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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS -1963
.-
ORNL -P- 2407
Conf-660917-3.
9h22 19th
MASTER
Gastrointestinal lesions in Aged Conventional and Germfree Mice
Exposed to Radiation as Young Adults. *
G. E. Cosgrove, H. E. Walburg, Jr., and A. C. Upton
·
Biology Division, Oak Ridge National laboratory
.
.W.
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
CFSTI PRICES

RELEASED FOR ANNOUNCEMENT
IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE ABSTRACTS
ABSTRACT
HC. $ 1.00; MN 5
Life span and disease incidence studies on a large number of mice
.
irradiated with single or fractionated exposures with or without treatment :
and their unirrađiated controls have been completed. Sources of irradia-
.
-
.
. . .
tion have been 250-300 kvp X-ray machines for X-ray, atomic bomb or Co®
.
.
.
.
.
.
sources for gamma rays, and atomic bomb, reactor, Cockroft-Walton, or Po-Be
sources for neutrons. Several smaller groups treated with radiomimetics or
.
. .
. .
radiostrontium, or that were irradiated and maintained in the germfree state
.
.
-.
were also studied.
-.
-
The records of 9634 RF, 5185 LAF,, and 2507 103F, mice were
(GI)
examined, and primary gastrointestinal,desions were found in 3.7%, 7.2%,
and 2.9%, respectively. The chief categories were inflammatory (average
3.2%), non-inflammatory (3.4%), or neoplastic (1%). Comparisons made between
..
..
.
-..
.
-
.
controls and treated groups in each strain and also between strains, and by
...
-
-
--...
-
.
.
.
.type of radiation reveal that with the exception of primary GI neoplasms,
GI lesions were less frequent in irradiated than in unirradiated mice. The
-
.
.
...
.
.
-
.
principal increase in primary GI neoplasms was in neutron-irradiated mice of
-
.
-
-
-
.
the LAF1 strain. There were mouse strain differences in the type of primary
. GI. lesions both in the control and irradiated groups.
.
.
.
.
Research sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union
Carbide Corporation
:
The GI tract was secondarily involved in more generalized diseases
such as amyloidosis, leukemia/lymphoma, and polyarteritis. Strain differ-
ences were observed. The number of cases of GI involvement in the generalized
diseases varied depending on the effect of the treatment on the incidence
of the disease in question.
INTRODUCTION
Surveys of spontaneous alimentary tract lesions in mice (Cloudman,
1941; Dunn, unpublished; Horn and Stewart, 1952; Slye et al., 1917; and
Wells, et al, 1938); in rats (Bullock and Curtis, 1939; and in several species
of laboratory rodents (Dobberstein and Tamaschke, 1958; Guerin, 1954;
Schulte, 1958; and Temaschke, 1955) have been published as have surveys
in long-term rat and mouse survivors of various types of irradiation.
.
- -
-
-
-
...
-
There has likewise been considerable interest in the experimental
induction of alimentary tract lesions in laboratory rodents by various
means other than irradiation. Klein and Palmer (1940) reviewed the sub-
.--
ject up to that time. Some of the factors mentioned by Klein and Palmer
-
--
have been studied further (e.g. diet - Peacock et al. 1953; diet and
parasitism - Hitchcock and Bell, 1952; and carcinogens - Horava and von
-
-
-
..
.
-
-
-
.
..
-
-
-
.
The use of large numbers of mice of several strains in long-term
.
.
.
survival experiments after irradiation in our laboratory has given us the
.
5
opportunity to accumulate considerable information on the incidence and
types of gastrointestinal lesions in both controls and irradiated groups
and a review of the data is presented here.
LEGAL NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work. Neither the United
States, oor the Commission, nor any por son acting on behall of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or impliod, with rospace to the accu-
racy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this roport, or that the wo
of way information, apparatus, method, or process dlocloved in this roport may not infringo
privately owned righls; or
B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the
use of any information, apparatus, motbod, or procons disclosed in this roport
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission" lacludos iny on-
such employee or contractor of the Commission, or omploys of much contractor preparos,
with the Commission, or No omployment with such contractor,
Materials and Methods
The principal portion of the study was the regiew, of necropsy
- ILAFI and 2507 (101/com X C3H/a
records of 9634 RF/La (RF), 5185 (C7 L x A/He)F, T1c3F1) nice used in
unirigit na led
long-term radiation survival studies either as controis' or irradiated mice

(Tables 1,2,3,4,5). The experiments took place over a period of approxi-
mately 12 years and were performed in different ways. Unirradiated con-
trols were set up with each experiment. Of the 13,318 irradiated mice,
5083 were exposed to x-rays, 3821 to y-rays, and 4414 to neutrons. Table
i contains a summary of the experiments from which groups of surveyed
mice were derived.
In general, radiation exposures were given to mice of either
operated at 250 or 300 Kvp., TSD 93-97 cm, 30 Ma, half-value layer
0.55 mm Cu and duse rates of approximately 80-90 R/min. (Cosgrove et
al., 1964, 1965; Upton et al., 1954, 1956). In some of the x-ray
experiments, groups of mice were given protective or recovery treatment,
consisting of partial body shielding, injection of AET, or injection of
hemopoietic cells (Cosgrove and Upton, 1961, Cosgrove et al., 1964, 1965).
Gamma rays were from a
co source at 10.6 cm distance, dose rate 10-15
rad/min (Upton et al., 1956 a,b) or from an atomic detonation (total
doses 192-749 rads) (Upton et al., 1960), or from daily exposure at a
rate of 13–100 rad/day (total doses of 300-5122 rads) from a 60co
source. Fast neutrons (approximately 1 Mev) were generated by a cyclo-
tron at doses of 130-450 rads (Conger et al., 1958, Upton et al. 1956).
Thermal neutrons with gamma contamination were from a reactor, (Upton et al
11
*
.
1954). Exposure to fission neutrons from an experimental atom bomb
explosion resulted in doses of 28-250 rads. (Upton et al., 1960). Exposure
to 14 Mev neutrons at doses of 50-400 rads was done in a Cockroft-Walton
device. Chronic daily exposure to neutrons from a pologium-beryllium
source resulted in doses of .06-4.5 rad/day (16-461 rad total doses).
(Randolph et al, unpubl.).
Mice from a number of smaller experiments were surveyed separately.
These included survivors of radiostrontium injection (Cosgrove and Upton,
1962); survivors of injection of radiomimetic chemicals (nitrogen mustard
(HN2); triethylene melamine (TEM]); Myleran; or 34- p-dimethyl (aminostyryl)
quinoline [4M20])/(Conklin et al. 1963, 1965; Cosgrove et al., 1965).
It also included long term survivors of 2 strains of mice maintained in
the germfree state with and without irradiation and young adults After
exposure or treatment mice were maintained in the colony until natural
death. A necropsy was performed and all lesions recorded. No special
dealth. An
.
.
15-12wko)
attempt was made to examine the GI tract and it was not opened from end
to end. Histologic preparations were made from 10-30% of the mice that
wered decomposed in various experiments.
For this review, all mice with GI diagnoses in the selected
experiments were considerea. Much of the retrieval was done by IBM
machine techniques after previous coding and storage. A wide range of
GI diagnoses was encountered. The incidence was usually low in any given
experiment necessitating pooling for an approach to meaningful resu?ts.
Diagnoses fell into 4 main categories, i.e., inflammatory, non-inflammatory,
primary neoplastic, and coincidental involvement in more generalized diseases
(Table 6).
Pesults
Incidence of gastrointestinal lesions. In 4008 control mice of
the 3 principal strains used there was a 7.3% incidence of GI lesions
:
-
whereas in 13556 irradiated mice of the same three strains the incidence
of GI lesions was 4.0% (Tab.e 2).
Pooled information from control and irradiated mice by strain
revealed a 3.7%, 7.2, and 2.9% incidence of GI lesions in RF, LAFI, and
103F1 mice respectively (Table 2).
Types of gastrointestinal lesions. Non-inflammatory lesions
were the most common (Table 3) in both pooled controls and pooled irradiated
groups.
Inflammatory lesions were almost as common while primary neo-
plastic lesions were less frequent. There were differences in incidence
of lesions in each of the three major categories between pooled control
frequent in controls while primary neoplasms were more frequent in
irradiated mice.
lesions. In the LAFI and RF strains fairly large groups of mice were
exposed to x-ray, gamma, or neutron irradiation allowing a comparison
in incidence of GI lesions by radiation type (table 4). This table
-
.-
.--
.
..
-
..-
:
*
indicates little difference in incidence for types of GI lesions except
-
-.
-
for primary: neoplasia which occurred in approximately 1.5% of neutron
- -
..
.
-
the frequency in gamma irradiated mice was intermediate. However, when
the incidence is examined by mouse strain the RF had a fairly uniform
incidence with each type of radiation while the LAFI had the differing incidences.
Effect of mouse strain on the incidence of GI lesions. Unirradiated
RF and LAF1 mice had about twice as many GI lesions as 1C3F1 mice (Table
5). The bulk of the difference was in the very low incidence of inflammatory
GI lesions in the 1c3F1.
In 2503 RF control mice, there were no primary
GI neoplasms.
The incidence of GI lesions in irradiated LAFI mice was about twice
that in RF and 103F1 strians. Irradiated LAF1 mice had more inflammatory,
and neoplastic lesions than irradiated mice of the other two strains. -
GI involvement in more generalized diseases. Total incidence of
leukemia/lymphoma was about 55% in RF, 38% in LAFI and 9% in 1C3F1 mice.
The three major types of leukemia/lymphoma found in our strains of mice
differ in incidence following irradiation, with increases in thymic lymphoma
and myeloid leukemia after certain levels of radiation exposure while
reticulum cell sarcomas remain unchanged or decrease in incidence. In each
of these three forms of leukemia/lymphoma where iuvolvement was widespread over
50% of the involved animals had invasion of intestinal wall and/or
intestinal lymphatic nodules (Peyers' patches). The GI tract was involved
Diliconia
in various forms of leukemia/lymphoma in all 3 strains of mice, always as
-
-
a part of more widespread disease.
-- -
-
-
-
*
-
-
-
.
The incidence of secondary amyloidosis varied with strain, being
more common in LAF1 (0+ • 23%, f“ 2%) than in RF, or 103F1 (* 1%). When
amyloidosis was present there was variable intestinal mucosal involvement
ranging from 28% in LAF2 males to º 2% in RF females. Amyloidosis did not
seem to be related to radiation but was related to age, appearing in older
animals.
GI tract in a few mice, principally of the RF strain. It was usually
associated with periarteritis in several other areas.
The cause has not
been determined.
Lesions in smaller experimen al groups. The information from
germfree mice is not included in the general survey but will be mentioned
here. Strains studied were the ICR and RF. The very large cecum common
in germfree mice was noted in both strains. In the ICR mice cecal
volvulus occurred in 26%, while the RF mice had no occurrence of volvulus.
Inflammatory lesions of the GI tract were absent. There were a number
of primary neoplasms including squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach
and adenocarcinomas of stomach and intestines. These primary neoplasms
occurred in both control and irradiated mice. 6 I livolvement in Meckle Offeratele
horaseo also recurred in gerinfuce nice with leukemia/exrapiloman in the RF and are advisering in the ICR
benin the must conamesir A survey of GI lesions in RF mice receiving systemic radiomimetic
chemicals did not reveal any definite differences in incidence and types
of lesions when compared to RF mice in the major experiments.
In one experiment RF male mice (258) received radiostrontium
injections. The GI lesions found in the injected mice were similar in
incidence and type to those in the controls.
Mouse strain differences in disease distribution. A few diseases
radiation did not markedly alter the incidence of most of these diseases.
and 103F1 controls. The LAFI mice had a considerable incidence of rectal
prolapse and fecal impaction (4% in pooled sexes, 15% in males). LAFI
males with amyloidosis had intestinal amyloid in 23%.
Intussusception was
more common in 1c3F1 mice (1.6%). RF mice developed much more thymic
lymphoma and myeloid leukemia after irradiation than did mice of the other
two strains.
Primary GI neoplasms. The location and types (where known) of
109 primary GI neoplasms are indicated in talle 7. Tumors of the stomach
were most common and the great majority of them were squamous cell
carcinomas of the forestomach. Occasionally metastases occurred in liver,
lung, and peritoneum. Intestinal tumors were principally adenocarcinomas
many of which were composed of mucin forming cells. There were seven
sarcomas, most apparently of smooth muscle origin.
There were three
benign tumors; 2 adenomatous polyps of the stomach and one leiomyoma of
the colon.
The stomach was the site of metastatic osteosarcoma from
pelvic bones in one mouse.
Discussion
Since primary GI lesions occur in rather low incidence in the
mouse strains used in our experiments it is difficult to detect signifi-
cant differences in occurrence of the various types of lesions between
subgroups of an experiment.
This necessitated the pooling of large numbers
of mice from different experiments for adequate review of the occurrence
of GI lesions. Such pooling probably gives an inaccurate picture and can
only indicate general trends in incidence and types of GI lesions under
various experimental conditions.
It would be much better to do a very
large experiment with one strain of mice exposed to varying conditions to
more accurately determine the true effect of such conditions on the presence
9
of GI. lesions.
The largest mouse radiation experiments with extensive
listing of GI lesions are those of Cottier (1961) and Upton et al (1960).
The component parts of the mouse gastrointestinal tract are
small and it is not usually profitable to do the thorough type of necropsy
examination that is performed on the GI tract of larger animals and man.
Many sinall and early lesions are certainly overlooked in routine mouse
necropsies.
The reason for the general decrease in GI lesions in irradiated
mouse groups is not obvious. The decrease mainly occurs in the general
categories of inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions while neoplasms
may be more common in irradiated mice. Some of the difference may be
explained by life shortening.
The type of irradiation affected the incidence of primary GI
neoplasms with neutrons inducing more, x-rays the fewest, and gamma rays
intermediate in one strain of mouse (LAF1) but not in another (RF) in
our experiment. Similar differences were noted by Nowell and associates
(Nowell et al., 1956, Nowell et al, 1958, and Nowell and Cole, 1959).
Other reports indicating an increase in GI tumors after irradiation are
those of Bond et al (1952), Brecher et al, (1953), Lisco, et al (1947),
ană Osborne et al (1963) in rats; Cosgrove eü al (1964), ard Upton et al
(1960) in mice and Cottier (1961)-in mice. Lushbaugh (1962) reported
hyperplastic gastric lesions in mice exposed to neutrons from an atomic

bomb.
The effect of sex of mice and genetic constitution of the various
strains used is manifested by differing incidences of various types of
lesions in untreated controls. Noteworthy in this respect is the variabłe
10
10
occurrence oť intestinal amyloidosis, rectal prolapse, and fecal impaction
as well as strain differences in GI neoplasm incidence. Similar findings
were noted by Lesher, et al (1965) for intestinal amyloidosis and from
groups used in the present experiment reported previously (Cosgrove et al.
(1965) and Upton et al. (1960)].). Stewart (1941, Strong and associates
(Strong, 1947: McPeak and Warren, 1947; and Kaplan, 1949); Hare and Stewart
(1956), and Miller and Pybus (1956) reported on strains of mice with high
incidences of alimentary tract lesions. Some of the reports indicated
that carcinogens increase the incidence further. Some of the new labora-

tory rodents ma;y be similarly prone to alimentary tract disease; e.g.) the
multimammate rathMastomys) (Oettle, 1957). 1
The relation of the late appearing effects of radiation to the
very marked early radiation effects in the GI tract is not apparent from
this review but may be indicated by the late post-irradiation atrophy and
sclerosis of the gastric and intestinal mucosa seen in rats by Zayrat'
yants (1960).

~
.
олара,
dean da
Y Cranylight
алия али труда велого) о г
aborda a mintind flera lefoonca, ???
.
...
.
1
. The atteration of the intestinal esteroflora and, Jaunos as seen in the
gennufue environment influences the development of intestiral neophoems and
secondaing generalged degenerature danse weetle if at all. On the other hand the
incidence of inflammaton leasino is reduced and the incidence of volualus in
merased by the absence of a normal mucoflora.

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*
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-
- - -
-
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:-.....
.
.
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. .
.
.
.
....
...
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......-
.- -...
-
**
** m
ett..",
BLE 1: Summary of experimental groups of mice.
ME OF
PERIMENT
STRAIN OF
MOUSE, SEX*
1; NUMBER OF
SOURCE OF MICE IN
MICE † | EXPERIMENTE
IRRADIATION AND OTHER TREATMENT
REFERENCE
ORNL
RF random
bred, MF
995
(1) 14.1 Mev neutrons (Cockroft-Walton): dose 100 Upton et al., 1954.
-450 rad.
(2) “ 1 Mev neutrons (Cyclotron): dose 130-450 Upton et al., 1956.
rad.
(3) Thermal neutrons with y contamination, reacto:
- 5 Mev neutrons (Po-Be source): dose 16-461 Randolph et al., in manuscrip.
rad 1.06-4.6 rad/day).
", F
ORNL
1760
ORNL
1724
14.1 Mev Neutrons (Cockroft-Walton): dose 50-400 Darden et al., in manuscript.
rad.
ORNL
1653
852
ORNL
ORNL
593
bºco y at 13-100 rad/day: dose 300-5122 rad
250 Kvp X-ray: 25–450 R
: 300 R
.04-0.2 mc90 Sr or 0.51 mc 89sr I.v.
(1) .10-.12 mg HN2 or
(2) 3-4 mg TEM or
(3) 250 Kvp X-rays : 500-600 R
Randolph et al., in manuscrip,
Upton et al., 1958
Cosgrove and Upton, 1961.
Cosgrove and Upton, 1962
Conklin et al, 1963.
ORNL
324
ORNL
660
ORNL
450
(1) .24 mg HN2 or
(2) 6 my TEM or
|(3) 0.3 mg ryleran
Conklin et al., 1965.
!", F
ORNL
198
2-4 mg 4M20
Cosgrove, et al., 1965.
enhouse LAFI, MF
NMRI
3064
Experim. nuclear detonation y dose 223-697 rad
N dose 28-250 rad
Upton et al., 1960.
LAF1, F
Jax
346
1 250 Kvp X-ray: 300 K
Cosgrove, et al., 1965.
AF
Jax
484
: 600-900 R
with or without hemopoietic cell injection
250 kvp x-ray whole-or : 500-1200 R
partial-body with or without AET
", MF
Jax
1360
Cosgrove et al., 1965.
*
*
--
-
-
-
-
-
*
*
5.
-
.-*
-!.
;*: ***
*
******
**
v
.
.:-
.
.
i
.
..
.
----TABLE I------ continued
103F1,F :
CUM
1447
250 Kvp X-ray with or without / 350-1800 R
Isogenic bone marrow or AET.
Cosgrove et al., 1964,
", MF
CUM
568
limaerism
250 Kvp x-ray, with or
:400-900 R
rithout hemopoietic cell injection. T v
-Ay
", MF
ORNL
463
None
;-By
imfree
ICR, MKV
RF,MF
ORNL
ORNE
} 300 Kvp X-ray: with a without Germfee
1. Conditions
M = nale
F = female
ORNL = Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; NMRI = Naval Med. Research Inst,; Jax = Jackson Laboratories, Bar
Harbor, Maine; CUM = Cumberland View Farms, Clinton, Tennessee.
Not all of the mice in each experiment were used in the present survey of GI lesions.

-
-
- .
.
.
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*
:
.
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-
*
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*
**
-
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*
*
: T
*
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V
.,
A
TABLE 2: Comparative incidence of primary gastrointestinal
lesions in 17,564 mice of the RF, LAFI, and 103F1
strains.
Incidence of
GI lesions % *
No.
A.
Unirradiated
4008
7.3 + :41
4.0 + .17
Irradiated
13,318
B.
All RF mice
9634
All LAFI mice
5185
3.7 1 .19
7.2 + .36
2.9 + .33
All.103F1 mice
2507
* 1 standard error of the mean.
TABLE 3: Incidence (%) of primary gastrointestinal lesions in
mice by major categories of diagnosis.
Control
Irradiated
Number of mice
4008
13318
(3 strains pooled)
to
Type ) Non-inflammatory
C ) Inflammatory
Lesion ) Primary neoplasm
: ww
1+1+1+
1.6 + .ll
1.6 1.11
.83 F .08
Total incidence of primary
GI lesions
7.3 + .41
4.0 + .17
-
.
TABLE 4:
Incidence of primary gastrointestinal lesions in
RF and LAF1 mice as influenced by type of radiation.
Type of radiation
X-ray
gamma
neutron
1920
282
LAFI
RF
2168
1653
1346
4132
Total
:
3821
ܛܐܐܛܐܛܐ
Type of Lesion
Non-inflammatory
Inflammatory
1.7 + .23
2.3 + .26
.79 + .15
1.7 + :21 1.5 + .18
2.0 + .23 2.3 + .23
.99 + .16 1.5 + .18
Primary neoplasm
Total incidence of
primary GI lesions
4.8 + .35
4.7 + .34 5.3 + .39
TABLE 5: Incidence (%) of major types of primary gastrointestinal lesions
in unirradiated and irradiated mice of 3 strains.
Strain
RF
LAF1
LAF1
103F1
203F1
Unirradiated
Number of Mice
2503
815
690
Type of lesion:
inflammatory
non-inflammatory
primary neoplasm ·
5.9 + .47
3.3 + .36
3.4 4..63
3.9 + .68
1.6 + .44
.3 .21
3.1 1.66
55
primary GI lesions
9.2 + .58
8.9 + 1.0
3.9 + 73
Irradiated
Number of Mice
7131
7131
4370
4370
1817
1817
Type or lesion:
inflammatory
non-inflammatory
primary neoplasm
1.7 + .15
.8 t .11
.2 + .05
2.4 + .23
2.6 + .24
1.7 + .19
7 + .19
1.5 + .29
6 + .18
Total incidence of
primary GI lesions
.
2.8 +.19
6.9 + .38
2.5 + .37
.
:
.
-
.
.
.
.
E
t
=
*
7
ir 12*
*
*
*
i
-
-
.
.
-
-
-
--
--
-
-
- :
-
-
-
.
.
Table 6: Diagnoses included in each major category.
.
-
Inflammatory
Gastritis
Enteritis
Colitis
Abscess
Ulcer
Necrosis
Volvulus
Intussusception
Fecal Impaction
Prolapse
Perforation
HD fa un
i
Adhesion
Distention
Hemorrhage
Infarct
Maifoimation
Primary Neoplastic
Benign
Malignant
Involvement in Widespread disease
Leukemia/lymphoma
Amyloidosis
Periarteritis/arteriosclerosis
Edema
Table .
Location and types of primary GI neoplasms
.
.
Location
Number
.
...1
1
I
.
Sarcoma
Type
Carcinoma
Squamous cell adeno
Stomach
37
Small intestine
Large Intestine
Anal
Total
- AI
THI.
nequences
1952
✓
Bond, V. P., M. N. Swift, C. A. Tobias, G. Brecher ,' Bowel lesions folliwng single
dexteron irradiation Fed. Proc. 11:408-9.
i
Brecher, G., Cronkite, E.P. and. Peers, J. H., 1953 Jour. Nat.l. Cancer Inst. 14:159-175
Neoplasms in rats protected against lethal doses of irradiation by parabiosis or
para-amino proprio phenone.
Bullock, G. D. and M. R. Curtis, 1930. Spontaneous tumors. of the rat J. Cancer Res.
14:1-115.
Cloudman, A.M. 1941
Spontaenous neoplasms in mice, PP. 168-233, Chap. 4 in Biology of the laboratory
mouse, ed. Snell, G. D., Dover, N. Y.
1
1
1
.
..
- -
-
- -
Conger, A. D., M. L. Randolph, C..W. Sheppard, and H. J. Luippold 1958
-
-
.
Quantitative relation of RBE in Tradescantia and average LET of gamma-
.
rays, X-rays, and 1.3-, 2.5-, and 14.1- meX i'ast neutrons Radiat. Res.
9:525-547.
-.-.
-.-
.
. ..
.
.
Conklin, J. W., A. C. Upton, K. W. Christenberry, und T. P. McDonald
1963
Comparative late somatic effects of some radiomimetic agents and X-rays
Radiation Res. 19:156-158.
Conklin, J. W., A. C. Upton, and K. W. Christenberry 1965 Further observations
on late somatic effects of radiomimetic chemicals and x-rays in mice.
Cancer Res. 25:20-28.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
---
✓
Cosgrove, G. E. and A. C. Upton 1961 Some delayed effects of partial-body
irradiation in mice of the RF strain Internat. J. Radiat. Biol. 4: 97-103.
v
Cosgrove, G. E. and A. C. Upton 1962 Some late effects of radiostrontium in
RF male mice J. Nuclear Med. 3: 293-299.
Cosgrove, G. E., Upton, A. C. Consdon 6.C. Doherty, D. G. P . Christenberry, K.W.
and D. G. Gosslee, 1964. Radiat. Res. 21:550-574 Late Somatic effects of X-radiation
in mice treated with AET and isologous bone marrow.
.... . | |
--
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