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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS - 1963

ORNU pibler
Conf-650946-2
1905
- NOV
EXPERIENCES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN INSTRUMENTATION
FOR LIQUID METAL EXPERIMENTS
H. J. Metz
Instrumentation and Controls Division
.
.
.
M. M. Yarosh
Reactor Division
LEGAL NOTICE
This report was propared as an account of Government sponsored work. Neither the United
States, por the Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accu-
racy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use
of any information, apparatus, method, or proceso disclosed in this roport may not Infringe
privately owned rights; or
B. Assumos any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages rosviting from the
use of any information, apparatus, method, or proceso disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person icting on behalf of the Commission" includes iny D->
ployee or contractor of the Commission, or omployee of such contractor, to the oxtent that
such employse or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares,
disseminate, or provides Access to, any laformation pursuant to hit employment or contract
with the Commission, or his employment with such contractor.
Submitted for Presentation at the Fourth High-Temperature
Liquid Metal Heat Transfer Technology Conference to be held
September 28-29, 1965, at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne,
Illinois.

RELEASED FOR ANNOUNCEMENT
IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE ABSTRACTS
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EXPERIENCES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN INSTRUMENTATION
FOR LIQUID METAL EXPERIMENTS*
H. J. Metz
M. M. Yarosh
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Introduction
22
Experiments in the use of liquid metals in power generation
systems for reactor and for space application have increased in
recent years. A very high degree of system reliability is mandatory
because of the end use. This has made it imperative to obtain
accurate information from experimental systems to ensure that a thorough
understanding of system operation is achieved. For this understanding,
data must be obtained through appropriate techniques and apparatus
for measurement of the parameters to be described.
Large and complex potassium systems have been puilt at Oak
Ridge National Laboratory during the past few years to meet program
needs. One such system and its attendant instrumentation will be
described in detail. A discussion of operating experience with some
of the instruinentation will be followed by more detailed information
on the instruments themselves.
Part 1
M. M. Yarosh
The Intermediate Potassium System1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
The Intermediate Potassium System (IPS) was built as a part of
the Medium Power Reactor Experiment Program. This system uses the
Rankine cycle with potassium as the working fluid. Figure 1
*Research sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under
contract with the Union Carbide Corporation.
is a flow diagram for this system. Liquid potassium is delivered
from a turbopump. to supply the net feed for the boiler. The
mixture of potassium liquid and vapor leaves the boiler and passes
through a separator unit. The liquid is recirculated while the vapor
is used to drive the turbo pump unit, and in the final design, the
41-
potassium vapor will also drive a turbogenerator unit. In the present
system, the vapor for power generation is by-passed through a
throttling valve to the radiator. Heat is transferred from the radiator
to an air-cooled shroud surrounding the radiator. A portion of the
vapor is bled off to a liquid preheater, and the condensate from
this unit is discharged to the radiator inlet. The system condensate
is returned from the radiator to the suction side of the turbopump..
Figure 1 also shows the principal instrumentation exclusive of
thermocouples on the test rig. For system design and for system
control studies, there are a number of very important parameters
which must be measured. These include system operating pressures,
pressure drops, system flows and liquid level measurements, turbo-
pump speed, and, finally, system temperatures.
Control of the system is dependent on the inventory distribution
within the system and the affect of this inventory distribution on
system pressures and componunt performance. For example, an
increase in boiler power from a steady state operating condition
results in additional vapor delivered to the turbopump and to the
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radiator. This, in turn, causes an increase in turbopump speed
sand in pump discharge -pressure and flow. The additional vapor
to the radiator results in a change in liquid inventory at the liquid
end of the radiator and a change in suction pressure to the radia-
tor scavenging-pump. The change in radiator and scavenging-purrip
conditions is reflected in the scavenging-pump discharge-pressure to
the turbopump suction.
It is important to establish the precise relationships between
powěr changes, inventory distribution, and syster pressures and
flows. To accomplish this, the instrumentation shown on the flow
diagram was installed.
The inventory is monitored with a level
recording system described later in this report. A modification of
this instrument, a liquid-metal manometer, is used to determine
pressure drop when a phase change exists between the pressure
measuring points and permits a convenient measure of liquid level.
. For boiler pressure drop and radiator pressure drop measurements,
a liquid-metal level-indicator manometer is used.
We have
found that the radiator manometer is a sensitive measure of liquid
accumulation in the radiator liquid headers during system operation.
Instrument Location for Pressure Measurements
Pressure measurements are required in both liquid and
vapor-filled portions of the system. The instrument piping and
transmitter elevations are important considerations in making such
measurements. For both absolute and differential pressure
measurements, roxboro pressure transmitters are used. These
units have an advantage of permitting adjustment of the instrument
range and zero but are limited to a maximum temperature of 400°F.
As a result, standoffs must be used in both the liquid and vapor
regions. This causes some major problems. Measurement of the
absolute pressure in a vapor system at perhaps 1000°F with the use
of a 400°F instrument leads to vapor condensation and refluxing of the
liquid in the instrument lines. The hot vapor cannot be allowed
direct contact with the instrument sensing element. Instrument lines
niust be correctly sized and properly sloped so that there will be vapor
cooling and condensation without chugging and without introducing
variable-head errors. The use of intermediate liquid seals results
in high instrument inertia and delays the instrument response to system
changes. Thus a Nak-filled seal system reduces the speed of instru-
ment response to system perturbations.
Figure 2 illustrates a typical installation of a liquid-metal man-
ometer, PT 62, and a Foxboro differential-pressure transmitter,
PDT 63. Both are located on the radiator end of the system. The circled
call outs are tenperature measurement points on the piping. The
manometer reflects the net affect of the liquid level in the radiator
tubes and the pressure drop between the vapor header and the suction side
of the liquid scavenging pump. Vapor line temperature to the manometer
must be carefully controlled to prevent vapor condensation. Liquid
line temperatures are adjusted to permit a matching of temperatures
at the junction of the instrument and process liquid line. Some
· condensation and evaporation may occur within the manometer, but
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careful temperature control will reduce this to a minimum.
To date, accurate measurements of very low pressures, below
2 psia, have proved unsatisfactory in these systems. Absolute
pressures in the radiator portion of the system may be well below
i psia, and an accurate reading of this value is important. When
absolute pressure measuring devices are connected to low-pressure
liquid points in the system, care must be taken to avoid a vertical
rise in the standoff which may prevent measurement of the pressure.
For example, a pressure of 0.1 psia is equivalent to about 4 in. of
potassium.
Pressure measuring devices must be installed so that potassium
may be drained from instrument lines in the system during a shut
down. The technique of "boiling off" trapped potassium liquid is
ineffective where instrument temperatures are limited to 400°F.
Failure to remove potassium from the instrument and adjacent lines
may result in oxide plugs near the instrument and may require removal of
the entire instrument.
Microphones
A qualitative and useful instrument that we have employed
on our liquid metal systems is a microphone. Microphones have
been placed on the boiler, on system pumps, and on the turbine pump
unit. On the boiler we find them quite useful in determining whether
stable boiling exists. Oa the turbopump they indicate when caviation
occurs in the turbopump. Wide turbine speed oscillations can be heard.
MP
Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Photography
The radiator on the Intermediate Potassium system consists
of 144 tubes arranged in six banks of twelve tubes on each side of
a central tapered header as shown in Fig. 3. The radiator is
enclosed within an air cooled stainless-steel shroud, as shown in Fig. 7.
Knowledge
of the potassium distribution in these radiator tubes is im, ortant
and can best be obtained from the temperature pattern on the tubes.
The use of a large number of thermocouples, together with the
readout equipment to obtain sufficient information to establish a
radiator temperature pattern, would entail a substantial cest in
equipment and installation. In an attempt to obtain temperature data
more easily, viewing ports were installed in the heat sink so that
the radiator could be observed during operation. Photographs were
taken of the radiator using 9000A“ Polaroid infrared-sensit.ve film.
Results to date indicate that substantial temperature differences
existing within the radiator unit are easily seen, and that liquid
collecting at the discharge end of the radiator is being detected by
temperature measurement. Figure 4 shows a photograph taken during
normal operation. There is no evidence of any substantial tempera-
ture change along or across the tubes. One would conclude that liquid
has not accumulated in the tubes or headers. Figure 5 shows a similar
view, but note now that the liquid headers are no longer visible,
indicating that a substantial reduction in temperature has occurred along
the tube. In this case a temperature drop of approximately 125°F
has occurred across the indicated sharp color change. Confirmation
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that this is indeed liquid inventory accumulating has been obtained
from the liquid level indicators at other places in the systerra. Figure 6 is an
example of system operation with a highly nonuniform loading on
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the radiator tube banks.
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We believe that with the use of reference thermocouples and
careful control of film exposure times, a color vs temperature
gradient relationship can be established. This would permit improved
quantitative results from the infrared technique.
Part 2
H. J. Metz
Liquid Level
The level of liquid metal in vessels can be measured by five
or more methods. Some are for single-point measurements, some
are for continuous-level measurements, and some are both both. Some
continuous level elements can compensate for temperature changes
and others only with difficulty, or not at all.
Resistance-type level-elements were put in the Intermediate
.
Potassium System because we needed continuous-level measurement
and because the resistance elements are economical, small, accurate,
and dependable compared to other available equipment. The different
possible level devices are compared below.
1. Resistance type • single point or continuous. Temperature
compensated easily to give true level. Radiation resistant. No
temperature limitations, 3,5,6, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32
NL
2. Inductive devices with or without floats - single point or
continuous. Temperature compensation not inherent. Not easy to
AZX
make radiation resistant. More temperature limited than the resis.
tonnen
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 26, 29
3. Differential pressure - continuous. Temperature compen-
sation not easy. Radiation resistant only when seals are used to
isolate device from system. Temperature limited depending on
system pressures. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 26
4. Radiation adsorption - single point or continuous. Tempera-
ture compensation not easy. Almost useless in a reactor system.
Probably not temperature limited.
5. Ultrasonic probe - single point only. Probably limited
radiation resistance. Probably some temperature limits. 14, 15
6. Others, not shown, are included to avoid the error of
imcomplete classification. 26
Temperature compensation of liquid level devices referred
to in this writing means that the actual level of the fluid
in the vessel of interest can be known and not the level in an adjacent vessel,
nor the level referred to a head of fluid at some reference temperature
or density.
All IPS level elements are made from lengths of stainless-steel
tube which has been swaged over two magnesium-oxide-insulated
stainless-steel wires. The ratio of resistance of wire to the tube
is designed to be about 100 to 1. One end of this tube is welded
closed,' and the assembly is inerted into the
vessel from the bottom, as shown in Fig. 8. One internal wire is for
current, and the other is for potential. The other current and
potential wird connect to the end of the tube outside the vessel.
These
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Accuracies of #1% of full scale can be achieved by
calibration.
Level element outputs can be calculated, and the result is an
***
accuracy of +5% of full scale if careful resistance measurements
are made. The tube wall resistance is best obtained by measuring
the resistance of a 10 to 20 foot length of swaged material from
which the level element is to be made. The ohms per inch can
then be used in the calculations.
A 48 inch liquid-metal manometer unit was tested. Fig. 9
is a diagram of the experiment. The first excitation and readout
system was direct current, as shown in Fig. 10, Type C. We knew
that thermoelectric emf must be compensated for in a direct current
system, and in this experiment the problem was severe, as shown
in Fig. 11. Earlier tests have shown that the level element
material generated no thermal emf. Therefore, the emf was
generated by stainless steel vs potassium. Next, the excitation was
changed to alternating current like Type A in Fig. 10. The results
are shown in Fig. 12. There was no trouble from thermal emf.
Finally a measuring system like B, Fig. 10, was tested. The
results are shown on Fig. 13. Figure 14 shows the results from the test
-A
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of a 3/16 in. OD level element which had an active length of 12
inches and an inactive length of 6 inches. The increased error is
caused by the higher ratio of inactive to active length than in
the manometer.
A variety of devices based on electromagnetic induction have
estad
been used to measure liquid level in high temperature systems.
In a molten salt system, we are successfully using a float which has
either below or above it a magnetically susceptible material. This is
surrounded by a high-temperature linear-differential-transformer
which is outside the fluid containment wall. Units of this type are
in excellent condition after two years at 1000 to 1250°F coil
temperature. The accumulated errors were about 1/4 inch in a
5 inch span. The transformer was made from machined lava forms
on which was wound bare, pure nickel wire to make up the primary
and the secondary coils. The transformer was canned in inconel to
protect it from atmospheric corrosion and from physical damage.
The Armco iron core was canned in INOR-8 to protect it from corrosive
molten salt.
When induction coils are moved along the side of a vessel that
contains a conductive fluid such as liquid metal, the level can be
detected. Such a coil can be moved by hand or by a servo-follower
mechanism. A hand-movable type has been built at ORNL.
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A continuous, inductive type, liquid-metal level-detector is
being developed, and a pilot model is being tested. The interesting
feature of this detector is its ability to detect level through nonmagnetic
material up to 1/2 in. thick
plus
thermal insulation 1/4 to 1/2
in. thick. The transducer consists of three superimposed, rectangu-
lar coils, each about 2 inches wide and of a length determined by the
desired range of the instrument. The middle coil is excited by an
alternating current of appropriate frequency, and the two outer
coils are connected to a detector circuit which has an output propor-
tional to the level. The instrument will be tested on a liquid-metal
level test experiment, and based on the results of these tests, circuits
will be developed for compensating for liquid-metal resistivity-changes
and detector output changes caused by temperature changes.
An ultrasonic, single point, level probe has been used to detect
the level of molten salt (Fig. 15). It is suitable for use in liquid
metal systems. This probe was developed, with ORNL assistance, by
Aeroprojects, Inc. under contract to the AEC. The instrument
is basically an acoustic impedance device and consists of an electronic
power oscillator, a magnetostrictive transducer, a standing wave
ratio detector, a transmission rod, one or more force-insensitive
feed-throughs, and a sensing plate. Energy is supplied to the trans-
mission rod through the magnetostrictive transducer at a frequency
ENT
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12
that causes the rod to resonate. ; The force-insensitive feed-
throughs allow the excitation rod to penetrate containment vessels
without prohibitive loss of ultrasonic energy and without compro-
mising containment.
The presence or absence of fluid at the sensing plate is determined
by detecting the decrease in the standing wave ratio present on the
resonant transmission rod. A prototype of this instrument was tested
for six months in the Molten Salt Level test rig and was found to be
a dependable instrument, provided the excitation frequency
remained constant. The instrument was success-
fully tested with the heated section at temperatures from 1000 to
1500°F. The tests will continue until any long term changes have been
found and analyzed. To date, the only change found has been a shift
in the frequency of maximum level sensitivity.
Pressure
Differential pressure in the Intermediate Potassium System is
measured by two methods.
1. All-welded, 400°F maximum, process-type, differential-
pressure-transmitters.
2. Liquid metal manometers when one or both sides of the
manometer are connected to vapor-filled lines or vessels."
Differential pressure transmitters are needed which have all
these characteristics.
13
1. Operates without error at system temperatures which may
be 1500°F on one side and 400°F on the other side.
2. No liquid-filled seals which can cause change in fluid-
head errors when the temperature changes; which
limit the temperature at low absolute pressures; and which cause
the instrument to have slow response speed,
3. The part of the device exposed to the process fluid should be
small, plain, and drain completely dry when the system is drained.
There should be no small clearances or small holes or pockets that
can accumulate impurities and solid particles.
4. There should be a built-in method to heat the device and to auto-
matically hold the temperature at each process side or connection
at the desired value.
5. The span and zero should be adjustable at least as much
as equivalent industrial instruments are.
6. Accuracy and stability should be equal to equivalent
industrial instruments.
7. There should be built-in methods to check zero and to check
span without making a connection into process lines or into the
process sides of the instrument.
8. The design should be capable of being used up to 2200°F
when the instrument is made from appropriate materials.
9. The instrument should not be affected by electromagnetic
interference, nor should it be damaged' by radiation. The presence
or absence of gravity should have no effect.
nalytics
A
14
Manometers - Differential Pressure
Several differential pressures anticipated in the IPS were too
low for available differential pressure transmitters for liquid metal
use. Accuracy required was higher than could be obtained. The
use of a liquid-metal manometer was investigated. The level in
the manometer could be measured with a resistance-type level.
element. A 48 inch liquid-metal manometer was tested and found
to be satisfactory.
The elevations of lines, vessels, and manometers and the
temperatures of the liquid metal in any nonhorizontal lines and
in the manometer leg had to be known so that the true differential
pressure could be calculated.
Gage Pressure Transmitters
The IPS gage-pressure transmitters are the filled-system-
seal type which use NaK for pressure transmission from seal to
bourdon tube. 27 Oak Ridge National Laboratory has used this kind of
pressure transmitter with good results. These transmitters will
be permanently damaged if the temperature of the seal unit is more
than 800°F when the process side of the seal is evacuated. Damage
is caused by a permanent distortion of the seal diaphragm by the
NaK vapor pressure. Transmitters must not be exposed to the
condition that the NaK vapor pressure causes more than about 1/3
psi differential pressure across the seal diaphragm.
15
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We recommend that the seal unit always be installed above
the bourdon tube. When the process is going from below-ar.mospheric
pressure to above-atmospheric pressure or from full-vacuum to
some higher below-atmospheric pressure, the head of fluid in the
seal capillary may behave similarly to the mercury in a barometer,
if the seal is below the tube. Also, some dissolved gas or other gas ·
in the bourdon tube could evolve or expand.' When any of these things
happen, there is a flow of Nak back and forth in the capillary tube
between the seal and bourdon tube. It may take hours for a transmitter
system to reach equilibrium, and the pressure at the bourdon tube
will be transmitted, not the pressure at the process side of the seal
diaphragm.
We have a wrapped metal-clad heating elements around
the seals to keep them at desired temperatures. This may have
caused unequal heating of different parts of the seals. Now we put
the seals in aluminum-bronze castings which have cartridge heaters
imbedded in them. This assures even heating of the seal and allows.
accurate seal temperature measurement. This is important when
process pressures goes to full vacuum at times. Seals can be
installed directly above vapor or liquid lines because the seals can
operate at process temperature.
Bourdon tube pressure gages are in use to measure liquid
metal pressure in some other systems. The bourdon-tube and socket
are all-welded, stainless steel, with a welding connection from the
socket to the process. The gages and tubes to the process are installed
in a constant temperature oven which keeps the liquid metal in the gages
16
and tubes from freezing. The gages can operate up to about
250°F. The gages and tubes serve as cold traps when there is
much oxide in the liquid metal. The gages must be calibrated at
operating temperature.
Absolute Pressure Transmitters
Pressures between 0 and 5 psia are troublesome to measure.
The filled-system-seal pressure transmitters can measure below
atmospheric pressures if there is no NaK vapor nor any gas in the
seal system. NaK vapor can be avoided to Opsia if the seal
system is below 800°F. There will be no gas if the seal diaphragm
unit, capillary, and bourdon tube have all been perfectly cleaned,
assembled, evacuated, and filled. Usually we do not expected filled-
system-seal transmitters to be accurate below 1 to 2 psia.
All welded process-type absolute-pressure transmitters are
used on the IPS system. Transmitter temperature is limited to
400°F,and, as mentioned earlier, problems arise when the transmitter
is connected to a 600 to 1000°F low-pressure vapor line.
These transmitters, when operated at 375°F, have a downward
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zero drift which may go on for weeks. We do not know why.
High-temperature, liquid-metal-filled-seal differential-pressure
transmitters are to be tested in the next few months to find out if they
can be used to measure pressures down to zero psia at temperatures
up to 800°F. The low-pressure side of the transmitter will be
evacuated and held initially at a constant temperature of about
150°F. The high-pressure side will be
17
held at a constant temperature equal to or above process temperature.
Any change in the temperature difference between the high pressure
and the low pressure seals causes an error of 0.07 psi for every
50°F. These seals will be put in the ovens previously mentioned.
Manometer - PSIA
In the next few months, we will experiment with the use of a
liquid-metal manometer for low absolute-pressure measurements.
The manometer section will be held at about 250 °F, and there will
be a deep liquid trap between the manometer and the process. The
deep trap will keep pressure fluctuations from breaking the liquid
seal between the process and the vacuum pump. A single point
resistance level detector at the top of the manometer will automatically
close a valve in the line between the top of the manometer and the
vacuum pump. This will keep a system pressure rise from forcing
liquid to the vacuum pump. A cold trap in the line will keep the liquid
metal vapor out of the vacuum pump.
Microphones
Reliable small microphones were needed to help detect instabilities
in boiling potassium and to listen to the performance of rotating
equipment. These microphones must operate at arnbient temperatures
to 200°F in the presence of severe 60 cycle and RF noise.
Commercial dynamic, crystal, or ceramic microphones were
tried and found to be unsatisfactory. Crystal or ceramic microphones
could not stand the temperature cycling, and dynamic microphones
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had low outputs and picked up excessive electrical noise. Carbon
microphones appeared to offer a solution to both the noise and
temperature problems.
For our applications, commercial carbon microphone
packaging left much to be desired. They were large, and in most
cases, they were not suited to operation at 200°F.
A microphone package capable of operation at 200°F was
obtained by packaging small carbon-microphone buttons from World
War II throat microphones as shown in Fig. 16. The standoff from
the vessel was used to keep the microphone below 200°F. The upper
temperature limit of the microphone has not been determined.
The block diagram of an entire system is also shown on Fig.
16. Because of the low current drain of the carbon button, small
........More.
noise-free mercury-batteries were used to supply power.
RPM
Measurement of the speed of totally-enclosed, potassium-vapor-
driven turbines and direct-connected potassium-pumps is difficult.
Ambient noise, both acoustical and electrical, space limitations,
and high temperatures contribute to the problem. For some small
ORNL built turbopumps, a series of magnetic type detectors were
built, as shown in Fig. 17.5,5,6 The test of a prototype circular-
magnetic-path speed pickup has shown that good results can be
expected. This is shown in Fig. 18. The last two designs will be
field tested. Speed of the IPS turbopump is being measured with
an Electro Products Model 721434A speed transducer which has a
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design life of 1000 hours at 800"F. The transducer is air cooled
to hold it at about 700°F. It is deteriorating at this temperature.
It has not been possible to use vibration or noise to infer
turbine speed. The presence of electric heaters and different kinds
of electromagnetic liquid-metal pumps has made large signals
necessary in order to get a tolerable signal-to-noise ratio. When
signal levels were low, high-common-mode-rejection amplifiers
and high-pass and low-pass filters were successfully used.
Because the signal-to-noise ratio of magnetic speed pickups
was poor, an experiment was performed to find out if pulses of
radiation from a source imbedded in a rotating part could be used
to measure speed. The experiment indicated that this method was
feasible.
Oxygen Analysis in Liquid Metal
-The MPRE program is obtaining some United Nuclear Corpor.
ation oxygen meters which will be tested and used. At this time,
Blake
these devices, as well as a blow meter, are being tested at Los
Alamos.
EMI Noise
The IPS was the first large experiment in the area that was
designed to have as little electromagnetic interference generated by
the power system and as little noise as possible picked up by
instrument signal leads. Preceding experiments taught us that electro-
magnetic interference was a wicked enemy of magnetic speed measure-
20
ment, of high-speed scanning by monitoring systems, of the recording
of accurate data with high-speed recording systems, and of the
recording of accurate data by an area-wide data system.
Power wiring and cables were put in separate wireways from
signal wires. Pairs of power wires at the experiment were twisted
to reduce electromagnetic radiation. All thermocouple compensating
leadwires were twisted pairs which were enclosed in two separate
film-type electrostatic shields. The two thermocouple wires were of
different diameters so that the resistances per foot of each wire
were about equal. This made it more difficult for common-mode noise
to become normal-mode, erroneous signals. All instrument signal
leads other than thermocouples are shielded, twisted pairs.
Figure 19 shows a diagram of an experiment that was done to
find out how much noise was picked up by different kinds of wire; Figure
19 also shows a table of the results from this experiment.
SAF
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. SPP Semiann. Progr. Rept. Dec. 31, 1962, ORNL 3420.
SPP Semiann. Progr. Rept. June 30, 1963, ORNL 3489.
SPP Semiann. Progr. Rept. Dec. 31, 1963, ORNL 3571.
4. MPRE Quart. Progr. Rept. Sept. 30, 1963, ORNL 3534.
5. MPRE Quart. Progr. Rept. Mar. 31, 1964, ORNL 3641.
6. SPP Semiann. Progr. Rept. June 30, 1964, ORNL 3683.
7. MPRE Quart. Progr. Rept. Sept. 30, 1964, ORNL 3748.
8. MPRE Quart. Progr. Rept. Dec. 31, 1964, ORNL 3774.
9. MPRE Quart. Progr. Rept. Mar. 31, 1965, ORNL 3818.
10. MSRE Semiann. Progr. Rept. Jan. 1963, ORNL 3419.
MSRE Semiann. Progr. Rept. July 1963, ORNL 3529.
12. MSRE Semiann. Progr. Rept. Jan. 1964, ORNL 3626.
13. MSRE Semiann. Progr. Rept. July 1964, ORNL 3708.
14. MSRE Semiann. Progr. Rept. Feb. 1965, ORNL 3812.
MSRE Semiann. Progr. Rept., ORNL 3872 (not issued).
16. Instrumentation and Controls Div. Ann. Progr. Rept. Sept. 1, 1962,
ORNL 3378.
17. Instrumentation and Controls Div. Ann. Progr. Rept. Sept. 1, 1963,
ORNL 3578.
Instrumentation and Controls Div. Ann. Progr. Rept. Sept. 1, 1964,
ORNL 3782.
19.
Instrumentation and Controls Div. Ann. Progr. Rept. Sept. 1, 1965,
ORNL 3875.
W. R. Miller, High Temperature Pressure Transmitter Evaluation,
ORNL 2483 (May 16, 1958).
21.
R. G. Affel, G. H. Burger, and R. E. Pidgeon, Level Transducers
for Liquid Metals, ORNL 2792 (April 12, 1960). :-
pomagan.
.
.
-
-
.
.
2
.
2.
Salvadore J. Fanciullo, Development of Liquid Metal Level Probes,
PWAC 423, N64-19283 (April 27, 1964).
- Jewiswisi
R. G. Affel, G. H. Burger, and C. L. Pearce, Calibration and
Testing of 2- and 3-1/2-inch Magnetic Flowmeters for High
Temperature, ORNL 2793 (March 21, 1960).
.
e
H. Robinson and C. R. Droms, Liquid Metal Level Instrument,
General Electric Co., R52G L85 March 18, 1952).
C. R. Droms, Second Report on Liquid Metal Level Instrument,
General Electric Co. R55GLI (Dec. 21, 1954).
Liv
*
-4
n
A
.
4
2
-
-
-
---
-
C. B. Jackson, Editor, Liquid-Metals Handbook, Sodium-NaK ·
Supplement, TID 5277 (June 1, 1955).
Taylor Instrument Companies Bulletin 98432 (P).
Taylor Instrument Companies Specification Sheet 98432-Si.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
28.
-
-
-
-
-
0.,
..
.
V
.
-
-
M. W. Saba, Private Communication, Airesearch Mfg. O
PSMWS-362-0723 TJune 23, 1964).
-
-
-
*
-
- -
-
-
0.
--
N. H. Briggs, R. F. Hyland, and G. W. Greene, "I" Tube Liquid-
Metal Level Elements, Unpublished (Sept. 20, 1965).
-
31.
32.
SPP Semiann. Progr. Rept. June 30, 1963, ORNL 3489.
C. R. Droms, Supplement to Report No. R55GLI - Second Report
on Liquid Metal Level Equipment Tests on Primary Detector,
General Electric Co. Cat. No. 24B619G1 (Feb. l, 1955).
"Tit.
15
-
7
,
i
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.
.
:
.
4
..
1
TRZEREM

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VAPOR HEADER
LOWONOSOS.
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TNERMOCOUME
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FIG II


...en
, -TUBE
INSTRUMENTATION
SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAMS
FOR
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LIQUID-METAL
LEVEL
ELEMENTS
LEVEL ELEMENTS
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115/2.8
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*-m
FOXIORO WV-AC TO
MA-OC
CURRENT CONVERTER
SPECIALLY MODIFIED
VARIABLE ZERO.
VARIABLE RANGE
LGI.
RECORDER
PRECISION
RESISTOR
TYPE_B
TO MY OC INSTRUMENT OR
AUTOMATIC DATA HANDLING
SYSTEM
QG MY
RECORDER
OR INDICATOR
REOLATED OC
: POWER SUPPLY
- 10 VOLTS
0-3 AMPS
1 - TURE
LEVEL
ELEMENT
LAUT (UV OCT
(VOLIS K)
REMOTE CONSTANT
VOLTAGE SENSING LEADS
FOXIORO MY.OC TO
MA-OC REVERSE
ACTIMO CONVERTER
VARIABLE ZERO,
VARIABLE RANGE
FOXIORO
LaI.
RECORDER
.JONA
TYPE C
PRECISION
RESISTOR
FIG. 10
TE
TO MY OC IXSTRUMENT OR
AUTOMATIC DATA HANDLING
SYSTEN


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2
UNCORRECTED
EVEL ELEMENT OUTPUT (mv .dc)
CORRECTED S
(UNCORRECTED MINUS
LTHERMOELECTRIC emfl_
TEST TEMP: 1000°F
EXCITATION:DC VOLTAGE
1
2
3 4 5 6
CHANGE IN LEVEL IN
12
13
7 8 9 10 11
LOWER VESSEL (inch)
FIG II
11.1
14.8
18.5
22.2
25.9
29.6
33.3
37.0
40.7
44.4
48
33.3 37.0 40.7 44.4 48
LEVEL ELEMENT LENGTH (inch)
...
0
..
.
.
EXCITATION: VOLTS AC
TEST TEMP: 600°F, 800°F, 1000.F, .
I. l l 1200.F, 1400°F.
SCA.E (%)
LEVEL ELEMENT OUTPUT
RECORDER
N
I
3
12
2
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CHANGE IN LEVEL IN LOWER VESSEL (inch)
13
.
.
FIG:12
3.
7
7.4
11.1
14.8 18.5 22.2 25.9 29.6 33.3 37.0
LEVEL ELEMENT LENGTH (inch)
4
44.4
48
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LEVEL INCREASING
20
LEVEL DECREASING-S
ELEMENT OUTPUT (mv dc).
LEVEL
TEST TEMPERATURES: 600°F, 800°F, 1000°F, 1200°F
-EXCITATION: AC VOLTAGE
.
.
4
3
CHANGE
5
LEVEL IN
IN
9 10 11
LOWER VESSEL (inch)
12
-
FIG.13
3.7
7.4.
II.
14.8 18.5 22.2 25.9 29.6
LEVEL ELEMENT LENGTH
33.3
(inch)
37.0
40.7 44.
4
48

0 600 • F
* 800
F
0 1000
F
O 1200F
(mu.ac )
ELEMENT OUTPUT
LEVEL
EXCITATION
VOLTS AC
"• TUBE
O. D.: Sa IN.
1
2
. 13
3 4
LEVEL
5 6 7 8 9
ELEMENT LENGTH
10 11 . 12
(INCH) ....
14
is o
.: 7. FIG 144
MSRE FUEL STORAGE TANK
ULTRASONIC LEVEL INDICATOR SYSTEM
FORCE INSENSITIVE
MOUNT
CONCRETE WALL
(FUEL STORAGE CELL SHIELDING)
TAL
PIEZO ELECTRIC
CRYSTALS
· LEVEL LIGHTS
1-
MAGNETOSTRICTIVE
TRANSDUCER
FORCE INSENSITIVE
-MOUNT
FUEL STORAGE
TANK
174147
DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER
:1/1/2/7777777
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EXCITATION
ROD

DC
POLARIZING CURRENT
EXCITATION
OSCILLATOR
LEVEL SENSING
DAR
ELECTRONIC PACKAGE
FIG.15
• PATENT NO. 2891180
AEROPROJECTS INC.

AMPHENOL
CONNECTOR
BODY. OF 347 SS-
nal
NO 18 AWG.
MUSIC WIRE
20 STRANDED WIRE
TEFLON INSULATION
.
CARBON BUTTON
VESTERN ELECTRIC
EXTENSION ROD
TYPICAL
VESSEL
D. C. POWER
SUPPLY
BATTERIES
MATCHING
TRANSFORMER
AUDIO
AMPLIFIER
SPEAKER

CARBON
PICK UP
BLOCK
DIAGRAM
IYOT
11
FT.
-
NEXT
.
-
-
-
SPEED DETECTORS FOR A TOTALLY ENCLOSED TURBINE
cm
TYPE ***
DETECTOR FOR AMBIENT TEMPERATURES
TYPE "B"
DETECTOR FOR OPERATION TO 1000°F
AMBIENT
SOFT IRON
POLE PIECE
DETECTOR COIL
•
-
Tector com
HIPERCO *27"
PERMENENT
MAGNETS
ECTRO MAGNET
COIL
MA
SHAFT HOUSING

TURBO - PUMP SHAFT SHOWING EMBEDDED HIPERCO "27" BARS
TYPE '8°
nl
OUTPUT (Mv.
:.
:
5
10
. q .
SPEED (RPM)
11
F16.77
12
13
14
•
15 (x100


DETECTOR FOR
A
FORD
AERONUTRONIC
TURBO - PUMP
HIPERCO *275
TURBINE
RETAINING
7 WINGNUT
ELECTROMAGNET
COIL
DETECTOR
COILS
(IN SERIES)
pop I
(mu
Marty
OUTPUT
TURBINE
BLY
ATED HIPERCO *27* CORE
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
R2 (110

SPEED
(RPM)
TURBO-PUMP
SHOUSING
FIG: 18
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pow.com
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MROPORTIONAL
FIRINO SCR
POWER CONTROL
ELECTRICAL
HEATERS
PARALLEL OR TUISTED
PAIR POWER LEADS
canim
SIGNAL CAILE
TERMINATED
VITH 200 m
RESISTOR
SIGNAL CAILE
JEING TESTED
OSCILLO-
SCOPE
DIT MEASUROLENTS. VOLT
ME MEASUREMENTS (m. pop)
NORMAL MODE
POWER LEVEL (R)
ROVER LEYEL ()
CALL TYR
12.6
powa LEADS
POWER LEAD
POWER LEADS
* POWER LEADS
PARALLEL
PARALLEL 1 TVOTED
PARALLEL
TUSTED
PARALLEL
TWISTED

Ei
100
J.
1. GROWLIALOMEL, NO. 17 AUG
SIRDED, MOLTOPIL, OH
• MELOCO.
W AS MO. I MTH ALUVIRIUM-
MACKO MYLI MULO. SOLO
GROUNDDO.
CHROMEL (NO. 2 AVGI/ALOVEL
avo. 24 ANC ROUAL ROSTANCE
mua, TOLIVIKTL, TUSTED AND
DOVOLE MELDO. MULA MOT
GROUNOTO.
H. SAME AS MO. ) MIN SOTH HELOS
CROUNDED. . .
Socorra, NO. 18 AWG. TWISTED
AND ON HOLOCO.
corith, NO. I ATG, TVOSTED
AND SIELOED. HIELD GROUNDED.
pacioPORT CASLC)
corntr, NO. 2 AVG. TWOTED
AND SHIELDCD. MELD GROUNDED.
SPECIAL LOW LEVEL SUNAL CABLE
SI..*.
.. COPPER, O. 18 AWG. TVSTCO
AND SHIELDED. SUELD GROUNDED
(RG-100)
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1
2A
PRONTO
AWAL
END


vi.
.
DATE FILMED
11/26 /65