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MASTER
THE NEED FOR RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO PROVIC: DATA APPLICABLE
TO THE ESTIMATE OF NA... AU.V. PERMISSISLE EXPOSURE
VALUES FOR INTFRNALLY DEPOS: TED RADIONUCLIDES**
je
Karl Z. M1cocan, Director
Health Physics Division
Oak Ridse No:ional icboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
ASSTRACT
The nuclear age, which has beer. wii'o us slightly more than 20 years, has brought
with it an unusual awareness of a relatively nuv: toxic agent -- ionizing rodiation. la
fact, a new science, health physics, was created to give special attention to inis
problem. As a consequence and in spite or the unparalleled hazards associated with
ionizing radic.ion, this new nuclear industry is growing rapidly into a benevolent giant
bringing a better way of life while at the same timc frigintaining radiation damage at an
insignificant level. Although in the past few decades we have learned much more about
the hazards associated with ionizing radiation than those associated with some of the
common industrial hazards and although maximum issible exposure levels for the
radionuclides have been established with greater reliability and confidence than have
the levels for many chemical agents with which man has been familiar for many
centuries, there still remains a considerable uncertainty in many of the basis assumptions
and in the parameters used in the calculation of maximum permissible body burden and
maximum permissible concentration of the various radionuclides in food, water and air.
There is need to determine the uptake, distribution and elimination of a variety of
chemical compounds of the approximately 300 common radionuclides. These data are
needed for the several modes of intake by the various age groups, and differences due
to race, sex, weight, eating habits, etc., should be investigated. There is need especially
to obtain data from studies of human exposure and to examine the influence of the
quatity and chemical form of the radionuclide and of other associated chemical elements
taken into the body, both from single exposure and from continuous exposure.
*To be presented at the fourth Inter-American Conference on Toxicology and Occupational
Medicine, Miami Beach, Florida, August 27, 1964.
* Work sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union
Carbide Corporation.
lonizing racistion is just one of many industriel ani environmental hazards. The sono
what unique fecture about ionizing rumic:ion is inci ca las not devuloped a sixtk. iunse that
will do:ect its presence -- even at a lot! lovar vi vxposuit. no indicatüid in Table 1, there
is a wice range in the MPC for boin chemically and r eactively toxis agents but the values
for many of inc radionuclides are foi lower than for any of the chemical agents. In se....
cases, t'ie beses used in selecting 1.?C values for chemical ccents 0.0 Quite different from
those applied in chcosing recommended ivi?values for the radionuclidos. Fo: example, some
of the diPC values fo: the chemical cgenis sic stwined by the criteria of pronounced
discomfort, such as odor, üye smar:ing and skin iwita:ion. However, in many respects the
criteria for saiecting MPC values for the various agents are the same and difici vidly in degree.
For example, both for rcdionuclides aid for the chemical agents, the MPC values cre based on
animal studies of limited duration and with anirials of relatively short life span, although
where possible these studies are coniirmed by human experience. Unfortunaiviy, in many
cases there is probably leva information from anical experiments or from human observations
on which to bose MPC values for chemical agents than for the racionuclides. One may know
that prolonged human exposure to a given air concentration of lead can lead to palsy or
encephalopathy and a given air concentration of mercury can lead to paralysis of the limbs,
polyneuritis or insanity. As a consequence, the MPC values are set at some fraction of these
concentrations and at a level of ex: usure to these chemical agents such that animal experiments
and limited human observations would suggest that for occupctional exposures lasting a few
years no such sicknesses would be expected to manifest themselves in the ave". sa employee.
Unfortunately, this gives little information concerning wiat would happen to the employee
who is not the average individual because of peculiar eating habits; he is accident prone;
he is in ill health or overweight. Likewise, the employee with impaired vision who works
closer to this source of contamination (radioactive or chemical agent) than the average
employee, or who must work in an area where inne air ventilation is poor or who frequently
works overtime may evenutally be in serious difficulty. Furthermore, often one may find
out only from the sad road of experience the consequences to man of exposure at the MPC
for a long working life (e.g. 40 to 50 years). These uncertainties apply both to radionuclides
and to chemicai agents but generally there is less consideration given to chronic damage
when establishing values of MPC for chemical acents than is the case for radionuclides.
.
.
.
.
Tel.
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POISSIBI CCC
TIC::, :30, OF VARICUS
0
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gooo
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die wiele luniimme
204
10-? *
Curuu.. Jioxido
ücrina 16?
actryl alcohol
Rubidium 87
2013
2002
203
020mic mercury
Xicko:
Eczylia
Carbon 14
.002 *
richloroethylcke
200
1093
Carbon monoxide
Tritiwa
2006
Hydrocen cyanide
o n
200?
Ceesium 137
Radio 226
Sulfur dioxide
20-3
D. D. T.
Americium 242
ot of
Samarium 147
Iodine 131
20-26
Chromic acid
20***
Thoron
20-23
Values followed by an asteriik cis for Chical toxicity, as given by the American.
Conference of Govori..... in ......... .... . wini Vüswwii gie limited by
the radiation hazcia.
OTO.
MPC ivvels that are establisicc for ine rumowicus benzine derivativwo or ti deriva-
tives of this pircicum surius, for example, may provide adequate protection from the more
osvicus couiü itinusses ruicted to these poisor. cniy :o lvad in a subtle way to a high proba-
bility of developing a malignancy 20 to 40 years laier.
Perhaps it is true (sut I coubt it ho, seun proven) that for many chemical agents the
exposure of MPC con su sat sufficiently low tictriere con be no direcicble domego within
the lifetime of ire woikci. Unfortunaiviy, ir. ic casu ci icrizing rcüiciica, present evi-
dunce seums io indicate there is no dos or MPC so icw that the pro'sability oi surious dam-
cge is zero. Tinus, there is no sale threshold cose and certain types of redictie a damage,
such c: leukemia, tone tumors, life shortening and genetic mutations, have a probability
of occurrence that relates more or less iir.carly to the accumulated dose. * As a consequenco,
we were forced to arrive at the conclusicon thor in a sense all ionizing radiation is harmful;
regardless of how low the MPC values cru set, scriu persons will be damaged severely if :
enough people are exposed for a long period of time. The only sound and prudent objec-
rive then was for the National Council on Reciation Protection (NCRP) and the Interna‘ional
Commission on Radiological Protection (CRP) to set the MPC values for radionuclides so
low inat the probability of serious damage (such as leukemia) is very low and the magnitude
of the more frequent types of damage (such as life shortening) is so small that the hazard's
are accepicble by the individual and are considered much less than many of the more com-
mon industrial hazards. This led to the interesting philosophy that MPC values should be
such that the risks of all types of radiation damage are outweighed by the expected bene-
fits. This resulted also to the interesting situation in which the person who receives the
benefits may not necessarı : be the same person who suffers the greatest risk or incurs the
damcge. For example, the grandchild of a radiation worker who is born with a mental de-
fect resulting from a radiation-induced genetic mulction and the person who eats contami-
nated fis from river and, as a consequence, deve los: a k..o sarcoma probably have not
been the recipients of equivalent benefits. The problem is one of great importance to civio
lized man end probüsly applies in some degree to cll environmental hazards. In the case
2
7
.?.
*Throughoui this paper, the autho: prefers and has chosen to use "do..." instead of "dose
equivalent" when referring to dose equivalent in rem units.
.
..
of ionizing rociation, the maximum primis iblu caoUra leviis or the .MPC values must not
bo sot too low for then the nuclear inc'usiry is vrowessorily owialized and men is de prived
the many benefits in the use of ionizing radiation and in empiing this great source of
energy. On the other hand, the levels must not be set too high for then cemegé to man,
to his children and to his environment could increase in snowboil fashion and eventually
brirs great suiiering aid death that far outweigh the benefits. This balancing act is very
difficult and requires the serious considerations and action of men of all backgrounds --
scientists, engineers, farmers, docters, lawyers, ministers, educators, economists, etc.
The maximum permissible body burcuns and M?C values for the various iacionuclides
are related to the basic parameter of permissible dose rate to the critical body organ. These
dose rate values are summarized' in Table 2. There are two principal historical bench
marks to which these dose rate values are related: (1) The NCRP in 1934 sot the maximum
permissible occupational exposure rate of 0.1 R/d (-30R/yr). In 1943 NCR? further re-
duced this rote to 15 rem/yr. These limits (15 to 30 rem/yr) have been conside:ed by
several investigators to be in the range of the avercze exposures received by radiologists
in this early period; and (2) The value of total body burden = 0.1 uc 220 Ra was established
by the NCRP in 1941. This corresponds to a dose rate of 30 rem/yr to the bone.
The accuracy of the body burden and MPC values for all of the rcdionuclides con
be no greater than the validity of the basic dose rates. There is little reason to doubt the
acceptability of these dose rates for occupational exposures extending over a few years
but one might justifiably question whether they would be satisfactory for internal or external
exposure of occupational workers for many years. In a 50-year period, the values listed in
Table 2 would add up to 250 rem to red bone marrow, total body, gonads, etc., 1500 rem
to thyroid, sone or skin and 750 rem to most body organs. Fortunately, few persons at the
.
*
0
NCRP and the ICRP have made it clear that the occupational exposure rates and the re-
lated MPC values are upper limits for normal operation and every effort should be made to
keep exposures as far below these values as practicab!.. One does not know the consequences
if many persons were to be exposed to such accumulati: dosco. Probably the ICRP and NCRP
should set a lower maximum permissible accumulated dose. For example, i might sugges:
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RADIAT10:. riesgirocosmic X aC01716X TO DOS PRC: DCM miiFiicPAC.SCHOUD EXPOSURE. THE UNIT
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These values :
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maximum permissielo occupational cooüistes 'cucu cuc' to one-third the values given in
Tablo 2 when a person has accumulcted 23 tiriüs cry or ina conual dose raios summarizod
in columr. 2 0; izsle 2 for critica! cody organs. Such a limitation would be in keeping
with the präsen: ICRP recommendation tract the external exposure to the total bowy be
reduced fios.. 5 rem/yr to 1.5 rera/yr for corsoris wro rove a body burcun grcoter then c/2
kur less te. t; ins: it remain c: 3 ram/yi? tu bocy Surden is lo.. ... chatoot it be
reduced to cry if the body burden is uiteiuria (NOTE: ą is hie muzi...vor permissible
body wurden. It should be coca ciearching tawi li would not be expected (or curraitted by
the ICRP) : ici en occuptional worke: 'Eu vimoici ci tu maximum permissibie cosc rates or
accumulo:c e 50-year cases to ribic inan iwo bucy organs. In fact, tóc !CRP has
specified "when radioactive isotopes in a mixture are teken up by severci cigans and the
resulting tissue coses in such organs are of comparcole magnitude, the combined exposure
is consideied to cc.stitute e co-itially whole cocy exposure." in such case, the average
dose rote limit to the several organs would be 5 rer:/yi.
Numerous studies of histories of radiologists have shown that the incidence of leuke-
mia amor.g radiologists during the early period wes about 10 times that for other medical
men who were not so frequently exposed to ionizing radiation. Also, several studies have
indicated inat :he averace life can of the radiologists has been shorter than that of othe:
medical men. For example, * Seltser found the mean life of radiologists in the U. S. has
been corter than that of medical men who are not radiologists and receive very little radia-
tion exposure. Table 3 indicates that the mean age at death of members of the Radiological
Society of North America (radiologists) was shorter than that of members of the American
Academy of Ophthalmologists and Otolaryngologists (ophthalmologists and otolaryngologists)
by 4.3 yr from 1935 to 1944, by 4.0 from 1945 to 1954 and by 2.4 yr from 1955 to 1961.
Presumably, inis lesse..ing of life shortening of radiologists during the past decades is the
result of an increasing awareness on their part of the desirability of minimizing expusure.
The average c.val dose received by radiologists during the above-indicated periods is
not know.a. Ho:"ver, if, as some have speculated, it was in the range of 15 to 30 rem/yr
of total body exposure, it would seem that the basic recommendation of the NCRP and the
ICRP oing exposure to ionizing sediation -- camely, the dose rate limit of 15 rem/yr to
.
'
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1/CLE 3
MEAN AGE AT DEXT): 0; MLLERS (DEDICAL SOCIETES
(Dola by R. Seliser, No: ober, 1963)
SOCIETY
SPECIALTY MEMBERSHIPPEDIZIN IGEM DER
1915 - 1861 1935..!. 12:11.5 1.5.0-61
RADIOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF
PADIOLOGY 2007 21.4. 72.0 77.1,
NORTH AMERIC:
7052
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AMERICAN
GENER/!.
COLLEGE OF
PHYSIC1/!S
PHYSICIANS
AMERICAN
OPTHALL:OL.0-
ACADEMY OF
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OPHTHALMOLOGISTS OTOLARYINGOLO-
AND
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OTOLARYNGOLOGISTS
605
76.2
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roosi 0:00 .. viiio come to Say So we W... viuwäi in relation to its effect on radi-
codice civo, is there wicccncbic tw 2:y vivis such sil com suggesting above; viz.,
industr i pomisitio uso in co to w..c-tirc tire voivus given in Table 2 when
si vinc:12.2i viikuries ccc !cind 25 titius cry of the annual dose rate values listed
in coium. 2 s: Tabia 2.
hoc vcü ivic voivro give in Tou? == to ira critical organ when radionuclides
wis intün livinic body. ... valvveiciuccurrical exposure are the concentrations
...., Weizi biciccc iisi lövid cc.ives in the critical orgen of the stancar, man thase
cu. ivics wiivi capisu. :i/vm, 30 v/18 ! 0: 50 years. For the radionuclides of short
viiteiive t , hvis ming dois icivis icücis ir the critical body organ very rapidly
wie iwili viscovorio::ai apsov.uci. Vi?C but for the radionuclides of long effective
cliccavico cü yuvis vi oceniciind vaesulu at the M.PC to reach these cose rates.
For vaci, co cienica ir. ic bic agipcvirus occupazione! exposure of t'ia standard man
sitivit?o v: Yus: for Hyucis to iucca 95si tric faxir.um permissible dose ra:c (30 rem/yr)
is in crisicato.com. (Biv) Vui exssiviä с: trc.V.?C of 1 for only 33 days to reach 95%
ci in manier omission cosa reiv (2010./7:) to tie critical organ (thyroid). Although
:: :crvenociduris ruesit e permissible dose rate in the critical body organ
w.ich pobociis .:? :v civcivioi.on.eiiective incf life, it should be remembered
ins: wiwi viv takvi irio .iis cowy radiateliaws of long effective half life, they continue to
riconic in critical order foi c lorco ircciio.. of one's remaining life. For example, if a
puissa is wärusevat tihe ::?C cor ve yecrs to f1, his thyroid receives a 50-year integrated
co : 150 ico. Es: if a person is exposed c: the MPC for five years to Osr, .is bone receives
Govoyeer..eginica cosa of 1-7.6 room. Thus, for prac:icol purposes and for the usual
OCC :io... osie periods of u iwwycars, ina integrated doses from exposure at the MPC
Greiciativciyindepar.dent of the wicctive helf lifu.
werviciosa di sicuisisconociermining the critical cc y organ for the
veicus rouib.icc.ides. iä clics. wcy .... is considū as tie orgen receiving the
ri@civelicinei iesulis in the grec:asi body demese. Usually it is taken to be the organ
wi e niches: coicüntici:00 of the wionuclide but this is not necessarily the case. For
cxpc re has a much higher concentrc:ion in the ery:hrocytes than in other body tissue
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but itid spicca anjlower lergü in:estino cie iviswi bi tinc critica! Lowy orcons COCCUSU
erythrocyicá vo not undergo further cüll civision cacu tilwy enter the circulating blood.
As a consueuunce, they are thought :o bu rolutively rocio-resistant to dorage curing their
relatively short period of no??al survive! in this ciicularins bioon. The best sourco of
inform.ction available to the NCK? end t'iu !C! on the critical Sci, orgeir os related to
the organs or creciest body concentratica zas buei o spuctrographic stuzy by Tip:on et al."
She has siuvica the distribučica o: 30 tive elemenis i. 35 organs of the ...aa body. In
these spectrographic studies she has variacion from over 600 human couies. Obiously,
if one knows where a stable element sous in te bewy following ingestion, this provides a
perfect lead as to where racioisotopus or tis viwilowi would go. These comic have been of
particular value because iney art on nur (no: ....als) and they are representative of
chronic exposure. Similar studies on icons hevü cnabied us to calculate from the equilibrium
equations the fractional vp:ake and the biological raif liic of these trace elements and or
radioisoto sus of these elements. These studies have included some human tissues from other
countries and from a few young people but we have very little data on children and foetuses
and most of the tissues studied have come from the United States. It would be helpful if
other researchers would extend these studies to cucitional elements, to children and foetuses
and to tissues and food samples or typical dia:s fro... ncny parts of the world.
All the MPC values in the NCRP and IC?? raccooks are cased on a standard man
who has characteristics represen:ative of tie averace American or average Europeon but
they may be in considerable error when coplicü iw the Jucanose, to the indian, or to other
races. Also, extrapolations of these values to obtain MPC values for members of the
population-at-large may lead to considerable risk because i'cck of information on children,
foetuses, pregnant women, etc. Also, there is a wide spread of meta":lic characteristics of
adult individuais of the same sex and race and an extremeiy large amount of data is needed
to obtain a better estimate of how much the dose to the critical body orgen may vary when
. a number of individuals are similarly exposed at the same MPC of a radionuclide. Some very
limited studies 'by Snyder and Cook have indicated that for some of the trace elements not
more thar. 5% of inie adults have organ concent......18 or doses grédter than the mean by more
than a factor of 3. These studies should be extended, however, to many trace elements, for
T'
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crvenowroi wyorce Cod Vüciové cücwoc:20ple, inciuwing ali cosoi tho :opulation.
mic, iacy shows incluc'e sivics with my privire cuts c.id, in ccdition, they should
ir.clucüste cicó 0.3 tra ciumica! formie ui civ... Indiese wüts. This is important because
in tid iviulü rovisions of the NC326.6.02.2 ock vi :vira! doso, cn cffort is being
race to givö N.?C values isr the porc birchi chimico! l0.is oi the racionuclides tha: may
bu ichkininig ia cacy. Cucii siuvico i chico! is:ms op in. Cu ulements in ine human diet
srovi civicnicu , motosalic since of crimais wrich cic administered radionuclides
La c umbur ci chimical forinis that Ciu cürtziduívü reprësön:ative of possible human exposures.
i pruvious publicacions -- Succubu oí vozy . od cc:a -- M?C values were given only for
tid iv-csics!uble ::ná insoluble for .. 'Ikawico, inca olement studius could be made of
human excövhə -- urine and focus -- 'Sunwari Cacao be useful in calculating the
fiuciicial video and biciosica!!!ilic ciiccc ulcis. Also, there is c.. cffort by tho
122 cod w NC?? to ostain bici civ.üds of wearing thic Orgen and boży 'Surdens of ti.
radionuclices and one of the bus: m.cons of making the su esimees is to reiciu that found in
the urine cnd füces to the c.nount in the licy oigans. These stucies of human rissues, diets
and excretio.. si:ould include the sick in cadision to the well persons because the values of
2.0 appliccsic to the populatie..:-!a: 50 musi puuvics ccecucte protection to all groups
of poule. Only when a large amoun: ci uch ma is chicined will it be possible to make
rücsc.cbiy accurate estimates of the o:cw.icna bowy burdens of this redior.uclides.
Vee-cos to say, trace element studies Tour boupplementos by careful studies of all
van accidents with radionuclices. In suci cäres, excretion and to al body scanning records
siculd be continued over as long a time as possible; tie results should be carefully analyzed
anu .ia firings published so others .cy benefit when similar problems c.ise. Since, at best,
human meizuiic deia have always 'suen rather limited and usually autopsy cata cre com-
pletciy lockins, there will be a reec' c!so for many types of anir.a! metabolic studies. Here
studies should be conduc..d over a wide range of coses. First, effects-studies to obtain the
dose-effect relationshius should be carried out oui, more importan:ly, studies must be
conducted at very low troca levels to obtain the upicke, distribution and elimination pattern
under conditions wheiü nocy camasa, metabolic blocking of stimulatio. :!l not influence
the study. Unfortunaivly, many of the picobiociobiological data con clinos: useles: in
.: 9-
calcu.wiing .\?C vclues for the radionuclidis because the biologists gave largi: coses to the
animais to o'siain effects that they were interestvo in studying but these eficers influenced
tra me:abolic pattern in which we ciü iniürostüd.
Figs. i cr.d 2 summarize sorce of the data ci Tipton et al. Hare, for tissue scimples
from sive widely separated ports of the worid, it is very interesting to note the larca spread
or veluas o: body organ concentrations (by more iran an order of agnitude) ui nonüssüntial
:!cmeriis, such as Al, and the rather invcriunt veluus for the essential elements, such cs P.
Publications by Snyder and Cock' have incicciao similei variction with cow of t'iu iiüividual.
That is, the concentration of an element in a bowy orgen may vary consiccrably wiin che
and with razionaliiy of the incivicucl is: conoscerciciometrs, such as ml, bus it is riiher
invaricnt with age and with rationalizy ci incivics for essüntial elemu...on such as Za '
and Cu. Tiius, it should not be surprising if we find iket tre M?C values for radioisotopes of
essential olements are applicable to mea with less vc:iction then are the values for
radioisotoços of nonessential elements.
Inadaition to those mentioned abovü, t.is an alrcost endless va:iety of interesting
and extremaiy important internal dose srucios that should be conducted. A few of these may
be iisied as isilows:
1. Väiesolic factors oí upicku círcdionuclices from the Gl iact, iungs,
through the skin and by way of wounds.
2. Distribution to various organs and to parts of organs.
3. Turnover and elimination from the various organs.
4. Synergistic relation to body da raça of simultaneous irradiation of
several body organs.
5. Effect on metabolic cattern of Isotonic c!!ution, dilution by related
chemicals o: o '.
. .....
6. Ruinitio....................... .. ... ... incisi
ciasies of tissue.
7. Eitec: of age, sex, weigh:, race, etc., on the metabolic factors and
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-::-.. -:ܝܺܚ̈ܝܺ: ;: ::::-:c ܝܵܪܝ ::-.:: :: ::::;::: ;::: ;::܀ ܗ: ܝܺi-:: :: ܝܘܺܝܺ܀ : ..
.::;...-:::ܕ݁ܝܰܝܺ ;: ܝܵܪ̈ ܝܺܝܝܰ s: ܝܺܝܺܝܝܘ
܂
܂..܂ .. . ܀ ܙܝ ..ܝ .܂ ܪ .ܫ܂ܨ ܇ ܬܲܟ݂ -܆ܗ܂ ܚܫ܀.ܫܪ ܕܕ܀.ܡܫܨܫܢ.܀ܬܪܫܕܫܙܕܝܣ، ، ܡܚܲ:ܝ..'r…
'... ...ܫܬ݁ܖ ܫܖ ; ;;..ܕܫܕܕܐܨin
:.
ܫܦ݁ܪܽܗ݈ܘ ܟ݂ܡ ܪܝ
Hicrinolinos
:.
c::. .:orum, " metiniu 3xposiu ivicino aurici:0r.," SO....\CS, Vui.
No. Cows, pp. 162-57. 2.. :, :Querzo
2,
C.
Nüiicic juicû oi Sicilia, "...: *--.juricicoviiva Lumiriguo Coincin', "
Voici Dview oi Sho w continenco.!:-27 6:0;, :2...).
novicovic: Coninc.0. Circumciucco 2.0ivvicin, "Su Cuindiwilivrid oitiin
inic.civ.io! Commissior: on Piolo icow.ccio, ris Micii 1959 croc!
iuvivu : 952," ICR? ??us.icciwan ; ? :.....iiicró, Dolord 1:96.:).
4. Rcyna Sulisci, "Cortivi Siviive viewinner of inne:icon vicciolo,"
loc.jci prisonicc otiin sinuü. viiij vitin Mirica...wiicriviti
Assvviürico, bcnsus Criy, Ibu., .Suivre : :, :.5%).
11
5.
!. c. ion cod ivi. j. Cucio, "Loc s in rivicon Tissue. . Hirii
Susivci bium tinu Uniica Socivi,"LANT.:;'sics, Vüi?, :,:. .::5 :23);
!. ri. iipion or oi, "prüchivinowood c hw... Cissuu. Puitlii. Susivets Wid
Airici, i Ncür codic: Bari Liiv cvicis: “ :0 so publisiva indir beriwini PHYSICS).
é.
W. 3. Saydir and M. J. Coors "Vairobi...? of aviative Oiga.: Concen:fuiion or
Trcou Eiunonis in Huis.
c ccccve," :AS .../S:CS, Vol. 9, :7. 37.52 (1763).
7.
V. S. Sryciera..VI. r. Coca, "inco Divisviivan vi 23. Rcouition...0.2 : Corisien:
Luvuivi Concomincii... ci v iconic ;;S:VU coc Vcrivvá Jitcr civiuciics,"
Hemoci? PHYSICS, Vol. 2, 3...;- 1 .
S. Iniciacional Commission cacciologica!?.Dicciig., "he commercions vill.
Toivronicoici Commissivir cii mwibivijicui?rotoctici, " 10:17 Puslicuiio.i i,
Pejgn Pruis, Erijland (1959).
9.
Naiio.ai Suicou of Sienos, " xirium icmisits! Dovy burdens crid viixiinum
Permissislu Ei mici Drivovelius in Air Clin Wiciur ior Occupativiral
Exposure, " Naironici Quicos oiS:Crucius Bürccuis ó? (virs 1959).
10. Naival Cuicau of Stcndcris, "kiirou. Permissible R iciion Exposure to ivicn,"
Supplcmni to National Curcü of Siarduic's ticr.cocok 37 april 1950).
li. Federu! cciation Council, wport No. i (cy 1900;; FEDERA-REGISTER, Voi. ,
p. ««i02 Viay :955).
12. "R090.0.1 Ducivico ci tin : 2:57 cciiij oficiriiviziuional Commission :: biogico!
Piotic:ico (ICRP)," RADIOLOOP, Vol. 7., p. iib (1960); iCA? P licuiiurile. 2
No. 2, Peisomon Picss, Encla 1:759, 900); AV. J OINTCEVOLE RADI
THEM?Y NUCL. MED., Vol. 03. 3. 37263700); HEALTH PHYSICS, Vol. : ... 3:7
(1950).
,
C. :
" ....... . مارنا . . ..... ......... ......... : ه ، ..ت نامه .............. ت .... ::م." ..::
.من :: ) : . :: .:۱
in نارن، ب . :: :: :: : ...:ردن، ندا ........................... رمان نا..ن : زنی دانا و بر. ... ...:::... ..
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.( . نا ...... . تر. ::::: ... .. ن ن نن، بدر :: .::..
,دها ::.:.: ما ::: " :: :: :: ما :: :: :: :: :: بند :...::..:..::: :: :: :::::::::: ت : ... نن"
...: .. ) . نت:::: :: -... :) ...ماهر::
|
|
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. 7 .:.ان) / بازهما::... ... ....... :5 :۔ دمان: ::: نمد ن. :::...:::: ب
ا
:.: ما :: :: :: ::
"ناث: من نه؟ ,
.:
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.C .... ...::.. :. .: :.::. انتن انت
:تتة r ت:..:...نت
.( : .::. .. .. ....... بماند،:5 :ه اننت: بات متن: نه
متن
منا
1
+

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12/ 9 /64
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