's werker. Alabama - 6 Training In order to give every opportunity for the strengthening of the child welfare services in the various counties, it was deemed advisable to pay out of C.W. S. funds the salaries of three out of nine, or four out of ten, Field Representatives. It is obvious that without effective supervision no county welfare service can be developed to its fullest strength. During the past few months a psychiatric social worker atteched to the Bureau of Child Welfare was paid out of funds allocated under Title 5, Part 3 of the Social Security Act. In November this worker resigned to do some further study. At this time no definite plan has been worked out as to the further development of any type of psychiatric service, but participation in the support of a child guidance clinic is under eonsideration. - The State Board of Public Welfare has fixed the qualifications for county personnel and for the State staff. The plan of speeial child welfare services for the past six months has not included any training program, as such. The training consultant attached to the Stete staff has by the use of library facilities, by holding district meetings, and in the case of one urban staff, by the use of class instruction, con- centrated on developments in child welfare service. Over a long period of years, instruction in social work at two of the State colleges has been a part of Alabama s effort to provide some training for people within the State welfare progrem. During the past summer two persons from the State staff were assigned as instructors in case work, one at each of the State institutions. In each instance field work for these classes was supervised through the county depertments. The children's case consultants on the State staff selected cases to be used in the field work of the students. By this method there was intelligent assignment of cases for use in the classes and a well defined system of field work was planned. It was formerly the policy of the State Child Welfare Department, and is now the policy of the State Department of Public Welfare, to grant leaves of absence for professional study over e period of three months, six weeks with pay and six weeks without, to qualified pro- fessional workers. During the past surmer two workers on the State staff were granted such leaves and fifteen county workers (directors and children's case workers) went to accredited schools of social work under such arrangements. In addition to this procedure, through funds allocated under Title 5, Part 3 of the Social Security Act, there is a plan by which members of the county staffs may be granted educational leaves with financial assistance. Under this plan three workers are now in accredited schools of social work, A State Advisory Committee has been organised composed of repre- sentatives of the agencies administering Maternal and Child Health Ser- viees, Special Child Welfare Services and Crippled Children's Services, This Committee functions informally for the most part, but is alert to opportunities for mutual cooperation and developing generalised service to children. In the counties there is the closest cooperation among Alabama - 7 Library Age- Inst O the different agencies in their responsibilities for children's work. The County departments of public welfare are responsible in large measure for the discovery and working through of plans for crippled children and are constantly maintaining a mutual responsibility with the health egencies in the various counties. The Negro case consultant attached to the State staff has done a rather outstanding piece of work among child-caring agencies. In this particular county much emphasis is placed on detention homes and institutions, and more Negro children are in foster care than in any other county in the State. Through consultant service and actual supervision, the consultant we's able to increase interest in these problems. The Juvenile Court Judge spoke of her work in terms of dollars saved to the County. The Negro probation officer spoke of her work in terms of the value to individual children who were released from the care of institutions and placed in their own homes or in the hones of relatives. Special mention should be made of the librery facilities which are available through the State library to the county departments, private agencies and all public agencies which may be interested. Circulation of books has been widespread and about eighty requests come in monthly from the county staffs for boºks from the State libra- ry. It has been rost interesting to watch the eagerness with which children's workers read books which they believe will be helpful to them in their work. While the library is not suppºrted through funds allocated for special child welfare services, it has represented one of the vitalizing forces through which the service is strengthened. The State Department for 18 years has maintained a supervisory and advisory relationship with the child-cering institutions in the State. This relationship has served more or less to control the number of children coming into foster care and has further served to focus attention on the preservation of family life. Even so, as in the case of most child-caring institutions there has been some question raised on the part of institution officials as to their future in the light of recent social security legislation. It was deemed advisable, thorefore, to hold a conference with officials of child-caring insti- tutions which would project thought toward services which might be rendered by institutions in a well cºordinated program of child welfare. The annual plan for C.W. SS makes provision for the payment of the services of out-of-state specialists who may be brought in for a short period of consultation and conference. Two specialists identified with child-caring institutions were brought to the State to discuss with institution officials matters concerning future trends and policies. At this conference emphasis was laid upon public assistance which is now being given to children in their own homes, It is believed that out of such discussions will grow a reessurance on the part of institution officials and a gradual chenge in their methods of meeting the needs of children. } Alabama - 8 e LOCAL SERVICES Local - partic: Recr. Foster Care Through the child welfare service plan, fifteen children's case workers are assigned, one each, to as many counties, with three-fourths of the cost of the service paid out ºf C.W.S. funds, and one-fourth paid out of county funds. No county has been particularly set apart as offering special demonstration features. Each county is considered on an individual basis. In every county in the State a conscious attempt is made to meet the needs of children. The legal machinery permits this and workers have a background for such service. The difficulty is . that county departments are not adequately staffed to meet the responsi- bilities which come to the door of a county case working agency. Admin- istrative duties are heavy; clerical assistence is inadequate. In spite of the fact that the case loads of the children's workers are controlled and kept relatively low, their work is handicapped because county staffs are as a whole not adequate to meet their administrative and service responsibilites, and the full capacities of the children's case workers are consequently not being utilized. It is believed that if case work services are intensified there must be a parallel development of admin- istrative functions to take care of such increased service. In some instances it is considered advisable to assign a children's consultant from the State staff to counties where there is no assignment of a children's case worker. In such instances the consultant serves the director and her staff just as she does in the counties where special assignments are made. The development of recreational projects as treatment facilities for case work has been widespread. Full cooperation has been maintained with the National Youth Administration and with the Works Progress Ad- ministration through which agencies many community resources have been built up. Boarding foster homes, licensed by the State Depertment, are serving the needs of children in some twenty-two counties. It is realized that such developments must come slowly and carefully and that the county workers are not specifically trained for the highly technical work involved in child-placing. Every attmept, therefore, is made to supervise this work through the State staff and it is believed that a better knowledge of the part foster care should play in meeting the needs of children is being developed, not only on the part of county staffs, but on the part of communities in general. No place- ments of children away from their own families are made by county workers through social agencies without some supervision from the State staff. A R K A N S A S OBJECTIVES The objectives of Child Welfare Services are: To coordinate its services with the general Child Welfare program of the State, which in turn will be coordinated with the general Public Welfare program. To offer to the counties a unified general welfare program (es- pecially in rural areas}, with special emphasis upon the Child Welfare aspects of the problems presented. To cooperate with all existing agencies and institutions, both public and private. To assist in the development of county resources for discovering and meeting the needs of children, dependent, neglected, or in danger of becoming delinquent, and those handicapped physically or mentally. To help Arkensas lay a foundation of special skills in Child Welfare by conducting a training progrem for workers, aº These objectives we hope to fulfill through expansion of a State and local staff of qualified Child Welfare workers. STATE SERVICES In carrying out the objectives of the State CWS plan in Arkan- sas, qualified personnel becomes a matter of major importance. In July 1937, a member of the Department of Public Welfare staff of another State who was also on the faculty of a School of Social Work, came to Arkansas on leave of absence for two months to begin the organization of the child welfare progrem under the state plan for the current fiscal year. Later, she became the director of the Child Welfare Division, with her professional qualifications meeting the re- quirements of the joint plan and of the State Personnel Division. A review of persons passing the Civil Service examination for positions in the field of public assistance revealed a dearth of social work background, with practically no experience in child welfare. It was decided, therefore, to give two Civil Service exam- inations in the child welfare field. The one for Child Welfare Con- sultants is open to trained persons from out of the Stete; the one for County Child Welfare workers is limited to Arkansas persons, with a plan for developing them professionally through educetional leave. Both examinations are now in process of being given, and there is hope of some added personnel within the next quarter. Arkansas - 10 Training Much consultation and planning has been carried nn with the Personnel Division in establishing standards and in making training facilities available under the regulations of Civil Service. Per- ticipation by the director on the Civil Service examining board for applicants for county public welfare positions wes a helpful ex- perience in orientation and in understanding the thinking of the public on public welfare. It gave insight also into the caliber of workers availables On October 1, 1937, six field supervisors of the assistance division were included, on a twenty-five per cent salary basis, in the activities of the Child Welfare Division; and the ten field supervisors are all considered as giving about one-fourth of their time to advancement of child welfare in their counties, under the leadership of the Child Welfare Division. The director has been in close touch with Arkansas students now attending schools of social work. College students have come to talk over social work as a possible vocation and to learn of the prepara- tion necessary. In-Service Training and Supervision :-The in-service training will be more completely organized under the Director of Training. In the past six months it has been closely tied up ºrith general and case supervision, to which the director has given about one-fourth of her time. This has had to deal with such primery matters as letter- writing, interviewing, recording, and uhe organization and selection of material; going later, in simple fashion, into attitudes, techniques and relationships, both client and public. The method has been through individual case conferences, through selected reading end through staff meetings. The Consultants, County Child Welfare Workers and Juvenile Court Director have been included under this plan. In addition, individual consultation and group discussions on general problems and case treatment and techniques have been a pert of the close inter-relationship between the Assistance Division end the Child Welfare Division. The groundwork is being laid whereby, through Civil Service, some young workers from other public agencies and some promising students can be brought into a state orientation unit for intensive in-service training and observetion, with the possibility of later educational opportunities for some of them. This unit will be used also for the orientation and in-service preparation of workers with training before they are sent out into specific counties as child welfare workers. Educational Leave:--This project has been seriously handicapped by the unsettled personnel situation in the County Departments of Public Welfare. The staffs heve not yet been selected, and even among those on the eligible lists there are almost no persons who Arkansas - 1) le l d 3rvice Ch. would have the qualifications for the schools of social work. Perhaps a few can be found later when there are "existing" county staffs. The local consultation services are two-frild in nature - consul- tation with local officials and agencies on individual problems in which the case responsibility is carried locally; and complete case responsibility by State Child Welfare Consultants on a demonstration basis or in the non-local type of case. Services to date have been given in H5 of the 75 counties, and will include all of the counties when the staff has attained full size. Contacts have been developed with County Judges, probation officers, Departments of Public Welfare and other public officials; with private agencies; with the American Legion local representatives; with service clubs; and with 15 of the epproximately 31, Child-Caring institutions of the State. During this six-month period the State was temporarily divided roughly into two districts, east and west, with one consultant available for urgent situations in each district. Because of the lack of personnel, no state-wide attempt has been hade to stimulf te awareness of problems, but the requests for help have already been greater than can be met. Sources of requests have been from the groups mentioned in the last paragraph and from interested individuals. Other cases heve been found in the flow of adoption petitions; and still others through finding young or dependent children in the training schoºls for de- linquents, or normal children in the State Hospital for Nervous Diseases. Another phase of consultation service has been within the State Department of Public Welfare, itself, where in addition to general intra- departmental contacts, there are many consultations on actual cases and case procedures. Some of these are necessarily in the family field, but are a part of the strengthening of services to children. An out- standing factor in the state-wide situation is the eagerness for help in meeting the problems of children. The relationship between the Crippled Children's Division and the Child Welfare Division has been one of mutual interest and cooperation. In two conferences of the Crippled Children's Division, a representative of the U. S. Children's Bureau and the State Director of Child Welfare, definite policies and procedures were agreed upon as follows: Close consultation between the two divisions will con- tinue on foster homes used by the Crippled Children's Division. - The medical social worker of the Crippled Children's Division will continue to have case conferences with the Director of Child Welfare and will participate in Child Welfare Division staff meetings on foster homes, case techniques, etc. Arkansas - 12 Adv. Com. Referrals to County Child Welfare Workers regarding crippled children will first be discussed with the Director of Child Welfare, The Child Welfare Division will function in direct case care or in consultation on cases of crippled children presenting special social problems. There will be mutual consultation on any out-of-state re- ferrals regarding crippled children. "Public relations" heve received much attention on a public and private, States local and individual level. Methods have been largely through personal contacts, but have included speeches, meetings, preparation of material for clubs, publications and news releases. There has been one regional meeting on child welfare in conjunetion with the program of the State Conference of Social Work, A lending library of books and pamphlets on child welfare and related subjects hes been developed, and has been used by State and eounty staffs, and by other individuals. Posters on child welfare have been prepared for exhibit purposes at conferences end fairs. Fifty children 13 years of age or under were found in the Train- ing Sehools for Delinquent Children. Other plans have been made for some of these, and there is some progress in preventing the commitment of additional children of this age, and of the dependent ehildren whose commitment is allowed under the yaw, Ffforts have been mede also to laake other plans for the J7 children found on County Farms. Some have been placed in freter homes, some in their reestablished own homes, and other plans are pending. National and local organizations have been tapped for information on any psychiatric services that might be available to Arkansas, but with little success to date. Special services to Negro children have not been developed, ex- cept for constructive contacts with the Little Rock Urban League and with a group in another city who may later be interested in a project for their children, Progress on the State Advisory Committee has been slow, in pert because of the difficulty of finding a sufficient number of persons with a diversity of interests. - LOCAL SERVICES The policy of establishing no new County CWS Units until qualified personnel is available, was followed during this six months' period. It was considered inadvisable to arouse local interest at this point by carrying on active surveys of counties, Information is being gathered, with a work sheet on certain specific findings, with Arkansas - 13 Local partic: Adv. Com. county files on general findings, end on actual ceses known. A staff meeting with the Field Supervisors of the Assistence Division has been held to discuss their part in observing and evaluating county situations in relation to Child Welfare programs. Services continue in the two organized CWS counties and through the consultation service. In the existing CWS counties attention has been given to regular supervision, in-service training, and general reorganization. Case reviews eliminated great numbers of cases end resulted in division of cases into applicents, active cases and closed cases. Policies of study of applications and case selection were worked out in conference. Functions of staffs and of advisory com— mittees were clarified and interpreted through discussions with the groups or individuals affected. Staff meetings have been ſºutually helpful. Plans for monthly reports and evaluation of case ectivity were worked nut. Sources of referral have been widened. Responsibility for local financial participation has been accepted. In December the question of continuing the services was raised objectively in each county and the decisions for going on were unanimous, with a full understanding ºf the standards involved. In one county, the Judge, himself, presented the program before the Quorum Court and endorsed it. The worker in this county has genuine ability in public relations and in child understanding. In another county, the advisory board is no longer assuming executive powers and the Chairman he's been found to be a woman with insight into the problems of children. In both counties the Advisory Coluaittees have been reorganised and foster homes heve been developed during this period. The workers have shown eagerness for and response to supervision which was not available earlier in the year when the consultants were engaged in flood relief work. ll, C A L I F O R N I A OBJECTIVES The application of this program is restricted to rural areas and areas with special needs for the express purpose of strengthening ser- vices already established and to encourage the creation of new services heretofore untried. Major objectives are the coordination of local effort (health, education, and welfare) for the protection of children generally from mistreatment and exploitation and specifically to lessen the aggravation and accentuation of problems wherein special treatment is necessary. t - l. To assist welfare staff workers to improve professional skill. 2. To aid the State Department of Social Welfare and local com- munities in the recognition of emotional needs of children. 3. To clarify and to complement local responsibility in relation- ship to therapeutic measures. STATE SERVICES Organ- izing In organizing local services during the pest six months we have followed up contacts made in two previous extensive field trips. In two additional counties the pro-gram was interpreted to the County Board of Supervisors, and in a third to the Welfere Director, and many additional consultations were held at various group meetings (such as California Executives of Public Welfare) at which welfare officials were present. Interested counties have expressed a desire for as- sistance in obtaining qualified personnel. Much time has been given to interviewing applicants and evaluating personnel data. Every effort has been made to secure for the counties qualified workers who meet the particular requirements of the various counties, inasmuch as the success or failure of the local programs depends largely upon selection of suitable personnel. LOCAL SERVICES Foster Care Recr. Santa Barbara County:--The worker in this county has now been employed for nine months. In starting her work she placed major empha- sis on the boarding home program, as this was an outstanding need. While shaping this program, the worker has been incidentally giving other services to children, and making the community aware of these special services which she stands ready to render. Many fine aori- munity contacts have been made, and much effort has been given toweró developing recreational facilities in outlying areas. Lastly, at the request of the county director, a survey has been undertaken to de- California - 15 Health Jºoster Cere A.D. C. termine just what facilities for children the county has, what lacks and what overlapping exists, as a basis for further development. Shasta County:--The worker assumed her duties in August. She is working in a very mountainous county. She is the only children's worker in the county, and in addition to handling Aid to Dependent Children, she handled medical emergencies. She has found time to arrange ap- pointments and prepare reports for children to be examined by a psy- chologist from a state Institution (Sonoma) who gave two days' service to the county. She is rendering a very real and necessary service to the county, but is overburdened with a diversity of duties which necessi- tate her working a tremendous amount of overtime. Kern County:--After much effort, a well trained and qualified person was found for this county, and work was started on October 25th. She is starting her work with a survey of the boarding home situation. She has already inaugurated new forms for record keeping. She has ar- ranged for health examinations of foster children and of foster families and is working on individual problem cases. She has also held conferences with workers regarding special problems connected with the children in families receiving State Aid or general relief. The boarding home program has been an entering wedge for the worker in making community contacts, but it is her plan later to concentrate her efforts on developing a sound general program of Child Welfare in the county. Mendocino County:--The Indian Demonstration has now been in oper- ation for six months. Progress has of necessity been slow but we feel that there have been real accomplishments. The worker he's established fine community relationships. Through handling the school funds for Indian children she has gradually gained the confidence and friendship of the Indians and has developed a real interest in them. Instead of feeling discouraged she is confident that much can be done to accomplish the desired results of developing the independence and self-reliance nf the Indians. She has been able to survey the Indian situation in the whole county and to determine where she can concentrate her efforts in the futures The time has arrived for the Department of Education to take over this project, but due to a shortage of their funds and their desire to have us continue supervision we hope to be able to continue participation, Yolo County:--This purely agricultural valley county until the past year has had an untrained welfare worker who handled all types of aid unassisted. Last summer a young treined social worker was made county welfare director. With the assistance of Child Welfare Services funds she now has a qualified assistant who handles aid to dependent children, and other children's ceses requiring individual attention and special services. For the first time, the children's aid cases are being systematically handled by a qualified person with a knowledge of the constructive possibilities of case work procedures, 16 C O L O R A D O OBJECTIVES The objectives of the C.W. S. program include: a. Continuance of the plan of Child Welfare Services, integrating it with the general public welfare program and extending specialized child welfare services into counties as rapidly as possible, b. Assistance in developing case work training in staffs of County Welfare Departments, and child welfare consciousness among State and County officials, County Welfare staffs, lay groups, and individuals throughout the state. c. Cooperating with agencies and institutions concerned with child welfare, in the hope that we mey assist in a more integrated child welfare program in Coloredo. STATE SERVICES Field Service Training The three consultants have continued in their respective dis- tricts, and the fourth consultant was added to the staff on December 16, 1937. For the present he will be a worker at large, remaining in certain counties for a longer period than the district consul- tants find possible to remain. He will also enter upon certain projects that the Child Welfare Division recommends. Providing supervision of personnel?--The child welfare super- visor in each demonstration unit acts in an advisory capacity when requested on cases carried by members of the staff of the County Department of Public Welfare which present child welfare problems, Each consultant supervises the child welfare supervisor in the demonstration unit in her district, e.dvising with her on policies and procedures and on specific cases. The Director of the Child Welfare Division supervises the four consultants and the supervisor of the training center, by individual conferences and by written reports which they are required to submit semi-monthly. The Director also indirectly supervises the child welfare supervisors by letters, supervisors' semi-monthly reports, and by visits to the units. The training program, as developed in co-operation with the University of Denver School of Social Work, has continued to function. In accordance with this plan maintenance may not be provided for more Colorado - 17 Cr. Ch. Psych: Library Foster Care than five students during any one quarter. Four students have been granted scholarships through this Division. In addition to these four students, two students who are enrolled in the University of Denver School of Social Work are taking their field work in this unit. A plan of cooperation has been worked out with the Crippled Children's Division whereby children who are in need of social service following medical treatment and corrective care are referred to the Child Welfare Division either directly by the Crippled Children's Division or locally through the nursing units. . The Child Welfare Division is also cooperating with the Crippled Children's Division by making studies of foster homes in rural com— munities for the placement of convalescent crippled children. The plan of cooperation with the Colorado Psychopathic Hospital providing for traveling child guidance clinic service in the demon- stration units has continued. The second clinic wes held in Mesa County October 14, 5, and 6, 1937, et which time six children were seen by the psychiatrist for the first time and eleven who had been seen at the previous clinic returned for follow-up. In Weld County the child welfare supervisor continues to act as director of the clinic. At her suggestion one of the two psychiatrists that conduct the clinic has been going to the high school and providing consultation service to pupils and teachers who desire this but who hesitate to attend the regular clinic. This is being tried on an ex- perimental basis, The Child Welfare Division has developed a lending library of books and pamphlets for use in our training center and for loan to staffs of county departments of public welfare. These books are avail- able to our child welfare consultants and supervisors. In two of the demonstration units the supervisors have been requested to lead study. groups, and the books have been of great assistence. In the beginning of the program it was thought that only identi- fying data on cases would be carried in the State office, with complete cese histories being carried in the office of the County Department of Public Welfare. Experience showed that this plan was not satisfactory and a change was made • A complete case history is carried in the State office on each case on which a consultant's edvice is requested outside the demon- stration units, and a report of each foster home studied by the con- sultant, The dictation is done in the State office, where each con- sultant spends one week each month. The State Department of Public Welfare has provided the Division with a full-time stenographer for this purpose, Coloredo - 18 Court Schools LOCAL SERVICES The four demonstration units have continued to function, offering child welfare services on a demonstration basis. 1. 2. In the Mesa County unit the worker has continued to secure psychiatric histories on cases referred to the child guidance clinic and to garry out the recommendations made by the psychi- atrists In the Weld County unit the Child Welfare Supervisor has accept of appointment as president of the mental hygiene clinic and he's devoted a good deal of her time to this. At the request of local citizens she is conducting a class in mental hygiene. In Otero County the Child Welfare Supervisor has continued her work with the court and schools, and has acted in an advisnry capacity with the members of the staff of the County Department of Public Welfare. She is conducting, a class in mental hygiene. The class is composed of teachers, and was organized at their requests In Jefferson County a child welfare worker was added to the staff on December 1, 1937, to do intensive work on child welfare cases and permit the training supervisor to devote more time to the . students. In each demonstration unit there is a complete history on each case accepted by the Child Welfare Supervisor, as well as a detailed study on each foster home considered. A copy of each case history and foster home study is mailed to the State office. Consultant service from CWS State staff he s been available to local communities through the county depertments of public welfare, which frequently involves going out on individual children's cases with local workers in cooperation with juvenile courts, schools and interested groups in rural counties. * Because of the large districts assigned eech consultant it is impossible to do intensive work in every county, therefore the consultants are now concentrating in a few counties where the local citizens are aware of children's problems and where local resources are available for working out these problems. - \ C O N N E C T I C U T & objectives organ- ising ...sº The brief outline of the objectives of the State CWS program should begin with the statement that we are attempting to do a pre- ventive job in the child welfare field. This includes an extension of the Bureeu of Child Welfare services, especially in the phases in which they are weak, primarily because of lack of personnel, and the introduction of new services deemed necessary because of the gaps in the state child welfare program, both public and private. - STATE SºFWICI:S In Litchfield County the Supervisor did the organization wrrk and the case work more or less simultaneously so thet when a Visitor was taken on, eight months later, considerable service had already . been rendered to the community and to families. This probably partially accounts for the gradual but consistently increasing number of referrals, indicating a response considered unusually gºod by people who know rural Connecticut. The disadvantege ley in the necessity of transferring the familiesto a new case worker at a time when a mutual interest had de- veloped between families and Supervisor, and in introducing a new person to the community, although the Supervisor continues to have many com- munity contects. - In Windham County possibly all thet we's accomplished between April and August was some interpretation of CWS, being careful et all times to be reasonably unaggressive, not too technicel, end to learn first hand about locºl conditions and learning much of the comtunity rer ction regarding the County Hore situation. Becruse of the Supervisor's com— paratively short contact, it seemed easier for the families and the com- munity to accept a worker there August 1st. Our choice of a worker we's a perticularly happy one as she knew that section of the state and hed many friends there. She gained the confidence of the community easily; they have commented freely on her good common sense and genuine helpful- ness. Even referrals in this county would be eomewhat conditioned by their acceptance of the incal worker. After very careful interpretation and instruction she went on with some of the organisation work, doing it simultaneously with her case work, When services ere extended to Toll and County, the Supervisor. having learned by experience in the two other counties, cen strike e happy medium and do just enough organisation and case work before a worker is placed there. Connecticut - 20 Field Any consultation service furnished is so casual that one hesitates Service to call it such and yet we have been called on for advice end assistence in various cases throughout the county, especially in Litchfield County. Although these calls take time from regular case loads, it is greti- fying to have services sought. Also, it offers an excellent oppor- tunity to interpret the services, as the persons seeking advice are quite naturally more interested in their problems then in ours, end possibly learn more about case work approach, client participation, ethics, etc. , through these informal discussions then through any amount of abstract teaching. Also it does no harm to learn more about the other fellows' problems end to appreciate how difficult these may be when one's decisions are complicated by the fact that a client may be a close neighbor or friend, making it hard for a local person to take an objective view of the situation. These consultation services vary from general discussions of local relief situations and what to do about them, to correlating work of various agencies who have been working independently on e case. In one of these last instances, we were able to make a good contact in a town which we hed been unable to reach previously and believe they will begin to refer cases soon. Coordi- As our work continues, some of our services are modified. Where nation formerly the Bureau of Child Welfare referred families in ceses where petitions for commitment have been brought but have not resulted in commitment, in some cases now the Judge is requesting our presence at the hearing and virtually placing families on probation to C.W. S. pend- ing a continued hearing. In rehabilitation work we are not only ac- cepting requests of parents and relatives but ere atterpting to work out a satisfactory plan for all of Litchfield County children now at the Del. Gilbert Home who will pass from care within a year. Our delinquency work has progressed to the extent that when requested by Judges we are giving probation service to children whose hearing for commitment to a correctional institution did not result in commitment, A&-Insts Our relationship with the other state-wide organizations remeins satisfectory. We recently met with the Connecticut Humane Society to review our progress in the light of our year and a half experience. Unless referrals to and from the agencies are carefully worked out there is danger of duplication. We frequently need to explain to the community that the various agencies active on a case are supplementing services, not duplicating them. Psych: The Mental Hygiene Society continues to give us satisfactory service. In addition, they have extended their services to Litchfield County, seeing referrals by appointment in Winsted. This facilitates our work by elimineting the trip to and from Hertford, and by making the services roore easily available to the community, furnishing a much needed resource. Training We have no training progren. Staff members of the State Bureau of Child Welfare held discussion meetings for the provisional ap- pointees prior to the merit examinations and our workers attended & Connecticut - 21 Cr. º Ch. these as two of them are provisional appointees and the third was interested in a discussion of the la's pertaining to Child Welfare. All of the workers and the Supervisor are taking courses with the Pro- fessional Education Program. - The work under the Crippled Children's Services has not gone be- yond the forming of an Advisory Board, to January list. Cooperative plans have still to be worked out but CWS has offered the services of its in cel offices in any way they can be used. LOCAL SERVICES The project in Litchfield County was begun August 12, 1936. The work was so well received that it was considered a good field for an intensive demonstration, so a second Wisitor began her work there August l, 1937, a first Visitor having been there since March 1937. This action would seem to be justified as both workers are carrying as heavy case loads as is compatible with good cese work. Pressure of work does not limit their intake as we accept any referrals which appear to need our services, but attempt to evaluate cases and do intensive work on those which are susceptible to treatment, promptly referring those in which other state-wide agencies can render the necessary service. He realize that our services will rightfully be judged not by the number of cases but by the quality of service given and by our location in a county concentrating on service we should be able to avoid the criticism so frequently heard of existing state-wide agencies that they ere so heavily laden the t they can only "hit the high spots". We try always to stress the preventive angle of our work, and prevention requires concentrated effort. By this intensive program we are attempting to demonstrate the need of our Services in Connecticut where private agencies have to cur- tail their intake because of limited finances, and the Bureau of Child Welfare, which cannot control intake, is facing the fact that they cannot do a satisfactory job until they are more adequately staffed. Wie are availing ourselves of the all ton inadequate facilities in the county and thus introducing these to the local workers. In doing rehabilitation work in a family where the mother has recently returned from a Tuberculosis Sanatorium and the children are Tb. contacts, after a careful interpretative job the Selectman offered to supplement the previously inadequate budget of an agency by $140 per month when the children are returned. Occasionally we are discouraged bºr regression. We recognize the need of conference on cooperative cases but have hesitated to introduce too formal a note too soon. Premature conferences might lead to with- drawal of referrals by an agency, interpreting as personal criticism what would really be criticism of case work technique. There is much need of a Social Service Exchange here, and the idea of organizing one such as has proven useful in Windham County was introduced to the © Connecticut - 22 Adv. Com. public welfare council of Litchfield County and is now being con- sidered as an N.Y.A. project. Real progress has been made in selecting and organizing an Advisory Board. Especislly welcome in this group are those who are opposed to outside agency "interfering" in local affairs. If they accept this work they will be able to interpret to others because they have first been convinced themselves. A Board with 6pposing opinions should prove more interesting as well as more challenging. tie have been working in Windham County about nine months. Our last Progress Report stated briefly the situation when we began work there. In some respects we have mede progress. Cases are being referred and if in some instances we suspect rether hopeless cases are turned over as a sort of challenge, we must also realize that a new agency in any locality is "tried out" and we must expect a certain percentage of these at first. Enough more hopeful referrels have been made which bring us nearer to being eble try do a preventive piece of work. The extension services rendered District Bureau of Child Welfare office here vary somewhat from those in Litchfield County but the relationship is equally satisfactory. D E L A W A R E objícTIVES 2 There has been little coordination of child welfare activities in Delaware in the past. The State CWS program can be most useful perhaps in helping to bring about as much coordination as is possible under the existing set-up of different commissions for different welfare activities. Specifically, we are working toward such a coordinated policy with the Relief Commission and the Mothers' Pension Commission as well as with private child placing agencies so that children seeming to need help may get it from the agency apparently best able to serve their needs. Unfortunately, even today many of Delaware's children in need of help either get it from a source ill equipped to give it or they do not get it at all, - We plan to continue to some extent work of broader community aspects, especially in regard to Negroes. This may take on the nature of group work or perhaps simply of educational work. We are hoping also to do a demonstration job in Kent County in regard to the foster home care of unmerried mothers when needed and to help bring about more adequate care for these mothers under any circumstances. STATE SERVICES The State Board of Charities is directly responsible for super- vising the program. The Director of the State Board will continue to supervise the cese workers until February 1, 1938, when a super- visor will be added to the staff. Training Aside from the supervision of the workers, the State Board will permit the .case workers to attend classes at the Pennsylvania School of Social Work, doing their field work with the agency. It is also planned to provide an opportunity for Delaware persons interested in & social work and seemingly quelified to enter the field professionally to attend schools of sociel work on a fellowship basis. Health Many cases are referred to us by the State Public Health De- partment. There is inadequate medical care in Delaware for the medically indigent. We are looking forward to working out, on a demonstration basis, a progrem with the State health depertment and with the county medical society for the adequate medical care of all children carried by the State Board of Charities either in its Child Welfare Services or in its foster care division. - Delaware - 21, N r L ie brNeºEO 110taryO Psychiatric and psychological services are available at the State Hospital for the Insane. The psychological services particu- larly are utilized. We have a Negro worker who confines herself to activities with Negro children. Books, pamphlets, and maeazines of social work import are being provided. LOCAL SERVICES Adv. Com. Local services have been organized for over one and one half years in two of the three counties in the State. Child Welfare Services in Kent County. Among White Children:--In November the first meeting was held of a possible case committee to advise the Steff on local cases and help interpret our work to the community. Some of the members of this committee were involved in the energetic local campaign to provide needy families in the com— munity with Christmas baskets, so it has been necessary to postpone our second meeting until after the first of the year, The office of the CWS seems to have become the focal point for registering complaints of all sorts affecting children. Cases are referred for financial aid, clothing for children, milk for babies, because there is no adequate home relief program in the county, Able- bodied fathers are referred from this office to WPA for work; emergen- cy calls for milk or clothing are referred to the Red Cross and the Needlework Guild. The State nurses refer cases of neglect or need, the Mothers' Pension Commission refers cases which cannot receive mothers' assistance, and individuals report a great variety of matters in regard to children. It seems as though most of our work in CWS from October through December was concerned with procuring relief assistence for families with children, from some public or private agency. This assistence often is impossible to obtain and at other times the giving of it is based on the fickle whims of the agency or investigator. Child Welfare Services for Negro Children?--Child Welfare Services for Negro children have been developed by the Negro worker to some extent throughout Kent and Sussex Counties, the predominantly rural area of the State. This has afforded the worker a chance not only to learn the particular problems end needs of various localities but to help develop the interest of each community in the needs of its children. Deleware - 25 Health e o dº sº ºr dº Schools Court By far the greater number of ceses have been referred by the local Health Units which are quite active in sections not usually covered by other agencies. The next largest number of referrals have come from the schools and the courts. Few children's cases alone come from individuals not connected with some agency. Requests however come from the Negro community for all types of general social work from help on filling out Old Age Assistance blanks to organizing community groups. To these people who have known little of the verious fields of Social Work having a Negro worker, regardless of her classification, means having someone who can help them with all their problems. The worker has felt it is better for our Child Welfare Program if we help with some of these requests. She has found that through active perticipation in many local programs such as P.T.A., Community Clubs, etc., we are able to develop through education more interest in the Child Welfare Rrogram. Because there is still no edequate relief program for the rural areas our case work program is affected and much time has to be spent in securing aid for cases. Another problem has been that of referrals made by the schools. In many cases the worker has found several agencies ( those not using the Social Service Exchange) active on these cases. The principel, often wanting something done abnut a family immediately, will refer a case to the truant officer, court worker and to our agency thus causing confusion in the home and with the child referred, With conferences at one particular schºol this problem has been successfully handled and the principal now thinks over which agency he feels can best handle the case before making a referral. If he is in doubt he often calls the Child Welfare Worker for information. In one community in which the Juvenile Court judge has been intensely interested in the development of a Negro Community Center en arrangement was made by Child Welfare Worker to refer those prede- linquents known to the judge to the recreation workers at the centre. The recreation workers have made special visits to these homes and report to Child Welfare Worker specific needs. When this plan is further developed we hope to have regular court referrals and regular reports made by the workers to the judge on each case, Thus we feel that one of the most outstanding needs, thet of the education of the public officials as well as clients, is gradually being met, 26 D. I. S. T B E G T 0 if—0.0 L J M B I. A - Ed. Notes -The District of Columbia was specifically named in the Social Security Act as being eligible for participation in the child- welfare services and other services for children on the same basis as any State. The Child Welfare Services program of the District of Columbia pertains to conditions in a large city, rather than those of a States OBJECTIVES The project being carried on by the Board of Public Welfare of the District of Columbia is entitled: "Demonstration in Case Work and Coordination of Community Resources in the Prevention of Dependency, Neglect and Delinquency of Children." The objectives of this demon- stration are: l . To establish a pattern for a well-coordinated service for children in need of public protection and care; 2. To stimulate lay groups in the community to their responsibility in the correction of economic and social conditions contributing to the child welfare problems of the community. With these two major, or long range, objectives in mind, there. have developed in the course of the work several immediate objectives serving to modify somewhat the activities of the Demonstration Unite One of these is related to the coordination of the Unit services with those of other units in the District of Columbia Government. Another is related to the place the Unit is now filling in the elementary school program. DISTRICT SERVICES Coordi- nation The Demonstration Unit has been organized as an independent unit in the Board of Public Welfare, responsible directly to the Director of Welfare and through him to the Board of Public Welfare. The service operates from headquarters in a white school building, Peabody School, with offices also in Logan School, a colored school building. This provides a practicable arrangement to serve the convenience of colored clients. The staff has been appointed from U. S. Civil Service lists on the basis of experience and qualifications for their respective parts of the program. The Demonstration Unit has available all of those services within the Board of Public Welfare which are related to the program of the Unit. From the District of Columbia Health Department, the Research Department of the Public Schools, and the Department of School Attendance, District of Columbia - 27 l. Del Ørs- re-Ch. Healt Psych- services are also available to the Unit. The Unit is being called on increasingly for consultation and advisory service in child welfare problems to branches of the local Government and to private agencies. In addition to cases referred to the Unit for case work service, its staff has acted in a consultant capacity in various types of problems, many of them cases of children presenting certain needs because of behavior difficulties or problems within their family relationships, Cooperation with health programs has been worked out chiefly through two of the units of the Health Department of the District of Columbia, the Nursing Service and the Bureau of Maternal and Child Welfare. As soon as the Crippled Children's Service Unit is oper- ating on a plan which makes possible collaboration by the Demonstra- tion Unit, this will be a part of the arrangements between the Demon- stration Unit and the Department of Health. There is now collaboration between the Nursing Service and the Demonstration Unit in planning and interchange of social and health data regarding those families with whom the two services are having contact and in the social aspects of the problems of adolescent girls under treatment for gonorrhea at the Health Department clinic, especially where the treatment program is a particularly long-time one. Two conferences on this latter problem have been held by the Director of the Demonstration Unit with the Director of the Bureau of Maternal end Child Welfare, The effort is to devise some means by which special attention can be given to these girls which will serve to accelerate the benefits of the treatment program. There are serious difficulties from the standpoint of exclusion from school, and the girls in question are at an age where certain aspects of the social problems involved call for a kind of planning which it is impossible to relate to the present medical programs of the Department of Healthe The noed for social services in connection with some of the clinic work of the Bureau of Maternal and Child Welfare has been dis- cussed by the Director of that Bureau with the Director of the Demon- stration Unit. The possibility of collaboration here has not gone beyond conferences in regard to the initial stage; the development of some montal hygiene service in connection with the child health servicese The plan tentatively under consideration is to establish a service for guidance of parents regarding problems of pre-school children who are attending the child health clinics. A beginning may be made in one clinics The contribution of the Demonstration Unit would be in social services by a staff member in developing social data for the psychiatrist and in interviews with parents. Psychiatric Service: The limited provisions for psychiatric service in the District of Columbia are a real handicap in child welfare services. Two sources of this service are now available to public agencies, the Washington Child Guidanco Clinic and the Psychiatric Clinic at Gallinger Municipal Hospital. The Child Guidance Clinic has a program District of Columbia • 28 intended to carry only treatment cases and the desire is especially not to crowd this service with applications for diagnosis of children very limited in intelligence. The clinic at the Municipal Hospital has the primary function of certifying individuals for commitment to the District Training School for the Feeble-minded and to St. Elizabeth's Hospital for mental patients. In view of the functions of these two clinics, the plan of the Demonstration Unit must necessarily be to apply at the Child Guidance Clinic for diagnosis and treatment plans for a very limited number of childron and to use the clinic at the Municipal Hospital for diagnosis and planning for children in whose cases the data indicate probable feeblo-mindedness or mental defect calling for hospitalization. This leaves a certain group of cases for whom it is difficult to plan, with the staff of the Unit endeavoring to develop in individual situations such service as may be possible, chiefly through the modium of special requests made to tho Director of the Child Guidance Clinic. The staff limitations at both of these clinics create a difficulty from the standpoint of the number of patients to whom they are able to give services Psychological Service is in the main available through the Research Department of the Public Schools. A considerable number of the children dealt with by the Unit are given special examinations by the Research Department at the request of the Unit. In the cases of all children dealt with who are attending the public schools, and they constitute the very great majority of those dealt with by the Unit, the child's school record shows some information on study cr testing done by the Research Department. Last year some service was available through the psychologi- cal clinic at Providence Hospital. With the opening of a school in con- nection with the Child Study Center of the Catholic University of America, this service at Providence Hospital has been closed except for service to a group of epileptics. Only school children are accepted for study and treatments Provision is to be made for bus transportation, when neces- sary, between the school and the homes of the children attending the school. This school, in this first year of operation, is concentrating on study and correction of unusual types of vision defect and reading difficulties. Just how much service the new set-up at the Catholic University will make available to the Demonstration Unit, it is too early to say, but the Unit is invited to make application for study and treat- ment plans for any child in the elementary schools who is presenting behavior difficulties or who has problems in his school life which appear to be related to treatable causes, An interesting development is taking place in the Public School System under joint sponsoring of the Board of Education and the Child Guidance Clinic, in the handling of reading difficulties. During the last school year several hundred teachers took a series of lectures, espocially arranged by bringing in experts in the handling of these problems from other cities, as the basis for recognition of the problems and deciding how they should be dealt with. Now the beginning has been District of Columbia • 29 Negro Library A&e=Inst- Schools made in a small remedial reading program. Some of the teachers are handling the simpler problems as part of the class room work. A small group of tutors, developed by the Child Guidance Clinic, is handling some of the more complicated ones. While some of the children who have difficulties quite complicated, have treatment programs carried by the clinic. The clinic has started a play and crafts group, drawn from the clinic clientole, who come to the clinic on Saturdays. This makes possible an integration with the child's whole program, of the treatment plans for his problems as they are being carried out by the clinic, Work for Negro children is carried on in exactly the same way as the work for white children. Many of the cases are referred by the colored public schools in the project area. The Northeast Neighborhood Club, made up of colored women, has also been a source of referral of children to the Unite tº- Library service for the staff of the Unit is provided generally by the Public Library. Professional literature is made available to the staff by means of a system by which the library sends groups of books to the Unit office, which may be kept usually for a period of four weeks, Whenever requests have been made by social workers for professional liter- ature which is not found on the shelves of the library, the books have been bought by the library if purchase is requested. The library in the Board of Public Wolfare offices is available and the location of the Library of Congross, within a few blocks of the office of the Unit, pro- vidos ready access to current periodicals. Coordination of Services: In addition to the types of coordination listed above other cooperative arrangements may be mentioned where coordi- nation of other services with the program of the Demonstration Unit are proving helpful, In the progress report made in July 1937, attention was called to a plan by which the Juvenile Protective Association was meeting the expense of maintenance and care in a special school of one boy with whom the Unit was dealing. Following preliminary study of this situation in this placement, the Juvenile Protective Association agreed to continue meeting the oxpense throughout the current school year. As part of this plan, the Demonstration Unit carries the supervision of the placement and the program of sorvice in the child's home. The arrangement made with the School Attendance Office, whereby that office leaves to the Demonstration Unit contact with the home in situar tions in which both offices have an interest, continues • The cooperative arrangement with the Public Assistance Division continues. That Division gives relief where needed in families dealt with by the Unit while the supervision and case work treatment are carried by the Demonstration Unit. (i) - District of Columbia • 30 Several cases are being handled in a cooperative arrangement with the Division of Child Welfare of the Board of Public Welfare. Two of these are of difficulties in which the children were involved due to serious defects in the relationships between their parents. On complaint to the Division of Child Welfare by persons interested in these two situ- ations, the social inquiry was transferred to the Demonstration Unit because the families were living in the project area. One of these cases, especially, presented such serious aspects that it seomed certain that court action, looking to commitmont of the child would soon have been instituted by the neighbors. Adjustments were effected and a treat- mont program is now being carried out by the Unit in this situation. The third case involved the needs of two adolescent girls, one of whom is a temporary ward of the Board of Public Wolfare, while her sister is not a wards. This latter child has sorious problems in her own emotional life which are related to a health problom of gonorrhea. She has had caro over a considerable period of time in one of the Health Department clinics, Commu- The staff of the Unit has currently participated in programs of the Inity Neighborhood Councils. The Council for the Northeast area is achieving organization and it is expected that the group will be functioning with a program of activities early in the calendar years Members of the staff have currently addressed groups of social workers, civic groups and conferences of teachers, v. Come Two meetings were held during the fall of the original Advisory Committee of the Unit, which comprises executives of the private and public agencies. The Case Committee is meeting currently on schedulee This group was invited to the two meetings of the Advisory Committee which wore called. These two meetings were devoted to consideration of the gonoral developments in the project and to discussion of possible changes in the type of program. This topic ongaged the group because of dovolopments in the intakes During the current fiscal year, intake from the elementary schools has been increased and the cases referred show recognition on the part of the school staff of incipient problems and the need for social services to implement and strengthen the pro- gram of the elementary schools. The Case Committee continues consideration of problems at intake, though with the development of services within the Demonstration Unit the type of discussion has changed somewhat in character. Last year the cases discussed were presented either by the Unit or by another agency from the standpoint of decision of acceptance of the particular problem. This was as a means of guiding and defining the intake of the project• This year the group has been considering more type problems and groups of situations. These have been related to problems of economic need, of neglect and of behavior. One very interesting dis- cussion, which carried over into a second meeting, was based on a group District of Columbia • 31 Schools of problems presented chiefly by the schools where a part of the service indicated was the development of resources for economic assistance to the families. Practically all of these were situations in which difficulties were developing for the children in their school life due to inadequate income, a temporary problem in most cases of unemployment of the father, or serious illness among the wage earners of the family group. The cases did not fall within the general classifications of problems being accepted by the relicf agencies. While some of the Committoe members expressed the opinion that this material should be utilized to further the interpretar- tion of the need for larger appropriations for relief, the discussion brought out the need for the Demonstration Unit to be aware of the attitude of the school group in recognition of these social problems and of the need of the schools for guidance and assistance regarding actual service in meeting the problems. On the whole, the Committee was of the opinion that the Demonstration Unit was rendering a valuable service in attempting to serve the schools in the handling of these problems wherever they were related to problems in child dependency, neglect and delinquency. An interesting relationship has been developed by one of the staff members with the Parent Education Group of the Adult Education Division of the Public Schools. This service is providing opportunity for some training in home economics for mothers with whom the Unit is dealing. Through the group some voluntary help has been developed for instruction to mothers in their own homes, { In conclusion the special relationships which have developed between the Demonstration Unit and the elementary school system should be mentioned, The supervising principal of the schools in this Division, as well as the majority of the principals contacted, have shown interest in the project and a desire to utilize its services. The Unit staff has rela- tionships with three principals, two white and one colored, covering six buildings, as of a regular consultant servico. The staff is continuously in touch with these schools and these principals currently refer children for service and situations for consultation, information and advice. It is understood by the principals that the limited staff of the Unit makes it impossible to give a complete service to all of these schools. It does seem possible, however, and it is desirable that the program of the project be understood by the principals in this division, 13 in number, covering 21 buildings of the public schools. This will serve some purposes in bringing to all of this group better understanding of the implications of case work services as related to the needs of particular children and their families. The results achieved by the Unit during the calendar year, 1937 has in a measure served to further this purpose. There are four services within this elementary school system, related to the school program and yet added services, that indicate the need for social services within the school system. These are the lunches which are District of Columbia • 32 provided without charge to children needing them, whose families are unable to meet such further needs; the nursery schools operated by the Works Progress Administration; the milk provided by the schools for under- nourished and underweight children who cannot afford to buy it; and the contributions of clothing made by the Parent Teacher Association groupse All of these services have figured in the case work operations of the Demonstration Unit. This fall principals within the school group have on several oc- casions expressed interest in the program of the Unit and have spoken of its usefulness to the school system. The supervising principal of the area and individual principals have been invited to the meetings of the Advisory Committee and principals are being invited to some of the meet- ings of the Case Committee. During the fall the President of the Board of Education visited the Demonstration Unit, bringing the school official in charge of special schools. They discussed the program of the Unit and were interested especially from the standpoint of the contacts with the elementary schools. - 33 E. L. Q. R. I. D. A A OBJECTIVES The Child Welfare Services in Florida are developing a program for services to children in a few counties in the State which will be a pattern for a State-wide program. This is being done by placing trained children's workers in rural counties, who are working with the local advisory committees in studying the needs of the children and who take responsibility for caring for children who are homeless or who must be moved from their homes by providing boarding home care or arranging for institutional care. They give case work service to children pre- senting behavior problems and those who are delinquent; they offer specialized service to children who are physically or emotionally handi- capped and assist the committee, in coordinating their local resources and organizing new ones. The Child Welfare Services are a part of the program of the State Welfare Board, and the District Board is administratively re- sponsible to the State Board for the child welfare unit in its District. - STATE SERVICES Field Sºrce The organizing of child welfare units was originally done by the district directors and the district boards. This has been changed and the organization work is begun by asking the field representatives of the Public Assistance and the Child Welfare Departments to report to us counties showing a need for or an interest in this service. One of the training supervisors goes to a county, confers with the district director and board members and interviews key people. If these individuals feel the program is needed and wanted in the community, they introduce the CWS representative to the county commissioners and school boards and a definite request for financial support is made. If sufficient funds are granted units will be developed. There is no consultation service offered the counties in which there is not a child welfare service worker. This service had been given by the Child Welfare Department, but was discontinued in October, 1937. The Child Welfare Technical Consultant acts as a supervisor to the units. This is done by monthly visits to them. The committee members are interviewed and the work of the unit discussed, its interpretation to the committee and their response, also ways and means of financing the work which the committee wishes to do for the children of the county. The worker and State supervisor study the county and community situation and plans are made • The supervisor reads records and discusses them with the local worker. The case load is often considered as a whole, and decisions are made regarding the types of cases which it seems advisable for us to accept in this county. A case conference is held Florida - 34 Training Cr. Che composed of the district director, local State board workers, child welfare supervisor and State supervisor at which time cases are pre- sented and policies of the two departments of the organization are discussed. This is found to be useful in thinking through the prob- lems of the county and in keeping the functions of each clearly de- fined. There are quarterly staff meetings of the CWS staff where discussion groups are led , by training supervisors and talks are given by heads of other departments, Children's Bureau field representatives or other people who are interesting speakers on related subjects. The policies of child welfare services are also considered at these meet• ings • Owing to the difficulty of finding qualified children's workers, two training centers were established to train Floridians in children's work. It was necessary to organize a children's agency and train work- ers simultaneously. Twelve people have been given the opportunity of working in the centers and five of them have been granted educational leaves of absence. Six trainees have been appointed since July 1937. One entered the training center in July, another in August, and four in October, as the other trainees left on their educational leaves. The trainees select the schools they wish to attend and three have gone to the New York School of Social Work, one to the University of Minnesota and one to William and Mary School of Social Work and Public Health, Richmond, Va. In one training center we provided a qualified children's worker who has been responsible for carrying cases and assisting in the community work. The first trainee to complete her educational leave will have a position in the other center. The training supervisors are re- questing the county and State to assume responsibility for a children's agency which can adequately meet the needs of the children of this county. The Crippled Children's Service of Florida refer cases to the State Welfare Board. If the case is located in a county where we have a child welfare unit the notice is forwarded to our worker in that county. This referral notice may request any of the following services t l. Information regarding home background of the child 2. Assistance in improving home conditions 3. Follow-up work in the home after the child's return 4. Assistance in securing special educational facilities 5. Any other special services requested The child welfare worker takes the responsibility of notifying the dis- trict commissioner of the crippled children's service of any major change in the condition or attitude of the home which might affect the welfare of the child. The commissioner's district nurse on her regular rounds confers with the child welfare worker who is giving service to any of their cases • Florida - 35 Library The child welfare service is collecting a library and has over 50 books for the use of the workers. At the present time some of the books are in each of the training centers and some in the State office. . The workers have a list of the books and request three which they want to read and the available one is mailed to them. LOCAL SERVICES Health The Training Centers have had so many children referred to them that it was necessary in order to meet the needs of the children and to continue a restricted case load for trainees to add a children's visitor. At one center the Junior League, which was sponsoring a hospital for tuberculous children, requested the center to give them consultation service on their admissions and discharges. The center was able to point out that most of the children could be given as good physical care in their homes with financial help and supervision and many in the hospital could be returned to their own homes, so the Junior League decided that the tuberculosis hospital for children was not a real need in the county and closed it on December 31, 1937. The children who could not be returned to their own homes were referred to the center for placement. The advisory committee has asked the Junior League, who are considering a new project, to assist in developing the children's unit by paying the salary of an executive and to request that the public funds given for their project be used for children's care. A closer relationship has been developed between the Center and the County Health Unit and they are allowing time at the clinic for thorough examinations of children under the care of the center. 36 G E O R G I A OBJECTIVES (l) To make available to all the State outside of the larger towns and cities advisory service on child-welfare problems. (2) To give to the local directors of county Departments of Public Welfare in the area covered as much help as possible in the actual handling of cases involving serious problems of child welfare. (3) To set up in each congressional district, outside of the one in which Atlanta is located - a demonstration county, or group of counties. in which a full-time worker will concentrate on handling cases of child welfare, interpreting to the community the children's needs, and stimulating the organization of community facilities for meeting these needs. (4) To provide supervision from the State Office to the field workers handling the district and county work, especially in regard to child-placing and along psychological lines. (5) To provide special service to the State institutions caring for children, through cooperation of our field staff and through workers especially assigned to these institutions. STATE SERVICES {#se The Director of the Child Welfare Division (not paid by Child Welfare Service funds) and the Supervisor of Child Welfare Services are responsible for general planning, direction and supervision of the program, for ail administrative detaiis and for special super- vision of the District Supervisors. The State office has attempted to place one District Supervisor in each congressional district except the one in which Atlanta is located. Because of difficulty in securing qualified personnel two districts are still uncovered. These Supervisors are stationed in the headquarters with the Field Supervisors of the Assistance Division of the State Department of Public Welfare, the two divisions consulting together and working in closest cooperation. These Supervisors are principally responsible, with the help of the State office, for organ- izing demonstration counties or groups of counties. The Director of the Division of Child Welfare and the Supervisor of Child Welfare Services have furnished supervision to the District Supervisors of Child Welfare, and they are in turn responsible for the supervision of child welfare workers in demonstration counties • This supervision of District Supervisors has been given through correspondence, Georgia - 37 Foster Psych. Training Cr. Ch. occasional visits to the district offices, individual visits of the Supervisors to the State office, and occasional staff meetings. A definite plan of supervision was not worked out for the first six months, but has been worked out for the next year. Special consultation service on child-placing was furnished for a time by a Supervisor of Child-Placing in the State office. Since her resignation it has been impossible to secure a prope?ly qualified successor, and this work has been carried on by the Supervisor of Child Welfare Services. In January 1938, a psychologist who will furnish consultation service to the District Supervisors of Child Welfare and the County child welfare workers was added to the staff. Three members of the staff have been given three months' inten- sive training in a well organized child-placing agency under competent supervision. Two of these workers are now active in the program; one, with two other child welfare workers, was given educational leave to attend the School of Social "Tork of Tulane University for a semester. One County child welfare worker has been given educational leave to attend the New York School of Social Fork for six months, winter and spring quarters. Six workers have so far been benefited by educational leaves varying from three to seven months. The Crippled Children's program was not developed in the State during the first six months of this fiscal year. The closest coopera- tion between the Child Welfare Service program and the Crippled Chil- dren's program is contemplated for the coming year. LOCAL SERVICES Each District Supervisor gives advisory service on cases of child welfare to local Directors of County Departments of Public "elfare in her district. In as many cases as her time permits, and where it seems to be advisable on account of her greater knowledge or because the great pressure of the Assistance program allows too little time for case-work by the County Directors, the District Super- visor handles cases herself on a demonstration basis. Each Supervisor with the help of the State office, has selected the county in her district which, taking all factors into consideration, seems to offer the best opportunity for doing successful case-work with the children needing this service, and the best opportunity for stimula- ting in the community an interest in and understanding of child welfare which it is hoped will terminate in the community's taking over the child welfare program as a permanent project. After selection of the demonstration unit, a child-welfare worker is assigned to the staff of the local Department of Public Welfare to Georgia - 38 Foster Care Psych- Health be administratively an integral part of the county staff, but to be under the case-work supervision of the District Supervisor of Child Welfare. By January 1, 1938 a demonstration unit had been organized in all districts except one; in one district the demonstration had been discontinued, leaving seven units active. Q Each demonstration unit has presented to some extent a different problem, from two Counties in the Coastal plain, covering a large rural area where abject poverty predominates with its accompanying lack of health, educational, and recreational facilities, to a county in the hills, where a group of delinquent mill-boys in a small town with some well-organized services is the focus of community concern. The program in each unit has been adapted to the local situation, while always em- phasizing the case-work approach. The District Supervisors and County Child Welfare Workers call upon the State Office for special advice on placement of children in foster homes. All decisions regarding adoptions are made in the State office, all investigations regarding adoption homes and the children to be placed in them being under the close supervision of the Supervisor of Child Welfare Services. Since January a service has been available to the County child welfare workers under the supervision of the District Supervisors for psychological tests, special studies and advice regarding outstanding problem cases. In two of the organized counties where no health services had been available, the interest aroused and guidance given by the County child welfare worker has been responsible for making these services available through the organization of a County health unit. 39 Foster ºars- Health H A Wºſ A iſ I OBJECTIVES During the past six months the main objective of the Child Welfare Services program in the Territory of Hawaii has been to provide experienced child welfare workers for each of the five principal islands. Three such workers have already been secured. They have been exploring the child welfare needs in their counties and have also been attempting to locate and extend resources in their communities to meet these needs. Special emphasis has been placed on the workers' relationships with the Juvenile Courts. Under the Territorial Public Welfare Law dependent children in need of place- ment away from their own homes are a responsibility of the County Public Welfare Commissions. The child welfare workers have been making an effort to investigate the cases of these children and arrange for their placement. Af TERRITORIAL SERVICES Our plan is to have a Child Welfare worker in each County to act as supervisor of the work with the dependent children who are in need of placement away from their own homes. This entails the investigation of applications, the development of a foster home program and the supervision of children placed in foster family homes and institutions. In each County the Child Welfare worker in the beginning has had to develop the work herself. This has been a demonstration job to show the need for a child welfare program in each county. It has meant that the worker has had to do investigation, home finding and placement herself. On the islands of Oahu and Hawaii the workers already have more than they can possibly handle. The Oahu Commission at its last meeting outlined the program of developing a child welfare department of three case workers and one home finder under the supervision of the Child Welfare worker. The Hawaii worker already has over a hundred children under care. "Child Welfare Services" is asking that this Commission provide their child welfare worker with one case worker in the near future. The child welfare worker on Molokai has been there only a short while and it is difficult at this time to say what the load will be on that island. Throughout the islands child welfare workers are finding that the number of dependent children is very great. Statistics on this subject are rather vague at the present time, but several factors obviously causing dependency recur with great frequency. The amount of tuberculosis among our people is very high. It has caused the death of many parents and has made others incapable of filling their role of parent. Hawaii - 40 fº) Del- In our rural, as well as urban, areas we are finding large groups of single Filipino men. This race was the last to be imported into the Territory as laborers for our plantations and very few women were brought over with the group. As a result many social problems have arisen. The few Filipino women who are here change husbands rather frequently. Their children are often left with the fathers, and without a woman in the home many of their girls are exposed to sexual experience at very early ages. There is a custom of long standing among the Hawaiians of giving young children to any relative or friend who may ask for them. These children are called "hanais". They seldom are legally adopted. However, as far as the parents of the children are concerned, the custom is as binding as though it were done by Court order. To ask for the return of a child given as a hanai will result, they be- lieve, in bad luck for the parents as well as the child. Many of these hanai children later turn up in undesirable homes. They have frequently been taken by elderly people who later die and they are then passed on to anyone who will give them a home. LOCAL SERVICES The child welfare worker on the island of Hawaii discovered shortly after her arrival on that island that the only facilities for the care of dependent and delinquent children were two orphanages and that both of these institutions were used for the long time placement of dependent children and also of delinquent children pending Court hearings. The institutions were sometimes called upon to accept chil- dren with venereal infections. Some children were so obstreperous that the institutions refused to accept them and they were then placed in the local prison pending court hearings or placement in the industrial schools. The effect on the children was rather devastating. Child Welfare Services asked the Board of Supervisors of the Island of Hawaii to provide sufficient money to set up a small deten- tion home where delinquent children can be placed temporarily, and also to provide an increased amount for placement of delinquent chil- dren in boarding homes. The Board received this suggestion favorably but has not yet acted on it. The situation on Molokai is rather unique. This island has a population of 5,032 (1930 Census). It is a part of the County of Maui but at the moment has no direct representation on the local Board of Supervisors. The principal industries are live stock and the grow- ing of pineapples. There is a large group of Hawaiians on this island- some of them are original settlers while others came in to settle on the Government home steads. The pineapple plantations are worked largely by Filipinoes many of whom are single men. The leper colony on this island is run as an entirely separate community. However, the subject fre- quently enters into the conversation of the inhabitants. The roads on Hawaii - Al Health the island are largely made of dirt and are in a terrible condition. They are being improved at the rate of one mile a year, and as a local resident stated by the end of a few years the first mile will be in need of repair. One end of the island has an abundance of water and the other none at all. The physical problems of the people have not been satis- factorily met in the past. When hospitalization or institutional placement was needed the individual had to be sent to the island of Maui. Rumor has it that on east Molokai every other family has syphillis and in Halawa valley there are only two families free of it. The social work on this island in the past was handled by an untrained worker who came over from Maui once in 2 or 3 months. A local resident was paid to distribute the relief checks. On November 18, 1937, the Board of Public Welfare placed a social worker on !'olokai. Half of her salary is paid for out of Child Welfare Services funds and the other half by the Maui Public Welfare Commission. Under the latter she holds the title of Associate Director. She is a gradu- ate of the Pennsylvania School of Social Work and has had 10 years' experience with the Pennsylvania Children's Aid Society. Iſ D A H 0 º , Q • - - - e. ...ts “w OBJECTIVES l. To offer service to probate judges, county commissioners, county school superintendents, and other county officials who want assistance with cases of child welfare. 2. To offer service to those children whose need of attention may be caused by any of the twelve problems listed by Child Welfare Serv- ices, United States Children's Bureau. 3. To develop case-work services offered Aid to Dependent Children Cºl.$388 e 4. To assist in the development of child welfare activities in cities and counties. 5. To develop the Child Welfare Staff: Educational Leave Child Welfare Library Child Welfare Conferences 6. To give field workers in the Department of Public Assistance the benefit of special training extended Child Welfare Consultants t Offering consultant services on cases carried by Field Forkers. Accepting for active case work those cases referred by the Field Workers. . Acquainting Field Workers with literature obtainable through the Child Welfare Library. Encouraging Field Workers to participate in community activi- ties that are related to social problems. 7. To develop State reporting on all child-welfare cases. STATE AND LOCAL SERVICES with the break-down of the District Administrative Unit, Con- sultants were placed in the county of their headquarters to carry on their work. While there had been some work done in the communi- ties preparatory to the original placement of these workers, little was done by the State office at the time each Consultant was assigned to one county only. It was generally conceded that the more heavily populated centers would be the logical places for the program to be developed on a concentrated basis, since travel was too costly in the sparsely settled communities. Hence in the counties in which a Con- sultant had been placed the State department did little toward the organization of local services. Idaho - 43 Field Service Now, however, should a Consultant be assigned to a new county, an analysis of the county's resources would be made before the place- ment of the worker. The attitude of the county office of the Depart- ment of Public Assistance, the attitude of the county officials, the interest and support to be obtained from clubs and other organizations, together with the resources of the community, would be determining factors in the assignment of the worker. To this extent would the State office do work in anticipation of the organization of local serv- ices which would be done by the local Child Welfare Consultant. The State office has assisted with the organization of local services in those counties in which Consultants have not been placed . For example, such counties upon hearing of the activity of a county in which a consultant has started councils or group activity, have written to the State office for assistance in starting a similar community program. - Then the Child Welfare Program was administered on a district basis, one of the important duties of each Consultant was to extend . consuitation service to county workers (Department of Public Assistance Personnel, Probate Judges, Schools, Welfare Organizations, Service Clubs, etc.) With the administrative change, came a reduction in the amount of consultant service done by the local workers. However, the consultant service of the State office was increased since counties without Consultants were instructed to write in to the State office regarding problems on which they wanted assistance. If the problem was so serious that suggestions made by correspondence were not suffi- cient, the Consultant located nearest the county requesting service was sent in to make a special investigation on the case. With nine workers placed in widely scattered sections of the vast area of the State, personal supervieion has been difficult. At least 800 miles must be covered in going from Child Welfare Con- sultants stationed in the North to those located in the southern part of the State. During the time the Child Welfare Supervisor (who has no assistant) is out on field trips, work in the State office is retarded. Each consultant submits to the State Office daily reports, monthly reports, a monthly register of all referrals received, and a statistical card on each case accepted, as well as copies of all incoming and outgoing correspondence. By means of information thus secured, some supervision can be given through correspondence. Since it is impossible to obtain professionally trained workers for Idaho's Child Telfare Program, an effort has been made to secure persons of good educational background who would profit from profes- sional training. Hence the training of the Child Welfare Staff has Idaho - 4 Library Cr. Ch. been undertaken mainly by means of educational leave. At the present time three workers are away at school. During two quarters of train- ing money is granted by the Child Welfare Department; the third quarter is personally financed. Child ºffelfare Conferences have proved to be a very satisfactory means of staff development. During September a three-day conference was held in conjunction with the State Anti-Tuberculosis Association. Thus the consultants had an opportunity to hear the specialists that had been brought from the East by the Tuberculosis Association. In November a two-day Case Conference was held under the direc- tion of a Special Consultant, U. S. Children's Bureau. The entire time of this meeting was devoted to a discussion of cases on which th Consultants were anxious to receive assistance. & - The Library Service, started by the Child Welfare Program, has continued to be used as an important method of staff development. The most highly recommended of the recent publications are added to the Library so that the best possible material is made available not only to the Child Welfare Consultants but to the staff members of the Department of Public Assistance as well. Since the 1937 session of the Idaho Legislature, when the Crippled Children's appropriation was not passed, the Department of Public Assistance has contributed from its state appropriation $2,000 a month in order that the Crippled Children's Program might be continued. Since July 1937 the Accounting department of the Department of Public Assist- ance has assumed the responsibility of all financial work for the crippled children's program (as well as all the accounting for the Division of Health). The Child º'elfare Consultants have worked very closely with the Crippled Children's Program. Consultants working in Counties where there is no Public Health Nurse, have assumed (under the super- vision of the Crippled Children's Program) the responsibility for carrying out arrangements for the clinics. The Consultants have assisted in getting a number of children into the Boise hospitals. They have also supervised children after they have returned to their homes from the Boise Hoepitals (this also under the supervision of the Crippled Children's Program). e OBJECTIVES 1. To stimulate local communities to provide skilled integrated sor- vices for dependent and neglected children and those in danger of becoming delinquent. 2. To give leadership to local, private and public agencies in developing desirable standards of child care. 3. To develop reporting systems and carry on research that will show the Child Welfare needs of the State and point the way to more complete and better integrated service. A. To assist in the training of personnel for children's work in rural firetis. * The methods of reaching these objectives include: l. Consultant service to all counties except Cook, with special attention to those with large rural populations. 2. A limited number of county demonstration units. 3. Development of a state-wide reporting system for dependent children. 4. Special research projects. 5. Regional conferences with probation officers and with board mem- bers and staffs of children's agencies and institutions. STATE SERVICES - º - Organ- organizing local gervices:--Requests for local demonstration izing units have grown out of some special service given by a Regional Con- sultant which has indicated the need for a local worker. This may have begn a review of mothers' persion cºses which reveal a need for better investigation and supervision and cºse work planning for needy chil- dren ineligible for laothers' pension funds; ºr it may have been a demonstration of skilled service in a few specific cases which the Consultant handled with the cooperation of local officials and citi- zens. For instance, after a mothers' pension survey in one county, the Judge wrote that it had been so helpful that he would like the worker to return for a week every two or three Inunths to supervise perisions and help with other problems. In another county, the Consultant has done a spectacular piece of case work clouring up a local problem that had been getting steadily worse for ten years; a few months later county officials again requested ‘the service of the Consultant, this time to handle half a dozen delinquency cases. In both of these - ** eanties, later discussion resulted in an offer of a child relfare . . - - - Illinois – 46 service unit and the unanimous acceptance of the offer by the County Judge and the County Board of Superrisors. With a possibility of only four C.W.S. demonstration units in a state having 102 counties, it seem - undesirable to make a general announcement that might Either be misunderstood or might bring re- quests that we were unable to satisfy. We have, therefore, explained *.. our program in terms of specific local needs—in one community after another and suggested the possibility of a unit only in those counties in which there was serious need and an unusual desire on the part of the local officials to have and to support the program. Illinois has no general county boards of public welfare. To date the county superintendents of public welfare have responsibility only for the administration of Old Age Assistance. iſogt of them are un- trained and inexperienced in any kind of relief work or social welfare. For this reason it has seemed desirable that the Child Welfare units function independently, although cooperating closely with other local Commu- services. The Child Welfare Supervisors, therefore, are in a gosition nity to assume a degree of community leadership which wºuld have been im- possible if they had been attached to any of the existing public wel- fare offices. The workers meet frequently with the Board of Super- t visors and through individual cases interpret gºod child welfare phil- osophies and techniques. * In the two county units that have been operating the last six mºnths, the county superintendents of public welfare fund those in charge of relief have turned quite naturally to the C.Y.S. worker for advice on many of their problems. In one cºunty with a commissiºn form of government, the commissiºners themselves have asked the wºrker to assist with general problems of femily welfare. We have had tº make a rule that ºur workers cannot &ctually handle cases thºut do not involve children, but that they may discuss adult and family problems whenever requested and give local workers the benefit of their training and experience. Adv. Com. Local advisory committees are organized c s so ºn at citizens can be found who are sufficiently interested fund give promise of being active and helpful. A. D.C. The approach in-intrºducing consultant service in most c unties had been—thrºugh Trºthers 1–pensions. As the Süperintendent of Child Welfare ºr the Director of Child Welſ:tre Services discusses mothers' pensions with the Cºunty Judges and problems »f eligibility, super- vision and general administration cre evićent, the services ºf a Con- sultant have been offered to review the pension load. These surveys have been very effective, fºr they have been Jf immediate practical assistance to the judges and have led into the heart ºf all dependency problems in the county. The procedures ºf investigation, budgeting, analysis of health and social problems and case recºrding, have been a revelatiºn to judges and probatiºn ºfficers and have given entirely new meaning to pensiºn administratiºn. As one judge said, "When we were giving euch small amounts it didn't make much difference, but when we Illinois – 47 sº Courts Foster Care Schools Commu- nity Training are talking about budget deficits and maximum grunts, we have to know what we are doing." Keeping in mind that the objective in making a survey is to obtain efficient local service, the procedures have varied according to the , needs and the stage of development of the particular county. If there is a probation officer, we try to work through her so that the review may have a permanent, educational value. At the close of the survey in one large county, the County Board, and the Judge requested a similºr study of 250 warris of the Court being cared for in institutions or fos- ter homes. Infºsynuch as the county his recently ein, loyed two ºddi- tional probation officers, we have suggested that instead of the Con- sultant making the study hersonally, the new probation officers be as- signed to do the work under the close supervision of the Consultant. In another county, the Regional Consultant is helping the newly ap- pointed mothers' pension officer, a trained and expericºcer, social Worker, set up a model system. In counties having no probation officer the Consul tont does: the work herself, discussing procedures, findings and problems with the Locs.l. officials so that they mily see the need tºnſ, the ultimate economy of 5 seriaanent local service. Short articles about Child. Welfare Services appearing in the Welfare Bulletin, a monthly publication-of the Le partment of Public Welfare, ariſ, the Education: l Precs Bulletin jublished by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, have resulted; in tº number of requests for service from county judges arić school officials. These inºividual cages have also been un-effectiºs. Meaus of introducing Consultant—services . One of the workers hariſ.led three problem Cái SeS frºm the superintendent of £chools in a simall city. The service &nd the interpretive tork thºut went ºith it cºught the interest of a Coordinating Council which had been organized but lacked leadership and a chellenging objective. Instead of sponsoring a clean-up cºmpºign or a safety program, as had been suggested, the Council decided to launch a drive for a local child welfare worker to be supported from public funds, or if necessary, from private sources. A Case Consultant on the State Child Welfare Service staff supervises the Home Visitors on the regular Livision of Child tº clf: ..re staft in their handling of inter-state cases and other dependency cases which come to the attention of the state office. Supervision is given through correspondence and through individual conferences with the State workers and is resulting in much improved standards of case work. Developments in training program:--PGnding the organization of a county deiloristration unit near en jugh to Chicago tº make tº training center feasible, the University of Chicago has sent five students to Work out, from the state office. These have been students with four to six quarters of graduate work and some experience in social service, who desire experience in public children's ugencies before taking other paid positions. During the six months of their stay, an attempt has been made to give them the various types of wºrk that are handled by the Division, with speciul reference to their own particular in- terests. Assignments have included assistance with mothers' pensions A Illinois – 48 Cr. Ch. / surveys, boarding home inspections, foster home investigations, social histories in adºptiºn cases, investif, utiºns and supervisory visits in cºnnection With inter-state placements, institution inspectiºns, studies of institution populatiºn and special cºse work demonstration. on cases referred tx the Division. Inasmuch as the students have been mature ºund well trained, the assistance rendered has been well worth the time spent in supervision and the students have felt that the experience has been ºf practical value. Fr these, the Child Welfare Service fund has provided a small etipend in tićditiºn to travel ex- pense when away from houdauerters. On March l, vie tire opening a child welfare unit which will develop into a training center, a district comprising two counties about l?0 miles from Chicago. The Supervisor, appointed; frºm the recently es— tablished Civil Service list, very fortunately qualifies as tº field work Supervisºr fºr the University. Students will, of course, be assigned full time, preferably for six mºnths. The present budget provides for four students assigned to this unit with ºut tº stipend if they tº re receivin , field work credit. There may also be three trained and ex:yerienced students tº wºrk either in the unit or out ºf the state office ºnd receive a sinall stipend in ac'òition tº travel expenses. Cooperation with Crippled Children's Services?--The Crippled Children's program is operating in a specially organized Division for siančicapped Children. That Division and the Divisiºn of Child Welfare, both of which are in the Department ºf Public Welfare, cºoperate very closely in their work. Wery sh ºrtly they ill have offices ºn the same floºr of the capitol. Directors of each ºf these services have talked o') the striff of the other service ºnd jointly have W.2rked out procedures for referrals frºm one Divisix to another, All referrals are made thir Yugh the respective state ºffices and forwarded t , field staffs. Followin; the ºrigin:l referral, field workers c ºnfer or individual cases as needed. Sixty-six cases have already been referred by the Divisiºn of Child felfare. - In the cºunty units the Child Welfare Supervis Jrs and the local maternity and child health service nurses work very clºsely together. Except in the county units, referrals between this #ervice and the Child Welfare Gervices are inſide thrºugh the Stºite offices. º Psych logical Service:--Because the bud, get of the Institute for Juvenile Researchi was inadequate to furnish psycholºgictil service necessary to make the Child Welfare Service work effective, a psycholo- gist was employed on the state Child Welfare Service staff. This per- sºn is working particularly with the four Child Welfare Demonstration Units and assistine; with other emcrgency cases when it is impossible tº secure psychological service elsewhere. We were fortunate in finding a clinical psychologist who had had experience in an institution and in a child guidance clinic. - º 3-" Illinois — 49 Foster Care An interesting & evelopment which d. Jubtless haſ its inspiration in the local social, psychºlogical, and psychiatric services, is an offer laade by one ºf the State Normal Schools for a dela.ºnstration progressive rural sch: , ) l next, fall. - Consultant on F.2ster Care:--During the first year ºf the Child Welfare Service pr:gram we were impressed by the need for some ºne to Ag.-Ingt. assist children's institutions, especially the small rural ºnes, in de- Negro veloping their social services to children. On July 1, therefore, we added to the State Child 'eli.fare Service staff, a Consultant on Foster Care, selectin; tı yºung wºman whº had had five years experience in a child’ren's institutiºn and two and one-half years' exoerience in con- nection with the boarding grºgram ºf the Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Children's Schoºl. During; these six in ºntlus she inus C. ºne in- tensive W Jrk in lº) children's institutiºns where she lias assisted in developing an intake service, rocord keeping, programs of individual- ization within the institution and desirable dischuree and follow-up p licies. She has also stressed the advantages ºf a boarding program where there is nºne and Čiscussed standards for foster hºme care. As a result, several institutiºns have asked assistance in planning for - individual cilildren. One has requester, a study of its cºnildren nºw in foster homes End a number of ºthers have taken a new interest in im- proving their service. One home has employed a trained worker as a superintendent. Following careful study and discussion with the Bºxird, ºne institution was closed and the worker helped with plans for the children, some in foster h mes, some in other institutions, and some with their ºwn families or relatives. A small institution for col reti children in one city was making plans to expºnd its institu- tional service. Before this was dinne, the Consultant on Foster Care offered tº flake a complete survey to Četermine the size and character of the prºblem of dependent colored children in thc community. On the basis ºf these findings, the recomiaendation was made that the institu- tion be tubandoned ind a prºgram of foster in me care inauguruted. This recºmmendation is being favorably considered by the B oard. The Con- sultant always meets with the board memb, rs, social torkers and super- intendents to present findings of her studies and makes return visits as often as pºssible to assist in the carrying ºut of recºmmendations. The Consultant on Foster care has also hºt chief responsibility for a series of regional conferences for board members and executives of children's institutions. In December, three one-day cºnferences were held for institutions in the Northern area. The social sorvice program and record kee, ſing were given soecial cºnsiderati in. Sixty- nine board members and superintendents, representing 32 institutions attended these meetings. The conferences prºved tº be so stimulating and helpful that similar ºnes are being planned for the rest ºf the agencies in the State. A socºnd series will then be started for these same groups in which members will have an opportunity tº participate in formulating a set of desirable minimum standards ºf ſ >ster care for children. Illinois - 50 gº º A library service is being developed which is available to staff àembers, county judges, probation officers and other persons articu- ‘larly interested in child welfare problems. A Research Assistant has been employed the past year to complete s, dependency census, perfoct the reporting systein of institutions and agencies outside of Cook county, and intrugurate a system of reporting by tho county courts. Figures available show that there are ap- proximately 20,000 children cared for out of their own homes under the supervision of agencies and courts. This éoes not include the unknown number of minors legally under the supervision of the court but not supported out of public funda. In addition, there are 17,600 As! . children in mothers' pension families. Because of a noticeable increase in the lumber of boys sent to the St. Charles School for 3oys (correctional institution) during the pºst six months, the Board of welfare Cosmissioners requested assist- ance in making a brief study of intake since July 1, 1937. In addi- tion to securing the desired information for the Board, we art; hoping to offer Bervice to the CChool and the local courts in planning for some of the boys from rural areas who appear to be more Ciçoendent than delinquent or who, with assistance, mint adjust in their own Coinmunities. LOCAL SERVICES Adv.Com. Recr. The Scott County Unit began quietly with a case by case approach. Families and individual children were referred quite rapidly tind as the Child Welfare Supervisor handled the different situations she used every opportunity to interpret to public officials and other interested citizens the needs and profilems of children and the various ret;ources find methods for dealing with them. The regult has been an increasing confidence, in the value of service. Heradquarters have been at the county seat, but recently the commissioner from one of the other small towns, requested the worker to spend at least one Gay a week in his community and arranged with the mayor for office space. The outstanding riccomplishments of the past six months have been, (l) an organization of a county-wide Child Welfare Colaluittee; (2) the development of psychological and child guidance service; (3) coopera- tion with other related endenvors. - It seemed ndvisable to delay the organization of an advisory committee until the Child tº elfare Suoervisor could jet acquainted with the various communities in the county and learn for herself who tould be valuable members. This fall a strong Child Welfare Committee was formed, made up of men and women who are recognized leaders in their community anº; willing tºnſ; cºurageous enough to give constructive ser— vice. The first project attempted is the strengthening tand improving of the WPA and NYA recreational orograms which, because of lack of Local backing and competent leadership, were in bad rcpute. Funds are being raised to clean up the building used as a recreatixmal center end to install toilet facilities. I N D I A N A OBJECTIVES The objectives of the State Child-Helfare Services program are: To encºurage ºnd assist in the developaent and extension of child welfare services in areºs ºredominantly rural. This stimulation of local interest in child welfare “nd local responsibility for the crire of children tº be cºrried ºut thrºugh: - l. W. Jrking closely with the staff members whº have the res- ºrmsibility of cºrrying the regular functions of the Children's Divisiºn of the Department .xf Public Welfare. 2. Cooperating with the Divisi in 2f Public Assistance of the Department in developin... the program of Aid to Dependent Children. 3. Cºntinuation ºf the fºur county Jem.nstration units already started &nd thc development ºf two uore. To ºrganize in these * cºunties, by placement of a full-time child welfiºre w, ºrker on the local staff and ¥ith the assistance of the County Departlant of Public #elfare staffs and bºards as well as other locºl ugencies and lºny groups, a sºund child welfare profºrum. 4. Provision for cºnsultatiºn service th the County Departments of Public Wielfare and the public and private child-caring agencies to stimulete local responsibility 1 or the care of children and to encourage the devel opment in every county of facilities for the care of their own children. - 5. Continuatiºn and ex; tınsion of the demonstratiºn by the Sºcial Service ſle, artment, at the Indiana Solţiers' anu Sailors" Children's Home initiated, under the 1936–37 plan. The CWS funds prºvide for a senior social V, orker, while the institution pays for two full-time case workers from the institution budget. Supervision is given by the State Supervisor of Child welfare Services. 6. Demonstration to the counties of the value of psychological and psychiatric services to dependent and neglected children and chil- dren with behavior oroblems through the continuance and expansion of the Child Guidance Service set up on August 16, 1937 in cooperation with the Indiana Maternal and Child Health Program. The Children's Division, thrºugh CWS funds, orovides the psychological and social services and the supervision ºf the program, and the Livision of - listernal and Child sicalth prºvides the services of the psychiatrist for the first fºur days of each week. S. • 7. To further develop consciousness ºf child welfare in the . state and counties with & constant effort to gradually raise standards. of work. This is to be done thrºugh case work service, child welfare :* “a Indiana - 52 Foster Care Field Service 8. Provision of educational loave and of field work and super- vision for a few students. 9. The encºuragement of well rounded programs of child care in the cºunties, including a wider use of foster h.mes, esoecially boarding h >mes, on the basis of high stundards in cºntrast to the almost exclusive use ºf institutiºnal and free hºme care which has hitherto prevailed in rural areas. STATE SERVICES Organizing local services:--Information regarding local services which may be available to the C-xunty Departments ºf Public Welfare through the CWS program has been presented to the counties in vari- ous ways such as thrºugh members of the state staff supervising the staffs of the Cºunty Departments, publicatiºns of the State Depart- ment of Public tielfare and talks to staff, bºard, and lay groups. If a County Deoartment expresses interest in knowing more abºut these local services, either the Director of the Children's Division or the State Supervisor of Child Welfare Services, or both, discuss such service with the C junty Director and he in turn discusses it with his board. If the board is interested, a board meeting is ºlanned, so that the Director of the Children's Division and Supervisor of Child Welfare Services can meet with them for a thorough discussion of services. If the board and director then make a request for these services by letter, the Director of the Children's Division and the Administrator of the State Department of Public Welfare make a final decision in regard to giving the county a full-time child welfare worker in accordance with the CWS demonstration unit plan. If it is decided thºt a child welfare worker is to be placed in the county, the worker and Supervisor of Child Welfare Services meet with the T county board find director to discuss the services further for the purpºse of giving the county board and director an opportunity to meet the individual worker. If the bºard then asks to have that worker placed ºn the cºunty staff, such placement is made. Consultation services--Information regarding the consultation service available tº the Cºunty Departmente and child-caring agencies has, like that referring to the cºunty unit service, been presented in the variºus waye already mentiºned. Plans for giving a particular edunty the services of a consultant, have usually been arranged with the director but have also, when aſ visable, been discussed with the county board. Consultant service Inay be initiated by either the local child-caring agency, such as the Cºunty De Qartinent, or by the Chil- tren's Division of the State Departicent of Public Helfare. Four consultants have been available to cºunty Departments and other public and brivate agencies caring for children thrºugh the CWS prºgram of the Children's Division. These consultants have been free to spend a longer time on 8 particular assignment than the regular district wºrkers of the Indiana - 53 Foster Care Aff O -In st O Field Service Children 's' Divisiºn. Their services have been given t ) the County Departments in ſieveloping a sound child welfare program. The services have also been given t ) instituti ns caring for children, in defining a program, and in some cases in making other plans for children in CàITE e In August, ºne ºf the consultants on request of the County De- partment Board and Director went to a county to help them develop a b. Marding hexme program t 2 care fºr the six children whº were then being cared fr in their 57-year-old c unty orphanage. This insti- tution was thoujht t , have a ca, Jacity fºr 25 children. In September the institution was clºsed and the six children were tºlaced in four carefully selected board.ing h ’mes. The consultant did solue of the case wºrk in making studies of the different cases, as well as board- ing home studies, and gave supervisiºn in ºther case work. The con- sultant wºrked closely with the judge, botird members and director and took time to inter pret the rogram to the cºmmunity and in the end these ped, le were fielighted with the plans they had worked ºut for the children. In June, lº'7 the services of a consultant were given to the Board of the Indiana Pythian Home at their request. They were con- sidering the advisability of discontinuing the care of children in their Home where they were providing fºr both children and old people. They later decided at a State Lodge meeting tº discºntinue the cure of children and by Christmas the 42 children in the institu- tiºn had been planned for jutside of the institution. The children were or xvided for as follºws: 28 children were returned to parents; 8 were returned to other relatives: 5 were laced in foster homes: l child. Vias -laced in an ather institution. - Providing supervision: --Su, ervision is given directly by the State Su;ervisor ºf Child welfare Services. In su servising the child wel- fare workers in the demºnstration units, an effort is made to have the cºunty director included in discussions ºf case work techniques and procedures, as well as in plans for the individual cases, pro- blems in regard to policies, and lans for board and children's com— mittee work. Supervisiºn is given bºth by the Supervisor going to the County De, artment and by having the child welfare wºrker come to the State office for conferences. The State Supervisor attends sºmé board and children's cºmmittee meetings but is there as a guest who may hel; in the discussian ºf certain problems. It is thºught that the local staff, board, committee, and other lay groups should look to the child welft.re worker for leadership in the child welfare frogram &nd not to the Supervisor. Su, Crvision of consulta- tion service has becn given almost entirely through conferences with the consultant in the state office. The Sugervisor has had only a few joint conferences with the consultant and members of the local staff. Direct su ervision has been given tº the social service staff of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Children's Home, and the Supervisor has at- tenºſ ººl ºf the Board of Trustee meetings. She has largely taken " " " ' “’’ ‘’ “” --- " - . . . . . . 4.---. ...sº- . . . . . . . . . . *---e. • Sºº .. * Neesºns.-- Indiana – 54 Training Cr. Ch. Health the responsibility for interpreting the program and work to the Superintendent and board members. When & senior worker is added to this staff, she will be expected to share this responsibility with the Supervisor. Development of training program:--Two students of the Indiana School of Social Work have received their field work training through the CŞ.S program. Two other students, who were members of county staff's, were granted leaves of absence and were tyiven scholarships to the University of Chicago for two quarters of grud- uate study. These workers are to return to the counties und devote their time to the child welfare service pro. ram. In-service training has also boen carried on by supervision of the county workers by the state child welf.re workers and super- visors : meetings and discussions under the direction of the Super- visor of In-service Trnining and Director of the Children's Division; and the handbook and bulletins on child welfare. With the program of Services to Crippled Children now getting under ray, the child welfare workers in the counties, including the demonstration counties, will be assisting in locating children who need this service and the workers will give follow-up supervision when needed. Some assistance has been given in developing boarding homes for these children. The flevelopment of medical programs in the demonstration counties and the medical service required in connection with the Child Guidance Service program are discussed later. Conferences have been held with Public Health Nursing staffs, one in a demonstration county and three with the state staff, in an effort to have understanding and cooperation between the Public Health Nursing staff and the Department of Public Welfare staff. Psychiatric and Psychological Service:--In August, 1937, a Child Guidance Service unit was set up through the cooperation of the Bureau of #aternal and Child Health of the Indiana Strate Boºrd of Health und the Children's I)ivision of the Departinent of Public elfare. The services of a psychiatrist are given to the Children's Division the first four days of each week by the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health. Through the CºS program the Children's Division placed on its staff a psychologist treined in child guidence work. These services have been made available to the county demonstration units, to the Soldiers' and Sailors' Children's Hºxie, and to other County Departments for examination of tº few children particularly in need of the service. The local child welfare worker completes the Child Guidance Servico Unit. O Indiana – 55 Foster Care The county demonstration units and the Soldiers' and Sailors' Children's Home have each been given these services one to two dºys every two weeks. In planning for these services with the County De- partments and Soldiers' and Sailors' Children's Home, the psychia- trict, the psychologist, and the State Supervisor met with the local board and director and carefully explained the services. Such a meeting was also held with the Childrcn's Committee in the two coun- ties where such tº committee had been organized. After two or three months they met with these boards and children's committees again to discuss the services as they had been given up to that time. At these meetings cuses were presented and discussed by the child wel- fare worker, psychologist and psychiatrist in terms of the relation- ship of the behavior of the child to his mental development, his £eelings and emotional experiences. These services have not been limited to the case load of the child welfare worker, but have been given to children referred by other workers on the county stai'f, the county nurse, teachers and doctors and other persons in the community. The child welfare worker, however, has the responsibility for scheduling cases and for seeing that a history is prepared and that the child is given a general physical examination by his own physician. At the end of the two- Čay service a conference is held on each case with the psychiatrist, psychologist, and the child welfare worker always present and with other persons often being present to discuss the purticular case. The psychiatrist has continued treatment of ti number of children who nave boen seen. * LOCAL SERVICES The Indiana prºgram for CºS provides for six county demonstra- tion units. This service provides that a member of the staff of the Children's Division will go to the county to be the child welfare worker on the staff of the County Department of Public Welfare. She works under the County Director but is supervised by the State Supervisor of Child Welf: ..re Services. Indiana now has four County Demonstration Units. Child Welfare workers were placed in Sullivan Cºunty on November 15, 1937, in Jay County on April 1, 1937, in Morgan Courity ºn June 15, 1937, and in Noble County on Gctober ll, 1937. * Sullivan County: - The case load and intake of the child welfare worker in Sullivan County from July 1, 1937 to December 31, 1937 continued to be very heavy. At the end of December there were 82 children in care who represented 50 families. County officials, other social agencies, teachers and laymen continued to call on the Child Welfare Worker frequently for help with the individual case as well as to learn more about the functione of the county Department and the cºuld welfare Indiana – 56 Health Ady-Con: Commu- nity. Psych: # Services. The medical program, which had been organized earlier, was con- tinued, under arrangements approved by the County Department and the tiedical Society. (See the December, 1937 issue of THE CHILD, pub- lished by the U. S. Children's Bureau). The Children's Committee has had regular monthly meetings and has continued to be helpful to the workers. In November three new members were chosen by the Committee and aſided to the group. In September the Children's Committee fiscussed interpretation of the program and suggested that the Home Economics Clubs of the County be asked to give time in their lºS program to a discussion of public welfare. The Chairman of the Committee arranged with this group to have this program for their regular January, 1938 meetings. In December 5 meeting was held for the representatives of the individ- ual clubs who had been selected to study the welfare program and present it at their own club groups. Thirteen clubs sent repre- sentatives to this meeting. These clubs have about 400 members in the county, most of whom are the wives of taxpayers and important people in the community. Another meeting was planned for this group of club representatives to be held in January, at which time the State Supervis, ºr of Child Welfare Services would meet with them to help in the discussion of the material given them to reud. Some of the club meetings wºuld be held before this January meeting, but it was thought questions asked in these club meetings could then also be discussed. The Child Welfare Worker rcported in February that she felt the representatives had dºne a good job in presenting the program to their groups as the reports from the meetings had been good. The Child Guiciance Service was started in Sullivan County on September 15, 1937. From that time until the end of December, ll children were examined by the psychologist und psychiatrist. The psychiatrist interviewed 12 parents and had iO additiºnal interviews with children or parents or both. The psychologist examined 5 chil— dren whom the psychiatrist had not yet seen by the end of December. The psychiatrist discussed the service with individual physicians in the community as they expressed an interest. Two children were referred by the child's family doctor. In planning for this service for Sullivan County, the Chief of the State Bureau of Misternal and - Child Health, and the psychiatrist met with the County Medical Society and discussed the service, - - - The child welfare worker has continued to be very much, concerned over the fact, that she cannot carry the total load without having to neglect certain cases and other parts of her work. A plan was worked out for one of the other workers on the county staff to take over a few children's cases under the child welfare worker's supervision. A Indiana - 57 Foster Care Adv.Com. Psych- Adv.Com. Commu- I) t Fºster Care. Recre few cases were transferred in December. A plan for doing some sum- marizing of dictation was worked ºut with the worker, was her dicta- tion could not be kept up-to-date otherwise. Jay County: In Jay County the child welfare worker's case load at the end of December was 97 children representing 46 families. During the six months, children's cases were referred from many sources in the community. A number of parents came directly to the County Depart- ment for help in laaking a plan for their children and in u few cases the parents indicated they wanted help in solvin; behavior prºblems. The Children's Cºmmittee was organized in Jay C.2unty in October with 10 members, 5 men and 5 wt.omen. The Cºmmittee has met once a month at night. The first three ineetings were spent largely in a discussion of the total program and in a discussion of the need for boarding hºmes and ways in which the Committee melabors could help the worker in finding homes. In presenting the need for boarding homes, specific cascs were discussed. There was also some discussion of other types of foster care. - The heavy case load has been a real problem in Jay County as in Sullivan County. The child welfare torker is having to cut down on her dictation and do some summarizing. The Child Guidance Service was started in the county on De- cember 21, 1937. In December the psychiatrist examined 8 children and interviewed 5 parents. The psycholotist also saw 8 children. in December. The public library offered r > \ms to be used for this service as the County Department is housed in one small room. The Board in Jay County has been very cooperative. The two women members have shºwn a particular interest in the child welft:re program snd have been very helpful and understanding in the dis- cussion of cases and problems. The worker has been asked to talk to several groups in the cºunty, such as the American Association of University Women, church grºups, Girl Scouts and Red Cross. ãorgan County: The worker in Biorgan County had a case J.2ad of l.24 children re- presenting 50 families at the end of December. In that county, as in the others, cases were referred from all sºurces, and there were num- bers of cases referred as soon as it was known in the community thet there tas tº persºn there interested in problems of neglect and be- havior. The child welfare worker had had experience in community organ- ization and was immediately interested in the recreation facilities. Indiana - 58 Psych. Health Adv.Com. Foster Care Health In October a community house was opened in the county seat under the direction of a person trained and experienced in recreational work. The program has extended to other parts of the county. The child Trelfare worker has helped in organizing the program and has had splendid cooperatiºn from the director. (See "Morgan County Recrea- tion Plan," Indiana Public Welfare News, January, 1933). The Child Guidance Service Vlag started in Horgan County on October 18, 1937. Rooms in the community house have been used as the Cºunty Department had an ly one room. At the end of December the psychiatrist had examined la children and interviewed 14 parents. She had had seven additional interviews. The psychologist, had examined 16 children and has given some special help to a teacher who consented to Work with special reading disability cases. The worker has wºrked closely with the county physicians and while a regular medical program has not been organized, the County Department worker and physicians are anticipating such a program and - plans will be presented to the County Medical Society in January. Soon after the worker went to Morgan County, arrangements were made for children to go to the county hospital for certain types of care by the local physicians instead of sending them to the State Chil- dren's Hospital as formerly. º The Board has expressed interest in organizing the Children's Committee find this will be organized early in the new year. The staff and board and many in the community have expressed a great deal of confidence in the worker. The county judge has said to the director and others that the county must not lose her as the child welfare work must be done well. Noble County: A full-time worker was placed in Noble County in October and at the end of December the worker had a case load of ll6 children re- presenting 52 families. In asking for this service, the Lºirector and the cºunty board were particularly anxiºus to place in foster homes children who had been cared for in institutions. They wanted to start a boarding home program but did not think of tº boarding home as a good plan except in cases where a free home could not be found. The worker has spent the most of her time getting information on record, ribout children who had been in care, making studies of new cases, and starting studies of the children's institutions. Two meetings with the board have given opportunity to discuss individual cases and the adventages of boarding house care for certain children. The director and board have spoken of the need of a regular medi— cal program and want the child welfare worker to organize such a pro- gram as soon as possible. 59 OBJECTIVES I O W A The 1937 General Assembly of the State of Iowa created a Division of Child Welfare in the Department of Social Welfare. They defined child welfare as meaning "social Welfare services for the protection and core of children who are homeless, dependent or neglected or in danger of becoming delinquent". Child fielfare Services is a part of the newly created division of Child Welfare. The Child Welfare Di- vision receives an allocation of State funds to provide service and care for underprivileged children. The objectives of the Child W.clfare Service program are: l. 3. 4- 5. 6. To develop demonstration units at strategic points in one or more counties in each district, making child welfare services available to every rural county in the State. The coordination of all existing forces in developing re- sources for child welfºre throughout the State. To create an understanding of and a villingness to make use of foster boarding hºmes in the treatment of delinquent and problem children. * - To secure from the medical profession a sympathetic under- standing of the handling of children's cases from the class. of tho indigent poor tind relief clients, and a willingness to emplºy its orofessiºn in aiding in the study and diagnosis of problem children. To create in the cºurts an understanding of acceptable pro- cedure in the conduct of children's cases and a sillingness to cºnsider n >t only the worker's evaluation of such cases, but to accept her as an aid to the court in cºnducting a careful investigatiºn ºf conditi ne . . To assist in providing additional well qualified staff thrºugh granting peri xis of educatiºnal leave fºr workers who have demonstrated ability to profit by further training. To provide psychºlogical service for children in rural areas where such service is not available. STATE SERVICE Iowa has, under C.F.S., three cºnunty child welfare units and fºur districts composed of varying numbers of cºunties. - Iowa - 60 Schools Courts District I. includes 23 counties in Northwest Iowa, covering approximately an area of 160 miles east &nd west, and 104 miles north and south. With the exception of the two urban counties, the entire district is mainly agricultural, and has the largest and richest farms in the state. Racially the population is a mixture of Scandinavian, Holland Dutch, German and American, with some Irish, Polish and Bohemian. The district is definitely retarded in social development. Be- cause of the sinall rural towns, it has been difficult to get and to hold trained personnel in the county welf, re tund relief organiza- tions. The quality of tenching staff is comparable to that in schools of other Iowa Counties. All but four of the counties, according to the C.W.S. reports, have had service of onc type or another. The record of these counties indictites that the need and the interest in Child Welfare Services would have resulted in the request 1 or a Child Wulfare Worker had it been possible to spend sufficient time in each county to get the backing necessary in the community. w District II. includes 25 counties in Northeast Iowa. It covers approximately the same number of Iailes east and west, north ºund south as District I. Three urban counties in this ſistrict reduce the service units to 22. The agricultural area in this district is broken up by a great many good sized rural towns. The larger towns have some manufacturing plants and industries that handle the by- products of the farms. Racially, the ſiistrict, is liostly American, interspersed with Irish, German and Scandinavian. Bectuse of the lºrge towns the district has developed socially tºnd many counties have well organized social service units both public and private. Cases were referred from schools, relief organizations, and £ººts. Since this worker was intensely interested in courts and probation work, most of the cases rere received from the courts. Unmarried mother cases were accepted in large numbers, both from the University liospital and from relief organizations. District III, includes 23 counties. This &istrict has two counties that come under the urban cle ssification. This is rºne of the poorest districts in the State - financially, socially, and by the condition of its farm lands which have been swept by Crºught and soil erosiºn. Undesirables frxia other States have drifted in, set- tling in the sºuthern tier of cºunties, &nd because of lack of social work have been allowed tº remain. This has increzised the relief case loads as well as the problem of juvenile delinquency. Cases were referred largely by relief rganizatiºns and cºurts. District IV. includes 28 cºunties in S rutheast Iowa. This area is probably the most advanced in social Wºrk of ony in Iowa except for a few counties ºn the southern border. The chief industries are agriculture and raining in the rural sections and manufacturing in the - Iowa - ºl * • . : } - urban districts. idost of the counties are equipped with social wel- fare organizatiºns, bºth public and private, and have a fairly re- presentative group of qualified social wºrkers. Eight counties are in the classification ºf urban areas. The majority of the cases were carried in a consultation basis. Del. Juvenile delinquency and uniãarried arther cases consumed the large proporti in ºf the wºrker's time and energy. The referrals have cºme f or the mºst part fram the relief prganizatiºns. A great deal 3f educati ral y \rk was dºne by this tº irker thrºugh P.T.A. Groups, Social Wºrkers, and Wºmen's Clubs. The Psychological Scrvices of the Department were used to some extent as a deia instrati ºn in the study of delinquents. * LOCAL SERVICE Note: The interesting cetailed material submitted, in this report is presented for one c >unty. Lack of space prevents including similar detailed material for other counties. County A: * Demonstrati ºn unit organized the latter part ºf June, 1936. Character of Cºunty:--Agricultural - p →r sºil and poor crop returns. At ºne tijde a flºurishing aining district with several of the camps reuching a populatiºn of from three to five th usand people. On account inf labºr tryubles the mines clºsed d. ºwn • Owners and the better class ºf wºrkmen left, leaving the most inefficient. This class became the lºrge proportiºn of the relief load as well as social and cºmmunity problems. The Negro population among the niners re- sulted in mixed marriages and much illegitimacy among the white- black population. - Cºunty Resºurces at time child welfare worker was placed:-- (l) County Relief Office; (2) School Nurse; (3) Nursery School (WPA project) spºnsored by the County Superintendent of Schºols; (4) three playgrounds under a recreational direct 3r whº was also the band master and music director in the schools; (5) a Bºy Scout Troop sponsored by the Rotary Club. Potential res ºurces if developed: The Woman's Club, The American Legiºn Auxiliary, both State and local, a Business and Professional Women's Club, Rotary Club, Lions Club, and a Parent Teachers Organizatiºn which was organized in two towns in the County. - County and Community Problems: l. A bankrupt county 2. A drought ridden cºunty 3. Alž of the populatiºn ºn relief 4. Insufficient medical service - 5. Wery bad attitude on the part of doctors towards relief clients and the indigent poor Iowa - 62 6. County-wide health problems 7. Probleins in housing, sanitatiºn and impure water supply in the rural sch’ \ls 3. A high percentage of illegitimacy '3. Serious prºblems an xng the child populatiºn: tº . Health b. Feeblemindedness 10. Coilatituent of children to State instituti ºns without benefit of social, physical, and mentºl Citagnºsis ll. Nº cf.se—w 3rking agency in the c :unty Commu- Progress in terms ºf changing attitutes and prºcedures:--Since nity. the Child W.elſåre Wºrker was placed in this cºunty, there has been a decidedly upward trend in the c lamunity's awareness of child pro- blems and a definite desire to stucky the individual child in terms ºf his pers whºl assets up xn which to build future plans for him. Adv.Cºm. Backed by a strºng Advisory Committee, whºse jersonnel was represen- tutive of the public sch x Bls, the cºurt, county ºfficials, the American Legiºn and the clergy, the County Child helfare Worker has been able tº initiate and maintain simple case—Yºrk prºcedure in the handling of cases referred frºm the court, the schools, the relief ºffice, public officials, doctors tund nurses, and individuals. - Results in terms of case V ºrk: l. Investigatiºn of Cºurt cases preceding Cºurt hearing. Del. 2. \' Yrk "ith fielinquent and behavior prºblem children in their »tºn h lines v.h previ Musly v. Yuld have been com— «itted imaediatoly t, State institutiºns. 3. In the entire oeriod of a year and a half there have been ºnly two c >mmitments of children to State institu- º tiºxas. Health 4. Cºrrect case-work procedure in securing aid f ºr sick and, physically hundicapped children thr ugh State resºurces. 5. Illegitimate children planned fºr in terias of the needs of the individual child. Psych: 6. The use ºf the department's psycia blºgical services in certain cases where interpretuti ºn ºf the child to a cºmmunity group was indicºted. In terms of community service: Age-Inst: 1. Cºperative case-work plumning with ºther service organ- - izations in the community. - . 2’ 2. Encouragement of Child Development and Parent Educatiºn. " Study Groups by introducing aid of the Iowa Child Welfºrº Research Station, thrºugh its Extension Division. Iowa - 63 s riealth 4 • Schools 5. 6. Emphasis on the need of on Opportunity Room thrºugh the study of maladjusted and retarded children. Alth ºugh the establishment of an opportunity roºm has not yet mater- ialized, the schoºls and cºmmunity tire fully aware of the need. - Thrºugh the Child Welfare Worker's persistent efforts there had been some improvement in city sanitatiºn by removal of ſhumps, which were a menace to the health of the c.tamunity's children. - Planning with the community for School facilities for children of a coal lining district, who had been de- prived ºf school privileges because of the closing of the sch x >l and the disposing of the school equipment. Securing cooperation from civic clubs in getting special material benefite fºr individual children ºr grºups. In terms ºf gimmunity confidence; l- ..? • '.. County #: Confidence and trust in the worker's sincerity, skill and visiºn, by other professional peºple intº seiai– professixhal po: “Ole. - The C Junty Board 3ſ Supervisors shows a grxwing sense of cºnfidence in the tº ºrker's oxi judgiment and an awareness if her vºlue to the community in terms of fºllars and cents. A satisfied aurº ºn thusiastic advisory fºnd adrainistrative B Marſ . Child welfare v. 3rker established as a definite unt, very real tiepartment ºf the Cºunty Bryºrd ºf to civil Wºlfrare. Demºnstratiºn unit organized in the early part ºf 3eptember, 1937. Charncter of the County:--Almºst entirely agricultural. of 18,727. and farm incomes because of the depression. Population The county has suffered a sharp tiecline in its farm values There is sºme &issension and rivalry and a political feeling amºng the towns in the county. This was the first cºunty to emplºy a qualified social wºrker is executive of a combined relief prºgram of public and private ...;encies. The prosent situation?--Not a grent deal of prºgress has been laade in this cºunty as a demºnstrutiºn unit for three probable reasºnis; (1) The local political situatiºn, which has focused in the relief prx- gram, and has resulted in the splitting up of a more ºr less unified public-private grºup which had wºrked to gether over a period of years on a cooperative plan ºf relief and service; (2) the injection into Iowa - 64. Psych. Courts Local Partic. Psych. this situation of a young worker, who although she had had the re- quired training in an accredited school of social work, lead Îlot had actual experience in a job, either in the children's field or the family field; (3) arrangements for this unit had been made by the District Consultant. Three-County Unit C-: A three-county demonstration unit was organized in December and January and work began on February 5, 1937. Character of the three-county unit:--Combined population 58,000. These counties are primarily agricultural. At one time counties of flourishing farm lande, now suffering from droughts and soil erosion. Because of repetited crop failures, all three counties are financially poor. In 1937 two of these counties were on "Stite Funds". The population of these two counties is racially largely Americtin and predominantly Scandinavian in the third county. In all three the influence of a drifting population of undesir', bles from thc bordering states has been felt keenly. One of the three his local industries which influence the employment of the population because of their settsonal character. Community attitude towards the child welfare program:--Prepara- tion for the three county unit was made by the psychologist, find the job was so well done that existing public and private 1.gencies in all three counties were eager to avail themselves of the benefits of the Child Welfare Program. The Courts, generaily unresponsive und for the most ºart resistant, were anxious for the service of investiga- tion, study and consult: ition. The relicf organizations hailed the new worker as a messonger of good cheer. One Gourity contrijtitled willingly, almost generously in the financial pºrticipation. Boards of Supervisors were intelligently interested and ::illing to taccept the program more than half way. Lay people, through clubs, individ- ually Welcomed the worker as a real help in problems long recºgnized and neglected. * - County Di. Delaonstration unit organized in ecpºetaber, 1936. Discontinued in September of 1937. - - Hobile Clinic; *n setting up the procedure for the Mobile Clinic, an effort was made to have it function in a two-fold cº-pacity: (l) As a service unit (2) As a demonstration unit. There is an apparent growing interest in the preventive aspects of child welfare work, evidenced by two trends: a. Nearly ºne-half of the children examingd in the clinic Iowa - 65 (9 Jºoster Care Train- during the period which this report covers were referred for reasons of dependency or neglect, illustrating a pro- gressive tendency on the part of local social workers to request studies on such children before making plans for placement, for the purpose of preventing future maladjust- ments due to unstudied placement. This is in contrast to the common procedure of making permanent plans for dependent and neglected children without a study of the child or his background. b. An increasing number of persons are making requests such as that made by a worker in the southeastern part of the State, In referring a family for study, she said, "The older children in this family have all been social problems. We are asking you to study the family so that we may know better how to prevent the occurence of these problems in the younger children." There is gradually developing a conception of the Mobile Clinic as a unit with a service function, rather than a unit for diagnosing conditions about which nothing will be done. This is illustrated by the fact that at present we are receiving very few requests for intelligence quotients or test scores. Rather, the requests are typified by the following quotation from a letter written by a school superintendent: "We are asking for your services because our teachers want help in dealing with the problems presented by these children, so that they may be better equipped to meet their needs and to offer a course of study which will be adapted to their capacities." People are becoming educated to the idea that a psychological examination is valueless unless interpreted in the light of findings from a social history and a medical examination. This growing tendency to be interested in the "whole child" is illustrated by the fact that local workers are now writing in to ask for "a study of this child" rather than for a "mental test", a "psychometric", or a "psychological." There is emerging in the counties a feeling that the clinic belongs to them and is not something which is being imposed on them by the State, In considering the outcome of the various clinics which have been held in the last months, it is apparent that not all of the clinics have fulfilled both a service and a demonstration function. A few of the clinics have not functioned effectively in either capacity. However, when the end results of the efforts of the Mobile unit are viewed collectively, it becomes apparent that the trend of progress has definitely been an upward one, and there seems every reason to feel that this upward trend will continue. Two workers have been granted educational leaves for two quarters each of graduate work at recognized schools of social work. A N S A S OBJECTIVES l. To maintain in the State Board of Social Welfare of Kansas, a Division of Child-Welfare Services to set up, extend, and strengthen public welfare services for children, with a supervisor of child- welfare services to organize and develop the progrem in the State, districts and counties. 2. To coordinate child-welfare service work with the whole welfare program of the State Board, which has administrative responsi- bility for supervision of public assistance in the counties, contributes toward county public assistance payments and has general responsibility for research and statistical work, prevention of blindness, rehabili- tation of blind persons, and licensing of private agencies and for child welfare. 3. To cooperate in every way possible with the Divisions of Social Welfare, of Research and Statistics, of In-Service Training and Personnel and of Public Relations. lſ. To develop cooperation for services to children with child welfare agencies and institutions in the State, 5. To provide psychiatric social work and other case work ser- vice for children in connection with mental hygiene clinics available in the communities and traveling state clinics. 6. To supply lecture and educational exhibit service on child welfare for interested groups. 7. To provide advisory and consultant service in relation to problems of Negro, Mexican, and Indian children. 8. To provide for educational leaves to attend schools of social service for workers in the public welfare field preparing themselves for State or county child welfare work. 9. To supply supervisory and advisory service for local public welfare agencies in relation to child welfare and stimula tinn of further development of local services for children. 10. To give training in child welfare to county workers through: (a) A consultent in child welfare, visiting county welfare administrations, reading and discussing case records, and giving instructional and consultation service, working in cooperation with the district field representatives. Kansas - 67 (b) A consultant service in psychiatric social work for county staffs in cooperation with district field representatives. (c) Supplying child welfare informative material to county workers through the consultants; cooperation with district associations of social worker", aiding in discussion of child welfare problems and making of child welfare studies, (d) Supplying books and pamphlets for state lending library service for county workers on subjects relating to child welfare, ll. To establish and maintain local units for intensive case work and community development service for children on a demonstration basis, using certain ones of these units as training centers for selected case workers for service to children under skilled supervision, 12. To develop child welfare advisory committees in connection with State and local services. STATE SERVICES Field Service -** 9rganizing Local Services:--Plans have been developed jointly by the county welfare director, county commissioners, county case committee and others in the county and the State supervisor of child—welfare services and other workers in the State agency, for a new county child- welfare demonstration unit. This is to be opened in January in McPherson County in central Kansas and is to be in addition to the units already established in Jefferson County in the northeastern part of the state end Finney, Grant and Haskell counties in the southwest. The new unit is being set up, as the earlier ones were, at the request of the county welfare director and county commissioners, with provision for partici- pation from the county, and with expression of interest and offers of conperation from other agencies, public and private, within the county. The county has been chosen as one having excellent possibilities of useful work for children during the demonstration period and good hope of continuance later of specialized child welfare service on a permanent basis. It is a predominantly rural county, but includes im– portant educational institutions. Furnishing Consultetion Service :--The state supervisor of child- welfare services, the state child—welfare consultent and the psychiatric social worker will give consultation service to the demonstration units. This is supplied through correspondence and by visits of unit workers to the State office and of State staff tr. the units. Kansas – 68 (O Training Library Cr. Ch. Health Coordi- nation P Aid has been given to staffs of other counties through corre- spondence with State workers and by the child welfare consultant and the psychiatric social worker visiting county welfare administrations, reading and discussing case records involving problems of children, and giving advisory service of various kinds a s needed. The consultant and others on the child-welfare staff have participated in the activi- ties of the district associations of county social workers by taking part in meetings and assisting as desired in committee service. Developments in Training Program:--In addition to the continuence of training of five workers in the demonstration units and in-service training to "county workers through the consultant and supervisory program, educational leaves have been granted. The child welfare library is extensively used in connection with the training progren in the demonstration units and elsewhere. Cooperation with Crippled Children's Service and with other State Medical and Health Programs:--There has been close cooperation with the State Health Department's Maternal and Child Health and Public Health programs, with the Kansas Crippled Children Commission work, and with the hospital and clinic system of the State University. The State staff have urged upon county workers full utilization of resources afforded by these agencies and have aided in distributing and bringing to special attention informative literature regarding the agencies and the problems and needs with which they deal. Workers n f the agencies have given valuable advice and help in connection with child welfare services. Integration with the State Welfare Agency:--The Child-Welfare Services work has been carried on under the State Board of Social Welfare of Kansas, established in 1937. The Child-Welfare Services ere integrated, with the whole state welfare program, The treveling field work of the state child-welfare consultant and the psychiatric social worker has been planned jointly with the supervisors of social welfare and of public assistance and the general field staff of the State Board. There has been pooling of information as to problems and needs. Similar relationship has existed between the Child-Welfare Services and the Division of Research and Statistics, and is being developed with the Division of Public Informetion, - Psychiatric Social Service :--A psychiatric social worker has been added to the State child—welfare staff. A number of counties in the same general section of the State have been using a mental hygiene service provided by one of the Kensas State hospitals. The psychiatric social worker has aided the counties by giving assistance in the selection of children's cases and preparation of case histories and treatment. Plans have been made for her to participate in a course of lectures on mental hygiene and releted topics to be given for county workers at the hospital. Kansas - 69 Library Foster Care Commu- nity Aé.-Inst: Lectures and Discussions, for Outside Groups:--The state staff have continued to supply, on request, lecture and discussion service on topics relating to children for interested groups of varied types. Child-Welfare Educational Exhibit:--The travel ing child—welfare exhibit has been repainted and touched up after the hard service it has seen, and new charts have been prepared to bring statisticel and other information up to date. It will continue to be used in con- nection with lectures and discussions. Library:--There is constant use of the lending library of child welfare books and pamphlets by State and county welfare staffs, workers in cooperating agencies, and other interested persons. This a part of the general social welfare library of the State Boerd. Colored, Mexican and Indian Children:--A colored worker was continued one-fourth time for child welfare services during the months of July and August. She gathered information on the needs of colored children in the State and maintained informative and mutually helpful contacts with agencies, institutions and individuals serving colored children, The Indian Agency in Kansas is asking social service help in relation to Indian children. Plans for cooperation in study of needs and as desired in consultant and advisory service a re under considere- tion. Work With Broken Homes :--The extent of separation of children from their own homes and parents and of attempts at inter-county and inter-state placement of children has continued to present serious problems, coming to light through visiting consultant work in counties, inter-agency corrº-spondence and in other ways. The State staff have tried to enrouse interest of county workers, of other agencies which can help, and of the community in the broken home situation, in the complex factors back of it, and in possibilities of constructive work. Cooperation with Private Agencies and Institutions?--The Child- Welfare Services Division has cooperated with child cering, family welfare, educational, recreational, mental hygiene and rural life institutions and agencies, state-wide and local, and with other agencies in related fields. Programs of work have touched at many points, and representatives of these agencies have given a dvice and help in connection with the State child welfare program. LOCAL SERVICES The general types of local services are indicated above. The child welfare worl:ers in the four counties in which demonstration unit service is already in operation are members of the county welfare administration staffs. Their appointments are approved by the boards Kansas - 70 Coordi- nation Health Foster Recrea- tion Commu- - mity of county commissioners. Their work is under administrative super- vision of the county welfare directors. The county workers do case work with children in non-relief as well as relief families. The leaders give consultant service to the regular county workers in addition to the training of the students. The demonstration units not only are integral parts of the county public welfare administrations but also are in close cooperation with the work of the juvenile courts, the school systems and the county health agencies. There is active mutual cooperation, too, with other public agencies and with private agencies within the unit counties or outside promoting welfare activities in the counties, Two unit counties which had not been having public health nursing service have made arrangements within the period for such work. One county has radically reorganized its entire system of medical care for clients in order to give better service. In all the unit counties boarding care is provided for certain children who cannot be with their own families and who need foster home care rather than institutional life, Wolunteer work in the demonstration units is proving helpful. In one county, for example, a volunteer worker is not only giving regular time to club work for some boys in whom the unit is interested, but is also doing the reading prescribed for the students, attending staff conferences, and in every way possible taking advantage of the training opportunities afforded by the unit. The club has recently been offered free quarters by a business man who had formerly reported trouble from the same boys from wanton breaking of windows, The community in which many persons had been pessimistic in the beginning as to the possibility of accomplishing much with this group of youngsters is now giving splendid cooperation. "Our Gang" has become the "Our Gang Club". A generous friend has donated swimming tickets for the boys - much prized in this erid county. Neighbors have given a stove and sections of stove pipe for the club room, and boxes to supply wond for carpentering. The boys ere interested in building furniture. The unit leaders are called upon for community interpretation work both within end outside of the unit territories, They give lectures and discussion service on request for professional and lay groups of different types, and take part as desired in district essociation activities. Recently, for instance, the leader of the southwest unit has been asked to give cooperation to district association committees which are undertaking study projects regarding adoptions, children of unmarried parents end children in institutions. K E N T U C K Y OBJECTIVES The Kentucky plan for Child Welfare Services as submitted to the Federal Children's Bureau and approved in Merch 1937 proposed to initiate a service for children which would utilize existing programs and expand them where such expansion was indicated and was based upon sound programs. It further proposed to initiate certain Child Welfare Services on a demonstration basis where previously no such service had been available. The program for Child Welfare Services we's planned to develop a coordinated relationship between cºunty service end certain child- caring institutions in the State which had been receiving a large State subsidy. In the past, limitation of funds and steff had made it im– possible for the subsidized homes to meet the needs of even a small group of dependent and neglected children. In the past children had been sent by the county judges from each of the 120 counties in the State to the subsidized institutions with no effort made to determine the actual necessity for removing the child from his hone. Because of the serious overcrowding, and in an effort to reduce the mumber of children in the institutions children were placed in family homes in a wholesale manner. In some instances great pressure was brought to bear upon local people to receive these children, at least temporarily, Many of these "temporary placements" have gone on for seven and eight years. As a result there were some 2,000 children placed by the insti- tution for white children and approximetely 200 by the colored hone in foster homes all over the State. Supervision of these placsments has been impossible, with the result that many of the children have replaced themselves, and in most instances have been handed about by those who originally received them. - The entire program has been developed around the philosophy thet in a pioneer job of these proportions it is necessary to have carefully selected personnel who by virtue. of their treining and experience are equipped not only to work out a program but to evaluate the size of the problem and any existing resources. To further this end the Child Welfare Service Progren provided for certain in-service training features, including institutes, and educational leave for staff members. While the emphasis of the program has been in terms of an adequate service for the dependent, neglected, delinquent, and defective children within the State, an effort is made to have this program teke its appropriate place in a larger public welfere program. O Kentucky - 72 ...,' *s-se STATE SERVICES Organ- izing Field Service Training Cr. Ch. Health State Child Welfare Services have been organized on a demon- stration basis in several counties. The legal basis of organization has been the Children's Bureau legislation passed in 1928 and until 1937 not operative. This legislation provided for the creation by county courts of county children's boards. These boards properly appointed have been used in the Child Welfare Service program to erouse interest and where possible to initiate a program for dependent children in the community. Consultation service is provided by case consultants in the field and the staff in the centrel office to agencies or groups interested in evaluating present programs in the hope of building up standards and in securing recognition of actual problems involved in juvenile court cases, truancy, dependency and neglect, end in more adequately utilizing all available resources. Consultation service has bee made available also to the Child Welfare Service staff. All cases are routed through the central office to local and district workers, and a follow-up system, primarily for purposes of supervision and continuity, has been developed. This has promoted the adequate handling rand assembling of case work material, as well as the evaluation of interests and resources. While actual supervision is at the present time handled from the central office it is hoped that it can be decentralized on a district level when a more e.dequate staff has been developed. An in-service training program has been confined up to the present time to two institutes held at the University of Kentucky and conducted by a superintendent of an institution for dependent children and the head of a child-placing agency. Staff meetings are held each month in the central office at which one phase of the Child Welfare Service program is presented and discussed by someone in the centrel office who has given some time to the preparation of the discussion. Sufficient time is allowed for general discussion by the staff. These staff meetings have proved to be of great value to the staff and of equal importance to the central office. g The Child Welfare Service program has been working in close cooperation with the Crippled Children's Commission and particularly with the county and State health programs. It has been possible in several cases to continue planning for children whose orthopedic condition has been corrected by the Commission, but who need other services, such as boarding home care. In the past it was found that although many children, particularly from the mounteinous region, were sided by the Crippled Children's Commission the benefits were greatly lessened because there wes no provision after discharge by the Commission for the child to enter school or to be essured edequate Kentucky - 73 home care to prevent a recurrenee of his handicap. In connection with the special project of the classification of children at the Lyndon institution the Child Welfare Service staff supervisor was able to develop a service for the psychological study of this group. This arrangement was made, without the expenditure of child welfare service funds, through the Child Guidance Service Clinic which is sponsored jointly by the Lexington Junior League and the University of Kentucky. Inasmuch as there were believed to be some 85 children at Lyndon who were feeble-minded greet interest has been ex- pressed in the reports by the psychologist which showed that approxi- mately 30 of the group believed to be feeble-minded actually had normal intelligence, but had such serious personality conflicts that they had developed behavior problems and were cºusing definite trouble in the institution. LOCAL SERVICES Local services were initiated through the establishment of demon- strations in six counties, carefully selected and strategically located. The basis of selection of these counties was primarily in terms of the large groups of children from each of these counties at the various State institutions. In addition two counties were selected because nf the recent damage in the community resulting from the flood. During the nine months from March through December 1937 interesting changes have developed. One of these demonstrations was withdrawn after six months because of political difficulties. However, it was possible before withdrawing the program to have the work that had been initiated incorporated in the WPA program. It is believed by the county board in this county and representative individuals that there will be a later opportunity to establish a sound child welfare service program in this county. Three other demonstration cºunties were expanded into demon- stration areas at the request of court officials and interested indi- viduals at the end of a six month period. In a fifth demonstration county the program has encountered many difficulties, but it is the feeling of the school officials that during the nine months in 1937 the program had been effective in bringing together certain interests which in the past had been unrelated. Because of the keen interest on the part of the school authorities as well as several important lay groups it has seemed advisable to continue the program during a longer period. In the sixth county, where there appeared to be less promise of actual progress than in any of the other counties, a comprehensive Child Welfare Service including assistance with juvenile court cases, school attendance problems and supervision of children in their own homes in a limited Mothers' Aid program has been made possible. In this county at the end of four months the Child Welfare Service worker assigned by the Child Welfare Division was asked by the local board and Kentucky - 74 - Partics > Y. Local Pertic. Recrea- tion Local the court to assume additional responsibility for an integrated county welfare program. As a result the county is now paying one-third of this worker's salery. She is giving two-thirds of her time to Child Welfare Services and the remaining third to general relief work, and particularly to the development of a more adequate county welfare program. She has enlisted the aegistance of the State Board of Health and has been able with its help effectively to arouse the officials the need for a County Health Department. Through the cooperation of certain church and club groups she has started a limited recreational program, particularly for boys of high school age. In addition to these units, it was possible to expand certain com- munity organizations already in operation. In three counties there was established and operating a county relief agency headed by a qualified social worker who was interested in developing under State supervision Child Welfare Services in the local community. In these counties the salary of the social worker as well as office space and equipment were provided by the county. She is reimbursed, however, from Child Welfare Service funds for certain expenses involved in the handling of children's cases. This development of an existing service has been one of the most satisfactory developments of the entire program. In other counties where an inadequately prepared worker was giving part time service, or perhaps was doing several jobs, for example WPA certification, NYA certification, Red Cross and magistrates' relief, it has been possible to use certain of these funds and supplement them with Child Welfare Service funds to procure the service of e qualified worker. - Here again has been demonstrated, in a manner which officials and lay people can take hold of something concrete in the way of community planning with State assistance. In addition to those counties where there is actually functioning a Child Welfare Service program several counties are still trying to think their way through to the establish- ment of services as above described. In these counties Child Welfare Boards have been created as provided in the Kentucky Children's Bureau Act. Some counties are trying to add to either the county health budget or the school budget so as to be able to employ a social worker . qualified to undertake Child delfare Services. There has been a definite feeling in those counties where there is a Child Welfare Service staff member that there is available a worker who is qualified to es sist the community and individuals in the consideration of various children's problems. L_0 U 1 S. I. A. N. A OBJECTIVES The objectives of the Louisiana program of Child Welfare Services during the six months have included: * & 1. The development of the Bureau of Child Welfare in the State Department of Public Welfare on a state-wide basis to provide services to safeguard homeless, dependent, handicapped and neglected children und children in danger of becoming delinquent. 2. The training program which set up two rural units for super- vision and case work practices of students in training for case work in child welfare. 3. Expansion of child welfare activities in the 16 local units and the improvement of case-work service through supervision and con- sultation from the staff of the State Bureau of Child Wielfºre. * 4. Increased assistance to the State Commissioner of Charities and Corrections in making studies of proposed adoption placeidents in rural threas. 5. Increasing cooperation with private and public child-curing institutions, which, with the expansion of the Aid to Dependent Chil- dren orcºram in this State, are requesting studies in fumily situa- tions in rural areas with a view to restoring children to their own homes and rehabilitating these homes. 6. Coordination of child welfare activities now scattered in various State organizations and institutions. 7. cooperation with the iſlaternal and Child Health program and the proposed Crippled Children's program under the Board of Health. 3. Interpretation of child weifare situations and needs to the public through meetings with interested groups and through publication and distribution of child welfare literature and such other means as the situation and the Bureau of Child Welfare's facilities warrant. 9. Development of a lending library for the Bureau's staff in the field. - . . - 10. Cooperation with the Bureau of Public Assistance to further the State program of public welfare. . STATE SERVICES .-- The state Department of Public welfare has a single field staff. ' These field representatives were to interpret the child welfare pre- gram to the local communities and in whatever manner seemed feasible is a Louisiana – 76 > , Field Service Training Cr. Ch. iny the groundwork for an understanding of the Child Welfare Services program as to objective, content, function, and relationship in the parish department of public Welfare und the cºmmunity. Consultation service has been at a minimum due to the fact that it was not tº ‘ssible to secure more than one child wolfare consultant and because other demands on the time of the Director of the Bureau did not permit as much time in the field as would have been profitable to the sound development of the Child Welfure Services program in the new demonstraition units. It was the plan that technical supervision was to be provided by four child welfare consultants assisting those field representatives who were qualified to supervise child welfare workers and giving the direct supervision to those workers whose field representatives have not had child welfare preparation or experience. The training progrum:--A significant development in Child Welfare Services was the expansion of the training program. Eleven qualified workers were selected from 63 rural parishes in the 3tate for edu– cational leave to attend a graduate school of social work. Child welfare training centers were established in two parishes. The State Department provided training, supervisors, made a contribution to the cost of mileage and made one center available to the special child welfare students from Tulane University. The Louisiana students continued their field work experience at the other center. . On October first, the eleven students who had been on educational leave were placed in arishes; with few exceptions euch one returned to his or respective parish. Six udditional workers are now on educa- tional leave. The State of Louisiana has not established the Cri, pled Children's Services. The Bureau ºf Child. Welfare has used the clinical facilities available through the Louisiana League for Crippled Children. Parish Workers have developed constructive and cooperative relationships with the local public health units. In the last two months of 1937, the State Hospital Board rovided dentol trailers which afforded free dental service for relief recipients, in n limited number of parishes. LOCAL SERVICES On October l, 1937 the State Bureau of Child Welfare placed twelve workera in eleven new parishes. Eleven of these workers had been on educational leave at approved schools of social work. Ome worker who had had two years at approved schools of social work and previous child welfare experience in recognized child-caring agencies was employed. The progress in the new centers has varied from complete acceptance and enthusiastic support of the service to failure to understand the service and a request from one parish for the withdrawal of the service at the end of six weeks' demonstration. Louisiana - 77 * ! ºliº. i t; Cr. Gh. District, Child tâclfare Unit?--On Octºber 1 a District in Child Welfare Services raº, ºpened at the request of the Juſige of the District. Cºurt. This District comprises three parishes in the northeastern - section of the State, touching the Arkansas border and bordering the Mississippi River. e The Judge who instigated the service in this district huò cºme to the conclusion that he needed the service of someone tºx acquaint him with the background rind family life ºf the children who came in to his court. The field representative indicated to the Judge that thc en- tire community must be ready to sponsor Cuch a service and that the child welfare worker would not only scrve the needs of the court, but would extend her service as far as pºssible to meet other requests in the community. An unusually good piece of cºmmunity organization has gone on under the leadership of the parish child Welfare worker and the State Bureau's field representative, who have drºwn in thc arish . director of one of the most progressive ºurishes as well as the local 2ublic health director. They in turn have brought in the various local organizations. These organizations agreed to , ool their child welfare interests and rºunds in tº separt.te child welfare ºrganization which has for its articular objective the study of community needs and the - 3romotion of treatment facilities, as well as the raising of funds for specicl child welfare needs. - º The child welfare worker of a neighborinº, ºurish has been per- { mitted to give some of her time for intensive case work on s, ecial 3rºblems which cannot be covered by one v. 3rker in this ureti. The unit nor feels that there is a need for another worker and has agreed to • ºrrºvide a 50 per cent portiºn of the salary of the worker. This unit has sºonsored 5 recial clinics, such as cri; pled children, defective sight, has organized recreational groups and provided educational opportunities for children. - - Child Welfºre workers' salaries are aid jointly out of Foderal and State funds, Eince the public relfare ºrogram in Louisiana is State rather than parish financed. The State participates in a 50 §er cent basis in the salary and covers the entire cost of transpor- tation. 78 M A I N }. OBJECTIVES The Child Welfare Service funds are being used in the State of Maine to improve services to children on two fronts: (1) by improving the quality of service to children who are receiving direct care from the Bureau of Social Welfare; (2) through demonstrations in local areas to provide better service to children who are in their own homes and who need the services of a social worker to make their own homes safe for them. STATE SERVICES Field Service Commu- nity Cr. Ch. Health The Supervisor of Child delfare Services, who is also e consultant for case work, is aveilable to the staff of the Bureau as well as to outside agencies. She acts as a Supervisor and consultent to the District Supervisors on work involving the interests of committed . children and Aid to Dependent children. The work of the Bureau of Social \ielfare is being strengthened by the use of trained and experi- enced District Supervisors. Representatives from the State organization of the League of Women Voters and Parent-Teachers have consulted the Supervisor on matters pertaining to their programs for study groups which the two State organizations carry on. Child tielfare Services and Crippled Children's Services are well integrated. The two services started almost simultaneously, The medical social worker attached to the Crippled Children's program and the Supervisor of Child Welfare Services, upon their arrival in the State, spent considerable time visiting agencies and local groups in various perts of the State end explained the two new services which were being set up in the State of Maine. At the same time a coopera- tive plan was worked out between the two services, so that the social workers on the staff of the Bureau would give services to any crippled child who might be referred to them by the Division of Crippled Children. The nutritinn services of the Maternal and Child Health Division of the Bureau of Health have also been developed in close cooperation with Child Welfare Services. The Nutritionist and the Supervisor of Child Welfare Services have both worked closely with the Director of the Bureau of Social Welfare and the Stete Supervisor of Aid to Dependent Children in the preparation of a budget manual to be used by the staff of the Bureau. The Nutritionist has also been available to the social workers on the Bureau's staff for individual conferences as well as for visits to the homes of recipients of Aid to Dependent Children and town relief. Maine - 79 LOCAL SERVICES Commu- nity The local services paid for from Child Welfare Service funds and carried on in the State of Maine at the present time consists of three Demonstrations. Two of the Demonstrations are in small areas--Bridgton and Old Town, and the third covers Aroostook County, the largest and most rural county in the State. In addition to the work which is being done in these three local areas, the social workers on the staff of the State Bureau of Social Welfare in addition to their regular work with commited children and Aid to Dependent Children are carrying an increasing number of servi.e cases for the local officials in their respective territories. The two years of experimentation with Child Welfare Service funds to provide services to local communities has proven beyond any doubt that in a great many towns in the State officials are ready to support, so far as town funds permit, a program which will make the services of a social worker available to them. This is particularly true of towns in the section of the State where Bridgton is located. No less than seven towns in two or three different areas ere talk- ing of pooling their finances and jointly financing the expense of a social worker who would cover two or three towns. The welfare work in Maine has grown to the point where officials no longer resist the help which an experienced worker can give them, As one town official expressed it, "I would like to have a person assist me who knows more about welfare work than I do." At Town Meeting this year two small towns adjoining Bridgton, each having f. population of approximately 700, are putting an item in the Town War: at to appropriate a sum of money to pay for part of the salary of the worker in the Bridgton area. They are doing this so that they may be allowed to call on the worker whenever they need her help with relief cases. The fact that they consider this item of expense a legitimate one to include in the Town warrant is encouraging, especially since they are doing it of their own accord and without being approached by anyone. Two fectors seem to stand in the wey of further development of local services in Maine at the present time. One is the question of personnel. Unless more qualified workers can be interested in accepting jobs for local services, or unless a way can be found to train workers for these positions, the development will be held back materially. Maine – 30 The other factor which calls for a great deal of thought and consideration is the question of what should constitute a welfare unit in the State of Meine. The two welfare units at the present time are (1) the town; and (2) the State. The town is too small to be a unit and the State too large. If local services are to spread and eventu- ally cover the principal parts of the Stete, some way must be found to determine what should constitute a district for Child Welfare Services. The points to be considered are the territory, the size of the problem, and the approximate amount the communities can pay for the services of a social worker on a permanent basis. 81 iſ A.F. Y. l. A N D OBJECTIVES l. To stimulate in the rural areks an awareness of the unmet needs of children. To provide more adequate case work services for children in these erents. 2. © To promote better standards of care for children, and to develop resources to meet, those standards. 3 © Á. To assist the courts, magistrates, probation and attendance officers ºnd those in related services, in securing more adequate treatment services for children coming to their at- tention. 5. To assist in better standards of intake and discharge in child- caring in stitutions. 6. To develop wider coimmunity interest and participation in a total child-caring program. STATE SERVICES Field Service During the past six months, through its field staff, the State Department has frequently consulted with local welfare bot.rd exe- cutives, suiſervisors, and board members on the development of pro- grams already started, and contemplated services. Some of these consultations have been initiated by the local unit and some by the State office is the need indicated. Throughout the Child Wolfare Service program, emphasis has been placed upon the case supervisory function, and through Child Welfare Service funds either total or partial salaries of cºse supervisors have been provided where such supervision would have been lacking otherwise. Four Child Welfare Service counties have had case super- vision provided in this way. Prepuration for the development of a demonstration in extra- mural professional courses with eight Eastern Shore counties parti- cipating has taken place within the past six months. Cooperation with the Crippled Children's Services and other State medical and health programs is so bound up with county welfare board functions that such cooperation is constantly being effected as the need arises in individual cases or for groups of cases or con– cerning problems that are State-wide. “º. Library Foster Care Court, Schools Foster Care iſſaryland – 82 A conference with the State Commissioner of Mental Hygiene was held this fall to discuss ways ond means for the extension of psy- chiatric service to rural counties where such service is limited and from which requests have come in. The use of wider clinic service of State “ental dospitals was felt to be si sound starting point and the commissioner is working with the hospitals in selected areas to make this extension possible. Library service in the State office, providing material re- quested by the counties, has been developed, and resources have been made available to an increased extent. In Allegatiy County part of the case work supervisor's service and the full time service of a case worker have made it possible for considerable gºins to be made in the foster home program, and especially in the development of a working relationship with the Juvenile Court Judge. Increased case work service to children in families receiving aid to dependent children has been provided. In Anne Arundel County there has been a steadily increasing demºnd by the community for services for children. This is directly traceable t , the service of the Child Welfare kilorker in that cºunty. An excellent relationship with the caurt, with the attendance of— ficer, and with the schoºls has been productive of far-reaching community results. The b arding h ’me program, which seemed very limited has, Govel»ped rà" idly in b ,th extent tººd ºuality, and c 2nstant emphasis ºn the preventive as oect hug been carried out through service to children in their ºwn homes. A special prºject has been undertaken by the State Department in an experimental basis. This prºject is the study of the family histories of a selected group ºf children in an industrial school, admitted from one cºunty. It is evident already that the study has stimulated an interest on the part of the institution in a more selective process ºf intake and a concern as to the cºuses of cºm— fuitment ºf the bºys. Thrºugh the wºrk Yf the Child Welfare Worker in one cºunty and the case worker in another c unty, supplemented by consultation ser– vice of the State Staff, a sub-standard institution has decided to close. *ere, the cooperation ºf the c. unty welfare boards in ar- ranging for placement of the few children in the institution, in addition to urºvice and help with some of the children placed by the institution, has been an outstanding piece ºf work. 83 Hi–A–3 S A G H U S : T. T. S. OBJECTIVES In April 1936, the State Department of Public Welfare began an experiment in supplying Child Welfare Service to rural communities with the aid of funds made available by the United States Children's Bureau. The "experiment" was undertaken for the purpose of discover- ing the prevalence of unmet needs and the way in which local communi- ties might equip themselves to prevent dependency and maladjustment through constructive service to homes and to individual children. The service has demonstrated the existence of a wide range of child wel- fare needs in rural areas and it has shown that local officials are eager to have assistance in dealing with problems that concern children. The demonstration that has been carried on by the State Depart- ment of Public Welfare has shown that there is need for such services in all types of communities and that protection and care must be made available to children in the rural communities. STATE AND LOCAL SERVICES Trained social workers were appointed under State Civil Service to give full-time child welfare service in two areas. Eighteen towns of the South Worcester area have received assistance from one or two workers with headquarters in that district. In the Cope Cod area, where a worker was placed in February 1937, 15 towns have been given service. During the period covered by the experiment some service has been given to 203 families, including 785 children, in the two areas. Tuber ºlosis and other medical cases have been referred to the clinics which are held monthly at specified times and places. Infantile ps.ralysis cases have been referred to orthopedic clinics. The State Infirmary and schools for the feeble-minded have examined children referred by the Child Welfare District Service and a number of children have been committed to these institutions as a result of "Child Welfare Services" case work. Psychiatric service has been obtained from Child Guidance, Mental, and Habit Clinics. The district workers have interested individuals in the communities in providing support for temporarily disabled family groups, thereby preventing public dependency. A member of one local committee assists with the transportation to and from hospital clinics and acts as friendly visitor. Massachusetts - 34. y Child study groups have been encouraged to become better acquainted with the laws pertaining to children, as well as child welfare needs. Various private organizations and clubs have given financial and other assistance. In the Cape Cod area the scope of the Cape Cod Health Council has been broadened to include social workers and others interested in child-welfare problems in the community. Because of the long distances between towns, arrangements are being made to have meet- ings and lectures held at various points on the Cape . The program has been "marking time" during recent months, await- ing developments in other fields of social welfare activities under the State Department of Public Welfare and in local administrative mechanisms. Plans for the future must depend upon the practicability of integrating child welfare services with other local welfare func- tions e es Organ- izing Psych- M. I. C. H. I. G A M OBJECTIVES Two main objectives:--(1) To make casework service available in as many localities as possible with the available money and staff. (2) To interpret to agency workers, to public officials, and to lay persons the needs of children and to point the way to the organization of a community so that these needs may be met. STATE SERVICES In order to carry out the two main objectives, demonstration programs in child welfare have been established in several rural counties. (l) The Hillsdale Child Conservation Service was established with two trained workers. (2) Several qualified workers with the legal status of child welfare worker for the Probate Court were placed in counties in order to give casework service to children coming to the attention of the court and in order to point the way to a preventive program. (3) The Mobile Unit is organized to cooperate with and to give consultation service in problems of child welfare to the supervisors of the State Welfare Department, to Probate Judges, to workers in various health and relief agencies of the counties and to the schools. The workers also aim to demonstrate how to obtain adequate social studies of the families, then to interpret how to utilize this information, with the material of a psychological study, the medical examination and, when indicated, a psychiatric study. Guidance in treatment is also given. The first entry into a county was usually to the Probate Court through the intake service. This led to a more ready acceptance of the program and to a closer integration of state and federal services. Also, it made available direct care for children through foster home placement which was a tangible result in the eyes of the local people. However, &s return visits were made to these counties, it was realized that often the local workers saw direct care of chil- dren as the only value of the Unit work, and they did not seem to know how to use the other, more intangible, services. For this re: Son, during the last six months more emphasis has been placed on the consultation service. & Michigan - 86 Training Within the last six months the Mobile Unit has given service for the first time in ll counties and in 25 counti, Čs on return - visits. (The Unit has contacted 57 of the 83 counties in the state). The procedure of the Unit in offering service to a county is much the same as has been described in previous progress reports. Full study has been made in cases where it was indicated by the nature of the problem and by the possibilities for treatment in the local situation. In many instances only a psychological examination has been given. In these situations the ease-worker has secured what social information was available from the referring person before the psychological tests were given. After the psychological study either the case-worker or the psychologist has interpreted the material to the referring person. Workers have given consultation service to an individual Worker or a group of workers where no member of the Unit staff has had contect with the family. Sometimes the worker has helped the local worker to prepare her case for presentation at a case conference or what iaore nearly re- sembles a seminar of the local workers of a given county. Much of the success of this depends on whether or not the local worker has sufficient information regarding the child and his family on which to base a case- . work discussion. In-Service Training Program:--The In-Service Training Program is only in its infancy. While this program will be coordinated with all of the Child Welfare Services projects it will have a closer tie to the project of the placing of child welfare workers in counties where half of the salary is paid from Federal funds and half from local and State funds. Five promising workers already in a public case-work agency were selected for educational leave to attend a school of social work so that on their return to the local community they might be better qualified to give case-work service to children. At the present time three of these people are ready for placement. Before they go to their respect- ive counties a short orientation institute is planned for them. Further supervision of these workers will be worked out cooperatively with the District Supervisors of the State Welfare Department. Part of the job is to guide the individual worker in his plans for the com— pletion of his professional training. LOCAL SERVICES 1. Hillsdale Child Conservation Services:--The personnel of the Hillsdale Child Conservation Service remains the same as was reported for the first six months period for 1937; a supervisor who puts the emphasis in her work on community organization, a case-worker who does treatment work with children, and a secretary. The case load for December was 48 children in 22 families. The total number of families served in the ll months of the existence of the Coordi— agency is lz8 children in 49 families. The sources of referrals have nation been chiefly those organizations represented in the Intake Committee. } e Michigan – 87 Additional ones have come from the American Legion and private individuals. The Health Department has referred the largest num- ber. iv. Com. The Advisory Committee of seven lay members was formed in November. The supervisor has had several individual interviews with each member and there have been three formal meetings of the Committee. All members have shown a definite interes; and an eagerness to participate in the county child welfare prºgram. 2alth The Kellogg Foundation has continued to use the Hillsdale Health Unit as its training center for new counselors. . The inter- relationship of health and case-work service to children has been emphasized. This has resulted in a request from the Kellogg Foundation to have available in six other counties a qualified child welfare worker, or more extensive service from the Mobile Unit. Very definite progress has been made in interpreting the program to the Health Unit, and they have made constructive use of the child welfare services. - In about one-third of the cases referred from other sources the cooperation of the Court has been necessary in order to carry out treatment plans, Much remains to be accomplished in this county if a broad child welfare program is to be developed. The lack of a family agency equipped to do case-work has handicapped the work. The E.R.A. cooperates to its fullest extent but it is hampered by lack of staff and by insufficient funds. There has never been a private family agency in the county. There are a large number of voluntary and fraternal organizations which give generously. hools Many of the referrals for problem behavior, where direct treatment of the child has been indicated, have been made by the schools. Because of this it has been possible to give interpreta- tion of the program to the individual teachers and principals. D l C&l 2. Ingham County:--On August 1, 1937, a child welfare worker irtigs was placed as acting County Agent to give service to the Juvenile Court. The worker was supervised directly by the State Welfare Department. . . . \ 3. Lenawee County:--9n September 15, 1937, a child welfare worker was placed in this county as acting County Agent under Child Welfare Services. g * - Michigan - 88 4. Monroe County:--A child welfare worker was placed in Monroe County on December 20, 1937. The Steering Committee of the Community Council, which is a lay group, made & definite request for a qualified child welfare worker. In this county there is great need for a preventive and treatment program in child welfare. 89 M I N N E S O T A - OBJECTIVES 1. Development of interest in and understanding of a child protective program. 2. Development of leadership to promote this program through the place- ment of qualified workers. 3. Closer integration of child welfaro services with the public welfare program, juvenile courts and private social agencies. 4. Moro adequate staffs to permit intensive case work with problem children. 5. Evaluation of the entire children's program through committees, conforences, etc. 6. Continued training of persons on the job through an in-service program. 7. Development of increasing emphasis on prevention. STATE SERVICES Field Service The State Board of Control has organized a joint field staff com- posed of cighteen field supervisors, of whom fifteen are working in the rural counties. These field supervisors are responsible for the super- vision of the entire social welfare program, including child welfare and the three forms of public assistance, old age assistance, aid to dependent children, and aid to the needy blind. In addition to the general field supervisor staff, the Children's Bureau has had two child welfare consultants who furnish consultation service to the rural county staffs. A third was employed January 1 and a fourth will be employed shortly. These case consultants spend about 75 percent of their time in the field, working directly with the county staffse The 18 field supervisors provide the general supervision to county staffs. The case consultants are responsible for the moro specialized type of supervision, limiting their efforts, of course, to the child welfare field. In addition, tho State supervisor of child welfare services is responsible for supervision of the case consultants and advisory service, in the field of child welfare, to the general fiel supervisorse * e Minnesota • 90 Training Cr. Ch. Indian usian Developments in training program:--Several months ago the State Board of Control employed a full-time worker to develop a general in- service training program in the counties. This program is intended to cover all of the phases of the public welfare program, including child welfare services. In addition to this general program, more special- ized training is being attempted through conferences with all of the specialized child welfare workers. County workers spond some time in the Children's Bureau before induction into the job. Cooperetion with Grippled Children's Services, and with other medical and health programs:--Because the crippled children's program is administered by a unit under the Board of Control, there is close coop- eration between this program and the child welfare servico program, Workers of the two programs attond staff meetings, and the rural child welfare workers participate directly in the crippled children's program by referral of cases and attendance at clinics. Referral procedures have been developed in cooperation with the State Department of Health, the tuberculosis unit of the State Board of Control, and other public and private agencies. Recently the Children's Bureau has worked with the State Medical Association in attempting to build up adequate health care for the children under its supervision. * - ther tivities or eci features of interest duri months:- While there is no organized psychiatric service for children in the rural areas, many children needing psychiatric services have been brought into the urban areas where such services are available. The State is providing a considerable sum of money for this purposes A staff of six mental examiners operating in a unit under the Board of Control provides necessary psychological service. There are practically no Negro children in the rural areas. The State Public School provides limited care for dependent and neglected Negro children, largely from the urban areas, by means of the boarding- home programs The recent termination of the employment of Indian social workers on the staff of the Indian Service in Minnesota has added a considerable load to the work of the Children's Bureau, Workers in Indian areas must assume considerably larger case loads than formerly in an effort to give protection and necessary service to this group. The problem is now being studied by both the State and the local agencies involved, The State Board of Control has a separate library unit which for . many years has given library service to the State institutions. Recently the Board of Control has permitted this service to be extended to the Minnesota - 91 Training Foster Care staffs of the county welfare boards. The plan now in operation enables any county staff worker to secure professional and technical literature without cost, on a loan basis. This development will do much to stimulate professional thinking in the counties. Because of the difficulty of securing enough qualified people to act as case consultants, the staff is just now being completed. It was felt that the educational leave program should be delayed to enable the new staff members to familiarize themselves with the problems with which they will deal and to get the child welfare work under the new program well established. It is planned to arrange for such leaves during the next six months. Child welfare workers, case consultants, and field supervisors report an expansion of the boarding home program and an increased interost on the part of board members in boarding care. In several counties there were no boarding homes in the county prior to the employment of the child Welfare worker, - The increasing use of the services of child welfare workers by other agencies is a significant advance. School officials are coming to the county welfare office for advice on their problem cases, Public health nurses and ministers also seek service. As one worker wrote, "The community has come to regard Child Welfare Services more a program of helpful service than a by-product of the police department". LOCAL SERVICES Local Partic- Between July and October, 1937, approximately forty new workers were employed. Eleven of the counties were granted Child Welfare Services funds to aid in the employment of qualified workers. In several counties only $25 to $35 per month was necessary to enable the county to get the services of a qualified social worker. Many counties could afford to pay $100 per month salary for a worker, but a salary of $125 to $140 was impossible without assistance through CWS funds, - The difficulty of obtaining adequate relief funds in counties oper- ating under the township system of poor relief still exists. Coordination of public welfare has meant, however, that children, an inarticulate group, are receiving a fairer share of service and aids Practically all workers reported that Child Welfare Services have been more adequately administered since the coordinated program began, With a single county board handling all programs, it has been found that county funds for children's services are easier to obtain, and child welfare is receiving its rightful emphasis. The employment of a qualified worker has resulted in more adequate follow-up service, more adequate case records, and closer attention to the less obvious cases, º 92 M I S S O U R I OBJECTIVES The ultimate objective of the program of Child Welfare Services in all the judicial circuits of the State. The immediate objectives have been as follows: (a.) Improvement in the situation of children to whom service is given. º (b.) Assistance in developing approved methods of child welfare for local officials who have some responsibility for dealing with children. (c.) General community education for a better understanding of children's problems and needs. (d.) Community organization directed toward local acceptance of re- sponsibility for under-privileged children and improved standards in deal- ing with children's problems. These objectives have been kept in mind in both local service and state-wide planning. The State Children's Bureau, of which Child Welfare Service was a part, has been in a stage of transition and development during the past six minths. Under the new State Social Security Commis- sion Law, the State Children's Bureau program was continued, but the name was changed to State Division of Child Welfare. Plans for the State Division of Child Welfare and its Child Welfare Services were adopted by the State Social Security Commission on July 26, 1937. The Child Welfare Services has given all assistance possible in de- veloping well coordinated programs in the four Divisions of the State Social Security Commission. STATE SERVICES Organizing Local Services:--During the past six months three addi- tional local units have been developed in Missouri, making a total of eight. Each unit covers two or more counties. Methods used in devel- oping them have varied according to the needs and interests of the terri- tories involved. The general plan has been for a district consultant to take a few cases for demonstration service in a given area where responso and interest in children's problems has been indicated and at the same time to see as many community leaders as possible to explain the service by means of cases as well as general child welfare concepts. An effort has been made to find out what community groups in the past have been interested in child welfare, what their programs and activities have been, and to stimulate their interest in continuing their child welfare activi" ties with the assistance of professional leadership. W t Missouri - 93 Adv. Com: Commu- Ellºy. i t The assistance of local lay leadership has been sought in establish- ing local service. In several counties this leadership was found in the local advisory committees composed of a nucleus of the circuit judge (juvenile judge), the county superintendent of schools, a member of the county court, and a local person appointed by the circuit judge. In other counties an official, such as a circuit judge or prosecuting attorney, has taken the lead in interesting local persons, giving public- ity in newspapers, at meetings, etc., and in developing enough community interest to influence the county courts to make an appropriation. In other places where the official group did not show any marked interest, civic and social clubs have taken the initiative in interpreting the service until the county courts bocame interested. The necessity for making reports to sources of referral, county officials and other inter- ested individuals of accomplishments on cases in their communities in order to make the work known has been stressed. In addition, summarized reports of all work done have been presented at various times to inter- ested individuals and groups, In several instances when one county has requested a local worker and an adjoining county has shown interest the unit has been started in one county. The work has been arranged so that the worker could spend some time in the adjoining county to do some demonstration case work, community organization and interpretation, with the result that the second county has decided to participate. Every county which is participating in the cost of service has an advisory committee. In some counties these committes have remained small- In 6thers the membership has been enlarged to include representatives from various important civic groups. A child welfare council with representar- tives from 25 local civic and social groups was organized in one county seat, a town of 8,000. In one county where the advisory committee was small and not very active, interest of the cornmittee and community was stimulated by calling a case conference on a difficult family which had been known to a number of local organizations such as churches, private charity organizations, lodges, schools, public relief, health, etc. over a period of years, The pooling of experience and cooperative effort was effective in making a plan for helping the family and also in developing interest in community organization. Each participating agency loarned of the activities and scope of the othor organizations and some of the overlapping and waste 0, because thore was no planned coordinated program. The members of the advisory committee, who had previously seemed indifferent became active in interpreting Child Welfare Service to new members of the group. The representatives of the city charities, a private volunteer group collect- ing and disbursing relief through the churches, had a long conference with the public assistence worker after the meeting, on ways of cooper- ating. The case conference method of interpretation has been tried in a number of communities with apparently successful results. tº Missouri - 94. Partic. When counties agree to participate financially there are conferences with officials concerning the choice of a worker. In each instance tho county has accepted the worker recommended by the Stato Division of Child. Welfare. Recently a letter was sent out to all the participating counties by the Administrator of the Social Security Commission outlining tho servº- ices given by CWS and the agreement for carrying on the work, including the plan of selecting local units; appointment, payment and supervision of workers; and the plan of cooperation between the counties and CWS, With the number of local units increased to eight, the number of district consultants has been decreased to four. Each consultant gives service in about 20 counties and therefore cannot accept responsibility for long-time case-work treatment. The consultant has attempted to give to local officials and interested individuals some idea of case-work methods and to demonstrate the need for local workers. Public assistance workers often have such large case loads that consultation service alone could offer no help because of the lack of time to carry out suggestions, A form of cooperative service is developing in which the CWS worker helps to make an investigation or study and to formulate a plan of treatment which can be carried out by the public assistance worker, with occasional help from the district consultant. This same plan has been found effective in working with probation officers and other local officials and vol- unteerse Methods of referral and scope of service have been defined through conferences of CWS and Public Assistance State supervisors. District consultants and local unit workers have attended staff meetings of Public Assistance workers for presentation of the program and have worked out relationships in individual conferences, Supervision of State Staff: --State staff supervision has been divided. between the superintendent of child welfare services and the staff super- visor. Direct supervision has been given by the superintendent to two dis-, trict consultants and two local unit workers and the staff supervisor has directly supervised two district consultants, two local unit workers, and a case worker in the training unit territory. Each of three district consultants is supervising a local unit workor in her territory. The plan has boen for State supervisors to have at least monthly conferences with . district consultants and some joint conferences with district consultants and their local unit workers. Local unit workers wore seen twico monthlye It has not been possible to give as much supervision as needed bocause of lack of supervisory staff, - During the past six months one State staff meeting and three district staff conferences have been held. An attempt has been made to have as much teaching and supervisory value as possible in the meetings and to develop participation in policy making, definition of function and formu- lation of the program. - Missouri - 95 Training Health Cr. Ch. Four workers have been supervised in the training unit, three by the staff supervisor and one by the superintendent. One worker is now a dis- trict consultant, one worker has gone to a local unit and a third was transferred to the public assistance division. The fourth worker has been retained in the territory surrounding the State office to provide continu- ing service at times when there are no workers in training and to develop case and projects which may be used in training. A meeting was held recently with State supervisors of the State Board of Health, Public Assistance and Child Welfare Services at which a com- mittee was appointed to plan further meetings with state-wide social agencies to discuss cooperation and coordination in State programs from the standpoint of scope of the programs and organization for services in the individual counties, In one county a joint clinic for eyes, tonsils, and crippled children was organized, CºS cooperating with the local doctors, State Board of Health, State Crippled Children’ s Service, Missouri Commission for the Blind, and local schools and clubs. Twenty-nine families under CWS care received some type of special medical attention as follows: 13 orthopedic examinations with recommendations for after care; 2 hospitalizations; six tonsillectomies; arrangements for 1 child to enter the State training school for feebleminded; 2 children examined for referral to the State school for . the deaf; 1 dental extraction; le cases in which special eye care was recommendode t A study of CWS cooperative cases with the State Crippled Children's Service for one quarter showed a total of 39 crippled children under cares Five cases not previously known to the Crippled Children's service were referred by CWS, In addition information was given by CWS on eight other cases to a gencies, schools, interested community persons and families concerning resources for care for crippled children. In numerous counties CWS workers have cooperated with the Missouri Commission for the Blind, State Cripplied Children's Service, the State Trachoma Hospital and the State Public Health program in conducting clinics and carrying out treat- ments A State consultant on juvenile court problems has been added to the staff. He is working with juvenile judges, probation officers and other local officials in developing a system of State reports and in helping to develop better juvenile court procedures and practices. He is also review- ing the State laws relating to children. Sixteen books on social work have been added to the State library by the Missouri Library Commission at the request of Child Welfaro Servicese These books are available to workers and other interested persons through- out the State, the library service being given by the State Library Com- mission Staff. In addition, 18 child welfare books and some pamphlets Thºvo boon purchased for tho CWS Stato office library to be used in train- inge Missouri – 96 At two county fairs CºS had booths with posters and literature interpreting the work. A small leaflet which told briefly about the Division of Child Welfare, including CWS, was prepared by CWS and 2,000 copies were distributed to persons who stopped at the booths. LOCAL SERVICES L ocal Partic. Adv. Come Commu- nity Recrea- tion The eight local units cover 25 of the ll 4 counties of the State. Three units consist of four counties, three of three counties, and two of two counties. In each unit there is one worker. CWS pays most the salaries of the workers with the counties participating in providing office space, clerical supplies and travel expense, and sometimes partial salary. The contributions vary with the density of population and the financial condition of the counties. . Nineteen counties are participating financially. The units are organized in judicial circuits which vary in the number of counties in the circuit. In several counties of the local units where there is no participation financially, service is given to the circuit judge or other interested persons on call as a case work demon- stration to stimulate interest in child wolfare and to develop some com- munity child welfare organizations Outside the eight local units, four counties have expressed active interest in obtaining local workers, but since the entire CWS budget is now allotted, financial participation from CWS funds would not be possible in new units for the présent. It is realized that increased local service must be made possible through additional State and local appropriation and much of the work is directed toward that goal. Each district consultant has chosen one judicial circuit in which she is giving more concentrated effort than in other parts of her large terri- tory. In these areas consultants are attempting to do some case work and to develop advisory committees or child welfare councils to integrate the work of the various local educational and civic groups and to effect joint planning for county social programs. In one county an excellent playground with volunteer supervision in cooperation with WPA and local civic clubs functioned all summer. In another county the child welfare council has secured the use of an old school building for a cormunity center and various lzinds of group activis- ties, handicrafts, etc., are being developed with the help of WPA and volunteers. OBJECTIVES The objectives are to extend and strengthen the Child Welfare Services program throughout the State of Montana by forming new districts, employing more workers, and providing such workers with adequate supervision; to make Child Welfare Services an integral part of the county welfare program, especially in headquarters counties, and also to cooperate closely with welfare departments in outlying counties; to find and make use of foster homes for children who must be removed from their own homes; to cooperate with the Crippled Children's Division; to educate people to the importance of this work and to the services available to them; to assist in organizing com- munity councils; and to help promote group activities for rural children. STATE SERVICES Field Consultation service has been maintained mostly by corres- Service pondence with the state office. Supervision, until recently handled by the main office, has been very inadequate. On December 6, 1937, an assistant director was appointed, She plans to spend a week or more every three or four months with each of the workers in the field, instructing them in all phases of the work, º Training One of the workers started in October to take six months training in the University of Washington, Three other workers at- tended the round-table in case work held the first week of August in Lummi Island. They reported results to a conference of all workers held in Helena on September 15, 16 and 17. Crs. Ch. '. Some of the Child Welfare Workers have been in attendance at the Crippled Children's Clinics to assist wherever possible, and are arranging for children to attend clinics from counties having no public health nurse to make arrangements for them. In numerous in- stances, in the absence of a public health nurse, the child welfare workers have arranged for medical and surgical care of children, Is M. iſork for the mentally retarded? Closer cooperation has been established with institutions, both public and private. Until October, 1937 the School for the Deaf and Blind had been operated in conjunction with the Feeble-Minded Schools. A new Deaf and Blind School was opened in Great Falls at that time, leaving one hundred Montana - 98 additional beds for the feeble-minded children. The Superintendent of the Feeble-Minded School asked Child Welfare Services to in- vestigate all old applications. The institution is now almost filled. LOCAL SERVICES In Montana an attempt is being made to cover the whole state with Child welfare services. The worker handles the most urgent cases in the outlying counties and concentrates her efforts in the headquarters' county. According to the new law, the welfare de- partment is responsible for the child welfare work, hence the child welfare worker is a part of the county welfare staff in headquarters counties and the county welfare workers in outlying counties help handle child welfare problems with the aid of the child welfare Worker. 99 N E B R A S K A OBJECTIVES The Nebraska Child Welfare Service funds for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1957 are used for the extension of existing State Child Welfare Services and for the introduction of new services. Specifically, Federal funds are used for the following: l. Development of intensive case-work programs on a demonstration basis, particularly in rural counties of special need. 2. Building of psychiatric service for behavior problem children in connection with the case work of the district child welfare consultants and demonstration county case workers. 3. Program for supervised field-work training, in cooperation with the University of Nebraska graduate course in social work, for students who would otherwise be unable to receive such training. !. Purchase of books on child welfare for members of the state and local staffs. The general objective in planning a Child Welfare Service Program for Nebraska is that case work services for children in rural areas will best be developed by the demonstration of the contributions of social case work in the treatment of special types of children' s Cà86 Se The Child Welfare Service program for which the Federal funds are budgeted and plans outlined is closely coordinated with State and local services. STATE SERV. "ES In organizing local services the units are selected upon the basis of: 1. Interest of the local community in the development of a pro- gram for child welfare, and a request from the County Board for such services. 2. Possibility of cooperation from local officials and interested citizens. 3. Lack of local financial resources for the employment of a child welfare case worker or lack of recognition of the value of child welfnre services. 4. Willingness of the local governmental unit to participate ) (> financially. 5. Area of special need because of the existence of particular types of children's problems. Nebraska - 100 Field Service 6. Geographical distribution, so that different sections will become familiar with child welfare case work, 7. Probability of the local community accepting full responsi- bility after a period of demonstration. At the request of the local community for such services, the county is visited by the Supervisor of Child Welfare Services. The plan is discussed with the field representatives of the Public Assistance Division, County Director of Assistance, the County Board of Assistance, the Juvenile Judge, the County Attorney, and any other interested citizens in order to determine their interest' and attitudes toward the program, The plan is then presented to the County Board. If it is accepted, the Board is asked to sign an agreement which outlines the functions of the Child Welfare worker and states the County's responsibility in providing office space, stenographic service, stationery, etc. At the time the worker goes into the County, the Supervisor of Child Welfare Services, the child welfare worker and the Director of Assistance in conference define the functions and duties of the worker and her relationship to the county office and to the State Child Welfare Division, Summaries of this conference are given the Field Representative of the Assistance Division. The organiza- tion of the local unit is planned by the demonstration worker, the County Assistance Director and the Supervisor of Child Welfare Services, -- Consultation service to the counties is furnished by the district consultants. Their work includes: Consultation service to County Officials. Community organization for the development and strengthen- ing of local child welfare resources. Intake and follow-up service for State children's institutions, Field service for Crippled Children's Services. The districts are selected on the basis of approximate case load, ability of the individual workers, geographical conditions, transportation facilities, and coordination with supervisory districts for public assistance. Supervision of the demonstration workers is the direct responsibility of the Supervisor of Child Welfare Services, Consultation services are given by the Supervisor of the district consultants on cases dealing with the removal of a child from his own home, selection of a foster home and supervision in the home, adoption, and case work with unmarried mothers, The Supervisor makes regular supervisory visits to the demonstration centers, as well as holding conferences in the State office with district and county child welfare workers, Nebraska - lol Trainine Cr. Ch. The Training and Supervision Unit was established in Lancaster County, Lincoln, Nebraska in September, 1937. The purpose was (l) to provide further training for persons with academic prerequisites who met at least minimum professional requirements of 150 field work hours and related professional courses, that they might qualify for and supply child welfare positions in the counties, and (2) to give per- sons who were employed on State or County Child Welfare and Assistance staffs and who were giving evidence of capacity for rendering satis- factory service in the field, an opportunity to receive training and orientation in order that they might do a better job while employed. Bulletins to county staffs and press items gave publicity to the plan. Seven persons were selected from seventy-five applicants for the first period of four and one-half months. - Field work and class work were planned to meet individual needs. The amount of time spent in the field ranged from two to four days per week. In addition to the supervised field practice the work of the Training Unit consisted of individual conferences of two to three hours per week, a two hour lecture course in Advanced Case Work, Child Welfare (based on the Child Welfare Course A of the American Association of Schools of Social Work), and a two hour group conference each week which served as a medium for orientation in the various parts of the Child Welfare Division program, such as Crippled Children's Services, psychiatric consultation services, institutional procedures, Child Welfare Services and community planning. Class work in professional courses in the Graduate School of Social Work in the University of Nebraska was coordinated with the field work practice. Students were registered for six to nine hours of class work, in addition to the Child Welfare lectures and the field work for which they were allowed professional credit. As the unit has served a dual purpose of supplying the current needs of the child welfare staff and of stimulating interest in train- ing and professional standards, only five persons are being selected for the second period. The supervisor of training will give one day per week in a consultaticn capacity to an In-Service staff develop- ment program. Four of the students are members of county assistance staffs atyd will return to their positions at the end of the period. One will be considered for a county child welfare position. The State Child Welfare Division includes a Crippled Children's Division. The staff is directly under the Director of the Child Wel- fare Division. The same field staff is used for both Crippled Children's and Child Welfare Services. In crippled children's cases where there is a specific need for case work the consultant assumes responsibility for this case work and also advises with each of the county directors who are responsible by law for follow-up service in crippled children's cases. Nebraska - 102 The State Health Department including local health districts are referring problem children to the Child Welfare Consultants. The public health murses have been helpful in working with the consultants and child welfare workers with regard to children in their own homes where medical problems were involved, Psychiatric Service:--A psychiatrist with child guidance training was added to the Child Welfare Division staff in October 1937. In addition to occasional visits to children's institutions away from Lincoln his work falls into the following categories: 1. Weekly interviews with individual supervisors of Child Welfare Division staff. 2. Consultations with supervisors and social workers about specific cases, 3. Weekly staff meeting and case conferences H. Clearing of psychological referrals and reports. 5. Analysis of case records referred for specific or general recommendations. This includes social histories of children and of prospective foster and adoptive homese 6. Psychiatric examination of children and interviews with adults as the psychiatrist considers advisable, Physical examinations are usually done elsewhere but not infrequently by the psychiatrist. 7. Continuous psychiatric treatment of a number of children at the State Home for Dependent Children, one day per week. Other children from the State Home for Dependent Children or from homes in Lincoln and vicinity are treated in the Psychiatrist's office in the State. House. Children in other institutions are transferred to the State Home for Dependent Children when psychiatric treatment is indicated, Psychological Service:--The Department of Educational Psychology and the Department of General Psychology of the University of Nebraska cooperate to furnish extensive psychological service, Usually a child is tested at Lincoln but field trips can be arranged for individual testing of a number of children brought to contral points in other parts of the state, At the present time a few of the children in the State Home for Dependent Children at Lincoln are being tested each week. In the future the children admitted to this institution will be examined routinely. Group and individual tests have been given in the other children's institutions at intervals during the past year. Psychologists will continue to give these examinations in the future according to the need. Nebraska - 103 Library Psych- Foster are Library Facilities:-- Books and pamphlets have been purchased and these have provided the mucleus for reading material in the training unit, which was also served by the Nebraska Commission Library and the University libraries. The reading materials and books, with the exception of those on the reserved reading list for the training unit, are circulated among members of field and state office staffs on a Donthly basis. LOCAL SERVICES The local services in demonstration counties have pro- gressed slowly since June 30, 1957. At that time there were three demonstration centers. Since that time the centers in Madison, Pierce, Lincoln, and Merrick have been closed either because the workers resigned or because the need for district consultants became so urgent that the worker's territory was enlarged to include several counties. On November 1, 1957 a unit was opened in Platte County. There are 9 district consultants. They are meeting with the County Assistance Directors to discuss the children's cases which are referred. They have been successful in securing the cooperation of the counties in providing transportation for the children to Lincoln for psychological examinations and psychiatric interviews and boarding home funds for children. In a number of instances it has been possible to work out plans whereby it was possible to keep the children in their own homes and community. e The consultation service to the counties in connection with State Institutions shows progress. All children admitted to any of Nebraska's nine child-caring institutions and unmarried mothers admitted to the State's maternity home are planned for by the Child Welfare Division. An effort is made to have all children who are committed to the State's care planned for joint- ly by the Child Welfare consultant and the local officers before commitment is made, These children released from Institutions either through placement in convalescent, foster, boarding, or work homes, or placed on parole will be supervised by the Dis- trict Child Welfare consultants, thus enabling the State to plan with the local officials for the children as long as super- vision and care is needed. 104. Cre Ch. Health N E W A D A . OBJECTIVES The objectives of the State Child Welfare Service Program have been- l. To interpret a general program of child welfare to interested groups throughout the State. 2. To strengthen and develop already existing methods of handling problems involving the welfare of children. 3. To develop resources and to direct the attention of communi- ties towards constructive planning for better programs of Child Wel- fare in the future. - 4. To lead the way, by carrying on and emphasizing a training program, towards placing social work throughout the State on a pro- fessional level. STATE SERVICES Local Child Welfare Services have not been introduced into any new areas during the six months ending December 31, 1937. Emphasis has been on firmly entrenching the program in community life and activities. The Supervisor provides rather intensive supervision over local workers. Each worker receives a visit of several days" duration at least every two months. During this visit, the supervisor and worker analyze and evaluate progress made on individual cases, plan community cooperation under the local worker's leadership, and interpret through individual and group conferences with community leaders the trend and, development of the Child Welfare Service program in that area. Workers frequently consult the Supervisor on individual cases. The maintenance of a small fund to enable employees of the State Department of Welfare to attend schools of social work has been con- tinued. At least one person a year is enabled to attend school for a period of six months or more. Cooperation is being planned with the Crippled Children's Program that will soon get under way. Such cooperation is already in existence with the Maternal and Child Health program. There is mutual referral of cases and consultation and division of responsibility on individual C&l 36 S e Nevada - 105 Psychological service has been introduced for all children whose care is being planned far away from their own homes as well as for children making poor school adjustment. This service is making it possible for the State institution for dependent children to reject feeble-minded children and to arrange for their care in a more adequate manner. Similarly, better school placements are being made. Pertinent material regarding child welfare is obtained and made available for all workers. LOCAL SERVICES The local service has continued to be an - independent Child Welfare Service program. The field workers are accepted as local workers in their counties and cooperate with various local agencies and services. One of the outstanding accomplishments of local programs has been the demonstration of the use of foster home care for children. In most of the counties of the State such a method of treat- ment had never been known before. Now it is accepted as the most desirable plan whenever it is recommended by Child Welfare Workers. It is preferred in many localities to placement in the one institution in the State for dependent children. The advisability of foster home placement or placement in special schools is likewise being recognized as being preferable to commitment to the institution for delinquent children. Such placements are being made in accordance with recommend- ations of the Child Welfare Workers. There is likewise an increasing tendency for matters concerning adoptions to be brought to the attention of local workers. The institution for dependent children no longer handles any adoptions, and district attorneys and judges are relying on Child Welfare Workers for recommendations and reports. The increasing contributions from private and county sources is a further indication of the value being placed on the work done by local Child Welfare Service workers. ! 106 N E W H A M P S H I R E – OBJECTIVES The objectives of the New Hampshire CWS program are: l. To extend services to individual children whose needs are not met adequately at present. 2. To stimulate interest in making permanent provision for de- centralized service to the children of the State by a practical demonstration of its value. 3. To devolop through careful selection and closcreupervision a higher standard of foster home care. 4. To arrange for examination and study of handicapped and problem children, 5. To coordinate the work of the County officials, Overseers of the Poor and Courts with the Division of Welfare in order to provide continuity in case work in the interest of children. STATE SERVICES Fiold Sorvice No change has been made in the organization of the CWS units. An additional worker has been employed in the State staff and has been placed in Belknap County. This indicates the appreciation of the value of decentralized services in units similar to those set up under CWS. No consultation services have been supplied under our present programs A part time Supervisor is employed under CWS. It was planned that the monthly staff meetings, as a medium for training, would be continued as the so were felt to be valuable not only to the workers under CWS, but to the staff as a whole. Due to new legislation and the necessity for a reorgenization of the department, these meetings have not been held with groat regularity. When the reorganization plans have been completed, this part of the supervisory sorwice will be resumed. The Supervisor has bcon able to get through the CWS units case material and data on children under foster care which have been valuable in interpreting the trend in the child welfare program of the department as a whole, New Hampshire - 107 Q Training Cr. Ch. The six months ended December 31, 1937 have been most valuable as a training period for workers under CWS to equip them to assume effective leadership as supervisors in the district offices which will be set up July 1st for the administration of State welfare services. In view of the changes which are being planned for the department beginning July 1, 1938, no policy has been adopted by the State Board of Welfare as a basis for cooperation with the Crippled Children's Services and with the Probation Department. The service given under the CWS program has been limited to investigating and reporting on the social conditions relating to crippled children's cases prior to treatment, and at the time of discharge from hospitals. The Division of Welfare is including in its new program service to these cases as well as close cooperation with the Department of Probation. LOCAL SERVICES The local units under CWS have made steady and satisfying progress, They have been given a larger case load than had originally been planned, but have met the challenge splendidly. In the reports from these units, the department has gained valuable material to guide it in planning its new program. The workers have grown in leadership and in skill in developing community relations, especially with public officials. These units have been useful in demonstrating to the local communities the soundness of this type of administrative unit, and they furnish a good nucleus for further expansion. g 108 N E W J E R S B Y - OBJECTIVES 1. 3. T To coordinate the services of the existing local agencies to the end that a well-rounded county program will be developed by promot- ing interest in better diagnostic service for mentally retarded children, securing better facilities for recreation and leisure- time programs in rural areas; and promoting educational standards in rural communities with emphasis on more individual training. To stimulate interest in making permanent provision for services to children in the counties by a practical demonstration of their value. To encourage communities to assume their responsibilities for reducing delinquency among children through community resources rather than institutional treatment by stimulating closer cooper- ation with the juvenile court to prevent commitment of juveniles to correctional institutions until every available treatment and plan has been tried. O strengthen services to individual children whose needs are not met adequately at present by the organization of local advisory committees representing strong lay and professional groups to inter- pret the needs peculiar to the community in question. STATE SERVICES Field Service The following steps have been taken toward attaining the objectives listed above: l. 2. 3. Local sorwices have been organized by personal contacts of the county CWS supervisors and the State director of Child Welfare Services. The value of the service has been demonstrated by means of case work on cascs that have aroused the interest of the community by their outstanding need. Active interest has been stimulated by means of newspaper publicity and conferences which encourage cooperation between Child Welfare Services and local lay and professional groups. Consultation service is provided by the Director at regular con- ferences scheduled each week, in addition to emergency situations which may arise. Frequently it is necessary for the Director to consult with key persons in tho counties to establish some policy or procedure or to discuss some important case where there is a question of referral. New Jersey - loº Training Cr. Ch. Health Psych- In addition to the consultation service mentioned above, super- vision takes the form of frequent conferences by the Director in the local offices to discuss individual cases, methods of handling special problems and community contacts. A plan for monthly staff conferences is under way. This will stimulate an exchange of ideas and bring out methods and preocedures through group discussion. Weekly logs and monthly reports are submitted by the workers to indicate the extent of their activity in the district. Workers are encouraged to attend schools of social work whenevor possible at their own expense, Frequently special classes are recommended, At prosent two county supervisors are taking courses at the Now York School of Social Work. There is a plan under way for a part time person on the CWS staff to devolop a training program. Cooperation is maintained with the State Crippled Children's Com- mission, and the State Maternal and Child Health Division. In one county a program was started some time ago to have all children in the local schools who had failed to adjust in the classroom studied by O. psychiatrist. The results of this study show that many children failed in their academic work because of a need for medical services or glasses. In some cases it was necessary to secure more intensive psychiatric study and treatment. In many of these cases the CWS worker was able, through careful interpretation to the community, to raise funds for glasses and necessary medical caro. In the past six months the special study by CWS workers at the State institutions for delinquents has shown marked progress. Plans have been made for the care of 62 boys and girls outside the institutions. LOCAL SERVICES Courts A survey in five rural counties where Child Welfare Services have been developed has indicated very definitely that the needs of each county cannot be met by a routine procedure. In one county the out- standing need is preventive work, while in another corrective treatment is required. The outstanding need in one county is the study and treat- ment of the more serious problems coming to the attenticn of the juvenile and domestic relations court, Of 62 cases referred and investigated, 46 were adjusted through study and casework treatment, without formal court action. In other countios health problems resulting from poor housing conditions and poverty are predominant, while in others the outstanding problems involve neglect, illegitimacy, desertion, immorality and feeble-mindedness. New Jersey - ll0 Beeause of the great volume of work, supervisors in three of the five counties have found it neeessary to specialize selecting each case for treatment after eareful study of the problems involved, Where the ease is not accepted for treatment, consultation service has been provided. It has been found that many cases could be disposed of by referral to an agency equipped to handle such problems. In some eases minor services on the part of the CWS supervisor have been sufficient to adjust the situation. At the present time Child Welfare Services are being developed in Burlington, Monmouth, Morris, Somerset and Warren counties. The workers" salaries are paid in full from Federal child welfare funds, stenographic services, office space, and equipment being provided by the county welfare boards. It is contemplated that Atlantic County will be organized early in January. lll N E W M E X I C O = OBJECTIVES l. Objectives - To Create and to Develop a Division of Child Welfare within the State Department of Public Welfare. (l) To interpret the needs of children, and to integrate the Child Welfare Service program with the general relief, public assistance and crippled children's programs of the State Department of Public Welfare. (2) To cooperate with the State Department of Public Health in its maternal and child health program, and any other programs affecting children. (3) To develop cooperation with all public and private institutions and agencies in the State concerned with the care of children. 2. Scope of Plan Proposed. (l) To render child welfare case-work service on an intensive basis in three demonstration units, and on a less intensive basis in four larger public welfare districts in the State. (2) To secure community understanding and support for the Child Welfare Service program through the development of and inter- pretation to existing county advisory committees • e (3) To develop the interest of volunteer workers for leisure time activities for the prevention of delinquency. (4) To promote child welfare conferences throughout the State to include both professional and lay groups other than child wel- fare staff members, for the interpretation of the Child Wel- fare Service program. 0. (5) To increase understanding and ability of child welfare workers in the Department of Public Welfare through a training program which will permit and assist workers to attend professional schools. STATE SERVICES Qrgan- All public welfare activities, including child welfare services, izing are administered upon a district basis, the State being divided into seven administrative districts with a district headquarters in each district and a district supervisor responsible for the administrative procedures and policies in each district. Child ºelfare Services have been built into the local governmental units in the State through the placement of child welfare workers responsible for all child welfare problems in the given communities. Local officials are represented on advisory committees and emphasis has been placed upon cooperative working relationships with all public officials. Funds to provide direct care for children have been furnished by the Department of Public Welfare. New Mexico - ll2 Foster Care Local Partic. Training Foster Care The child welfare case workers as local representatives of the Depart- ment of Public Welfare have been working out of county and district offices in close cooperation with all the members of local governmental units. Because of insufficient funds, it has not been possible for the Department of Public Welfare to provide intensive case-work service for children to all counties. Therefore, special demonstration units have been established for unspecified temporary periods with the purpose and hope of so establishing the service in the communities included in the demonstration unit that local coſmunities will assume some financial responsibility for the perimenent continuation of the service, thus freeing funds in order that demonstration units may be established in other counties. Child Welfare cases are registered as county department of public welfare cases and the administrative regulations and procedures are followed on all child welfare cases handled by the Department of Public Welfare. The New Mexico Department of Public Welfare, which administers the Child Welfare program, is entirely State administered. All personnel of the Department is selected by the State office. However, the emphasis of the work is on the local interpretation of a public welfare program. District supervisors are located in headquarters in the district, and closely identify themselves with the counties within each district. These district supervisors are responsible for the supervision of all child welfare services. All child welfare case workers are responsible to the State Supervisor of Child "elfare through the district super- visors. The State Supervisor of Child Welfare Services is responsible for giving intensive supervision and service to all child welfare units throughout the State. * - The District Supervisors have been giving in-service training by different means. In one district child welfare case conferences are held every Monday morning to give the child welfare workers understand- ing of the problems with which they are dealing and how to meet them. Educational leaves of absence have been granted to child welfare workers to attend schools of social work. Three workers at present are taking training in social work. Institutes in child welfare care have been contemplated. The State Supervisor of Child Welfare Services and the Supervisor of Foster Care have been giving consultation service to the district supervisors as well as to the child welfare workers in the State. They have had individual conferences with the child welfare workers in specific individual cases and group conferences with workers within the districts. New Mexico - ll3 Psych- Gr: Ch- Library In one district a Child Guidance Clinic has been started. Local psychologists, psychiatrists, doctors, school representatives, probation officers and State supervisors attend and take part in the discussion of difficult problems net by the workers in dealing with children, and in all districts the district supervisors have individual case confer- ences with their workers with the purpose of giving them some training in the specialized field of child welfare. The psychiatrist at the Veterans' Hospital in Albuquerque has been very cooperative in handling special problems. A fe'ſ have been referred to the psychiatrist at the New Mexico State Hospital at Las Vegas . There is a decided interest in psychological service. The services of the psychologists at the University of New Mexico and at the New Mexico Normal School, and the services of one of the child welfare work- ers who has had experience in a child guidance clinic have been used. The Crippled Children's Service is a division of the Department of Public Welfare. The child welfare workers assist in handling the referrals of all crippled children needing care. They make the initial social investigation of all children referred and make the social follow- up on all such children referred. They develop and supervise foster .* care for children who cannot be cared for in their own homes. They develop convalescent care for children for whom such care is recommended by the orthopedic specialist. They furnish transportation for crippled children on an emergency service basis. The State Department of Public Health refer continuously their cases needing special medical care to the Child ºelfare Division. The cooperation between these two departments is very, close. A small library has been rotating throughout the different dis- tricts. Recent books and pamphlets relating to child welfare and allied fields have been acquired. LOCAL STRVICES Demonstration Units:--Three demonstration units have been developed, two of three counties each and one of four counties. Each demonstration unit has been developed to parallel as closely as possible one complete judicial district, in order to further develop juvenile court work in the State along with other child welfare services. Unit No. 1:--Two workers returning from educational leave have been working out problems in a three-county unit, developed in coopera- tion with the district judge. The district court is contributing toward the salary and travel expenses of one of these workers, who is respon- sible for all juvenile delinquency cases referred by the district judge, and is providing office space. New Mexico - 114 Commu- Court Schools Del- Adv • Come These three counties have been chosen as a demonstration unit under Child Welfare Services because they present very real problems in child care. The worker, paid in part by the court, works under the supervision of the child'usifare Division, and is part of the demonstration. Another child welfare case worker has been provided to handle child welfare problems in the district. The three counties are predominantly rural. The significant problems presented by these counties include isolated mountain villages with no recreational facilities, poor health conditions, no sanitation, no developed com- munity interest in welfare problems. During the past six months, the Department of Public Welfare has participated with the Department of Public Health, the New Mexico Normal University at Las Vegas and the Department of Vocational Education in an intensive study and survey, which has been made of two of the typical small Spanish-American villages in San Miguel County. The report of the first study and survey was made by a staff member of the Department of Public Welfare; the second is almost completed. It is anticipated that the results of these studies will be of assistance to the Child Welfare Service program in planning to meet the needs of these villages. Unit No._2?--This is a three-county unit selected because of the interest of the district judge and his desire to have available a worker who can do more intensive work with children referred from his court. The worker in this unit has had a year's experience and child welfare training at Tulane. \ This unit is aiming to accomplish close cooperation with the court. The judge refers all adoptions to the child welfare worker as soon as the petition is filed. Cooperation in juvenile delinquency cases is improving . Cooperation with the school system has been very close. The principals of the schools have been referring to the child welfare. workers their truancy cases and other problems with which they have been faced and did not know how to handle. Adequate foster care is increas- ing. Two broken homes have been successfully rehabilitated with house- keeping service, and other families have been kept together until perma- nent plans can be worked out. - Unit No. 3: --This is a four-county unit under the supervision of a worker who has had training in Denver University. These four counties present very similar problems. Each has some Hexican population. There is decided increase in cooperation between the county officials, the court personnel and the child welfare workers. Advisory committees have been organized and are actively function- ing in each county in the State, dealing with general child welfare problems. The personnel of these advisory committees consists of lay and professional individuals. Cooperation and interest have been evi- denced throughout the State and progress has been made in interpreting child welfare services to the public. New liexico - 115 Age-Inst. Courts Coordi- nation In all counties the child welfare workers handle the intake, follow-up, and placement in institutions, and all investigations of adoptions and other child welfare services. Child welfare workers have made their services available also to all district courts within the State in connection with children's cases. This service has developed considerably during the past six months. The child wel- fare workers are called in on children's cases in every court in the State • The work of the child welfare workers has been closely related to other public welfare functions, including relief to families. Aid to Dependent Children cases which present problems of child care are referred to child welfare workers, and child welfare workers can apply for assistance for any of their families who may be entitled to relief under any of the categorical services. ll6 N E * : 0 R. K. OBJECTIVES l. To stimulate improved case-work treatment of children who are dependent, neglected, and deliritiuent, or for whom public care is given or is solicited, by offering a consultstion case-work service to local officials and to county children's agents, and a training service in the field to county child; welfare workers who are in need of it. This service will be ºvcilabie tº ull rural counties in the State. 2. To formulate programs and to further cooperative efforts in establishing children's services in counties where none now xist. (There are three cºunties in New York State with ºut chil- dren's workers in the public welfare agencies.) 3. To stimulate closer coordinatiºn between the various types of child welfare in a given county, i.e., children under the care >f the Commissioners of Public Welfare, the Children's Courts and the Board ºf Child relfare, and between these child wellſ are agencies and the family welfare activities within the cºunty and its constitutent cities and towns. 4. To influence local authorities to em, loy better trained personnel in cºunties which heretofore have apprinted untrained and inexperienced local. persons to Fºsitiºns is county children's roºr– kers or those who have not maintained acceptable standards. STATE SERVICES Planning county services:--The York of the State Department of Social ºvelfare was decentralized in the summer of 1937 with the establishment of seven area offices. In each area is a director and (in addition to supervisory workers for other public welfare activi- ties) a supervisor of child welfare and two senior social workers in child welfare. Child welfare work in New York State is organized on a county basis. In all except three cºunties there are one ºr more children's agents acting as assistants to the local public welfare officers. Through "Child Welfare Šervices" a study is being made of the 3rganizati 2n for child care in the fifty-seven counties outside Greater New York with special reference to conditiºns and the qu'ility of service available tº children in rural areas. For this study a well trained children's worker frºm the State staff is sent to a cºunty for a stay of two or three days to confer with the county cºmmissioner, the children's cºurt judge and the local children's workers. In preparation for her visit to a county, the Worker reads inspection reports and other material pertaining to the county on file in the State office, confers with the area director and the child welfare supervisor in the area in which the county is located, with the director of the State Division of Probation, and New York - 117 in counties in which the New York State Charities Aid Association has a committee, with the superintendent of the county agency de- partment of that organization. The report is written according to &n outline prepared for this study. Upon the completion of the county studies in any area, a con- ference is held with the area director and the child welfare staff. The situation in each cºunty is discussed and plans are made for developing and strengthening the children's Wºork of each county. In these conferences not only immediate steps to be taken are deter- mined, but long range planning is undertaken. The county studies are not; nearing completion and cºnferences with the area offices are under way. Conferences are also held with the Director of the State Division of Probation, as the county children's agents act in many counties as volunteer probation officers and investigators for the courts. Training Training local workers "on the job":--A training unit has been - set up in which are two instructors, graduates of schools of social work, with long experience in agencies ºf good standing and also experienced in training students from the New York School of Social Wijrk and Fordham University School of Social Service. Two other wel- fare training assistants are to be added at an early diate. "Training on the job" by these workers is offered to counties in which the com— missioner and the children's workers request the service and where local conditions give promise thet the training will result in im- provement in the children's work. This service, given both to workers with previous training and to those who have never been to a school of social work, is adapted to individual needs and capacities. Monthly visits are made to the county and the welfare treining assistant usually remains for several days. It is planned to supplement this a little later with some group discussions. Regular meetings with the dºirector and child welfare discussions. Regular meetings with the director and child welfare staff of the area offices are planned in order to acquaint them with what is being done and to integrate the work. Quarterly evaluatiºns of the children's workers in training will be made and discusseſ, with the Director of the State Bureau of Child Welfare, the area director and the county commissioner. To date workers in six counties are being trained and the service will soon be extended to several ºther counties. A manual is being prepared for use in the training program. A report of each visit is written in some detail as a guide to future development of this pioneer in-training service for rural child welfare workers - The proposed training plan includes educational leave — with pay for selected county child welfare workers, substitute workers. & being provided by "Child Welfare Services" during the training New York - 118 % Realth Library The training unit has been requested by the New York School of Social York to give field work training to students who wish to specialize in rural work. It is planned to cooperate with the school by placing these students in carefully selected counties. The counties will be chosen for student training primarily from the point of vier of the gquipment of the local children's worker to give training and supervision, but a county's organization for ſub- lic welfare will also be taken into consideration. The Girector of the training program will supervise the student training in these local centers. Conferences have been held with the Director of the Division of Orthopedics and the Director of the Divisiºn of Maternity, In- fancy and Child Hygiene of the State Department of Henlth. It is hoped that a tell coordinated program of the three services as- sisted by the U. S. Children's Bureau may be developed, with possible joint demonstretiºns in areas of sixecial need. A travelling library has been ordered for use ºf the county chil- dren's agents. It is planned to make the library an efficient tool in the training program. It will be available to all county children's workers whether or not they are partici, ating in the training program. LOCAL SERVICES A demonstration in Rensselaer County was commenced the last of June, 1937 at the request of the County Commissioner of Public Wel- fare. This cºunty, which was supporting in institutions over 300 children, had never before em.)loyed a children's worker. The ratio of children cared for jutside their own hºmes was the largest in the State. During the neriod of the demonstrati Bn two and sometimes three child welfare workers are being suoplied by "Child Welfare Services." The commissioner is employing two other child welfare workers, fur- nighing clerical assistance, office soace and transportation for the entire sºcial service staff. The Rensselaer County Demonstration was at first planned for a £eriod of six months but permission has been given to extend it for another six mºnths' period. In September, lº'7 a six months' demonstration was begun in Schuyler County. This is a small, rural county which has not felt the need of a special worker in the children's field. An experienced child welfare worker has been assigned to the county to develop an inclusive children's program of foster care, investigations for the Children's Court and preventive work with families. When the demon- stration worker first resented a written investigatiºn ºf a case to the county cummissioner, he remarked, "It takes a reul one to make an investigation". The town welfare officers have discovered that this new Worker can be of help to them in wiping Jut the sore spots Df which each community has at least one, and are turning to her for assistance. ll.9 N. O. R T H C A R O L I N A OBJECTIVES l. Maintenance of child welfare workers in certain counties already served, and placement of other child welfare workers in selectod rural counties. 2. Maintenance of an adequate State staff to supervise and as- sist the county child welfare workers. tº - 3 - Enabling selected county child welfare workers to obtain further formal training. º 4. Study and improvement of current methods of dealing with juvenile delinquency. 5. Development of a special Child Welfare Services Area of several counties as a demonstration and training unit, in cooperation with these counties and the University of North Carolina. STATE SERVICES The major local service has been supplying selected rural counties with Child Welfare Assistants. The initiative in organization of local areas for Child Welfare Services came from the counties or through the Field Social Work Representatives responsible for the supervision of general public welfare activitics in the counties in their respective districts, with stimulation from the State Child Welfare Services Staff. Inquiries concerning Child Welfare Services were taken up in joint discussions with the Field Representatives and the Division of Child Welfare. Other Divisions were consulted when- ever placement of a Child Welfare Assisi,ant might be of particular significance to them. When a county was tentatively selected for placement of a Child Welfare Assistant, the Field Representative and Assistant Director visited the county together for the purpose of learning more about the county, evaluating what the Child Fielfare Services might mean there in comparison with what they might meen in some other county, interpreting Child Welfare Services, discussing county problems, cºunty needs and resºurces, how the Child relfare Assistant might fit into the existing organization, the possible reactiºn of the rest of the staff in the county tº the Child Welfare Assistant, what is expected of the Child Welfare Assistant, plans for utilization of the service, and other questions relating particularly to 8.2cial condi- tions and public welfare operations in the county. An effort was made to explain the program clearly. It was interpreted as an op- portunity fºr the county to have the advantage Jf case-work service for children. - - North Carolina - lz0 Local Psrtic. Field Service The arrangement usually was that the salary and in-county trans- portation Would be paid by Child Welfare Services funds, and the out-of-county transportation, ºffice space, equipment, supplies, Stenographic service, and assistance to clients would be furnished by the county. After decision was made to place a worker, applicants were re- ferred to the county with accounts of their training and experience and summaries of carefully assembled references. After a worker was placed in a county, she, together with the County Superintendent tºok over the obligation of interpretation of Child Welfare Services in the county. Advice was given by the State staff concerning com— munity activities and the importance of interpretation to the lay group was emphasized. The State Child Welfare Services staff did not participšte immediately in community organization because of the danger of confusing the lay group in small counties. Consultation Service and Supervision?--Consultation service by the State staff was given experimentally in several counties. During the latter part of the six months' period the time came when those immediately concerned thought that the counties and State organiza- tion were ready for extension of the Case Consultant service. The danger of scattering work of three Case Consultants over one hundred counties was faced. This will be controlled through the State of— fice with the intention of making the service available to counties which can benefit by the Consultant service, providing follow-up visits to the same counties and taking advantage of the opportunity for interpretation and preparatiºn for future placement of children's workers. This process, like others, will be in cooperation with the Field Social Work Representatives who were eager fºr the Consultent service to be extended to a limited number of selected counties. The supervision of County Child Welfare Assisſants through the * *-** * * * Case Consultants continued. One Case Consultant returned on August first after a leave of absence for fürther training. Supervisory visits were made to counties about once monthly. These visits were of vºried length, according to the needs and circumstances. The usual length ºf visits was one or two days. During these visits, cages and other prinblems on which the Child Welfare Assistant wanted help were given careful attantion. Occasionally the discussions in- cluded a review of all cases. Developments in Training Progrom:--The supervision given the Child Welfare Assistants by the Case Consultants was an important part of the in-service training plan. Monthly discussion meetings of the Case Consultant with the local Child Welfare Assistänts whºm she supervises, were held. Discussions during the six months' time were related largely to foster homes and child placement. - Another feature of the training plan was the provision for adu- cational leave. One Child Welfare Assistant went to the School of •'. • ‘Tº “ • ‘ºns wº * * + . .." . º. º. * . * North Carolina -L121 Cr. Ch. Health Negro Library. Applied Social Sciences, Western Reserve University for the first semester of the academic year. Three other Child ºelfare Assistants were accepted in schools of sºcial work for the Širiter and Spring quarters. One ºf them will attend the New York School of Social W.ork and the other two the University of Chicago. An ºutstanding development in the training program was the Special Area which will be described under Lºcal Services. Cooperation with Crippled Children's Services and with Other State Medical and Health Programs:--The Child Welfare Assistants have worked in close cooperatiºn with the lºcal and State Health Departments. The clinics held for crippled children, venereal dis- ease clinics, and imaternity and infort health services have been drawn upon by the Child belfare Assistants. They have also helped in organizing for the clinics. - In some of the counties, particularly in cne mountainous county, there appeared to be a disposition on the part of the hetilth author- ities to consider Thany health problems as the responsibility of the Child welfare Assistent. Her case load wº;s overfull of physical problems. By Nºvember so much progress had been made that the Health Department, voluntarily accepted 56 of these cases as its own responsibility. The workers initiated plans and assisted in organizing clinic: for the blind in some counties. The Director of the Divisiºn of Child is elfare served ºn the State Committee for Crippled Children's Services and ºn the Advisºry Committee of iuternal and Child Health. - Psychological Service: -- A full time psychologist, administra- tively in the Division of idental Hygiene, was employed steuily by Child Welfare Services. He was called upon by the Child Welfare Assistants for psychometric anti personality testing. Reports of the findings in his tests were sent through the Assistant Directºr to the Child Welfare Assistänts who with the Case Consultants utilized them in planning for case treatment. York for Negro Children:--Twº of the County Child Keifare As- sistants were Negrº workers, and a Negro child welfare wrorker was placed in the Special area. All of the Child Welfare Assistants carried sºme Negro cases. sº e One of the Child W.elfare Assistants selected for educational leave is a Negro. A Negro worker was placed in florrison Training School for Negro Boys. Library services--a limited fund was set aside for the purchase of books and periodicals to be circulated among the Child Welfare Services persºnnel. ** - e - • * North Carolina - 122 LOCAL SERVICES Negro Training The Child welfare Assistants' status as staff members of the County Departments of Public Welfare has been well established. There is evidence that the counties value the services highly. There have been more requests for workers in counties than workers available for these positions. The work with children's cases and interpretation of this in the counties was the central emphasis in local services. Case loads fluctuated, but the general average per worker was about forty-five. The report on developments in the Special Child irelfare Services Area is presented by the Supervisor tis follows: On April 1, 1937, the Supervisor came to the Special Area, but it was not until the first of September that the full complement of workers was secured. Each of the three county workers, chosen for their preparetion and equipment, were placed in the three respective county offices of Chatham, Durhan, and Orange. The fourth worker, a Negro, has the whole area for her territory, though her office is in Durham where there is concentration of Negro population. There has been a gradual absorption of the workers into staffs of their respective County Welfare Departments. Since September fortnightly staff meetings have been held, and the Supervisor has visited each of the county offices for active supervision and direction. Several times the workers have been present at the meeting of the County Welfare Board when special problems have come up about which they could be helpful. There has been some fluctuation of case work load, but approximately two hundred children have been given the kind of care that seemed indicated. During the summer supervision and training were given to twelve students attending the summer quarter of the School of Social Work of the University of North Carolina. In the fall quarter each county wor':er supervised one student, each student giving two full days' field work a week. A weekly conference of the students in the Special Area doing field work has been held, each county worker in turn being responsible for a month at a time. The three counties differ in their level of development of social work. Chatham County has had a definite emphasis on social work contribution for less than two years and little children's work had been done. In this county problems of health and feeblemindedness loom large and the community has not yet recognized the incipient children's problems. In Orange County much more family work has been done, leaving the ground North Carolina – 123 º considerably clearer for definite children's work. In Durham County with its large Department of Public Welfare activities the children's problems have tended to become more quickly recognized and more specialized. Adoptions heve played a large part, since this vicinity has unusual hospital and maternity hone facilities. In certain situations where Aid to Dependent Children has been given and where there are also present definite children's probleins of behavior adjustment or health needs, these have been recognized as falling within the responsibility of Child Welfare Services workers. - 124. N O R T H D A K O T A OBJECTIVES (l) To coordinate the child welfare activities of the State Board of Administration with the welfare and assistance programs of the State Board of Public Welfare, (2) To employ two child welfare consultants on the State staff of the Child Welfare Division. (These consultants were not employed during the six months ending December 31, 1937.) (3) To increase local child welfare services by developing Child delfare Service demonstrations and combining the local administretion of Child Welfare Service and Aid to Dependent Children insofar as possible in order to raise personnel standards in county welfare offices and case work services to dependent children and broken families. e (l) To give consultant services to private agencies and to offer case work services to State institutions in regard to children whose residence is in local Child Welfare Services demonstratinn counties. - (5) To raise personnel standards of child welfare workers by granting educational leaves for training in child welfare. STATE SUPERVISION Organ- ising Lſ, cal Partic. Training Organizing local services:--in rural counties financially unable to employ a child welfare wºrker, and in counties where there has been an indifference among public officials to the needs of neglected children, Child Welfare Demonstrations have been developed, financed wholly out of Federal CWS fundis. Such demonstrations have been developed in three counties. Other, counties have been encouraged to employ a full-time child welfare worker on their county welfare board staffs by paying part of the salary of such a worker from CWS funds. Four counties are paying the transportation expenses and $50 a month toward the salariés of full-time child welfare workers. Three county welfare case workers have been granted "edu- cational leaves" for training in child welfare with CWS funds, with the stipulation that these workers be employed later in their respective counties as full-time child welfare workers with salaries North Dakota - 125 Field Service Foster Care Cr. Ch. and traveling expenses paid entirely by the County Welfare Boards. The State child welfare program has been strengthened con- siderably by the employſient of a State Director of Case Work and a coºrdinated field staff of nine supervisors who are giving consultant services in child welfare, as well as some supervision. In the counties where there are no qualified juvenile commissioners or child wolfare workers, the States' Attorneys, the Judges, the schools, Public Health Nurses, and County Welfare Offices frequently consult the Field Supervisors on Child Welfare problems. In counties where there are no local workers to handle special types of Child º'elfare problems, the supervisors are giving advice and Idaking investigations for boarding home placements and are carrying limited Child Welfare case loads. Staff reetings for Child Yielfare Workers have been held on the average of every six weeks in the State Office. These two-day meetings have been devoted to discussion of cases, case work techniques, util- izing of cofºrtunity resources, parent education, reviews on current publications on social work, new policies of the Public Welfare Board, etc. Besides being a stimulation to the Child Welfare Workers, staff conferences have been a valuable method of supervision. The Supervisor of the Division of Child Welfare also has individual conferences with each worker regarding his work and progress in his demonstration. The Field Supervisors prepare from time to time reports showing the status of each child welfare demonstration in their districts and the success of each child welfare worker as an interpreter of child welfare services and as a case worker. The Supervisors also act as liaison persons between the County welfare office and the State child welfare division, and endeavor to adjust difficulties which arise in the local welfare dermonstrations. Each child welfare worker is required to send into the State office weekly and monthly reports which are closely checked. All reports on boarding-home investigations and placements made by child welfare workers are sent to the State office and reviewed at staff conferences with the purpose of raising standerds for boarding homes and increasing such facilities locally. Since Child Welfare Services and Crippled Children's Services are both administered by the Division of Child Welfare, the two programs are very closely coordinated. The child welfare workers, with the county public health nurses, assist in locating handicapped children, make social investigations, attempt to secure the willing- ness of parents to have their children treated medically, assist in follow-up services by securing the cooperation of parents in carrying on the instructions of the doctors, and by helping the crippled North Dekota – 126 Health children to obtain educationel and social opportunities not evailable in rural communities. All boarding homes used for crippled children whose treatments require that they be near medical centers are in- vestigated and supervised by Child Welfare Workers. The child welfare workers are very active in securing the interest of lay groups in financing medical treatment for those physically handi- capped children whose crippling conditions are not included in the program for Crippled Children's Services. The Public Health nurses often report cases of illegitimacy, neglect, school truancy, etc., to the child welfare workers for case- work services. The child welfare workers and Public Health nurses work together very closely. LOCAL SERVICES Schools Schools Health Local partic: By December 31, 1937, seven child welfare demonstrations were in progress : County A:--This demonstration was started in May, 1937. The child welfare worker has been carrying a case load of approximately 65 cases, involving problems of broken homes, illegitimacy, neglect, foster care, etc. The child welfare worker has demonstrated good case work services to the members of the county welfare board; has worked in cooperation with the schools and has been trying to secure better enforcement of the compulsory school attendance law. Many rural children have been reported as not attending school for the past two years. The child welfare worker has succeeded in getting many children to attend school; she has obtained books for an epileptic girl who is to be tutored at home, and is atterupting to assist teachers with the problems of the mentally retarded children. County B:--This demonstration was begun in June, 1937. The child welfare worker has been carrying a case load of approximately 55 cases, involving families who are coming under the ADC program, problem children, crippled children, boarding home investigations, and unmarried mothers. The worker has been in close cooperetion with the welfare board in promoting nursery schools in the county and efforts have been made to assist high school pupils from rural areas in obtaining places to work for their room and board. Investigations have been made in regard to children's need of glasses and tonsillec- tomies, which have been obtained from other community resources. County C:--The child welfare worker is beinz paid entirely by local funds and commenced her work in September, 1937. The worker is carrying a case load of 57 cases, presenting problems of dependency, physical and mentally handicapped children, illegitimacy, etc. Many successful boarding homes have been found by the child welfare worker, North Dekota - lz7 Local Partic. Recre Local Partic. The child welfare worker has been instrumental in organizing a local committee on child welfare and health consisting of the county superintendent of schools, the county physician, the county nurse, the State's attorney, and a dentist. The purpose of this committee is to contact all of the local clubs and interest then in child welfare, County D:-- The child welfare worker was employed by the county welfare board in August, 1937, and her entire salary and traveling expenses are being paid locally. This worker has a case load of approximately 60 ceses, involving some ADC cases with acute social problems, adoptions, boarding homes, plans for children of unmarried mothers, crippled children's services, etc. ſ County E:--This county requested a child welfare worker in October, but it was not until December 20 that a qualified worker was found. The worker receives half of her salary and traveling expenses from county welfare board funds. During her first week in the county, 18 cases were referred to her involving three desertion cases, one unmarried mother case, four delinquency cases, and ten ADC cases. The worker is particularly disturbed by the lack of recreation facilities in the small towns in the county. County Ex-- This demonstration has been in progress since December 15, 1937. This county had the services of a field child welfare worker for six months last year. The county is aware of the need for the services of a child welfare worker and is paying part of the worker's salary and traveling expenses. Cases have been referred to the child welfare worker by the county welfare board, county nurse, and the schools. Twenty-three cases were referred during the latter part of Deceiaber. The worker has spoken before many Homemakers' Clubs on the Child Welfare Services Program and is attempting to locate boarding bomes for delinquent children who have been before the juvenile court several times and whom the judge had intended to commit to the State Training School. 128 O H I O OBJECTIVES l. To bring to public attention in specified counties the need for more general services to children as demonstrated by individual needs, and to assist in the development of programs in the counties to meet such needs. 2. To arouse public opinion to the extent of developing permanent local services to children where the local financial situation justifies such procedure. Where it does not, eventually to demonstrete the need for outside aid on an equalization basis in areas with insufficient taxing power to meet the needs of the under-privileged children in the community. 3. To give consultation service on a state-wide basis in various fields of child welfare, such as case work procedures, psychological and psychiatric service, collection of Juvenile Court statistics, and so fo rth, - l. Through various research projects, such as delinquency, adoptions and illegitimacy, etc., to discover the extent of the problems in these fields and to make recommendations for possible changes in procedures or in legislation based upon such findings. STATE SERVICES ising ! The original plan of development of Child Welfare Service in counties of special need has been continued. The six counties which were reported upon in the previous Progress Report are continuing in Child Welfare Service. To these have been added two more during the last six months, Shelby and Meigs counties. The addition of Hardin and Scioto Counties is contemplated in the near future. A knowledge of the need for Child Welfare Service in some form in new counties comes to the State Child Welfare Service office largely from the members of the staff of the Bureau of Charities who have been visiting these counties for a number of years. Through their local contacts it is possible for them to interpret the general child welfare service program in such a way as to arouse the interest of local public officials as well as of lay groups. This worker can then serve as a "liaison" person, to actually assist in the planting of the Child Welfare Service seed by meeting with the Child Welfare Service Supervisor (and/or the State Consultant) and the local board of county commissioners to secure their formal resolution accepting the Child Welfare Service program for the county and assuming their part of the financial responsibility. From that point the Child Welfare Service State staff assumes the responsibility for carrying forward the pregram, by the selection of Ohio- 129 Ifield Service office space, by the choice of personnel (social service and clerical), and by the determination of the basis on which the program shall start. All of these procedures are of course carried on in close cooperation with the public officials of the county, After the selection of the County Consultant has been made, sever- al weeks are spent by this person in the State office. This is for the purpose of familiarizing her with certain office end staff procedures, but primarily to give her an opportunity to become acquainted with certain background material concerning her county. The County Con- sultant is then introduced into her county by the State Consultant to whom the county is assigned. Consultation Service and Supervision :--The development of special consultation service has not progressed very repidly. There has been some discussion recently of the advisability of placing upon the Child Welfare Service staff a General Consultent who would serve counties other than Child Welfare Service counties where special needs may arise. The present Supervisor of Child Welfare Services, having formerly been connected with the Bureau of Charities staff and being familiar with the situation in many counties, has given some consultation service to Bureau of Charities staff members on case work procedures as well as on community activities. Consultation service through a Mental Hygiene Unit has not yet materialized. Delay has been caused by the wish to discover how such a unit might tie in with a mental hygiene unit which it was expected would be established in the Department of Public Welfare, January 1, 1938. (This did not materialise.) Conferences have been held with the Executive F sychologist of the Bureau of Juvenile Research as to the proper lines upon which this program will be developed. It is hoped that such a unit will serve not only Child, Welfare Service counties but other communities in need of it. r Jºach county is assigned to one State Consultant for supervision. The time spent in the county varies according to the need, In counties where the situation is complicated by personal relationships, by difficult program, etc. it is necessary for the State Consultent to spend much time there. At present we have two such Consultents, each of whom has had considerable previous experience in the children's field. In case of any special need arising in a county, service is given to the County Consultants either by the State Consultant or the Supervisor. - In addition to personal supervision by State Consultants, each County Consultant sends to the State office monthly reports, both narrative and statistical. A day sheet report is also sent, and in the case of new counties, a weekly narrative report, This latter is for the purpose of keeping more closely in touch with the progress of the work in early stages. º Training Crs Ch. Health Library Ohio - lºC) Each month the entire Child Welfare Service staff attends the general staff meeting of the Division of Public Assistance, by request of the Chief of that Division. A program of general interest to the entire staff with an outside speaker, or a visit to some institution, is provided at that time. While the workers are in the State office a general meeting of Child Welfare Service staff is held to discuss problems of mutual interest. This has been found most valuable in the exchange of ideas between workers. County Consultants are also given an opportunity at this time for individual conferences with Supervisor if they wish. In September 1937 the County Consultant who was on part time Child Welfare Service in Geauga County was granted educational leave for attendance at Western Reserve University for one semester. No workers are ready for educational leave next semester but there may be some by fall. There is close cooperation with the Crippled Children's Services which are also administered under the Bureau of Charities, Division of Public Assistence. Requests for services of a case work nature are given attention by the Child Welfare Service County Consultant on request from the staff of the Crippled Children's Bureau. Both state and local health authorities have been helpful to us in the planning and holding of health clinics for children in Jackson County and in Clermont County where work on such a program is now under way. A complete catalogue was made of the books in the Bureau of Charities library, together with such reference material as pamphlets, state publications and source material relating to child welfare. The Child Welfare Service programs are accepted in varying - degrees by public officials. County Consultants try to work closely with them end serve wherever needed. l31 O K L A H O M A OB.J.ECTIVES The Division of Child Welfare is part of the State Department of Public \, elfare, which is the administrative agency of the Oklahoma Social Security Act. The department also has a Division of Public Assistance, administering Old Age Assistance, Aid to Dependent Children, and Aid to the Blind. The Division of Child Welfare receives an allocation of State funds to be used for special services to homeless and neglected children, and children in danger of becoming delinquent and an allocation to be used for crippled children. The objectives of the Child Welfare Services program are: l. To develop a child welfare program within the State Department of Public Welfare, integrated with the Public Assistance program, with a view to helping workers in all county welfare departments develop a consciousness of problems of child welfare and a means of working them out - with special reference to Aid to Dependent Children. 2. To develop cooperative relationships with other State departments concerned with any phase of child care, with the hope of assisting in a coordinated program for children in the State. 3. Through conferences, meetings, and publications, to help provide the general public with information regarding child welfare conditions. H. To provide on a demonstration basis in a few selected counties case work service for children, and through State staff consultation to give assistance to other counties in their Child Welfare problems. STATE SERVICES 9rgan- $ºing The Child Welfare Services plan includes six county child welfare units and one district composed of five counties. The latter is known as the "Five-County Area" and is situated in north-eastern Oklahoma. There were no new units established during the period of July 1 to December 31, 1937. One of the county child welfare units withdrew in July; the County Commissioners were unwilling to contribute to the program as organized, and the child welfare Worker from this county was taken over into the State office to assist in the Crippled Children's program and to carry some child welfare cases in unorgan- ized counties. Oklahoma - 132 ©) y Field Service Training Oklahoma has 77 counties, eleven of which have Child Welfare Workers. The State funds used for special services for children are derived from the sales tax, which means that all counties contribute to the fund. The State department is faced with the problem of having available money, which is not being used because there is insufficient staff for supervision. The State Supervisor supervises the workers in the six County Child Welfare units. One Consultant supervises the child welfare workers in the Five-County Area and the County Directors of Public Welfare in several adjoining unorganized counties. The second Consultant he's been carrying cases in the western part of the Stete and giving supervision to the County Directors of Public Welfare in this section. She has also given supervision to County directors in handling out-of-town inquiries. There is a growing demand for consultation service but it is a service difficult to furnish because of the scarcity of qualified workers in Oklahoma. A third Consultant was added to the State staff in August, but in October one of the three resigned to attend school. Developments in training program?--A Director of Training was employed in September, 1937, to develop an In-Service Training Program for the staffs of the Child Welfare Division and the Public Assistance Divisions. During the three and a half months of this service, the Director of Training has spent a week or more in each of the five of the child welfare units. The County child wélfare worker and the assistance staff meet four or five evenings for about two hours for discussion of the techniques and principles of case-work and a lecture on the State and Federal Social Security programs. A rural case, particularly good in treatment, has been used as a basis for the discussion and an illustration of principles of social study, treatment, and record writing. Adjoining County assistance staffs have been invited for the discussions, as well as workers in other relief and welfare programs. During the day there have been individual conferences and staff meetings. About half of the time of the Director has been spent with the County child welfare worker, the other half with the Assistance staff. The cases discussed with the Assistance staff usually involved beneficiaries of Aid to Dependent Children. Some of the adjoining County staffs have made appointments for individual conferences on special cases. A training Unit is to be established, where the Director of Training will spend most of her time but she will be available for conferences and special meetings with the staff members of the State Department. Oklahoma - l?% 6. b Cr. Ch. Health Foster Care Crippled Children's Services:--The Oklahoma Commission for Crippled, Children is the agency in Oklahoma which administers the provisions of the Federal Social Security Act pertaining to crippled children. The Oklahoma Social Security Act provides a fund to be used for assistance to crippled children. This fund is administered by the Child Welfare Division of the State Department of Public Welfare. An agreement has been worked out between the Oklahoma Commission for Crippled Children and the Oklahoma Department of Public Welfare that when a county has exhausted its funds for crippled children, the De- partment of Public Welfare will assume the responsibility of caring for the crippled children in that county, - When a child is hospitalized and county funds are used to pay for the cost, the County Juvenile Court makes the investigation and the commitment to an approved hospital. When a child is hospitalized under the provisions of the Oklahoma Social Security Act, the Child Welfare Division makes the social investigation and determines whether or not the child is eligible, and if found eligible the County Juvenile Court commits the child to an approved hospital. In several counties the County Judges are requesting a social worker's investigation before a child is committed under County funds, They realize the value of such investigations. The cooperative errangement has been a means of interpreting child welfare work to many County Judges. The executives of the Oklahoma Commission for Crippled Children have made every effort to integrate their program with that of the Child Welfare Division in order to provide the best medical service for the children of Oklahoma. - Other medical and health programs?--In the counties where there are organized health units and child welfare units the work of the two units is closely connected. In the Five-County Area there is a very close "tie up" between the Maternal and Child Health Division and the Child Welfare Division. The child welfare workers have planned their work so as to be in the office on clinic day. - Oklahoma does not have a great many facilities for psychiatric and psychological studies. The University Hospital and the Stete Hospitals have cooperated with the child welfare workers. The Super- intendent of one of the State Hospitals is interested in establishing a Child Guidance Clinic in Oklahoma. He recently told one of the child welfare workers that if he could secure the facilities for es- tablishing such a clinic he wanted to initiate the work in the counties which have child welfare units. - A two-day conference was held in Oklahoma City for the entire staff of child welfare workers, An interesting feature of this confer- ence was a luncheon meeting at which time. a discussion on foster homes was led by the Director of Training. A definite interest in foster homes for crippled children has been shown since that time by the Executive Secretary of the Oklahoma Commission for Crippled Children, who was present at the meeting, * Oklahoma - lº/, *x - - Y *“J b' Indian Work for Indian Children:--It has been estimated that one-third of the Indian population of the United States is in Oklahoma. All of the child welfare workers have had Indian children referred to then. The Indian Service has a very interesting rehabilitation project in eastern Oklahoma. The Indian families living there have been carefully selected because of their interest in farming. The Indian Service is giving special supervision in this area and is sponsoring various types of group activities. The child welfare workers have been fortunate in finding several good foster homes in this area. . LOCAL SERVICES Local Partic. Training The services of the child welfare workers in the demonstration units are paid for largely by Child Welfare Service funds. The local units are providing stenographic service, office space, and funds for direct care of children. As the work becomes better established in these units, it is hoped that CWS funds can be extended to other areas in the State, as there is a great need for service workers in the children's field in every county in Oklahoma. The Aid to Dependent Children program in the State can be strengthened if this service can be extended, 0. A summer school for public school teachers and Indian Service teachers was held at the Sequoyah Indian Training School in the Five- County Area. One lecture a week was given by the Child Welfare Consultant at this summer school. In one county the Child Welfare Worker wes instrumental in securing the funds to send 85 girls to a camp in the country for eight days. The girls were selected by the local private and public welfare agencies. A County Attorney from one of the counties having a child welfare worker recently wrote his opinion of the value of Child Welfare Services. A quotation is taken from his letter and reads as follows: "I am convinced that this (Child Welfare) service has had a great moral effect on minor delinquency in this County. When I first went into the office of County Attorney our County Court was filled with juvenile cases. At that time it was the prevailing idea that when a child committed a crime he was a criminal and the only mode of punish:nent we had was to send the child to the reform school. However, since thet time through the aid of expert supervisors furnished by the Child Welfare Bureau, we have been able to learn that a good many of these Oklahoma - 135 crimes have been committed by mental defectives who, as a matter of fact, are not criminals and do not belong in our penal institutions. * * * I am fully of the opinion that this service should be permanent. I also believe that the Bureau should carry on a more thorough and wider educational program. I mean by that to educate the people along the lines of child welfare service and to explain to them what is taking place and the work the service is doing." 136 O R E G O N OBJECTIVºS The general objectives of the Plan, as approved, are: 1. To malze further inquiries into the nature and extent of child dependency within the state generally and especially within particular areas. •' 2. To continue community interpretation of the need of dependent children and of possible approaches to meeting the need, especially to public personnel now in the field who are charged with the responsibility of dealing with these problems, such as public welfare workers, public health nurses, school teachers, and juvenile probation officers. 3. To conduct local demonstrations in child welfare for the purpose of improving service to children dependent or nearly de- pendent, such as the demonstrating of home finding service or approaches to problems of substitute parental care. STATE SERVICES Organ- izing At the end of this six months period work was in operation in three counties selected as demonstration centers. They were: Cletsop, Deschutes, and Baker. Lane and Coos Counties had been selected and Yamhill County was awaiting personnel. The seventh county has been selected tentatively. A somewhat different approach in organization has evolved over that originally planned and acted upon. The previous method of approach was one which involved the Director making meny contacts in the local communities in order to determine interest and to interpret the activity of a child welfare worker. Two very obvious difficulties were present in such approach. One wes that it tended to isolate the program in the minds of not only the community but actually the County Administrators and even the State field staff. The other wes that it added to the confusion that already existed among lay groups over the repid expansion of the many governmental programs which are taking place at this time. Substituted for this previous approach was an intensification of effort to interpret the program to the State field staff and to accompany the field steff into the counties where specific interest had been manifested. Following these visits every effort was made to place full responsibility upon the County Adminis- trator for local interpretation, not only to his Committee whose approval was necessary, but also the community generally. This too, has its disadvantages: (1) The additional time involved and (2) the greater danger of misinterpretation to the community by the County Administrator, Yet the liabilities seemed to be tremendously out- Oregon - 137 Training weighed by the degree of more genuine integration that seems to be achieved in this approach over the previous one. Child welfare field service has included assistance in planning for "broken" families, securing of medical aid not available in the community and cooperation of child welfare agencies in other locali- ties. When a local program is inaugurated considerable time is given to the selection of an initial case load, Effort has been made to select situations in which there is favorable prognosis and to stimu- late staff members to participate in the program, One of the county demonstrations includes provision for super- visory service to members of the local relief steff on ceses in- volving children's problems. This service is now on a full time basis with a qualified worker in charge. The program has been inaugurated in Lene County as originally planned. It consists of the Supervisor, the child welfare worker, and three "supervised workers". The first three workers were se— lected from Lane, Multnomah, and Wesco Counties, It is too early to evaluate this program, The initial period, however, indicates some of the fundamental problems which are involved in the administration of such a service. They are the refinement of the process of selecting the worker, reduction of the effort of adjusting the worker to the new situation, and successful integration of the worker back into the local program, following his experience in the Field Unit. * The presence of the child welfare worker has facilitated the securing of proper teaching material and should lessen the diffi- culties of transferring cases when a worker leaves. The Supervisor, having been in the county office a sufficiently long period of time, has been a fector in the immediate acceptance of the program by the other staff members. - The inauguration of specific educational programs in child welfare for public personnel (similar to that given last year through the Extension Department of the University) has been postponed. Interpretative activity has taken place, however. A series of meetings with the Portland Visiting Nurses has been conducted by the Director in order to interpret the Social Security program in respect to the children's sections. An accredited course in child welfare for public health nurses has also been arranged for at the Division of Public Health Nursing, School of Nursing Education, University of Oregon Medical School, Members of the Division of Child Welfare Services will participate in certain meetings, and the entire course is under the guidence of the Director of Child Welfare Services, Oregon - 138 Cr. Ch. Coordi- nation Library Through the Director's efforts the Oregon Chapter of the American Association of Social Workers is now proposing to have a series of meetings to discuss professional case work approach to child dependency situations, The Crippled Children's program which is to be administered by the State Relief Committee will utilize the Child Welfare Services in counties where such workers are located. The approved plan pro- vides for this. The extent of the service, however, will be controlled by the local administrator, The service of the Child Welfare Services psychologist will also be utilized in determining selection of cases for Crippled Children's Services. A somewhat formal working errangement has been effected between the Division of Child Welfare Services and the Child Guidance Clinic Extension program of the University of Oregon Medical School. Re- lationships, although less formal., have also been effected with the Stete Board of Health and the Child Welfare Commission. A recent two- day conference of the State field staff, county administrators where programs are in effect, and members of the Division of Child Welfare Services was held. At this conference it was possible to hold joint meetings with the executive staff of these three related state de- partments, and as a result a much better understending of each other's functions seemed to evolve. The inauguration of a limited amount of psychological testing service took place during this period in counties where demonstration programs are in effect. An effort, was made to make the service edu- cationel as well as clinically helpful for the local staff. The immediate development of a librery service is contemplated in counties where child welfare programs are now in effect or will be shortly. Generally speaking, the emphasis has been upon assisting children in their own homes, rather than rendering extensive substitute pa- rental care. This includes: (1) Interpretation of the need of more adequate relief if a constructive approach is really going to take place; (2) preventive health care of children in relief families; (3) special attention to unemployed adolescents who are not in school. This last has included a refinement of the selection of applicants for Civilian Conservation Corps camps and National Youth Administration work projects. Efforts at vocationel guidance have also taken place, particularly where there is an urban center large enough to heve specialized training facilities, Besides the genuine need for such intensification of service to children in relief families, the selection of these perticular aims has certain distinct advantages: One is that these are things which are definitely the responsibility of the local welfare unit and per- formance of this kept the program "at home" and made for better Oregon - 139 Commu- nity Adv. Com. integration in an introductory period. The second is that they ere "tangibilities" which the community can understand and accept and become interested in. At the same time the performance of these services does not challenge other existing programs which might be wisely or poorly administered. In addition to the service rendered to needy children, considerable effort at community organizetion has also taken place. In every county workers have perticipated in community activities where interpretation might be made. In two counties Advisory Committees have been organized and have functioned well. In another county it is planned to stimulate already existing organizations to appoint child welfare committees to cooperate with the child welfare worker, . In this county these organi- zations are the Public Health Association, the University Women's organ- ization, and possibly the American Legion. The Health Association is to appoint a committee to consider health problems; the University Yonen to develop educational opportunities; and the Legion, general recreational needs, Just how much has been achieved by such efforts in community education and organization is uncertain. What has been learned is much more definite. The term, "saturation point of community organization," is now more fully sensed. Also the problem of what constitutes the content of activity for en advisory committee and the difficulties of supplying an advisory committee with informative and factual material have not been solved, but awareness of their existence is more reel, and only by facing them can genuine advancement in community organi- sation take place. ſº lAO £ E N N S X I V A N I-A OBJECTIVEs The immediate objectives of the Child Welfare Services program are: l. To develop Child Welfare Services in rural areas for homeless, dependent and neglected children. (a) In rural counties? To stimulate leadership for building up services to children needing care away from their own homes (who on January 1, 1938 would become the responsibility of the County Commissioners) with supervision of such services when developed. (b) In counties less t 50 percent and presenti special needs: To give assistance to County Commissioners in planning services for children, with supervision from either the Rural Extension Unit or the Bureau of Community Works k --- 2. To work out further integration of the Rural Extension Unit into the Bureau of Community Work in terms of strengthening the present services of the Bureau and planning for its devel- opments - STATE SERVICES Organizing local services; In August, 1937 a letter was sent by the Secretary of Welfare to all the County Commissioners in the State, outlining the plan for Child Welfare Services in rural counties and calling attention to the responsibility for children needing care away from their own homes which will devolve upon the County Commission- ers January l, 1938, The subject was presented also at the annual meeting of the County Commissioners in October 1937, 9rganisation procedure has been as follows: The staff of the Bureau of Community Work in making their regular visits to counties have emphasized the coming responsibility for children, and have out- lined briefly the purpose of Child Welfare Services utºler the Rural Extension Unit. If any interest was shown this was reported to the Rural Extension Units. In other instances the county made a direct appeal to the Rural Extension Unit for information. In response to any interest. shown, a Rural Extension Unit field representative has gone to the county and has moved along in organisation in this way: (1) conference with County Commissioners; (2) conference with a few leading citizens? (3) further conference with County Commissioners, in which details of budgot and plan are worked out; (4) selection of a small group of Pennsylvania - lºl l Field Service citizens as members of a county advisory committee; (5) signing of plan; (6) recommendation by the Rural Extension Unit of personnel for appointment by the County Commissioners; (7) appointment of County Secretary; (8) setting up of an office by the County Commissioners; (9) assignement of a Supervisor from the Rural Extension Unit staff. Consultation and Supervision: The major part of the field service has been devoted to organizing counties. The social welfare legislation passed in 1937 (establishing a County Institution District in each county under the County Commissioners) created a large and new problem for the Bureau of Community Work, plecing upon the Bureau the responsibility for giving consultation and leadership to ell 67 counties in the State for the development, under the County Cormissioners, of services to children needin,; care away from their own homes; also for setting up standards and rules and regulations to safeguard quality of service. With no appropriation available for additional staff in the Bureau, staff was added (three field representatives for 6 months) to the Rural Extension Unit for consultation service to rural counties. With changes in personnel in the Unit and the scarcity of qualified people, this plan did not develop. Also, counties that were eligible for Child Welfare Services began pressing for workers. In the six months, July-December 1937, the Rural Extension Unit staff gave little consultation service except as a part of the organize- tion of Child Welfare Services in counties. It is essential that consul- tation service to counties be made, available either through the staff of the Rural Extension Unit or of the Bureau of Community Work. The Bureau and the Unit are working on that problem. The case supervisor left the State in June, and during the months July-December there was prectically no supervision of counties in which child welfare workers had been placed. By December plans were made for three field supervisors, two with child-placing experience and one with experience in teaching case work, to carry the organized counties on the basis of a visit once in six weeks. During October–December it became evident that it would be impossible to find social workers with child- placing experience for all of the counties, which made a good quality of field supervision a vital necessity for safeguarding children in care and for promoting the program. In December one field supervisor was assigned two counties for supervision and two for organisation, Two more field supervisors are to be added in February, each with two. or three organized counties for supervision and one or two for organization. At every point there is need for the right kind of supervision in quality and quantity, especially during the first year or two of the new program. º Training Cr. Ch. Health Psych- Pennsylvania • lá2 Development in training program: The worker on educational leave at the University of Pittsburgh completed her studies and took the position of County Secretary in Crawford County in July 1937. Another worker now on educational leave at the Pennsylvania School of Social Work will return in June 1938 to take a county position with the Rural Extension Unit, Present thinking about training includes: (1) emphasis on adequate field supervision which will approach an in-service training experience; (2) continuing effort to place in countics qualified workers as County Secretary, leaving the second position in a county to be filled by a "native daughter" on a training basis; and (3) plans for further school experience for those who have had a year on the job and who give indication of the value of such an investment, Cooperation with Crippled Children's Services has been neglected because of pressure of other work. There is cooperation with the State- wide Emergency Child Health Committee. Within the Department of Welfare there is active cooperation with the Bureau of Montal Health and the Council of tho Blind, Suvonile Delinquency Study;--Beginning in the spring of 1937 a study was made by two field representatives of the records at three training schools for delinquent children. Six individual county reports were pre- pared, as well as reports for the three institutions. Statistical infor- ration and case material gathered in this study will be used as a basis for development of county activities for prevention of delinquency. Negro Child Welfare :--In January 1937 a Negro worker was placed on the State staff ºs field representative for the purpose of studying con- ditions surrounding Negro children in two counties. In one county, as a result of her work. action was taken to remove children from a small, poorly equipped institution and to place them in family homes. In each of these countias this activity was later absorbed in a general county pro- gram for Child Welfare Services, and the special work terminated September 1, 1937. Psychiatric Servicest--In response to the interest shown by certain communities in a program of psychiatric service much time was spent in studying the need for and the practicability of setting up an experimental child guidance clinic in some locality that would be readily available to rural areas. A field representative of the Rural Extension Unit collabo- rated with a Mental Health Committee in Harrisburg in exploring the desirability of organizing such an activity to serve Dauphin, Cumberland and Perry counties. - (Note:- The Tri-County Child Guidance Center was established in Harrisburg in arch 1938, to serve Dauphin, Curberland and Perry counties.) Pennsylvania - 143 LOCAL SERVICES Following are summaries of the situation as of January 1, 1938, in nine counties in which child welfare workers have been placed by the Rural Extension Unit: Gumberland County (55 percent rural):--Child Welfare Services began in October 1936 with a social worker paid from Federal funds. There has been an increasing case load; lll children are under care, 7l of them in foster homes. Indications are that County Commissioners will use these services after January 1, 1938, when they become responsible for care of children away from their own homes. There is need for an Advisory Committee to give backing for a second worker' with the County Commissioners participating in paying the salary. Wayne County (89 percent rural):--Child Welfare Services began in November 1936 withºsocial worker furnished by Federal funds. Services are poorly defined, partly because of lack of State field supervision. Twenty-seven children are in care, of whom nine are in foster homes. The job is more one of general child welfare than of child-placing. It is hoped that regular supervision, planned to begin in February, will make more clear the area to be served by the child welfare worker. Fayette County (77 percent rural):--A child welfare worker was placed in the county in December 1936. The first worker left June 1, 1937, when a field representative went to the County as Child Welfare Secretary for three months. During this time relationships with the County Commissioners, the Juvenile ‘Court, and other agencies were un- ravelled and defined, and the first steps were taken for organizing the Advisory Committee. The case load is 74 children, of whom le are in foster homes. If Child Welfare Services takes responsibility for all dependent children, a second worker will be needed, with partial support from the County Commissioners. Indiana County (77 percent rural):--Child Helfare Services began May 1, 1937, on a six-month basis. Lack of supervision has resulted in an undefined job and slow development of boarding-home care. Regular supervision began in November, and progress has been made in clarifying the job and in developing an Advisory Committee. November 1, 1937, the County Commissioners voted to continue child welfare services for a second six months. The case load is 48, with no children in boarding horses. - Crawford County (61 percent rural):--A worker was placed in the County July 19, 1937. Child Welfare Services takes responsibility for boarding home care and some intake service. The probation officer carries free home placements and court work. The case load is 56 chil- dren, with 44 in foster homes. Lack of field supervision has delayed the development of the Advisory Committee. Regular supervision is planned to begin in February. Pennsylvania - la/, Frie County (24 percent rural) --Child Welfare Services takes a special form in Erie County. The plan called for one-half of the salary of a case supervisor under the Directors of the Poor, to be followed later by a worker under Child Welfare Services in the county outside of Erie. This plan was worked out with the Executive Director of the Poor District and on December 15, 1937, a worker recommended by Rural Extension Unit became case supervisor. There has been every indication the County Commissioners will continue this plan. Washington County (58 percent rural):-The County Cormissioners requested services and the plan was signed December 15, 1937. The office is to open as soon as personnel can be secured. The budget *: Federal funds for service, $5,880; .local funds for child care $15,225. Carbon County (39 percent rural):--Carbon County has been con- sidered for Child Welfare Services because of the dearth of resources for child welfare and because it is adjacent to the mining section which has suffered acutely in recent years. The County Commissioners signed a plan for Child Welfare Services on December 7, 1937, and are waiting for personnel to be recommended by the Rural Extension Unit. The budget is based on from 80 to 100 children in care, and shows Federal funds for service, $5,420, and $23,985 from local funds for child care. Columbia County (55 percent rural) --Columbia County signed the plan for Child Welfare Services on November 23, 1937, and is waiting for personnel to be recommended. The budget is based on a case load increasing from 20 to 40 children in a year, and includes Federal funds of $3,780 and local child care costs $9,155. () Sººn- izing OBJECTIVES l. 2. 8. S O U T H C A R O L I N A To establish leadership in a state-wide program of public child welfare. To create awareness in the State at large and in local communities of the needs of children; of con- ditions affecting the wholesome, normal development of children; and of the responsibility of the State and local communities for meeting these needs and providing opportunities for proper development of children. To study the backgrounds of juvenile delinquency in the State with a view to eradicating causes of de- linquency. - To give assistance, through special children's workers, to Children's Courts and Probate Courts in services to neglected and delinquent children and children in danger of becoming delinquent. To develop a program for prevention of juvenile delinquency. To provide special services to individual children and families. To cooperate with schools and attendance teachers in the adjustment of attendence and conduct problems. To develop an in-service training program. STATE SºFWICES (Note: The program started operating August l, 1937, with one consultant and a Supervisor of Demonstration Units; another con- sultant started work August 15, and the third was added November 1. ) The three child welfare consultants attached to the State steff cover the ll counties not having special children's workers, two consultants having 11 counties each and one having 13 counties. Beceuse of the paucity of existing agencies and services for children in all of the counties of the State and the inability of County Departments of Welfare by reeson of pressure of establishing eli- gibility of applicents for categorical assistance and limited quelified staffs, to carry on for work with children, it has seemed best at the South Carolina - 146 outset of the State Child Welfare Services program for the child welfare consultants to devote most of their time and effort to in- tensive case work in specific cases. Through this medium valuable contacts with local individuals and groups have been made and grati- fying responses of local communities have been met with. The report of one consultant includes the following description of activities: "In these first few months of the Child Welfare Program there have been so many urgent cases calling for immediate, skilled attention that it has seemed advisable to give case work services in these instances, since the regular county staffs have been flooded with relief applications and many of the county workers are untrained. This, of course, has been time-consuming and has made it impossible for the zon- sultent to assume leadership in the development of local services to meet child welfare needs. Through these specific cases, however, the consultant feels that the groundwork has been laid for constructive community organization, as she has grown familiar with the needs of the communities in which these cases have arisen, and the cases have served as "demonstrations" to individuals and agencies of the problems "under their noses." As members of the community have been drawn into the "solving' of these problems, they have been made aware of case-work methnds and of the need in their own communities for facilities in the field of child welfare. In one small community a case involving four neglected children was the means of injecting into the minds of interested lay people and public officials the new idea (to them) that to "put the , children in an orphanage" was not the only possible solution in a problem of this kind. Another case demonstrated more vividly than any amount of talk the need for State facilities for the colored feeble-minded. In this sane community the fact that three children were being held in the county jail was used to stimulate a discussion among local social workers of the acute need of boarding homes as places of temporary detention, These workers are able now to discuss this need intelligently with their Board Imembers and local politicians who must make the necessary funds available." In connection with the activities described, interpretation of the program and of local child welfare needs has, of course, been attempted as county officials, probate judges, attendance teachers, health officers, and lay people have been approached in regard to cases. Another consultant states, in citing two cases, : "In the first case, the community was asked to contribute in a temporary plan of actual subsistence, and with this approach it was possible to create in the community an awareness of the other phases of the problem the t this particular case presented and of how these problems could be met, In the second case, the actual physical need had already been met by the local relief giving agency and the community was celled upon for something much more intangible." Ö Training South Carolina - 14.7 Consultants, as well as the Chief of the Child Welfare Division, State Department of Public Welfare, have responded to invitations to address various groups in different parts of the State, explaining the nature and scope of the Child Welfare Services program. Such telks have helped to lay a foundation for effective community organ- ization in the future. Although the State staff has been engaged primarily in intensive case work with specific cases, in several instances it has been possi- ble for the consult ent to go over cases with the local staff, suggest- ing treatment and outlining procedure, and the work has been carried on satisfactorily by the local worker, County Departments of Public Welfare are becoming increasingly aware of the services available through the consultants and are asking for and profiting by them. Attendance teachers, probate judges, private agensies, and others are also calling for advice and consultation. The three consultants and the supervisor of special children's workers in the five selected counties work under the supervision of the Chief of the Child Welfare Division, State Department of Public Welfare, who is responsible for the administration of the Child Welfare Services program as well as the administration of Aid to Dependent Children. Individual conferences are held at least weekly, and fre- quently Inore often, with the consultants and the supervisor. Occasional State staff meetings are held, Through the reading of case records and monthly reports the Chief of the Division keeps in close touch with developments in individual cases and in the program as a whole, recom— mending various procedures as indicated. The supervisor of special children's workers in the five selected counties follows closely the development of the program in each unit, distributing her time so as to give Ilost of her attention where most needed. Through her super- vision special weaknesses of individual workers have been decreased, and strengths increased, Three group conferences attended by consultants, special children's workers in the local units, and their supervisor, have been held in the Stete office since the inauguration of the Child Welfare Services program, At the outset a two-day staff meeting was called at the State office. The State Child Welfare Services plan, item by item, was read and discussed, as well as the general objectives and scope of the program. Some fundamental principles in child welfare were gone over; the essentials of a case history were outlined; and a case record was read and analyzed. All of the Child Welfare Services workers attended a one-day institute, which preceded the State Conference of Social Work in October, and attended all sessions and group meetings of the State conference. The day following the eonference the workers met at the State office Departinent of Public Welfare for group discussion and attended a round table on community organisation for prevention of juvenile delinquency and treatment of delinquents. South Carolina - 148 Cr. Ch. Foster Care # Library In addition to planned meetings, the contacts of the consultants and the supervisor of special children's workers with the staffs of the County Departments of Public Welfare has provided definite in- service training. * A worker for "convalescent home-finding"for the Crippled Children's Division, State Board of Health, is provided through Child Welfare Services funds. Prospective homes are investigated and recommended by the home-finder and a report sent the Crippled Children's Division for approvel by its Technical Advisory Committee, The home-finder will follow up placement of children in the homes to see that adequate standards are maintained and to assist in the adjustment of the children in the home. º Social histories for some of the children for whom application has been filed with the Crippled Children's Division are being compiled by special children's workers in the local units, Consultants and special children's workers, and the County Health Unit staffs have proven mutually helpful, The Chief of the Child Welfare Division has been asked to become a member of the Advisory Committee of the Maternal Child Health Di- vision, State Board of Health. Consultants and special children's workers have collaboreted with the State Training School in following up some parolees from the Training School, and rendering other special services as requested, The Training School has been most generous in giving the services of their psychologist whenever requested by Child Welfare Services workers. The Mental Hygiene Treveling Clinic of the State Hospital has given freely of its services upon request of the Child Welfare Services . workers, * A staff library has been set up in the State office and each of the five County Departments of Public Welfare having special children's workers. Books and pamphlets have been selected for their special bearing upon the work of the Child Welfare Services program. LOCAL SERVICES The five local demonstration counties show varying a spects: three have fairly large urban county-seats, with a variety of indus- tries, but the rural population far outweighs the urban. The other two counties are strictly rural, their county-seats heving less than 2,500 population. One of these two counties is fairly well organized from a community standpoint, although there are many gaps in its resources. The other strictly rural county had nothing in the way of South Carolina - lº Negºo organization except a county health unit and the Department of Public Welfare. The children's worker in this county has made herself a vital part of the community life, entering into every phase of it. She has been whole-heartedly and enthusiastically accepted by the community. Two of the five counties selected for special children's workers have a Negro worker in addition to the white worker, Both Negro workers have shown considerable insight end initiative. Both of them have presented to their city councils the urgent need of organized recreation for Negroes and have succeeded in persuading the council to pay the rent of a community center for Negroes. In one city, the center has been in operation for several months and the mayor told the Negro worker that she had accomplished more on "Easy Corner" in two months than the police force had in six years. The other Negro worker has fired with enthusiasm the sociology students in the two Negro colleges of her city and they are participating constructively in the program, In all of the five selected counties the workers have won the confidence of the communities and are demonstrating what may be ac- complished for children, in general and in particular, through planned efforts under competent leadership. Several of the workers have - supplemented, from their own funds, the books and publications in the staff libraries. 150 S O U T. H. D. A. K. O. T A OBJECTIVES Courts The general objective of the State Child Welfare Services program is to establish, extend and strengthen, in areas predominantly rural and in areas of special need, public-welfare services for the protection end care of homeless, dependent and neglected children and children in danger of becoming delinquent. Trained child—welfare workers carry out this objective by arranging for relatives' care, foster-home care, or institutional care of children who need temporary or permanent care away, from their homes; by protecting neglected, mistreated or exploited children and taking legal action against responsible adults; by finding and securing attention for physically and mentally handicapped children; by safeguarding children of illegitimate birth; by giving case-work service to courts handling cases of neglect, exploitation, transfer of custody, and adoptions, and to juvenile courts by investigating com- plaints of delinquency and supervising children placed on probation; by assisting State child-caring institutions with admissions and after- care service; by assisting schools in attendance and conduct problems; by arranging other care for children who are at poor farms; by organi- zing, or cooperating with existing organizations and community activities for the prevention of juvenile delinquency; and by coordinating community activities and the work of community organizations for the betterment of child welfare. STATE SERVICES Organ- ising The State office (director) has assisted the local workers to organize and develop local services by using the following methods: 1. Before a worker is placed in a new district, calling upon and explaining the CWS program to local officials end persons interested in child welfare, in order that they may understand the benefits and limitetions of the program, the quality of service which may be expected, and the local financial participation needed in the form of aid for needy children. 2. Increasing the public understanding of child welfare problems and child welfare services by news releases to newspapers all over the State through the publicity facilities of the State Department of Social Security, and by talks given before women's clubs, college students, and other interested groups. 3. Increasing the public understanding of county Social Security staffs concerning what child welfare problems are and what Child Welfare Services can do about them, South Dakota - 151 by talks given at district conferences of Social Security county workers. Obtaining from child welfare workers recommendations con- cerning persons who might be asked to serve on County Child Welfare Boards, appointing members to these boards, and meeting with some of the Boards or with individual members of the boards to guide them in their function of interpreting to the community the work of the child welfare worker and of bringing cases to her attention. Offering the services of child welfare workers to the State parole officer for the supervision of children paroled from the State Training School, Giving case-work service to the Director of the State Department for Vocational Rehabilitation of the Physically Handicapped. Field Three child welfare field workers, two of whom have 15 counties Service each in their districts and the third 16, furnish consultation service to their counties in the following ways: (a) (b) (c) Referral Sheets are left with county Social Security offices, county judges, county superintendents of schools. county murses, members of County Child Welfare Boards, for their convenience in referring cases to the field workers. On the field worker's regular visit to the county, the above-named persons, and often others such as the county commissioners, the states' attorney, the sheriff, are seen, and consultation service or actual case-work service is given on cases referred, Detailed reports are written for the Social Security office, or for other county officials if they wish them, and a brief report, called Field Worker's Report is sent to the State office. If further service is needed, the field worker on the next visit to the county follows up the case, enters a report in the local record, and sends to the State office a Report on Changing Status. County Social Security offices or county officials are incree singly writing or telephoning the State office requesting the services of the field workers on urgent or emergency cases, and the field worker's routing is changed to meet the request. - Methods used by the State in providing supervision include: (a) Supervisory visits to workers' headquarters: The aim South Dakota - 152 Training F. M. Crs Ch. is to make such visits monthly, but this has not been possible due to the press of State office work for the Director (who also supervises the staff) and the great distances to be traveled in visiting the workers. The nearest worker's headquarters are 128 miles to the east of Pierre; another is 260 miles southeast, and another 2.55 miles northwest, (b) Bulletins and letters: In order to compensate for the relative infrequency of visits, correspondence with workers on questions or problems concerning which they wish advice and help is encouraged, The Director pre- pares and sends to the workers detailed information on the policies, procedures and fecilities of other agen- cies, institutions and departments with which we are developing cooperative relationships. (c) Reports: All reports from workers - monthly reports from local workers, weekly reports from field workers, special reports on applications for adoptions and children to be placed for adoption, and reports on crippled children, are gone over carefully and comments sent to the worker. Pevelopments in training program?-- A careful selection wes made of three persons sent to schools of social work in January, 1938. Two were local child welfare workers, and the third wes a young man who had been a social worker in a county office for three years. No workers were sent for training during the six months' period ending December 31, 1937. At the December meeting of the State Social Security Commission the Superintendent of the State School for the Feebleminded proposed a plan to give Social Security workers brief training at the State School in problems of feeblemindedness, in order thet the workers might be of greater assistance to the State Commission on the - Control and Segregation of the Feebleminded. The plan was adopted and child welfare workers will have an opportunity to avail them- selves of this special training in meeting problems of the feeble- minded. Crippled Children's Division:--The Division of Child Welfare entered into an agreement with the Division of Crippled Children to report the names of crippled children they find to the Crippled Children's Division; to obtain social histories of and give case- work service to crippled children; upon request of the Crippled Children's Division to investigate and recommend homes for care of crippled children; to assist in conducting clinics for crippled children; end, in cases of necessity, to transport crippled children to the clinics, 6) ) Health g Library South Dakota – lº. 3 Maternal and Child Health Division:--The Maternal and Child Health Division reports to the Division of Child Welfare all out-of-wedlock births, giving the mother's name and address, the date of birth and sex of the child, the name of the hospital or maternity home, and the name of the attending physician. Many of these cases are already known to the Child Welfare Services workers, but this is a source for case finding, and is one method of acquainting physicians and hospitals, who do a considerable amount of child-placing in the State, of case-work: service available to thern for aid to unmarried mothers. A close working relationship has been built up between public health nurses and CWS workers, initiated by the two Stete Divisions. Each knows and understands the other's resources for aid. Nurses have copies of the CWS State Plan, and have had the program discussed at nurses' institutes. CWS workers receive State Health Department reports sent rºut by the MCH Division. There are seven Public Health Units in the State, three of which are in CºjS local workers' districts. The CWS Director has discussed with the Unit directors and nurses the coordination of the two programs. Two of the units in local workers' districts find enough social problems to require the full time of a C#S worker if she were in a position to give it. Staff library service:--A mineographed list of all books on social work or related fields, either purchased by CWS funds for the State Library or already in the Library, was sent to all Social Security workers in the State, with the result that the books have been in constant (ºr and with long waiting lists for some of them. A selected annotated list was sent out to the county offices calling special attention to books which would be helpful to untrained workers. One of the four district field supervisors for the Division of Public Assistence ordered through the CWS Director copies of seven books for the sixteen counties in her district to begin a course of directed study by those county steffs. In a State which has been unfamiliar with social work as a profession, the growing use of books as a tool for improving techniques of untrained workers is significant. LOCAL SERVICES Foster Care The South Dakota Child Welfare Services plan includes seven local districts, each of which consists of from two to five counties. Following are excerpts from district reports: District 1 cevers four counties. A maternity home located in the irrigated sugar beet district of one county was not re-licensed by the Division of Maternal and Child Health as a maternity home, but was recommended for infant care and foster home care for children. The home is on the county line between two counties and is used by both boards of county commissioners for temporary care of children. The South Dakota - lº/, Foster Care Health Indian Courts Del. Courts standards of care excel most of the boarding homes used by county commissioners, and the home is an example of what might be obtained in boarding home care for children, through influencing county com— missioners to give some consideration to standards of care. This home received some newspaper publicity as a result of being licensed as a good boarding home for children. District 2:--In one of the six counties in this district it had long been the custom to edvertise children for adoption in the news- papers or over the local radio station. In the last six months the CWS worker has given persons in that community an understanding of . good and bad practices in child placing, so that they themselves now recognize the protection she can give children through her services. The county judge, who is a very socially minded person, has used the services of the CWS worker extensively. District 3 includes three counties. The CWS worker has been giving talks to women working on the WPA visiting housekeeper projects, thereby enlisting their more intelligent aid while working in homes where there are frequently child welfare problems, and giving the women a purposeful and directed interest in the work they are doing on WPA. District li:--In one of the three counties in this district fine coordination of work has been attained between the Public Health Unit and the CWS worker. In the last four months good cooperation between the Indian Service on the Yankton Reservation and the Health Unit and the CWS worker on health and social problems has been developed, District 5 includes three counties. Last winter the CWS worker spent a great deal of time raising and handling a fund to provide shoes and overshoes for needy children. That effort bore results this winter when the Business and Professional Women's Club of the largest city in the area took over the task of raising the money. District 6:--At the request of the county judge in one of the three counties in the district the CWS worker makes investigations of all Mothers' Pension cases, is present at all juvenile court hearings, and has several girls who are on probation reporting to her reºularly. District 7:--The county judge in one of the two counties got into such a tangle on Mothers' Pension cases that he finally turned them all over to the CWS worker for investigation and recommendations. She has selected the problem cases she wishes to continue to carry as active cases. In one county there have been four different county judges in the last year and a half. The women on Mothers' Pensions were receiving amounts determined, with little if any investigation, by some one of the former judges. The present judge asked the CWS worker to make investiga- tions and obtain case histories for him, and he and the CWS worker met with the county commissioners in January to discuss the cases. 155 T E N N E S S E E OBJECTIVES In an offort to set up a Child Welfare program, within the Child "elfare Division on a State-wide basis, these objectives will be fol- lowed : l. A study of State resources by trained child welfare personnel with a view to determining existing resources in this field. 2. A selection of areas, predominantly rural, for demonstration work where welfare services for the protection and care of homeless, dependent and neglected children and children in danger of becoming delinquent may be established, extended and strengthened. 3. An offer of consultant and case-work service for child welfare problems furnished by specialists in the field of child welfare work to all counties in the State desiring such service. 4. A study of the present population of the Tennessee Industrial School with the purpose of discovering the causes of commitments and the developments of substitute programs of care. In addition to the population of the Tennessee Industrial School, this staff will also study a portion of the population at the State Training and Agricultural School for Boys as requested by the Superintendent. 5. A State-wide study of all children in almshouses in an attempt to develop substitute plans of care. These services will be rendered by the staff of the Child Welfare Division, including the supervisor of training, the case consultant, district case workers, and the personnel employed as full-time workers in the selected demonstration units. In addition, an intensive training program for the field staff, institutes in general child welfare problems for workers in each of the 95 counties of the State, and scholarships in recognized schools of social work for the special training of child welfare workers, will complete the scope of the proposed plan. STATE SERVICES The plan for the administration of Child Welfare Services was approved on May 1, 1937; the plans for the three categories of public assistance were approved in July 1937. Up to that time the State organization of the Department of Public Welfare was being completed and plans and budgets were being drafted. Early in June Regional Directors were appointed and reorganization of county staffs began soon afterwards. The establishment of a new State division, the Per- sonnel Division of the Department of Administration, in which was Tennessee - 156 / vested the authority for the administration of the merit system law enacted in February 1937 and by whom all personnel had to be approved delayed the organization and functioning of the Public Welfare Depart- ment as a whole. The State-wide organization for Public Welfare began to gain some stability, and in September it was possible to effect coordination and integration of Child Welfare Services into this structure. It was necessary first to familiarize the county staffs with the philosophy and provisions of the law and the procedure necessary to its adminis- tration before going too far in building up a demand for services which the newly created Department was not yet prepared to render. However, a large number of requests from the community were met by members of the Child Welfare Services staff to speak to interested groups about the new services, and cases referred had been given atten- tion either by the local staff members or the State Child Welfare Serv- ices staff. Cooperation with county judges who have heretofore carried the burden of determining what happened to dependent, neglected and delinquent children has been promoted by each member of the Child Welfare Services staff, either through personal conferences or through encourag- ing local workers to secure the judge's participation and approval of plans for individual children. This has resulted in some instances in their referring cases to the State Department rather than committing them to the Industrial School or the State Training and Agricultural School. The emphasis in organizing local services has therefore been on strengthoning the county welfare organization and developing cooperative relationships with county officials. The change in the plan in Septem- ber to lifeit the number of county demonstration units to the two estab- lished in June rather than developing nine as originally outlined and substituting regional demonstration areas instead has resulted up to this point in Qxtensive State-wide organization rather than intensive localized organization. The thinking back of this is that it is better not to stimulate a demand for services until the personnel is available to give it and it is better not to fill a position in Child Welfare Services unless it can be filled by a person equipped to do the job well. Up to June 30th Tennessee people who met the qualifications set forth in the approved plan were available, but with the demand for social workers in W.P.A., in other Divisions of the Department of Public Welfare, of the National Reemployment Service, and because of the relatively low salary schedules, it bocame necessary to look elsewhere for experienced child welfare workers who might be challenged by a pioneer job. Through the Director's interpretation of the purposes and objectives of the pro- gram and the need for well equipped personnel and the interest and back- ing given by the Commissioner and the Governor, it was possible to bring into the Stato several people experienced in child welfare to serve as consultants. Tennessee - 157 Training The duties of the case consultants during this six months growing period have been threefold: (1) Some direct handling of cases up to the middle of September. (2) Supervision of county workers with cases involving children. (3) Organizing, planning content, and conducting institutes for county workers. After the addition of a third consultant and a special child wel- fare worker, the State was divided into three sections and groups of regions were assigned to each consultant. All cases being handled directly by consultants were transferred to unit workers to be carried under the supervision of consultants, or to the special child welfare worker. There transfers were made as rapidly as each situation per- mitted . The relationships among members of the staff is informal but standards of professional performance are high. Consultants participate freely in formulating policies and procedures and are given full responsibility in the performance of the duties assigned to them. Conferences are held upon the consultant's requests as a schedule is not practical at the present time. Consultants have participated in the staff meetings held for the Industrial School Project and attend Regional and State staff meetings when they are in the State office. The training program under Child Welfare Services is threefold: (1) Supervision of unit workers on the job in their handling of family and children's problems. (2) offering an opportunity for professional education at recog- nized schools of social work through educational leaves. (3) Institutes. Five educational leaves were granted for the fall quarter. Two workers went to the School of Social Service Administration in Chicago, and three to Tulane, each person selecting the school which she wished to attend , Beginning in December a series of institutes was held in each of the three regions. An attempt was made to plan these institutes according to the individual needs of the Regions. These needs were based on the evaluations of the regions made by the field staff, the Regional Director and the case consultant. In addition to this, each county worker was asked to send in questions and subjects that she would like to have discussed at an institute. These institutes were conducted by the case consultant and the representative of the Field Service Division in each region. They were planned for a two-day duration at intervals of a month or two months apart for four institutes. This first institute Tennessee - 158 Commu- nity was planned with the purpose of giving the workers some general basic philosophy. The first day was spent in a discussion of the questions that the workers had sent in. Members of the Child Welfare Services staff have had contact with Crippled Children's Service on some eight or ten cases, and there have been numbers of others referred by county workers. Both Departments understand that in cases where a home would have to be found for a child irrespective of his physical condition that case would be the respon- sibility of the Child Welfare Services and Crippled Children's Service would be regarded as a hospital or any other medical resource. However, when placement is conditioned upon the child's physical condition and the condition is responsible for his being in need of placement, then the plan at present is that the Crippled Children's Service will select and pay for the boarding home or whatever care is indicated while the case is under their guardianship. The State Department of Health makes voluntary inspection visits to child-caring institutions on the request of the Supervisor of child- caring institutions. In the Lauderdale County Demonstration Unit there has been more opportunity for working cooperatively and both the Health Unit and the Child Welfare Worker refer cases as the need arises. In Bradley County there is no health unit. Through the efforts of the worker county funds have been appropriated for meeting medical costs for specific cases. Community_Interpretation? --There has been much interest shown throughout the State in the establishment of the new Department of Public Welfare and in the administration of the 3ocial Security Act. Members of the staff have received invitations from civic, professional and church organizations including the American Legion Auxiliary, Parent- Teachers Association, study clubs, Business and Professional Women's Clubs, radio broadcasts, etc. Representatives of the Child Welfare Division have made sixty-eight talks in which the work of the Division was interpreted in every section of the State. Consultant Service to the Department Licensing Child-Caring Agencies: --One provision in the Tennessee Plan reads: "The State recognized that because of the legal responsibility placed upon the Child Welfare Division for the licensing and inspection of child-caring institutions and boarding homes that this is properly a State expense. This function is, however, so interrelated with the aims and objectives of the Child Welfare Services program that a special consultant paid from Federal funds was secured on a temporary basis in October to give leadership and training in modern concepts and methods to the Supervisor permanently employed by the State and to participate in special conferences. Tennessee - 159 Commu- nity Del- Adv.Com. Health Foster Care Almshouse Study? --A study of children in almshouses has been carried on in cooperation with the University of Tennessee and the unit workers of the Department of Institutions and Public Welfare. Case consultants are following up with the unit workers all children reported to be in almshouses and those removed under Aid to Depondent Children in order to make case-work service available as individual situations require. LOCAL SERVICES The only Demonstration areas actually established to date have been the two County Demonstration Units in Lauderdale and Bradley Counties. These are under the supervision of case consultants. The worker in Lauderdale County has made very rapid progress in gaining community acceptance and developing awareness of the type of service she is qualified to render. The Supervisor of the Bradley County Child Welfare Demonstration Unit, established in July of 1937, has demonstrated the value of having a children's worker in a county set-up by giving service on individual cases, until the Cleveland City Council had passed a resolution making her probation officer for the City of Cleveland. The County Judge and Superintendent of the State Training and Agricultural School have also recognized the value of her service by accepting an offer to supervise children paroled from the institution. She has organized a small advisory committee of interested and carefully selected individuals who will work closely with her in interpreting the rights of every child to have his chance regardless of economic status. This committee is inter- ested in awakening community awareness of the need of medical care and hospitalization for needy children and their families, which is quite acute in Bradley County; to provide foster homes suited to the individual needs of such children as are in need of foster care, --particularly as to some temporary detention quarters for children needing emergency care, such as a subsidized boarding home, in place of the county jail previously used; but emphasis is being thrown on the value of building up and conserving the child's own home for him as of major importance • 160 Coordi- Orl Iła Crs Chs T E X A S OBJECTIVES Texas continues to pioneer in child welfare and will for some time to come. Major objectives at this stage of the program are: additional qualified personnel; continued interpretation to the public of child welfare services; closer working relationship with other State departments in matters affecting services in local areas; development of closer coordination of relief and family wel- fare agencies and child welfare services in attempting to meet the need for more adequate relief throughout the State; state-wide education regarding the needs of dependent, neglected, and delinquent children, available resources, and the value of child welfare ser- vices, tº • . . . . . • • *. * : *, * : Appointment of a State-wide advisory committee is contemplated. STATE SERVICES In December, 1957 22 professional and 6 clerical workers were employed for State and local work. The State is divided into ten districts four of which have District Supervisors at present. One district around State headquarters is designated as a training center. Two additional Child Welfare Service Units have been developed, making a total of four at this time. It is interesting to note that the number of counties in each of the 10 districts range from 20 to 35 with the exception of one in the extreme western section of the State in which there are ll counties, each very extensive in area. In cooperation with the State Health Department, closer working relationship has been effected, with assistance given to local units, districts or areas as the case may be, in interpre- ting the responsibilities and functions of the respective programs, thus bringing about a clearer understanding on the part of local persons. This is important in view of requests from public officials to county nurses asking that they make plans for dependent and neglected children found or brought to their attention and, if necessary, find homes for these children. Plans have been effected whereby services are being given to the State Crippled Children's Division in the finding of foster homes and supervision of the cases of children needing a particular type of convalescent care after discharge from the hospital or while awaiting return to the hospital for further treatment. The work of the two State Consultants in the development of County units has given excellent opportunity for demonstration of Bervices, - Texas – 16l Courts Training Ag © -Inst Q Foster Care Among the State-wide activities that have been undertaken are the delinquency and adoption studies which have afforded opportun- ities for interpretation to district and county judges, with almost immediate and valuable results. Some of the courts are beginning to request investigations and recommendation in adoption cases. Participation of the Director and attendance of stºff members has made possible personal interpretation of the program to many individuals in attendance at various State and regional conferences. The in-service training program has developed to the extent that several persons "in training" are located in counties and in dis– tricts. Another group attached to the State staff are responsible for case activities and cducational work of minor importance in a given district. These latter workers spend about one-third of their time in State office and two-thirds in the field. While in the State office they dictate their reports, cases, letters, have detailed con- ferences on their cases, analysis of action taken or to be taken, attend staff meetings and have conferences concerning cases that in- volve policies and matters having to do with legal matters and inter- agency and other relationships. The child welfare services division has undertaken to make plans for infants referred by one of the State Mental Hospitals. Special activities include services to a maternity home in a rural area licensed to place children which requested visits to a group of homes in which they had placed children for adoption. Since then, several investigations have been made prior to place- ment. This service has been an important factor in the decision of this agency to secure a trained social worker. Located in a rural section, this home places its infants in a wide area, most of them in country homes. Services were offered to several small institutions in rural areas. In three instances of agencies in the Panhandle, the lower valley, and central Texas, this has resulted in a closer working relationship with the superintendents and has brought about the formation of boards of managers composed of responsible persons, a step that was greatly needed. LOCAL SERVICES District Activities: In a large and sparsely settled area where a year &go many placements were being made by doctors, hospital. Superintendents and lawyers, the first offers of assistance were met with rebuffs. Today an increasing number of referrals come from Texas – 162 these same people, who indicate that while they wish to be re- sponsible for the plan, they find the investigation and assist- since helpful without being objectionable to the individuals con- cerned. In another district comprising approximately 26,000 square miles, with a population of 267,620 persons, there is but one children's agency. This is a small home, licensed to care for l8 children. The superintendent had been Imaking placements of chil- dren for a number of years, her activities covering the entire western part of the State. Last year the board of the institution agreed to limit in—take and placement work to a radius of 75 miles and to report to the State bureau action taken on applications re- ceived and all contemplated placements. The seriousness of several problems that were uncovered since this arrangement was agreed upon has convinced them that only a well-trained person should undertake this type of work, and they asked at their last Executive Committee meeting that Child Welfare Services be responsible for direction of their work until such time as either the County of their agency is able to undertake it. In an area comprising 5 counties (part of District 3) with a total arca of approximately 19,000 square miles and a population of about 32,000, it was stated a little more than a year ago that no child welfare problems existed. Following the first contact by Child Welfare Services, lº cases have been referred. The cases referred in this district of cattie raising and oil development in- clude chiefly poor adºption placements and children whose neglect and need is due tº the mother's immirality or desertion. Child Helfare Service Units: Nolan County: The program has been in operation here for 20 months. There has been integration with the relief end family Welfare services in the community and this very fact has been of decided value tºward developing a community-wide Welfare program With more adequate relief and family welfare. When funds were originally appropriated by the city and county they were desig– nated for "welfare", to be administered by the County Child Wel- fare Board. The Child Welfare Supervisor has supervised the worker giving half time service to child welfare and half time to county relief work, the Child Welfare Supervisor acting as con- Sultant on relief and family cases. During the period included in this report, adjustment has been effected whereby part of the salary of the worker is now paid from additional funds granted by the county for relief rather than from the funds administered by the Child Welfare Board. There is evidence of steady progress in the development of a child welfare program in which most of the children accepted for care remain under supervision in their own homes. Texas – lé3 Taylor County: Progress is indicated in this County. From the beginning of the program lº months ago, there has been very close coordination of services with those of the family agency (administering both public and private funds) which more or less controls intake of the CWS Unit. Recently the Commissioners' Court agreed to consider appro- priation of additional funds for the travel expense of the child welfare worker. Pending this action it was agreed to use funds out of those already appropriated locally with the understanding that should there be any deficit the Court would make an adjust- ment to cover it. Nuecos County: This child welfare service unit began to function during September and at the end of October there were 19 children representing l’ families under supervision. During the second month of operation 20 new cases were referred for service. Both the County Judge and the Mayor have either attend- ed or sent some one to represent them at each board meeting held. 164, U T A H OBJECTIVES In the development of child—welfare services in rural counties of Utah the State Department of Public Welfare has had as its basic ob- jective provision of generalized service to children where such services are needed. With this objective uppermost, an attempt has been made to place child—welfare workers in counties needing and requesting such services. Because it was difficult to obtain a sufficient number of qualified persons it was necessary to assist some workers in securing training by granting leave to attend schools of social work. To make the work of the local child—welfare workers more effective, provision was made for development on the job through semi-annual conferences, supervision, and provision of current reading material. The State Department of Public Welfare, especially the Division of Child-Welfare Services, has also been responsible for carrying out the provision relating to children included in the present public welfare law. The law provides that the State Department of Public Welfare shall: "Promote the enforcement of all laws for the protection of mentally defective, illegitimate, dependent, neglected and de- linquent children except laws whose administration is expressly vested in some other state department. To this end it shall cooperate with juvenile courts and all licensed child—welfare agencies and institutions of a public or private character, and shall take the initiative in all matters involving the interest of such children where adequate provision therefor has not already been made or is not likely to be made". (Laws of Utah, 1937, Chapter 88, Section 8f) STATE SERVICES The State Department of Public Welfare, through the Chief of the Division of Child-Welfare Services and the field representatives of the Bureau of Assistance and Service has been responsible for assisting County Departments of Public Welfare to determine needs existing among children. This has resulted in requests for services of child—welfare workers. The Division of Child-Welfare Services then attempted to locate a person who might be able to meet the varied needs existing in the county. However, definite assignment was not made without the approval of the County Board and the County Director of Public Welfare. If the selection was acceptable, the child—welfare worker became a regular member of the local staff subject to all local requirements with the exception of technical supervision which was provided from the State office. *~ Utah - 16 ſe) ) Field Supervision of the County Department of Public Welfare has not Service been available to the extent needed. Representatives of the Bureau of Assistance and Service have given general direction to the local child-welfare programs, but numerous duties have prevented them from giving adequate supervision. The Chief of the CWS Division has made visits to the counties to advise on the development of the program and consider individual cases handled by the local child—welfare workers. These trips have not been frequent enough to give satisfac- tory assistance to the local workers, No provision has been made for special consultation service for the county child-welfare workers. There has been need for advice of specialists which has been met in various ways. . The services of the & Superintendents of the State Training Schnol and the State Hospital Psych, have been used to a limited extent for cases presenting psychiatric problems. High school teachers with some work in psychology have given mental tests to children. Psychologists of universities, junior colleges and the State Training School have also been used for this purpose. A speech teacher connected with the State University has been consulted in reference to speech defects. Train- Because development of child—welfare services has been handi- ing capped by lack of trained persons, four workers have been given edu- cational leave to attend recognized schools of social work. The work- ers selected had no previous technical training. All had previous experience as paid workers in public agencies. At the time of selec- tion three were employed by County Departments of Public Welfare and one was serving as the social worker in the Division of Employment of the Works Progress Administration. An allowance of $225 per quarter was granted three students and $150 was grented the fourth student with the understanding that each person wes to return to the Utah child welfare program for a period of at least one year. Three workers granted nine months' leave entered school during the autumn quarter: one at the University of Denver; one at the University of Chicago; an one at the Washington University in St. Louis. - A three-day child-welfare conference was held in November. In addition to the child—welfare workers the following attended the con- ference: field representatives of the Bureau of Assistance and Service, Directors of County Welfare Departments in which child—welfare services ere established, students from the University of Utah, School of Social Work and visiting teachers from the Pupil Personnel Department of the Salt Lake City Schools. Under the direction of the Consultant on Train- ing from the U. S. Children's Bureau the workers discussed child—welfare principles in relation to the cases they were handling. Emphasis wes placed on the factors requiring case work, purposes and methods of case work, factors involved in foster care and edoption, recording and interviewing. The informal discussion of cases was very helpful to all in attendance. Each child-welfare worker expressed a need for such \ interchange of information since there is no opportunity for professional X association in the rural counties of the State, º Utah - 166 Cr. Ch. Since the Crippled Children's Service was first organized, County Departments of Public Welfare have served as the certifying agency in determining financial need of families requesting medical aid for crippled children. Frequent attempts have been made during the past six months to emphasize social problems frequently found in such cases. It was recommended that the report made to the Crippled Children's Service contain, in addition to financial information, social data of velue in interpreting the special needs of the crippled child. However, this procedure has not yet been adopted. The services of local child—welfare workers have also been offered as special needs have been recognized following treatment of the crippled children. Up to date they have not been utilized. It is hoped that after the social worker is added to the staff of the Crippled Children's Service in January, there will be a greater appreciation of the social services needed by the crippled child. ** - & Assistance was given in arranging for licensed child placing agencies to find foster homes for crippled children requiring conva- lescent care. The local child-welfare workers have assisted in lo- cating crippled children; determining financial eligibility for medical assistance; securing financial aid from relatives and civic organi- zations; and arranging transportation of the child from his home to the clinic when the family is unable to do so. Health The program of child-welfare services has been explained to public health nurses. There are frequent referrels by the nurses of children presenting behavior problems or of children requiring placement in foster homºs. In turn, the child—welfare workers utilize the services of nurses in cases involving problems of diet and health. Adv. Com- State Advisory Committee:--In September a small a dvisory committee was appointed by the State Director of Public Welfare to a ct as an interpretive body and to advise with the Chief of the Division of Child-Welf- re Services. The committee is composed of one member of the State Board of Public Welfare and four additional persons recognized in the field (; f social work. At monthly meetings members of the child-welfare committee have discussed training policies, the problem of securing qualified personnel, the child placing program including methods of peying for foster care, and special projects to be sponsored by the Division of Child-Welfare Services. Foster Payment for Foster Care:--The Boerd of County Commissioners is Care. charged by law with the responsibility of paying for the care of a child removed from the custody of his own parents by the juvenile g court. Limited funds in some counties prevented uniform payment. > Since July 1, the State Department has assumed responsibility for foster care payments, the county commissioners paying but 15 per cent of the total costs. On November 9, 1937 the State Board of Public Utah - l67 Commu- nity Library Welfare upon recommendation of the Division of Child-Welfare Services adopted the following policy regarding payments for foster care : "Payments for foster care shall be on an individual basis and shall cover actual maintenance costs during the period the child is under care. Board, clothing and medical care with the exception of hospitalization shall be included as maintenance. Administrative costs and supervision should not be included but should be provided by the private agency." This represents a distinct step forward, a s payments prior to this date have been on a flat basis regardless of the cost to the private agency. In some cases the County Welfare Departments were being charged for children placed in free homes; in others the agency was making payments for maintenance costs which the agency could not afford. - Interpretation:--Information regarding the Division of Child- Welfare Services was included in the exhibit of the State Department of Public Welfare at the Utah State Fair held September. In addition to the poster, a description of child-welfare services was included in a pamphlet describing the functions of the State Department of Public Welfare. Book Service:--There has been an increasing appreciation of the Book Service maintained by the Division of Child-Welfare Services during the period from July 1 to December 31, 1937. A number of pamphlets and books relating to social work have been added to the library. LOCAL SERVICES Courts Schools Child—welfare services have been continued in five counties and established in two counties during the past six months. These counties are: Carbon, Davis, Iron and Washington, Sanpete, Uintah and Utah. Requests for child—welfare services have been recieved from Summit and Sevier Counties. In each of the counties where the program is in operation an attempt has been made to develop a well- rounded group of services. In addition to serving the County De- partment of Public Welfare, services of the child—welfare workers have been available to the Juvenile courts, the schools, health programs. and various religious and civic organizations. Each program has, of course, been developed according to the needs of each county and the ability of each child—welfare worker. l68 W E R ºf O N OBJECTIVES The outstanding objective in Vermont has been and continues to be education in the prevention of family breakdown and the achieve- ment for all children of fuller and richer opportunities for a heppy, wholesome chil • It is our observation that there is a distinct lack of community, consciousness of what constitutes a preventive case. The result is a case-load of children in foster homes out of propor- tion to those where family rehabilitation is indicated. The Aid to Dependent Children program is gradually correcting this emphasis, but there has been a piling up over many years of cases of neglect and delinquency which will need an enlarged placement pro- gram for some years to come. STATE SERVICES No new areas have been developed since the last progress re- port. A deepening and strengthening of the services already inaug- urated has been the objective. Field Bi-monthly visits to each area office are made by the Director Service of Case Work Services. Individual cases are discussed, occasional visits are made to families, overseers of the poor, State's Attorneys, etc., in company of the local worker at her request. Training Monthly all-day staff meetings have been inaugurated by the - State Welfare Commissioner. Half the day is devoted to round-table discussions of case-work procedure, the C.W. S. workers meeting with the State workers under the leadership of the Director of Case-Work Services. In the afternoon, under the chairmanship of the Commission- er, the group joins the Probation and *arole Division and a more general program is presented with a speaker on some subject of common interest. is Health The State Health Department has a demonstration in Addison SEs cha. County where the welfare department has two C.Y.S. workers, and in- formal case conferences have been developed. One of the field repre- sentatives serves on the advisory committees of the Crippled Chil- dren's Division end of the *aternal and Child Health Division. In another area (Essex County), there is also a Health Demon- stration center where frequent informal case contacts are made possible. Three conferences have been held looking to joint activities in common territory. Throughout the four areas there is good cooperati with State Tuberculosis Association nurses. - Vermont - 169 ,”. The recent employment of a psychiatrist by the State hospital has opened the way for a service hitherto unavailable in the State. Three committed problem children——two of them in C.W. S. areas--are being studied. LOCAL SERVICES Foster Care Three counties out of a total of là in the State are covered by C.W. S. workers. These counties were selected as being predom— inantly rural and because they were located in the extreme northern, in the extreme southern, and in the center of the State. There is no city in any of the areas, the largest town (Brattleboro) having a population of less than 10,000. A few border towns are added to these districts, making a total of about 86 towns in the territory, approx– imately one-third of the towns in the State. Since general relief is on a town basis, this means contact with as many overseers of the poor. Case-loads include three types of cases--aid to dependent children, committed children, and preventive cases, with the emphasis on the last group. In two counties (Windham and Addison) there are public health dem- onstrations of generalized service which make possible joint demonstra- tions of health activities. Referrals are coming more and more from schools, ministers, doctors, and interested citizens, but there is still a lack of understanding on the part of the communities as to what constitutes a preventive case. It is hard for them to accept the fact that effective work can best be done in the early stages of a situa- tion. Counselling with families is in its initial stages, with relief needs and gross neglect absorbing time and effort. Work with problem children in their own homes waits on the "clearing out" of the more obvious cases of neglect and mental deficiency. Housing conditions are deplorable and there is a serious dearth of habitable low-cost houses in the rural areas, a subject to which the workers are giving thought and attention. e Overseers of the poor are gradually turning to the C.W. S. workers for advice on specific problems and increasingly are acting on their suggestions. Strong resistance is also found, but the trend is slowly but surely towards an acceptance of more adequate standards of relief. The town is unquestionably too small ever to be an efficient welfare unit and thought is being given to the practicability of combining towns for the services of a trained worker. This will come slowly. Judges and State's Attorneys consult the workers with increasing frequency. This is markedly true in one area where the two C.W. S. Workers are given office space in the court house. Supervision for overseers of the poor of children placed by them in foster homes is being asked for and given in a few cases in all of the areas. * - º Wermont - 170 > Local In one area the headquarters town is now paying for service of Partics one day a week from one of the C.W. S. workers - a plan that holds - promise of being increased to several days' service if the Town Manager's expectations are fulfilled. The town furnishes stenographic service. This Town Manager, who at first saw no value in the Central Index main- tained by the State Department of Welfare, now enthusiastically supports it, not only in principle but through voluntary financial assistance. 171 #" W I R G I N I A OBJECTIVES Strengthening existing services of the State Children's Bureaut l. Facilities for social study and treatment of some 375 children committed to the Bureau by local juvenile courts as delinquents. 2. Advisory services and case-work assistance to counties on cases of dependent and neglected children. 3 • Medical case work in pediatrics clinic and hospital services • 4. Circulating library of books and pamphlets in the field of children's work, w / STATE SERVICES In organizing local services the State first selects the local community on the basis of its need for the service and the possibility of showing results and of the locality's participation in the adminis- trative costs. The Superintendent of Public Welfare is first approached about the matter and then members of the local governing body and the judge of the juvenile court are interviewed. Interested individuals and representatives of groups influential in the community are visited and their reaction obtained to the program. No county is organized except from invitation of the local governing body and the Superintendent of Public Telfare. In every instance, the child welfare service worker has been made a member of the staff of the Superintendent, and the State tries to play a helpful but inconspicuous part in the program, always emphasizing the fact that it is a local interest and responsibility. . . After the program is begun, reliance is placed largely upon the Super- intendent of Public Welfare for interpretation of the program to the community. Since the CWS worker serves as a member of the Superin- tendent's staff there is no special problem of coordinating the chil- dren's work with other public welfare services in the community. Special consultant service is available for the local CWS workers and Superintendents of Public Welfare through the several Bureaus in the State Department of Public Welfare and the specialized services within the Children's Bureau. Special Mothers' Aid workers, a nutri- tionist in the Children's Bureau, psychologists and psychiatrist in the Mental Hygiene Bureau, and advisory assistance in community organization problems, are all available. O Virginia - 172 Field Service Training Cr. Ch. Foster Care Library Health & l +. h During the past six months two field supervisors have carried on the case supervision in the local child welfare service units. Begin- ning January let one field supervisor will assume all of this work. The field supervisor goes to the county units regularly and reviews their case-work procedure. The Director of Child Welfare Service and the Director of the Children's Bureau have worked together in matters of community organization and general direction of the program. In addition to the field supervisor of the local child welfare service units, there are two district supervisors to whom the 12 CWS field workers of the State Children's Bureau look for case-work super- vision. Approximately one-half of the activities of these field workers are given to child welfare service, the remainder of their time being devoted to direct care of delinquent children committed to the Bureau by the local juvenile courts. Virginia has not had the same need for a training program that some other States have felt. With the exception of one locality it has been possible to find trained and experienced case workers for all of the child welfare service positions, both State and local. There is a monthly. meeting of the State staff in which a planned study program is carried on under the leadership of the Director of Child Welfare Serv- ice. During the summer and early fall the Director of CWS joined with other members of the State Department of Public Welfare in conducting institutes which were attended by more than 100 of the Superintendents of Public Welfare and case workers in the local public welfare units throughout the State. Both the Crippled Children's Bureau and the Social Service Depart- ment of the Medical College of Virginia clinics and hospitals refer cases to the State and local child welfare service workers, and we work together in the solution of the social problems. The child welfare service medical social worker is particularly helpful in this field. Work for Children Who Are Wards of the State t--For the past six. months the State has used CWS money in a special effort to strengthen and study results of the boarding home program for committed children. Obviously, it is too soon to evaluato results, but the fact that new workers have been add &d to the staff to do intensive work with this group of difficult problem children lends hope that something of permanent value will be forthcoming. The circulating library now contains 78 books in addition to a great many pamphlets and reprints. There were 262 withdrawals during the six months' period just ended. Medical Social Case Work: The work begun a year ago in the Medical College of Virginia clinic and hospitals has been continued. The CºS worker is assigned to pediatric services in this institution. She gives medical case-work care to children brought into the hospitals and clinics from rural districts. During the past six months she has served 214 children. Virginia - 173 Negro LOCAL SERVICES All of the CWS units are developing separate personalities. During the past six months there were 16 counties participating in the CWS program. As has been previously reported, three of these units were counties in which CWS funds supplemented local funds in paying the salary of the Superintendent of Public Welfare. This plan was never wholely satisfactory and all three of the units were notified in October that it would be discontinued at the end of this quarter. Two of the three counties have assumed entire responsibility for the Superinten- dent's regular salary, thereby fulfilling one original desire when the plan was inaugurated . During the past six months three new county units have been organ- ized, namely: Mecklenburg, Augusta and Norfolk Counties. In Augusta the CWS worker acts as case supervisor for children's cases carried by four case workers. On a whole, the units have functioned at an even tempo without feeling or participating in the pressure ordinarily felt in the welfare office. The Superintendents of Public Welfare not only look with pride upon the work accomplished by the units, but feel that they have also contributed to the case-work knowledge of the community in general, and have helped the Superintendent uphold good standards in other fields. The policy of limiting the CWS workers' case load to 55 was begin- ning to result in a static case load. An attempt has been made to meet this problem by arranging for a more fluctuating load and by emphasizing the CWS workers' service in the difficult initial periods, planning for later transferral to other workers in the local department. Norfolk County was organized for a special program for Negro chil- dren as a result of a study made by a member of the staff of the U.S. Children's Bureau. While engaged in this activity the worker has been a member of the staff of the local welfare office. Her work was con- cerned with Negro children referred to the Superintendent of Public Welfare. Many of these cases came through the local county schools with which she has worked very closely. As she has become aware of the needs of the community, she has found that one of the most prevalent problems was that of unmarried mothers between the ages of 13 and 17. Each unit has reviewed its job and set up goals for the new year. The emphasis is placed on the needs of the community and the interests and skills of the individual workers to meet them. The Division of Child Welfare Services is working more and more with all other community organizations interested in children, the school, the court, the church, etc., toward the one common goal, the welfare of the individual child. 174. W. A. S. H 1 N G T 9 N OBJECTIVES By means of the Federal funds made available for Child Welfare Service, it is aimed to extend the Child Welfare Service Program in the State in an effort to accomplish the following: l. To study the needs of children in the State and facilities for their care with the purpose of developing, in cooperation with the private agencies, local and State-wide resources for the care of depend- ent, neglected, and handicapped children, and children in danger of becoming delinquent. 2. To furnish case-work services to the juvenile court judges when requested; to assist in making plans for children either in their own homes or outside their own homes, with emphasis upon and in an effort to prevention of delinquency. 3. To develop foster homes for children who need this type of care and provide adequate supervision of children placed in these homes. 4. In cooperation with the public health nurses to assist in the location of crippled children, securing the needed treatment for them and--follow-up supervision when they are returned from the hospital centers to their own homes. 5. To develop facilities for psychological services for children in areas where such service is not now available. STATE SERVICES The Division for Children has provided supervision and consultation service through the acting supervisor of the Division and through a psychologist who consults with workers regarding children in areas where there are no other psychological services available. The acting supervisor of the Division has made several visits in a number of areas in the State. Individual conferences have been held with the child welfare service workers and the local administrators and supervisors, discussing the organization of child welfare services in the counties and case-work procedures. During these visits she has also had individual and group conferences with the juvenile court judge and interested citizens in the community. New members of the child welfare service staff from two counties and one of the supervisors were brought into the State office for a conference to introduce them to the program, Washington - 175 Training Cr. Ch. Health A meeting of child welfare service workers in the five northwest counties was held in August, when relationships with the juvenile court and the private institutions in that area were discussed. Following the State Conference of Social Work in October, a two- day institute was held for all of the child welfare service workers • This was given over to a round-table discussion of methods of organizing a community for child welfare services, methods of foster-home finding, study of foster homes and case work with children. At this time some of the workers reported on progress of work in their own communities. At present funds are being provided by the State Department of Social Security for fellowships for 16 staff members, four of whom were previously in the Children's Program, who are receiving training in Graduate Schools of Social Work. We anticipate securing some of these people for the child welfare service program. Some workers in Seattle are being allowed certain hours off to take courses in the Graduate School of Social Work while they continue their work in the Children's Division of the King County Welfare Department. The "In-Training Center" for child welfare service workers was begun in September 1937 under the direction of a graduate of the School of Social Service Administration of the University of Chicago who has had experience in family and children's work. The Training Center is located in the Pierce County Welfare Department, Tacoma. The first group of five workers remained in the center from September until the end of December. The second group of six workers will remain from January 1 to May 1, as it was planned that the Training Center will operate on a quarterly basis. For the most part workers have been selected who have had some work in a graduate school of social work and have shown by the quality of their case work that they are good material for child welfare service workers. The first group of workers were all placed in child welfare service positions in the Child Welfare program. It is the plan as the program develops to send workers to the Training Center who will return to the counties to carry cases of aid to the dependent children or a general case load, as it is thought to be desirable to bring up the general level of understanding of children's work by all case workers • The child welfare service workers cooperate with the county nurses in locating crippled children, arranging for them to attend the clinics and to secure the necessary treatment, and providing follow-up services when the child returns from the hospital center to his own community. This involves working out educational and vocational plans with the child and his family. The child welfare service workers and medical social workers have met with the county nurses and the State Supervisor of Public Health Nursing in the northwest and northeast sections of the State. Washington - 176 Peych- Library Indian The child welfare service workers have secured foster homes to be used as convalescent homes for crippled children in the hospital centers. They also supervise the children placed in these centers. The State Supervisor of Public Health Nursing is a member of the State Advisory Committee on child welfare services (this committee also serves as an Advisory Committee to the Division for Children). The psychologist of the Division of children has concentrated his services in southwest Washington from the time he came to the program in September until December 1937. His services have been very valuable in helping to analyze the problems of children and in interpreting child welfare service work to the schools and to the judges. He gave con- siderable time to the group of children included in the demonstration of social work in the schools. His work there has been welcomed by the superintendent of that school who, partly at least as a result of this, is recommending to the State Educational Planning Council the develop- ment of psychological services on a State-wide basis under the State Department of Education. . The psychologist has examined all children under the Crippled Children's Program for whom other psychological services are not avail- able, and about whom there is any question as to eligibility to the program because of low mentality, and all crippled children who have needed his services for any other reason. Library service for the child welfare service workers has been built up as a part of the library for the State Department of Social Security. Special reading lists have been prepared and sent to workers. An amount has been budgeted so that new books on children's work may be added to the library from time to time. The salary of one children's worker for Indian children in Stevens and Ferry counties is being paid by the Indian Service. She is on the staff of the Stevens County Telfare Department, transportation and of- fice space being furnished by that county. She works very closely with the child welfare service worker who is being paid for through Federal child welfare service funds in that county, attending the meetings of the child welfare service workers, and so forth. She was previously paid from child welfare service funds and worked in the same county. At the request of the Bishop of the Diocese of Seattle, a study was made to determine the need of the continuance of a Catholic School for Indian children. The situations of 70 Indian children in eight counties were studied by child welfare service workers. Through child welfare service workers, it was found that most of the children did not need institutional care and alternative plans were worked out for many children's Washington - 177 © n & Schools Schools LOCAL SERVICES There are 35 child welfare service workers in the county welfare department, of whom 10 are being paid for through Federal funds. These 10 workers are in rural areas where many of them are doing pioneer work in furnishing case-work service and developing facilities for the care of dependent, neglected and handicapped children. They are a part of the county welfare department staff and are responsible to the adminis- trator, with general supervision through the field supervisors who - serve the whole State Department of Social Security, and from the Divi- sion for Children of the State department. Two demonstrations of social work in schools have been carried on during the six months. The child welfare service worker in Clark County has given one-half time to work in the Ridgefield School, a rural consolidated school, with children who are referred because they are problems in school. Many adjustments have been worked out for children, and the project has been very well accepted by the superintendent and teachers who would like to add the child welfare service worker to their staff. It has not yet been decided whether the School Board will assure her salary for the coming year, however. Through the child welfare service worker's efforts, the school budgeted roney to pay for the services of a psychiatrist for four days at two-month intervals. The child welfare service worker refers chil- dren whom she has worked with preparing the family and child for the psychiatrist. Complete physical examination by the county physician has been secured on all children referred, and the psychologist for the Division for Children has made psychological examinations of all of the children. A reeting has been held after each series of exarinations at which the psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker and county physician report their findings and the cases are discussed with the teachers and others interested. This has proved to be an excellent method of educa- ting the teachers in the need for social service. Many of the other school people in this and neighboring counties have become interested in child welfare services through hearing of the work done in the Ridge- field School. The superintendent of this school is the chairman of the Advisory Corrittee to the Division for Children, and State Child Welfare Chairman of the American Legion. A child welfare service worker in the Thurston County Welfare Department has given full time to working with children in the Olympia Schools, referred because of problers. She is concentrating her serv- ices in three schools in the city, but accepts cases from other schools. Through the child welfare service program, the counties have become much more child-welfare conscious than they have ever been before • As the workers have worked with particular children at the request of the judges, schools, Parent-Teacher Association members and others in the counties, there has begun to be a recognition of what can be accom- plished for children. Many more requests for workers are now received Washington - 178 Age-Inst- than can possibly be provided with the limited funds. One of the administrators has expressed the feeling that the child welfare service workers are doing the "creative" work in the community and that their influence is being felt in the attitude of the community toward the whole program of the county welfare departments. Legislation was passed in the spring of 1937 creating County Welfare Departments to handle child welfare services as well as other functions. In August 1937 the Superior Court Judges in conference with the Division for Children, State Department of Social Security, decided that all dependent children would be referred to the County Welfare Departments. There was first a gradual referral of children from the courts, but as of January 1, 1938, all dependent children were taken over by the county welfare departments for planning and payment for foster care. Most of these children were in institutions, but some were in boarding homes. The child welfare service workers are responsible for a re-evaluation and study of each case. It is also interesting to note that in this State which offered very little besides private institutional care for children prior to the development of child welfare services, one institution for children has closed within the past six months as there were not sufficient chil- dren needing that type of care to warrant its keeping open. In each section of the State, there are institutions for children which are con- sidering changing their programs to meet the needs for care of special groups of children. It is, of course, impossible to state to what ex- tent this is due to the development of the child welfare service program, but at least it is going hand in hand with it. 179 Qrgan- ising Field Service w E S T W I R G.I N I A OBJECTIVES l. To develop a unified type of child welfare services through- out the State • 2. To strengthen State and local services intended to safeguard homeless, dependent, and neglected children, and children in danger of becoming delinquent, in areas predominantly rural and in other areas in special need. 3. To assist in developing local interest and local resources which will eventually establish county child welfare services in areas predominantly rural and in areas of special need. STATE SERVICES In the beginning of the Child Welfare Services program, the child welfare demonstration counties were selected on the basis o; the preva- lence of commitments to the State for care and counties where the needed cooperation for the development of child welfare services could be secured. However, as the development of the whole welfare program of the State has gotten under way, it has been possible to analyze more carefully the various county situations and to evaluate them before the actual placement of a children's worker. Before the Children's Bureau now considers such a placement, the County Department of Public Assist- ance and the County Council are requested to submit their request in writing. The Supervisor of the Division of Child Welfare then meets with the Director of the County Department of Public Assistance and the County Council to discuss their child welfare needs. If, by mutual agreement, there is found to be a need for a children's worker, the Children's Bureau assists the county in securing one. At the prosent time, five additional county children's workers have been added to the county staffs, making a total of 15 children's workers giving CWS servico to 18 coun- ties through the Child Welfare Services program. The Division of Child Welfare has three child welfare consultants on its State staff who give consultant service to the counties which do not have children's workers. A procedure has been worked out whereby the field representatives from the Bureau of Social Service of the State department refers requests from the Directors of the County Departments of Public Assistance to the Division of Child Welfare. This arrangement was made in order to give the field representatives an opportunity to becomo acquainted with local county child welfare problems, and to give what advice the field representatives consider practicable and also to eliminate unnecessary visitation on tho part of the consultants. There is still a need for closer adherence to this procedure. Some of the directors refer their requests directly to the Division of Child Welfare West Virginia - 180 Training without discussing them with the field representatives. This has meant that in this State with 55 counties the consultation service has been spread too thin. An attempt is being made to give some child welfare service to the counties by correspondence and additional con- ferences with the field representatives of the Social Service Bureau. The consultants have not had sufficient time to spend in the counties where the needs are paramount, such as assisting in develop- ing foster-care programs and interpreting and developing sound child welfare procedures. Direct supervision has been given to the ten original child wel- fare units by the instructor of Child º'elfare Personnel. She has visited the workers at frequent intervals, conferring with then on their case problems, treatment plans, etc. During her visits, con- ferences are also held with the county directors concerning the work. Whenever the need arises, the Supervisor visits the counties to clarify administrative problers and any personnel difficulties of the children's workers, It has been necessary to utilize the consultants' services to assist in the setting up of new child welfare units. The consultant accompanies the children's worker into a county and remains there for a period of a week or more, giving any assistance in the orientation process. In the five child welfare units financed by State and local funds, the workers are supervised by the consultants, thereby perrit- ting the instructor of Child Welfare Personnel to devote her time to the original ten child welfare units. Staff meetings of the consultants and county children's workers are held whenever possible. Policies and procedures are discussed and part of the time is devoted to the educational phase of the pro- gram. Developments in Training Program?--To a great extent, the in- service training program has taken the form of direct instruction. The instructor has made several visits in the ten demonstration counties and he's used the children's workers' actual cases as part of the instruction raterial. The instruction has been directed in part to case-work problems evaluation of foster . organization and planning of work, and methods of the case record reporting. ng and statistical Prior to the placement of new children's workers in counties other than the ten original ones, individual and group discussions have been held. These "institutes" have included reading assignments, discussion of administrative procedures, case reading, and illustra- tive case material. West Virginia • 181 Psych- Library At staff meetings attended by the county children's workers and consultants at the State office, there have been group discussions on such subjects as adoption, foster-home finding and evaluation, etc. Individual conferences have been held at these times with each worker to discuss questions which she presents concerning her cases. The county children's workers have assisted in locating crippled children who have not received treatment, and have made it possible for the children to attend clinics. Case-work service is given to children when the need is indicated. There is a close working relationship be- tween child welfare workers and the nurses of the Crippled Children's Division. The Division of Child Welfare has offered its service in finding foster homes for crippled childron, but as yet this service has not been utilized to any extent. The cooperation of the doctors and the public health nurses has been secured by the county children's workers and this service has been invaluable • The Division of Child Welfare has been fortunate in securing the services of two psychologists, one for the northern section and one for the southern section of the state. Psychological tests are used as a part of the treatment plan for children who present behavior difficulties and for prospective adoptions. The workers submit their lists of chil- dren who need psychological tosts to the State office and appointments are arranged with the psychologist. - Ong of the psychologists attended a staff meeting and explained the value and use of psychological tests, and demonstrated the use of various tests in the psychological examination. A discussion of the value of these tests in treatment plans was found to be instructive and helpful, The workers have indicated keen interest in the child welfare library. Each worker has the privilege of requesting reading material which is sent to her from the State office. After a specified period of time, the material is returned and sent to another worker. LOCAL SERVICES Considering the comparatively short time the child welfare program has been operating in the State, the development of local services has seemed to move rather rapidly. In addition to the ten original child welfare demonstrations, five child welfare units have been set up, financed by State and county funds. Additional requests have been made by other counties for children's workers, which indicate their awareness of child welfare needs. However, there is need for further development of the State staff in order that more adequate supervision may be given to the increasing number of county children's workers. ^ * West Virginia - 132 § Foster. Care The county children's workers are members of the County Department of Public Assistance staffs and are administratively under the directors of the local departments. The Division of Child Welfare functions in a supervisory capacity in conferring with the workers on case problems and procedures. At this point in the program it is becoming increasingly possible to define more clearly the case loads of the children's workers. An effort is being made to limit case loads to 75. The children's worker's first responsibility is the study of all foster homes and the supervision of all foster children. To the extent that this basic case load will permit, children living within their own homes who present serious health or behavior problems are referred to her for supervision. In seven of the counties where there is a chil- dren's worker, work in connection with commitment of dependent and neglected children to the State and their supervision has been assigned to the county workers. The case loads of some of the children's workers include children on probation and parole from the State industrial schools. 183 W I S C O N S I N OBJECTIVES l. To extend to certain rural areas of the State the program for the protection of dependent, neglected, feebleminded, illegiti- mate, delinquent children, and those in danger of becoming delinquent. 2. To arouse an interest in child welfare in state-wide groups, so that they in turn can assist in developing the rural programs in all counties of the State. 3. To arouse a general interest in child welfare, and to promote an appreciation of standards in child welfare work on the part of lay people, who can as a result take part in initiating child welfare services. 4. To advise with and assist rural organizations as to tech- niques of case work with children, such as County Relief Departments, County Pension Departments, Juvenile Court Judges and individuals. 5. To demonstrate case-work techniques in expectation that county officials will eventually make an appropriation to employ full time, permanent, child welfare staff. 6. To assist county advisory committees in making studies of conditions surrounding children, and to offer suggestions as to social or legal action necessary to safeguard against and to prevent these conditions. 7. To promote "In-Service Training" so that the staff will be better equipped to render case work service to children. STATE SERVICES Adv. Com. Since the organization in the predominantly rural areas of County Advisory Committees the value of this service has become apparent to other nearby counties. Citizens and officials interest— ed in Child Welfare Services have expressed a wish to secure assist- ance with local problems and to stimulate and educate their communi- ties in matters relating to the needs of children. As a result, Some County Advisory Committees realize that they will be unable to do little more than an educational piece of work for a long time. Others are looking forward to being able to convince the County Board of Supervisors soon that a children's worker is a necessity. Still others are combining forces with the County health programs, hoping to further the work of both by reaching a larger area. More people are volunteering their services in whatever capacity seems most val— uable. e Wisconsin – 184 Field Service Training Consultation service is given to the District Field Workers and the County Children's Workers in relation to the foster—home program, adoptions, illegitimacy, and community organization pro- gram through individual conferences in the State office and at staff meetings. The State is divided into districts, comprising varied numbers of counties. Each district is under the supervision of a District Senior Field Worker, who is on the staff of the State department. The Juvenile Department of the State Board of Control cooper- ates with the Division for Crippled Children of the State Depart- ment of Public Instruction in developing plans for care of crippled children from such areas who are boarded in cities where orthopedic schools are located. The Indian child welfare program, during the past six months, has been carried on partly by the workers directing the CWS pro- gram, and partly by the regular State staff. Twelve workers, both District and County children's workers, and consultants on the Juvenile Department staff, have given considerable time to the problems of Indian children in ll counties. They have provided care for Indian children in their own homes and in foster homes, and have made investigations for children to attend Indian Voca- tional Schools outside of Wisconsin. During these six months the area group meetings for instruc- tion and case discussions have continued. Instead of four, there are now three held in different areas, one in the Northeast, one in the Northwest, and one in Madison, approximately every four to six weeks. The content of the programs for these meetings has continued as originally planned. In addition to case-work in- struction and case discussions, problems related to the agency's function &nd its field of service, policies, etc., have been a part of the progrfum. The cases used for discussion have been those cºrried by the staff workers. For the most part, they have been selected from the case loads of the County children's workers. Insofar as it was practical, the same group of cases has been dis- cussed from time to time, so that progress in the case work treat- ment could be followed. In addition to case work instruction and case discussions at the area meetings, this phase of the training program has also been a part of the general staff meetings of the Juvenile Department. At the Juvenile Department's staff meeting, held jointly with the staff of the State Public School at Sparta, the latter group of workers participated in the case discussions dur- ing the two half days given over to the training program. One Wisconsin – 185 Library D € l *Sº it.:- Coordi- sº, eusº Schools district field worker is on educational leave for six months attending a greduate school of social work. The Juvenile Department has a small library of books which are loaned to the staff. LOCAL SERVICES In all of the counties there has come to be a greater ap- preciation of the child welfare needs throughout the county and of the necessity fºr having professional V, orkers. The Juvenile Court Judges and the District Attorneys have come to realize the value of the services rendered by County children's workers and are requesting services on the Iſlajority of children's cases com— ing to their attention. In some instances only investigation is requested, but more and more the requests involve thorough case work service to the children and their families. Through the cooperative plan with the State Public Welfare Departiaent and the State Pension Department, there is a greater realization on the part of the staff of the local Relief and Pension Departments, that they have many families with children needing the special service of a child welfare worker. In nine counties the plan of having a CWS worker administratively on the staff of the local Public Welfare Department is working out very satisfactorily. In one county the children's worker is employed part time; by the Pension Department to work on Aid to Dependent Child ºn cases. Following are excerpts from county reports, showing some of the special child welfare activities. County. A - During the six minths period the work of the child ºlfare program has been centered primarily on child study. The original plan of the Advisory Committee was to make a survey of the schooli children of the county, in cooperation with the Superintendent of Schools and teachers, through mental tests and physical examinations, to discover if possible any conditions existing Which might be intºrfering with the child's normal pro- gress, either in school or in adapting himself to his environ— ment. The child study program is necessarily a long-time program. There are l?2 schools in the county, including all rural schools, grºde schools, and high schools. It may not be possible to take each School separately for this study, but it is the purpose of the committee tº take those where the need seems most urgent, and possibly over an extended period of time the work may be completed. - Wisconsin - 186 County B - Lay people and some public officials have a greater appreciation of the value of children's services in a general welfare program, especially in preventive case-work. The schools have been asking for more and more service in con- nection with truancy, because they believe that truancy is Del. caused by social problems which can be handled better by a social worker than by any law enforcement officer. Because of the gradually growing interest in children's problems, the consent of the Child Welfare Committee was ob- tained to hold a one-day conference on October 4, 1937 to discuss children's problems, and preventive social work. An enlarged committee of twenty officials and lay people, these including ; the Child Welfare Advisory Committee, made the arrangements fo the conference. This committee is now functioning as a county welfare organizetion to study the Welfare problems of the com— sº munities. County C - Through the service of a full-time worker in the county, there has been integration of efforts to give serv- ice through the various public welfare activities operating in the county. This integration has been noticed by the local public welfare department since it eliminates duplication and tends to give the clients a greater feeling of security. The Adv. Coºl. Advisory Committee has interested themselves in this combining of duties and is watching the result with interest. Their services have been given freely and their advice in planning • has been conservatively given. Health Routine medical examinations of children in foster homes have been arranged for, to be given by the county physician at no cost to the county. Through this service future plans for the children can be made. The Advisory Committee stimulates progré:5ive viork, considers plans from many angles and backs any iln: 3rtaking decided upon, making it possible to make slow Rnd evºn progress. Foster. Cºunty D - Assistance is being given to the schools in Care the cºunty in planning for the welfare of non-resident grade and high school students coming from rural homes. When the worker arrived five children were being taken care of in the county jail. Foster homes were found and the children were placed in them as quickly as possible. Now there are available homes in which to place children, so that use of the jail will not be necessary. Coordi’s County E – There is a good working relationship between the rº-Trnation child welfare worker and the county nurse, the county superin- tendent of schools, the supervising teacher, and the pension Wisconsin - 187 Foster Care investigator, and frequent conferences are held. In this way, ideas are pooled and duplication of effort avoided, and at the same time a better understanding of the child welfare program is being effected. All these people attend the meetings of the Children's Board quite regularly and constitute the nucleus out of which it is expected that an Advisory Committee will be formed. County F. - During this six months period an average of 54. child welfare cases have been handled each month, exclusive of minor service cases. At the end of July there were in the county 48 foster homes and one institution caring for 87 children. Five children have been returned to their own homes and support has been obtained for ten children from their fathers, who are em- ployed. These contributions do not cover the cost of care en- tirely, but make a substantial reduction in public expenditure in their behalf. During the year, l.2 children have been added to the number being cared for in foster homes and foster care for 17 children has been discontinued for various reasons. Tº