2. 5 = 2. 2 = 2. O º 8 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDAROS - 1963 | L E G A L No T I C E º This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work. Neither the United States, nor the Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission: A. Makes any warranty or representa- | tion, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any information, appa- ratus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe privately owned rights; or i B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report. As used in the above, “person acting on behalf of the Commission” includes any em- ployee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of the | Commission, or employee of such contractor || prepares, disseminates, or provides access , , , sº ºb to, any information pursuant to his employ- R his employment with such contractor. $º tºº •k § THE PRODUCTION OF 10 ° TORR WITHIN A LARGE PLASMA CONTAINER (DCX-l) WX º: º, ºve, ºr," ºs ººl w “twºxa.ºrrºw ºx-x. , ſº Nºyºr. ºf ſº ...MASTER 2.222-24.522622-2” / ..", * * ' . * * * * * * 4 & * • * * *. L E G A 1 N OT || C E This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work. Neither the United s states, nor the Commissioa, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission: - A. Makes any warranty or representatica, expressed or implied, with respect to the accu- i E ſº R O Wells racy, complateness, or usefulness of the laſormation contained in this report, or that the use || of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe | privately oweed rights; or *** * * * , ** a Oak Ridge National Laboratory B. Assamºs any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the [ *:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::... ... Oak Ridge 2 Tennessee *::::::::::::: º::::::::::::: such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor Prepare", disseminates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his employment or coatract with the Commission, or his employment with such contractor. f The concept of the DCX-l experiment is by now familiar. ** The system Operates on a dc rather than pulsed basis. The magnetic field is 8. 2:1 magnetic mirror with a lo kG central field value. Into this field we inject 600 key H. ions. Dissociation of a small portion of this molecular ion beam produces 300 keV protons which are contained as a result of the mirror raid. The object of the experiment is, of course, to assumulate as many of these protons as possible. From the point of view of accumulating the maximum number, it is desirable to operate with the lowest possible pressure. The primary reason for this is that, under most conditions of operation, the lifetime of the trapped plasma is determined loy charge exchange collisions with background gas. The lower the pressure, the less likely these collisions, and the longer the lifetime. Efforts to secure lower pressures have been an important part of the work in this experiment. Design was started on DCX-l late in 1956, and the machine was in operation in the summer of 1957. In that original facility (Figure l), a vacuum of l x 107° torr was obtained through the use of four 1.0 in. MCF ll:00 oil diffusion pumps, which were liquid nitrogen trapped. The maximum H. beam available then was a few microamperes, and the containment time of the plasma was limited to milliseconds. From this basic vacuum tank and power supply has evolved a machine which is now capable of operating pressures of l X 107° torr with an injected beam of more than 10 mA. The containment times for plasma loss by charge exchange have now * Research sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the ſoft PATENT CLEARANCE º, º: THE PUBLIC S AppBOVED, .. st CTION, º ON FILE IN THE RECCAWIR Union Carbide Corporation. º -i. | i reached 2% Minutes. You can get some idea of the magnitude of the changes that have been made by comparing Figure l with Figure 2, which was taken in 1960 after the machine was relocated in its present building. In the right hand side you * can see the 600 kV 25 mA power supply. It is 52 ft. from the floor to the top of the ion source sled. It is 9 ft. 3 in. from the floor to the £ of the vacuum tank. Here you can see two of the four 52 in . oil diffusion pumps, which have water cooled baffles; these were added along with an additional pair of coils so gas arcs could be operated through the plasma region. Figure 5 is a schematic of +) the coils, ion source, accelerator tube, molecular ion (H. loeam, and the trapped plasma (H" ions). Figure l, shows a cross section of the present machine with location of the 32 in. pumps, coils, shields, a liner, whº ch will be described later. The volume of the vacuum system is approximately 150 cu. ft. The outer shell is 30l. stainless Steel, with aluminum cover plates on the ports. mastomer seals are used on the feed throughs, cover plates and removable probes. This allows quick alterations in the arrangement of diagnostic probes and keeps down-time to a minimum. Heavy gas loads result from these Seals, and in order to obtain lower operating pressures the machine is divided into a three region System. The main use of the 52 in . pumps is during the bakeout of the system, as arcs are no longer used. The addition of titanium evaporation was made in order to lower the pressure - in what is referred to as the intermediate region and the liner region. Figure 5 is a cross section at the midplane and shows the location of the trapped plasma along with some of the diagnostic probes, mass spectrometer, titanium evaporators, and a rotating drum. Note that the mass spectrometer is tied directly to the liner region |by a metal pipe; a gold Seal is employed. Through accumulated experience we have arrived at a standard vacuum procedure which makes most efficient use of both time and materials. The copper shields and the liner are first baked at HO0° C for approximately 8 hours. This tem- perature is reached by passing 100 psi steam through a section of inconel pipe which is resistance heated by two 600 A Lincoln welding machines. The liner, whose volume is lºo liters, and the copper shields have 3/8" O.D. × .065 wall copper tubing heliarc tacked to the surfaces using RRSN solder. It is through these lines that steam is passed for heating. High energy electron bombardment (lA, 5 kV) has been used to speed up outgassing during baking of the system.* After cooling to 100° C, the steam is valved off and dry nitrogen is blown through the lines to remove any trapped moisture. Liquid nitrogen is then flowed through the same lines to cool the shields and liner to - 196°C. After reaching this temperature, evaporated titanium is then deposited on the surfaces for approximately 2 hours from 16 filaments distributed throughout the machine. There are a total of 32 of these filaments, which are doubled wrapped .050 in. titanium on .l70 in. tantalum rod. Unless the system is opened to atmosphere, further baking is not generally required; cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature and titanium evaporation permit attainment of 107° torr pressures. With proper use, the filaments provide two weeks of operating time at 107° torr. Liquid nitrogen consumption is approximately 500 gallons for 8 hours operation. * There is a considerable body of evidence showing that the present pressure limitation is the result of saturation of the titanium surface by methane (mass 16) and ethane (mass 15). Using the mass spectrometer which was shown in Figure 5, a scan of the gas remaining in the liner after baking; showed that the percent- age of gases varied on cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature and upon evaporation of titanium. Figure 6 shows the peak heights (relative to the sum) of masses 28, 18, 16, 14, and 2 that are the major base pressure constituents. These data were taken after being under vacuum for one week, and the time scale at the bottom correlates the measurements with different stages of operation. Upon cooling the liner and shields to liquid nitrogen temperature, all percentages dropped except mass 2; but upon evaporation of titanium, mass 2 also decreased due to absorptive pumping. After equilibrium was attained and evaporators cut off, there was a slight increase in mass 28 and li (carbon monoxide), with methane remaining constant. After completion of a large recycle", which consists of turning off the liquid nitrogen and allowing the liner to warm up by 60°C and then re-cooling, noticeable decreases in methane, mass ll, and hydrogen were obtained and thus a lower base pressure. During a small recycle" (30°C warm-up from liquid nitrogen temperature), the liner pressure peaks rapidly, as can be seen in Figure 7, and returns to a base pressure only slightly above the original pressure. Upon cooling the liner, the base pressure returns to a lower value. Repetition of this cycling technique reduces the pressure, but since the incremental drop reduces from 2 x 10° to 2 × 10” torr per recycle, the recycles are progressively | - less effective. -- * * * * * **** "" Figure 8 shows the partial pressure of mass 16 as a function of iner pressure during one of these temperature recycles. Mass 15, though not illustrated, was - 87% of mass lé throughout the variations, and essentially the entire liner pressure rise can be attributed to methane and ethane. • We have recently attempted to relieve the pressure limitation by using electron bombardment of the evaporated titanium surfaces with liquid nitrogen cooling applied. The experiments were prompted by work of R. E. Clausing", who concluded that at these temperatures energetic electrons seem to digest the methane, thereby allowing the titanium to absorb the fragments. In DCX-1, a test of this technique was made by first baking the system and mass spectrometer to 100°C for the usual time, 8 hours. Mass scans of the baked system with all surfaces at room temperature showed principally hydrogen, water vapor, and nitrogen. Peaks at lik, 52, 17, 16, and 15 were also visible at the base pressure of l; X 10 * torr. Electron bombarment of the surfaces raised the pressure. At l X 107e torr, hydrogen, mass lö, and mass l; were the main peaks. With electron bombardment continuing and the cooling lines at liquid nitroge:1 temperature, a base pressure of 2-5 X 1077 torr was reached, and hydrogen and methane were still the main peaks. - A large reduction in the base pressure was then obtained by eva rating titanium in the liner for 5 minutes. The hydrogen peak was greatly reduced and the base pressure was 9 X 107° torr. The bombardment was stopped, all evaporators were allowed to run for l;0 minutes, the base pressure dropped to 5.5 × 107° torr and nitrogen remained the largest single-gas constituent. Continuous monitoring of mass 16 after beginning electron bombardment showed an increase in this mass dependent upon the electron power input and correlated very closely with an increase in the liner pressure reading. A scan at 7.4 × 107° torr with bombard- ment still on showed very little increase in anything other than hydrogen, mass 16 and mass 15. Monitoring of the gases in the liner at a base pressure or 2.5 × 107° torr at liquid. 11itrogen temperature with fresh titanium on the surfaces and no bombardment showed nitrogen to be the main gas left. The amounts of methane evolved upon temperature recycling with and without bombardment were ebout equal. We conclude that the methane-pumping phenomenon reported by Clausing is not obtained in DCX-l to any significant degree. In his experiment, the mass 16 peak decreased rapidly during bombardment; in ours, the peak increases, probably because of a slight rise in surface temperature due to bombardment and heating from the incandescent filaments of the electron source. In his experiment, methane release upon warm-up after bombardment was only 10 to 20 percent of that for a similarly Saturated surface without bombardment; in ours, the releases are about equal. The phenomenon may be present to a small degree, Since the observed increase in the hydrogen peak is not attributable to surface heating and may be the res. u]t of some decomposition of methane and/or water vapor. Further experi- ments will be continued on systems where accountability of the gases can be controlled, but for the present, temperature recycling continues to be the most efficient method of reducing the methane background in DCX-l. Although so far we harre emphasized the attainment of low base pressure in the static System, it is necessary to maintain under dynamic conditions as low a pressure as possible in the plasma chamber, i.e., the liner region. The principal gas load during operation is the injected 600 keV molecular ion beam, which at its maximum of 10 ma represents a hydrogen leak of about 2 Hø/sec. At low pressures a maximum of only about 10 * of the input beam is converted to protons in the liner, So the direct gas load to this region is negligible. Instead, essentially all of the beam can be disposed of in the intermediate vºwn region. As shown in Figure 5, the 'beam terminates on a rotating drum target. The utilization of such a device was suggested by work of O. D. Matlock.” The drum used on DCX-l was designed by R. G. Reinhardt and is detailed in Figure 9. The cooling required to dissipate the beam power is supplied by high-velocity water flow. A film of titanium is deposited on the drum before beam injection, and deposition can be continued during injection. The rotation speed is adjustable up to 100 rpm, higher speeds being used with the higher been currents. The combination of beam burial by high velocity impact on the drum, of titanium pumping by other surfaces in the inter- mediate vacuum region, of limited Sonductance into the liner, and or titanium pumping in the liner itself makes the operating pressure there essentially the Static base pressure. Typically a pressure rise of 5 X 10"li torr/ma Of H’ beam 2 7 is observed in the liner when the # beam is injected. In order for the machine to function as a research facility rather than simply a vacuum vessel, a number of diagnostic probes, access ports, high vacuum valves, mechanical feed throughs, electrical feed throughs, and the like 8."e reasº. There are few hard and fast rules in this design field, for in general each of these represents a separate engineering problem which must be solved with proper attention to maintaining low pressures. Nowhere is more ingenuity required than in the design of the diagnostic probes, which not only must meet the vºwn requirements but also must be protected against physical damage from the extremes of temperature variation and from titanium deposition. As an example of the complexity sometimes involved, we show in Figure l0 a cross section of the 24 window neutral particle detector which is used to measure trapped proton loss by charge exchange. This design is also by R. G. Reinhardt. Twenty four coaxial leads from the head of the detector pass through thin-walled copper tubes that are surrounded by a water cooled jacket. This same technique, is often :-. used in fabricatidn of other probes. At present there are two long range problems on which we are actively engaged. One, the base pressure limitation due to methane Saturation, has already 'been described. The other concerns the tubing used on the liner and on shields in the intermediate region for steam and liquid nitrogen flow. This tubing has given considerable trouble for several years in that pin holes appear after 5 to ex, , , wrºtº" } ~6 months of roperation involving temperature cycling with k00°C steam and iiquid nitrogen. The Metallurgy Division of ORNL is cooperating on studies of tubing and Weld techniques for this application. Only non-magnetic materials are acceptable and those with high thermal conductivity are preferred. We are experimenting with copper nickel tubing and a heliarced RTSN bond to the copper liner and shields. The bonding technique has been developed, and sections of this tubing have recently been installed in the machine; some time will be required to evaluate its performance, REFERENCES l. C. F. Barnett et al., Proc. 2nd U. N. Intern. Conf. On Peaceful ** Uses of Atomic Energy, United Nations, Geneva, 31, (1958) 298. 2. J. L. Dunlap, IRE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-7 No. 4, (1960) 19. 3. H. Postma, IRE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-8 No. 1, (1961) 77. H. C. F. * et al., Nuclear Fusion l, (1961) 264. 5. J. L. Dunlap et al., Nuclear Fusion, 1962 Supplement, Part l, 233. 6. E. R. Wells, Thermonuclear Div. Semiann. Progr. Rept. April 30, 1961, on-3652, p. 136. 7. E. R. Wells and H. Postma, l962 Trans. National Vacuum Symposium, American Vacuum Society, p. 266. 8. R. E. Clausing, l.96% National Vacuum Symposium, American Vacuum Society (unpublished). 9. O. D. Matlock, Thermonuclear Div. Semiann. F. -er. 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