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T
ORNUP-357 ore
CONF-711-2
OCT 5190
Paper to be presented at the Symposium on Body-Centered Cubic Yaterluds,
Gatliburg, September 16-18, 1964
MASTER
LIGAL NOTICI —

co
DIFFUSION OF TITANIUM-like
AAD VANADIUM-48 IN THANTUM*
Ta
J. F. Murdoak
Metalo and Ceramio. DLV10100
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
*Ru-search sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under
contract with the Union Carbide Corporation
TA
Stine.
C. mesto of white on Sup bizi-octeria
cuminte care le vostre over de veurütme rarice scoi95000.
..e
-
s.:* hvature with the curcat sowie
Vatica.
C E ireruene!". 09r. 1.020&sire with temperature.
ISOLO
icic: htcore and
m
o st con curred orenius-type ploes 2010
Diriwa.3-incorecte, aici vasive cam to stucy dirudien ir bijo
vite... Cinco itals Wis 30 cm. It On Süsü Patial Laboratory to the to
cii&rccence this aromady. Bizler B ics of aiffusion in circonium
wid.. vitamina iid not spa.
c o unt temerature intervät to release
mi ir...tar.cy of Q ana Do. riscü, ürierences in reported 2-6 acti-
Titio web dies and ireon. ccors uz sok-difusion in zirconium were
resolver by Federer und
cemo uz the temperature interval studies
teir curved in D vs 1 post for this syste...
Availability oi suitable stories hi era 48V, led us to this
experiment.
A aro source Seri-irrite mesele specimer was used. The activity-
ücpth road was determired on jathe sectioning and game spectrometry.
Furtică details of the experimcätül procedure caa be found in an earlier
blio. .
Due solution to Fick's secord law, väich applies to the plane source
semi-crite rediun boundary conditions of this experiment, is:9
(1)
A(x, t) -
exp-2)
Dt
where
Aíx, t) = the activity per unit volume at a penetration distance, x,
the specimen äü time, t,
M = the activity per unit area initially deposited at x = 0,
and
D = the di:fusion cocrficicit.
WIFE-WY.

1
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.
?co.uction. utaisi-........... , :33?, er
slibr. 720.2; gibts ir did IC3, -234, 2370*C & L .
rio. 2. i. piot of D vs 1707 cucina con la ciutat i cotone Leo
32. .. 15. 3.
TUNCIS
en und Lümaye araba....... Acussed records ...
Bauern . Co be vier..... pict. It may
miten circüdum cje. the wo
and ...
Come
tim
.
tiers to the band res ..
ise Ext:
... Encuentro vencer:
mitis too ücreti önergy benn e deger.de.t. As we are
Lümay: pointeä büt, 23 füct Teoü ücta incisa energies cir co.. have
previousis Over. iowa to be convictions temperature is only ciricui.
and manü be demonstrated by excimeri Leuca instance. or c usion
1.7. titanior any sufficient carr e rature range, te ecuivatic..
enercy or to be cor.stani. Czy to survive previous locu Comics
holde tuperature intervals bare resultei in variations of a wiia tempera-
theme.
2. Sie data at high temperatures culü to considerai to ce that
rasulu... from pure volume didmica, waile airdusisa at low temperatures
could be prescrirentiy by storc-circuit putns such as brain bow.carios or
dislocations. The experiments by Peart and lomliz? and by Grahanda usind
the automographic tecanicin türa to exciude the sacrt-circuit paths as
a basis 201 explairiza tae m..itude of the curvature.
3. Ice third idea is tat the curvature may be attributed to the
competition of two or more voor de diffusion processes. Kicson 12 has
P
:55 min ton ürdüro..--.. . io viviscelto 1regis..
rice '1.2.6." . Erine 20-tempeltext:1.01.
S i te is one jos.....
.como o
cové.:
Loco Co. ni bosib om . tur, la
come... ii...........
n arivo inci.coes to be accato. ..
...ne .... Lirica:......amin.sic) it 12. ti c .
.
.
..
....
.
boj......... ........ ..... Occorrocerie 12:
2
C
... me
, *.: ? data were cramcally ?!!
COCOSM O Cree Crome : commences written 10. the
-
,
soc .
C ircar least squares to
:ico ücrü
.O. O .terms to the experimental
wün. Som results..
..ei
Distry = 3.0***.- - 2.09 en í- 69.0cc) . (2)
32
3..
"? a
1.3?em
..i
Cassoviajas
57,200
-
1
;
L ove Concierto en ülitia loc... Ecce eguations are compare
How can intulit ini... ho com 5. Zach. term of the sum picts
e t em oberen 2012 h as the lineer coordinate and
TO... 20tü üs a continu ve.
initions (27 and 3. Sete com
D-C
)
()
it.; tie 200
2
zespeci to 2/7 yields
12 er op ) -, *ex ♡
4 (314C +, exp )
(5)
tiplying Ev. (5) by - vives a parameter which was called the
"appuzen 2cuivatica ener;" Pederer und Lundyd and Kidson. 12 Plots
of the apparent activatid 1-2 es ü nction of temperature zor "hte
and his armising in tamil
Fig. 6. The results of
Kidson's treatent of the resumenta are also shown in Fig. 6 for
qualiünmüve comparison.
.

***
.
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Pri ; vt vuitoa wit
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....
Tutes &t isdeperincs, Girls. . . tio ::. .
vonc u103 chosms. 2012 carica dica v Zi2.. .. to
Calitatirely e.plain the deti. Sli , oth the project in 12:22ii
deta, 20 Sentie exponatio. ris och muy car so rei iudica
correc: .
1
-C..::
:
.. -
Die exuda to ... incorpio accussions de
i form and la procromat: ta. Co... ich wraco J. a. 20 uri
. Ninjut cor performans wat jou oriental work. wor% di
m. A. 3890s and I's. Kylee. Po - The Cine 21ėje Casesas Dicion
Piant in computer fitting the
v
i sita was creatly appreciatii.
V
no cantorice
me
45...
ROX CRENCES

1. J. I. Foderer and 7. 8. Lundy, Trans. ADE 227, 592 (1963).
2. G. B. Fedorov and V. D. Gulyakin, Production and Physical
Vetallurgy of Pure Metals, No. 1, p. 170, HOBCOW, 1959.
3. G. Kidson and J. McQura, Can. J. Phys. 39, 1146 (1961).
4. v. . Lyasbenko, V. 1. Bykov, and L. B. Pavlinov, Phys. Metals
and Metallos. (USSR) (Daglich Transl.) 8, 362 (1959).

5. D. Volokost, 6. May, and Y. Adda, Compt. Rend. 252, 2342 (2960).
Y.
A
.
6. Ye. V. Borisov, Study of Diffusion in Zirconium and in certain
Alloys with a Zrconium Base, W TR 443, 7-13-98497, p. 196 (1938).
7. R. F. Peart and D. I. Tomlin, Acts Met. 10, 123 (1962).
8. J. F. Murdock, Disrusion of Mtani umedals and Vanadium-48 in
Mtanium, ORNI-3616 (1964). To be published in Acta Metalurgica.
9. J. Crank, The Mathematics of Dirfusion, p. 9, Oorsord University
Press, 1956.
10. F. R. Winslov, A Fortran Program for Calculating Diffusion
Coeficients and Plotting Penetration Curres, R -126 (1963).
21. D. Graham, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Reading, Bagland,
November 1962; G. B. Gibbs, D. Graham, and D. 1. Tanlin, Phil. Mag. 8,
1269 (1963).
12. G. Kidson, Can. J. Phys. 42, 1563 (1963).


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Graphite fuel spheres for on-stream fueling of gas-cooled reactors of
the peoble bed-type must withstand repeated drops. A program to develop a
fuel sphere to meet the requirements for the German Pebble Bed Reactor (AVR)
l'ocused attention on the machined-shell concept in which a premolded spher-
ical fuel insert (containing pyrolytic-carbon coated (Th,U)C, particles in
a graphite matrix) is cemented in a prenachined, fully graphitized, unfueled
shell. Two studies were underteken: (1) evaluation of impact resistance
of commercially available graphite for the shell and (2) determination of
the minimum shell thickness required and the effect of insert-shell geps,
which could be present initially or develop during reactor operation.
In the initial study, 1.5-in.-dian spheres, machined from four grades
of extruded graphite and four grades of molded graphite, were dropped from
13 m onto a steel plate until Tailure. Urade ATJ graphite was clearly the
best and was used almost exclusively in further tests.
The results of free-drop tests on ATJ show:
1. Impact resistance decreases as drop height increases.
2. Impact resistance depends on specimen size with best resistance
in the smailest specimens.
3. Impact resistance varies from one block to another with no cor-
relation between impact resistance of a given sphere and its original
position in the block.
4. Buik-density variations between 1.65 and 1.80 g/cm3 have no effect
on impact resistance.
5. All damage occurs within the outer 7/16 in. of 6-cm-diam spheres.
6. Thermal cycling in vacuum can have an adverse effect while similar
cyciing in helium or hydrogen nas none.
Results of drop-weight tests substantiate to conclusions derived from
free-drop tests.
In the fueled-sphere tests, simulated elements (the fueled portion
simulated by a sphere of solid CS-312 graphite) were dropped t'rom 4 m
onto a bed of graphite spheres until failure or 75 drops, whichever was
less, followed by dropping of surviving elements from 4 m onto a steel
plate to failure. The results are:
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Graphite rvel spheres for on-stream fueling of gas-cooled reactors of
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vacuum between room temperature and 1000°c, each 6-cm-diam fuel element
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2. In the crop-wooch test, the sphere was placed on a steel piano,
and a weight was dropped onvo the cravilo sphere. Five alzant kelion
were available, and the drop vicho could be varied within a liniis 03
the marine. Different weat-height combinations uspear is leve no 62007
on failure, provided the knee wer; or the weight at 1 ci is eintu.
Oricntation or the specimen to one ano9 to another was comincs bely rando....
Although the free drop is similar to operating conditions, the drop-out
tesi www developed for convenience and better control om 127.ciated overal
durin: moi-cell evaluation. To correlation with free-dzu mais, vie
cinctio certy of the dropped woicht üü impuct was the same that of the
Ireo y cooped spher'o üt .
3. In tie crushin veci, ve spliora was crushed between 00 1100
stee! plates 1. ü universul tebring machine. Orientation of the words
or extrusion, direccion in turc sphere vus completely random relative to vie
direction or loading.
The teative specificumous for wel elements staro:
"Any chain in excess o 1/8-in in croatest lateral cicension
or u acolo oceeding 1/10-in, or cracking shall be concierea a
failure. Crucks are defined as a lincar-type dei'cci Wicii ce1-
not be removed without cousing 20.jection by other criteria as
cited above l'or chips."
In our tests, any defect visible to the naked eye was considered a failure.
This criterion is only slightly more ricorous than the AVR specification.
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Compariso: 0. Graduo vi Ci'uphite
For grades of extruded capito (IsX, ACOT, CS-312, and L14-55) and
our szacus or molded grapinito (C-18, 2050, 3499-s, and ATJ) were conduce
cohe sa oi 1.5-in diam were mochined iron all crades and testid by a..
methods.
The results of Iree-uitusts no 13 m (42.6 ft) room in ris...
the engin of the verticante throug.. une piotted point inuicates that
spreuü ... the data. The greater spreau in data for the molawai Gradinites,
especially ATJ, is at leasi perily duo co the fact that spheres were take:
along the center lines or receively. ll (4-in diam) extrusions, wierea
spheres were taken from sevez.com placu. in the cross section or relatively
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ute .. . tento vire. Des entre cireuiar soundary of the surrace
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of we assume the murder on crops ios failure varies inversely as the
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Tius veni care extract irspacü resistance to be indepenäent cu sphero size.
The data Ion Irue-4:59 mois, ita :: Tic. 4, clearly indicuss.
size cirect with smaller senior recuing more ti'ops for me who?
larger ones. Drop-weicht ist. (6-cn-chien ophoras) with a constant cinco
eners or 2.61 ft-lb/ia.or spröre ira a similar relutionsrig. Direct
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and 6-cm-diam spheres or 05-29 and 2002, Dhow similar behavior in those
stades of graphite.
Equations (1) and (2) assue isorrow and elasticity. The lack o
application or these equccions in crushint tests is perhaps at least
partly due to the anisotropy ani no:relasticity of craphite. The more dras-
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نوبخت: 3
-
نر، مني
.
chcoconut oire
3. La Costa
:07. Du
10 02. 22.500 :. .
śrom 9am cleaned
wie Disco relatio:.
ORM-DWO
66-3656
and continua
.co 402. 02. USS
.
ORLDWO
66-3662
ORUL-DWO
..
.
..ü..
... ...
,
.,
66-5460
Y-96849
1
Dr.-30,
.
LIST OF FIGURES
Mg. 1. Comparison of thumber of Drops for failure in Froo-Drop Tost.
Mo. 1. Hfoot of Sphero 81% on Thumber of Drops for failure in
True Drop of ATI.
Me. 6. Relationship between Density and Drops for hailure in true.
Drop Tost of boonedia Bolla ATJ Spheros onto Steoi Plato from n.
Ms. 10. Section of 60crdia ATJ Sphore Whion Failed on Drop 190
from 5 onto stool Plata. 3x.
-
-
.
3
-
-
-
-

ORLDWO
66-4035
Mg. 2. Relationship between free-Drop Resistance and Crushing Strength of Seven Orophitos;
1 1/2-in.-diu Solid Spheres.
.
CRITIL- OWO
66-3664
Ms. 3. True-Drop Tests of boch-diu Bolid Spheres of AIJ.
ute; limpact on stool piate.
Effect of drop height on impact
64-3665
Mg. 5. Variation in failure la freo-Drop Tost. Eleven lots of AIS graphite; 6-cf-diu solla
sphere dropped with randam orientation fra 13 i onto steel plate.
Ti
CUL-DUO
Bh-5686
Ms. 7. Erroct of Thermal Cycling frou Roou Temperature to 1000°c on fullure in Drop-Wes dat
Test (2.61 st-10/10.' of spbero) or 6-cu-dia ATJ Sphers,
w
Photo
18. 8. Typical rulurus 10 ATJ Spheres Dropped from 11 onto a Steel Mato.
.
I brant-DWO
Mg. 9. Crushing Loud of 6-cbodia Spheres of ATJ Qraphito (Unsolled) astor Dropping from 5 1
with Randou Orientation onto Steel Plate.
- B-4001
anDWO
6h-5456
Ms. u. Crushing Load of 1 1/2-in.-dla Sphers Machined Concentrically from 6-cn-dia Soberts
efter Mallure 1o Drop-Weight Test.
Mg. 12. Schematic AVR Fuel Element Desimi.
ORILODNO
16h3457
ORUL-DWO
66-3657
M8. 13. Comparison of Mumber of Drops for failure in free-Drop Test of Verious Shell Models,
ORUL-Dhe
66-3659
Mg. 14. Comparison of Mumber of Drops for failure la free-Drop Test of Various Shell Models.
PRITL-DWO
Bh-3660
Mg. 15. Comparison of Mumber of Drops for failure in free-Drop Test of Shell Models J and K.

ORIL Photo
65392
Mg. 16. Typical Failures in AVR Fuel Kements; 6-na Drop onto Bed of Graphite Spheres.
PRIL Photo
$5387
Fig. 17. Grade NCL Fueled Sphere with l-co-thick ATJ and Injection Molded Insert. Free-drop test
from 4 n.
UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-DWG 64 -3656

1/2-in.-diam SPHERES
RANDOM ORIENTATION FROM 13 meters
ONTO STEEL PLATE
NUMBER OF DROPS TO FAILURE
OL
10
10
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
9 17 10 15
MO
V
3
19
Tsx
9050
ATJ
AGOT
cs-312
S
HLM-85
3499-5
EXTRUDED
MOLDED
ver
UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-OWO 64-4055

90.
C-18
CRUSHING LOAD (16)
T
CS.312
IT AGOT
FREE DROP, 13 meters WITH RANDOM
ORIENTATION ONTO STEEL PLATE
MOLDED
- EXTRUDED
o
10
20
30
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
NUMBER OF DROPS TO FAILURE IN FREE DROP
120
130
140
150
UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-DWG 64-3664

NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
NUMBER OF DROPS TO FAILURE
.
.
-
.
4
8
24
28
12 16 20
DROP HEIGHT (meters)
UNGLARIFIED
ONWL-OW 64-3003
280

STEEL PLATE, 13 moters (KINETIC ENERGY OF
2.61 -ib/in.)
-NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
NUMBER OF DROPS TO FAILURE
DIAMETER (in.)
potreby

INTII
UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-DWG 64-3665
-
NUMBER OF DROPS TO FAILURE
.
-
NUMBERS INDICATE NOS OF SPECIMENS FROM EACH LOT
UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-DWG 64-5460
001
NUMBER OF DROPS TO FAILURE
50
7.
1.80
DENSITY OF INDIVIDUAL SPHERE
.
14
il
i . !,
IT
S
A
5
.
.
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NUMBER OF
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2.
TI
VIRGIN (134 SPECIMENS)
ALL LOTS
VIRGIN (10)
SAME LOT
10 CYCLES IN VACUUM (1013
-
...
-
VIRGIN (19)
10 CYCLES IN VACUUM (20)
SAME LOT
10 CYCLES IN HELIUM (10)
-.-.
1 CYCLE IN HYDROGEN (10)
ORNL-DWG 64-5686
UNCLASSIFIED


UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-DWG 64-4064
W
CRUSH LOAD (lb)
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
to ALL SPHERES FROM SAME LOT OF GRAPHITE
50
100
100 150 200
NUMBER OF DROPS BEFORE CRUSHING
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UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-DWG 64-5456

CRUSHING LOAD (lb)
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CAL
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• 5.22 } ft-lb/in.3 OF SPHERE
ATJ GRAPHITE 7.83),
75
NUMBER OF WEIGHT DROPS TO FAILURE
25
50
100
CARBON
CEMENT
UNFUELED SHELL
PLUG
UNCLASSIFIED :
ORNL-DWG 64-5457
CONTACT AREA



CONTACT
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FUEL
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CONTACT
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CONTACT
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UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-DWG 64-3657

I.
91.'11
W
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MAN
STEEL
PLATE
NUMBER OF DROPS TO FAILURE
BED OF SPHERES
.
.
NEL
ATJ SHELLS
0.8-cm WALL
5-mil NOMINAL RADIAL
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P-514 CEMENT
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RANDOM ORIENTATION
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NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
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MODEL I
MODEL A
MODEL BY
MODEL J
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UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-DWG 64-3659

STEEL
PLATE
NUMBER OF DROPS TO FAILURE
ATJ SHELLS
0.8-cm WALL
40-mil NOMINAL
RADIAL CLEARANCE
EP-514 CEMENT
4-meter DROP
RANDOM ORIENTATION
CS-312 INSERT
BED OF SPHERES
.:
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---
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OF SPECIMENS
MODEL A
MODEL BY
MODEL 1,
:: MODEL 12
· MODEL JY
.MODEL G 288
MODEL HD
---
UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-DWG 64-3660

STEEL
CPLATE
"30kg
NUMBER OF DROPS TO FAILURE

-- ATJ SHELLS -
MODEL J-0.8-cm WALL
MODEL K-4.0-cm WALL
P-514 CEMENT
CS-312 INSERT
DROP HEIGHT, 4 meters
LL
BED OF SPHERES-
.
SUBSCRIPTS ARE NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
20
NOMINAL RADIAL CLEARANCE (mils)
30
40
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PRREM DRONE
LABL USO DE
.
"
M.
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FINDHOL KOLOREKTERE
-

witte mm. ya kufanyiwa
vipimo.
.
Table 1. Varsetia la puct and Crushing Behavior of bach-dia ATJ Srbaros
Taken in Positions Indicated from One Bide of a Holded Book
F.D.
39
D.W.
CRUSH
6290 lb
F.D.
55
D.W.
100
CRUSH' F.D.
6810 lb 59
D.W.
82
63
D.W.
D.W.
D.W.
CRUSH
5560 lb
F:D.
62
CRUSH
6180 lb
F.D.
21
CRUSH
6000 lb
79
61:
CRUSH
5810 lb
F.D.
21
D.W.
CRUSH.F.D.
6730 lb 74
D.W.
73
CRUSH
6300 lb
F.D.
89
:
..
F.D. – NO. OF DROPS WITH RANDOM ORIENTATION FROM 13 meters.ONTO STEEL PLATE
FOR FAILURE.
D.W. - NO. OF DROPS OF 12. 13 16 WEIGHT THROUGH 17 7/8 in. (18.07 ft-lb)
(2.61 ft-lb/in.S OF SPHERE) FOR FAILURE.
-
-
.
11!
W
W
21.
.
.
-
.
SC
in
,
V.