; : - ! i | : ºwº- ; e o - º º | º , ſº * f w - * * **:-l...º.º. 2: . Af ' ' '..e. rº we’ :*..., **, *, ***** f FEB 1 1933 & “...~~~e’ / - 0. * ~...~ ." A4 .." **.*orea was U.S. Gºations the Union Carbide g areer. , e y * §. :* * ** ...v'', '... . . . “…" 0.2% § as - ‘. . • e w - - * e - º 2 #2766 & r— L E G A L º:---- This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work. Neither the United States, nor the Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission: A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accu- racy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe privately owned rights; or B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report. As used in the above, “person acting on behalf of the Commission” includes any em- ployee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, disseminates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his employment or contract with the Commission, or his employment with such contractor. - .. \ . . - - - ." º ." * ºf?” !. • * * - - i’ - .*. : •;? 4. " º 4 ~~~~~ * - \, - } -> * 34: . . as This paper wº submitted for in the open literatur prior to the has been pub ublication ... easiºmº. issuance daº º no evi- card. Since the U.S.A.B. ushed, the p" dence that it d in Microcar º per is being * . form as a preprint. Q - .” - 3. • º f º e - e e - * Rºzaszo F.R Aiº tº "Mº"T N \ fi - º ! . . . . liviº “s—" g | - º • * * ... , 4 east-º-º-º-º- - t AssissCrs. e - © i º -º . . * Energy ***ton under contrast with & | * ... • • • • • • • •- • • • • -• ti * . . • • • «… * -•• ·· -• · |-•· |-· •.• .° •• ！» - 4 •* /* • - • → • • -• （«»- §§ 8· · · w© © - -©įſ;... • * GRC）， 8ūT）ºſ º ��© ©?œ Œ4 $§ © ®）· （. . . . . . . ）~ ~ ! Cſº ------ ·•- --_^ såË- -· · · · . . . ¿ğÈ-· · · · · -. ' xe{}|- · ·●.•|- • § |-• . -. . . . · † #· · · · · · ·-' . §→ �*** --~~~~ ….……………_■ * · * *=+>---<-- ... _. _. ·----. . ., ….. ~~~$****&=șºaeae， -• · ė• -！» →-→ ---- · « » • -• • → + *- - • ·• • •• - «• -· • -� «» •- .. ' • • · |-- - - -•-- ● ، � • • ... •- «…» *~ -• �|- � • -- -• • -• «…» - → >.! * ", 3 ABSTRACT We * made theoretical calculations of the n- of fluidising - •oatias sases to be used for coating meless rºl “. • that basis, equations and curves have been established to demonstrate - that the two gas flows should be programmed to achieve uniform fluidisas * * * * * * * * *. We have observed the motion of fluidized-bed particles in e” - ~~~~~ * * * * ~ *-* ~~~ - affecting particle motion, gas-solid contact, and colum design. . INTRODUCTION The broad research program on ceramic-coated nuclear particles, which has in its major part been organized and sponsored by the United States Atomic Energy Commission over a period of several years, has now resulted in materials that are unexcelled as fuels for gas-cooled reactors,(**) creating a new industry * causing ~~~ *...” The application of fluidized beds to the coating of * nuclear fuel * has, * particular, ~~~ special attention 8-10) because it leads to we •uw, **** products. This paper describes some theoretical gas flow calculations and some observations on the motion of particles in fluidized-bed columns under conditions simulating those encountered in nuclear fuel-coating processes. This investigation was a part of a development program of - the oak Ridge national laboratory aimed at optimizing the sºurent for ſe , , medium sacle coating processes in remotely operated facilities. . . CATICULATIONS OF MINIMUM GAS FLOWS FOR FLUIDIZATION OF NUCLEAR PARTICLES Typical, Equipment and Conditions A typical fluidized-bed column, used for coating muclear fuel particles, is schematically represented in Fig. 1 (CRNI-Dºo 64-1481). ) # § i e iſities one .” " bu | 0. l ; lication : presently rending. own in d to clear blumn. . . rbon º Of . Fue l ; : O f | . i - FLOWMETERS HELIUM Fig. ls. DISENTRAINMENT CHAMBER METHANE • , t º t • - | ſº • Diagrº- W , , ... ' ' ' ', * . . .."; W. UNCLASSIFIED ORNL-DWG 64-1481 TOEXHAUST ºme 2 2-FURNACE HELUMAND HYDROGEN . . . . * of a rulaised-bed coater. * ...º . !--" PORT . N-FLUIDIZED BED . MaNoMETER ſº coateD PARTICLES RECEPTAcLE º * . - 4 º' 4 s , tº }. : t *-: : º | : 6 Essentially, it consists of a vertical graphite tube which is heated to 1500 w zoo and a wish spºrted males articles are kept suspensa w us now of an art gas, such as helium or arson. The inert gas is introduced at the bottom of the colum, coating of the particles occurs wºn • *u percentess of a coating sas, much as a º hydrocarbon, is mixed with the inert gas. The coating gas cracks or is reduced in the hot * of the swaratus, producing a deposit on. * * * * * * nualsº wea, co- wersuas ºutlas . . . . coater internal diameter 3 to 3 in. Initial particle diameters 150 to 300 a Initial particle densities 7 to 11 aſsº Coating gas * * *** ' ' . Goating gas percentage 2 to 3% 1n total gas flow conting usiness 20 w loo, coating time 4 to 12 hr. - General Equation for Minimum Gas Flow for nudisation, ºr The minian now of sas revuired to keep the malear particles . * * * * * * * * * * * **, * * * * * * * * * *w “* sas), the ºve, the aimster and tº density of whº particles, and ea sg . 7 a factor sº defined as the bed-voidage fraction at the point of incipient tº º fluidization. To express this dependence we have uſsed the comonly - - e 3 t -- 0.02% s® (2.-e) ++, (1) **t as minimum magg flow of gas for ruidization (per unit area of ‘. column cross section), g/sea/cmº, - - particle shape factor-the ratio of the surface area of a sphere having the same volume as the particle to the actual surface area of the particleſ”). . " . D in particle diameter, cm, . . . . . a s fluid viscosity, poises, g = gravity acceleration, on/secº, Pr - gas density, g/cm", o, - solid density, s/anº, . . . - . * * belºvoidage fraction at point of minimum fluidization. since males articles of ºor interest are almost pºrtest spºres,” w hºw wated to 1.0 in our salawiations, ror • * have adopted tº value of 0.40% wroposed by hearden, woºl, and & van Krevelsy,(**) This figure is also close w tº wres, or “ values resented w was, outlaw, and * * * * indicated - ºw we, murai, and wenſw) for sºares is us ico w xo~ *. & . . . . . . 4 ii | } Upon using these values for 9 and *m and 981 cm/sec." for g, t Eq. (1) simplifies to - D2 • q_t - 3.33 × 10”; (p. - e.) & , (a) where the unit for * . . 1. * . . . . - . º - o ſº. , , ) * ſo . . . . . º (. . ,,". 4. W. ‘. . * - /~/sº, 3.4% ºf......* D = 1, ºff. ...? % /... * 6.” flºº . - º iſ...}{}~ •r…” ſ.t.” - * = centipoises, L. W. H. " or and 2, - g/cm". Equation (2) applies to fluidization conditions corresponding to a . 204 a 4- a 4° 44 × 4 ... as a zºº a e Zee- a-- /e extret-e Jºa- ź4.2%; Reynolds mumber” (Re) smaller than 10./This is the Äase of normal condi- } tions * in particle coating processes. when * i. larger - than 10, the Gºr has to be multiplied by • drag “ that is wa-as º * * * 10 * 0.25 for Re - 1000. • * In order • convert the ‘. of * o, * . ** * g/sec/cm”, into other units or to use it to casuist, sº “lets, gas flow equivalents are presented in Table l. . we have calculated that the overau density of nuclear particles generally decreases very rapidly at the beginning of the coating •w. º º . , , ºf • ,' ' . t * O - • This is shown in Fig. 2 for an initial particle density of 9's/anº and º 23, º *2 '. - a coating density of i-3 g/om". : this phenomenon the curves - -|- • ** , - th * * * , - - A: - - e • • . . . g g 0 '• & - t - - * It - - - º - - - º º - º & - - # { * t º - - t - * * t - - - d - q - t - - : • * * - ** - - - * - - - - - - - * * * - g - * e rt ^^ - * © * º - .' * º - - , - , * •' º + A * , . - - O r - * . ! - º tº * '. - Q * e º & - & . . . w e * , bº }. - * , « & • . , ſº t . - - t p t - * . " - - - • * º - 0. f - - ... " - • Y à - O . .P. - e ſº * , • b - - - 4 - 7 : - tº - tº . - t • * e º º - * - Cº * f : . * - w * - * ... • * * 4. . . . .” - e Table le Gas Flow valents for 0°C - • * . . • º ! * : *. e t - e e’ , * -*. - *- A *-*-*- *- 3. * - § + r r- } - - - - - - t ! º - - * - - t A-a -- ~~~~~~-a-t- > --a *— a--~~ *-*- - ©l is ºl t vº. - - - • . r w - - ! - ! - - Mass flow i. . . * .. - ſº g/sed O º - te * . . - - - t º - * . • º . - t + - - g Mass flow, Ib/hr/ft” - ! - , . " . P º - º * _w . - - - e - º * - º * e - º + - * - Volume - .* . - • * * e t - - - - s º Ø {} * - elocity, cm/seo 5 º º - - - - - . 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ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĘ∞§ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘ##***--（ :-~）; º -3-■ EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE§ËËĚĚĒĒĖÈEEEEEEEEEEH！！！！!！！!！！！！E::::::•■ ■ ' « '， ~ 3 *ſ*...*_*_*} ~~ 3 EËEEEEEEEEEEEEËĖʧĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘä، ، ،、） šº: （$I?.?.?. №ĒĒĖĘĚĖĒ№ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒ#######|-* "..<ſ: : ; 3） *（.--> ~::~~ ~~ EEE;######№|קĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖ.-：' ````ºș;-ºº.º.:-（ :-（ : ~~~~ №ſ EE.§§§EEEEEEEË№ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒ:° • × ° • ×... • • • z-ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘĚĖĘĘĢĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĘ• • • • • • • • • º -5，3 ±±±3; （?） - j ; :：:* -->:'）; -, -:-, ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĘĘĢĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒBEROESOE:** $’） - f. T.- ***32. *** ... -（. . . . . . . .: ' ’ , ’：’， : • • • • EEË№ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĘĚĖĒŠĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒ##############ķ-§• Ý:-, -č ...’ ,;---.-…. : : . '-- （. . . ~ -... --: ... - . . ~ ! ••• • • .） • ’ || ~ ~, ， . -.-， . - · · ·’-- _ · -* … a* :«…»3~ ==:::：• ∞*** •* -§ 3 |-'~ ~ ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒģ±±±ĒĒĖĘĘ=№ĒĒĒĒĒĒ## C – I –（）–2 [_№ „№ſſº::::::::::::::: №ſ========ĘĒĒĖĘĚĖĒ#####ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒ#########Lº |-№##########ĒĖĘĘ№ĘĚĖĒ#### ∞ √∞ √° √≠ √ ÆGÆEtae:№==EEEEEEEEEËĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĘ#EEE！！！Œ?:#;№ ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒEēĒĒĒĖĘĚĖĒĒĒĒĒĒĒ####### №= <==<！=） | | | | | | | | | | | | | i | | | | | # # | | ; i i | | * | ji | i | . 3. Minimum Gas Flow for Fluidizat º - - * , ' t . . . . '• - - 39 - 1 ata, Particle Density = 9.0 s/cm . . . . . . . .'; 'º,3,’íº ºf ºr ºf: . . . . . . . , -. : , '4 . ; : : \ . | d } ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒ#######5·’ } ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘ######º | …,! $$$ ĒĘĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĘĘ###########�. ， .] Ë######ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘĘ########�^ö:） --jºſ， №. :（. . . . . . . . .-ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĘĘ####################5- . . ！}].*¿¿..” … ·· -•ĒĖĖĘĘĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘĘ########################}· · -53， 5， … · · · · · · · · ·Ē##########āĖĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĘĘ############################… ） ĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘĚĖĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘĘ###############################·... :''' ĶĒĒĖĖĘĚĖĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖË#• . ſ）∞###ſ №ſ：8ſ 5:3:2:2 . ±#################ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘĘ################################# · • •• -- T : .，._' + · · ·• •ŽĖĘĘËËĚĚĒĒĖĖĘĘ########... • · - * … . . . . . . . . .##########ĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘĘ################################### . . · ···---···---······ĒĒĖĖĘĚĖĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĘĘĚĖĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘĚ3ķīķī£§EË#################### ----------- - - - - - - ---- • • . . ” # where Pras - eas density at 20°c, - **, as gas density at temperature, T, N. !, a gas viscosity at 20°C, PT * gas viscosity at temperature, T. a problem occurs in the application of Eq. (3) when the viscosity of the gas is not ~ at temperature, T, such as at very high temperº- tures. In this case we have round it wery useful to calculate e- needed gas viscosity by extravolating published data for lower tempera- area ~~~ • *. 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'::: :， ’: .-ĒĒĖĖĘĘĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĘ###################№Ē###############• \，,, ， ， . •*. ^-~::~ . • - ... ~ ·E E！！！ſº№rmaeEEE3333GOEROE， F， STES， （№. 5！！ :-） .· ·��* * · · · * · · Ē###############ËËĚĚĒĒĖĖĘĘ#######################==Ęğ ···）, （* ? }:-） *（-- 333，333∞ • • ¶ •• • • • ،« »- ------ ſĒĒĖĖĘĚĖĒĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖËËĚĚĒĒĖĘĚĖ • • •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••• →→→→→ •• •-• •••••• • • • • • • • •••• • • • • • • ••••• • • • • • • • • & l/, flow necessary for *u- at 2000°C is approximately 20 times smaller * * one for 20°C. The curve or Fig. 4 and similar curves for other gases should be particularly helpful - for adjusting fluidization gas flows in coating processes when various kinds of coatings are desired (porous, luminar, columnar, etc.) since these deposits require arterent temperatures, - Bimplified Equation and Iſomogram for "ºf | l ror suick calculations of "ar" using common measurement units, we found the reusaas approximate equations derived from Eq. (2) particularly tº tulº 30 - - w-r- 2 × 10^ # (P. - Pº Pº * (5) "G" ºr * 20° ar & (6) where "at Q g/hr/cmº, - D = Map (> M = centipoises, dº º 18/hr/rt". For rapid evaluation of ºr, we have condensed these equations into as wºr- or ris. 3 (arm-wo cº-lºº). :! i * * * ... ', . . . . . - .*, * : *, * : *:: , " ..., * * * * * . 'º e º; ... ºf * , . " . '•' sºv, A. t •'. ‘. . •, 3. ... ' ' *}. • * * * . . " g = i w". " … ." " a ". . . “, es " *Y. • * * º tº , :, . • *, *, * * .0 . . ; *... ." *:: "... $ se * > ..." º g 23, *}} • , !!! * * '* . g *A*. • *.*... . . * tº. . : * " “...,' '... . .*.*.*, *...*,” Żºł t º º 's ºº:: 's. º º, ºft#. *...'", • * , *:: !; §: : e. , , , w § g º .* s ": . . . . * * * * gº *, *g " *... ...A.' - * * * * ... sº * *, *. t; ,, ...". s." e * . g ... " 44 , ! • ‘A:ſ, . •ººyºº , 2, . ...! & “, s g . * ºn ſº . * * g . *. • , , " a ". ... 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". . . , , $ • , * . & * - " s = * .. 8 § t * • . g * , .." . ...' .."4% . ." g • * * •º tº * , , wº º & - & - ! ! *... .” “...” “... 3. . . . " . ; t • , ; , 7. º • * vº * * * - * * * * & * g e tº & • * t º o º * , § ! s & 'e º O º º q g t o . . * *** • ‘’ & * * § .*. ſº e • - eas ºn .. tº **'. - •' sº .” * •, & - • , * cº º g • * * Q ." ū .. § & • , , & . e - - • ‘%. , ' ' '.... . . . * , • ‘’’, e 30.’ Q0 0. • ‘. . . . . . . tº • . ( ) ~0000 - " ..., t g * * * & t #? o ſº • { t g & l'A' , , g g & , tº ". .' Q #: & * ! . . . . .” Nowoonam of gouanows - . . . . • • . • . * ... ". º - .. . . " e” ' ' . . . • . o * - . . * * - - * * , - o g 4. 8 .a. “ * * * , * <> * - g t , & O - O e * º . . . . . ‘. . . .' * * * * * : * : • & " , , , . " ...' ' . e” * & *, * ', * g ë & 3. : *. tº • - Cº. ſº : & g : e : J º . . º * . 3. ...''}; g! // º g & . . . . . . . . " ? y ... s. | : '' e • • . . ; ; 4 4 '•'. ". . * g - * * * * , e. . ." f • " ' Af ... 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" “. . . * > e & - * - * . . tº s & & - * ... • - . - e . . . . .” ... • . . . .0 /> o,009; r. º.º.º. , §§ Nº.: ... . . . . . . . . . . . .", g e * * e •, at .: ... • • * * * * *. & e • . . . . . . . * * * - W . 2" ... * * * • ? • 6 * , º: ' ' ' ' , " . . . § 9 • , * * * * - . g ed ... º * * * * ‘s.'...'s".' ' ' ' & 4 200 OQ * - OOO . - • , s ." º 's. - - • , O,OS - § g . . * "A * @ **, & .. ,' º " ". •'. “. . * . *s º 4) * hºme • . • ?: • , , . • * , & * , , t ſº • - * '. \, . . *::::: • * , © *:... ." • ".", t; 'º',' NJ - & •. me w • * tº .4. .." - - •' - * * § { tº & . . . ** • *, * * , - .***, *ee * . w § • • * . . . g © . . . 'e'ſ . . . . .”... . . . . " . . .';...?'; ..."??,***'. Nº OO-)- 200 º " ... ". . . .". . . . • 4 * * * * * * • ,” º . . - * g * • * * • ‘ e - $ * * & * , , , - - .* * * .*.*. • 2 * * , - - .* * & ... • e . . . . . © * ,'. & •. "...". * : * * * * * ** **e º .." º e • e • - q s •. * . º tº . 4 . . . . '; ' '. . . *g tº a , - - e - º . he * e - º - - ; * . • o • • • ‘ & - ſº * . e ed ** Fv, $2: sº :3 * & º ! { © . º Sº i g § tº ë **. | º . . " tº * t d ‘. . e • * ...* , s | e • t • - & e e * , • , ” << ; º " . & '. * * & ë º º t , A | \ * # • * O º e t • *, '' § . • | t • * , * & & t t ~3. t e º t ‘. . º ...sº i : e • ** e, , t * ! e , t e e * § º º '. ! . e - & o . g 1, * & •, § e - 22 ; - * , e * 9 , t * s . * * t tº * e & - & § * * • * Q § g tº t e * * * * © t • * ſ a * * * º t '.. ( * * g te - * , , g . . . . . . . . . . .” • e • ‘‘ . • . " 4. . . O º & º ſº º : s , t & o . t & e - 8 e * g e .* & - § e * º - * * , . . º ; : ' & Ö * • . .. • , e - º '0 f , Ö * , " tº & * * * • , , * : & * * * g ". . . . . . t © t § ſº }} -- e.g. “ º * * * *Nº. º e tº i º s = ** º § º ** * * * º º e tººee º’ tº e {} • s * * ; : : - - s - "...sºlº § .. t - > $ & .' * *T*:47: . * . . e.ºes…e.": -*-* - see Y-sº.... . . . * * i. 2, . t ^ 16 Rffect of Pressure on Minimum Gas Flow for Fluidization Recent investigations 9 in particular that of Kestin and laidentrost,” have indicated that the viscosities or helium, hydrogen, and argon do not change more than a few percent when the absolute pressure varies from 1/10 to 60 atm. Since G_e is proportional - mf to the gas density, which itself is proportional to pressure, and mf inversely proportional to the gas viscosity, it follows that 0–2 will be approximately proportional to the gas pressure in the 1/10- to 60-ata the linear growth rate of the coating (diameter **) is cºnstantly { } pressure range. This indicates a possibility of decreasing the use º of fluidizing gases in coating processes by operating at subatmospheric - * pressures, calcularions of cowring-gas flows in FIUIDIZED-HED COATING FROCESSEs Particle Mameter variation at constant coating-gas now when a constant stream of coating gas is blown through a given fluidized bed or particles, the mass rate of deposition is constant (assuºlas au was conditions remaining constant), on the other hand, •ereasins because of the increasins surface area of the particles. f : " . | 17 risure 6 (ºn wa 64-4812) is a typical set of curves representias . the variation of particle diameters with time for an initial increase | of particle diameter of 0.98 uſain. The curves indicate that the rate of particle growth falls off rapidly and that the gap between the curves and their tangent at the origin widens rapidly, This explains the long time required for coating particles to given thicknesses when * * the now of seating sas is kept constant, considerable time would be seved if the now or seating gas was programsa to achieve a constant linear rate of deposit growth. row-ins of the now of coating gas for constant Linear Rate of Deposit Growth A constant increase of particle diameter during the coating . . . requires & constant adjustment ©f the coating material invit because of the increasins surface area of the particles, we have reviously , , indicated a •ued to calculate this adjustment.(**) me curves of § ‘. . . Fig. 7, show the result of these calculations for a constant particle º . * * • s , p * * * * - * ſ.' . . *... se’’’. - * º . . . . growth * * 0.98 Walaſs for -*. * coatias •ensities • . . . . • - a sº, **w. she curves “ that • needed * --~~ now are very ** * -a -u-la. tº “a-, -e--------, --, - . . . . . . . . ; " . . . - ! * * & t \; - i * --★ → • •→ ••••• ----|-- w w. • ~ ~--- � ynw v_vT_T~ mw1914 wo – 2ıw- • • • *… - ~~~~ … • • -•- �*--*.4-• •*... •- -, é§.:-: }; '）;':·T·• * '$. — •- • • •�••* ... -: •• • • •• .sº. ~* →- · *•• • • • •• • .•|-… * * №• • • • • • •{■ ..... • • • • ºes. … •# . ~~•• .●---- 34... •:. •.•*.· |-. ^- -..” e· §.\!_L< ≤ .|（~~~~ ~~~~ : · -^_）~~--~ .• -º* •: ~~~ - e ••^e！»~:• • . . • .• • • -！\，_-º !-… • „ºs • • • Laeº• → •• • • • .*¿¿.*?<！--~ ·::： ~~~~ ... ·· · · · · · ·~ - z = & ••¿•-★ →*... • • •-→-•*... • º. -º. № №.ºººº, *）（（* º.º.º. ） --- 3 : * I : • ºkº.+.• ---~~~~: ~~~）. :-） :- ！, -* T. & ? •.•… •”• "• • ** -ae aelº.* （ - . • • ••�• • -• º•*， **）, ** _• • • • • • •• • • •----" _ •... º•* • • • • • • ••* • *_* · * •-•*）. … •- * • ••• ---- - ».-· : < .\,• • § •！”- - º� • • • • 3• • • •“.• …“ . • *§*-º-: . . ，- （- *、、 、 sºº • • • ’ . * - . （< ° • •§.T._（-^ • .• → （* <; Sº № : （+） · · · · Jº… ！! ***-∞→ ·ăſeșš¿?！***！.-º * <！-- T -|-· - *• • ►- J …）. 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" ºr:r (2 A. & . . . . - ." & e º • tº . - : | | . $. - - o 20 * possible to put a 100-u coating on 150-a-diam particles in 3 hr 16 min at a constant growth rate of 0.98 Wºla, whereas the process would * . . . require 10 hr if the coating-gas flow was kept constant. MOTTOM OF PARTICLES IN FLUIDIZED HEDS We have fluidized near spherical particles of densities and diameters * comparable to those of common nuclear fuel particles in glass columns of designs similar to those used in fluidized-bed coating processes. By observing the motion of the particles in slow-motion moving victures, we have reached the following main conclusions, All our beds were "bubbling beds" as defined by Rowe(**) ! that is, ! bubbles formed at the point of gas introduction, expanded, and moved very fast toward the top of the bad where they explodea. An initial .*) wºuls can be seen in the sequence of views of rº. s wa- between - frames) at ~~~ tº ~~~~ ** sevense shows the . progressive expansion and ~~~ of a wners formed bubble at the top of • wa. The formation of a * ** wia in the * or. --~~ * the wall *** *** observed when that equipment ſis used for coating wrotes. ". . . mwl:Dt 4 go -- > 2 ºff • ^£400 PHOTO 68O(6 _ _ _ ... … ..….. ------------******* nv | p1 + 9O – D3 w - 1 N × 0 * * * * * * * * * • *-- *** * * * * **** * * ! ** * * * *** *-* * * * * * *-s ºw-e . . * .ae.- sººsraeºſ „--~~~ ~~~<.*?< *ſ3?????:*<！”. :（ ,____-------~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~•~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 22 Fluidization is largely limited to a 25 to 40° contained angle Gone whose apex is at the point of gas introduction. Consequently, a part of the bed remains static when the column walls depart too - - t 5, 2-3 much from the vertical. The sizes of the bubbles in Fig. 9 give an indication of this phenomsnon. Another consequence is that some particles will remain statio on a multiple-orifice flat gas distributor because they are situated between these fluidization o - R.-- comes. Bubbles at the top of the cones appear clearly in Fig. 10. nº wºmes celesce into bigger wiss wºn tea certa is increased p2S . as shown in-tº-sº figureſ o conclusions \ - Iſluidized-bed coating processes usually utilize a mixture of a fluidising gas and a coating gas. Through a theoretical discussion of the flows of these two gases we conclude that, in order to achieve *A uniform fluidization conditions, one should first decrease and then increase the mass flow of fluidizing gas during the coating steps - Furthermore, the flow of gas should be decreased with increasing temperature according to a surve sawn in the text and decreased with decreasing pressures . e ••••••••• • • _ __ . wixiºso ->aw-inwo-- . . .| - - * · · - ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ .-.-.-- … • ?ș.-• mwl:D19 go - D3 & = ??!!， O PHOTO 680/8 -. ， • • • • • • *J •ș***:::�'w • • • • ** * * * · ·, … …,- . . . . . . . . . ^ºipiº go - Sa w ~ ınso * * * * · · · · · · -- |- ， ， ， ， ， ~ ~~~~--~~~~……………………–…………9 ---- .'5} - * § - • ‘ * * * : ... . ." . * . . . i **'. J y r. ***** * a. * , *'''.iris wº.'' *}. ºne ". • PHoro 68014 . ºf T-- . . . ; ºr g º §§ #4 * 4. 4→8t-ºw . * PHOTO 68O(9 ocael • A GĘC • Off (FICTA! , , , , , , , ） – L 3 w — \ ^4 & Cº Q !！!!!! =） . . . . -- - - - - 1 **** * * * * - #t i: * * * * . . *** In order to achieve a constant growth of the particles during the nau- coating step, one should program the mass flow of * - coating gas according to the relations * in the texts - Finally, our observations of the motion of particles in glass models of nutaised-bed columns indicate that "wºuling" is a major problem in coating processes. Bubbling causes CA deposit in the neck of single-orifice conical colums, in colume with multiple-orifice gas distributors, it causes conical fluidization zones separated by static monas. Bubbling also dictates certain angles of the fluidiza- tion oolumn walls, and in all cases, it makes good gas-solić contact difficult to achieve. . A cºination of the features of various typical colum designs may improve fluidization conditions appreciably, ACKNOW Rºſºlº The author is indebted to R. L. Beatty, D. A. Douglas, Jr., P v. o. Harms, Ae Le Lotts, and A. R. Olsen of the Metals and Ceramics , , División; H. P. Carter and C. We Nestor of the Mathematics Division . . . of tº Oak Ridge national laboratory, and M. tave, consultant, riºtswº, tº sawtutions that * was ºve" possible. \p ls & º” e - º | - 8 •º & * O & * , • * § 9e •ºº ºsts. -ºº-ºº: * * i gº 2. & . 26 2. REFERENCES R. E. Pahler, "Proceedings of Symposium on Ceramic Fuels Containing - g $-> tº a --". ; TID=7654, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission ( ). R. B. Pahler, Symposium on Coated-Particle Fuels of the Aeriesa y “ , Muclear Society, November 21, 1963, to be published. . . . " Coated Particles at Battelle Memorial Institute, November 1962," . . * /* J. H. oxley, "Recent Developments with coated-particle ruel Materials," reactèr Materials, 6(2), 1-4 (1963). e F. L. Carlsen, Jr., E. B. Bomar, and W. O. Harms, "Development • . of rºled drºute containing ºrolytic-carbon-coated carbids Particles for Nonpurged, Gas Cooled Reactor Systems," - mel. & Eng., 20, 180-200 (19%). 3. 6, A. U. Huddle, British Patent 878,227 to UKAEA, october 4, 1961. A. Auriol, c. David, A. F. rulatre, E. Le Boulbin, and J. Rappeneau, "Préparation de revetements de carbone wrolytique étanches," paper presented at the meeting of the International ". . . Atomic Energy Agency, Prague, July 1-5, 1963, 7. - Particle nuclear Fuels," paper presented at the 3rd United nation. t International conference on the Poaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, . . . . . . . Aſconf. 28/p/235 (May 1964). • e R. W. Dayton, w. v. Goeddel, and W. O. Harms, "ceramic-coated- B. H. Bailey, "Gas Solid Reactors in Uranium Processing: A Critical ~ . . . ~r ºf 2 ** * *-s 4: ... • * º . Review," Progº. Muel, snergy, ser, ty and Tech. Enº, and ãºw vols' 4 (c. M. melous, -a.), w. 191-278, Pergamon Press, New York, 1961. a. * **, *, *, *, *s, * a. *. was, ‘naal-º-º-e Processing of rarticulate Muclear nels," ºver wºmes at * ... * sympºsium on nuclear Plant *** * nasius was et a ºrian tastiut, ºr cº-sa adºrs, rºwe, war-so, isº. ... . . . |i • , , . . . 27 29 tº * { •. Bed Equipment in Enriched Uranium Processing," paper presented at - , * * * * * * via naawa was or # ſº the American Institute of chemical magineering, Pittsburgh, May 17-20, 1964, g º t lie M. Leva, Lºuidigation, Pe 63, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959, * * **, *ma as auditation, 2. *, **** *** | . • rulaisala, ºria, 1924. * º . . . . . 13. F. A. Benz and D. F. Othmar, Fluidization and mud-fºrtisia t * Bystema, Pe 35, Rheinhold Publishing Corps, Mew York, 1960. 14, p. s. Ferguson, o. c. Dean, and D. A. Douglas, "the sol-gel rºcess tº * * * * * * * nºis," ºr waited nations internatiºnal carrºws for a * v-, * * * * *, *, *//m (wº). d 9 is, c. van assrººm, A.P.F. ºbel, * *. v. van rºwles, £hem. Ångs . . . w". esi, l, sº (1931). .* is v. r. was, a. º. outlaws, ºn v. c. *auer, Indº-East ghºs” 8." 44, 1104-ill? (1949). # - ' 17. M. Lºve, rºad shirº, and c. r. ven, ginia ghts, 22(2), x-a (1936). ". . . . . . is, c. v. Master, ºn was ties wivision, wellº ste, Aru 19, 2, restia * v. wantest, nuisa, a2, a loe (wº). . . . . so, n. *, rusta, "was now calculatia, tº nualsº catas * * * **, *-*, * * * * º “r (*). P. M. *** * * * * */ºus * * * • t{-t v,-*g e*.+ e§- •* g#.& -.se gº--Y* * f:*& 10, H. M. Heidt, R. P. Levey, and C. E. Hamrin, Jr., "The Use of fluid -§ j Tri - |- •→-• s~|-, !-«» -�*• •- . -->* .•~º ~º→*-+ →- -- -|- |-• • • •► *→→ •�----• • • - *•-- -* * _:• •-• Pº·→----- • »«»… *-*·-* .--> *-->- º ！|---. .“ （ -° •* ;�* →• º��-* •»•• +* →• •* - *· · --• ” ’«»· * • ... •-`` •- • ©-- -- - .* . |- - .•&~• -•-~ * •-|-. . ~→ -* --•·•* * *-· *… • . . •* g• •* ~------ » ... ×*+ ----* ... • •**------ * -----→-* * · * *.*« *eº- * .�|-= • •-- *§ →--* →…�- ·-→* ·- -•�-~~ ~ ~ ~- � •- : ***--• • . .|-• • • •-->“.·- |-… • .* --> �• • ©... •- �«»|-�«»�:·- - º *•|-•• ~*• • •→ → · *• .· · -�•* · �\,·... *• • . --_■ * *• • • • • •… *-·· · * ** ,•“- '•. ^---- • • ••. ^ • ~ _ •Å £< .• •！»* →*' a* * · *- º **«» →.*•*----•---->�&«*•+ *. »*�• • --------• •-«»* ---&→*• . �� · -* • •-* -* -ae��*�- • •*-· * •-�-*→- ！< .�-->• →«»„... •…ſae„ ” º - -·_ ^•* ·- •• -� •• , *-· `…... •|-- * •|- -�-* •-&• • • • ~ ·- ∞** ... ** •* «»• ... •• ,}.« * -- → • •«» * ... •- →?→----** . →« »• ,*• •* •, * • -.*•→•-• ,|- *�-->*|-• , • • «»*-. ，…-·*� -…«;•... • ... *-->*-- ----|--• • " ~-->--> -* *“ … •→�•' .* ，«å -*· -• r- •----• • .----�• ----* …•*. .**… .→ -• •• • �... •.•«…» -- -* *-*ę<.|- - - --«» º*，*→ -- -•... •- --«»ſæ， - -- •|----+*�• § →*• •●-- -->«» «» , *·^º* ---+«»-�•--> ->• *• ? . -r-- -&- *|- * -- “�----> * .---→��• |- -«-»-->· -|- ... ••-«…»«» |-€） »|-• •-|-- →•- |--•● --------� -->*-* *|-* …« …» -� -ș*-*→�� � *…•→* .• • •-- -«…» & și· ș ** …-->-！→• • •�-• ●•|-·«:* *_ •|-*-- •-|-ſes• ·- «■-• • •«»• • -->-•~|-→----� ~ • • • •* -�-�•... •→ *→|-•º.-�--•“.• •--> ----• •± |- *∞→ --• ș*• •- |-·• .�� ！|--· •-|-ș±* •|- ���� $. -- ---- |-*· ·�„*• • • • • ----· .» º• I •-• • • V •ș* • * →*|------|-�→- -- ----• .«»«»• • → • * ••-->& . • .*. *-- *ae- *�→-- • •=.*---- ∞→-->- →-• ’«»* T –� ş_ ~ •*• • ---- -----•->* •- --§ «…»• •�-&�-* … ~ ） »&=&?• T * *�s• -|-&*|-∞• �*№.- -- •→ · *- •- •→•|--* *|----* … •|-* •• ... • ·→•.. 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